text: From the beginning of their argument, the author states that "no spacecraft survived the landing [on Venus] for more than a few hours" and that "not a single spaceship has touched down on Venus in more than three decades". The usage of these statements creates a negative image, which can lead readers to believe that the exploration of Venus is too dangerous to enagage in. Furthermore, the author uses facts intended to continue to convince readers that Venus is dangerous, when this is exactly the opposite of what the author is arguing for. Making statements which invoke fear or apprehension only pushes the reader away from the topic, instead of influencing him or her to gain interest in it. For instance, when the author uses phrases with negative connotations, such as "thick atmosphere", "corosive sulfuric acid", "800 degrees Fahrenheit", and "extreme", they influence readers negatively as well.