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Two weeks ago we published a blog post looking at time-of-flight (TOF) laser radar, now in this post, we are going to a look at what happens when you combine this technique with near-infrared (NIR) imaging in order to do active night vision imaging. In all TOF systems distance (or depth) is determined by the round-trip time it takes a laser pulse to travel to the target and back, but with the addition of a camera, this method can be used to produce a hypercube or “point cloud” containing a three-dimensional image of the target. While theoretically this can be done using short pulsed lasers of any wavelength, it is generally preferable to work in the near infrared, and 1.5 microns in particular because it is simultaneously eye safe and invisible.
In order to understand why 1.5 microns is considered to be an eye-safe wavelength, we must first take a look at the absorption properties of water which has a rather high absorption coefficient around 1.5 microns as shown in the plot below. As a result, the liquid inside of the human eye sufficiently absorbs and diffuses the laser light before it is able to damage the retina, making this wavelength ideal for field applications.
While in theory this approach can be utilized for generating time-gated images under any lighting conditions, the most common application of this technique is in night vision surveillance systems. The image below is an example of one such active night vision system which was taken using a q-switched Er:Glass laser at 1540 nm with 10mJ pulse energy and an InGaAs time-gated camera.
At RPMC Lasers we offer a wide variety of q-switched Er:Glass lasers from Optitask which are ideally suited for both active night vision systems and more traditional laser rangefinders. These lasers are available with both diode pumped and flashlamp pumped excitation depending on your pulse energy requirements, and are also available with both active and passive q-switching. This allows you to choose pulse energies between 2mJ and 10mJ, pulse widths from 9ns to 40ns, and pulse repletion rates from 1Hz to 30Hz.
For detailed technical specifications on our Er:Glass lasers click here or talk to one of our laser experts today by calling 1-636-272-7227. | <urn:uuid:86e32023-796f-45c1-afea-e37dd6c87b35> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://blog.rpmclasers.com/lasers-for-active-night-vision-imaging | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991413.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20210512224016-20210513014016-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.933809 | 492 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Head Start, the federal program that provides comprehensive services to low-income children and their families, has had a positive effect on some aspects of school readiness, but not others. A new study shows that a program designed to make it easier to integrate research into the classroom by giving teachers enrichment manuals helped children in both academic and social-emotional areas.
The program, called REDI (for research-based, developmentally informed), was developed and implemented in partnership with Head Start programs in Pennsylvania by researchers at the Pennsylvania State University. An evaluation of the study appears in the November/December 2008 issue of the journal Child Development.
Designed to be integrated into existing Head Start programs, REDI featured a research-based curriculum to foster social-emotional learning and enhance language and emergent literacy skills through interactive reading, sound games, and print center activities. In addition, the program offered teachers professional development support, including workshop training and mentoring, to enhance the quality of language use and social-emotional support in the classroom.
Each week, children took home stickers and handouts to keep parents informed of the topics covered at school. Parents also received videotapes with tips on how they could support the program at home.
The researchers evaluated REDI by following 356 children in 44 Head Start classrooms over the course of a year, some of whom were in classrooms in which REDI was used, some of whom were not. They interviewed parents and children, collected ratings from teachers, and observed children in the classroom.
The study found positive effects in academic and social-emotional areas: Compared with children who were in regular Head Start classrooms, children in REDI classrooms showed greater growth in vocabulary, pre-reading skills, emotional understanding, social problem solving, social competence, and learning engagement. In addition, children in REDI classrooms were less aggressive than children in other Head Start classrooms.
"The results of the REDI program validate the strategy of enriching current Head Start programs with emerging research-based curriculum materials and teaching strategies," according to Karen L. Bierman, professor of psychology at the Pennsylvania State University and the study's lead author.
"Given the limited number of hours in the school day, teachers sometimes feel that they must choose between focusing on the cognitive skills or the social-emotional needs of socio-economically disadvantaged students. These findings demonstrate that a dual-focus, integrated intervention model can effectively and simultaneously promote gains in both academic and social-emotional domains of school readiness."
|Contact: Andrea Browning|
Society for Research in Child Development | <urn:uuid:c8d96087-a817-43ce-a552-112debb03f36> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bio-medicine.org/medicine-news-1/Research-based-program-found-to-enhance-impact-of-Head-Start-on-school-readiness-29877-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96482 | 523 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Did you know the COVID-19 pandemic is making the U.S.’ opioid crisis even worse? Newsweek recently released an article that digs into the opioid crisis and how the pandemic is impacting well, pretty much everything.
As if we didn’t hate Corona enough already, there’s something new we can blame it for. The opioid crisis is getting worse. It was bad already, with opioid deaths increasing in 2019 over 2018, but the shelter-in-place orders & other parts of the pandemic seem to be making things even worse.
First Off, What’s An Opioid?
Opiates and Opioids are substances that interact with the opioid receptors in the brain. These terms are often used interchangeably, but there is a slight difference-
Opiates are substances made from natural opium, like what’s found in poppies. Opiates are derived naturally. ex: some heroin, morphine.
Opioids are made at least partly synthetically in order to interact with opioid receptors. ex: hydrocodone, fentanyl.
Is Kratom an Opioid?
Kratom is neither made from opium, nor is it synthetically produced. It is a natural substance, but not from opium, that happens to interact with opioid receptors in the brain.
Unlike opioids, kratom is not synthetically produced, it’s just that the alkaloids present in kratom happen to interact with these receptors. Other natural substances like chocolate and breast milk do the same thing, yet we don’t consider them to be opiates or opioids.
The Opioid Epidemic & The Pandemic
Newsweek’s article states that Shawn Ryan, Chair of Legislative Advocacy for the American Society of Addiction Medicine, has seen a nationwide spike in overdose deaths by almost 15%. In hot-spot states like Kentucky and Ohio, that number is closer to 25%.
Why Would the Pandemic Impact Opioid Use/Overdose Rates?
It turns out, the connection between increasing opioid overdoses and staying home during a pandemic makes total sense. We are dealing with so many things that can influence drug abuse. Things like:
Increase in Stress and Anxiety
Less Social Interaction & Support
Money Problems & Financial Instability
Essentially, if it can make your mental health worse, it can probably make drug addiction & usage worsen as well.
Unfortunately, the opioid epidemic had already been hitting new peaks- 2019 saw a 5% increase in deaths per day over 2018, and much of that is linked to the rise of fentanyl.
What is Fentanyl?
A synthetic opioid crafted for pain relief purposes. It’s like morphine or heroin, but is roughly 50 times stronger. It’s been added into heroin supplies in the U.S. market for the past several years, and the results have been noticeable and serious. Because it’s so strong the possibility of overdose is much higher, but that same strength is why drug dealers won’t stop using it- it’s profitable. The profits selling fentanyl are huge, much more than heroin itself.
What To Do?
As it turns out, there might be something in the works that could help those dealing with addiction. The Newsweek article goes on to discuss a project that’s been in the works for a long time, started by a scientist named Dr. Kim Janda. He came up with the idea- in our opinions, a brilliant one- to develop antibodies that react to drugs. Simply put, antibodies react to and latch onto perceived alien substances in the body like bacteria or viruses. Dr. Janda’s idea was to create an antibody for different addictive drugs. Ideally, these antibodies would latch onto drug molecules and neutralize them.
Some of Janda’s students have picked up where he left off, and they have continued to develop his ideas. They expect that we may see versions of antibody treatments for addiction over the next few years.
Interested in the similarities and differences between kratom & opioids? Read on!
Disclaimer: This article is not intended for medical purposes nor is it making any claims. It is provided as information only. Our products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Kratom and Opioids | Is Kratom an Opioid
There are similarities between kratom and opioids, but what are they exactly? And what makes kratom and opioids different?
Similarities Between Kratom and Opioids
Kratom and opioids both interact with the opioid receptors in your brain.
When an opioid attaches to an opioid receptor, it blocks the brain from getting pain messages. That’s why opioids are such great pain relievers, because they try to force your brain to stop acknowledging pain.
Kratom alkaloids are much less powerful than an opioid, but they also attach to opioid receptors. That means kratom may block some pain signals. However, kratom probably won’t block all pain signals if the pain is severe, whereas opioids probably would. Kratom is known to potentially provide mild relief from discomfort because of this ability.
Differences Between Kratom and Opioids
As stated above, opioids are way stronger than kratom. While kratom may bind to the same part of the brain, the effects are not as strong as opioids.
The major difference between kratom and opioids is that kratom is a derivative of opium. Kratom trees and their leaves are actually related to coffee plants, not opium plants. That means that kratom is definitely not an opiate, a substance derived from opium.
Some people would debate that because kratom has an impact on opioid receptors it is an opioid. We’d argue that because kratom does this naturally, and not synthetically like most opioids, that kratom is not an opioid either. Also, there are many substances that impact opiate receptors without being an opioid, like dark chocolate. So, is kratom an opioid? No. Not in our opinion, anyway.
Learn more about kratom here
Going through a tough time due to COVID19 and struggling to afford your favorite GRH Kratom products? Send an email to [email protected] to see what we may be able to do to help.
Link to the original Newsweek article: | <urn:uuid:2f796509-ce71-4f7e-a48b-ec9e0ec1cea5> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://grhkratom.com/pandemic-opioid-crisis-is-kratom-an-opioid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400209665.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20200923015227-20200923045227-00747.warc.gz | en | 0.946258 | 1,318 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Topic: BatzB - Graspan
South Africa, 25 November 1899
Graspan, an action also referred to as the Battle of Enslin, was fought on 25 November 1899 (during the Second South African War) by a British force of 8,500 men under Lieut.-General Lord Methuen while attempting to break the Boer siege of Kimberley. After an earlier engagement at Belmont (q.v.), eighteen kilometres to the south along the single-track railway line which formed the axis of the British advance, Methuen found the Boers occupying a line of kopjes (small hills) about 60 metres high to the east of the railway station at Graspan. Information from British reconnaissance parties indicated that only about 400 enemy were present, supported by two guns.
To prevent the enemy escaping as had happened at Belmont, Methuen decided to engage the Boer position first with artillery fire while working the 900 mounted troops available to him around both flanks. Once these were in position, a frontal assault was to be mounted by the small Naval Brigade operating with his force. Unfortunately for this plan of attack, unknown to Methuen - whose scouts were unable to observe into the enemy position from closer than about two kilometres - the original Boer defenders were reinforced late on the afternoon of 24 November by 2,000 Free State burghers under Commandant Jacobus Prinsloo.
Map showing the Battle of Graspan, 25 November 1899
[From: The Times History of the War in South Africa, II, London, 1902.]
When the British field batteries opened up soon after 6 a.m. the next morning, the answering fire from the Boers came from five guns instead of two - not including a Hotchkiss quick-fire weapon and a Maxim machine-gun. Realising that his original scheme was unworkable, Methuen promptly opted for an all-out attack on conventional lines. This effort would pit the Naval Brigade with some infantry detachments against the Boers eastern (left) flank, while the rest of the British force sought to immobilise the enemy elsewhere and prevent reinforcement of the sector under attack. This plan worked, but not before the 245 strong assault force had lost 15 killed and 79 wounded. By the time the crest of the hill was reached, the enemy had all gone except for a small group which resisted until only one man remained alive.
The British could observe the Boris retiring in good order across the plain back into Free State territory, but a shortage of mounted troops meant that a vigorous pursuit was not possible. The British weakness in this regard was graphically demonstrated at one point during the Boer retreat, when a large body of burghers suddenly turned and attempted to ride down the lesser number of British horsemen from the 9th Lancers trying to follow them. The threat was averted by the response of some Mounted infantry who, along with a detachment of 29 members of the New South Wales Lancers under Lieut. S.F. Osborne, occupied a fold in the ground and poured a heavy fire into the advancing Boers. The incident reportedly won for Osborne and his men the nickname of ‘The Fighting Twenty-Nine.'.
The engagement had demonstrated once again that the Boers were more than a match for Methuen despite his numerical superiority. While he responded by complaining about the deficiency in the number of mounted troops available to him, and confirmed his disappointment in the part played by his cavalry by removing the commander of the 9th Lancers, nothing could disguise his own tactical incompetence which saw his force suffer total casualties at Graspan of seventeen dead and 168 wounded. Among the dead of the Naval Brigade was 19-year-old Midshipman C. I. Huddart of Ballarat, Victoria.
[From: Sydney Mail, 13 January 1900, p. 89.]
Extracted from the book produced by Chris Coulthard-Clark, Where Australians Fought - The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1998, pp. 58-59.
Additional References cited by Chris Coulthard-Clark:
W. Baring Pemberton (1964) Battles of the Boer War, London.
R.L. Wallace (1976) The Australians at the Boer War, Canberra: Australian War Memorial & Australian Government Publishing Service.
L.M. Field (1979) The forgotten War, Carlton, Vic. Melbourne University Press.
Citation: Graspan, South Africa, November 25, 1899 | <urn:uuid:88cc86bb-5b6c-493c-9349-875bb4628c52> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://alh-research.tripod.com/Light_Horse/index.blog/1888308/graspan-south-africa-november-25-1899/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100724.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208045320-20231208075320-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.966485 | 933 | 3.328125 | 3 |
This is a quick and easy challenge for you, a quiz that is about communicating FERPA with students and parents. This two question quiz is just a thought provoker to introduce you to the answers provided by some of your industry peers.
Question #1: (Multiple Choice)
How early should administrators begin educating parents about FERPA?
a. During Recruitment
b. During Admissions
c. During Summer Freshman Orientation
d. When classes begin
In her ebook “Why Today’s Parents Clash with FERPA and Best Practices for Communicating with Them” Nancy Mann Jackson dismisses the notion that FERPA is merely a set of rules that students and parents need to follow. See how the philosophy behind FERPA can open a dialogue with parents and students and promote a better understanding of the regulations, and how the concept behind FERPA can aid students in becoming adults and provide clarity for concerned parents about their changing role when they are no longer the “owner” of the student record.
Question #2: (Yes or No?)
Does a post secondary school administrator need to have the student’s consent to disclose information concerning that student’s education records, including financials, to a parent if that student is still a dependent for tax purposes?
#1. The answer is “b” during admissions. Some schools have had success starting as early as High School and the admissions process initiating the FERPA conversation as early as possible between students and families.
#2. The answer is no. Consent from the student is not required as long as the parent is claiming the student as a dependent for tax purposes.
Click here to read Nancy Mann Jackson’s eBook “Why Today’s Parents Clash with FERPA and Best Practices for Communicating with Them”. | <urn:uuid:719493f3-3120-4e48-8c14-b7e634414c57> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://blog.tuitionmanagementsystems.com/communicating-ferpa-a-short-quiz/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813608.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221103712-20180221123712-00219.warc.gz | en | 0.961214 | 384 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Displayed in the shape of a rising sun on the wall, the African weapons in the new Hood Museum of Art exhibit, “Art of Weapons,” form intimidating yet beautiful rays. Meant to mimic the grand Victorian style common to elite homes and museums, the exhibit explores themes that include colonialism and gender binaries.
Evoking the Victorian era and the associations it connotes, curator of African art Ugochukwu-Smooth Nzewi said, is key to the exhibit, because one of the major themes of the display is the perception of African masculinity from the point of view of Western collectors.
The majority of the weapons are from the Hood’s collections. In 1885, Rev. Josiah Tyler, son of Dartmouth’s fifth president, Rev. Bennet Tyler, donated several Zulu weapons collected in Natal, South Africa, where he was a missionary from 1849 to 1889. From there, the Hood expanded its collection through various acquisitions and donations.
The objects, Nzewi said, were mostly collected by Western males, missionaries, colonial officers, military officers and big game hunters. These different groups compiled their collections at the height of colonialism and ethnographic anthropology.
The exhibit raises questions about the pieces’ history, Hood coordinator of academic programming Amelia Kahl said.
“Who was collecting these weapons? How come from this time period we have a huge collection of weapons here at Dartmouth and as significant a collection of beautiful African textiles?” Kahl said. “Who was buying these things? Who was attending the College, and who was giving them to us?”
The exhibition underscores that the weapons reflect social constructions of masculinity and explores how they present Western impressions of African masculinity, Nzewi said.
“All the weapons speak to different ideas,” Nzewi said. “For instance, the exhibit is really thinking of the weapons as objects, and hence the title, ‘Art of Weapons.’”
The exhibit, split into offensive and defensive weapons, displays spears, swords, knives and shields, which date from 1850 to the 1930s. They come from more than 40 ethnic groups, drawn from North, Central, Western, South and East Africa, encompassing a geographical spread that includes Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Tanzania and the Republic of Sierra Leone.
The weapons were individually crafted by skilled artisans all over the continent, religion and African and African American studies professor Robert Baum said.
“Often times, the skills to create these weapons were thought to be given to the artisans by spiritual powers or ancestors or deities,” Baum said.
On opposing walls are different shields, including a Gombe shield from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and a Shilluk shield from South Sudan. Crafted from materials such as hippopotamus skin and raphe fiber, the shields form intricate geometric patterns while remaining incredibly tough.
The display relates to the personal relationship between the weapon and its user, Baum said.
The exhibit serves as a counterpoint to a 2008 exhibit called “Black Womanhood,” which explored black women’s history, according to Kahl.
“Art of Weapons” opened on April 23 and will stay open through fall 2014. Nzewi is available for tours and classes by request. | <urn:uuid:b521e0b6-ed57-4191-9402-9a0978556bb8> | CC-MAIN-2015-06 | http://thedartmouth.com/2014/04/27/weapons-show-explores-masculinity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115899686.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161139-00201-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957963 | 700 | 2.921875 | 3 |
The Machine in the Ghost
‘The Machine in the Ghost’, the title of both Robin Boast’s talk and his book, (U. of Chicago Press, Reaktion Books, London, 2017), needs some explaining. The ‘ghost in the machine’ was a phrase used by Gilbert Ryle (1900-76) in his critique of Réné Descartes whose disconnect between mind and body the British philosopher refuted. Arthur Koestler used the expression as the title of his 1967 book about philosophical psychology. Reversing the word order, Boast wished to call attention to the oft-ignored fundamentals that make the digital world that we all, willing or not, live in. His subtitle was ‘Digitality and its consequences’.
Boast began at the very beginning, noting that he was only a few steps ahead of his Berkeley Circle audience. But it was soon clear that his were very big steps. He proceeded to show us the point of departure, the key distinction that made the digital age possible, in a word the difference between analog and digital technology. The former leaves a kernel of information or signal in its original form. The latter takes the same signal and turns it into binary numbers. The binary system used in computers and electronics is simple enough considering what can be built with it. The state of anything is represented by 1 or 0, on or off, high or low. These binary numbers are stored and can be called up at in a shape that approximates the original signal. The immense complications, just short of infinity, come afterward.
Boast then took us on a historical excursion. In fascinating illustrations, we viewed the devices that had marked the supremacy of the analog world and the hints they offered of the digital world to come. We were reminded that nothing comes from nothing and that history is inescapable. The underlying technology of the digital age was developed in the nineteenth century. Charles Babbage, born in 1771, is credited with having originated the concept of a digital programmable computer. While this mechanical computer led to more complex electronic designs, all the essential ideas of modern computers are to be found in Babbage's so-called analytical engine.
It was post-WWII that the digital changeover gained speed. Computer systems began to do mathematical calculations previously done manually. The introduction of transistors, silicon as a semi-conductor and single-chip microprocessors opened the way for the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s. Home computers and video game consoles appeared. The switch from analog record-keeping increased as business completed its move to digital. At the turn of the century cell phones, constantly improved, were everywhere together with textual messaging. In the next decade tablet computers and smartphones surpassed personal computers as a means to tie into the Internet
Will this breakneck trajectory continue? Will there, in other words, be a post-digital age? At present, it seems unlikely that the pace of development could decelerate and the digitality that has engulfed us morph into something else, another age. Or was it our fate to go forward forever on our deceptively simple but incredibly fertile binary way? Boast refused to play the prophet. For the moment he was satisfied to help Berkeleyites limp out of pre-digital times.
Robin Boast’s e-science interests have a remarkable scope. They touch the sociology of scientific knowledge, museum studies and, intriguingly, the “the ethnographic gaze of indigenous partners”. The Berkeley Circle hopes he will pay us another enlightening visit. | <urn:uuid:5b64c253-3b77-4281-8b33-417913b3e10c> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.theberkeleylecce.com/copy-of-san-francisco-in-the-hot-se | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500304.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206051215-20230206081215-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.961321 | 733 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Is Social Media Damaging Your Eyes?
Over-use of digital devices can cause macular degeneration. Opticians have spoken out against over-exposure to screens on devices such as smartphones and tablets. A recent survey has shown that under-25s check their phone at least 32 times a day, and many people report feeling unsettled and anxious if separated from their phone. Most adults spend as much as seven hours a day in front of a screen. As a culture we spend a vast amount of time checking social media sites like Facebook and Instagram, and some see this as an unhealthy form of addiction.
Negative Effects of Blue Light
The blue light emissions (also known as HEV or high-energy visible light) from screens are responsible for damage to the eyes, and modern small-screen devices tend to be held much closer to the face than is recommended. See http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/26780069/smartphone-overuse-may-damage-eyes-say-opticians for a more detailed discussion of this.
Deterioration of Vision
It’s sometimes referred to as digital eye strain or computer vision syndrome, and there are a number of early warning signs which if treated early could save your sight. Symptoms such as dry eyes, watery eyes, headaches and light sensitivity can be early warning signs of permanent damage or macular degeneration. This can eventually lead to blindness. Short-sightedness can also be caused by working on screens too close to the face.
How to Protect Your Eyes from Screen Damage
In order to avoid straining the eyes, opticians recommend taking frequent breaks from screens and making sure you blink enough whilst using screens. It is also crucial to get your eyes tested regularly to pick up any early signs of damage.
Opticians can take the strain off their patients when it comes to remembering their eye check, however. Many now use optician software to automatically recall and remind patients to attend an appointment. Another advantage of some specialist optician software is that it contains built-in lifestyle questionnaires which could help practitioners to identify patients particularly at risk from the effects of extensive screen time.
Millennial Generation Are High-Risk
A report by the Vision Council found that 37% of Millennials (born after 1980) were spending more than nine hours a day on screens. This trend is fuelled by social media addiction and is thought to be responsible for the worldwide epidemic of short-sightedness. | <urn:uuid:0d584d18-d941-45de-a680-077d33d3929a> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://therecreationplace.com/reviews/is-social-media-damaging-your-eyes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710916.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202215443-20221203005443-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.953127 | 510 | 3.1875 | 3 |
What makes us who we are?
Our culture! And as the world becomes more interconnected, cultures mix, mingle and swirl to create sub-cultures and each of us arguably has a unique sub-sub-culture.
My (awesome) principal a few years ago introduced the culture wheel assignment to us teachers during the orientation/prep week prior to the beginning of the school year. It was an almost entirely new staff, and by drawing and writing about our own personal cultures—and then presenting them to the group and discussing them—we all got to know each other well and quickly formed strong bonds. In September, I asked my three co-homeschooled/fifth grade students to each create one of their own as well.
Here is an example:
Other categories could be sports, nature, cooking, language, religion, personality, humor, and so on. Then, write a brief essay explaining why you chose each category and assigned it the piece of the pie that you did.
What makes me me?
What is my personal culture?
What/who/where influences me and affect my day to day life?
How does it influence me? | <urn:uuid:7c0e38fc-a8a9-470d-9b9f-7fa9952db4f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://yogafreedom.blog/2015/10/10/the-culture-wheel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652663016373.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220528093113-20220528123113-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.963204 | 240 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Good nurses are truly inspiring because they are responsible for the wellbeing of their patients and they contribute to the success of healthcare institutions. But being a nurse is also a tough job that requires long hours, patience and willingness to serve others.
Since the beginning, nurses have to study at a healthcare nursing college to get their degree. They need to know how to take care of sick people and how to help healthy people by offering them preventive healthcare information.
It’s a common misconception that being a nurse is only about learning how to take blood pressure and sticking needles on patients’ arms. In fact, Nursing colleges will teach you a variety of skills that include:
In Malaysia, for example, one need to study three to four years in order to get your diploma in nursing.
But being a nurse is more than just medical knowledge and good skills. It is a service more than a job. Check out some of the common attributes of a good nurse. If you do not have all of them, it does Not mean you are not fit to be a nurse. More often than not, these attributes might just come along as you go through the training, and learn more about patient needs and other related knowledge.
Nurses should really and truly care for their patients. In fact, they are the ones who comfort people who are sick, vulnerable or scared.
They need to take the time to know how to comfort and support their patients, which can create a special bond between them.
Another attribute of a great nurse is patience, because taking care of the sick is not always an easy job.
For example, patients with disabilities require more care and attention, and nurses will need to invest a lot more time and energy to learn exactly what their patients need.
A good nurse need to respect others and the rules. It is the law to honour confidentiality to the patient.
A good nurse should also respect different traditions and cultures and remain impartial.
To a lot of people, being in the hospital every day is not a pleasant experience. And that’s why good nurses need to be able to empathize with their patients.
Nurses should always put themselves in the patient’s shoes and give them not only medical support but emotional too. Keep in mind that nurses can really change a person’s life.
In order to be a good nurse, you need to be emotionally stable. This is especially true because of the stressful job they have. Nurses are human beings, and they have to deal with their personal problems and emotions too. But since they have a responsibility with their patients, personal emotion should not affect their work.
It’s a good idea to have someone to talk to after a long day at work. Also some healthcare colleges in Malaysia provide free mediation courses, which are great for relaxing and relieving stress.
If you want to be a good nurse, you should have great attention to detail. Mistakes in this job involve life and death consequences. Pay attention to everything from medication, to post operation procedures. Most nursing programs in Malaysia place a strong emphasis on this.
A good nurse must know how to communicate with their patients, colleagues and doctors. Nurses also need to speak clearly so their patients understand what is going on.
In addition, nurses need good interpersonal skills to be able to communicate with different people.
Every day is different, and if you are a nurse you will notice this pretty soon. You never know what is going to happen, and you need to be prepared for everything. And this is the reason why a good nurse needs to be adaptable and be able to act quickly.
As you can see, being a nurse is no easy job, but if one has the skills and proper education, he or she can become very successful at this job, a job that not only offers job security, but also the opportunity to serve and help others. | <urn:uuid:7422e164-49c5-4524-ae33-899a83dce2d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.ramsaysimedarbycollege.edu.my/news-and-events/top-8-qualities-of-a-good-nurse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141716970.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202205758-20201202235758-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.977379 | 796 | 2.796875 | 3 |
E-Cigarette Use Among Teens Doubled in One Year
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been touted recently as an aid to stop smoking, but one new study suggests that e-cigarettes might lead young folks to smoke the real thing.
Even Before COPD, Smokers Exercised Less
Plenty of smokers also exercise and try to stay fit. But researchers behind a new study found that they still might not fare as well as non-smokers.
Kicking the Habit and Being Happier For It
Smoking is clearly tied to negative physical health effects, but what about mental health? Researchers behind a new review set out to explore this topic.
Fifty Years Later, Work Remains to Curb Smoking
Fifty years ago, the US Surgeon General first warned of the dangerous effects of smoking. On the anniversary of that announcement, the current Surgeon General has released new data.
More Americans Dropping the Habit
The risks of smoking are well established, but that doesn't mean it's easier to quit the habit. Yet, more Americans are skipping the smokes these days.
Testing Rx Combo to Help Smokers Be Smoke Free
Smoking causes one in five deaths in the US. Varenicline and bupropion are approved to help smokers quit, but are only partly effective. Using both medications together might work better.
Tobacco Controls Saved Millions of Lives
Anti-smoking efforts ramped up after the surgeon general's first report on the health consequences of smoking. According to a recent study, those efforts have saved millions of lives.
Quitting Smoking Lowered Risk for Cataract Removal
Smoking can contribute to the development of many health issues, including vision problems like cataracts (causes cloudy vision), but research is showing that quitting can help to lower that risk.
Smoking Bans Worked Inside and Outside the Home
A smoker can’t totally kick the habit by only smoking occasionally. Researchers have found that public — and private — smoking policies may work in much the same way.
It's Not Too Late to Quit Smoking After Cancer Diagnosis
It's never too late to quit smoking, even after a cancer diagnosis, according to recent research. | <urn:uuid:bc171b05-2535-49d6-a0f0-694e34e3d9fb> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://rxwiki.com/articles/news_story/field_conditions/smoking-cessation-689?page=11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540490743.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20191206173152-20191206201152-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.946395 | 459 | 2.53125 | 3 |
It’s Friday the 13th in New Zealand – it will come to your place in the next few hours if it hasn’t already arrived.
Friday the 13th is the most widespread superstition in the Western world. Some people refuse to go to work on Friday the 13th; some won’t eat in restaurants and many would not consider setting this as a date for a wedding or other large celebration.
According to our good friend Wikipedia “The fear of Friday the 13th is called friggatriskaidekaphobia (Frigga being the name of the Norse goddess for whom “Friday” is named and triskaidekaphobia meaning fear of the number thirteen)” So we have a name for this phobia.
But from where did this superstition arise? The number 13 has been considered unlucky for centuries. Some say the superstition began with 13 people who attended the Last Supper, but ancient Babylon’s Code of Hammurabi omits the number 13 in its list of laws, so the superstition dates back to at least 1700 BC.
It appears that Friday’s bad reputation goes all the way back to the Garden of Eden. Apparently it was a Friday when Eve tempted Adam with the forbidden fruit. We are told that the Great Flood began on a Friday; God tongue-tied the builders of the Tower of Babel on a Friday; and it was on a Friday that the Temple of Solomon was destroyed. And Friday was the day of the week on which Christ was crucified.
In pagan Rome, Friday was execution day and later Hangman’s Day in Britain | <urn:uuid:478a0594-5b08-4573-9d2e-843a63b3af18> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://growingyoungereachday.wordpress.com/2012/01/13/friday-the-thirteenth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425117.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725082441-20170725102441-00253.warc.gz | en | 0.965812 | 342 | 2.765625 | 3 |
(Last Updated on : 14/07/2012)
Role of B.R. Ambedkar in drafting Indian constitution has been immense. With the independence of India on 15th August 1947 the leadership of Indian national congress invited Dr Ambedkar to serve for the nation as the first law minister - which is gladly accepted. Few weeks later he was also appointed as the Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, charged by the Assembly to write India's new Constitution.
Many well-known scholars have defined the Indian constitution in their own way like Granville Austin has described the same as "first and foremost a social document". The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its achievement."
The text that was prepared by Dr B.R. Ambedkar
also offered constitutional assurances and security for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, which included freedom of religion, the elimination of untouchability and the banning of all types of discrimination. B.R. Ambedkar also worked for widespread financial and social rights for women society, and also won the support of Assembly for bringing in a system of job reservations in the Indian Civil Services
, schools and colleges for members of planned castes and scheduled tribes, a system similar to positive action. Lawmaker's of India wished to get rid of the socio-economic inequalities and be deficient in of opportunities for India's miserable classes through this way. The Constitution of India
was adopted on 26th November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.
In 1951, B.R. Ambedkar at last submitted his resignation as a member of the cabinet, following the standing in parliament of his draft of the Hindu Code Bill that required explaining gender equality in the laws of inheritance, marriage and the economy.
In the year 1952, Dr Ambedkar independently contested an election to the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha
, but lost the contest. He was appointed to the upper house, of parliament, the Rajya Sabha
in March 1952 and would remain as member till death | <urn:uuid:e54fcf32-557c-4e6c-ae43-3754ce1a02a1> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.indianetzone.com/61/role_b_r_ambedkar_drafting_indian_constitution.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.966189 | 432 | 3.984375 | 4 |
In the U.S., reminders to be happy accost us wherever we go. Right now, you can hear that meassage loudest and clearest whenever you turn on the radio and Pharrell Williams' annoyingly catchy "Happy" starts playing, as, inevitably, it will. Even if you don't listen to the radio, "Happy" is inescapable. Cute dogs, the U.N., Star Wars characters—it seems like everyone is in on this.
Pharrell didn't invent this sentiment, of course: America has long been a land rife with smiley face logos and refrains of "Don't worry, be happy!" The underlying message seems to be that if you're not happy, there is something wrong with you. Psychologists from Victoria University of Wellington recently explained this phenomena in a paper:
A common view in contemporary Western culture is that personal happiness is one of the most important values in life. For example, in American culture it is believed that failing to appear happy is cause for concern. These cultural notions are also echoed in contemporary Western psychology (including positive psychology and much of the research on subjective well-being).
However, as the researchers go on to point out, for many people and cultures across the world, this smiley outlook is not the norm. "For some individuals, happiness is not a supreme value," they write. "In fact, some individuals across cultures are averse to various kinds of happiness for several different reasons."
Take people living in the Middle East, near Iran, for example. If things get too good for them, traditional superstitions state that the evil eye will be cast upon them, and they will fall into misfortune. Being happy—but not too happy—is therefore the safest route.
In countries such as Japan, on the other hand, individual pursuit of happiness can be seen as being at odds with the good of society, and people who put their own feelings first risk being perceived as selfish. Even in the West, the authors found, some people share a similar mentality, feeling that people who are overly happy come across as boring and shallow.
So next time some guy tells you to smile or asks you why you're not being chirpy enough, feel free to inform him that plenty of people have an aversion to extreme happiness. There's nothing flawed or out of the ordinary about that. And if that wipes the smile off his face, well, good. | <urn:uuid:484760a8-6d13-42e9-b5f5-8b2213d2e4da> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/not-everyone-thinks-extreme-happiness-ideal-state-being-180950223/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042989042.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002309-00230-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966887 | 499 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Parents who entrust the education of their sons to Saint Ambrose College have the right to expect a rigorous, challenging and authentic Religious Education. Education of students in Catholic belief and practice is a core of the College’s curriculum. The term Theology, defined as “Faith seeking understanding” most accurately describes the work of the Faculty. Boys are encouraged to acquire a deeper knowledge and understanding of their faith, and to consider the impact of their faith in guiding their values and decisions. Parents of boys of other traditions or faiths can be sure that the integrity of their son’s conscience will be respected. Boys are assessed on their knowledge and understanding of the Catholic faith, not on their beliefs or practice.
Key Stage 3
in Years 1 and 2 follow a scheme of work based upon the nationally developed ‘People of God’ framework, which is mapped against the Religious Education Curriculum Directory for Catholic Schools in England and Wales. A different module is studied each half-term, with an extended written assessment at the end of each topic. The life of Blessed Edmund Rice and his legacy are explored throughout the year to give an understanding of the College’s unique ethos and spirit, summarised in the Eight Essentials of an Edmund Rice Education. In their 1st Year boys study a module on Sikhism, and enjoy a half-day visit to a local Gurdwara. In their 2nd Year boys study Islam, and enjoy a visit to Altrincham Mosque. All 1st Year boys also attend a retreat during their first half-term, as part of their induction and spiritual formation.
Key stage 4
GCSE Religious Studies is a core subject taken by all boys at GCSE following the AQA syllabus. This will involve the study of Catholic Christianity (75%) and Judaism (25%). Our GCSE results are consistently outstanding, indicating the commitment and enthusiasm with which boys approach the subject. Advanced Level Religious Studies
KEY STAGE 5
A Level is a popular option at Sixth Form. Students follow the Edexcel scheme, which allows them to study the Philosophy of Religion, Religious Ethics and New Testament studies. All students take part in a weekly General RE programme, examining the social teaching of the Church. The course is assessed internally through a series of student led research projects.
Why study Religious Studies at A Level?
A Level Religious Studies (Edexcel) Aims of the course:-
• To develop an understanding and appreciation of religious thought and its contribution to individuals, communities and societies.
• To allow students to treat the subject as an academic discipline by developing the knowledge and understanding appropriate to a specialist study of religion.
• To develop transferable skills for progression to higher education.
• To develop the moral and spiritual appetite of each student.
Knowledge and understanding - key concepts such as doctrines, teachings, principles, ideas and theories. Key skills - ICT, communication, problem-solving, lateral thinking and more. Analysis and evaluation - interpret, evaluate and analyse religious and philosophical ideas and issues. Spiritual, Moral and Cultural development - learning about our faith and learning about their own faith, belief and culture.
Many employers and universities will be impressed by this choice of subject since it will present the profile of a student who possesses a logical and analytical approach to situations; who can apply lateral thinking to a challenge and who offers his own informed opinion whilst respecting the views of others. It also shows a person who has developed an ethical and moral maturity beyond that of many of his peers. | <urn:uuid:c3718f4c-e104-4dfc-9ce5-0575180355e3> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.st-ambrosecollege.org.uk/page/?title=Theology+%26amp%3B+Religious+Education&pid=168 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107889173.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20201025125131-20201025155131-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.947477 | 719 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Jan 10, 2014 · This is right, but it's not the whole picture. The umbilicus (belly button) is also connected to other things as well, such as the falciform ligament which runs to the liver and the medial umbilical ligaments as well. Like most things that attach to the belly button, these structures were useful in utero but aren't anymore. Mar 18, 2015 · The belly button, also known as the navel or umbilicus, can sometimes produce a bad odor and in some cases, is accompanied by discharge. There are a number of causes for this, ranging from common to rare. Most cases of belly button odor and discharge are not life-threatening and can be remedied with proper hygiene and.
Apr 21, 2011 · From what kind of germs live in your belly button (navel) to whether you get belly button lint, here is everything you never knew about your belly button. MD, including how the scar attaches. The belly button marks the area your umbilical cord attaches to your navel at one end and your placenta—a mass of blood vessels attached to the wall of your mother’s uterus—at the other Author: Alexa Erickson.
Belly Button⢠specializes in maternity bands focusing on allowing you to wear your regular pants longer during pregnancy. The Belly button was designed to make you more comfortable throughout your pregnancy when you pants become to tight.Applied Discount: $0.00. Aug 28, 2017 · An epigastric hernia usually causes a bump to occur in the area below your sternum, or breastbone, and above your belly button. This bump is caused by Author: Diana K. Wells. | <urn:uuid:2a7dbf74-b947-4174-a619-13a5fc951a4b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://testtherest.info/adult/adult-belly-button-attaches-to.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.953825 | 356 | 2.671875 | 3 |
You can know whether you have attention deficit hyperactivity. Noticing the symptoms of ADHD is hard because they are less obvious. There are specific symptoms that show in children who have ADHD. For example these children are a short attention. These children also get distorted very easily. When it comes to schoolwork these children always keep making careless mistakes. Children who suffer from ADHD also keep losing things because they can’t remember where they kept them. Children with ADHD cannot stick to duties that are tedious and time consuming. Children with ADHD keep changing activities and tasks.
Another common symptom of ADHD is that children appear unable to listen to what they are being told. You can got these children any instructions because they can’t even listen to what they are being told. Organizing tasks is also hard for children with ADHD. Teenegers with ADHD are always unable to sit still. In this case they cannot stay in an environment that is very quiet. Fidgeting is another common symptom of people with ADHD. People with ADHD are always unable to concentrate on simple duties. Another common symptom of ADHD is that patients have excess movements. This simply means they can’t stay in one place.
Another symptom of ADHD is that patient’s keep talking. These people also find it very hard to wait for their turn during a conversation. Patients with ADHD do not think a situation through before acting. This is very dangerous because it can lead to accidents. Another common symptom of people with ADHD is that they keep interrupting conversations. People with ADHD also have little or no sense of danger. This makes them always find themselves in dangerous situations. This can be a great problem for children especially in school. They are unable to have a healthy conversation with other students in school. They will always find themselves discipline cases all the time.
Another symptom of ADHD is that it causes people to be depressed. Depression can be bad because it may make you feel suicidal. Anxiety disorder is another symptom of patients with ADHD. This will make the patient to always stay worried and nervous. People with anxiety disorders have increased heartbeat, sweating and dizziness. People with ADHD don’t find sleep easily. At night they are always unable to sleep. They also have irregular sleep patterns which can be very dangerous. Patients with ADHD also have conduct disorder. In this case patients always have antisocial behavior. This means a patient will always be caught fighting, stealing and harming other people or even animals. ADHD is also characterized through oppositional defiant disorder. This makes patients have a negative and disruptive behavior. This is especially towards people with authority like parents. People with ADHD sometimes suffer from epilepsy. There are learning difficulties experienced by people with ADHD. Knowing whether can be hard but these symptoms may suggest you have ADHD. | <urn:uuid:9fa4d4d4-e0bd-4d04-86b5-d4ba50dd69ad> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://aioaio.info/5-takeaways-that-i-learned-about-tests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741660.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114062005-20181114084005-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.975559 | 559 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Natural Resources Defense Council's purpose is to safeguard the Earth: its people, its plants and animals and the natural systems on which all life depends.
We work to restore the integrity of the elements that sustain life -- air, land and water -- and to defend endangered natural places.
We seek to establish sustainability and good stewardship of the Earth as central ethical imperatives of human society. NRDC affirms the integral place of human beings in the environment.
We strive to protect nature in ways that advance the long-term welfare of present and future generations.
We work to foster the fundamental right of all people to have a voice in decisions that affect their environment. We seek to break down the pattern of disproportionate environmental burdens borne by people of color and others who face social or economic inequities. Ultimately, NRDC strives to help create a new way of life for humankind, one that can be sustained indefinitely without fouling or depleting the resources that support all life on Earth. | <urn:uuid:b7ae60e1-7d27-44ac-bf6d-6d567e4d0e55> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://www.crowdrise.com/teamnaturalresources | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647498.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320150533-20180320170533-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.899804 | 199 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Problems with the minute ‘factories’ that yield energy for cells — the mitochondria — contribute to learning problems and other traits of fragile X syndrome, a new study suggests1. The findings also unexpectedly implicate huntingtin, the protein mutated in Huntington’s disease, in fragile X.
Fragile X syndrome is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability and single-gene cause of autism. It stems from mutations that silence the gene for a protein called FMRP. The absence of this protein alters the production of many others, with consequences trickling down to affect the form and function of neurons.
One such consequence, the new study suggests, is faulty, fragmented mitochondria.
Mitochondria fuse to create larger units during times of high energy demand, such as cell growth. This mitochondrial fusion is decreased in neurons deprived of FMRP, the researchers found. Enhancing the fusion in a mouse model of fragile X normalizes neurons’ form and function, and improves the mice’s learning and behavior.
“This is a new mechanism, and I think it’s only a part of the bigger picture of what happens in fragile X,” says lead investigator Xinyu Zhao, professor of neuroscience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. But it gives scientists a clear therapeutic target, she says. “It’s very exciting because it suggests we don’t have to touch every single knob in order to treat the symptoms.”
Researchers have for years attempted to find treatments for fragile X. But many candidates that showed promise in animals failed in people. As a result, researchers are seeking new targets to explore.
“This is an exciting new avenue to be pursued for development of therapeutics,” says Mark Bear, professor of neuroscience at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who was not involved in the study.
Mouse neurons lacking FMRP don’t mature properly. They have shorter and fewer dendrites — the branch-like protrusions that receive signals from other cells — than usual, the team found in the new study.
The researchers saw the same stunted dendrites in neurons from people with fragile X after transplanting immature versions of the cells into the brains of live mice. They also saw another telling defect: The transplanted cells show high levels of a marker for oxidative stress, a sign of metabolic problems.
To find the source of the problems, the researchers analyzed gene expression in the neurons. They found unusually low expression of two genes that induce mitochondria to fuse.
Treating the neurons with a compound called M1, which promotes mitochondrial fusion, normalizes the dendrites. (The drug has no effect on typical neurons.) Given to mice lacking FMRP, M1 improves the animals’ learning and memory and social interaction, and it eases their hyperactivity.
The merged energy factories may be needed for the maturation of dendrites, says Elizabeth Jonas, professor of internal medicine and neuroscience at Yale University, who wasn’t involved in the study.
FMRP does not seem to directly regulate mitochondrial fusion, Zhao says; none of the 40 common targets of FMRP are among the 519 genes with altered expression in fragile X mouse neurons.
But a database of protein interactions revealed that 18 of the 40 target genes interact with some of the 519 genes. One interacts with mitochondria-related genes exclusively: huntingtin, which underlies the degenerative condition Huntington’s disease.
“We just stumbled on huntingtin, which was a big surprise,” Zhao says.
People with Huntington’s disease produce an abnormally long version of huntingtin. The protein is of normal length in the fragile X mice, but there is too little of it. Boosting the protein’s levels restores mitochondrial function in fragile X neurons from mice; it also normalizes the dendrites.
“This provides support that huntingtin is actually a mediator of FMRP’s regulation of mitochondria,” Zhao says. The work appeared 11 February in Nature Neuroscience.
The role of mitochondrial functioning in brain development is poorly understood but gaining attention. Several conditions, such as Rett and Down syndromes, are linked to problems in mitochondria, and scientists have identified genetic changes that affect mitochondria in people with autism.
In fragile X research, too, mitochondrial function is an emerging new direction, Jonas says. In her unpublished work, she has found another problem with mitochondria in fragile X that leads to inefficient energy production, protein overproduction at synapses — the junctions between neurons — and poor maturation of neurons.
Zhao’s team, meanwhile, is exploring dietary supplements and medications that enhance mitochondrial function as possible treatments for fragile X syndrome. | <urn:uuid:c7eb7b19-0dd9-43e4-8d55-1a1aba93ecc7> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/faulty-mitochondria-may-fuel-features-fragile-x-syndrome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585121.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017052025-20211017082025-00567.warc.gz | en | 0.917772 | 991 | 3.328125 | 3 |
There are a lot of educators and scientists talking about Deep Time these days. Maria and Mario Montessori worked on developing this big worldview into a curriculum for young children in the 1940’s …and probably for some time before. If you’d like some background info on the Montessori perspective, you can read all about it in Children of the Universe: Cosmic Education in the Montessori Elementary Curriculum by Michael and D’Neil Duffy.
Fossilicious got started as we worked on designing curriculum and materials to go with this study. We wanted to put meaningful activities into the hands of children at the precise time their interest in the magnitude of the earth and all its history, science, and culture are at its peak: throughout the ages of 6 through 12.
If you’re a Montessori elementary teacher, you can just skip the next few paragraphs of explanation and return at the subtitle; this is all familiar territory for you. If you’re not, you may want to read on…
The Montessori method of teaching involves telling a story and then providing materials to enhance independent study guided by the child’s interests. All of the learning materials found at www.fossilicious.com have been developed for this purpose. We’ll use these learning materials as an opportunity to more deeply integrate the curriculum with math and language. This series of articles will explore a few ways that a teacher can use the materials to extend into these subject areas.
The first Great Lesson in Montessori is called The God with No Hands. There’s a pretty nice write-up of the story, along with photos of the impressionistic charts that illustrate parts of the story, a list of experiments, and some directions for giving the presentation at Montessori Commons (http://montessoricommons.cc/story-of-the-god-with-no-hands/).
This first story tells about the creation of the universe. It is designed to impress the child with the huge power of the natural forces that resulted in our magnificent solar system and our planetary home. The story fills the children’s imaginations with wonder, while the experiments are the start of exploration into some of the earth’s guiding principles. Shortly after this impressionistic story follows a lesson called the Clock of Eras. This lessons shares the passage of time since the Big Bang compared to a clock to give a visual representation and thee first experience with the geology time groups of Eras: Hadean, Archaean, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.
We call this the Clock of Eras and you can download a copy of the chart and some related activities here: https://www.fossils-facts-and-finds.com/clock_of_eras.html
The booklets we’ve written to accompany the clock tell the story of each era in greater detail. This is where the extensions for math and language can really be put to use. Each booklet gives an idea of what was happening during that particular chunk of time on the clock. I’ll use just one of these booklets to share a few ideas for extending the information into mathematical realms.
Math and the Hadean
For the youngest students, the immense size of the numbers used to express time is a point of interest. This is a great time to investigate writing numbers: place value, hierarchies, and patterns. Here are some sample activity titles to develop for the six and seven year olds:
These can become increasingly complex as the students get older and more experienced.
Once you feel you’ve exhausted all the ways to play with large numerals, you can use these same numerals to practice all the operations. (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) The level of difficulty will be modified by the age and ability of the student, but there are many ways to integrate these math problems into the science or history curriculum. Here are a few examples of problems you could make up.
This simple series of relatable math activity is only limited by your imagination and creativity as a teacher. In reading through each booklet, you can easily create a group of math problems…or make them up on the spot, just to fit that particular student’s needs.
Coming next time: Language skills with the Era’s booklets.
these eras are constantly evolving, for the purpose of the young
child, these distinctions align closely with the current time
distinctions, although scientists now use a more refined and
detailed system of time classification. You can find a chart of this
Check out some of the Educational Materials for sale on our sister site fossilicious.com.
Geologic Time Geologic Time LineProterozoic Era | <urn:uuid:4c9eda2e-ff89-4439-810c-d8a72487f2ce> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://www.fossils-facts-and-finds.com/math-cosmic-education.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500303.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206015710-20230206045710-00084.warc.gz | en | 0.930621 | 1,029 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Creatine is a naturally-occurring substance that's found in meat and fish, and also made by the human body in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. It is converted into creatine phosphate or phosphocreatine and stored in the muscles, where it is used for energy. During high-intensity, short-duration exercise, such as lifting weights or sprinting, phosphocreatine is used as a source of ATP, a major carrier of energy within the human body.
Creatine supplements are popular among body builders and competitive athletes. It is estimated that Americans spend roughly $14 million per year on creatine supplements. The attraction of creatine is that it may increase lean muscle mass and enhance athletic performance, particularly during high-intensity, short-duration sports (like high jumping and weight lifting).
However, not all human studies show that creatine improves athletic performance, nor does every person seem to respond the same way to creatine supplements. For example, people who tend to have naturally high stores of creatine in their muscles don't get an energy-boosting effect from extra creatine. Preliminary clinical studies also suggest that creatine's ability to increase muscle mass and strength may help fight muscle weakness associated with illnesses, such as heart failure and muscular dystrophy.
Most human studies have taken place in laboratories, not in people actually playing sports. Preliminary studies show that creatine supplements improve strength and lean muscle mass during high-intensity, short-duration exercises, such as weight lifting. In these studies, the positive results were seen mainly in young people, around 20 years old. Researchers aren't clear on how creatine supplementation improves performance. But it may allow the body to use fuel more efficiently during exercise and increase muscle production. More research is needed.
Creatine does not seem to improve performance in exercises that requires endurance, like running, or in exercise that isn't repeated, although study results are mixed.
Creatine is not banned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) or the International Olympic Committee, but using it for athletic performance is controversial. The NCAA prohibits its member schools from giving creatine and other muscle-building supplements to athletes, although it doesn't ban athletes from using it.
Creatine appears to be generally safe, although when it is taken at high doses there is the potential for serious side effects, such as kidney damage. High doses may also stop the body from making its own creatine.
Some creatine supplements may be marketed directly to teens, claiming to help them change their bodies without exercising. However, one survey conducted with college students found that teen athletes frequently exceed the recommended loading and maintenance doses of creatine. Creatine has not been tested to determine whether it is safe or effective in people under 19.
Preliminary studies suggest that creatine supplements may help lower levels of triglycerides (fats in the blood) in men and women with high concentrations of triglycerides.
In a few studies of people with heart failure, those who took creatine in addition to receiving standard medical care, increased the amount of exercise they could do before becoming fatigued, compared to those who took placebo. Getting tired easily is one of the major symptoms of heart failure. One study of 20 people with heart failure found that short-term creatine supplementation in addition to standard medication helped to increase body weight and improved muscle strength. Other studies, however, showed no improvement.
Creatine has also been reported to help lower levels of homocysteine. Homocysteine is associated with heart disease, including heart attack and stroke.
Preliminary studies suggest that creatine may have anticancer properties.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
One study found that people with COPD who took creatine increased muscle mass, muscle strength and endurance, and improved their health status compared with those who took placebo. They did not increase their exercise capacity. More research is needed.
People who have muscular dystrophy may have less creatine in their muscle cells, which may contribute to muscle weakness. One study found that taking creatine led to a small improvement in muscle strength. However, other studies found no effect.
People with Parkinson disease (PD) have decreased muscular fitness, including decreased muscle mass, muscle strength, and increased fatigue. One study found that giving creatine to people with PD improved their exercise ability and endurance. In another study, creatine supplements boosted participants' moods and reduced their need for medication compared to those who didn't take creatine. However, other studies suggest combining creatine and caffeine (i.e. taking / ingesting both) could make PD worse. More research is needed.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease)
Creatine appears to slow the progression of ALS and improves patients' quality of life. More research is needed.
Because of the potential for side effects and interactions with medications, you should take dietary supplements only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider.
Side effects of creatine include:
- Weight gain
- Muscle cramps
- Muscle strains and pulls
- Stomach upset
- High blood pressure
- Liver dysfunction
- Kidney damage
Most studies have found no significant side effects at the doses used for up to 6 months.
Rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue) and sudden kidney failure was reported in one case involving an athlete taking more than 10 grams daily of creatine for 6 weeks.
People with kidney disease, high blood pressure, or liver disease should not take creatine.
Taking creatine supplements may stop the body from making its own natural stores, although researchers don't know what the long-term effects are. The Food & Drug Administration recommends talking to your doctor before starting to take creatine.
There have been reports of contaminated creatine supplements. Be sure to buy products made by established companies with good reputations.
Some doctors think creatine may cause an irregular heartbeat or a skin condition called purpuric dermatosis in some people. More research is needed to know for sure.
If you are being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use creatine without talking to your doctor first.
Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Taking creatine with these pain relievers may increase the risk of kidney damage. NSAIDs include ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) and naproxen (Aleve).
Caffeine may make it hard for your body to use creatine, and taking creatine and caffeine may increase the risk of dehydration. Using creatine, caffeine, and ephedra (now banned in the U.S.) may increase the risk of stroke.
Diuretics (water pills)
Taking creatine with diuretics may increase the risk of dehydration and kidney damage.
Taking creatine while taking Tagamet may increase the risk of kidney damage.
Drugs that affect the kidneys
Using creatine along with any medication that affects the kidneys may raise the risk of kidney damage.
Taking creatine while taking probenecid, a drug used to treat gout, may increase the risk of kidney damage.
Adhihetty PJ, Beal MF. Creatine and its potential therapeutic value for targeting cellular energy impairment in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuromolecular Med. 2008;10(4):275-90. Epub 2008 Nov 13. Review.
Aguiar AF, Januario RS, Junior RP, et al. Long-term creatine supplementation improves muscular performance during resistance training in older women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(4):987-996.
Beck TW, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Coburn JW, Malek MH, Cramer JT. Effects of a drink containing creatine, amino acids, and protein combined with ten weeks of resistance training on body composition, strength, and anaerobic performance. J Strength Cond Res. 2007;21(1):100-104.
Bender A, Koch W, Elstner M, et al. Creatine supplementation in Parkinson disease: a placebo-controlled randomized pilot trial. Neurology. 2006;67(7):1262-1264.
Bender A, Samtleben W, Elstner M, Klopstock T. Long-term creatine supplementation is safe in aged patients with Parkinson disease. Nutr Res. 2008;28(3):172-178.
Benzi G. Is there a rationale for the use of creatine either as nutritional supplementation or drug administration in humans participating in a sport? Pharmacol Res. 2000;41(3):255-264.
Cancela P, Ohanian C, Cuitiño E, Hackney AC. Creatine supplementation does not affect clinical health markers in football players. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(9):731-735.
Candow DG, Vogt E, Johannsmeyer S, Forbes SC, Farthing JP. Strategic creatine supplementation and resistance training in healthy older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015;40(7):689-694.
Carvalho AP, Rassi S, Fontana KE, Correa Kde S, Feitosa RH. Influence of creatine supplementation on the functional capacity of patients with heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;99(1):623-629.
Chilibeck PD, Chrusch MJ, Chad KE, Shawn Davison K, Burke DG. Creatine monohydrate and resistance training increase bone mineral content and density in older men. J Nutr Health Aging. 2005;9(5):352-353.
Cornelissen VA, Defoor JG, Stevens A, et al. Effect of creatine supplementation as a potential adjuvant therapy to exercise training in cardiac patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2010;24(11):988-999.
Cornish SM, Candow DG, Jantz NT, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009;19(1):79-96.
Deldicque L, Francaux M. Functional food for exercise performance: fact or foe? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11(6):774-781. Review.
Eckerson JM, Stout JR, Moore GA, et al. Effect of creatine phosphate supplementation on anaerobic working capacity and body weight after two and six days of loading in men and women. J Strength Cond Res. 2005;19(4):756-763.
Groeneveld GJ, Beijer C, Veldink JH, Kalmijn S, Wokke JH, van den Berg LH. Few adverse effects of long-term creatine supplementation in a placebo-controlled trial. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(4):307-313.
Gualano B, de Salles Painelli V, Roschel H, et al. Creatine supplementation does not impair kidney function in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(5):749-756.
Hass CJ, Collins MA, Juncos JL. Resistance training with creatine monohydrate improves upper-body strength in patients with Parkinson disease: a randomized trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007;21(2):107-115.
Kingsley M, Cunningham D, Mason L, Kilduff LP, McEneny J. Role of creatine supplementation on exercise-induced cardiovascular function and oxidative stress. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2009;2(4):247-254.
Kley RA, Tarnopolsky MA, Vorgerd M. Creatine for treating muscle disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD004760.
Korzun WJ. Oral creatine supplements lower plasma homocysteine concentrations in humans. Clin Lab Sci. 2004;17(2):102-106.
McMorris T, Harris RC, Swain J, et al. Effect of creatine supplementation and sleep deprivation, with mild exercise, on cognitive and psychomotor performance, mood state, and plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006;185(1):93-103.
Metzl JD, Small E, Levine SR. Gershel JC. Creatine use among young athletes. Pediatrics. 2001;108(2):421-425.
Patra S, Ghosh A, Roy SS, et al. A short review on creatine-creatine kinase system in relation to cancer and some experimental results on creatine as adjuvant in cancer therapy. Amino Acids. 2012;42(6):2319-2330.
Persky AM, Rawson ES. Safety of creatine supplementation. Subcell Biochem. 2007;46:275-289. Review.
Sheth NP, Sennett B, Berns JS. Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following arthroscopic knee surgery in a college football player taking creatine supplements. Clin Nephrol. 2006;65(2):134-137.
Simon DK, Wu C, Tilley BC, et al. Caffeine and progression of Parkinson disease: a deleterious interaction with creatine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2015;38(5):163-169.
Sullivan PG, Geiger JD, Mattson MP, Scheff SW. Dietary supplement creatine protects against traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol. 2000;48(5):723-729.
Tarnopolsky MA, Beal MF. Potential for creatine and other therapies targeting cellular energy dysfunction in neurological disorders [Review]. Ann Neurol. 2001;49(5):561-574.
Tyler TF, Nicholas SJ, Hershman EB, Glace BW, Mullaney MJ, McHugh MP. The effect of creatine supplementation on strength recovery after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(2):383-388.
Willer B, Stucki G, Hoppeler H, Bruhlmann P, Krahenbuhl S. Effects of creatine supplementation on muscle weakness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2000;39(3):293-298.
Witte KK, Clark AL, Cleland JG. Chronic heart failure and micronutrients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(7):1765-1774. | <urn:uuid:b52ea4c8-379d-448a-83b4-8695866561cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000297 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948596051.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217132751-20171217154751-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.892787 | 3,029 | 3.375 | 3 |
As I thoroughly believe that the key to successful education is engagement, I was fascinated by Appleman’s argument that multicultural literature assists in the understanding of similarities and differences in perspectives of students. I think we knew this, but to argue that Marxist criticism is a lens to facilitate that type of discussion with students who may not agree was new to me. I was fascinated by the real-life example and made immediate plans to include such an activity in my unit on identity.
I was equally excited about feminist theory, which I had never heard described as “read[ing] texts and worlds more carefully as they become aware of the ideologies” surrounding them (Appleman, 76). If our goal as teachers, which mine is, remains to demonstrate how and encourage students to investigate and form their own opinions, how could any classroom be complete without examining as many viewpoints as possible? Feminist theory fits right in.
I think that use of theory will broaden the perspectives of students, like those in Appleman’s Marxist example. My biggest concern would be the same as Tyson’s: fighting the stereotypes which surround theory, especially feminism. Yet, the simple facts could be engaging. Drug testing on males only?? (Tyson, 85) I’m pretty sure there are some opinions about that one.
Needless to say, my unit will incorporate as much theory as time will allow. Introducing it quickly will prevent boredom and using activities to illuminate questions will keep my personal views to a minimum. At the moment, my actual activities are vague or borrowed. Can we brainstorm any plans for units which are specific theory-based activities? | <urn:uuid:081531a2-e293-483f-b301-59e399e81169> | CC-MAIN-2018-22 | https://elateach.wordpress.com/2007/10/09/theory-in-my-classroom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870771.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20180528024807-20180528044807-00611.warc.gz | en | 0.978324 | 334 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Lesson ideas for a popular book with English Literature classes for pupils aged 11-14.
DIALOGUE AND EXTENDED discussion play an important part in cognitive and social development. However, it is apparent that such verbal activity is often neglected in mathematics classrooms. There are a number of reasons for this:
1. The mistaken view that mathematics is an instrumental activity.
2. The lack of subject expertise on the part of the teacher
Philosophical inquiry aims to develop a community of enquiry in which individuals are respected and their ideas are considered with care. At the same time there is an ethos of questioning, exploration and the search for truth and meaning. The medium of inquiry is a combination of constant questioning and conceptually-rich dialogue. Regular inquiry will have benefits in many subject areas when pupils are expected to think for themselves and explore meaning. In all subjects, philosophical inquiry will encourage higher levels of curiosity, collaboration and conversation. | <urn:uuid:78847911-1be5-4699-899e-fee0493e6f2a> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://p4c.com/topic/p4c-pathways/subjects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104215790.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703043548-20220703073548-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.945773 | 196 | 4.34375 | 4 |
in Nature Medicine, researchers have been able to use stem cells to make intestinal organoids with functional nerves. This research paves the way for advancement in both the research and treatment of Hirschsprung’s disease, a serious intestinal nerve disorder. The authors believe the work will aid medical science in using pluripotent stem cells as a therapy in regenerative medicine and organ transplantation. The research is outlined in the following video.
"One day this technology will allow us to grow a section of healthy intestine for transplant into a patient, but the ability to use it now to test and ask countless new questions will help human health to the greatest extent," said the co-lead study investigator Michael Helmrath, MD, surgical director of the Intestinal Rehabilitation Program at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
The investigation of disease mechanism at the molecular level is aided tremendously by the use of a functional, three-dimensional model, especially one that can be tailored to a specific patient. This technology allows researchers to create such models from cells taken from individual patients and test therapeutics there, before taking them to clinical trials in people.
"Many oral medications give you diarrhea, cramps and impair intestinal motility. A fairly immediate goal for this technology that would help the largest number of people is as a first-pass screen for new drugs to look for off-target toxicities and prevent side effects in the intestine," explained co-lead investigator Jim Wells, PhD, director of the Pluripotent Stem Cell Facility at Cincinnati Children's.
Wells builds on his 2010 work
that demonstrated the first creation of human intestinal organoids in a lab. The researchers started in the same way for this work. They added in another component, nerve cells, still at the embryonic stage, called neural crest cells. They then identified the right conditions under which the cells were to be added to the intestinal organoids in order to create an innervated nerve network.
"We tried a few different approaches largely based on the hypothesis that, if you put the right cells together at the right time in the petri dish, they'll know what do to. It was a longshot, but it worked," said Wells. The right mix resulted in intestines and enteric nerve precursor cells growing together in a way that was similar to the development of the intestine in the fetus.
To determine how these organoids grew and functioned, they had to be transplanted into a live animal; for this the researchers utilized mice with suppressed immune systems. The tissues performed very well, with robust growth, nutrient processing and peristalsis – wavy muscle contractions that push food down the digestive tract.
The researchers also used this remarkable model to study the progression of Hirschsprung's disease, a developmental disorder in which the colon and rectum don’t have a functional nervous system, resulting in the buildup of waste. When a mutation causative for Hirschsprung’s in the gene PHOX2B was used with the model, serious problems were indeed seen in the intestinal tissues.
Wells and Helmrath suggested that the manufacure of this type of functional human intestine in the lab opens up an array of new opportunities. It will now be possible to conduct more in-depth research of many subjects like nutritional health, diabetes, severe intestinal diseases, and the biochemical consequences of gastric bypass surgery.
via Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
, Nature Medicine | <urn:uuid:f841d67f-bc83-4c35-9ca9-25b6fba3d80f> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.labroots.com/trending/cell-and-molecular-biology/4643/engineered-intestinal-tissue-functional-nerves-aid-research | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046152144.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210726152107-20210726182107-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.937942 | 707 | 3.515625 | 4 |
APPLES – Astringent, carminative, digestive, diuretic, emollient, laxative, tonic. A highly digestible alkaline food, apples have a high water content (around 85%), which quenches both immediate and cellular-level thirst. All apples, especially green apples, cleanse the liver and gallbladder and help soften gallstones. TIP –Helps to clean the teeth and exercise gums when eaten raw.
CAYENNE - Cayenne pepper is concentrated with vitamins, minerals and phyto-nutrients. It is a rich source of Vitamin C that boosts the immune system. It is also one of the richest sources of Vitamin A. The spice contains very high levels of essential minerals such as iron, copper, zinc, potassium, manganese, magnesium and selenium. It also contains potassium, an important electrolyte in the cells. Cayenne peppers are also rich in b-complex vitamins such as niacin, vitamin B-6, riboflavin and thiamin. These peppers are beneficial for colds, coughs, and congestion. TIP: For travelers, a small container of cayenne pepper is a sensible protection against dysentery.
FIGS – Figs are a densely mineralized sweet fruit. They contain one of the highest concentrations of calcium of any food. The tiny seeds in figs are not only packed with nutrients, but they help draw out and dissolve waste, parasites, and mucus in the intestines. TIP-a great laxative.
HAZELNUTS – Hazelnuts contain the minerals magnesium, phosphorous, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, calcium and selenium. This nut also contains vitamin K in the form of ascorbic acid, folate, thiamin, alpha-tocopherol and niacin. Additionally, the nuts contain potassium and vitamin E. fiber and mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats. TIP- Hazelnut Milk is a, nutritious drink that can be purchased at selective grocery stores.
GRAPES – Grapes are called “the queen of fruit” because of their excellent cleansing properties, and they rank among the most potent of all medicinal foods. Grapes offer a natural combination of fruit acid, natural sugar, and various bitter-astringent properties that will help keep your cellular network cleansed. They are also a fine source of Vitamin C, A, K, B-complex and carotenes. TIP: Grapes contain a small amount of natural sugar that will give you energy and a boost during the day without the calories.
TOMATOES – Tomatoes are low in calories, fat content and have zero cholesterol levels. They are an excellent source of antioxidants, dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. Fresh tomatoes contain high levels of Vitamin A and C, as well as a rich source of potassium and the phytochemical lycopene. TIP: Heirloom varieties tend to produce more flavorful fruit. | <urn:uuid:81d3d023-7f9d-43b1-83d5-6b36bd359f5c> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.joeandmoni.com/blog/six-beneficial-foods-we-recommend/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710503.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128102824-20221128132824-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.901838 | 630 | 2.578125 | 3 |
OK, folks. Let’s talk turkey. As Thanksgiving Day approaches, many people have plans to sit down to a traditional Thanksgiving feast. For most, that means turkey. As I was thinking about turkey (as I so often do), I had a startling realization. I have no idea what a turkey egg looks like.
I mean, turkeys are birds. Obviously. So they lay eggs. But what do those eggs look like? And where are they? I don’t know about you, but I have certainly never seen a turkey egg in a grocery store. And so, I set out to discover the answer to what is maybe the most bizarre question I’ve ever asked myself: What do turkey eggs look like?
What do turkey eggs look like?
In this, the age of the Google search, it wasn’t difficult to find an answer to my question. As it turns out, turkey eggs look a lot like, you know, eggs. They are slightly larger than chicken eggs and typically have brown speckles. Check out the picture above so you, too, can know what a turkey egg looks like.
According to Modern Farmer, the shells of turkey eggs are slightly tougher than the shells of chicken eggs. The membrane between the egg and the shell is also a bit thicker. On average, a turkey egg is between 2 and 2.7 inches long and can weigh between 66 grams and 110 grams. So, that answers my first question. I think we can all agree the next question is obvious.
Can you eat turkey eggs?
Yes! You can eat turkey eggs! You can use them instead of chicken eggs for baking, too. In most cases, you can substitute two turkey eggs for three chicken eggs. They reportedly taste very similar to chicken eggs. Which, now that I think about it, isn’t that surprising. What else would they possibly taste like?
So then, why don’t we eat turkey eggs?
Who knew we’d all be learning so much about turkey eggs today? Anyway, we know what turkey eggs look like, and we know they’re edible, so why aren’t we eating them? As it turns out, getting turkey eggs into the egg market would be both complicated and expensive. First of all, while a chicken usually lays one egg every day, a turkey only lays about two eggs per week.
Turkeys also require more food and more space than chickens (because they’re usually bigger than chickens). And while chickens start laying eggs when they are 5 months old, turkeys don’t start laying until they hit about 7 months. All of these factors combined mean that turkey eggs are just all-around more expensive to produce than chicken eggs.
According to the American Farm Bureau Federation, conventionally produced chicken eggs cost $1.25/dozen. Obviously, this price varies depending on where you buy them, and on whether you are willing to shell out (get it?) for organic/free-range/cage-free eggs. Turkey eggs, on the other hand, cost approximately $3... each.
No one wants to spend $3 for an egg that is basically just a bigger, speckled chicken egg. Thus, it makes more sense for turkey farmers to focus on fertilized eggs that turn into actual turkeys (which, in turn, become Thanksgiving dinner). So there you have it. That’s everything I know about turkey eggs. Now you know it too! | <urn:uuid:933fd3cd-e52f-4f6c-ab93-b906d9a1efc6> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.distractify.com/p/what-do-turkey-eggs-look-like | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655908294.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710113143-20200710143143-00408.warc.gz | en | 0.97259 | 721 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Mighty Magnets introduces kids to the fundamentals of magnetic fields and how they occur. In this mini-course, kids will go on a magnetic scavenger hunt, play a Make-a-Magnet board game, measure the strength of different magnets and learn how to graph their data, and finally, make their own compass and treasure map!
Curious about magnets and how they stick together? What about how they make some things move? Mighty Magnets from Be Naturally Curious introduces kids to the fundamentals of magnetic fields and how they occur. In this mini-course, kids will go on a magnetic scavenger hunt, play a Make-a-Magnet board game, measure the strength of different magnets and learn how to graph their data, and finally, make their own compass and treasure map!
Mini-course is provided as a 29-page PDF including a separate Science Tool Kit PDF to collect your badges.
Course Contents for Mighty Magnets
- Story: Magnets. Learn what makes a magnet different from other objects. Did you know that the Earth is a giant magnet?
- Activity 1: Ferromagnetic Scavenger Hunt. What is magnetic in your home?
- Activity 2: Investigating Your Magnets! Measure the strength of your magnet and find out which objects can affect it. Learn to graph your data!
- Activity 3: “Give Me a Magnetic Moment” Card Game. Collect enough cards and be the first player to turn your game board into a magnet.
- Activity 4: Let Your Magnet Show the Way! Build a compass with just a bottle cap and needle. Use it to become a cartographer and make a map of your home.
- Curiosity Connector. Use these links to learn more about the properties of magnets and find other cool online magnet activities.
- Tools for Your Tool Kit. See if you can answer all the questions about magnets and magnetic fields to earn Tools for your Science Tool Kit.
- Glossary. Learn scientific terms used to describe magnets and their actions.
Strong horseshoe magnet (roughly 4 inches in length), medium-sized bar magnet (roughly 2.5 inches in length), small, bendable refrigerator magnet, compass, large shallow dish (such as a pie pan), plastic cap (from a milk or water jug), long sewing needle (check that it is ferromagnetic), at least 6 paper clips (jumbo size works best), Scotch tape, ruler or tape measure, scissors, pencil, blank paper for drawing, small plastic bag
Homeschooling Science? Here are some great articles to help.
Check out these other unit studies from Be Naturally Curious.
In addition to Mighty Magnets, You Might also like:
SEA Homeschoolers Gear is for secular homeschooling kids & parents alike. It is perfect for park days! The t-shirts and magnets have the tree logo that was specially designed for the group Secular Eclectic, Academic Homeschoolers. The design represents a phylogenetic tree showing the evolution of learning as something that is holistic and reflective of the many different types & styles of learning. Blair Lee, evolutionary biologist, chemist, & founder of SEA Homeschoolers, commissioned artist Don McIntire to create this logo. The tree is symbolic of SEA Homeschoolers tagline, “An Evolution in Homeschooling.”
Check out all the SEA Homeschoolers merchandise. | <urn:uuid:872e1055-30c2-4f97-95f6-7b34c18fd544> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://seculareclecticacademic.com/product/mighty-magnets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585178.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017144318-20211017174318-00327.warc.gz | en | 0.904881 | 697 | 3.96875 | 4 |
This week, we will be discussing a token that has been catalogued as one of the top ten Blockchain projects by the China Center for Information and Development (CCID).
BitShares is a Cryptocurrency created in the middle of 2014.It is also an efficient blockchain platform based on the innovative graphene technology (developed by Cryptonomex), a variation of Ethereum classic Blockchain
As aforementioned, BitShares is based on graphene technology and uses a DPoS (delegated Proof-Stake) consent algorithm as well as EOS and Steem. This means that voting on consensus issues can be democratically exercised by all token holders.
According to experts of the sector, graphene technology is much more efficient than all existing analogues and, thanks to this technology, BitShares is theoretically capable of performing a maximum of 100.000 transactions per second with a block time of 1.5 seconds.
Bitshares is a token that cannot be mined and distributed in the exchanges, the total offer is 3,600,570,502 BTS.
The Bitshares wallet
Operations of the BitShares platform is controlled by a decentralized autonomous company (DAC), an innovative structure that has brought a new way of doing business and managing them. A DAC permits BitShares holders to contribute and ultimately decide on future policies. BTS itself is actually a DAC and represents the beauty of Blockchain technology and decentralization in its purest form. The BitShares platform is programmed in such a way that there is a budget for workers who updates and develops the platform.
The best aspect of BitShares is that the address of your wallet consists of your chosen user name, which is much more effective than the long strings of letters and characteristic numbers of the Cryptocurrencies purses.
BitShares was created in 2014 by the American programmer and businessman Daniel Rimer, who was also responsible for the creation of the Steem Blockchain and is currently working on the EOS project. Although Dan Rimer is not as famous as Vitalik Buterin of Ethereum or Charlie Lee of Litecoin, he remains a pioneer in the world of Cryptocurrency, seen as a rare visionary who is mainly concerned about the content of the project and not merely for the fund-raising.
Bitshares created the BitAssets
BitShares competes with traditional banks by issuing collateralizing BitAssets, i.e., stable assets linked to currencies and raw materials, such as BitUSD, BitGOLD and BitCNY. This means 1 BitUSD today will have a value of 1 dollar within a week, a month or a year from today. The BitAssets minimizes volatility-related risks in the Cryptocurrency market by linking BitAssets values (BitUSD, BitEuro) with the most common fiduciary currencies, such as USD, Euro, etc.
Smart Coins are expendable, divisible without any restriction and considered as a valid tool that can be used by everyone, from speculators and savers to traders and entrepreneurs.
Bitshares, a very interesting token
Price-anchored Smart Coins (BitAssets) have almost 4 functions which are as follows:
- A relatively reliable solution for predicting the future value of a token,
- A stable predictable price with reduced volatility,
- Coverage against Cryptocurrency markets and,
- A separate account unit of financial assets with capital gains or losses (taxable).
Bitshares was launched in mid 2014 with a value of 0.023 USD: It remained stable for years, until June 2017 when it reached the ceiling at 0.46 USD (10/06/2017), and then the absolute maximum of 0.87 USD (01/03/2018). Later, it made another relative maximum of 0.37 USD (03/05/2018) and then followed the downward trend of the Cryptocurrency market right up to the current minimum values of about 0.1 USD.
Also for BTS, as to all the most important Cryptocurrencies, we can expect another possible minimum period (absolute or relative) by the end of this year, but then it should (conditional is obligatory) starts another important and lasting bull market period.
Currently (13/11/2018), the price of BTS is 0093 USD. Market capitalization is over 248 million dollars (Source: CoinMarketCap.com), placing BTS 35th by market capitalization. In the medium/long term (12-60 months), BTS is without a doubt a very suggestive token given the excellent technical characteristics and originality of the project at a global scale. As a result, even your quotation should be considerably appreciated once this recession is over. Since the project is well known, it is now possible to buy BTS in many exchanges (Binance, Poloniex, Livecoin, Huobi, ZB.COM, BTC-Alpha, etc.).
Do you want to invest in cryptocurrencies?
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Past performance is no guarantee of future results and the value of such investments and their strategies may fall as well as rise. | <urn:uuid:3afb8b71-8d1b-4a40-aeee-813725a97d61> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.cryptocurrency10.com/en/blog/cryptocurrencies/what-is-bitshares-bts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145897.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200224040929-20200224070929-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.944787 | 1,253 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Astrogeology Research Program
The Mars Global Digital Dune Database presents data and describes the methodology used in creating the database. The database provides a comprehensive and quantitative view of the geographic distribution of moderate- to large-size dune fields from 65° N to 65° S latitude and encompasses ~ 550 dune fields. The database will be expanded to cover the entire planet in later versions. Although we have attempted to include all dune fields between 65° N and 65° S, some have likely been excluded for two reasons: 1) incomplete THEMIS IR (daytime) coverage may have caused us to exclude some moderate- to large-size dune fields or 2) resolution of THEMIS IR coverage (100m/pixel) certainly caused us to exclude smaller dune fields. The smallest dune fields in the database are ~ 1 km2 in area. While the moderate to large dune fields are likely to constitute the largest compilation of sediment on the planet, smaller stores of sediment of dunes are likely to be found elsewhere via higher resolution data. Thus, it should be noted that our database excludes all small dune fields and some moderate to large dune fields as well. Therefore the absence of mapped dune fields does not mean that such dune fields do not exist and is not intended to imply a lack of saltating sand in other areas.
Where availability and quality of THEMIS visible (VIS) or Mars Orbiter Camera narrow angle (MOC NA) images allowed, we classifed dunes and included dune slipface measurements, which were derived from gross dune morphology and represent the prevailing wind direction at the last time of significant dune modification. For dunes located within craters, the azimuth from crater centroid to dune field centroid was calculated. Output from a general circulation model (GCM) is also included. In addition to polygons locating dune fields, the database includes over 1800 selected Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) infrared (IR), THEMIS visible (VIS) and Mars Orbiter Camera Narrow Angle (MOC NA) images that were used to build the database.
The database is presented in a variety of formats. It is presented as a series of ArcReader projects which can be opened using the free ArcReader software. The latest version of ArcReader can be downloaded at http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcreader/download.html. The database is also presented in ArcMap projects. The ArcMap projects allow fuller use of the data, but require ESRI ArcMap® software. Multiple projects were required to accommodate the large number of images needed. A fuller description of the projects can be found in the Dunes_ReadMe file and the ReadMe_GIS file in the Documentation folder. For users who prefer to create their own projects, the data is available in ESRI shapefile and geodatabase formats, as well as the open Geography Markup Language (GML) format. A printable map of the dunes and craters in the database is available as a Portable Document Format (PDF) document. The map is also included as a JPEG file. ReadMe files are available in PDF and ASCII (.txt) files. Tables are available in both Excel (.xls) and ASCII formats.
Download the Readme file for a fuller description of the project files (Dunes_ReadMe.pdf; 152 kB).
Readme file in ASCII, a plain-text version (Dunes_ReadMe.txt; 64 kB).
Mars Global Digital Dune Database includes the following .zip compressed files of directories and subdirectories:
ArcMapProjects -- Contains ArcMap projects and "Layers" folder (included in "Entire File Collection" linked below)
ArcReaderProjects -- Contains all projects described above in .pmf format. The free software, ArcReader will open these files (included in "Entire File Collection" linked below)
Documentation.zip -- Contains the following documentation: Database_Map (a 1:95,000,000 scale), ReadMe_Abstract_Purpose_Process, ReadMe_GIS, ReadMe_Softcopy, and References (10.4 MB)
Geodatabase.zip -- Contains two folders, each containing one geodatabase: Geocentric and Sinu (8.8 MB)
GML.zip -- Contains a geocentric Geography Markup Language (GML) version of the 9 layers in the database (3.3 MB)
Images -- Contains all the images projected and available in the above described ArcMap and ArcReader projects (included in "Entire File Collection" linked below)
Metadata.zip -- Contains Metadata files for the database layers in text and HTML formats. These files describe the layers and their associated fields (144 kB)
Shapefiles.zip -- Contains background shapefiles that are not part of the dune database and shapefile versions of the dune database (57.8 MB)
Tables.zip -- Contains Excel and tab delimited text formats of the dune database attribute table (336 kB)
of2007-1158.zip -- This large file is the entire publication with all of its folders and data as a single download (1.76 Gigabytes)
For questions about the content of this report, contact Rosalyn Hayward
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This report is available only on the Web | <urn:uuid:3ec98883-52a3-4ebf-bbbd-4eef6af05a83> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1158/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676381.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00036-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867876 | 1,175 | 3.125 | 3 |
Feeling down from time to time is normal, but then if you are sad and feeling hopeless all the time, it may be a sign that you are in a depression. Depression makes it tough to function and enjoy life every day. But no matter how depressed you are, you can get better.
Symptoms of depression
The symptoms of depression vary from person to person, however, there are some common symptoms. The more symptoms you have, the stronger they are, and the longer they have lasted the more likely it is that you are dealing with depression. But, you need not worry as there are much good homeopathic medicines for depression, which is highly effective. Some of the symptoms are:
Feeling of hopelessness- The feeling that nothing will get better and there is nothing that you can do to improve your situation.
Loss of interest- Nothing interests you anymore. You don’t want to get indulged in any activities. Even your hobby doesn’t make you happy.
Appetite or weight changes- significant weight loss or weight gain.
Sleep changes- Insomnia, or oversleeping, or waking in the early hours of the morning often is a symptom of depression.
Anger or irritability- If your tolerance level is low and you feel agitated, violent, or restless.
Loss of energy- If you continuously feel fatigued, sluggish, or physically drained then you may be suffering from depression.
Self-loathing- a strong feeling of worthlessness & guilt and being highly critical of yourself.
Concentration problems- Trouble focussing, making decisions, or remembering things
Unexplained aches and pains- An increase in physical pain such as headaches, back pains, aching muscles and stomach pain.
What you can do to feel better
Feeling better takes time, but then you can make positive choices for yourself. Here are some of the things that you can do:
Reach out to people- Isolation fuels depression, so it is better that you reach out to your friends and family. Talking to close friends and family proves to be of great help.
Exercise- Regular exercise can be as effective as antidepressant medication in countering the symptoms of depression. Take a short walk or put some music on and dance around. Start with small activities and build up from there.
Meditation and yoga- Meditation and yoga are proven to be of great help. They make you refreshed both mentally and physically.
Eat a mood-boosting diet- Eat mood-enhancing nutrients such as Omega-3 fatty acids. Avoid caffeine, sugar, & refined carbs.
Medication: You can always take medication for the same. Homeopathy medicines for depression are highly effective. They target the root cause, so it takes the time to cure. They do not have any side effects. However, you should always consult a homeopathic doctor before taking any medicines. | <urn:uuid:b15a596d-2ae2-4607-907d-916195d9a8b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.schwabeindia.com/blog/depression-symptoms-remedies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337631.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20221005140739-20221005170739-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.943567 | 598 | 2.53125 | 3 |
WITH the world facing an unprecedented mass extinction of species, conservationists trying to stem the loss are still struggling to answer some basic questions. Where do most of the world's plants and animals live? And where should we spend our time and money if we are to save as many species as possible?
For many conservation groups, the answer is to focus on so-called biodiversity hotspots - areas where the greatest number of species are under imminent threat. This week, the leading proponents of this approach have published an updated classification of the world's hotspots that will set their conservation priorities for years. But even as they do so, others are saying that the whole idea of hotspots should be discarded.
The hotspot approach was proposed in 1988 by ecologist Norman Myers. To qualify as a hotspot, Myers argued, a region must meet two criteria: it must contain a large ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. | <urn:uuid:358fc251-c56f-4c55-b4d8-38e5dbadc6c4> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18524854.200 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163826391/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133026-00054-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959025 | 206 | 3.90625 | 4 |
A recent Harvard Medical Study indicates once again a relationship between studying music and the development of our brains.
Earlier studies have shown that adult musicians have different brains to adult non-musicians. But the latest results settle arguments about whether the brain differences were there from birth, or developed through practice.
“This is the first paper showing differential brain development in children who learned and played a musical instrument versus those that did not,” says Gottfried Schlaug of Harvard Medical School.
Article in New Scientist posted 13 March 2009 | <urn:uuid:c2596c2f-8dfb-4d46-8bc2-71a252ef3810> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://bcacms.bc.ca/music-lessons-provide-a-workout-for-the-brain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591543.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720061052-20180720081052-00435.warc.gz | en | 0.952419 | 107 | 2.984375 | 3 |
This species has an extremely large range, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion (Extent of Occurrence <20,000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size, habitat extent/quality, or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation). Despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing, the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population trend criterion (>30% decline over ten years or three generations). The population size is extremely large, and hence does not approach the thresholds for Vulnerable under the population size criterion (<10,000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be >10% in ten years or three generations, or with a specified population structure). For these reasons the species is evaluated as Least Concern.
AERC TAC. 2003. AERC TAC Checklist of bird taxa occurring in Western Palearctic region, 15th Draft. Available at: #http://www.aerc.eu/DOCS/Bird_taxa_of _the_WP15.xls#.
Cramp, S.; Perrins, C. M. 1977-1994. Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. The birds of the western Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
del Hoyo, J.; Collar, N. J.; Christie, D. A.; Elliott, A.; Fishpool, L. D. C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International.
The global population is estimated to number c.2,200,000-2,500,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), while national population sizes have been estimated at c.10,000 individuals on migration and <c.10,000 wintering individuals in Korea and <c.100 breeding pairs and c.1,000 wintering individuals in Japan (Brazil 2009).Trend justification
The overall population trend is decreasing, although some populations may be stable and others have unknown trends (Wetlands International 2006).EcologyBehaviour
Northern populations of this species are highly migratory (Scott and Rose 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998), with those breeding in the milder parts of western or southern Europe (Snow and Perrins 1998) being sedentary (del Hoyo et al.
1992, Scott and Rose 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998) or only making short-distance dispersal movements (del Hoyo et al.
1992, Scott and Rose 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998) governed by harsh weather conditions (Scott and Rose 1996). The spring migration may occur as early as February in mild winters, with the main migration occurring from March to early-April (Scott and Rose 1996). The breeding grounds are reoccupied from the early-March (in the south) to early May (in Siberia) (Scott and Rose 1996) with breeding starting from April-May (del Hoyo et al.
1992). The species mainly moults on the breeding grounds before the autumn migration, becoming flightless for a period of 3-4 weeks (Scott and Rose 1996). The autumn migration to wintering grounds peaks between late-September and November (Scott and Rose 1996), females migrating slightly later than the males (which results in a segregation of the sexes in the wintering range: males further north and females further south) (Snow and Perrins 1998). The species breeds in single pairs or loose groups (del Hoyo et al.
1992) and travels in small parties on passage (Snow and Perrins 1998), sometimes gathering in flocks of many thousands during the post-breeding moult period (Snow and Perrins 1998). During the winter it becomes highly gregarious, gathering in flocks of many thousands of individuals (Madge and Burn 1988, Scott and Rose 1996, Snow and Perrins 1998). The species can be crepuscular in the winter, and often feeds by night (Kear 2005b) by bottom-feeding and diving (Snow and Perrins 1998) (most foraging being done at depths of 1-3 m) (Johnsgard 1978). Habitat
The species requires extensive areas of nutrient-rich open water less than 6 m deep (Scott and Rose 1996) that is uncluttered with floating vegetation (Snow and Perrins 1998) but has abundant submerged macrophytes (Madge and Burn 1988, Kear 2005b), surrounding emergent (Madge and Burn 1988) vegetation and/or animal food (e.g. Chironomid larvae) (Kear 2005b). Breeding
In its breeding range the species inhabits base-rich (e.g. saline, brackish or soda) lakes (Kear 2005b), eutrophic freshwater lakes, well-vegetated freshwater or brackish (Johnsgard 1978) marshes with areas of open water, swamps (del Hoyo et al.
1992, Scott and Rose 1996) and slow-flowing rivers (Madge and Burn 1988, del Hoyo et al.
1992, Scott and Rose 1996). Although it shows a strong preference for inland wetlands (Snow and Perrins 1998), the species will shift to coastal habitats such as sheltered coastal bays (Kear 2005b) when driven by frost or other compelling factors (Snow and Perrins 1998). Non-breeding
During the winter the species frequents similar habitats to those it breeds in, including large lakes (Brown et al.
1982, del Hoyo et al.
1992, Scott and Rose 1996), slow-flowing rivers (Madge and Burn 1988, del Hoyo et al.
1992, Scott and Rose 1996), reservoirs (Brown et al.
1982, Madge and Burn 1988, del Hoyo et al.
1992, Scott and Rose 1996), brackish waters, marshes, weirs (Africa) (Brown et al.
1982) and flooded gravel pits (Fox et al.
1994). As in the breeding season, the species will shift to coastal habitats such as brackish lagoons (del Hoyo et al.
1992, Scott and Rose 1996), tidal estuaries (Madge and Burn 1988, del Hoyo et al.
1992, Scott and Rose 1996) and inshore waters (Madge and Burn 1988, Scott and Rose 1996) (where it associates with sewage outfalls) (Kear 2005b) when driven by frost or other compelling factors (Snow and Perrins 1998). Diet
The species is omnivorous, its diet consisting of seeds (del Hoyo et al.
1992, Kear 2005b), roots (del Hoyo et al.
1992), rhizomes (Kear 2005b) and the vegetative parts of grasses, sedges and aquatic plants (Johnsgard 1978, del Hoyo et al.
1992, Kear 2005b), as well as aquatic insects and larvae (del Hoyo et al.
1992) (e.g. midge and caddis fly larvae during the summer) (Johnsgard 1978), molluscs, crustaceans, worms (del Hoyo et al.
1992)(oligochaetes) (Marsden and Bellamy 2000), amphibians (del Hoyo et al.
1992) (e.g. frogs and tadpoles) (Brown et al.
1982) and small fish (del Hoyo et al.
1992). Breeding site
The nest is a depression (del Hoyo et al.
1992) or shallow cup (Kear 2005b) in a thick heap of vegetation (del Hoyo et al.
1992) positioned on the ground (Madge and Burn 1988, del Hoyo et al.
1992) (usually within 10 m of water) (Snow and Perrins 1998), in shallow water (Madge and Burn 1988, del Hoyo et al.
1992) (c.30 cm deep) (Johnsgard 1978), concealed in thick waterside vegetation (Madge and Burn 1988, del Hoyo et al.
1992) (e.g. reedbeds) (Johnsgard 1978), or on floating mats of reeds of other vegetation (Johnsgard 1978). In years of high water levels when there are few emergent reedbeds or floating mats the species may nest in sedge tussocks, in flooded fields, or under bushes on hummocks (Johnsgard 1978). Management information
In the Trebon Basin Biosphere Reserve, Czech Republic, it was found that artificial islands and wide strips of littoral vegetation are the most secure breeding habitats that can be created for the species (nest survival in littoral habitats was improved by reduced nest visibility, increased water depth, and increased distance from the nest to the habitat edge, and nest survival on islands was improved with increased distance to open water) (Albrecht et al.
2006). In the UK (Salford docks, Manchester) the species prefers to feed in waters heavily polluted with sewage that are devoid of aquatic vegetation but hold high densities of oligocheates and other pollution-tolerant organisms. The species may therefore suffer from plans to improve water quality in the docks (e.g. modernising sewage treatment systems and oxygenating water) (Marsden and Bellamy 2000). The cyclical removal of adult fish from an artificial waterbody (gravel pit) in the UK attracted nesting pairs to the area by causing an increase in invertebrate food availability and an increase in the growth of submerged aquatic macrophytes (Giles 1994). The removed fish (dead or alive) were sold to generate funds (Giles 1994).Threats
The species is threatened by disturbance from hunting (del Hoyo et al.
1992, Evans and Day 2002, Kear 2005b), water-based recreation (Fox et al.
1994, Kear 2005b) and from machinery noise from urban development (Marsden 2000). It is also threatened by habitat destruction (del Hoyo et al.
1992) on its wintering grounds due to eutrophication (partially as a result of nutrient run-off from agricultural land) (Kear 2005b). The species suffers from nest predation by American mink Mustela vison
in Poland (Bartoszewicz and Zalewski 2003), and adults are poisoned by ingesting lead shot (Spain) (Mateo et al
. 1998) and drowned in freshwater fishing nets with mesh sizes greater than 5 cm (China) (Quan et al.
2002). The species is also susceptible to avian influenza, so may be threatened by future outbreaks of the disease (Melville and Shortridge 2006). Utilisation
This species is hunted in Northern Island (Evans and Day 2002), Spain (Mateo et al
. 1998) and Italy (Sorrenti et al.
2006), and the eggs of this species used to be (and possibly still are) harvested in Iceland (Gudmundsson 1979). The species is also hunted for commercial and recreational purposes in Gilan Province, northern Iran (Balmaki and Barati 2006).
Albrecht, T.; Horák, D.; Kreisinger, J.; Weidinger, K.; Klvana, P.; Michot, T. C. 2006. Factors Determining Pochard Nest Predation Along a Wetland Gradient. Journal of Wildlife Management 70(3): 784-791.
Balmaki, B.; Barati, A. 2006. Harvesting status of migratory waterfowl in northern Iran: a case study from Gilan Province. In: Boere, G.; Galbraith, C., Stroud, D. (ed.), Waterbirds around the world, pp. 868-869. The Stationary Office, Edinburgh, UK.
Bartoszewicz, M.; Zalewski, A. 2003. American mink, Mustela vison diet and predation on waterfowl in the Slonsk Reserve, western Poland. Folia Zoologica 52(3): 225-238.
Brazil, M. 2009. Birds of East Asia: eastern China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, eastern Russia. Christopher Helm, London.
Brown, L. H.; Urban, E. K.; Newman, K. 1982. The birds of Africa vol I. Academic Press, London.
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. 1992. Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain.
Delany, S.; Scott, D. 2006. Waterbird population estimates. Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Evans, D. M.; Day, K. R. 2002. Hunting disturbance on a large shallow lake: the effectiveness of waterfowl refuges. Ibis 144(1): 2-8.
Fox, A. D.; Jones, T. A.; Singleton, R.; Agnew, A. D. Q. 1994. Food supply and the effects of recreational disturbance on the abundance and distribution of wintering Pochard on a gravel pit complex in southern Britain. Hydrobiologia 279/280: 253-262.
Giles, N. 1994. Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) habitat use and brood survival increases after fish removal from gravel pit lakes. Hydrobiologia 279/280: 387-392.
Gudmundsson, F. 1979. The past status and exploitation of the Myvatn waterfowl populations. Oikos 32((1-2)): 232-249.
Johnsgard, P. A. 1978. Ducks, geese and swans of the World. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London.
Kear, J. 2005. Ducks, geese and swans volume 2: species accounts (Cairina to Mergus). Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Madge, S.; Burn, H. 1988. Wildfowl. Christopher Helm, London.
Marsden, S. J. 2000. Impact of Disturbance on Waterfowl Wintering in a UK Dockland Redevelopment Area. Environmental Management 26(2): 207-213.
Marsden, S. J.; Bellamy, G. S. 2000. Microhabitat characteristics of feeding sites used by diving duck Aythya wintering on the grossly polluted Manchester Ship Canal, UK. Environmental Conservation 27(3): 278-283.
Mateo, R.; Belliure, J.; Dolz, J. C.; Aguilar-Serrano, J. M.; Guitart, R. . 1998. High prevalences of lead poisoning in wintering waterfowl in Spain. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35: 342-347.
Melville, D. S.; Shortridge, K. F. 2006. Migratory waterbirds and avian influenza in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway with particular reference to the 2003-2004 H5N1 outbreak. In: Boere, G.; Galbraith, C., Stroud, D. (ed.), Waterbirds around the world, pp. 432-438. The Stationary Office, Edinburgh, UK.
Quan, R. C.; Wen, W.; Yang, X. 2002. Effects of human activities on migratory waterbirds at Lashihai Lake, China. Biological Conservation 108: 273-279.
Scott, D. A.; Rose, P. M. 1996. Atlas of Anatidae populations in Africa and western Eurasia. Wetlands International, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Snow, D. W.; Perrins, C. M. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic vol. 1: Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Sorrenti, M.; Carnacina, L.; Radice, D.; Costato, A. 2006. Duck harvest in the Po delta, Italy. In: Boere, G.; Galbraith, C., Stroud, D. (ed.), Waterbirds around the world, pp. 864-865. The Stationary Office, Edinburgh, UK.
Further web sources of information
Detailed regional assessment and species account from the European Red List of Birds (BirdLife International, 2015)
Detailed species account from Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status (BirdLife International 2004)
Explore HBW Alive for further information on this species
Search for photos and videos, and hear sounds of this species from the Internet Bird Collection
Text account compilers
Ekstrom, J., Butchart, S., Malpas, L.
IUCN Red List evaluators
Butchart, S., Symes, A.
BirdLife International (2015) Species factsheet: Aythya ferina. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 04/08/2015.
Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife International (2015) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
http://www.birdlife.org on 04/08/2015.
This information is based upon, and updates, the information published in BirdLife International (2000)
Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona and Cambridge, UK: Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International, BirdLife International (2004)
Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD-ROM and BirdLife International (2008) Threatened birds of the world 2008 CD-ROM. These sources provide the information for species accounts for the birds on the IUCN Red List.
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
To contribute to discussions on the evaluation of the IUCN Red List status of Globally Threatened Birds, please visit BirdLife's Globally Threatened Bird Forums.
Additional resources for this species | <urn:uuid:f2801303-28bf-4651-be61-a67c6d8bdb16> | CC-MAIN-2015-32 | http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/factsheet/22680358 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042991951.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002311-00257-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.770978 | 3,806 | 2.8125 | 3 |
by Kathleen Belanger
Sometimes we talk of poverty as if it were a tangible item—a stain, an illness, or a backpack filled with burdens. We think about programs to relieve that burden—cures for poverty, wars on poverty.
In reality, poverty is probably more like missing pieces in the quilt of well-being and prosperity that should surround our children and families. Children and families need food and safe homes. They need nourishment for the mind—good schools and teachers, books, libraries, and Internet access to find information. They need accessible health care in or near their own communities, and the means to access more specialized care in other communities when necessary. They need people to support them and give them good advice, as well as to help them make choices, learn from mistakes and connect with other resources. They need dreams and hopes to fill their spirits. They need independence, but also interdependence in community, including the ability to help others. And they need jobs—employment to provide the food, housing, safety, independence and well-being to sustain a family. These are pieces that make the fabric of well-being and prosperity.
Many of us live in areas where these resources are readily available. But many families, particularly rural families, do not. According to the Economic Research Service, while 27% of urban African-American families are poor, an additional 10%, or 37% of African-American rural families, live in poverty. More than half (56%) of female-headed rural households with children are poor (compared with 46.5% for their urban counterparts), and almost one-third (30.3%) of all rural children under the age of six are poor, compared with 23.9% of urban children. More than one in four, or 27.6%, of all rural children are poor.
In other words, almost a third of all rural young children and more than a fourth of all rural children are missing large pieces of the quilt of well-being and prosperity. This puts them at risk of poor outcomes and public dependence as adults. They are missing important pieces of the quilt that makes a community strong: education, health, employment and human services.
Rural schools have long been the centerpiece of rural communities, particularly the smallest communities. And yet 50 rural schools in Maine alone have closed their doors since 1996. In fact, rural schools face so much pressure to consolidate that The Rural School and Community Trust has its own Consolidation Fight-Back Toolkit. The rural school provides not only quality education with often better student outcomes, but is a key rural employer, a repository and conduit of community values and history, a gathering point for recreation, and a central point in the quilt of well-being and prosperity.
According to the National Rural Health Association, when rural hospitals close, health suffers, sometimes catastrophically, as depicted by the press covering recent deaths attributed to rural hospital closures. But rural hospitals provide more than critical care. They increase the overall presence of health care professionals, access to doctors, and earlier detection and treatment of disease. In addition, when rural hospitals close, the economy shrinks. The hospital is an excellent employer, with a range of salaries, stable positions, and opportunity. Hospitals encourage higher education, support other human services in the community, and often serve as the anchor for hospice services, health fairs, and rural health internships. Finally, rural hospitals also infuse funds from the federal government (Medicare dollars, etc.), providing further financial stability. Rural hospitals, by providing healthcare and economic opportunity, are another critical piece of the fabric of rural well-being and prosperity.
Rural America needs jobs. According to Rural America at a Glance: 2014 Edition, while urban employment has recovered from the 2007 recession, rural employment has not, and rural residents are much more likely than urban ones to be receiving Social Security Disability Insurance. At the same time, payment for work is substantially lower. Employment also relates to family structures, modeling of workforce participation, and to self-esteem and independence. Work helps provide a positive self image, increases in knowledge and skills, and family stability. Work connects us to others and challenges us to solve problems. Finally, without work, people have to struggle to survive in other ways—ways that may not contribute to society, such as relying on government dependence, or harmful survival strategies, including crime. Employment is an essential part of the fabric of rural communities.
Rural Human Services
Human services, the assistance children and families need when they face barriers or challenges beyond their own capacities, brings together health, education and employment in communities. It allows those without access to find access to all three, and it helps those in crisis to find their own strengths and the strengths in their families and communities. While not the major pieces of material in the quilt, rural human services are perhaps the connecting strips and the stitching that pulls the material together. However, human services have also been centralized over the past several years. Social security offices in rural areas have closed, and with them goes not only the service they provided but the quality stable jobs. Rural post offices have closed, and are continuing to close. State jobs continue to decline, and with them services, information, connections, and employment. There are many counties with no social services provided, no child welfare specialist, no employment office, no personnel to assist with applications for social services assistance.
Repairing the Quilt of Well-being
Valuing rural children and families requires looking beyond each sector’s economic issues to view the losses and gains by the whole community and all those contributing to it. Our rural schools could not only be a center for elementary education, but could also be satellite sites for college, decreasing the gap between rural and urban college attainment. Rural hospitals, clinics, and emergency services stabilize the rural economy, bringing higher salaried providers into small towns, helping them to prosper. The essence of preserving small towns requires filling the gaps of unemployment by creating and maintaining jobs. The Children’s Defense Fund suggests strategies to reduce child poverty such as creating subsidized jobs for those who are unemployed or underemployed, providing child care subsidies to families below 150% of poverty, and increasing the Earned Income Tax Credit for lower income families with children. Repairing the state and federal employment infrastructure would help increase employment, probably decrease federal dependence in other programs, and provide income for struggling families and communities. Finally, creating stable human service positions in rural communities would help hold the fabric together, be a conduit for the disproportionately smaller philanthropic dollars invested in rural communities, and maximize volunteer participation.
Locally provided education, health, and employment —connected and enhanced by human services—can replace the gaping holes of poverty with the warm quilt of well-being and prosperity for our children and families, a worthy investment in the country’s future.
Kathleen Belanger, Ph.D., is Professor of Social Work at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas, and is a member of the RUPRI Human Services Panel, and recipient of CWLA’s Champion for Children award in 2005 for her work in rural child welfare. Belanger has published and presented on rural human services issues in a variety of publications and forums. In addition, she has worked for more than 20 years with rural communities, where she has helped found several non-profit organizations and advocated for rural resources.
Opinions expressed in this column are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Rural Health Information Hub. | <urn:uuid:b4fac805-e25c-499c-92f6-d00515f82fc7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/rural-monitor/from-rural-poverty-to-rural-prosperity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00121.warc.gz | en | 0.963415 | 1,552 | 2.875 | 3 |
Yesterday, a significant temperature gradient was observed along the Po Valley in N Italy. The strong pressure gradient between central Europe and the Mediterranean has caused a significant foehn effect across the Alpine region, leading to a sharp increase in temperatures in the afternoon over SE France, NW Italy and S Switzerland.
Looking at the temperatures (Figure 1) we can see that most of the areas downwind the NW’ly flow observed values above 20°C.
Some temperatures have broken the all time records, like in Turin (27°C, which is 20°C above the climatological average).
These extremely high temperatures were caused by unseasonably mild air coming from the mid-Atlantic/N Africa combined with the catabatic wind (i.e. foehn) flowing down from the Alps towards W Po Valley, Ticino and SE France. Thus, being the temperature at 850hPa (1500m a.s.l.) very mild (around 12/15°C), the warming effect of the air flowing down the mountains slope (1°C every 100m) has caused temperatures to reach 20/25°C in these areas, as well as clear conditions.
On the central/E part of the Po Valley the NW’ly wind wasn’t powerful enough to ‘clear’ the layer of fog/low clouds lying on the area for several days (Figure 2). Thus, in cities like Venice and Trieste, maximum temperatures barely reached 10°C (though being still 2/3°C above the climatological average).
Today’s satellite image (Figure 1) shows widespread clouds over the continent. This is caused by a Tropical Maritime air advection (TM) along the N flank of a High over Spain. All the moisture and warm air is pushed over the Mediterranean region and central Europe. Meanwhile, a deep low over the Atlantic brings unsettled and windy weather across the British Isles. On the E side of the continent cold air flows S from Siberia, though mitigated as it reaches E Europe/Russia.
The temperatures observed at 12UTC today (Figure 2) are significantly above the climatological average for this time of the year across most of the continent.
Indeed, temperatures between 10/15°C are observed over the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Iberian Peninsula (here with peaks of 20/22°C along the E coast). Also in the Balkans and Greece temperature are very mild (between 15/20°C in S Greece).
Only in Russia and Central/N Scandinavia wintry conditions are observed, with values below freezing. However, these temperatures are still ‘mild’ compared with the climatology (e.g. in Moscow 0°C, but it should be -9/-4°C).
The next few days will see a further increase in temperature over all W Europe, with risk of some record-breaking values in France/Spain/Italy (possible peaks above 20°C) in some areas. This is caused by a northward shift of the Jet Stream over W Europe combined with the strengthen of the High over Iberia. Only from next week, the Jet Stream will push S towards central Europe causing a drop in temperatures (but there is still some uncertainty about its effects on a local scale).
This week is seeing very mild and settled conditions over most of the continent due to a strong high pressure set over central Europe.
If we look at the daily maximum temperatures (Figure1), we can see that mostly everywhere (except few areas in N Scandinavia and Russia) positive values are observed, with temperatures above 10 °C from the UK to the Balkans. Peaks above 15 °C are observed in France, Spain, Italy and SE Europe, with 20 °C reached in Spain.
Looking at the satellite image (Figure2) the weather patterns over Europe are still the same of last week: clear sky (except some local fog) due to the strong high pressure over central-southern Europe, fronts moving quickly along the edge of the ridge between the UK and the N Atlantic and a low between Scandinavia and Russia causing snow in some places.
Unfortunately the synoptic condition won’t change later this week, with the ridge on W Europe moving north towards Scandinavia and pushing mild air from N Africa and the mid-Atlantic.
Only from the weekend, cold air from Russia will move SE towards the E Mediterranean leading to a drop in temperatures and snow at sea level between E Europe and the Balkans, but elsewhere it will be still mild and sunny.
It’s likely that February will end with dry and mild conditions in many areas, and it will be interesting to see the temperatures anomalies observed overall in this month over the continent.
Regardless of the ‘significance’ of the anomaly, February 2019 won’t certainly be remembered as a cold month in many areas.
This week a strong high pressure system has set over central western Europe, causing sunny days and mild temperatures. Today, maximum values are far above the average mostly everywhere in Europe, with temperatures reaching 20 °C in the Iberian peninsula (Figure1).
Temperatures between 10/15 °C are observed in all the Mediterranean region, France, the UK and Germany. Moving eastward values are lower but still above the average of February. Only in Russia and north Scandinavia temperatures are below 0 °C.
The weather today (Figure2) has seen bright skies over all W Europe and central Mediterranean region, with only some local fog at the lowest levels (mainly in the morning). At the edges of the high-pressure ridge, clouds and band of rain are observed in the north Atlantic and E Mediterranean, instead over N Russia and Finland snowfall is occurring.
This weather condition won’t change during the next weekend, with still dry and mild conditions in central/southern Europe. Colder air will reach tomorrow the E Mediterranean, though without ‘freezing’ temperatures. From Sunday, colder and moister air from the N Atlantic will try to push the anticyclone eastward, causing unsettled and ‘colder’ weather over the UK, France and Spain. We will see next week if there is going to be a change in the weather patterns, though it seems likely that the high pressure will be still steady for the next few days.
In this article I am going to analyse the temperatures observed in some cities in Europe during January 2019. A former analysis made two weeks ago had shown that the first two weeks of the year have been cold (and snowy) in Southern and Eastern Europe, with observed temperatures lower than in NW Europe.
Now that January has passed, we can see if the trend observed at the beginning of the month has occurred also throughout the last two weeks or if it has changed.
In Figure1 I have plotted the average daily temperatures observed in 17 cities in Europe.
We can see that E Europe and N Europe have observed the lowest average temperatures (Moscow is the coldest: -7 °C). Moving westward and southward temperatures rise, with positive values mostly everywhere (except in the Balkans: Bucharest -1 °C). The warmest cities have been Lisbon, Athens and Instanbul.
Regarding the anomalies of the average temperatures compared with the long-term average (1981-2010), in Figure2 I have plotted the results, in order to determine where it has been colder than the average and where it hasn’t.
We can see how the most significant anomalies (in absolute values) have been observed in Scandinavia (colder temperatures) and E Mediterranean (warmer temperatures). Warmer than the average also in Germany, Iceland and Ireland (though the anomalies are mostly between +0.2/+1 °C). In southern Europe little negative anomalies are observed.
This ‘picture’ is different than what seen two weeks ago, when significant negative anomalies were observed in SE Europe and ‘warm’ conditions were observed in the north (especially in Iceland, UK and Germany).
In conclusion, January has been ‘mild’ in some places (i.e. in central/western Europe, Iceland and SE Europe) and cold (compared with the average) in Scandinavia and Mediterranean region, though in both cases, the anomalies have’t been too significant.
The last two weeks have seen frequent snow showers in many areas in the UK, with several centimetres of snow at the higher levels. These episodes have occurred after a long period of frequent rain and mild temperatures throughout the first month of the winter season.
I have analysed and plotted the temperature anomalies observed in December 2018 and January 2019 in London Heathrow. The anomalies are computed considering the long-term averages (1981-2010), which, for London are: December (+8.3/+2.7 °C) and January (+8.07/+2.3 °C).
This analysis is simply focused on having a general overview of the observed temperatures, and on a local area; thus, it can’t be used to determine a wider analysis for the whole country. I haven’t plotted the rainfall, but data can be found in the references.
In Figure1 we can see the daily maximum and minimum temperatures anomalies observed during the last two months.
Most of December has been mild, especially in the minimum temperatures, with positive anomalies close to +10°C during the first week (when frequent rainfall has occurred). During the second week, colder and drier air has caused a decrease in temperatures (especially in the maximum values) though only for few days. Indeed, the last two weeks of December have shown mostly mild temperatures (and frequent rain) with only two days with negative anomalies (one of them it’s Christmas). No snow has been observed throughout the month.
January, instead, has shown a decrease in the positive anomaly (especially in the maximum temperatures), with colder and drier air after new year’s eve. The second week has shown settled weather, and temperatures above the average (+3/+5 °C the anomaly in the minimum values). However, from the 15th colder air (both polar maritime and arctic depending on the episode) has reached the UK, causing a strong decrease in temperatures and the first snow of the season in many areas (also in London) between the 21-23 of January and again, after few days with warmer temperatures, on the 31st and 1st of February. The last few days of January have been the coldest of the season so far, with the lowest temperatures observed before the snowfall in the morning of the 31st.
Considering the monthly analysis, thus comparing the anomaly observed in the minimum and maximum average temperatures in December 2018 and January 2019 with the historical period 1981-2019 (Figure2), we can see that December has observed a significant positive anomaly especially in the minimum values (+3.1 °C), instead January has seen values very close to the average, with a slight negative anomaly in the maximum temperatures (-0.62 °C) and positive in the minimum (+0.28 °C).
Overall, December 2018 is one of the hottest since 1981 (3rd for the maximum temperatures and 2nd for the minimum); instead, January has been roughly on average (27th for the maximum and 21st for the minimum temperatures).
In conclusion, even if numerous news had claimed that ‘freezing’ conditions have occurred this winter (especially in January), the actual analysis has shown that it has been a ‘warm’ winter so far, with few cold episodes mainly occurred during the last two weeks.
We will see how February will end in order to sum up the overall winter analysis.
During the last two weeks wintry conditions have occurred in numerous countries, both in W Europe and E Europe. Very cold temperatures were observed in Scandinavia and Russia and snow has fallen in many areas between central Europe, the UK and the Mediterranean region.
However, these weather conditions are changing, with milder air coming from mid-Atlantic and N Africa. Indeed, already today higher temperatures are observed (Figure1) with values above 10 °C in many areas in S Europe (especially S Spain, Italy and E Mediterranean region) and above 0 °C mostly everywhere, except in the Alpine region, Scandinavia and N Russia.
The satellite imagery (Figure2) shows the main features of the weather conditions over the continent.
A high-pressure is setting on W and Central Europe, with bright conditions in Spain, S France and central/N Italy and fog/low clouds between Germany and Poland. Between France, the UK and the N Sea a (weak) low pressure system is causing showers across England and Benelux.
Moving eastward, warm air from N Africa is causing settled and mild conditions in the E Mediterranean and convection is occurring between S Italy and Greece. This is due to a (weak) low-pressure system positioned close to Sicily which is leading to a temperature contrast between the (relatively) cold air from central Europe and the mild air from N Africa. Thus, convective cells are forming on the sea, causing numerous thunderstorms in the area.
Finally, in E Europe and Scandinavia cold temperatures are still observed, with snowfall between Finland and Russia.
The weather conditions for this week will see an increase in the strenght of the high-pressure in central/southern Europe with settled conditions and relatively mild temperatures (though fog/low clouds are possible in the valleys limiting the increase in temperatures). In fact, from Tuesday possible peaks of 20 °C are expected in S Spain, Portugal, S Turkey and Cyprus. Temperatures between 10/15 °C are expected in S France, Italy and the Balkans and close to 10 °C in the UK and Central Europe. In addition, during the night temperatures will be close or slightly below 0 °C especially in the valleys (and in case of clear sky),causing a strong temperature gradient between day and night.
Only in E Europe and Scandinavia it will be still cold, though with values above the average.
On Thursday, colder air from N Atlantic should cause a slight decrease in temperatures (with frequent showers) in Central Europe, though with no snow or ‘freezing’ conditions. However, only from next week (so in 7 days) a more significant change in the weather conditions should be observed, though it is still too early to talk about its possible effects. | <urn:uuid:8c610f94-9e31-46a0-a29f-6a5a0e34ab7d> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://weathermeteo.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145500.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221080411-20200221110411-00135.warc.gz | en | 0.94454 | 2,987 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Radiation Therapy for Ovarian Cancer
by Jondavid Pollock, MD, PhD
Radiation therapy uses high energy x-rays to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. In general, radiation therapy is not used as much as it was in the past for treating ovarian cancer. However, it may be used after surgery to try to make sure all cancer cells are destroyed. This is because small amounts of ovarian cancer cells that have spread to lymph nodes or nearby structures may remain undetected with normal testing. Radiation therapy may also be used to ease pain or other symptoms caused by tumors in other areas of the body.
External Beam Radiation Therapy
In external beam radiation therapy, radiation is produced by a machine positioned outside the body. Short bursts of x-rays are directed at the cancer to affect as much cancer as possible. The radiation oncologist will determine how many treatments you will receive. Generally, external beam radiation only takes a few minutes. For ovarian cancer, external beam radiation therapy is given 5 days a week for 3-5 weeks.
A newer type of 3-dimensional (3-D) technology may include intensity modulated treatment (IMRT) radiation therapy. The beams surround all sides of the tumor. This allows for more intense radiation to be delivered to the tumor. It also decreases the amount of damage to surrounding healthy tissue and related side effects. IMRT is still being studied and may not be available in all areas.
Intraperitoneal Radiation Therapy
Intraperiotoneal radiation therapy uses a catheter to deliver radioactive material directly into the abdominal cavity. The liquid coats the cancer cells that are in the abdominal cavity and kills them. It may be an option for women with advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer that is not responsive to chemotherapy.
Whole Brain Radiation Therapy TOP
Craniospinal radiation is a special type of radiation that treats the whole brain and spinal cord. This is done when ovarian cancer has spread to the meninges (layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord) or cerebrospinal fluid.
Side Effects and Management TOP
Complications of radiation therapy may include:
A variety of treatments are available to help manage side effects of radiation therapy, such as dry, irritated skin, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue due to anemia. Sometimes adjustments to treatment doses may also be possible. The earlier side effects are addressed, the more likely they will be controlled with a minimum of discomfort.
Chundury A, Apicelli A, DeWees T, et al. Intensity modulated radiation therapy for recurrent ovarian cancer refractory to chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol. 2016;141(1):134-139.
Ovarian cancer. EBSCO DynaMed Plus website. Available at: http://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T900705/Ovarian-cancer. Updated November 17, 2017. Accessed January 29, 2018.
Ovarian cancer. Merck Manual Professional Version website. Available at:
...(Click grey area to select URL)
Updated March 2017. Accessed January 29, 2018.
Radiation therapy for ovarian cancer. American Cancer Society website. Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/ovarian-cancer/treating/radiation-therapy.html. Updated February 4, 2016. Accessed January 29, 2018.
Treatment option overview. National Cancer Institute website. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/ovarian/patient/ovarian-epithelial-treatment-pdq#section/_156. Updated October 13, 2017. Accessed January 29, 2018.
Last reviewed December 2017 by EBSCO Medical Review Board Mohei Abouzied, MD, FACP
Last Updated: 11/17/2016
EBSCO Information Services is fully accredited by URAC. URAC is an independent, nonprofit health care accrediting organization dedicated to promoting health care quality through accreditation, certification and commendation.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
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Johann Salomo Christoph Schweigger
Johann (Johan) Salomo Christoph Schweigger, (April 8, 1779-September 6, 1857) was a chemist, physicist, and professor of mathematics at the Gymnasium of Bayreuth in 1803, at the Polytechnic School of Nuremberg in 1819, and the University of Halle, Germany, sometime in 1820. The first galvanometer was built in Germany by Johann S. Schweigger in 1820. He used Oersted's discovery of electromagnetism for his invention. Schweigger developed the galvanometer as a tool for measuring the strength and direction of electric current. Schweigger named this instrument in honour of Luigi Galvani. It is the first sensitive instrument for measuring and detecting small amounts of electricity.
Additional recommended knowledge
Schweigger was born in Erlangen, Bavaria, Germany, on 8 April 1779. He was educated at the University of Erlanger, where he received his PhD degree in 1800. His PhD thesis was on the subject of Homeric Odes. Schweigger's PhD thesis was carried out under the philosopher Franz August Wolf. Schweigger was, however, later converted to a career in science and mathematics by the chemist/physicist Georg Friedrich Hildebrandt, the mathematician/engineer Karl Christian Langsdorff, and the astronomer Johann Tobias Mayer. His major academic career was served at the University of Halle between 1820 and 1857. He started the Journal for Chemistry and Physics (Jahrbuch fur Chemie und Physik) in 1811, and continued coediting it until 1828 (54 volumes) when he changed its title to Annales de chemie et de physique. He published several critiques of Volta's theory of metal contact in animal electricity in the journal.
In 1811 Johann Schweigger proposed name "Chlorine." The halogen Chlorine was discovered by Humphry Davy on July 12, 1810, but it was called "Humphry Davy" that time.
|This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Johann_Salomo_Christoph_Schweigger". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.| | <urn:uuid:6f0e72ea-e0ed-480a-9fe6-ba5c7a4cee15> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Johann_Salomo_Christoph_Schweigger.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738964.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813073451-20200813103451-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.926261 | 542 | 2.875 | 3 |
Movie of the 2011 Japan earthquake and its aftershocks
On March 11, 2011 a magnitude 9 earthquake occurred off the coast of Japan, generating a massive tsunami that caused major damage to infrastructure and loss of life. The magnitude 9 earthquake was followed by thousands of smaller earthquakes known as aftershocks in the hours after the earthquake. The magnitude of aftershocks is known to decreases exponentially after the main shock and can be seen in the data set, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Screen shot of the earthquake movie . The map on the left plots earthquakes at the end of March 11, 2011. Circles are sized by magnitude and colored by depth in kilometers. The plots on the right show the earthquake magnitudes plotted over time, colored by depth. The top figure spans the entire day, where as the lower figure shows a zoomed-in view of the 5th through the 10th hour of the day.
Interestingly, the earthquake magnitudes fluctuate over time. Omi et al. note this behavior and model it in their paper "Forecasting large aftershocks within one day after the main shock". | <urn:uuid:effd5929-160c-40cb-80af-9cee6ede03c2> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://geodesygina.com/japan_eq.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583516892.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20181023174507-20181023200007-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.940485 | 229 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Results for 'size'
- Length: 4 characters
- Syllables: 1
Results for word: size
- One of the 850 words in Basic English
- In the top 2,000 words in the Brown Corpus
- Common word- this is one of the thousand words most frequently used in English.
- A list of about 3,000 words defined as easy for the Dale-Chall Readability Formula
- Nouns are words giving names to objects and things, which can be physical or concepts, etc
Related Glossary Definitions:
Definitions of Size:
Cambridge Dictionaries |
New Zealand |
Similar Words (using 'size' as word stem):
Prefix + 'size'
assize, biosynthesize, capsize, deemphasize, downsize, emphasize, fantasize, hypothesize, midsize, outsize, overemphasize, oversize, pagesize, photosynthesize, pintsize, reemphasize, resize, resynthesize, supersize, synthesize, undersize,
'size' + Suffix
sizeable, sizeably, sized, sizer, sizers, sizes, | <urn:uuid:e8d31c49-8fb3-4584-87cc-df429f0a2109> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.usingenglish.com/resources/wordcheck/size.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447860.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00060-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.709254 | 247 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In the heart of the Sérère culture, the Xoy Ceremony of Divination and Prediction occurs every year in Fatick, where Senegalese President Macky Sall was born. The Xoy ceremony consists of a ritualistic procession that brings together the past, present, and future. The Xoy generally lasts days, where the initiated deliver their predictions to the society about meteorological, political, and economic phenomena. In the past, it was forbidden for the non-initiated to attend these ceremonies. Dating back to the 14th century, the general public was forbidden to attend the ceremony; only the initiated had the right to participate in these sessions of divination or predictions.
The ceremony is controlled by the saltigues of the spiritual great masters gathering the initiated saltigué, Traditionally, Sérères believed in a creative God called “Roog” or “Roog Sen,” which means omniscient and almighty God. The Sérères bless Roog directly but can also pass them through ancestors (pangols) that are symbolized by objects that are unique to each family: the foot of trees, rivers, the sea, a pestle (drumstick), etc. The prayers are then sent to the pangols, who are the intermediaries between the land of the living and the divine. This ensures sérères remain faithful to the ancestral spirituality and the soul of the sanctified ancestors.
Saltigués: Great Masters of Divination
Saltigués are priests and sérères are priestesses who preside over the religious ceremonies and over the business affairs of the sérère community, such as the ceremony of Xoy, which is the major event for the sérère. The titles “saltigués” and “sereres” are generally inherited at birth paternally from old sérères families.
Men and women can be introduced in the secret order of saltigué. According to the religious Sérère doctrine, to become a spiritual elder (saltigué), it is necessary to be particularly introduced to the the mysteries of the universe and the invisible world, which is reserved to a few people. Nowadays, even though most of them were converted to Islam, saltigués continue their practices.
Saltigués used to serve as advisers on the weather to “sérères governments,” with saltigués informing the government whether it would rain enough to cover the season for agriculture. Their role was — and is always — to contribute to the prosperity of the country. As such, they were also in charge of predicting the future of kings as well as any natural or political disaster that could happen in the country.
Saltigués Challenge Future with Xoy Ceremony
Xoy is a very special religious ceremony in the Sine-Saloum region and a special event in the religious calendar of sérères, with thousands of people coming from all over the continent. Held mainly every first Saturday of June, it is the moment when 500 male and female saltigués, agents of knowledge for the ancestors, take part in the divination to predict the future in front of the community.
Impressive in their suits with accessories decorated by pieces of mirror, gri gri, and other diverse objects, they meet at the Experimental Center, where Fatick’s traditional medicine can be found, in conclave during the night. The next day, they return, marking the official ceremony.
The Saltigue parade to deliver their messages, and from time to time, they present challenges to the public.
For example, in years past, the saltigue predicted that a Fulani would become president of Senegal one day, and so it was with President Sall. Then last year, they predicted bloodshed during the local election of June 29th and announced that a journalist will be killed.
At the end, Saltigues’ recommendations are offered and then followed by consultation sessions and the sale of mystic products and traditional medicine.
This practice or science, which values the authentic knowledge of the ancestors, fell in to the public domain in the 14th century, when the royal dynasty gelwaar visionary has guest les Saltigués to express himself in the open living spaces, for the biggest property of the social group.
Watch a Xoy Ceremony for yourself here:
Face2face Africa invites you to join us for our annual Pan-African Weekend July 25-27 in NYC, honoring Dr. Mo Ibrahim, Alek Wek, Femi Kuti, Masai Ujiri, Bethlehem Alemu, and Dr. Oheneba Bochie-Adjei. Click here for more details and register to attend. | <urn:uuid:e01cb5fc-a237-45af-ac05-2ffbea4ec079> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://face2faceafrica.com/article/xoy-ceremony | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058263.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20210927030035-20210927060035-00550.warc.gz | en | 0.937229 | 992 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Baath party has governed Syria for almost half a century. The law appears to ban parties created on the basis of religion, or tribal or regional affiliation.The Baath party banned opposition groups in Syria after the military coup in 1963 that brought it to power. Under the constitution, the Baath “leads society and state”.
“The government adopted a draft law regarding political parties in Syria as part of a programme of reform aimed at enriching the political life, creating a new dynamic and allowing for a change in political power,” the official news agency Sana said.
Political parties have to follow the “democratic principles”, the state agency said.
Syria has seen four months of protest against the ruling President Bashar al-Assad. Human rights groups say that about 1,400 civilians and 350 security forces personnel have died in the four months of protest. On Friday, tens of thousands of Syrians again took to the streets in protest across the country, in defiance of a widespread crackdown.
The government blames the unrest on “armed criminal gangs” backed by a foreign conspiracy.
- Syria to ‘allow political parties (bbc.co.uk)
- Syria endorses law to allow political parties (seattletimes.nwsource.com)
- Mass Syrian protest against Assad regime adds to death toll (guardian.co.uk)
- The Ba’ath Has Outlived Its Usefulness: (brothersjuddblog.com)
- Mass Syrian protest against Assad regime adds to death toll – The Guardian (news.google.com)
- Syrian president called ‘liar’ by protesters (cbc.ca)
- Syria: Hope For Reform After Hama Violence (news.sky.com)
- Hama Protests Swell in Syria (online.wsj.com)
- Hama Protests Swell in Syria – Wall Street Journal (news.google.com)
- Morocco prepares for legislative elections (moroccotomorrow.org) | <urn:uuid:ee31e4df-9f70-4d36-ac07-9ba226f283fb> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://easternspectator.wordpress.com/2011/07/25/syria-to-open-up-for-political-parties/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500824990.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021344-00447-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936767 | 421 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Ritual, Liturgy & the Body
This strand of the project is led by Professor Brian Cummings at York. In it we analyse the body and performance as sites of remembrance at both the personal and communal level.
Medieval Latin liturgy was suffused with bodily rituals, many of which were treated with suspicion by Protestants as signs of superstition or idolatry. Yet the reformed also appealed to gesture, emotion and the senses as proof of sincerity in the expression of ‘feeling faith’. In this strand of the project we investigate the reformation of ritual and ceremony in the early modern world, both in the public performance of religion in the guise of the liturgy (the Book of Common Prayer) and in private devotion and worship ranging from recusant to puritan. We consider the critical role of repetitive practices in the constitution of memory, and attend especially to the affective dimensions of these mnemonic processes — the role of song and sound, as well as gesture and text, in transmitting memory. | <urn:uuid:463fec2f-3d7d-47af-a281-45b992fd0832> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | https://rememberingthereformation.org.uk/theme/ritual-liturgy-body | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814105.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222120939-20180222140939-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.958656 | 207 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The human body is a microcosm of the earth and just as the earth has its seasons, so does our body. While the female body prepares itself for conception every month, there occurs a parallel internal seasonal change.
To maintain the health of the female body, it is imperative to understand and honor its internal seasonal changes. Failure to do so, results in hormonal changes in the body, resulting in conditions like PMS, PCOD, PCOS and even some types of cancers.
The 3 seasons of the Female Cycle Explained
- The Kapha Season (The Spring time) – This is the first phase of the female cycle and begins at the end of menstruation when you stop bleeding. The Spring time in the universe is marked as a period of regrowth, resurrection and rejuvenation. It is a period when the earth is wet, seeds are planted and flowers bloom. Similarly, after one menstrual cycle, the body prepares itself again to receive and sow the seeds of creation. There is a surge in hormones leading to the production of fluid filled follicles that contain the female eggs and the endometrium lining in the womb thickens. This is a time when a woman develops an inherent glow and feels grounded naturally. The Kapha predominance also makes her gentler and more tolerant. But when not honored with the right foods and lifestyle, a woman may experience sluggishness and lethargy during this season of her cycle.
- The Pitta Season (The Summer) – This is the period when the earth gets warm and the fruits ripen. Correspondingly, the internal summer begins in the women with ovulation. There is yet another surge of warmer hormones leading to the maturation of the female egg and the engorgement of the endometrium. The body is now ripe to receive and this is known as the ideal time for conception. Dominated by Pitta, the female body may produce a certain smell which may naturally attract the opposite sex. This is the time when the mind feels sharp, decisive and can be a great time to get things achieved. When not honored with the right foods and lifestyle, agitation and excess heat may build up.
- The Vata Season (Autumn and Winter Season) – When the summer ends and the earth approaches winter, there are destruction and havoc. The animals hibernate and the earth slows down. This cycle of creation must end or become dormant before the new one begins. Likewise, when the egg fails to mature, the lining in the womb breaks and the woman begins her Raja Pravrutti or menstruation. This is dominated by Apana Vata or downward moving wind. The body must undergo this season carefully, so that the next one can begin well. This happens when the Vata acts up and presents itself with cramps, bloating and anxiety. In order to allow the Vata to work effectively in the downward direction, rest, slowing down and a Vata pacification diet is a must.
As menstruation ends, another seasonal cycle begins. If these cycles are followed with respect to their dominant doshas, you will not only be able to minimize your PMS symptoms but also attain a healthy body and mind.
Steps to Understanding and Honoring your Seasons
- Live and Eat According to the Season – Once you understand the three dominant seasons as explained above, you can easily make a mindful effort to live and eat accordingly. During the Kapha phase of your cycle, follow a Kapha pacifying diet and make sure to keep yourself active. This is a great time to make internal resolutions and commitments. During the Pitta phase, a Pitta pacifying diet of cooling foods should be consumed. Coconut water and rice can be added to your diet during this time. Even before the Vata phase begins, one must focus on slowing down and shifting to a Vata pacifying diet and lifestyle. Avoiding salads, cold and light foods are a must. Make sure to get enough sleep and consume warm, nourishing foods. As the menstruation begins, understand that a windy storm is brewing the body. Menstrual symptoms may naturally begin to subside as you begin to live according to the internal seasons.
- Understand your Dominant Dosha – Even though the actual menstruation phase itself is dominated by Vata and Pitta to a certain extent, your personal constitution will certainly contribute by displaying its own distinctive property to your menstrual flow.
Kapha – If your dosha is Kapha, your cycle may be heavier and potentially longer with premenstrual bloating, water retention, and a dull, achy pain. Emotions experienced can include sadness and depression. Emotional eating may be a tendency.
Steer away from sweets and baked goods. Herbs like ginger and black pepper may help stimulate the digestion and help to push the Vata downwards. Even though you need rest during this time, avoid excess sleep and day time napping. Anulom Vilom Pranayam will help to regulate the doshas.
Pitta – If your constitution is Pitta, your periods are probably more regular, with yellowish or red blood. They can be intense, hot, profuse with fleshy/foul odor. Symptoms can include burning, acne, headache, nausea, vomiting and emotions of anger and irritability. Avoid tea, coffee, spicy food, oily/greasy foods and chocolate. Focus on cooling foods and spices such as coconut water, rice, mint, basil and coriander. Sitali pranayam is recommended for internal cooling.
Vata – If your constitution is Vata, your flow may be irregular. The flow may be dry, dark, thin, frothy, clotted and lighter. Symptoms may include constipation, pain (spasmodic cramps often in the lower back and lower abdomen). Emotions experienced may be nervousness, anxiety, poor concentration and fear. A Vata pacifying diet that includes warming, grounding, cooked foods with ghee is recommended. Anulom Vilom pranayam will help to regulate the Vata significantly. Consuming celery seeds (ajwain) with black salt after meals and a 1/2 tablespoon of castor oil at night can provide dramatic relief.
3) Follow the Universal PMS Guidelines – There are certain universal guidelines to be followed a week before the expected period date. These minimize the PMS Syndrome and provide for a smooth period.
- Do not consume excess sugar or caffeine as these aggravate Vata and may give rise to painful cramps and anxiety.
- Avoid excessively salty foods as they can lead to water retention, making the flow more sluggish.
- Fried, Spicy and Junk foods should also be avoided as they aggravate Pitta making the periods more intense and hot. They can also lead to mood swings and a general feeling of anger and discontentment.
4) Upon the Start of your Menstruation – Once your period starts, the Pitta begins to settle and the Vata creates havoc.
- Get plenty of sleep at night and sip on teas made from dried ginger, dandelion and gingko biloba.
- Keep hydrated and avoid cold, and light foods.
- Follow the Vata Internal Season guidelines mentioned above.
- Avoid long walks and strenuous exercise as they interfere with the direction of Vata. You may perform gentle forward bending yoga asanas such as paschimottasan, janu sirsana.
Modern life has made it very easy for us to neglect our internal seasonal changes by popping a tablet to tune out of the events in our body. But only when we slow down and truly align our lifestyle with the needs of our body, can health be achieved.
Independent Ayurveda wellness coach based in the US | <urn:uuid:0add807a-240f-41d1-ace7-b7cddee6e94d> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://ayurvedamagazine.org/cramps-cravings-mood-swings-and-more/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864019.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621020632-20180621040632-00230.warc.gz | en | 0.931265 | 1,600 | 3.1875 | 3 |
The New York Times has an interesting article today about the rising specter of deflation — in which a lack of demand causes prices to fall. Falling prices sounds like a good thing for consumers who have been battered with rising costs over the past year — but experts agree — deflation is nothing but bad news.
From the NYT:
Deflation accompanied the Depression of the 1930s. Persistently falling prices also were at the heart of Japan’s so-called lost decade after the catastrophic collapse of its real estate bubble at the end of the 1980s — a period in which some experts now find parallels to the American predicament.
“That certainly is the snapshot of the risk I see,” said Robert J. Barbera, chief economist at the research and trading firm ITG. “It is the crisis we face.”
With economies around the globe weakening, demand for oil, copper, grains and other commodities has diminished, bringing down prices of these raw materials. But prices have yet to decline noticeably for most goods and services, with one conspicuous exception — houses. Still, reduced demand is beginning to soften prices for a few products, like furniture and bedding, which are down slightly since the beginning of 2007, according to government data. Prices are also falling for some appliances, tools and hardware.
The new worry is that in the worst case, the end of inflation may be the beginning of something malevolent: a long, slow retrenchment in which consumers and businesses worldwide lose the wherewithal to buy, sending prices down for many goods. Though still considered unlikely, that would prompt businesses to slow production and accelerate layoffs, taking more paychecks out of the economy and further weakening demand. | <urn:uuid:7bb2927d-1e73-42da-86d8-24ed48ecaee8> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://consumerist.com/2008/11/01/whats-worse-than-inflation-deflation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802768529.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075248-00162-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960906 | 349 | 2.515625 | 3 |
First, here's how they are alike: baking powder and baking soda are both leaveners: that is, both help baked goods rise.
Baking soda (bicarbonate of soda) is four times as strong as baking powder and is actually an ingredient in the more mild-mannered baking powder. To make baked goods rise, it's usually about 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda for 1 cup of flour, where it takes a full teaspoon of baking powder, according to food scientist Shirley Corriher. But it doesn't really work to just substitute one for the other in these amounts: the best choice really depends on the other ingredients in the recipe.
Baking soda is usually a better choice when the recipe includes acidic ingredients like buttermilk, yogurt, sour cream, citrus juice, molasses and brown sugar. Always mix it with your dry ingredients first: as soon as baking soda hits moisture, it begins to react. That's also why you don't let a batter made with baking soda stand–get it in the oven right away.
Baking powder is made from a combination of baking soda, an acid like cream of tartar, and cornstarch to absorb moisture. Baking powder is perishable and should be stored on a cool, dry place. (Check the expiration date on the can). To test if it is still good, add 1 teaspoon to 1/3 cup hot water–it should bubble up like it's at a party.
Recipe: Mummy's Brown Soda Bread | <urn:uuid:024497c6-095e-4fb0-9956-74fad3241f6e> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.myrecipes.com/m/how-to/cooking-questions/difference-between-baking-powder-baking-soda | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097710.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00199-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946526 | 310 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Neuroscience and Multiple Intelligences
In his landmark book, Frames of Mind (Basic Books, 1983), Howard Gardner identified neuroscience evidence as an essential feature of Multiple Intelligences theory. This was a unique addition to the scientific literature. Due to our limited understanding of the brain’s structure and processes at that time only two or three neural regions were identified for each intelligence. See introduction Neuroscience and Multiple Intelligences
The M.I.S.T. Project
Despite tremendous advances in neural imaging and many sophisticated research efforts worldwide, the neural evidence for MI theory has not been systematically re-evaluated since its introduction. Until now. I initiated the M.I.S.T. Project (Multiple Intelligences as Scientific Theory) in 2015 in order to determine if there is coherent evidence that each intelligence has its own unique neural systems and circuits.
The M.I.S.T Project has reviewed over 500 neuroscientific studies and resulted in the publication of seven papers in journals. See titles: MIST Publications. Journals include : Psychology and Neuroscience; Roeper Review; Journal of Intelligence; Trends in Neuroscience and Education. The goal of this investigation has been to bring the existing body of neuroscience evidence into the public domain to facilitate an open and informed discussion of the evidence.
Is MI Just a Fad or a Scientific Verity?
The validation of a novel idea as a legitimate ‘scientific theory’ is not a quick or easy process. This is as it should be. Nobody wants to build a school on a conceptual foundation that is shaky. In 2008 during a symposium examining the status of MI theory my presentation was entitled: After 25 Years is MI Theory Just a Fad or a Scientific Verity that Will Stand the Test of Time? It is now nearly 40 years since MI launched a worldwide discussion regarding the nature of intelligence and its implications for teachers, school administrators and governmental leaders. It is time for an in-depth review and evaluation of the evidence from numerous perspectives. Perhaps most importantly, what we need is a careful examination of what neuroscientific researchers have revealed about the thinking brain, defined broadly.
THINKING AND THE BRAIN
The brain consists of about 80 – 100 billion neurons. Each neuron has a multitude of connections to other neurons and their patterns of activation are what make thinking and behavior possible. We are each born with unique neural structures and processes that are continually changing in response to environmental stimuli. As a general rule, “neurons that fire together, wire together.” This means that repetitive use or, conversely, disuse changes these activation patterns. We know that a memory is an enduring activation pattern among a constellation of neurons that is easily generated. The same is thought to be true for our skills and abilities.
Why is it Important that MI is Based on Neuroscience?
There are several reasons for knowing that MI is rooted in evidence from brain science.
- Your Brain is unique! Use strengths to maximize success.
- Educators need to design instruction and curriculum that focuses on students’ unique abilities.
- Build your Intrapersonal intelligence for lifelong happiness.
- Connect your MI strengths to specific careers to promote achievement and happiness.
- Nobody is perfect. We have strengths as well as limitations.
- Every brain is embedded in an environment and culture that influences development.
- Leverage your MI strengths to promote your academic success. | <urn:uuid:59938106-9f0d-463e-9eef-65c70623804e> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://miresearch.org/neuroscience/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337446.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003231906-20221004021906-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.94349 | 696 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This story originally appeared on Houston Public Media.
Our story starts not in Houston but in Phoenix. It’s where the American Meteorological Society held its annual meeting earlier this year.
Public health researcher Kathryn Conlon told an audience about a project funded by NASA that looked at Houston.
“Houston is particularly interesting. Houston is located in a very hot, moist part of the United States,” Conlon said in her presentation.
Conlon found that in coming decades, Houston might see far more days when that heat and humidity could combine to drive the so-called “heat index” to the danger level of 108 degrees or higher. This extreme heat can be especially dangerous to the young, the old, and the sick.
Last week, we tracked down Conlon in Atlanta where she works for the Centers for Disease Control.
“In present day, we would roughly expect to see about six days that would be above that threshold of 108 degrees for two consecutive days and by mid-century our study shows we’d see about 25 days above that threshold,” Conlon said.
But why more extreme heat in Houston?
“We found that the combined effect of both land use and climate change will affect how populations are exposed to heat in Houston,” Conlon said.
Here’s what she’s talking about: as one of the fastest growing cities in the nation, thousands of acres of what had been tree or brush covered land continues to be cleared — especially on the fringe of Harris County — to make way for new homes, commercial buildings and parking lots. All these things heat up more under the sun than fields and forests.
“When you lose vegetation you do see an increase in temperature,” Conlon said.
Conlon used data showing where development is taking place, combined it with climate change projections for heat and humidity, and arrived at the finding that we could be dealing with four times as many heat index advisory days by 2050.
Olga Wilhelmi is also studying extreme heat in Houston.
“It presents a very interesting case for looking at how people adapt to extreme heat,” Wilhelmi said. She works for the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado.
She surveyed 900 households across Houston and found that not all Houstonians are able to comfortably cope with extreme heat even inside their homes.
“Quite a big percent of our respondents said that they feel too hot inside their homes. It’s surprisingly hard to escape from heat,” Wilhelmi said.
Wilhelmi found that over a third of Houstonians said they couldn’t keep their houses cool enough, citing unaffordable electricity bills or a lack of air conditioners. And it wasn’t just a nuisance: some 20 percent of people surveyed said the heat made them dizzy, tired, nauseous, even caused them to faint.
So what if we have even more extreme heat days in coming years? It’s what Jennifer Ronk is working on at theHouston Advanced Research Center.
“Not only do we have the heat issues now, but they’re going to be getting worse here as well,” Ronk said.
Ronk points to data showing that in the extreme heat of 2011, 46 people died from it in Texas, more than in any other state. She’s advising local governments on what to expect: higher costs for air conditioning, more strain on public health services and lower productivity from some workers.
“For people who work outdoors it’s really going to require people to take longer and more frequent breaks so they can safely get the job done. And just means the time it takes to do various sorts of outdoor activities will take longer,” Ronk said.
Of special concern are newcomers to Houston.
“That large influx of people potentially coming from less-warm areas might make them more at risk during extreme heat events,” said researcher Kathryn Conlon.
Laura Spanjian, Director of Houston’s Office of Sustainability, told us in an email:
“The City of Houston is looking at and taking these heat impacts seriously, for example the City’s Department of Health and Human Services has a heat emergency plan that goes into affect if the heat index is over 108 degrees, providing services for residents.” | <urn:uuid:f05e1e21-1d02-4f39-9431-dfbd0b6abab6> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/houstons-population-growth-could-mean-an-increase-in-extreme-heat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703519883.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120023125-20210120053125-00213.warc.gz | en | 0.957547 | 910 | 3.640625 | 4 |
by Craig Lindley
There has been a lot written about the design and implementation of digital
filters over the years and I periodically survey the literature to try and keep
up with it. It seemed the right time to look around again when I decided to
build a digital color organ which would require digital filtering. During
this latest survey, I came upon Lattice Wave Digital Filters (LWDFs) which
I was not familiar with. These filters piqued my interest as they had
intriguing properties directly applicable to my application.
Typically, when I find a technology that interests me, I go overboard in my research and spend
lots of hours playing with it in order to
understand it. LWDFs were no exception. This article, and the accompanying design tool, were a result of my
investigation into LWDFs which were
just too cool to pass up. We will get to
LWDFs shortly, but first a little context.
There exists two major classes of
digital filters referred to as Infinite
Impulse Response (IIR) — sometimes
called a recursive filter — and Finite
Impulse Response (FIR) or convolution filters. Both of these filter types
have advantages and disadvantages
which make them each suitable for a
variety of applications.
IIR filters might be used, for
example, in applications where cost is
a concern because they can be
implemented using a minimum of
hardware/software resources. FIR
filters would be used in applications
where linear phase response is
required such as in high end audio
applications, the processing of sensor
data, or possibly radio telescope
data. FIR filters use more resources to
implement to the same order as an
equivalent IIR filter.
68 November 2007
Typically, IIR filters are not as
stable as their FIR counterparts. This
fact is reflected in their names. Infinite
Impulse Response filters will typically
ring for a period of time after being
subjected to an impulse waveform.
Finite Impulse Response filters are
better damped and any ringing of the
filter will be of much shorter duration.
IIR filters also have sensitivity to
word length limitations and coefficient
round off errors which makes their
implementation tricky. All this is to say
that testing is very important for any
digital filter you design (regardless of
topology) to make sure it is performing per your requirements.
IIR filters were appropriate for the
application I had in mind because of
their inherent efficiencies, but only
if their stability issues could be
controlled or eliminated. This is where
LWDFs came into play.
All of the information I found on
these filters indicated they were
extremely stable, had a large dynamic
range, and weren’t sensitive to either
limited word lengths or round off
errors. LWDFs don’t correct the
erratic phase response of classic IIR
filters but phase response is not
important in my application.
LWDFs were first proposed by
Professor Alfred Fettweis in 1971 and
are backed with an extensive amount
of complex network theory which one
does not need to understand to apply.
A lot of information can be found on
the Internet describing these filters.
The Resources sidebar details some of
the most useful papers I found.
Specifically, the TI application note
and the paper by Gazsi were the most
helpful to me and my understanding
of this technology.
LWDFs are a cascade of first and
second order all pass filter sections.
Each all pass section is made up of a
two port adapter (picture a little box
with two inputs in1 and in2 and two
outputs out1 and out2) along with a
one sample delay element. Every
adapter has a gamma value (gamma
values range in value between -1 and
+1) which controls the response of the
all pass section. Adapters are
implemented in software using a set
of network formulas which require
a single multiplication and three
The LWDFs we are discussing use
four types of adapters as filter building
blocks. The number and the variety of
adapters used along with the gamma | <urn:uuid:ed2b0e75-807d-46e3-9e93-8eaa0114ecb5> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | http://nutsvolts.texterity.com/nutsvolts/200711/?folio=68 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027320156.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824084149-20190824110149-00185.warc.gz | en | 0.939596 | 908 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The Coffee Pot Railway
The story of Knysna's beloved narrow-gauge railway (1907 - 1949) - with actual footage of the train in action!
Getting the timber from the forests to Knysna was almost impossibly difficult in Knysna in the 19th Century - so the locals clubbed together and built themselves a railway.
Or that’s how the legend goes.
The actual story is far more nuanced, of course.
Officially the South Western Railway Co. Ltd., the Coffee Pot was the nickname given to the locomotives with their cone-shaped chimneys that puffed along a narrow-gauge line that ran from the government wharf (commonly known as Thesen's Jetty) on Thesen Island, via the present-day suburbs of Costa Sarda and Old Place (alongside the Knysna Lagoon) and up to Brackenhill and Deep Walls (Diepwalle) in the Knysna forests.
The line was built in terms of an act of the Cape Colonial Government: the South Western Railway Co. Ltd. Act. (Act No. 16 of 1904), which provided a subsidy of £800 per mile for the construction, and stipulated various conditions - the gauge (2 feet or 600 millimetres), and the quality of the construction materials had to be equal to that of the Government’s own narrow gauge lines, for example.
The company's directors included local businessmen - the saw millers C.W. Thesen (who served as its chairperson for a thirty-five years) and George Parkes, for example - who realised that ox-wagons (and Parke's own steam-driven tractor - which tended to get stuck in the mud on rainy days) - couldn't meet the demand for timber.
Construction began in 1904, and the line was opened in 1907, with three Orenstein & Köppel side-tank locomotives (0-4-0, 0-6-0 and 0-8-0) providing the motive power. A fourth, British-built model added in 1930. These locos and their rolling stock were capable of carrying up to 70 tons of timber.
The timetable included three stops in the forest - at Bracken Hill, Parkes Station, and Templeman's Station (at Diepwalle) - but with maximum speed of only about 6 miles per hour (9.6 km/h), the whole affair was so relaxed that locals often rode the train the into the forest just for fun.
On one occassion, the driver, Tom Kennet, offered a lift to a washerwoman who was walking along next to the tracks, carrying a heavy load.
“No thank you," she said. "I’m in a hurry today!”
Mr. Kennet was a happy and friendly man who loved stopping to allow his passengers to admire the view, or to pick flowers on the wayside - and he might sometimes have to stop, too, to remove trees that had been pushed onto the line the famous Knysna Elephants.
According to one local resident, Leighton Julyan, “The daily schedule for each weekday was for the train to depart from Knysna at 08:30 am and to branch off from The Siding to Brackenhill where it would arrive at about 11:00 am and leave ten minutes later for The Siding from where it would arrive at Deep Walls at about 1.00 pm. At Deep Walls the locomotive would be turned around on the three-point switch and would then return with a diversion to Brackenhill, arriving in Knysna at about 5.00 pm. Mr. Kennet, the driver of the train, was a familiar sight at about 5.30 pm in stained overalls and a very greasy cap, carrying his lunch tin, walking up to his house near the upper end of Queen Street.”
The South Western Railway Company, Ltd. never made much of a profit (except during the period of the First and Second World Wars), and it was built late in the day: by the 1930s it was cheaper and more efficient to transport by motor-lorries.
The company was eventually forced it to close in 1949, the tracks were lifted, and the locos and most of the wagons were sold and mover to a sugar cane company in the present-day KwaZulu-Natal Province.
All that remains of the Coffee Pot today are a few pieces of railway line embedded into the concrete of Thesen's Wharf - but you can follow part of its journey at the Templeman Station stop on the Garden Route National Park's 'Rooted in Time' self-drive tour. Download .pdf map and brochure here
Please download these well-researched documents that, together, tell a complete history of Knysna's beloved little forest railway:
- Margaret Parkes & V.M. Williams: two articles from the 'Millwood House Museum' newsletter (No. 36, November 1990, an No. 37, February 1991) Download pdf. here
- Allen Duff: ‘Knysna’s South Western Railway’s Branch Line.’ Download pdf. here
Wikipedia: South Western Railway
Wikipedia: Two-foot-gauge railways in South Africa | <urn:uuid:01a82d40-a352-4eb9-9a49-c28f8108d987> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.knysnamuseums.co.za/pages/the-coffee-pot-railway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703521987.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20210120182259-20210120212259-00730.warc.gz | en | 0.968381 | 1,117 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Week 3: September 14-18th
Monday, September 14th
- Handed out the “Essential Skills: Essay” Unit 1 Student booklet. Went over pages 2-5 as a class. Do all activities in booklet. Will be collected for credit at a later date.
- Remember that this is in preparation for your essay on your role model.
Tuesday, September 15th
- Went over work book pages 6-7.
Wednesday, September 16th
- Handed out “essay prompt” sheet with a sample essay. Used page 9 in the workbook as a template to write an introduction paragraph. (NOTE: Do NOT use the prompt on page 9… use only the questions and blanks. The prompt is on the handout: Who is your role model/why?)
- Turn in your introduction paragraph. (10 points)
Thursday, September 18th
- Graphic Organizer worksheet. (15 points)
- Fill in your thesis into the first box.
- “Topic Sentence” boxes: choose 3 your role model has, and put one into each of the three boxes, in a complete sentence.
- “Supporting points:” list and describe 3-5 details/sentences for each of the traits… what have they done to prove that they are that trait? Personal stories, things you’ve heard them say or seen them do are great things to include.
- Conclusion: Your wrap up. We will go into detail on this on Monday, so feel free to leave it blank for now, if you wish.
Friday, September 18th
- Quiz: Make an appointment with me to make up.
- Finish graphic organizer.
- Write your 3 body paragraphs underneath your introduction using your completed graphic organizer to guide you. (15 points)
- Essay workbooks will be collected on Monday so make sure yours is completed. Pages 2-9, skip page 8. | <urn:uuid:1b584d03-2bcd-4065-aeaf-e7269d2fe305> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://educatorpages.com/site/jsteed/pages/29061 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669847.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118205402-20191118233402-00208.warc.gz | en | 0.930534 | 411 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Voyager 1 was the first space probe to provide detailed images of the two largest planets and their major moons. When the spacecraft passed the planet inSagan proposed the idea of the space probe taking one last picture of Earth. Although many in NASA's Voyager program were supportive of the idea, there were concerns that taking a picture of Earth so close to the Sun risked damaging the spacecraft's imaging system irreparably.
This Sanatana Dharma has many scriptures: In a brilliant speech, Aurobindo equated the Indian land with Sanatana Dharma or Hindu religion which is but another name for the yearning of the Divine or the quest of the Spirit.
He also said that in India religion and nationalism are one. India rises with religion, lives by it and will perish with it and to rise in religion is to raise India.
Aurobindo calls the commercial civilization of the West "monstrous and asuric demonic ". The Upanishads - By Sri Aurobindo vol. India saw from the beginning, - and, even in her ages of reason and her age of increasing ignorance, she never lost hold of the insight, - that life cannot be rightly seen in the sole light, cannot be perfectly lived in the sole power of its externalities.
She was alive to the greatness of material laws and forces; she had a keen eye for the importance of the physical sciences; she knew how to organize the arts of ordinary life. But she saw that the physical does not get its full sense until it stands in right relation to the supra-physical; she saw that the complexity of the universe could not be explained in the present terms of man or seen by his superficial sight, that there were other powers behind, other powers within man himself of which he is normally unaware, that he is conscious only of a small part of himself, that the invisible always surrounds the visible, the supra-sensible the sensible, even as infinity always surrounds the finite.
She saw too that man has the power of exceeding himself, of becoming himself more entirely and profoundly than he is, - truths which have only recently begun to be seen in Europe and seem even now too great for its common intelligence. She saw the myriad gods, and beyond God his own ineffable eternity; she saw that there were ranges of life beyond our present life, ranges of mind beyond our present mind and above these she saw the splendors of the spirit.
Then with that calm audacity of her intuition which knew no fear or littleness and shrank from no act whether of spiritual or intellectual, ethical or vital courage, she declared that there was none of these things which man could not attain if he trained his will and knowledge; he could conquer these ranges of mind, become the spirit, become a god, become one with God, become the ineffable Brahman.
Maharshi Aurobindo points out, "Indian religion has always felt that since the minds, the temperaments and the intellectual affinities of men are unlimited in their variety, a perfect liberty of thought and of worship must be allowed to the individual in his approach to the Infinite.
Hindutva is liberal - By A. He wrote this regarding Hindu culture: It is this dominant inclination of India which gives character to all the expressions of her culture.
In fact, they have grown out of her inborn spiritual tendency of which her religion is a natural out flowering. The Indian mind has always realized that the Supreme is the Infinite and perceived that to the soul in Nature the Infinite must always present itself in an infinite variety of aspects.
Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was one of the most profound philosophers of this century, author and educationalist. Inhe was deputed by Calcutta University as the university delegate to the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire. He was elected Fellow of the British Academy infirst Indian to be thus honoured.
After Independence, when Nehru decided to send Radhakrishnan to the Soviet Union as ambassador, many wondered how a scholar would deal with a dictator like Stalin.
Not only did Radhakrishnan have a successful stint there, he also got along very well with Stalin. Radhakrishnan was also a professor of Eastern Religions at Oxford and later became the second President of free India. He was widely admired as a master of the English language, a spellbinding orator, a dynamic leader, and a generous human being.
He was brought up and educated in colonial India where Christian missionaries proclaimed Christianity to be the only true religion and portrayed Hinduism as being seriously defective. In his lectures Radhakrishnan answered the many Christian critics of Hinduism by formulating his interpretation of the essence of Hinduism.
Hinduism is a way of life rather than a dogmatic creed.
Its foundation is spiritual experience.Carl Sagan was Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University. He played a leading role in the Mariner, Viking, and Voyager spacecraft expeditions to the planets, for which he received the NASA medals for Exceptional Scientific Achievement.
Sign up to receive news and information about our progress. Instagram; Facebook; Youtube; Twitter; For inquiries regarding copyright permissions or other information. There is a place with four suns in the sky — red, white, blue, and yellow; two of them are so close together that they touch, and star-stuff flows between them.
I know of a world with a million moons. I know of a sun the size of the Earth — and made of diamond. There are atomic nuclei a few.
Carl Sagan served as the David Duncan Professor of Astronomy and Space Sciences and Director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell University. He played a leading role in the Mariner, Viking, Voyager, and Galileo spacecraft expeditions, for which he received the NASA Medals for Exceptional Scientific Achievement and (twice) for Distinguished Public Service.
During a public lecture at Cornell University in , Carl Sagan presented the image to the audience and shared his reflections on the deeper meaning behind the idea of the Pale Blue Dot. We succeeded in taking that picture [from deep space], and, if you look at it, you see a dot.
That's here. That's home. Earlier this year, we brought you Neil de Grasse Tyson's List of 8 (Free) Books Every Intelligent Person Should caninariojana.com list generated a lot of buzz and debate.
Indeed you, the readers, contributed comments to the post, a record for us. | <urn:uuid:741e2a37-e156-4e07-ad05-01527be13811> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://doluletunybowupax.caninariojana.com/carl-sagan-15766ld.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655934052.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711161442-20200711191442-00441.warc.gz | en | 0.970563 | 1,346 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Illustration by Noopur Goel.
For most students of color, the question of whether to attend a “Predominantly White Institution” (PWI), a Historically Black College or University (HBCU), or a more ethnically diverse school is a life-changing decision. As a biracial, Hispanic teen, I was faced with this very decision in the fall of my senior year of high school. In a university setting, people of color typically experience double consciousness and a biting sense of self-awareness. We students of color will inevitably struggle to navigate our racial or ethnic identities in any given situation, because we are classified as “other” in the eyes of American society.
Stereotype threat, a term coined by psychologist Claude Steele, is a phenomenon in which the perceived threat of being viewed through the lens of a negative stereotype results in behavior that confirms that particular stereotype. Although stereotype threat has the power to affect any individual in a given situation, Steele’s findings demonstrated that African Americans and women are most susceptible to stereotype threat in higher-education settings. Within the context of my own life at UCLA, I have found that race and gender are two intersecting factors which define my social and academic experiences.
I spoke with three UCLA students who self-identify as women of color about their academic and social experiences at UCLA. From these interviews, I gained a better understanding of intersectional oppression and stereotype threat within a PWI setting.
During the Freshmen Summer Program, first-year Business Economics major Neemat Abdusemed was confronted by the question of her ethnic background in regards to her racial identity. “I don’t know if I’m Black because, at the same time, I have my Ethiopian background and, the way the community is, there’s a difference, you know?” Abdusemed questioned this particular label and whether she could readily identify with the term “Black,” which is often used to denote African-Americans but not necessarily other people of African descent. Similarly, as a black (Afro-Cuban) but not African-American woman, I have been hesitant to identify with and adopt the label.
Other students of color participating in FSP, however, were quick to dispel Abdusemed’s doubts; the solidarity among most black UCLA students helped Abdusemed to understand and identify with the racial categorization.“That’s when I realized that [the term black] is all-inclusive but there’s still a difference [between black and Ethiopian].”
DC native and History major Anthonya James, who is a black, African-American first-year, offered a different perspective in regards to racial identity. James spoke of the culture shock that she experienced upon first arriving on the UCLA campus. Having lived in a predominantly black neighborhood, attended predominantly black schools, and grown up among only black family members, James struggled to feel the same sense of “black pride” which her black-centric childhood had fostered. “I was taught that black is beautiful,” she said to me.
For the first time in her life, James questioned the intersection of her race and gender identities in the context of her academic achievement and mental health. James described the instrumental role of Sister to Sister, a class for black freshman and first year transfer women. In this class, students discuss the experiences of black women who must choose which facet of their identity to prioritize. Confronted by the question of which is more important, their blackness or their womanhood, black women must navigate our society’s racism and sexism in a very unique way. Prior to this class, James lacked the words to articulate her complex feelings about her identity: “As a black woman, it’s like two punches in the stomach…you’re always at a disadvantage,” she explained.
The experience of feeling discredited or devalued as a college student due to race and gender is not uncommon among women of color. When asked if she felt that her ethnic background and gender identity had influenced UCLA’s treatment of her, Abdusemed expressed that the school’s White and Asian majorities “don’t care to see [Black people] as different,” relegating her to the same category as “any other black woman” and subjecting her to similar treatment. “I don’t think a lot of people outside of the black community really care to know the difference of “black,” so I feel like I’m treated the same way as any black woman would have been treated.”
“In the classrooms, the first challenge I have [is] identifying with people around me…literally, I’m the only black girl that I see. And there’s no black males,” said Abdusemed. “I don’t identify with anyone so I already feel like I’m alone. That gives me more motivation but it still pulls me back… I don’t belong here, I don’t fit here, you know what I’m saying?” This daily internal battle archetypically embodies the black and Latinx woman undergraduate experience. Many of us, as Abdusemed articulated, feel that this lack of representation in classroom environments simultaneously motivates and hinders our academic success.
I also spoke with a first year Biology student who wishes to remain anonymous; she is of mixed racial ancestry (white, native Hawaiian, and Chinese) but feels that, although her intersecting identities have affected her life at UCLA, the stereotypes that surround her ethnic background are not as damaging as those concerning her gender. This is mostly due to her mixed racial background, which often leads people to perceive her as ethnically ambiguous: “I don’t think a lot of people necessarily know what I am. So, that’s kind of a little identity crisis, like I don’t know what I want to identify with,” said the student. “I strongly identify with my Hawaiian ethnicity and culture and, kind of, my Chinese [heritage].”
This student has also noticed the gender disparity in the male-dominated science classes she has taken thus far, particularly the lack of women of color across the Biology major. Although the opportunity to “represent a minority” in STEM motives her to succeed academically, this student does not consciously think of her multifaceted ‘minority’ status in science classes on an every-day basis. Rather, this student’s cultural heritage has had a greater effect on her social life. As a member of a sorority, she has found it difficult to connect with her sisters over a lack of commonalities that arise from growing up in such vastly different environments.
Unlike the other women with whom I spoke, this is a matter of ethnic and cultural differences rather than racial identity politics. Additionally, this student feels that, because Greek Life has a tainted reputation in her home state and is a predominantly white system, she is discouraged from advertising her sorority status. “Because I am Hawaiian, or a minority, I don’t normally wear my letters.” However, this is not for a lack of camaraderie and love among her sorority sisters.
It is unclear how exactly UCLA, and other PWI’s across the country, should comprehensively address the lack of ethnic and gender representation found in the average lecture hall. However, I am confident that diversity expansion is a critical first step towards achieving a more inclusive, wholesome learning environment. All three women of color with whom I spoke, in addition to myself, believe that they are unwelcome or looked down upon by their peers on any given day. This hostile environment, which is supported by structures of implicit racism and sexism, produces very real, very deep, and very painful emotional responses among students. Oftentimes, as women of color, the added pressures surrounding our undergraduate experiences surmount our abilities to persist as focused, successful college students.
Still, there is hope: by taking classes that encourage controversial, counter-discourses about race, gender, social class, and sexual orientation, we can achieve a sense of community and inclusion that will prompt better academic achievement and improve our mental health. Women of color, and minorities in general, tend to gravitate towards others who are like them. By finding communities within the greater UCLA student body, we are able to hold onto the parts of our identity which are the most important and defining, but which make us the most vulnerable to outside attacks. | <urn:uuid:176ea2de-a96e-4555-a571-ee107b36594c> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://femmagazine.com/ucla-life-for-female-bruins-of-color/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144979.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220131529-20200220161529-00554.warc.gz | en | 0.965459 | 1,791 | 2.765625 | 3 |
[html5] List Types
herman at agrabush.com
Mon Oct 25 15:12:36 PDT 2010
On 23.10.2010 21:02, help-request at lists.whatwg.org wrote:
> I've some discussions with my team.
> The first discussion was the correct use of the dl (definition list).
> Before the HTML5 the dl tag was a "definition list" n' the
> specification said that we should use in cases of dictionary data (Not
> usual for "Name: Jack", but usual for "Name: Nominal ID for a person").
> Now, in the new specification, the dl is "description list" and de
> definition is: "Name-value groups may be terms and definitions,
> metadata topics and values, questions and answers, or any other groups
> of name-value data.". So it's not more a discussion =)
> But other discussion is "ol" or "ul" for forms. What's more correct?
> Here a example by alistapart with use of "ol":
> In HTML5 spec says: "The |ol
> element represents
> <http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/rendering.html#represents> a list of
> items, where the items have been intentionally ordered, such that
> changing the order would change the meaning of the document."
> I think that the correct is use ul, because, for example, in a form
> with "name" n' "age" if we change the order of fields, the meaning is
> the same.
> What do you know?
> Renatho De Carli Rosa
> Desenvolvimento Client-side com inteligência.
> Av. Loureiro da Silva, 2001 / 917
> Porto Alegre, RS
> renathoc at hotmail.com <mailto:renathoc at hotmail.com> (MSN)
> renatho.rosa at grifotecnologia.com.br
> <mailto:renatho.rosa at grifotecnologia.com.br> (Gtalk)
> renathoc (Skype)
> www.grifotecnologia.com.br <http://www.grifotecnologia.com.br>
> +55 51 3084.7760
> +55 51 9996.7650
We had the same heated debate a few months ago when it came to lists and
forms. We concluded that using any list element to keep the label and
input elements apart was redundant (although it does look kinda cool).
The list element just didn't provide anything of semantic value to the
form. We still needed to group each label and input for styling needs,
hence we decided upon using div elements.
A simplistic example of how we do forms now:
<label for="full_name">Full Name:</label>
<input name="full_name" type="text" />
<label for="full_address">Full Address</label>
<input name="full_address" type="text" />
<!-- billing: visa, mastercard etc ... separated from personal info by
the fieldset element -->
<button type="submit" name="save">Hook me up!</button>
We'd be happy to get some feedback on this way of doing forms, if anyone
has a better idea when it comes to the semantics.
mail: herman at agrabush.com
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Lava flows in Valle del Bove
After one and half year of rest, on 7. September 2004, Etna started another flank eruption in Valle del Bove, attracting guides, photoreporters and scientists. Tom Pfeiffer (see our link page) and Marco Fulle were able to reach Etna during the first days of the eruption, when lava was finding its way through snow layers, more than 10m thick, which since 2000 were preserved below the thick ash from South East Crater and the big 2002 flank eruption. As usual the pictures on this page link to larger photos and the lens focal length helps to understand scales. All times are local (GMT + 2 hr)
10 Sep 12h, f=28mm from Belvedere (2750m). Lava flows from the degassing vent (left) to the advancing front (right).
10 Sep 16h, f=28mm. The vent at 2620m. Thick snow layers are buried below ash between the red lava and the Etna guides.
10 Sep 16h, f=135mm. Zoom on the snow layers deposited in 2000-2002 and then buried by ash from Etna eruptions.
10 Sep 16h, f=135mm. At 30m from the vent, the flow almost stops corrugating itself into crests of ropy lava.
10 Sep 18h, f=50mm. An «iceberg» floats over flowing lava, violently boiling and steaming.
10 Sep 19h, f=28mm. Other ice blocks fall from the snow layers encircling the lava vent.
10 Sep 19h, f=28mm. The lava flows from the vent among wonderful ash layers.
12 Sep 19h, f=50mm. The flow emerges from a tunnel among wonderful lava crests.
10 Sep 17h, f=28mm. RAI-TV cameraman Giovanni Tomarchio at work assisted by a Forestale Guard.
10 Sep 17h, f=50mm. Tom Pfeiffer at work between the steam plumes coming from snow blocks on the flows.
10 Sep 17h, f=28mm. Ash layers from the 2002 flank eruption bury thick snow layers from previous winters.
12 Sep 18h, f=28mm. A photographer takes a rest admiring the flows encircling an island of solified lava.
10 Sep 19h, f=28mm. Wolf Mueller (center), Giovanni Tomarchio and Etna Guides (right) at work again on active Etna.
12 Sep f=135mm. An Etna Guide brings to the lava vent Civil Defense Guards among thick steam plumes.
12 Sep f=135mm. The ash is so hot that each footprint left by the advanncing Forestale Guard becomes a fumarole.
12 Sep f=50mm. From World War II to the lava flow: grandfather's helmet and gas mask are so useful here! | <urn:uuid:de37cf7d-38a9-437b-a5b7-83a9e1387b5f> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.swisseduc.ch/stromboli/etna/etna04/etna0408-en.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737940789.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221900-00221-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894389 | 617 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Enter Bird's Name in Search Box:
There are three types of cowbirds in North America. The Brown-headed Cowbird is found throughout the continent right up to the conifer regions of the North.
The Bronzed Cowbird is found along the borders of the southern states down into Mexico, and the Shiny Cowbird, which is fairly new to North America is showing up more and more in the State of Florida.
Cowbirds are brood parasites, where the female cowbird will lay her eggs in the nest of other bird species. These eggs are then abandoned by the cowbirds, leaving them to be hatched and the young cowbirds to be raised by the unknown parent birds of the nest. The young cowbirds are more aggressive than the parents own young and these young cowbirds will push the young of the parent birds from the nest to perish, ensuring they will get all the food to survive. | <urn:uuid:4ecda23f-229e-44ff-8df2-f491e4b6c9aa> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.birds-of-north-america.net/cowbirds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296169.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00125-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960348 | 183 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Drawing rain runoff and snow melt from the slopes of the Rocky Mountains, the Colorado River is a dominant source of water for the American southwest, providing fresh water for drinking and farming and hydroelectric power to millions.
In 2011, Will Stauffer-Norris and Zak Podmore spent nearly four months kayaking and portaging and hiking the length of the Colorado River, from the Green River in Wyoming, which feeds into the Colorado, to the Sea of Cortez in Mexico. That 113 day journey was crushed into one beautiful three-and-a-half minute time lapse, showcasing the varied landscapes of the southwest, from the Grand Canyon to Lake Mead, the reservoir that feeds the Hoover Dam, to a narrow series of irrigation channels.
The pair used their journey to try to draw attention to the modern state of the Colorado River, which Smithsonian‘s Sarah Zielinski detailed in 2010:
The damming and diverting of the Colorado, the nation’s seventh-longest river, may be seen by some as a triumph of engineering and by others as a crime against nature, but there are ominous new twists. The river has been running especially low for the past decade, as drought has gripped the Southwest. It still tumbles through the Grand Canyon, much to the delight of rafters and other visitors. And boaters still roar across Nevada and Arizona’s Lake Mead, 110 miles long and formed by the Hoover Dam. But at the lake’s edge they can see lines in the rock walls, distinct as bathtub rings, showing the water level far lower than it once was—some 130 feet lower, as it happens, since 2000. Water resource officials say some of the reservoirs fed by the river will never be full again.
Indeed, in the video, you can see the powerful river’s flows dwindle as water is siphoned off for irrigation or power production as it makes its way downstream.
More from Smithsonian.com: | <urn:uuid:63d4d565-f9b0-4db5-97a4-5269971ded16> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/from-wyoming-to-mexico-a-beautiful-time-lapse-trip-down-the-colorado-river-449420/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166261.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00282-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955525 | 403 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Aerial photographs cannot be precisely overlaid on a reference map, even if one knows the geographic position of the centre of the photo and its scale [Example 1].
This is because the effects of a possible mis-verticality of the view axis (due to lateral movements of the plane), lateral drift of the plane due to side winds, geometric distortions due to the lens, and (above all) parallax distortions due to the relief, must be corrected to be able to better fit a photo to the reference map [Example 2].
When all photos covering the region of interest are corrected and georeferenced, it is very simple to merge them to produce a continuous, seamless mosaic [ Example 3]
This next example is a controlled mosaic of more than 200 photos covering the Walvis Bay Municipality and Lagoon (in Namibia) . Redish colours in the southern part of the image correspond to evaporation pounds of a salt refinery.
The last example is a mosaic of some 50 photos covering the "domaine du Sart-Tilman", campus of the University of Liège (Belgium).
In 2008, we produced what is so far our largest mosaic, covering some 4000 sqkm with more than 1000 images at 0.50m resolution, for a mineral prospection project in Southern Namibia. | <urn:uuid:19a3135a-cb1c-4ca8-b6c5-08c945e2f33e> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://nadar-gis.com/nadar/html_en/techniques-traitementimage.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160233.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924070508-20180924090908-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.896025 | 275 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Learning in Infants
Do infants learn?
Do infants learn? The question may catch some people, even parents, by surprise. Although it is common to acknowledge that children are able to learn—and in fact, are sent to school to learn—it is lesson common to think about infants as capable of learning. However, infants are able to learn just as older children are able to learn. What they learn, how fast they learn it, and how they use that knowledge is vastly different than what older children learn, however. For example, while a seven year old child might be starting their first history lessons in school; an eight month old infant is hardly going to be able to recite the names of the kings of England. This does not mean that the eight month old infant is incapable of learning, just that what they learn—and how they use that learning—is different.
Infants primarily learn through two different ways: through other people or interpersonal communication and through their own explorations.
Interpersonal commination is essential in the process of infant learning. International personal communication is not only verbal but physical and emotional as well. For example: When a child cries and a parent responds by picking them up, the infant begins to learn that crying is a way for them to receive assistance from another person—whether that assistance is being hungry or uncomfortable or simply wanting some social interaction.
As infants get older, they are more capable of learning through their own explorations. These explorations can be as simple as the infant looking outside of a window and seeing different objects and colors or learning that the furry animal which their parent calls a ‘cat’ does not like to have their long, furry appendage yanked at.
Types of learning development in infants
The types of learning development in infant can be broken down into several categories. These categories are social development, emotional development, and learning—or cognitive—development. Social development learning is characterized by the development of verbal and physical communication between the infant and other people, the development of play and other social interactions (such as play through games like “peek-a-boo”) as well as other types of social communications. Emotional development learning is characterized by the development of emotional recognition, such as recognizing that a smile means happy—and that when smiles are given, they result in making other people happy as well. Cognitive or learning development is characterized as the development of numerous cognitive functions. These cognitive functions include the ability to tell different objects—such as a bottle or a toy—apart; the ability to cry or verbally communicate in different ways to express different needs or wants; using senses such as taste, smell, touch and hearing; exploring the world through actions and reactions, such as dropping objects out of the crib to see them fall; and more.
Stages of learning development in infants
The stages of learning development in infants are not necessarily equal. An infant who is only 8 weeks old will experience a different type of learning that an infant who is 1 year old. The following are the basic stages of learning development in infants, along with what types of learning development—social, emotional and cognitive—the infant will experience during these stages.
2 months - 4 months
During these early stages of an infant’s life, they will begin to develop socially, emotionally, and cognitively. Social development during this stage is primarily centered on learning that crying is a form of communication; infants will learn that crying results in social interaction, whether it is because they want to eat, need to be changed, are uncomfortable, or simply want to be soothed. Other types of social development that an infant begins to learn during this stage is the desire to be held and touched; smiling in response to other smiles; early forms of verbal communication through babbling.
Emotional development during this stage is usually related to emotional responses to loneliness and fear, such as being left alone for a long period of time or being afraid of something--such as an unknown object or person--which they wish to be soothed by someone they trust.
Cognitive development during this stage is centered on the earliest types of exploration for an infant. Young infants will begin to explore by using their mouth, typically by grasping something with their fingers and bringing it to their mouth. They will also begin to recognize different objects, such as the difference between a bottle and a breast, in addition to enjoying looking at bright objects, such as bright colors or bright lights.
4 months – 12 months
Infants in this stage of their lives will develop emotionally, socially and cognitively. Social development during this stage is fairly rapid; infants will begin to respond to their own names, respond differently between people they trust--such as their parents--and people they don't trust, such as strangers; they will begin to laugh and smile in response to different stimuli; they will be able to recognize the names of different family members, such as "Mom," "Dad," and "Grandpa"; they will also exhibit signs of desiring social interaction, such as raising up their arms in a desire to be held or cuddled.
Emotional development during this stage involves the first exhibitions of fear, such as fear of falling off a high place; anxiety, such as anxiety to being separated from parents or family members; distress, such as if a toy or object is taken away; and joy, such as if they are held or tickled and are experiencing positive emotional interaction.
Cognitive development during this stage is the most rapid. Infants will learn to recognize names, faces and different objects; to explore the world using all of their senses; to learn to focus on different objects, such as toys or books; the ability to pay attention to conversations; understanding that objects have different sizes, such as when playing with toys that can fit inside one another; recognizing different sounds and colors; and so on. | <urn:uuid:979fe3de-a79e-4918-bd60-9bcd52f6fb86> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.businessnlpacademy.co.uk/blog/view/learning_in_infants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104240553.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220703104037-20220703134037-00572.warc.gz | en | 0.975023 | 1,203 | 3.890625 | 4 |
What is the origin of "by and large"?
Dear Straight Dope:
What is the origin of the phrase "by and large?" Why do Americans say something so completely inane? My sister has been agonizing over that one for years. (Well, maybe she hasn't actually agonized over it, but she really wants to know.)
Americans? Olivia Isil cites the BBC's highly acclaimed screen adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, where Miss Bennet remarks on the betrothal of Mr. Wickham to the odious Miss King: "by and large, it was to be expected."
The phrase "by and large" today means "generally speaking," "mostly" or "on the whole." The origin is nautical, and had a very precise meaning. It was an order to the man at the helm of a sailing ship, meaning to sail the ship slightly off the wind. A similar command was "full and by" which meant to "sail as close to the wind as it can go."
The risk of sailing too close to the wind was the danger of being "taken aback" (when the sails press against the mast and progress halts.)
Thus, when a person doesn't want to "sail" directly into a statement, "by and large" is a hedge, a phrase of circumspection, a way of saying that the statement is an imprecise generality.
Olivia Isil, When a Loose Cannon Flogs a Dead Horse, There's the Devil to Pay (seafaring words in everyday speech)
William and Mary Morris, Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins
Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable | <urn:uuid:93cc5de4-81da-43b4-88eb-3afaa45c3f76> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/1908/what-is-the-origin-of-by-and-large | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663167.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00451-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96989 | 356 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Stories related to waterways generally, not to a specific management agency, but of wider interest.
- Category: Waterways
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In May 2019 after seeing Swamp Wallabies along Merri Creek and at Yarra Bend Park I published an article on this blog speculating on ground mammal refuges and movements along Merri Creek. The article was kindly featured on the Friends of Merri Creek Facebook page, and got a lot of feedback, with many people reporting their own sightings of Swamp Wallabies.
To better understand the movements of Swamp Wallabies along Merri Creek I mapped these sightings as best I could (they are in red in the map on the right from Google MyMaps). I included reports from the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas (there were only a few). I also approached Wildlife Victoria, who kindly provided details of reports to them of Swamp Wallabies in suburbs adjoining the lower Merri Creek.The Wildlife Victoria data points are purple.
I also searched through Merri Creek Management Committee's fauna sightings records; these are shown in green.
The map provides some fascinating insights.
- Predation by dogs seems to be an important factor as the areas where sightings are more common tend to be difficult for people and dogs to access. Some level of predation might not be a bad thing though.
- Shrubs are important as food plants (and shelter), although they don't need to be indigenous.
- Swamp Wallabies are clearly moving up and down Merri Creek, but despite the dangers, they also appear to be moving east-west through adjacent suburbs, often coming to grief.
- Creek Management could enhance or destroy the refuges used by Swamp Wallabies.
- Category: Waterways
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In my recent walks along Merri Creek and Yarra Bend Park I have seen three Swamp Wallabies. Two were in the inaccessible western bank of Merri Creek in southern Reservoir, and one was in Yarra Bend upstream of the Studley Park Boathouse.
I find it very exciting to think that the two wallabies (definitely different individuals) I saw in close proximity in Reservoir are evidence that there is a breeding population there. I am sure there is in Yarra Bend, and has been for some time.
30 years ago, when I started on Merri Creek restoration, I imagined that getting large ground mammals back along the Creek was fanciful. Surely I thought, with cars and dogs and narrow links along the Creek at major road bridges there was no chance. There you are, I was clearly wrong, as there is a reproducing population of Eastern Grey Kangaroos at Ngarri-djarrang, a grassland reserve along Merri Creek's tributary Central Creek, and now I believe there is a breeding population of Swamp Wallabies. What is their future? | <urn:uuid:163570a8-7945-418b-8539-be37280c08f0> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://faithfull.id.au/index.php/11-waterways | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362619.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203091120-20211203121120-00534.warc.gz | en | 0.968145 | 603 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Animal tests involve a lot of confusion and controversy about their practice, monitoring, and implementation. People have many conflicting opinions on this subject and exaggerated data only add to this confusion. That’s why some of the main facts must be well examined to learn basic aspects and facts about animal testing. This step helps many people make their more informed decisions about their personal stance on this subject and determine whether they support it or not.
A deeper understanding of animal testing facts can let you take part in any relevant discussions and contribute to those organizations that have their own focus related to this subject, regardless of whether they are for or against it. Basically, these tests are used by people to assess the effectiveness and safety of certain products and learn more about the functions of the human body. They are also used for specific training and educational purposes in addition to researching in special lab settings.
The supporters of animal tests claim that they are necessary to benefit people’s health and medicine in general because they helped to develop different antibiotics, vaccines, and other important inventions in this area. They believe that pain and suffering of animals are worth the improvement in human health and quality of living, and they don’t believe in existing alternatives to animal tests.
Those people who are against this practice claim that it’s cruel, hurtful, and evil practice that should be banned by the modern society. They state that the known benefits of animal tests are misconstrued and they are sure that available alternatives, such as computer and cellular models, can be enough to replace animals in such tests. The main point in their debates is the inability of animals to provide their informed consent, so many animal rights activists claim that human experiments can be appropriate because of people’s informed consent.
Animal tests happen almost in all places where research processes are involved and they always occur before testing on people. In the UK, this practice is banned if it’s designed for cosmetic purposes, while its non-cosmetic uses are monitored and regulated closely. The government of this country assesses the level of severity of tests. Internationally, animal tests can be used for many things, from cosmetics to drugs, so there are almost no restrictions.
Animal tests involve a lot of confusion and controversy about their practice, monitoring, and implementation. People have many conflicting opinions on this subject and exaggerated data only add to this confusion. That’s why some of the main facts must be well examined to learn basic aspects and facts about animal testing. | <urn:uuid:d0cd5744-6bef-4fc1-bba8-efac3df2487d> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://studybay.com/latest-orders/100002648/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171936.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00005-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963314 | 506 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Objects of reference predated signing. Anyone can pick up an object of reference and show it to a child to communicate an activity, event or idea. Tactile trails are a recent addition to this stable and are found in sensory rooms, classrooms, inside and outside school.
Objects of reference is a term that describes the use of objects as a means of communication. Objects, just like words, signs and symbols, can be made to represent those things about which we all communicate:
Just like words, signs and symbols, they have to be chosen with care. To find out more, read the full article 'Introduction to Objects of Reference' by Keith Park. This can be found on the Ace Centre website. You can also read more about this area in the RNIB's Effective Practice Guide - Objects of reference.
In this clip, an object of reference enables a child to be led from the classroom to the playground.
Tactile experience is a fundamental part of every person's overall sensory experience of the environment that they exist in. In the early days of the creation of tactile panels, people questioned the need for them. Some stated that one might just as well go outside and touch natural materials and experience what is around one.
You can and should do all of these things, but they are not always available to everyone and do not often appear in abundance in built environments. Tactile experience is particularly appropriate for people with learning difficulties and visual impairment, because they can act as very strong indicators and offer stimulation for communication and interactivity.
This image has been taken from The Language of Texture by Mike Ayres. | <urn:uuid:2a3cd472-674d-4386-8d43-0ec14c3e92c5> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://complexneeds.org.uk/modules/Module-3.1-Communication---augmentative-and-assistive-strategies/B/m09p100bcd.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517639.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418121317-20190418143317-00183.warc.gz | en | 0.962873 | 328 | 3.75 | 4 |
Sometimes you just want a skeleton. Especially if you’re a museum. So how do you get the meat off the bones of an animal? Well, if you’re the Natural History Museum in London, beetles, apparently. This process is less gross than it sounds:
The museum places specimens into a box full of Dermestes haemarrhoidalis, beetles who go to work and strip away feathers and meat from an animal’s body. Want to see it live? Check out the Natural History Museum’s live cam.
More from Smithsonian.com: | <urn:uuid:ea76de2d-6e56-4ca8-bd1e-27b52c49e036> | CC-MAIN-2016-30 | http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/watch-these-beetles-tear-the-feathers-off-a-parrot-114979818/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825125.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00021-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.848703 | 122 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In reading about the history of Bettas, I learned that the original genus, applied by Dr. Theodore Cantor around 1840, is Macropodus
the genus Betta
is said to applied by a man of the name of Tate Regan in 1909.
Does anyone have a copy of Tate Regans paper where he changes the name?
What is his type species for the genus Betta and how does his description delineate Betta
Is it true that Macropodus
have been bred before? I seem to recall reading that the cross was possible.
there have been reports of the inter generic hybridizing of Betta Splendens and Macropodus opercularis, the Paradise Fish.
It appears that several of the alleles in B. splendens
were bred into the fish by introducing them from Macropodus
species. It also seems the distinction between Macropodus
is artificial and dubiously evidenced. It also seems as if the basic schema is to use trait linkage and then massive populations and selections to look for re-assortment, hence a way of separating a large fin allele set from a large body allele set and introducing a small body and large fin allele set, although it is not simple in practice due to the numbers one must work with to employ this type of breeding and selection method.
I also question the reasoning behind the distinction of Belontia
. I would love to see a study of mitochondrial DNA on all Anabantoidei,
anybody have one handy?
I understand practical distinctions, I am looking for evidence that these fish are not in the same genus from a taxonomic approach based on evidence, as opposed to consensus. I know people regard them as distinct, but this is not enough for me, I must have a test of truth and consensus cannot suffice. | <urn:uuid:a28fce6e-0d22-4c83-82e6-43a4c5ed50fb> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.bettafish.com/showthread.php?t=43173&goto=nextnewest | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375096290.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031816-00092-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958 | 371 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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Interface implementations are not just found using factories. You can use compile or link time alterable implementations.
Scott Meyers recently sent me some comments on “Interface-Oriented Design”. He described a few concepts and ideas that the book should have covered in more detail.
One of the points he made regards something that I’ve used in the past, but did not really think about when writing the book. An interface does not have to be represented with an “interface” keyword or equivalent and then implemented by code using “implements” in Java or ":" in C++.
You can establish an interface as a set of methods, along with a test framework that clarifies and enforces the requirements for the methods. You then create different source code modules that provide that same set of methods. At either compile or link time, you specify which module to use for a particular version of the executable. A particular implementation of the interface can be compiled using conditional compilation. Alternatively, a different object module can be linked into the executable.
For example, you might have different types of hard disks that you are using in different versions of an embedded system. You first establish a standard hard disk interface. Using the appropriate source code modules, you implement the hard disk interface for each specific type of hard disk. Now these modules do not use the keyword “implement” or equivalent. They just provide all the methods in the interface.
At link time, you incorporate the module corresponding to the hard disk that you are using on a particular piece of equipment. Using directly linked modules eliminates the overhead of virtual function calls.
In addition, if you are using C++, you include the corresponding module header file in the code that uses the interface. If there were inline functions in that header, you would get a performance benefit.
|Ken Pugh of Pugh-Killeen Associates (www.pughkilleen.com) consults, trains, and mentors on technology topics ranging from Object-Oriented Design to Linux/Unix to the system development process. He has served clients from London to Sydney. When not computing, he enjoys snowboarding, windsurfing, biking, and hiking the Appalachian Trail.| | <urn:uuid:8fc49e5f-62c1-4c54-bc7d-a8617f6f7afa> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=191009 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054096/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00004-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886376 | 467 | 3.109375 | 3 |
In this History of War bookazine you’ll explore both Pearl Harbor and the war in the Pacific extensively, from the genesis of Japan’s pre-emptive attack to the United States’ use of atomic weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Featuring moving photography from the front lines, declassified archival documents, and eyewitness accounts from those present during the conflict, this is an essential companion for anyone with an interest in one of the 20th century’s defining period. Featuring: Pearl Harbor - Explore the events, actions and people surrounding the infamous attack.
War in the Pacific - From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima, follow the deadly action of the Pacific War
From the archives - Authentic facsimile documents are included, including battle reports, classified communications and detailed maps
Eyewitness accounts - Read the first-hand impressions of those who were present during the epochal events of Pearl Harbor and the Pacific War
Magazine covers are used for illustrative purposes only and you may not receive a copy of the
particular issue depicted. Your subscription will include the most recent issue once your
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officially affiliated with, associated with, or endorsed by History Of War Book Of Pearl Harbor (Digital) or the publisher.
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Brian Martin's publications on education
Brian Martin's publications
Brian Martin's website
Tied Knowledge is a book designed to provide a practical conceptual framework for understanding the dynamics of higher education. Using examples primarily from Australia, Britain and the United States, it examines power structures both outside and inside academia and how they interact and shape knowledge. These structures include hierarchy, disciplines, patriarchy, the state, capitalism and professions. Academia as a system of power itself both resists and accommodates these other power systems. The key resource used by the academics to promote their interests is the power to create and legitimate knowledge. By its form and content, this knowledge is tied to both the interests of academics and to those of powerful groups in society.
The book is neither pro nor
anti-academia. Instead, it focusses on the structural factors shaping
academic behaviour so that initiatives can strengthen and broaden the
positive features of academia while trying to overcome the negative
features. A key portion of the book is an examination and assessment
of the main strategies that have been used to reform or challenge the
nature and uses of academic power.
Print from front to back, double-sided, then fold it over like a booklet. Depending on your printer, you may need to invert every other page. Thanks to Dana Williams for preparing this version.
1 Introduction Motivation of the study. Summary of arguments. Personal background.
2 Academics Tied knowledge as a strategy for academics, and the many consequences of this for the nature of academia. Academic 'reforms'.
3 Hierarchy The internal power structure of academia. The consequences of academic hierarchy and competition. The external and internal beneficiaries of academic hierarchy. The Spautz case. Age discrimination. Challenges.
4 Disciplines The social construction of knowledge and knowledge boundaries. Specialisation. Academic power struggles. Interdisciplinary studies. Marxism.
5 Patriarchy Patriarchy as a social institution. The expression of patriarchy in academia. Challenges and alternatives.
6 The subjugation of students Sources of staff power. Alternatives.
7 Beliefs Standard academic beliefs about academia: individualism, neutrality, privilege and status quo.
8 The state The state takeover of higher education. The state as mediator of influences on universities. Specific uses of academic knowledge by the state. Academic adaptation to state funding. Trends influencing state-higher education relations. Alternatives to state funding.
9 Capitalism Capitalist influence on staffing, research, teaching and ideas. The limited impact of capitalist influence. The Ollman case.
10 Professions The nature of professions, and their links to other powerful groups. The case of nuclear knowledge. Alternatives to professional power.
11 Towards democracy? Problems with higher education. Self-management. The potential role of students, staff and outside groups.
12 Policy changes Examination of strategies for change via internal representation and via pressuring elites. Equal employment opportunity.
13 Critical teaching and research Examination of strategies for change via changing the content or form of teaching, and research. Staff and student initiatives.
14 Building alternatives Building alternative education outside existing organisations. Examples. Limitations.
15 Social movements The potential for retying knowledge by linking educational efforts with social movements.
Permission is granted for unlimited reproduction of portions or all of this text provided
Over the years, I have gained insights about academia through discussions and correspondence from so many people that it is impossible to name them all. In addition, it is impossible to name all the authors whose writings have stimulated my thinking and increased my understanding about higher education. Suffice it to say that academic culture sustains a significant self-critical element on which I have drawn extensively.
Here I will name only those individuals who have provided specific help and advice in the writing of this book. The following people helped through extensive discussions of their views about aspects of higher education or providing advice and references: Alex Anderson, David Biggins, John Buchanan, Jean Buckley-Moran, Clare Burton, Jane Connors, Alastair Crombie, Cheryl Hannah, Ann Hone, Andrew Hopkins, Katherine Jensen, Ian Lowe, Simon Marginson, Jill Matthews, Elizabeth McKenzie, Val Plumwood, Larry Saha, Ariel Salleh, Marian Sawer, Ian Watson and Lance Worrall. Jill Bowling helped enormously by listening to me describe the outline of each chapter before writing it, and by offering numerous helpful suggestions. Valuable comments and corrections on selected chapters were offered by Gay Baldwin, Jeff Masson, Bertell Ollman, Mike Spautz and Barbara Watson. Detailed comments on the entire manuscript were provided by Phil Anderson, Gabriele Bammer, Jill Bowling, Clyde Manwell, Helen Modra and Wendy Varney. Barbara Ferigo put an enormous effort into converting the text from one computer system to another.
To the very many others not named here who have provided insights, inspiration and support in all sorts of ways, I also say: thank you. | <urn:uuid:001711c5-2be5-47c5-999f-0058a4992502> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/pubs/98tk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065241.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00165-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914318 | 1,013 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Production process of crushed rock aggrigate,crushed rock aggregate production process production process of crushed rock aggregate processfeb 2015 another issue is the mass balance of production because as part of a normal production process of crushed aggregates up to percent rock heck priceow sand is made material manufacture making history used get price.free consultaion
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In kaolin grinding plant, besides the main grinding machine, it also needs the auxiliary equipment to help finish the whole production. the common auxiliary equipment has vibrating feeder, vibrating screen and belt conveyor. sbm vibrating feeder is used to feed kaolin raw materials into grinding machine to be processed. the belt conveyor will take kaolin materials from one milling machine to
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kaolin is very pervasive in nature, is important clay minerals in modern human production and life, mainly formed after weathered of feldspar in igneous and metamorphic rocks or other silicate minerals, and is one of the four non-metallic minerals with mica, quartz, and calcium carbonate.
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the process can mill tougher and more abrasive materials, which would otherwise be a problem in mechanical impact mills. the internal air classifier holds material inside the mill chamber until it achieves the right fineness. air jet mills use high levels of compressed air, thus are expensive to run.
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jul 23, 2014 effect of ball milling of an aluminum powder on hydrogen generation through a reaction with hot water was investigated. BM increased surface area of the aluminum particles, increased crystalline imperfections in the aluminum lattice, and removed a native oxide film on surface of the particles. the increase in surface area of the particles was studied by measurement of particle
prof. dr. sherif el-eskandarany, in mechanical alloying 2020 abstract. As was pointed out in the last two chapters, powder-milling process, using ball or rod mills, aims to produce a high-quality end product that can be composites and nanocomposites, and nanocrystalline powder particles of intermetallic compounds, amorphous, hydrides, nitrides, silicates, etc.
We provide quality and efficient solutions to our global customers | <urn:uuid:de2f0311-11cd-460a-96b3-fea1f70fac30> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://www.davidcalvolazaro.es/crushed/Aug_Thursday_15274.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487643354.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618230338-20210619020338-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.911644 | 2,034 | 2.875 | 3 |
David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Rafael De Clercq
Ezio Di Nucci
Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa
Jack Alan Reynolds
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Studies in Philosophy and Education 23 (4):265-281 (2004)
This essay is an attempt to understand how technological metaphors, particularly computer metaphors, are relevant to moral education. After discussing various types of technological metaphors, it is argued that technological metaphors enter moral thought through their functional descriptions. The computer metaphor is then explored by turning to the hacker ethic. Analysis of this ethic reveals parallels between the experience of computer programming and the moral standards of those who are enmeshed in computer technology. This parallel suggests that the hacker ethic is being pushed by a computer metaphor and its functional descriptions in a direction of individualism and systems thinking. After examining some possible implications of the computer metaphor, this essay offers suggestions concerning how technological metaphors may be critiqued
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James Grant (2011). Metaphor and Criticism BSA Prize Essay, 2010. British Journal of Aesthetics 51 (3):237-257.
Diana E. Axelsen (1989). Kant's Metaphors for Persons and Community. Philosophy and Theology 3 (4):301-321.
Puran K. Bair (1981). Computer Metaphors for Consciousness. In The Metaphors of Consciousness. New York: Plenum Press
Susan Sherwin (2001). Feminist Ethics and the Metaphor of AIDS. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 26 (4):343 – 364.
Mark Coeckelbergh (2010). The Spirit in the Network: Models for Spirituality in a Technological Culture. Zygon 45 (4):957-978.
Cathy Legg (2005). Hacking: The Performance of Technology? [REVIEW] Techne 9 (2):151-154.
Deborah G. Johnson & Thomas M. Powers (2005). Computer Systems and Responsibility: A Normative Look at Technological Complexity. Ethics and Information Technology 7 (2):99-107.
Stephen Loftus (2011). Pain and its Metaphors: A Dialogical Approach. [REVIEW] Journal of Medical Humanities 32 (3):213-230.
Rod Cross (1995). Metaphors and Time Reversibility and Irreversibility in Economic Systems. Journal of Economic Methodology 2 (1):123-134.
Virginia Worley (2012). Painting with Impasto: Metaphors, Mirrors, and Reflective Regression in Montaigne's “of the Education of Children”. Educational Theory 62 (3):343-370.
Eric Dietrich (1996). AI, Situatedness, Creativity, and Intelligence; or the Evolution of the Little Hearing Bones. J. Of Experimental and Theoretical AI 8 (1):1-6.
Neil Pickering (1999). Metaphors and Models in Medicine. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 20 (4):361-375.
Jim Gerrie (2008). Three Species of Technological Dependency. Techne 12 (3):184-194.
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Mla bibliography citation of research papers, 7th ed, new mla citation style is the with the citations within the body of the research paper. The research paper: mla style examples for the list of “works cited” and in-text citation the works cited is an alphabetical list of all sources you consulted to write your paper brief parenthetical citations within your text, also called in-text citations, are usually preferred instead of. Modern language association (mla) documentation is used primarily for english papers and uses a parenthetical format this is a system of using parentheses within the body of the paper, instead of footnotes or endnotes don't forget to also include a works cited list at the end of the paper. Mla is a citation style developed by the modern language association to help giving credit to the author of works that you use in your research paper is. Or go to stylemlaorg/ mla style for academic work formatting research papers and sample papers in mla citation principles for academic work within. Home research support citing sources also see print version or online (duke only) version cse also see print version mla more style guidelines for.
Guide to writing research papers in the mla style place only the last name within the parenthetical citation with the page number in the. A guide to create citations for bibliographies and works cited in reference papers skip to main content research paper help mla newspaper article citation. How can the answer be improved. Sample footnotes in mla style to be done when authoring an mla research paper that requires footnotes within each citation as there is not much. Professor chavez mla citation style is the documentation and citation format of the modern formatting your research paper using mla style mla is the citation style most commonly used in the arts and humanities location: cabell reference lb2369g53 2016 when writing a paper in mla format, there are important tips to. Mla citation examples print page include information in the text of your paper that will allow the reader to locate mla citation style no longer includes.
An introduction to mla formatting with some specific mla format examplesthe mla format is one research papers on or quoted within a paper in. Citing | mla format ] 01) if you've been asked to submit a paper in mla style mla handbook for writers of research papers mla format papers.
There are numerous documentation styles and formats, including mla style (used for research in the humanities), apa style (psychology, sociology, education), chicago style (history), and acs style (chemistry. To allow your reader to track down the sources you used by citing them accurately in your paper by way of footnotes, a bibliography or reference list about citations citing a source means that you show, within the body of your text, that you took words, ideas, figures, images, etc from another place. Based on the mla handbook for writers of research papers, 6th edition that are published within documentation mla style requires you to document. Within your research paper this handout will provide a brief summary of the mla (modern language association) bibliographic style guidelines as outlined in the mla handbook for writers of research papers, 7th edition, found in the library at lb 2369 m53 2009 in the reference and circulation sections.
Like all other style formatting guidelines, mla requires the use of in text citations for work that is paraphrased or quoted within a paper in mla format examples.
Mla citation format and style guide mla a research guide for students plagiarism we can help you with your research paper your topic your e-mail. In mla style, in-text citations, called parenthetical citations, are used to document any external sources used within a document (unless the material cited is considered general knowledge) the parenthetical citations direct readers to the full bibliographic citations listed in the works cited, located at the end of the document. Mla (modern language association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities this resource, updated to reflect the mla handbook (8th ed), offers examples for the general format of mla research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the works cited page. Mla (modern language association) citation and format style guide this guide provides examples of citations you might use in research papers following the mla. 1 author named within the paper if you list the name of the author, the parenthetical citation need only contain the page number, because the year of publication follows the author’s name example: thomas friedman (1999) wrote, no two countries that both had mcdonald's had fought a war against each other since each got its mcdonald's (p. When writing a research paper, in text citation is essential to use to but you will also need to indicate within the text where your mla style in text. | <urn:uuid:3c21027d-3094-4297-ab6f-cd3565e93ac4> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://xnassignmentkgay.rivieramayaexcursions.us/mla-style-of-documentation-within-the-research-paper.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860089.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618070542-20180618090542-00143.warc.gz | en | 0.879716 | 1,030 | 3.6875 | 4 |
BUNKER HILL MINING AND METALLURGICAL
KELLOGG, SHOSHONE COUNTY, IDAHO
The primary exposure route at the site is most likely through incidental ingestion of contaminated soils. This health consultation deals with right-of-ways (ROWs). It is likely that contaminants from contaminated ROWs could be transported into populated areas (yards and homes). A companion public health consultation will look at those possible exposures via fugitive and house dusts. Because soil ingestion is greatest in infants and young children who engage in frequent hand-to-mouth activity and because of past reports of adverse health effects, exposures of young children are of particular concern. Children living in populated areas have, in the past, been shown to have elevated blood lead levels (3).
Many of the ROWs throughout the site were built using mine waste tailings. In order to prevent contamination or re-contamination of populated areas via vehicle tracking, structural integrity of the roadways must be maintained. An institutional controls program (ICP) that is a locally enforced set of regulations has been instituted for this purpose. The ICP is administered by the Panhandle Health District. The ICP contains regulations concerning construction and use-changes involving excavation and grading on all properties where barriers and caps have been installed.
Some potholes and other signs of degradation were seen during site visits conducted by ATSDR. In addition, some damage occurred as a result of flooding and storm events. The remedial action objective for the site is that there will be no soil lead level greater than 1,000 mg/kg. When areas of contamination are found, a barrier of no less than six inches is placed over the contaminated sub-surface soils and clean gravel (usually) is placed over the barrier.
During the sampling investigations, samples were taken at 0-1, 1-6, and 6-12 inch depths. This health consultation focuses on the results from testing of samples taken from the first two intervals (Appendix A), since those are the soils to which people are most likely to be exposed.
Soil samples were collected from right-of-ways in the town of Smelterville. Approximately 275 samples were collected from the top two intervals during the sampling periods and analyzed for lead. The concentration of lead in samples taken from the top zero- to one-inch interval ranged from 19 to 21,500 mg/kg. At least 30% of the location's samples showed concentrations of lead greater than 1,000 mg/kg. A majority of the high lead concentrations occurred south of Main Street, with the highest concentration being found near the end of Northview Avenue to the east of A Street. The maximum concentration of lead in the 1"-6" interval (36,900 mg/kg) was detected in the 1999 sampling event. This is more than twice the concentration that was detected in 1997. Since remediation in Smelterville was completed by 1997, these concentrations of lead in the top intervals indicate that re-contamination is occurring. Those areas with high lead levels could now serve as a source of re-contamination of other remediated areas in Smelterville.
Right-of-ways in Kellogg were sampled. One hundred and seventeen samples were collected. The samples were analyzed for lead content. The concentrations ranged from 20 to 126,000 mg/kg, with the highest concentrations being found in the six- to twelve-inch interval. The maximum concentration in the top zero- to one-inch interval was 11,100 mg/kg. The highest concentrations found in the top interval were collected from the southern portion of Kellogg on the south side of I-90. These sampled areas could serve as a source of contamination or re-contamination. The results may indicate that some barriers are not deep enough to prevent contaminant migration.
Union Pacific Railroad (UPRR) Right-of-Way
The UPRR right-of-way extends approximately 7.9 miles within the BHSS. The remediated bike path/railroad right-of-way in Kellogg was sampled. Twelve test pits were dug along the UPRR right-of-way, and 28 samples were collected and analyzed for lead content. The maximum concentration of lead found was 1,980 mg/kg. Sample concentrations in the top six-inch intervals did not exceed 457 mg/kg. These sample concentrations do not indicate a major source of contamination or re-contamination.
Fourteen samples were collected from the Pinehurst community in 1999. The maximum concentration of lead found in the top inch was 2,120 mg/kg. The maximum concentration found in the samples was 3,550 mg/kg (1- to 6-inch interval).
TOXIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF LEAD (4)
The maximum concentration of lead detected was 21,500 milligrams/kilogram (mg/kg) in the top zero- to one-inch samples taken from Smelterville during the 1998 sampling event and 30,300 mg/kg in the top one- to six-inch samples taken from Kellogg during the 1998 sampling event (2). ATSDR has no minimal risk level (MRL) and EPA has no reference dose (RfD) for lead. The estimated exposure doses for children exceed the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for neurological effects in monkeys (0.05 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day)).
The level of lead in blood is a good measure of recent exposure, and it also correlates well with health effects. Exposure to lead causes a wide range of effects. Children are especially sensitive to lead, and many of its effects are observed at lower concentrations in children than in adults. Levels of 10 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL) and perhaps lower in children's blood have been associated with decreased IQ, impaired hearing and growth, and some neurological effects. The neurological effects have been shown to persist after exposure has ceased and blood lead levels have returned to normal. The reported symptoms of the neurological effects include poor memory, difficulty reading and concentrating, depression, and sleep disturbances. Lead can significantly affect both the reproductive process and the development of the fetus in women with blood lead levels as low as 10 µg/dL. Documented effects include premature birth and low birth weight. In adults, levels as low as 15 µg/dL are linked to increased blood pressure, reduced production of sperm, earlier onset of menopause, and changes in the enzyme function in the blood.
The increased vulnerability of children results from a combination of factors, including the following:
- The increased susceptibility of the developing nervous system to the neurotoxic effects of lead,
- A higher average rate of soil/dust ingestion among children than among adults,
- The greater efficiency of lead absorption in the gastrointestinal tracts of children,
- The greater prevalence of iron or calcium deficiencies in children, deficiencies that may exacerbate absorption and the toxic effects of lead, and
- The ready transfer of lead across the placenta to the developing fetus.
Foods such as fruits, grains, meat, seafood, soft drinks, vegetables, and wine may contain lead. Cigarettes also contain small amounts of lead. While more than 99% of all drinking water contains less than 0.005 milligrams per liter lead, the amount of lead taken into the body through drinking water can be higher in communities with acidic water supplies. Children residing in older dwellings may also be exposed to lead by eating lead-based paint chips from peeling surfaces. This is particularly a problem in lower income communities.
Lead is classified by EPA as a Class B2 probable human carcinogen on the basis of animal studies. This classification reflects the fact that there is inadequate evidence to determine lead's carcinogenicity in humans. The estimated doses set for human cancer thresholds at the maximum concentration detected are 40 or more times lower than the levels shown to cause cancer in animals. Carcinogenic effects, in fact, are unlikely in the potentially exposed populations.
A remedial action objective of no more than 350 mg lead/kg soil has been set for residential properties within the BHSS. This level should be protective of public health in a majority of the cases. However, if a child displays extreme pica behavior (ingestion of 5,000 mg or more of contaminated soil), there is a chance that such a child could eventually display neurological deficits. Care needs to be taken to educate the affected community about lead poisoning prevention and adverse health effects.
The main public health concern associated with the right-of-ways at the Bunker Hill site is the potential exposure of children to lead. Past biological monitoring of children in the populated areas of the site indicates that some were exposed to lead above levels at which adverse health effects could possibly occur (3). Some of the children required medical treatment to reduce the amount of lead in their blood (chelation). Possible effects that may be caused by elevated lead in blood include decreased IQ and impaired hearing and growth. In addition, some neurological effects may occur and persist in the exposed children, even through adulthood. The reported symptoms of the neurological effects include poor memory, difficulty reading and concentrating, depression, and sleep disturbances. No significant increased risk of developing cancer is expected. With proper educational efforts and continued clean-up within the site, blood lead levels in children living in the affected communities should decline significantly.
The samples discussed in this public health consultation were taken from right-of-ways within the BHSS. The contamination discussed is near the surface of the right-of-ways; therefore, it is possible for run-off of these contaminants to re-contaminate remediated areas of the site. New drainage systems or improvements in current drainage systems may help alleviate some of the contamination and re-contamination that occurs because of run-off. Remediation at the site has been on-going since 1986. Recent data (Appendix A) indicate that re-contamination may be occurring over time. Many of the previously remediated ROWs have been re-contaminated and now exceed the remedial action objectives. Maintenance of failing road infrastructure is needed to prevent migration of contaminants from ROWs into populated areas where exposures are likely to occur.
Children are at greater risk than adults from certain kinds of exposure to hazardous substances emitted from waste sites. They are more likely to be exposed for several reasons. Children play outside more often than adults, increasing the likelihood that they will come into contact with chemicals in the environment. Since children are shorter and smaller than adults, they breathe more dusts, soil, and heavy vapors close to the ground, and exposures can therefore result in higher doses of chemical exposure per body weight. In addition, developing body systems of children can be damaged if toxic exposures occur during critical growth stages.
Children live within the area of the Bunker Hill Superfund site. ATSDR has considered possible exposure scenarios involving children while evaluating right-of way contamination.
Lead presents a significant health hazard to children. There is a significant difference between the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters for adults and children. Children are more vulnerable to lead exposure. Lead exposure is hazardous for unborn children and young children because they are more sensitive to lead during development. Moreover, unborn children can be exposed to lead via transplacental migration. Such exposures can cause premature births, smaller babies, and a decrease in a newborn's mental ability.
Children are more likely to experience lead-induced adverse health effects. They can absorb lead through the gastrointestinal tract more readily than adults. They also have immature detoxification enzyme systems that permit an increased body burden of lead once lead is ingested. In addition children have lower thresholds for adverse neurologic and hematologic effects from lead exposure. | <urn:uuid:4ffa4019-607e-4924-b521-39e5b39cd298> | CC-MAIN-2014-49 | http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/pha/pha.asp?docid=1043&pg=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400381177.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123301-00124-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958443 | 2,416 | 2.828125 | 3 |
What is NAT PAT in Networking? – PAT (Port Address Translation) works very differently from Static and Dynamic NAT. PAT adds port numbers to the source part of the private IP addresses and maps them to the global IP address. The most widely used type of NAT is PAT.
What is NAT PAT in Networking?
What is NAT PAT in Networking?
In network environments, the private IP addresses use on the local network. Local private IP addresses can not access the Internet directly. In order for computers on the local network to access the Internet, a Public (Global) IP address assigned by the ISP (Internet Service Provider) is needed.
When you buy an ADSL line to your home or office, an ISP usually gives you an ADSL Modem. Once you have set up the Internet, your computers on the local network can access the Internet.
While access the Private IP addresses to the Internet, it converts by NAT configured as active on the ADSL Modems. A computer with a private IP address can only access the Internet through NAT.
In this article, we will talk about PAT (Port Address Translation), another type of NAT.
Our Recommendation; You can purchase the book of Cisco Networks…
Understanding NAT and PAT
PAT is a different kind of NAT. The computers on the local network use NAT when leaving the Internet. Above we talked about Internet connection of home users. If one network environment owned by a home user or a small business, they own one ISP Public IP address.
Also referred to as PAT (NAT Overload).
By configuring individual computers in this network environment, we can take them to the Internet with Static NAT. If Dynamic NAT applied to this network environment, only one computer can access the Internet with a single IP address, but the second computer will wait for the session to be shut down.
The most commonly used method is the NAT PAT method. In this network environment, PAT can be applied.
The general working logic of NAT is as shown in the following figure.
Computers on the internal network are subject to NAT processing while providing access to any website on the Internet.
How Does PAT Work?
The above operation is only general working logic. To answer questions about how does PAT works, let’s examine the network topology created in the Cisco Packet Tracer program.
The entries in the above display are NAT records originated on Cisco Router0 when pinging PC0 and PC1 to the Router1 at the same time. 192.168.10.10 and 192.168.10.20 Ip addresses converted to 10.0.0.1 Ip addresses. If we defined a single IP address by creating a single access list in Dynamic NAT, then one of the two computers would fail to ping.
The biggest advantage of the PAT process is that it can take more than one computer to the Internet at the same time. This process is done by port numbers to match IP addresses. Thus, all the computers on the network will be able to access the Internet with a single Public IP address.
NAT uses PAT numbers to match IP addresses. In addition, the NAT PAT configuration on Cisco Routers is configured with the command in the image above. In addition, it can be created in Static PAT for a specific computer on the Cisco Router.
For basic use of Cisco Packet Tracer, you can read the article called “How to Use Cisco Packet Tracer Step by Step?“.
Understanding NAT PAT in Networking ⇒ Video
To understand NAT PAT in networking, you can watch the video below. Also, you can subscribe to our YouTube channel…
What is NAT PAT in Networking? – PAT is widely used and is the most recommended method. The configuration you watch on the video best explains the PAT’s working logic.
If this article is helpful, send me feedback by commenting! Thanks in advance, take care of yourself!
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31 results for Information paper and Farm Energy Innovation Program (EEIG)
Solar pumping can help offset the cost of traditional irrigation fuels. The more often a pump is run, the greater the opportunity for savings from solar. Solar pumps are reliant exclusively on the sun to provide power and therefore operate only during daylight hours unless coupled with battery/storage systems. Solar pumps may be a good option for lower water volume and daytime irrigation systems. As yet, affordable solar technology is unable to supply sufficient power to pump enough water for large-scale flood irrigation.
Pump efficiency deteriorates over time, leading to energy wastage. Efficiency losses of between five and 15 per cent can occur after 10 years of operation. When pumps are maintained to restore efficiency close to its original point, significant energy savings can be achieved. Typically, a pump overhaul includes: replacement of wear rings, seals, bearings and if worn, the impeller; cleaning of internals; blast cleaning of externals; and applying new epoxy coating.
Irrigation pumps are typically over-specified at the design stage, resulting in significantly higher power consumption and operating costs. A pump is generally oversized when it is not operated at or within 20 percent of its best efficiency point (BEP), although it is normally considered acceptable if the duty point falls within 50 and 110 percent of the BEP flow rate. By replacing oversized pumps with smaller ones, energy and maintenance savings can be achieved due to lower power consumption requirements and less wear and tear.
The installation of variable speed drives (VSDs) on pumps can be an effective energy-saving measure. Lowering the speed of a motor by just 20 percent can produce an energy saving of up to 50 percent. Variable speed drives can be installed on all pumps, including those associated with HVAC systems. The VSD needs to be connected to a control signal and may also require installation of measurement devices or controllers, which typically are included in costing. The financial viability of installing a VSD depends on the motor application and operating hours. VSDs tend to be most economical when used on large pumps.
Manual control in grain drying operations with large variations in moisture often leads to significant overdrying or underdrying, and is highly inefficient from an energy point of view. Feedback-based automatic controllers can help to minimise energy consumption by controlling energy inputs more precisely to meet the needs of the product being processed. While preservation of grain quality is the primary benefit, energy savings of up to 20 percent can be achieved.
Leakage accounts for nearly one third of compressed-air energy consumption. A proactive leak repair and maintenance program should be followed for compressed-air systems. Applying repair and maintenance measures in a sustainable manner requires regular inspection and assessment of your system and engagement with equipment operators. The upside is that energy savings of up to 80 percent can be achieved.
Chilling and refrigeration can account for more than half of a farm’s energy use. Cold chain technology has improved markedly over the past decade and the range of opportunities for farmers to save energy has expanded. This fact sheet provides an outline of the energy-saving opportunities in cooling and refrigeration, and details areas in which upgrades can improve the quality of your produce and its farm-gate value.
Upgrading farm lighting equipment can achieve energy savings for relatively low investment and should be considered by most farm businesses. Reductions in lighting energy use of 82 percent can be made. Which specific solution best suit your needs will depends on a number of factors. Generally, retrofitting requires less up-front capital and is simpler, but installing a new system is more cost-effective in buildings that contain older equipment. Full replacement of your lighting can also be economical where improvements in technology have led to price reductions.
The main heating technologies used in poultry sheds are radiant and air heaters. Various factors need to be considered in determining the most effective and efficient technology for poultry sheds. Assuming similar combustion efficiencies within heaters, radiant and infra-red technologies will have inherently lower energy costs and may be 15 to 30 percent more efficient than brooder heaters. Alternative heating technologies, while less commonly used in poultry sheds than radiant and air heaters, may also be worth considering.
Mechanical ventilation can optimise the transfer of temperature and the removal of harmful gasses from poultry production facilities. Setting controls to regulate air exchange automatically will allow sheds to maintain desired temperatures with minimal loss of conditioned air. Reducing the loss of conditioned air within facilities enables the maintenance of optimal temperature without requiring as much energy for heating and cooling. | <urn:uuid:4f262ca1-d244-446f-b3a8-e8ba3ed3e1cf> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://aginnovators.org/information-papers/?f%5B0%5D=sm_field_project%3Anode%3A703 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812665.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20180219131951-20180219151951-00301.warc.gz | en | 0.934253 | 928 | 2.984375 | 3 |
At an impassioned and sometimes raucous public meeting last night, Independence National Historical Park unveiled the preliminary site design for its elaborate new setting for the Liberty Bell.
The design, shown to more than 200 who packed the auditorium of the African American Museum in Philadelphia, represents the park's effort to tell the intertwining story of freedom and slavery in America, in Philadelphia and in the very home of the nation's first president.
But if park officials and designers thought the evening would proceed with vocal appreciation for their efforts, they were wrong.
"You are missing a lot of history here," said Charles Blockson, curator of the Charles L. Blockson Afro American Collection at Temple University, citing names and stories of those enslaved by Washington.
At several points, others in the largely black audience accused park officials of duplicity and racism. There were questions about the funding for the $4.5 million design (there is none), about participation of African Americans in the process of design and construction, and about the language used to describe both those enslaved and those who did the enslaving.
Through it all, park officials appeared, by turns, glum, chalky-faced and frustrated. At the conclusion of the two-hour meeting, acting park superintendent Dennis Reidenbach said he appreciated the passion on display.
"It's all about us working together," he said. "This project must happen... . We want to work to make it happen."
The design focuses on the house where the country's first two presidents lived and conducted the nation's business, and where George Washington presided over a large household that included several enslaved Africans. John Adams, his successor, opposed slavery.
Their residence, the so-called Presidents' House or Executive Mansion, once situated near the southeast corner of Sixth and Market Streets, represented the heart of the executive branch of government during the 1790s.
If constructed as now conceived, the design would feature information about the house, the early presidency, Washington's enslaved Africans and white indentured servants, the larger world of Philadelphia's African Americans, and the institution of slavery itself.
All would be arrayed across a 12,000-square-foot area fronting Market Street, north of the new $12.6 million Liberty Bell pavilion, now under construction.
Michael Coard, a leader of Avenging the Ancestors Coalition, a group that has pushed for a slavery memorial at the site, urged those at the meeting not to "get sidetracked" by funding and other issues.
"Keep your eyes on the prize," he said. "The prize is a monument. The prize is a memorial. The prize is a commemorative installation."
"I am suspicious and cynical about anything as pejorative... as what I've heard tonight," said activist Reggie Bryant. "None of this [design] happened until there was great pressure applied... . The promises made here are tantamount to those made in the back seat at a drive-in movie."
The proposed design marks a radical turnaround for park officials. Only a year ago, they had no plans to discuss slavery at the Liberty Bell site or to commemorate the Presidents' House. But controversy broke out in March when it was reported that the new Liberty Bell pavilion would be located in the vicinity of Washington's slave quarters.
After considerable public debate, the Park Service agreed to rework the Liberty Bell exhibits so they would incorporate extensive discussion of slavery.
Congress then directed the Park Service to come up with an appropriate commemoration of Washington's slaves.
The new design was conceived the Olin Partnership of Philadelphia and Vincent Ciulla Design of Brooklyn. | <urn:uuid:f0cbc775-63d6-46db-84e7-7aaea0fb916d> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.ushistory.org/presidentshouse/news/inq011603.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770415.113/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00041-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965821 | 747 | 2.921875 | 3 |
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Last edited 07 Nov 2020
The Reichstag building is one of the most important historic buildings in Berlin, Germany, and one of its most popular tourist attractions. It serves as the meeting place of the German parliament, the Bundestag.
Construction of the original building was completed in 1894 and housed the Imperial Diet until 1933. In 1933, the building was set on fire in what was reported to be an arson attack by a Dutch communist, although many believe that it was orchestrated by the Nazis as a ‘false flag operation’, to enable Adolf Hitler to step up his state security operations and crack down on civil liberties.
During the Second World War, the Reichstag was badly damaged and it then fell into disuse. A partial refurbishment took place in the 1960s, but it was only after German reunification in 1990 that a full-scale reconstruction was proposed and eventually got underway, led by the British architect Norman Foster. It was completed in 1999, when it resumed its role as the meeting place of the Bundestag.
Design and construction
Prior to the 1871 unification of Germany, parliament had assembled in various smaller buildings around Berlin. An architectural competition for a single building was held in 1872. The site that was chosen was already occupied by the Raczynski Palace, owned by a Polish-Prussian aristocrat, who refused to sell his land. It wasn’t until 10 years later that the site was purchased and the palace demolished.
Another design competition was held in 1882, and was won by the architect Paul Wallot, who proposed a Neo-Baroque building adorned with decorative sculptures, reliefs, and inscriptions by the sculptor Otto Lessing. Construction took place between 1892 and 1894, and included a cupola of steel and glass that was heralded as a major engineering accomplishment, while the building as a whole drew criticism for its mixture of architectural styles.
The building was badly damaged by the fire of 1933 and subsequent bombing attacks during the Second World War. It became one of the central targets for the Russian Red Army during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. One of history’s most famous photographs ‘Raising a flag over the Reichstag’ was taken on the building’s roof on 2nd May 1945, symbolising the Russian victory over Germany.
After the war there were calls to demolish the building, and indeed the cupola was; however, a decision was made to try and restore the rest of the building. Paul Baumgarten won a design competition with plans involving the retention of only the outer walls, with a plain building inside that was stripped of all heraldic statues, monuments, and decorations that were representative of German mythology.
Reconstruction took place between 1961 and 1964.
Norman Foster reconstruction
After the reunification of Germany in 1990, a decision was made to undertake a drastic reconstruction of the building. In 1992, an architectural competition was won by Norman Foster with a design comprising a steel-and-glass canopy that would have covered the original structure ‘like an enormous table’. However, as budget realities began to set in, Foster was forced to reduce the scale and ambition of his design, reverting instead to a large glass dome.
The building was completely gutted, with everything being removed, including all of Baumgarten’s changes, other than the outer walls which were left intact. Traces of graffiti left by Soviet soldiers in 1945 were carefully retained. Foster’s design consolidated the functional spaces of the parliament back into a single building.
The clear glass dome includes a helical ramp around its outer edges leading to a public observation deck with a 360-degree view of the city. Skylights at the base of the cupola open into the parliamentary debating chamber directly below, allowing natural light in by way of an inverted cone of mirrored panels. This blocks direct sunlight which would cause solar gain and glare, and enables natural ventilation, exhausting hot air through the top of the cupola.
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ECA comments on low-carbon heating systems initiative and Heat and Buildings Strategy. | <urn:uuid:51740ec2-2b86-4e39-8360-124884e62910> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Reichstag_building | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588153.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027115745-20211027145745-00525.warc.gz | en | 0.977535 | 985 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Judge renews protected status for Yellowstone's grizzly bears
According to U.S. District Judge Donald Molloy, the grizzly bear's Yellowstone population is not quite as recovered as Bush administration officials thought when they stripped the animals of their Endangered Species Act protections in 2007. In a ruling delivered by Judge Molloy today, the protected status of the bears -- about 600 of them living within the confines of the park itself and in the surrounding area, including areas in Montana, Idaho and Wyoming -- was renewed, meaning that they will once again be considered a threatened population.
Among the reasons Molloy gave for reinstating the grizzlies' protected status was, interestingly, climate change. Grizzlies are omnivorous, and the Yellowstone population relies heavily on nuts from a tree called the whitebark pine for food. But, in large part due to climate change that has allowed pine-killing beetles to thrive, the number of whitebark pines in the area has declined sharply in recent years, according to the Associated Press. Forest fires have also put a damper on the growth of the whitebark pines. Another issue noted by Molloy in his ruling, our colleagues at the Greenspace blog report, was a system of monitoring the bears' numbers with which he found fault:
The judge said the monitoring program designed to maintain the bear population at more than 500 bears has no enforcement mechanism in case numbers decline.
"Even if the monitoring were enforceable, the monitoring itself does nothing to protect the grizzly bear population," the judge wrote. "Instead, there is only a promise of future, unenforceable actions. Promises of future, speculative action are not existing regulatory mechanisms," he said.
Environmental advocates, naturally, have expressed their approval of the ruling. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service declined to comment, offering a statement to the Associated Press through a spokesman. "We're going to take some time with this rule because it's so significant," Matt Kales told the AP. "This is obviously a pretty big policy matter for us. Our first and foremost concern remains with the status of the bear."
-- Lindsay Barnett
Photo: A grizzly forages for food in a meadow near Canyon Village in Yellowstone National Park. Credit: Los Angeles Times | <urn:uuid:eb88ce43-095d-4d49-b80d-1e14c5a67b83> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/unleashed/2009/09/yellowstones-grizzly-bears-still-threatened-us-district-court-judge-rules.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701167599.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193927-00214-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963028 | 470 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2013 to
Martin Karplus Université de Strasbourg, France and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
Michael Levitt Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Arieh Warshel University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
“for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems”
The computer — your Virgil in the world of atoms
Chemists used to create models of molecules using plastic balls and sticks. Today, the modelling is carried out in computers. In the 1970s, Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel laid the foundation for the powerful programs that are used to understand and predict chemical processes. Computer models mirroring real life have become crucial for most advances made in chemistry today.
Chemical reactions occur at lightning speed. In a fraction of a millisecond, electrons jump from one atomic nucleus to the other. Classical chemistry has a hard time keeping up; it is virtually impossible to experimentally map every little step in a chemical process. Aided by the methods now awarded with the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, scientists let computers unveil chemical processes, such as a catalyst’s purification of exhaust fumes or the photosynthesis in green leaves.
The work of Karplus, Levitt and Warshel is ground-breaking in that they managed to make Newton’s classical physics work side-by-side with the fundamentally different quantum physics. Previously, chemists had to choose to use either or. The strength of classical physics was that calculations were simple and could be used to model really large molecules. Its weakness, it offered no way to simulate chemical reactions. For that purpose, chemists instead had to use quantum physics. But such calculations required enormous computing power and could therefore only be carried out for small molecules.
This year’s Nobel Laureates in chemistry took the best from both worlds and devised methods that use both classical and quantum physics. For instance, in simulations of how a drug couples to its target protein in the body, the computer performs quantum theoretical calculations on those atoms in the target protein that interact with the drug. The rest of the large protein is simulated using less demanding classical physics.
Today the computer is just as important a tool for chemists as the test tube. Simulations are so realistic that they predict the outcome of traditional experiments.
Read more on this topic : Chemistry prize 2013
Courtesy: Nobel Prize official website | <urn:uuid:d821a27e-082f-4cb1-8d19-e04b48188889> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://graviton.co.in/2013/10/11/multiscale-models-for-complex-chemical-systems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423992.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722102800-20170722122800-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.925589 | 513 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Listen to radar echoes from satellites and meteors, live on listener-supported Space Weather Radio.
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NASA SPACECRAFT HITS THE MOON: There's a new crater on the Moon. NASA's LADEE spacecraft, on a mission since Sept. 2013 to study the lunar atmosphere, has crashed. The impact was deliberate. LADEE was near the end of its planned mission and the grazing impact gave researchers a chance to study "lunar air" very close to the Moon's surface: full story.
M7-CLASS SOLAR FLARE (UPDATED): Sunspot AR2036 erupted on April 18th at 1307 UT, producing a strong M7-class solar flare. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded the extreme ultraviolet flash:
An S1-class radiation storm is underway in the aftermath of the flare. However, this is a relatively minor storm which poses minimal threat to satellites and aircraft.
Of greater interest is a CME that emerged from the blast site. The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory recorded the storm cloud racing away from the sun at aproximately 800 km/s:
This CME could deliver a glancing blow to Earth's magnetic field on April 20-21. Two or three minor CMEs traveling ahead of this one are expected to arrive on April 19-20, and the combined impacts could generate geomagnetic activity throughout the weekend. NOAA forecasters put the odds of a geomagnetic storm at 55% on Saturday, increasing to 75% on Sunday. High-latitude sky watchers should be alert for auroras. Solar flare alerts: text, voice
Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
DRAGON SIGHTED: Chalking up another success for commercial spaceflight, SpaceX's Dragon cargo carrier is in orbit and en route to the International Space Station. The spacecraft launched atop a Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral on Friday, April 18th, at at 3:25 p.m. EDT. Shortly after the launch, observers across Europe watched the spacecraft sail through their darkening evening sky. Astrophotographer sends this movie from Paris, France:
The brightest dot in the movie is the Dragon itself. As for the other three objects, "I don't know what they are!" says Legault. "They are probably debris such as solar panel covers or the rocket cap. I would be interested to know."
Dragon will reach the ISS on Sunday, April 20th, at 7:14 am EDT. Using the space station's robotic arm, ISS Commander Koichi Wakata will take hold of the spacecraft and maneuver it to its docking port, where astronauts will begin to unload 2.5 tons of supplies and science experiments.
On its way to the ISS, SpaceX's Falcon rocket jettisoned five CubeSats. One of the satellites, PhoneSat 2.5, is the third in a series of CubeSat missions designed to use commercially available smartphone technology as part of a low-cost development effort to provide basic spacecraft capabilities. Another of the small satellites, SporeSat, is designed to help scientists study how plant cells sense gravity -- valuable research in the larger effort to grow plants in space.
Dragon is scheduled to depart the space station May 18th for a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean, west of Baja California, bringing from the space station nearly 3,500 pounds of science, hardware, crew supplies and spacewalk tools. Dragon's ability to return materials from space sets it apart from other cargo carriers that burn up upon re-entry.
Realtime Eclipse Photo Gallery
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Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.
On Apr. 17, 2014, the network reported 6 fireballs.
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs
) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones
all the time.
On April 19, 2014 there were potentially hazardous asteroids. Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on the date of closest approach.
| ||The official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| ||The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| ||Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| ||3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory |
| ||Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| ||from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| ||the underlying science of space weather | | <urn:uuid:ef75dd9b-9f99-40bf-bbe5-a39384621d05> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://spaceweather.com/archive.php?day=19&month=04&year=2014&view=view&PHPSESSID=fvlf5d199omvc64ptv2dtqgip5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989814.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20210513142421-20210513172421-00518.warc.gz | en | 0.913586 | 1,127 | 2.71875 | 3 |
We use while & as to talk about time, but the way we use them is different. For today’s English lesson, let’s have a look at the difference between while & as and see how you can use them in your English conversation.
Here are the example sentences:
Listen to the podcast or the check the transcript for the details
- As I stood up, I began to feel dizzy.
- As I opened the window, the air conditioner fell out.
- As I turned around to ask them to be quite, the man next to them scolded them.
- Just as he finished his speech, everyone stood and applauded loudly.
- Let’s all say “Happy Birthday” just as she walks in the room.
- Just as we pulled out of the drive way, I realized I had left my wallet on the kitchen table.
- While I was working, the phone rang many times. “During the time I was working….”
- While having dinner, I generally don’t watch TV.
- While I was traveling to the office, I decided to take a nap on the train.
If you know anyone who might be interested in this English language point, why not help them out! Just share this lesson with them. Thanks for studying today!
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Get yours now! | <urn:uuid:d9f744de-6a46-4c47-9a34-42e43c476e8a> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.myhappyenglish.com/202-as-vs-while-english-grammar-lesson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627997335.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190615202724-20190615224724-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.971378 | 308 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The purpose of the Migration Monitoring Program (MMP) at McGill Bird Observatory (MBO) is to obtain data on neotropical migrant and other landbird species, in a scientifically rigorous manner, in order to contribute to continent-wide efforts to monitor changes in population levels of these species.
Banding takes place at MBO throughout the year. The primary emphasis is on migration monitoring, from April through early June, and again from August through October, using a standard array of 16 mist nets. Banding efforts are supplemented by observations from along a standardized census route, and additional incidental sightings recorded throughout the site during the course of banding activites.
View our archives of weekly/monthly reports on banding activities since the beginning: | <urn:uuid:91b46e17-bbfa-4717-a6a0-2b37678493b4> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://www.oommbo.org/research/migration-monitoring/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257497.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524024253-20190524050253-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.945719 | 150 | 2.796875 | 3 |
How the uncertainty of words challenges interpretation and understanding
By Manfred Weidhorn
What separates human beings from animals is, obviously, reason and its concomitant, language. We rely on these to understand, and sometimes to master, the world. The scope of our success is shown by the fact that, though many beasts are physically stronger or faster than us, they are the ones behind bars. Yet reason and language clearly are defective; taming the beasts is merely one successful project out of many which are not so successful. Either the imprecision of words or the elusiveness of reality creates obstacles.
Imaginative writers have long wrestled with this problem. The late 17th-century scientific interest in a nascent symbolic logic that would diminish ambiguity prompted Swift in Book III of Gulliver's Travels to satirically describe a race of people who, for the sake of absolute clarity, eliminate language in favour of the things denominated. Carrying with them bags full of objects, these men converse by means of the items instead of words. Rather than calling a spade a spade, they exhibit it. This is an excellent device for the elimination of all confusion – until, that is, you want to talk about battleships or dialectical materialism.
The ambiguity and uncertainty of words is embarrassing when compared to the relative clarity to be found in mathematics and the hard sciences. These have usually only one correct answer, thus two plus two equals four, not five or minus three. By contrast, in almost all other fields where words dominate, especially in the humanities, there are multiple answers, which in effect often means no one dominating answer.
The rise of Theory in the last four decades has furthered our anxieties by showing in just how many ways literary texts can be treacherous. Just as overturning a rock brings to light all manner of worms and insects operating out of sight, Theory uncovered a complex network of unexamined assumptions made by those notorious Dead White European Men. These assumptions, for thousands of years passed off as Truth and shaping the Western canon, were now seen as social constructs, each the product of a particular time and place. In assigning the reader a place as important as the text in the determination of meaning, the proponents of the various interpretative theories were quite literally bringing Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle from the realm of particle physics to that of literary study: The observer impacts on and alters the observed text, which has no existence outside of the interpretation.
But even before the rise of Theory, there was the New Criticism. One of the main contributions of the New Criticism – a contribution that prepared the way for full-blown Theory – was to heighten awareness of the role of irony and ambiguity in the reading and interpretation of literary texts. The novel approach of the New Critics was to study ambiguity in literary texts in a systematic way. William Empson's Seven Types of Ambiguity in 1930 became a sort of bible or textbook – or perhaps also, some might say, a reductio ad absurdum. Confining himself to poetry, Empson (who was a New Critic malgre lui) ranged through the centuries and found (or fabricated) double and triple meanings, not always making clear when the ambiguity was intentional or unwitting. Preferring to present possibilities rather than to make categorical interpretations, Empson occasionally left the reader confused as to the import of some of his discoveries. Yet the book opened or greatly advanced a fruitful discussion and, 80 years later, still retains its allure. However, there remain classic cases which escaped his attention and which, in the spirit of his approach, deserve an airing. Here are a few:
A Word (or Two)
Sometimes the interpretation of a work may turn on one word. Its location at a critical juncture, or the weight it is made to bear, can be crucial. In Part Two of Swift's Gulliver's Travels, the protagonist and the King of Brobdingnag are in a protracted colloquy about the ways of Europe in general and of England in particular. Though Gulliver censors himself, enough incriminating information leaks out to enable the King to make a severe condemnation: "The bulk of your natives [is] the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth."
Much turns on the word "bulk". It can mean "as a whole, the whole lot", according to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), in which case Swift (insofar as the King speaks for him as an objective observer) is subscribing, as the good Christian he is, to the doctrine of Original Sin. But the OED also has a definition as "the greater part… the majority, the main body." In that case, Swift retains a smidgen of hope about the possible existence of a precious few souls who, like Cordelia in King Lear or the hypothetical righteous 10 men in Sodom and Gomorrah (according to the concession Abraham draws from God), would redeem the human species. Hence the reader is left with the question: Is Swift a complete pessimist or only a partial one?
A similar uncertainty resides in two very short words in Shakespeare's Macbeth. When Lady Macbeth goads her husband into committing murder, he hesitates, "If we should fail?" Her simple response is "We fail?" Her words may well be an exclamation of incredulity, as in "We fail? Don't be silly! It's out of the question; success is a sure thing." Given that the punctuation in the First Folio is, as Dr Johnson suggested, not carved in stone, one could argue that the question mark is more variable than it seems.
Without tampering with Shakespeare's words, a performer may replace it with a period or an exclamation mark. That would produce two other major interpretations. "We fail", period, would be an expression of resignation, the words spoken with a shrug and with face lowered, with stoic acceptance of the inevitable: "So be it!" Or "We fail!", words spoken with triumphalism and pride: "Having given it our best effort, we will go down swinging; we will depart with grandeur." What the elocution of the otherwise self-evident words of the text say about her personality impacts on all her other words and actions. Is Lady Macbeth a boisterous immoralist from the beginning, or a stoic soul, or someone who evolves? And the interpretation of her in turn affects the portrayal of her husband.
One of the most pervasive vices of writers is self-contradiction. Like strained backs among gardeners, it is a vocational affliction, for when one turns out thousands of pages, such lapses are unavoidable and forgivable. But that they appear even in the presumed word of God (or of divinely inspired men) may disturb some readers. Seeming inconsistencies have given theologians a career and Tom Paine a horse to flog. For those moderns who treat the Bible solely as a work of literature, the damage caused by self-contradiction involves more the question of how to read than of how to live.
Among the most important of these is the character of Jesus. In Luke 9:50, he says, "He that is not against us is for us." The speaker seems to be a tolerant, easy-going person, someone confident that most people, being merely apathetic, will eventually see the light. Yet a mere few pages later, he says, "He that is not with me is against me." Now he sounds intolerant, paranoid, pessimistic. Not only does he have overt enemies, but even apathetic persons are suspect; he seems to be a purist who proclaims that, in the great battle between good and evil, there can be no neutral bystanders.
These two readings of his personality appear contradictory: he could not have been both types of men at the same time. One way out is to suggest an evolution in character. But if that development is intended by Luke, it is poorly carried out, as the narrative skills needed to present a step by step nuanced change are missing. So we are left with an enigma.
One of the most contentious textual ambiguities in recent American history is, of course, the Second Amendment to the Constitution. "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." The phrase "A well… State," is technically a nominative absolute, a construction which leaves the grammatical connection to what follows unclear. Conservatives, rushing into the breach, are quick to conflate "militia" with "people" and imply that all people are potentially members of a militia. Liberals insist that the reach of the word "people" is limited by "militia" and refers only to people within a militia and not to the populace at large: Thus there is something like a causal connection between a "militia" and the right of its members to bear arms, while the rights of others – of non-militia people – are here not addressed.
The problem being insoluble because of the odd syntax, the reader must settle for agnosticism and modesty. These traits are obviously not evident on either side of the dispute because the discussion is hemmed in by ideology, which is but a rationalisation for emotion, for raw, naked power, for wilful assertion. That seems especially the case when one considers that the late conservative Chief Justice Warren Burger called the conservative interpretation "one of the greatest pieces of fraud".
One form of ambiguity is not in the original text but brought into being by the passage of time. Four classic examples are the interpretations of Falstaff, Malevolio, Shylock, and the Misanthrope, men whom the changing social environment turned into characters that would have puzzled the author. An intriguing case involves John Donne. Asked to write a commemorative poem about a girl from a prominent family who died young, he produced in 1611 An Anatomy of the World. In it, he followed the traditional Christian meditation form by devoting the first two thirds of the poem to a survey of the vanities of this world preparatory to turning to God in the remaining portion. As part of his pessimistic survey, he made use of his reading of the recently published Siderius Nuncius (Starry Messenger or Message). This heaven-altering and therefore earthshaking pamphlet by Galileo breathlessly announced (incorrectly, as it happens) the first use of the telescope on the sky. The resulting exciting discoveries about the moon, the Milky Way and Jupiter called into question some central cosmological ideas. As an intellectual, Donne understood right away the shocking consequences of the overthrow of a 2,000-year old tradition: "New philosophy calls all in doubt."
Scholars and critics in the first part of the 20th century who participated in the rediscovery of Donne saw his poetic technique as distinctively "modern". And being mainly non-believers, they tended to make him an early doubter like themselves. But saner heads prevailed and pointed out the ambiguity of the word "all". If it is an absolute – all inclusive – then Donne is indeed a modern skeptic. But nothing about Donne or his poetry allows for that interpretation. "All" merely refers to sublunary, terrestrial, manmade matters. Galileo's discoveries add to Donne's thesis of how little man really knows about this world. ("The sun is lost….All coherence gone.") It lengthens his list of the vanities of this world. Such metaphysical ignorance therefore provides him with a new reason to throw himself into the certainties of God, Christianity and the hereafter. Evoking the fideist viewpoint, the line actually is an additional argument in favor of religious faith, not at all against it.
Though Donne's lines in the Anatomy of the World turn out to be a vote of confidence in religion, the concept of doubt is not so easily dismissed. Donne may have had no hesitation about the Christian paradigm, but, being Christian, answered one set of questions while raising another set. So long as the Roman Catholic Church held sway as the one Christian faith, there was no epistemological problem. You were a Christian or you were an infidel. But once Luther's Reformation was able to gain traction and to endure, Europe was divided into two camps. The result was a military and a theological stalemate. The Bible now was interpreted in two different ways, and no test existed to ascertain which was the correct one. Nor did the problem cease there. Religions splinter. In the polemics between Catholics and Protestants, an argument made by the Catholic side was that the Protestant approach of having each individual read the Bible and find God there for himself would create anarchy. That judgment was mainly correct, as Protestantism soon broke up into numerous splinter groups.
So along came Donne, an inquiring, intellectual Christian unwilling to settle for unexamined assumptions. He faced a problem which any thoughtful Christian must face, even today: Which of the many branches, each dismissing the others as false versions of the faith, is the true Christianity? That post-Reformation quandary is the topic of Donne's Third Satire. It being an unanswerable question, the best solution he can come up with, after surveying the merits of the leading sects, is: "Doubt wisely." Such a succinct injunction is eminently sensible, indeed profound. As someone has said, one should have an open mind but not so open that the brain falls out. But the principle is hard to apply. What is wisdom in this case – ie. when is doubt called for? So here is one kind of ambiguity which involves questions that are not just unanswered but are unanswerable.
Many Christian rules of conduct – say, the prohibition of adultery – are relatively clear. Whether a platonic relationship or oral sex constitutes a violation of the rule is a marginal, technical matter which does not obfuscate the rule. But "doubt wisely" is an admonition that offers no handle, no contact with experience. It therefore has as much practical value as that standard stock market advice, "Buy low, sell high." As an explanation of how someone in the past succeeded financially, these four words are either brilliant or self-evident. As a prescription for action in the present or the future, however, they are nonsensical – and will remain so until someone discovers a magic formula for determining what is low and when is high. So then, in religious inquiry, when and how far are we to doubt? Actually, Donne seems to mean almost the reverse, "Believe tentatively" – in the spirit of Nietzsche's "Convictions are prisons." But the riddle of "when?" remains.
A generation later, another English literary giant faced another central Christian riddle. Is Jesus God, or the Son of God, or a member of the Trinity, or (like Achilles and some other Greek mythological figures) semi-divine, or a divinely inspired prophet, or just one very smart and insightful human being in a godless universe? For each theory there is a sect, a branch of Christianity.
In writing what he hoped would be the Christian epic, Milton sought to address all Christians by avoiding futile theological debates. So he resorted to a deliberate ambiguity in first describing Jesus in the opening lines of Paradise Lost as "one greater man". That phrase is an umbrella covering all the theories and offending no sect. If later in the narrative Jesus does things that may violate the theology of this or that group, Milton gambles that by then the reader, having been caught up in the story, will be less captious. The important thing was that the beginning of the work must not repel the Christian by pushing something doctrinal. The reader is thus left free to interpret that nebulous phrase in whatever way he prefers.
A special case of misreading has to do with the vagaries of the grapevine, with the products of the game or experiment known as "Telephone". Thus Lord Acton's famous saying, "Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely" is usually quoted as "power corrupts". Famous remarks are often misattributed or misquoted, and this one alteration seems to inflict no major injury on the original. But that is an incorrect perception. The consequences are indeed important.
If a virtuous young person, eager to repair the world and aware that that can best be done through the political process, hears only the misquotation, with its air of absoluteness, she would be inclined to skip politics out of a desire to retain her purity. But if she hears the actual quotation, with its making allowance for exceptions ("tends to"), she might take a chance on the basis that she would be one of the strong few who would be able to resist temptation and corruption.
Worse than a possibly inadvertent misquotation is the deliberate tampering with the text. One egregious example of an ambiguity not intended by the author/speaker but created by a later addition is in the Sermon on the Mount. Jesus said (Matthew 5:22): "Anyone who nurses anger against his brother must be brought to judgment" (New English Bible translation). But then the careful reader is arrested by an unobtrusive footnote: "Some witnesses insert 'without good cause'" – ie. after the word "brother".
This note, little known or commented on, causes cognitive dissonance. A note in the Interpreter's Bible brings us to the threshold of an uncomfortable conclusion: "'Without a cause' is not found in some of the best MSS and earliest fathers. It is a gloss which seriously weakens Jesus' teaching." "Seriously weakens" is an understatement. The difference between the two versions is like that between day and night. Delete the phrase "without good cause" and you have a pacifist position; include the phrase, and you proffer a loophole big enough through which to drive a crusader's army.
Human beings excel in convincing themselves, or at least others, that they act on a just cause. Even Lenin and Hitler, along with their followers, believed that they were acting altruistically for the greater good of the superior motherland (be it Slavic or Aryan) and ultimately of mankind. There is no atrocity that has not had a rationale which persuaded some people. "Without good cause" is therefore as slippery a slope as anyone ever encountered. That is why absolute pacifists are chary of allowing for any exceptions.
What did Jesus really mean? The way to an answer is provided by a prominent New Testament scholar who in effect elaborates the comment in the Interpreter's Bible: "Although the reading 'without good cause' is widespread from the second century onwards, it is much more likely that the word was added by copyists in order to soften the rigour of the precept, than omitted as unnecessary." This is nothing less than the scandal of Christianity: A central tenet of the faith is ambiguous. Whether Christians are to be pacifists, whether resorting to violence is ever legitimate, is left unclear by the textual muddle. This all-important moral issue remains an enigma at the heart of one of the world's great faiths.
An Entire Work
One kind of ambiguity involves the interpretation of an entire literary work. Consider this passage spoken by the mother in Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey Into Night. Because she is haunted by her conscience, she is urged by her husband to forget the past. She cries out: "How can I? The past is present, isn't it? It's the future, too… We all try to lie out of that but life won't let us."
The way one reads the passage determines the meaning of the play, but what is the reader or audience to make of it? Does the passage, like the person uttering it, stand as the moral centre of the play, or are they held at ironic distance? Are we to look up to the mother as courageously and accurately expressing the painful truth of our universal entrapment in the past, our lack of free will, our chronic lying, our addictions and distractions, and our sense that "hell is other people"? Is she then the spokesperson for the author, the choral commentator representing the norm and expressing the grim truth, the only one of the victims in the play who has insight and who, by holding a mirror to us, is sitting in judgment on us all?
Or, to make a drastically different reading, is her plight peculiar to her and her inferior type of person? Are we to have contempt for her cowardice, evasiveness and whining self-pity – her taking refuge in lies and inertia in lieu of her exercising her free will and taking charge of her life? Do we sit in judgment on her, rather than she on us? Using the other characters and the rest of the play, or the canon of O'Neill's works, either interpretation can be made plausible – but not definitive. Uncertainty has the last word.
The plasticity of meaning, the relevance of a text to unsuspected situations, can be found in connection with a late short story by Henry James, The Beast in the Jungle. It is about a man, John Marcher, who believes that he is marked out for some special destiny. He has the "sense of being kept for something rare and strange, possibly prodigious and terrible, that was sooner or later to happen."
The years pass as he waits in vain for that destiny to manifest itself. He befriends a woman to whom he confides his secret and who becomes his companion in watching and waiting. He is so preoccupied by his personal destiny that he has no emotional room for her. She eventually falls ill and dies. As he visits her gravesite, he has an epiphany: He suddenly realises that she herself was the one who could have played a special role in his life and that his missing that signal indeed made him someone special, after all. He was a man singularly fated to have nothing ever happen to him. "She was what he had missed… The fate he had been marked for he had met with a vengeance… He had been the man of his time, the man, to whom nothing on earth was to have happened. That was the rare stroke – that was his visitation… The escape would have been to love her; then, then he would have lived. She had lived – who could say now with what passion? – since she had loved him for himself; whereas he had never thought of her… but in the chill of his egotism and the light of her use."
This fascinating story is partly of its time and place and partly universal. The story is of its time in that, increasingly in the 19th century, various writers struggled with a new theme in literature: the anxiety of the unlived life. The universal can be seen in the way in which the vast majority of the world's population looks ahead to a transformative event. Orthodox Jews await the coming of Messiah; Christians, the Second Coming; Muslims, the Twelfth Imam; secular souls used to – and, in developing countries, still do – look ahead to The Revolution. Even individuals without a communal affiliation or ideology look ahead to winning the lottery. Our daily lives are apparently so dull, frustrating and petty that we are unable to adjust to the idea that that is all that life has to offer. So we live on in the hope that something spectacular will bring us to a higher level of experience.
James' story differs from all the other ambiguities here recounted in that the meaning of the story is crystal clear. What prompts its presence in this survey is its surprising resonance, its unexpected meaning. Suppose one applied that idea to the Jewish experience as interpreted by Christian thinkers. The Jews, very much like James' Marcher, acquired in antiquity the sense of being set apart for a special destiny. They were favoured by God to carry a heavier burden of morality and ritual than other people. Then misfortunes and misadventures followed, and they were deprived of both Temple and homeland. Scattered among the nations, they had to reinvent their history. Their destiny seemed to have become one involving exile and suffering, but by way of compensation they retained that sense of a special fate by adopting a new belief – in Messiah. He would come and end the Diaspora, rebuild the temple and usher in an age of justice.
Now, further comparison between what happened to Marcher and what happened to the Jews can be made, in view of Cardinal Newman's An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent:
The prophecies announced that the Messiah was to come at a definite time and place… [The Jews assert] that He did not come at all… The Jews… were right in their general interpretation of Scripture as far as it went, [but] they stopped short of the whole truth; nay even when their Messiah came, they could not recognise Him as the promised King.
Connecting a private, intimate story about overlooked love to a Biblical tale involving all of history and the whole universe may seem far-fetched, but it does show that what literature dramatises, be it ever so trivial or local, often has wider application in the broad realm of psychology than the author could know or aspire to. T.S. Eliot has written that, to a thinker, the reading of Spinoza and the smell of cooking cabbage are part of the same world. Literature offers an infinite number of entry points to the human condition, and like a vast maze or network, all are interconnected. The meaning of a story is thus ambiguous in the sense that it can shed light on all sorts of disparate matters which no one person, not even the author, would have thought to connect.
To see the world in a grain of sand, indeed.QLRS Vol. 10 No. 2 Apr 2011 | <urn:uuid:7b94fc87-c663-44e2-8547-df857d3171e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.qlrs.com/essay.asp?id=845 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804666.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118055757-20171118075757-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.967842 | 5,378 | 2.640625 | 3 |
As World War II entered its final stages the belligerent powers committed one heinous act after anotherRoundup: Talking About History
tags: atrocities, WW II
In a postbellum environment, far more war crimes are ultimately left untouched than are ever pursued in tribunals. This is particularly true if the victors commit the crimes against the vanquished. If that victor is a superpower, the difficulties involved in the pursuit of justice increase exponentially. As World War II entered its final stages the belligerent powers committed one heinous act after another: the Japanese military massacred civilians in Manila and murdered allied prisoners of war and slave laborers in an attempt to hide the evidence of their barbaric treatment, not to mention the ongoing acts of brutality in China. On the victors’ side, while the United States and Britain bombed German and Japanese cities and their civilian inhabitants into oblivion to “bring the war to a speedy end,” the Soviet Union was unleashing acts of vengeance on the German population. Fresh from victory over the Nazi regime and emboldened by favorable political developments in Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union turned its attention to Japan.
On August 8, 1945, after weeks of deflecting Japan’s requests to mediate a surrender to the United States and its allies, Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov presented Japanese Ambassador Sato with a declaration of war, thereby breaching the Neutrality Pact that remained in force between the two countries. The declaration stated that, “the Soviet Government decided to accept the proposition of the Allies and joined the [Potsdam] declaration of the Allied Powers of July 26….” Soviet acceptance of the Potsdam Proclamation meant recognition of the content of the Cairo Declaration of December 1943, which stated that the Allies “covet no gain for themselves and have no thought of territorial expansion.” Two years earlier, the Soviet government had also clearly expressed “agreement with the basic principles of” the Atlantic Charter, which stated that the signatories “seek no aggrandizement, territorial or other… [and] desire to see no territorial changes that do not accord with the freely expressed wishes of the peoples concerned.” The Soviet Union and the United States, between Yalta and the immediate postwar months, would fiercely negotiate territorial and other parameters of power centered on the distribution of territories including both the homeland and colonies of the defeated Japanese empire and the division of Korea into Northern and Southern zones.
Stalin’s promise to Roosevelt and Churchill to enter the war against Japan, long sought as a means to bring the war to a swift end and reduce allied casualties, manifested itself as Operation August Storm, the Soviet offensive in Manchuria, the Korean Peninsula, the island of Sakhalin and the Kuriles. “August Storm” can be divided into two phases. The first was the week from August 9 to 14 when Soviet forces swept aside demoralized Japanese defenders in Manchuria and Korea and moved south in Sakhalin over the border at the 50th parallel. The second was the two-week period from August 15 – the date when Japan formally accepted the Potsdam Proclamation – to September 2, when Japanese government representatives signed the instrument of surrender on board the U.S.S. Missouri. While the former period saw a short but effective Soviet campaign that dealt a body blow to the Kwantung Army, the latter saw a determined push to occupy the territories discussed at Yalta and the unleashing of acts that targeted not only the Japanese military but also the helpless civilian population.
Soviet and now Russian writers emphasize September 2 as the end of the War in the Far East, blurring the fact that the Soviet military advance and acts of brutality towards Japanese civilians occurred not only before, but also after the Emperor’s surrender broadcast on August 15. The most horrific Soviet atrocity committed in the days before Tokyo accepted the Potsdam Proclamation occurred near Gegenmiao in Manchuria on August 14 when a Soviet armored unit attacked approximately 1,500 Japanese civilians - mostly women and children. Survivor, Kawauchi Mitsuo, seven years old at the time, remembers the incident as follows 60 years later.
It’s known as the Gegenmiao Incident. It was a massacre at a place called Gegenmiao in Manchuria in which one thousand several hundred Japanese refugees were attacked by a Soviet armored unit. Over one thousand people were slaughtered. The tanks came after eleven in the morning, attacking as we fled from the fighting around Kou’angai. It was a crazy mix of sound from the tank engines and machine guns. Everyone was screaming as they ran to get away. Some people fell hit by bullets; others were crushed by tanks.
The indiscipline and depravity of the Red Army in Germany a few short months earlier was mirrored in Manchuria and Southern Sakhalin. Fueled by propagandists such as Ilya Ehrenburg, some of those same units that had raped and pillaged their way through East Prussia. Thoroughly dehumanized by their experiences on the Eastern Front, these units had transferred eastwards directly after the fall of Berlin. The youngest survivors of massacres in Manchuria become zanryu koji (orphans who were adopted by Chinese families and remained in China,) another tragic legacy of Japan’s failed attempt to create a continental empire.
Applying the brakes to the Soviet offensive after Japan accepted the Potsdam Proclamation on August 15 proved no easy matter. After some confusion among the Kwantung Army commanders over communication from Tokyo regarding Japan’s capitulation, General Yamada sent a telegram to Marshal Vasilevskii’s headquarters on August 17 offering a ceasefire, which was rejected. The next day, Yamada’s chief-of-staff flew to the First Far Eastern Front HQ to offer surrender, and on August 19 a surrender agreement was signed. In the interim, Soviet forces continued their advance through Manchuria in line with an August 18 order from Soviet Chief of Staff General Ivanov to ignore all ceasefire offers unless Japanese soldiers had already clearly surrendered and laid down their arms.
Early in the morning of August 18, Soviet forces landed on the island of Shimushu at the northern extreme of the Kurile chain. Faced with a sudden pre-dawn assault, the Japanese 91st Division on Shimushu defended its positions fiercely, only surrendering after five days of heavy fighting. Well over 1,000 Soviet troops, and half that number of Japanese, were killed in the last land battle of World War II.
On Sakhalin, Soviet forces moving southwards from August 10 encountered the Japanese 88th Division along the line of fortifications near the border with the Soviet sector of the island. The defenders’ objective was to buy time for civilians to flee by ship to Hokkaido. Six thousand residents of Maoka (now Kholmsk) on the western coast had already been evacuated when the Soviet attack commenced before dawn on August 20. Soviet warships entered the harbor, firing on the town and the 18,000 refugees waiting to be evacuated. Civilians were machine-gunned as they ran towards the hills in an attempt to escape the Soviet troops pouring off the warships. Japanese records suggest that approximately 1,000 people were killed that morning. After reporting the happenings of the previous few hours, the final message from the last of nine young telephonists at the exchange at Maoka, 22 year-old Itoh Chie, ended with these poignant words.
To everyone back in Naichi [Japanese mainland]…. To our friends at the Wakkanai Exchange... Soviet soldiers have just entered the building here in the Maoka Exchange. This will probably be the last message from Karafuto [Sakhalin]. The nine of us have stayed at our posts right through to the end, and it won’t be long before all nine of us will have departed for the next world.
The Soviet troops are coming closer. I can hear their footsteps getting nearer. Everyone in Wakkanai, sayonara, this is the end. To everyone in Naichi, sayonara, sayonara….
Moments later Itoh took cyanide.
After witnessing the massacre of civilians in Maoka, pockets of Japanese troops in the vicinity continued to resist until August 23. During that period some who had withdrawn from Maoka to nearby Arakaizawa were shot to death as they came forward to discuss surrender.
On August 22, one full week after Japan had surrendered, Soviet warplanes attacked Toyohara (now Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk). Despite the local authorities having set up a large white flag and a tent marked with a red cross in front of the railway station for the throng of refugees, five or six fragmentation bombs and approximately 20 incendiaries were dropped into the crowd, killing several hundred people.
Early in the morning that same day, reminiscent of the sinking of ships packed with fleeing German civilians in the Baltic Sea just months earlier, a “wolf pack” of three Soviet submarines (SHCH126, L12, L19) attacked the Japanese refugee transport ships the Dai-Ni Shinko-Maru, the Ogasawara-Maru and the Taito-Maru off Rumoi in western Hokkaido. As they floated in the water the survivors of the Ogasawara-Maru were strafed by fighter planes – only seventeen of the 750 people on board were rescued. The Dai-Ni Shinko-Maru limped into port but the other two ships sank with a loss of 1,708 people.
The Soviet Union completed the occupation of Sakhalin and Habomai - the southernmost island of what the Japanese call the Northern Territories - on September 5. Over the next two years, the Soviets repatriated all Japanese civilians and expelled the indigenous Sakhalin and Kurile Ainu as well as part of the Nivkhi and Uilta population. Not everyone, however, was repatriated. The Korean workers taken to Sakhalin by Japan in the period 1920-1945 on forced labor programs (kyosei renko) remained, consigned to equally harsh treatment under a new regime. The tragedy surrounding the repatriation of the 43,000 Korean laborers left behind on Sakhalin has created yet another painful conundrum in Japan’s postwar relations with its neighbors.
Almost 600,000 Japanese soldiers surrendered to Soviet forces in Manchuria, Sakhalin and the Kurile chain. Most were transported to labor camps in Siberia, where roughly 10 percent died in the following decade. Some of the Japanese POWs repatriated in 1956 had been captured in the large-scale border clashes at Nomonhan and Changkufeng in the late 1930s, all of this in violation of the Potsdam Proclamation, which Japan had accepted before surrendering. While Japanese acts of brutality towards Allied POWs rightly attracted outrage and punitive justice, following on from the violation of a neutrality pact and the refusal to honor a surrender, the Soviet use of Japanese POWs as slave labor in the immediate postwar era was Stalin’s third major contravention of the tenets of international law in the Far East to go unquestioned by any postwar tribunal.
Captured Japanese in a Soviet prison camp
Genuine vergangenheitsbewältigung – overcoming the legacy of the past – not only requires brave politicians, bureaucrats and academics to study and debate the past, but to be prepared to accept that wartime excesses and violations of international law were conducted by all parties. If we are ever to create a meaningful global human rights regime, crimes ranging from what might neatly be categorized as “collateral damage” to acts of outright barbarism must all be subject to the same scrutiny, whether committed by the victors or the vanquished. That principle of equality before the law was the core of the Nuremberg concept, one unfortunately that was honored in the breach with punishment restricted to the defeated Germans and Japanese.
Every year, the “Association of Bereaved Families from the Three Ships Incident” asks the Japanese government to request an apology from Russia for the killing of 1,708 people on the Ogasawara-Maru, the Taito-Maru and the Dai-Ni Shinko Maru in the days immediately following Japan’s surrender. Every year, the Japanese Foreign Ministry replies that they are waiting for a response from the Russian government about these incidents. The Putin administration seems as likely to respond to this request with contrition as it is to return the disputed islands.
For the Japanese government, dealing with war crimes committed against its citizens during the Pacific War (even those committed after the war) has little appeal. Sadly, the issue is complicated by the fact that memories lurk on the other side of the door to a collective repository - a kind of Pandora’s Box – in which everything is inextricably linked to the excesses of Japan’s own dark past.
Soviet Declaration of War Against Japan:
Statement released after the Cairo Conference: http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1943/431201b.html
Full text of the Atlantic Charter: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/atlantic.htm
In the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855, Sakhalin became a mutual possession of Japan and Russia, and the Kuriles were divided between Uruppu and Etorofu. This was followed in 1875 by the Treaty of St. Petersburg by which Japan gave up all claim to Sakhalin in return for all of the Kurile chain as far as Kamchatka. Japan took control of the southern 40 percent of Sakhalin through the Treaty of Portsmouth after victory over Russia in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The border was set at the 50th parallel. Japan therefore has no claim on Sakhalin but demands the return of what it terms the Northern Territories: the four islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan and the islets known as Habomai, none of which were ever possessed by Russia or the Soviet Union prior to their being seized by Soviet troops in 1945.
The Gegenmiao Incident is described by survivor, Kawauchi Mitsuo, on:
http://www.nishinippon.co.jp/news/2005/sengo60/sengo5/01.html Also see: Fujiwara Sakuya, “Manshu, Shokokumin no senki” (Kyoyo bunko #1561, publ. Shakai Shisosha, 1995). Yano Ichiya and Yan Ye-son, “Manshu Chinkon: Hikiage kara miru senchu/sengo” (Inpakuto Shuppankai, 2001).
Alfred de Zayas, Nemesis at Potsdam (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 2nd edition, 1979); and, Erich Kern (ed.), Verheimlichte Dokumente (Munich: FZ-Verlag, 1988).
Japanese Ministry of Health and Social Welfare records suggest that Japanese 26,000 soldiers and support personnel were killed in Manchuria during August 1945. In addition, more than 30,000 civilians perished and another 30,000 were never accounted for. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, “Zokuzoku – Hikiage-Engo no Kiroku” 1963, p. 187. See: http://home.s01.itscom.net/i-ioriya/sangeki.html for details of other Japanese works that refer to Gegenmiao and other similar incidents.
Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, Harvard University Press, 2005. p 254-257.
For the Russian side of the Battle of Shimushu see:
Details of the fate of the nine telephonists in Maoka can be found in Kawashima Yasuo’s “Kyuunin no Otome – Isshun no Natsu” (transl: Nine Young Women – A Moment in Summer) 2003, publ. by Kyobunsha, Sapporo. Description of the scene in Maoka on August 20, including eyewitness comment, can be found at:
http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~t_tajima/nenpyo-5/tizu-2.html For the original quote from one of Itoh Chie: http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~nippon/jogbd_h13/jog203.html
See http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~t_tajima/nenpyo-5/ad1945k.htm for a transcription of diary entries and letters describing of the incident at Arakaizawa, just outside Maoka, in which a group of emissaries led by a Lieutenant Murata of the 25th Infantry Regiment went forward to discuss surrender only to be fired on by Soviet troops. Only one survived.
Details of the bombing of refugees in the square in front of Toyohara Station can be found at: http://www2s.biglobe.ne.jp/~nippon/jogbd_h13/jog203.html
Most notably the Wilhelm Gustloff, General Steuben and the Goya.
Mainichi Shimbun, 1/10/92. “Shuusen 7-Nichigo no Saharin kara no Hinansen Gekichin wa Sorengun no Kougeki data Sensuikan Gyorai de” (trans: Soviets Sink Refugee-Ships From Sakhalin Sunk Seven Days After End of War – Torpedoes from Submarines) for details of Hata Ikuhiko’s research. Mainichi Shimbun, 28/3/96. “Kinkou kaku Sengo Shori – Kyuu-Soren no “Anbu” Akiraka ni – Karufuto Hinansen Gekichin Jiken” (trans: Balance Lacking in Handling of Legacy of The War – Dark Side of Former Soviet Union Revealed – Sinking of Refugee Ships from Karafuto) for the details of the Soviet submarines.
“Saigo no Nihonkai-Kaisen: Showa 20 8 Gatsu 22 Nichi, Hokkaido Rumoi Oki Sansen no Higeki” (transl: The Last Battle in the Japan Sea: August 22, 1945, The Tragedy of Three Ships off Rumoi) http://homepage2.nifty.com/abe-san/sakusaku/6_1.htm
Elena Bondarenko. Exploitation of Japanese POW labor in the USSR. In: Far Eastern Affairs, 1995. No. 1. pp. 72-85.
The Potsdam Proclamation states: (9) The Japanese military forces, after being completely disarmed, shall be permitted to return to their homes with the opportunity to lead peaceful and productive lives.
Dai-Ni Shinko Maru – a Q-Ship - scored a hit on the submarine’s conning tower when it surfaced to finish off the Japanese vessel. A large oil slick was reported directly after the submarine submerged. Also, the attached map is from Volume 5 of the History of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941-1945. (Soviet Ministry of Defense) To the bottom right of the map “Amur River Submarine Squadron combat action” is written in Russian to explain the arrow off the western coast of Hokkaido.
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- Robert Dallek: “The fish rots from the head”
- It’s Been 3 Decades Since There Were So Few Jobs for History Ph.D.s
- Former Berkeley Chancellor Nicholas Dirks returns to campus as a member of the history department
- Conservatives attack Garry Wills’s book on the Quran
- The Scholars Behind the Quest for Reparations | <urn:uuid:b14b7b16-f6f8-4c57-b45b-9275d85885ee> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/22336 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806070.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120145722-20171120165722-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.943761 | 4,217 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Practice your Tenses (present, past, and past participle)
Object of the Game: Working as a group, the students will correctly list all three tense forms of a verb the fastest. Doing this correctly will earn them a point. The group with the most points at the end, wins.
How to play: The students can determine which team member will start. However, for each round a different player must start. Then, once the verb is called out in English, the first student must write down the correct form of the called out verb in the target language in the present tense. When he or she is finished, he/she will pass the paper to the next student, who will write down the correct form of the past tense. When finished, he/she will pass the paper to the third member, who will write the correct form of the past participle.
Once all three forms have been written down, they may raise their hands to signal they are finished. If they have written down the correct forms the fastest, they receive one point. If not, the teacher moves on to the second fastest team and checks to see if they have correctly written down the proper verb forms for the three tenses. One point is awarded per round. (of course, you can do as you like)
Tips when playing:
-all six hands must be in the air in order for the team to be finished and ready to have their paper checked. If hands go up before the last member is done writing, they are disqualified for the round. Students catch on really quick to this.
-there is to be no talking, signing, code or anything else to be happening while students are writing. If one of the above occurs, the team is disqualified for the round.
-the teacher should check to make sure there are three different forms of handwriting on the paper.
-check to make sure other team members are not helping their team members by spelling the words on the desk.
-each group needs only one sheet of paper. Each player needs one pencil or pen. Nothing else should be on the desks!!
-next, have the students label across the top of their papers the three tenses you want them to practice. Then have them draw vertical line creating three columns.
-you can assign team names or team numbers, and you may want to assign a score keeper if you would like.
-then, explain to your students that there must be absolute silence during this game. If there is talking out of excitement, encouragement, or anything else, their group will be cancelled out for the round. | <urn:uuid:76ffa41c-abd1-4411-a445-ab6bace4e5eb> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://teachers.net/lessons/posts/2408.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657155816.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715035109-20200715065109-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.966686 | 534 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Ridge Zeller participates in the Autism Speaks Walk every October. As therapists, we meet many parents of children who have either recently been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder or who have been on the path for several years. We want to share some insights with you which we’ve learned over the many years we’ve worked with the children and families in the autism community.
Here are five things we want you to know:
- Your child’s successes are limitless. There are no “ceilings!”
- An autism diagnosis will not define your child.
- “Nonverbal” does not mean incompetence or lack of intelligence. Language is not just verbal. There are so many ways children try and do communicate with us: Gestures, augmentative/alternative communication means, forehead-to-forehead moments, etc.
- Little “quirks” your child may have are so much more than behaviors. In fact, they can be comforting in stressful environments or situations. For example, stimming can be an important coping mechanism. Counting, lining things up, putting Legos on the floor to step on for sensory input, or holding the same toys throughout an activity or the day may be calming to your child.
- Your child teaches us about the world in unique and different ways. Each child has a story to tell and a challenge to be tackled, and it’s so exciting that we can do it together!
Thank you for sharing your child with us. We look forward to a fantastic journey.
By Erin Robertson, B.S., SLPA | <urn:uuid:9f55ec1f-bc82-4e52-8fac-ae2bf5d51c8f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.ridgezellertherapy.com/five-things-your-therapist-wants-you-to-know-about-autism-spectrum-disorder/resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371861991.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409154025-20200409184525-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.942518 | 333 | 2.546875 | 3 |
A chocolatier makes chocolate art. They create the beautiful and delicious treats you can buy at chocolate shops, cafes, bakeries, restaurants, or other culinary outlets.
Chocolatiers strive to produce aesthetically appealing designs when manufacturing chocolate. They pay equal attention to the item’s flavour and appearance. To become a great chocolatier it requires training in a chocolate workshop or culinary school. It helps to have experience in other positions like being a pastry chef or confectionery chef.
What Does A Chocolatier Do?
Chocolatiers make chocolate confectioneries, which usually comprise a variety of sweets and desserts. They may also create chocolate sculptures and centrepieces for special weddings and other large parties.
Chocolatiers spend most of their time making chocolate products for their workplace or private clientele. A Chocolatier who works in a bakery or restaurant may be required to produce various things each day to offer clients.
Chocolatiers make chocolate truffles, bars, bonbons, and various other delicacies. After tempering, the chocolate is shaped or sculpted. Chocolatiers can additionally embellish and offer the confectionary item with different components.
Temper to Achieve Specific Characteristics in Chocolate
Chocolatiers master the art of mixing creativity with flavour. They often use a process called tempering. Tempering changes the consistency and sheen of chocolate by heating and chilling it. The cocoa butter crystallizes while the chocolate is cooked. The chocolate becomes more brittle as it cools.
The temperature used to heat the chocolate can make it softer, tougher, duller, or shinier. At Maleny Chocolate Factory we offer 2 hour classes teaching you how to do this at home and then create your own chocolate pralines and shapes.
After tempering, the chocolate is shaped or sculpted. Chocolatiers can create unique designs by carving the chocolate by hand or by using molds.
Molds can be used to pour the heated chocolate into a specific shape. The liquid chocolate is allowed to then set before being removed.
Come See Us
Chocolatiers require patience, particularly while tempering chocolate or allowing chocolate to solidify in a mould. You should need to be very creative since you will be needed to generate unique designs regularly. Come to Maleny Chocolate Factory at 43 Maple St, a chocolate company in Maleny, to get your daily dose of fresh chocolate. Watch the chocolates being manufactured at our factory and then pick up some amazing treats in the factory outlet café to take home. Visit us today! | <urn:uuid:17245348-4c67-4685-8df3-63330a32ff66> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://malenychocolate.co/blog/what-is-chocolatier/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334579.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925132046-20220925162046-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.911917 | 535 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Air Force navigators and bombardiers have long labored under the shadow of pilots—their contributions undervalued, misunderstood, or simply unknown to the general public. This was especially the case with the non-pilot officer aircrew in the Vietnam and Cold War-era B-52 Stratofortress. Of the six people who operated the bomber, three wore navigator wings—two of those men were also bombardiers, the other an electronic warfare officer. It is no exaggeration to say that without the navigator-bombardiers in particular, executing the nuclear war strike plan or flying Southeast Asian conventional bombing sorties would have been impossible. This book reveals who these fellows were and what they did down in the “Black Hole,” the story told by one of their own.
Chapter One thrusts the reader into the thick of the Vietnam War’s climactic 1972 Hanoi Christmas bombing, an operation so poorly planned, it nearly became an epic disaster. Beginning with Chapter Two, the narrative flashes back to the origins of air delivered ordnance beginning with the first “bombards” of fourteenth-century Europe. Following chapters explore the science of navigation, trace the development of optical and radar bomb aiming techniques, discuss air instrumentation breakthroughs, explain the evolution of bomber aircraft, recount the 1940 creation of dedicated “navigators” and “ bombardiers,” and then focus in depth on the Vietnam-era B-52. The final chapters return the reader to the “eleven-day Christmas war” over Hanoi and Haiphong, an insiders narrative of the conflict’s defining battle and likely the last the world will ever see of massed, heavy bomber raids. The final chapter brings readers up-to-date on the twenty-first century B-52 and its capabilities. An Afterword offers reflections on the Vietnam War in general, and Operation Linebacker in particular, from the perspective of B-52 aircrewmen.
Introduction/Prologue -- Pages 1-6 Introduces the author, why the book was written, the B-52 and its aircrew, and explains the book title.
“Operation Linebacker Two--The First Day”--Pages 7-16 Readers enter the story with the action at full throttle. It is December 18, 1972 and 129 B-52 Stratofortresses are making ready to attack Hanoi. But SAC’s battle tactics are so incredibly incompetent, the crews launch with great trepidation over what’s about to transpire.
“A Booming Sound”--Pages 17-24 The story flashes back to the first effective use of “bombing,” which came at the Battle of Crecy in 1346. The evolution of ground based cannon to air delivered bombs is briefly explored. Beginning with World War One, readers learn how the new flying machines were turned into aerial bombardment vehicles, followed by a very brief survey of American bombers through the post-World War Two era.
“The Big Ugly Feller”--Pages 25-32 The how, when, and where of the B-52’s conception is explored, plus insights into its peculiar characteristics. Thumbnail sketches of the crew’s responsibilities are related, along with a discussion of the “Buf/BUFF” nickname origins.
“LeMay”--Pages 33-40 A biographical narrative of General LeMay and his role in creating the legendary Strategic Air Command, including a number of revealing anecdotes about the famous bomber commander.
“Early Navigators and Bomb Aimers”--Pages 41-59 Explores how the science of navigation was discovered and developed over the centuries. Considerable attention is given to early bomb sights and instrumentation breakthroughs following World War One, and then comes a fairly detailed account of events leading up to the 1940 “birth” of the formal navigator and bombardier non-pilot officer aircrew positions.
“Training the Cold War Magellan”--Pages 60-70 Readers find out where SAC’s flying officers came from in the 1950s and 60s and discover the nature of navigator training in the new jet/Cold War age.
“Stratofortress Bombardier Training”--Pages 71-77 The training of SAC bombardiers, from among those individuals selected after receiving their navigator wings. B-52 Black Holers had to be cross-trained.
“Welcome To The Big Leagues”--Pages 78-86 Graduates of the navigator and bombardier schools received their B-52 “type ratings” at Castle Air Force Base, California.
“Getting SAC’emcised”--Pages 87-106 The specifics of joining the Strategic Air Command, learning the airplane and the Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP) strike plan in great detail, and becoming a certified B-52 Combat Crewman, qualified to fly airborne or stand ground nuclear Alert.
“Turning On The Arc Light”--Pages 107-122 The Vietnam War turned a Cold War “Peace is our Profession” nuclear SAC into a conventional bombing air force. In 1965, the B-52s began combat in Southeast Asia under the auspices of Operation Arc Light. The campaign continued for a brutally long eight years. Readers learn of the inner workings of the operation, and of the toll the war took on the B-52D cadre wings, the only model Stratofortress used for most of the war.
“First Combat Mission”--Pages 123-153 A detailed narrative of a hypothetical D model bomber crew flying their first combat mission. Increasing amounts of technical information are allowed to flow into the discussion (carefully avoiding excessive or unexplained jargon), building on the reader’s growing knowledge base begun in previous chapters. It is intended throughout the work to gradually bring the reader to a certain level of competence regarding the bomber’s capability and how the men operated it. This will be especially enriching during the final chapters when the Linebacker battles are described.
“The Southeast Asian War Games”--Pages 154-168 A chronological discussion of the war from the perspective of the B-52s, with considerable attention given to major battles the Stratofortress was engaged in. Comment is made regarding the irony of the strategic bombers fighting a tactical ground support war in South Vietnam, while the fighter-bombers of Tactical Air Command were engaged in a strategic bombing campaign in North Vietnam. This chapter follows the war up to 1972, when President Nixon initiated Operations Linebacker One and Two.
“Back To SAC”--Pages 169-180 The D model B-52 cadre crews were on an almost ‘permanent’ temporary duty (TDY) combat rotation schedule--six months in Southeast Asia, six months back to Stateside SAC, then overseas again for another six months. This chapter also goes into some detail about nuclear Pad Alert and Positive Control procedures.
“Won’t Somebody Please Turn Out The Arc Light?” -- Pages 181-200 The always agonizing return to SEA, especially as the war-without-end continued to drag on. Divorce rates soared and morale kept sinking. As a defense, the crews coped by way of a certain determined resignation and dark humor; Heller’s novel, Catch-22, became quite popular. But by the winter of 1971-72, everybody was just hanging on. Then came the 1972 Easter Offensive and the war again turned white-hot. The B-52 force in Asia was beefed up to its highest levels ever.
“December 18/19, 1972--Linebacker Two's First Day”--Pages 201-209 The story line picks up where it left off at the end of Chapter One, with 129 bombers attacking Hanoi. There are more losses than SAC expected, the fighting fierce. However, due to the long lead times and underlying fear a change in tactics would cause greater problems than it’d solve, the Day Two attacks are ordered ahead as originally planned. The bombers are lucky on Day Two and only two B-52s receive damage. SAC heaves a sigh of relief. Day Three, using exactly the same predictable tactics as the first two days, is ordered a go.
“The Third Day”--Pages 210-231 The Third Day is a disaster, with six B-52s shot down and one heavily damaged out of 99 bombers. SAC now accepts they have committed grave blunders, putting the entire operation at risk--and along with it Nixon’s strategy for ending the war. Yet, it is so very hard, with the long lead times, planning inertia, and great distances involved, to change the tactics. For example, even before all the Day Three bombers land, the first of the Day Four bombers must takeoff. Great consternation and on-the-fly adjustments continue throughout Days Four, Five, Six, and Seven. Almost mercifully, the Christmas pause comes, and SAC gets a thirty-six hour reprieve to pull its act together.
“Getting Smart . . . And Finishing Them Off”--Pages 232-238 The Eighth Day raid, made up of 120 B-52s, is a stunning success. The change of tactics plus the experience gained in the first seven days pays off handsomely. Day Nine is a repeat of Eight, with the same good results. By Day Ten, the North Vietnamese are in deep trouble, and running out of surface-to- air missiles. During the Day Eleven raid, which is almost unopposed, North Vietnam signals Nixon they are ready to return to the Paris Peace Talks. Nixon orders Operation Linebacker Two stood down before the last bomber lands.
“The 21st Century Buf/BUFF”--Pages 239-250 The nuclear bomber fleet returns to the Cold War. This chapter brings readers up to date on today’s B-52H model and its capabilities. Speculation is also made about the future of the B-52, which may have its operational life extended until 2040. There is a discussion of Middle East actions and the B-52s role in the War on Terror. Navigators and bombardiers are replaced by Combat Systems Operators in 2004, marking the end of an era.Afterword--Pages 251-258 Operation Linebacker Two is deemed largely responsible for the signing of the Paris Peace Accords on January 27, 1973, the subsequent return of the American POWs, and an end to America's involvement in the war. Reflections on the conflict, including a critique of the Linebacker battle tactics, are offered from the vantage point of B-52 aircrewmen.
End Notes -- Pages 263-280
Acronyms -- Pages 281-286
Bibliography --Pages 287-292
Index -- Pages 293-301 | <urn:uuid:d72c9292-3898-4b33-82a7-d4be3663ad28> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | http://robertoharder.com/black_hole.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202484.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321030925-20190321052925-00097.warc.gz | en | 0.909266 | 2,272 | 2.8125 | 3 |
obese is a major health risk. Obesity can cause many complications including,
but not limited to:
- Hypertension or high blood pressure
- Dyslipidemia -– An abnormal concentration of fat in the bloodstream.
- Type 2 diabetes – Insulin resistant diabetes
- Coronary heart disease – The buildup of plaques in the main arteries of the heart.
- Stroke – The blockage of blood flow to the brain
- Gallbladder Disease – Can cause nausea and fever, caused by gallstones.
- Sleep Apnea – Problems breathing during sleep.
- Respiratory Problems
it is possible to develop these health problems without being obese,
obesity raises the likelihood of their development dramatically. Many
of these conditions can lead to disability, or even death.
isn't a coincidence that Latinos have the second highest rate for
obesity, and are also disproportionately affected by heart disease and | <urn:uuid:3de42333-014c-4ed2-b175-d3a5c1eac20c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.asu.edu/courses/css335/da_whybad.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00096-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891481 | 192 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Encourage, Strengthen, Focus
Expressing the love of God by practicing the ministry of presence, building meaningful relationships, loving without hurting, and working/partnering to disciple the lost.
NATIVE AMERICAN MINISTRIES
The ministries of the Church of God among Native Americans started when, as David Telfer, in his book Red & Yellow, Black & White & Brown, writes, “God’s Spirit broke through in an amazing way in leading the Church of God reformation movement to begin evangelizing in Native American communities in 1939. Amazingly, on the same Sunday in March 1939, the first Native American worship services were held on two reservations, twelve hundred miles apart: on the Tulalip Reservation in northwestern Washington State and the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. Later during that year, the Spirit of God led the beginning of a Church of God ministry among the Cherokee Tribe in Oklahoma.”
Across all the mission sites, there is a long list of faithful workers. Noted here are those who began the work at each of the sites.
MORE ABOUT THE HISTORY
Tulalip Reservation, Washington
The pioneer of the Tulalip ministry was J. Frank Shaw. The work began on land leased by Rollo Maulsby, who had invited Shaw to come and see the needs of the people and consider starting a church. The response of the of the Native American people was slow, and they were reluctant to accept invitations from the church. After several months, a revival was held that resulted in twenty-seven conversions. Shortly afterward, a baptismal service was held in the cold water of a nearby stream fed by melted snow from Mount Pilchuck.
The Shaws left the Tulalip congregation in 1943 “to launch a new Native American congregation in Toppenish, Washington.” Leland Harriman took over the pastoral care of the Tulalip congregation. Then in 1947, Adam and Marge Williams continued the work at Tulalip. Adam was a member of the Swinomish Tribe. In 1978, Adam passed away and Marge faithfully continued his work.
Through the influence of J. Frank Shaw, another mission was started in Celilo, Oregon. Several students from Pacific Bible College (now Warner Pacific University), including Boyd Kole, assisted with the mission program in Celilo. This mission closed in 1958.
Wounded Knee, South Dakota
The Wounded Knee mission began in the house of Robert Fast Horse’s home near Porcupine Butte. A group of students from Gordon Bible School, an institution sponsored by the Gordon, Nebraska, Church of God, led a prayer service at the Fast Horse Home and were invited to return. Mr. and Mrs. Earl Morey led the students, who conducted services for more than a year.
The first pastor of the Church of God ministry on the Pine Ridge Reservation was Herbert Peterson, who served from 1940 to 1948. During his ministry, Wounded Knee was selected as the location for a building, and an existing building was moved to the church property.
From the Wounded Knee Church, three other Church of God congregations have been established, serving the Sioux people who have moved off the reservation, in Gordon, Alliance, and Scottsbluff, Nebraska.
The following are dates of the founding of these missions:
- Gordon Indian Mission—1947
- Alliance Indian Mission—1951
- North Platte Indian Mission (now Intercultural Chapel) Scottsbluff—1955
Another Lakota (Sioux) mission began in Allen, South Dakota in 1962. Ivyl Salisbury, a layman, was the first to minister here.
Another Native American Mission began in 1939 among the Cherokee in Oklahoma by Wiley and LaVaughn Hall. This started in Park Hill near Muskogee.
In 1943, Native American Ministries opened a new work in Tulalip, Idaho, among the Nez Perce Indians. This work was started by James and Elmina Kole.
Crow Agency, Billings, Montana
In 1945, A. J. Stewart, who was pastoring close by in Billings, felt the need to evangelize on the Crow Reservation.
Klagetoh Shelter Mission, Klagetoh, Arizona
Leroy Falling, a member of the Cherokee Tribe, played an important role in Native American Ministries. He had “a distinguished career with the Bureau of Indian Affairs…In the early 1960s while serving as principal of a school on the Navajo Reservation in Arizona, he contacted Bahe Woodman, a gifted Navajo leader and a man of great spiritual qualities who had become a Christian.” A mission was started at Klagetoh, and Bahe became the pastor. Now his children Ron Woodman and Maureen Woodman continue the work.
In 1979, Fred Mamaloff left the work at the Crow Agency, Montana, to return to Alaska to evangelize the Native Americans and Eskimos in Anchorage.
First Chief of the American Indian Council for the Church of God
The American Indian Council is experiencing a regeneration of sorts with the restart under Global Strategy within the Church of God Ministries family. There is a renewed interest in the great needs of the Native American people. We thank God for this new spirit of cooperation and interest towards revitalization.
As we seek to reimagine and restart our ministries, we are in great need of internships from our colleges and universities at all our mission sites. We are in need of identifying and training youth leaders at each mission site and organizing local training programs to prepare these potential leaders for service to our congregations.
We would like to also extend an invitation to any Native American in our churches across the United States to get involved in this needy ministry as it struggles with the plight of its peoples.
We call on all believers and congregations to unite with us in supporting the existing work and finding new missionaries and pastors/leaders/trainers who can come alongside us to develop the work further. We are in great need of financial support. Your accepting of this call will do much to further the kingdom of God among the Native Americans. May God bless you as you consider this vital call to partnership.
—Maureen Woodman, first chief of the American Indian Council of the Church of God
Ministry Alongside Native Americans
The ministries of the Church of God to the Native American reservations have been a work in progress for many years. It seeks to reach Native Americans in Arizona, Nebraska, South Dakota, Idaho, and Washington. Faced with unusually high rates of domestic abuse, unemployment, suicide, and hopelessness, these ministries are in great need of support.
In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in this vital ministry. Walking alongside the American Indian Council of the Church of God, overseen by First Chief Maureen Woodman, Global Strategy is working to revitalize this aspect of missions within the Church of God.
The American Indian Council and Global Strategy of Church of God Ministries both have a deep concern and commitment to seeing the work among Native Americans on these reservations revitalized. It is urgent that the Church of God know and partner with specific Global Strategy missionaries and Native American leaders to enable them walk alongside these Native Americans so that Jesus is the subject of their lives. This is accomplished by living alongside them, proclaiming and demonstrating the love of Christ among them faithfully and regularly.
The 2015 mission statement of the American Indian Council (AIC) states this well: “Expressing the love of God by practicing the ministry of presence, building meaningful relationships, loving without hurting, working and partnering to disciple the lost.”
Please pray that the leadership of the AIC and Global Strategy will effectively work together to develop Christ-centered leaders and workers to do God’s will on the reservations. Also, be in prayer that new Native American leaders will hear the call of God to serve in this work. In addition to these two very important needs, pray that Global Strategy missionaries, council leaders, and Native American leaders will find a spirit of cooperation and respect for each other and for the cultural differences among us. Pray that we can find systems and programs that are effective and can be replicated throughout the work.
STANLEY & SYLVIA HOLLOW HORN
Stanley & Sylvia Hollow Horn
Wounded Knee Church of God, Wounded Knee South Dakota
Pine Ridge Indian Reservation is located in southwest South Dakota and is home to the Oglala Lakota Native Americans. About 35,000 people live on the Pine Ridge Reservation, which is the size of the state of Connecticut. Pine Ridge is one of the poorest places in the United States. Around 90 percent of those on the reservation live below the poverty line, the unemployment rate is about 85 percent, some 15 to 20 people commonly live in homes built for families of six, the high school dropout rate is 70 percent, the infant mortality rate is 300 percent higher than the national average, and the life expectancy of men is between 42 and 45; for women, 52. Those are the lowest life expectancies in the western hemisphere. Furthermore, the teen suicide rate is four times the national average. Between Christmas 2014 and August 2015, more than 15 children between the ages of…
…of 12 and 19 committed suicide.
The community of Wounded Knee is in the middle of the Pine Ridge Reservation, and is in the Wounded Knee district. The Wounded Knee community has about 60 homes and 500 residents. Within the community there is the Church of God, an Episcopal Church that meets every other Sunday, the Post Office, and a Head Start building. Residents have to drive over eight miles to reach the closest convenience store and over fifteen miles to reach the closest gas station.
In 1890, the Wounded Knee Massacre took place. The 7th Cavalry of the United States Army killed between 150 and 300 unarmed Lakota men, women, and children who were being held under the white flag of surrender. The mass grave where the people were buried is within walking distance of the church property. In 1973, the American Indian Movement, a militant Native American civil rights group, took hostage the town and area of Wounded Knee as a protest of the way the Lakota people were being treated by their tribal government. The church has bullet holes in the ceiling from the volleying back and forth between AIM and the FBI.
The Wounded Knee Church of God has been ministering to the Wounded Knee community and the Wounded Knee District since the late 1940s. The church was started by a group of students from the Church of God in Gordon, Nebraska. The senior pastor is Stanley Hollow Horn, a registered member of the Oglala Lakota tribe. He has been serving at Wounded Knee Church of God since 2002.
Average church attendance is between 15 and 30. The children’s Sunday School meets during the sermon, and there are between 5 and 15 children who attend regularly. There are also Wednesday night adult Bible studies, and attendance is growing between the men and women’s groups. The church has a small food pantry, and offers emergency food assistance when needed by community members.
During the summer, the church hosts work teams from across the country and across denominational lines. Many of the groups offer activities for the whole family. In the summer of 2016, the church had seven weeks of Bible school, with an average of 50 children attending each day. One day, about 70 children were in attendance. Most work teams also offer adult groups for men and women and evening meals for the community. Our annual community carnival had over 250 people in attendance.
The current church building is shaped like a tipi and was built in 1967. A Fellowship Hall was added to the property in 2007 and, in the summer of 2015, an addition was added to the fellowship hall to serve as a Sunday school classroom. Volunteer groups from churches from across the country built all the buildings on the property.
AT A GLANCE
- Average weekly attendance: 25—13 adults, 12 children; adult Bible study—4.
- Needs: Amazon Wish List (http://a.co/bkWAyIu) includes Sunday School materials, Bibles, and cleaning supplies.
- Summer Numbers: Bible School 2016: Seven weeks of Bible School and average attendance 50, up to 70 children, ages 3–13.
- Two Community Carnivals: 250+ people at each Summer adult studies—Average 15 women, 10 men.
- Work Camps 2016: About 250 volunteers from across the country.
Don & Pat Mink
Linda Abold, Don & Pat Mink
Alliance Indian Mission, Alliance, Nebraska
During World War II, the army had an airbase in Alliance, Nebraska. Workers were needed for many civilian jobs, so trucks were taken to the Pine Ridge and Rosebud Reservations to bring Native American families to do some of those jobs. After the war was over, about eight of those families remained in Alliance. At that time, all Indians had to live in a four-block square area south of the railroad underpass. The Indian Mission Church of God in Alliance began as a result of Rev. Earl Bailey realizing that injustices in the Alliance community needed to be addressed. A gathering place was needed, and it was decided that what was needed was a church. A permit was obtained in 1952, and the building was completed in 1954. Today they are ministering to needy people in Alliance and on the reservations. Even though the target group of the ministry is Native American, we also work with many other people who need to hear the message of salvation…
Rev. Don and Pat Mink serve at this vital work at Alliance Indian Mission. They arrived “the last day of 1979.” These 37 years has been what Brother Mink calls a “ministry of presence.” He is very well known among the Lakota (Sioux) Indians. He ministers to them by addressing primarily their day to day needs. As a result, he is deeply respected.
Rev. Linda Abold (husband Butch) serves as the associate at Alliance and has worked with Don Mink since 1992. Before that Linda and Butch served at Wounded Knee from 1981 to 1990.
AT A GLANCE
- Sunday Services average: 30.
- Sunday School has experienced a restart of sorts with the dedication of two Native American ladies last year who wanted to help with the children. Please be in prayer for them!
This multi-ethnic (Native Americans, Anglo) congregation is on the Tulalip Reservation in Seattle, Washington. This congregation has a food bank, which feeds approximately 14,000 people. They also are home to the local AA group.
Please be in prayer for this congregation as they minister to the needs of the Native American on this reservation and as they seek new pastoral leadership. Pray also to see how you might partner with them…
AT A GLANCE
- The work at Tulalip Reservation in Washington has an average attendance of 24. It’s a multicultural church with Native Americans and Anglo believers.
- They have a food pantry that feeds 14,000 people.
- They host the local AA group.
Sherman & Kay Critser
Sherman and Kay Critser
Intercultural Chapel, Scottsbluff, Nebraska
As early as 1953, Rev. Earl Bailey studied the movements of Native Americans to Scottsbluff. That year meetings began in the home of Robert Hawk. In the fall of 1954. Rev. and Mrs. Earl Bailey moved to Scottsbluff to help establish the Platte Valley Indian Chapel. By January of 1956, the Chapel began meeting in the basement of the parsonage. The youth center was dedicated in March 1963, where the church moved until the actual church building could be built.
Scottsbluff dedicated the new Chapel building as the Intercultural Service Center. Now it is called the Intercultural Chapel. The demographics of Scottsbluff have changed drastically since the early 1950’s. Presently, the Hispanic community is by far the largest non-Angle population. As such, this building will soon come under the leadership of the Hispanic Concilio. As for now, there are still plans to continue a small Sunday night gathering for Native Americans at the Intercultural Chapel.
AT A GLANCE
- The church has grown from an average of eight in attendance just four years ago to an average attendance of twenty-five.
- The strongest growth is in the youth and children’s ministry. We have children’s time on Saturday mornings and youth in the afternoons.
- These youth and children also have their service and class Sunday evening during worship time.
Tim & Kim Wardell
Tim & Kim Wardell
Pass Creek Church of God, Allen, South Dakota
Tim and Kim arrived to begin full time ministry in Allen on September 5th, 2016. After 9 years for Kim, and 3 years for Tim of short term mission trips along with visits at Christmas to assist with the shoe box distribution, they both had their “Isaiah moments” in July of 2014. They began praying and preparing for the ministry in Allen by going through the ordination process and raising support from Churches across the Southeast and Midwest…
Tim serves as Lead Pastor and Kim serves as Associate Pastor of Youth and Children at the Pass Creek Church of God.
Regular Sunday morning worships and learning times have been established, both men and women’s weekly bible studies, common sense parenting classes, 1 on 1 discipleship sessions, the addition of a suicide prevention councilor, a healthy youth ministry, children’s Sunday school, grief counseling, and the establishment of a Pastoral Care program in a local hospital and nursing home, are the programs that are up and running to date.
In 2018 the current plan is to have an addiction counseling program going strong along with a radio ministry to get the gospel to as many on the reservation as possible.
Psalm 37:4 says “Take delight in the LORD, and he will give you the desires of your heart.” They believe that God placed the desire to serve the Lakota people in their hearts and that He is going to do great and marvelous things with these first nation people.
Project #43.15585 (Tim & Kim)
Project #44.350 (Facilities)
Indian Mission Church of God, Lapwai, Idaho
The Church of God work in Lapwai, Idaho, among the Nez Perce Indians, began in 1945. This work was started by Jim and Grace Cole. Currently, Rev. Stan Marble is overseeing and ministering to the people at this mission.
Please be in prayer for Stan and the work there, as this is one of our more needy works. With a building that is over 35 years old, they have a lot of needs that require attention.
AT A GLANCE
- Average church attendance: 12.
- Homeless are fed daily at the church; the church also supports community efforts for the homeless.
- Pastor Stan cuts firewood for anyone who needs it.
- They team works with other churches to meet the needs of the community.
- They are getting ready to start a food pantry, which is based on a Give/Take program, where people can leave what they don’t use and take what they need.
- They host Youth Works, which holds a seven-week kid’s camp program, which about 30 to 40 kids attend.
- They work with the Young Life group who come and do the “5th Quarter,” which is a well-attended after-game event held at the church.
Klagetoh Shelter Mission, Klagetoh, Arizona
Ron Woodman took over from his father Bahe, and is senior pastor at Klagetoh Shelter Mission. He is involved in Bible studies, Sunday school teaching, and the local evangelical association. He and Maureen Woodman, his sister, work together to coordinate efforts at the Shelter. Please be in prayer for the Woodmans as they struggle to meet the needs of this mission…
AT A GLANCE
- The Navajo Reservation, on which the Klagetoh Shelter Mission serves, is the largest reservation in the United States: 27,096 square miles and more than 300,500 people.
- Poverty, alcoholism, and crime rates are staggeringly high—the power of God sustains this oasis in the high desert of northeastern Arizona.
- VBS, revivals, special Thanksgiving and Easter services, Christmas gifts to the needy, prayer meetings, and work camps are just a few of the activities that take place through Klagetoh Shelter Mission each year. | <urn:uuid:7d89d7ef-5e3d-4c39-bc0d-9bedc409b1bf> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.jesusisthesubject.org/native-american-ministries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587908.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20211026134839-20211026164839-00054.warc.gz | en | 0.964664 | 4,310 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Georgia's rural population is shrinking, according to the U.S. Census.
The agency Thursday released more detailed information from last year's head-count. It showed, as expected, that most of Georgia's 1.5 million increase in population came in metro Atlanta and north Georgia.
University of Georgia demographer Doug Bachtel said losses in southwest Georgia are evidence of economic decline.
“Areas that are dependent on agriculture and natural resources -- like pulpwood or mining -- in a recession, those are some of the first industries that are hardest-hit,” Bachtel said. “As a result, when those job opportunities dry up, people have to leave.”
The Census Bureau released statewide population numbers earlier this year, which showed Georgia grew by 18 percent in the last decade and is now home to nearly 9.7 million people.
Bachtel said the state’s increase in residents was all about job opportunities.
“The growth is not only from natural increase but from new people moving in, and because Georgia is a business-friendly state with a diversified economy with job opportunities, that’s why we’ve had the growth,” Bachtel said.
Of Georgia’s largest counties, Forsyth County (78 percent increase), Paulding County (74 percent) and Henry County (71 percent) grew most.
Warner Robins, Gainesville and Valdosta were among large cities outside of metro Atlanta that saw significant growth.
Of the state’s five largest cities, only Athens-Clarke County saw significant growth, with 15 percent more people than in 2000. | <urn:uuid:629580d0-f26a-43b0-a3d3-3a1d500a2771> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.gpb.org/news/2011/03/17/census-details-todays-georgia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542217.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00284-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957372 | 342 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Great Pyramid Secret
Egypt's Amazing Lost Mystery Science Returns
Julia Ann Charpentier
Regardless of the countless scholars worldwide who have proposed theories on how the ancient Egyptian pyramids were constructed, doubt remains the overriding force in this fascinating field of archaeological architecture. Though experts describe possible methods in convincing detail, some disbelievers refuse to accept textbook analysis and prefer to seek farfetched answers on the bottom of the ocean in the lost continent of Atlantis or in the depths of space where aliens who once visited Earth may reside.
Margaret Morris asserts that widespread disbelief of the feasibility of dragging, hoisting, and carving to absolute perfection each and every piece of the pyramids has caused ongoing speculation. If current ideas do not make sense, then people search for alternative views, some of which may be ludicrous. Morris claims that researchers who have attempted to prove a haul-and-lift method of construction have failed. In a common-sense, practical manner, she proposes a new theory, a recovered technology based on geopolymerization, which may be easier to accept than past explanations that cannot abolish warranted skepticism.
Methodical and organized, Morris presents her ideas to the academic community as well as to casual readers interested in pursuing Egyptian archaeological science for entertainment alone. She does not gloss over any aspect of her hypothesis that might be difficult to back with facts; instead, she supports her statements with even greater evidence. She does not come across as a scientist looking for shock value recognition. She believes the pyramids were built using a simple, but sophisticated, Late Stone Age technology. Then essential natural resources eventually ran out, and the process went into decline.
Morris began her study of Egyptian architecture and antiquities at Barry University’s former Institute for Applied Archaeological Sciences and later served as the institute’s assistant director. Since 1984 she has written books and published articles in science and technical journals such as The Journal of Geological Education. Her award-winning colleague, Dr. Joseph Davidovits, founder of the chemistry of geopolymerization, has collaborated with her. Their co-authored book introduced this recovered ancient technology to a diverse group of readers in 1988.
Though scientific controversy may continue into the indefinite future, Morris has presented a logical “solution” to the pyramid puzzle. Debate thrives on unproven theories, and since no one can be one hundred percent certain of what construction methods were employed without traveling back in time, the discussion will most likely not end with this book or any future text on the pyramid mystery.
Disclosure: This article is not an endorsement, but a review. The author of this book provided free copies of the book and paid a small fee to have their book reviewed by a professional reviewer. Foreword Reviews and Clarion Reviews make no guarantee that the author will receive a positive review. Foreword Magazine, Inc. is disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 255. | <urn:uuid:f909342a-3eff-4626-babd-548fbac1a1ff> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/the-great-pyramid-secret/?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102309.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816170516-20170816190516-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.948081 | 597 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Skin is the first line of defense against disease and is a major warning system for danger. It’s critical to your survival and to the survival of many species.
Kittens, who are removed from mother need to have their digestive systems massaged in order to live. Mother cat instinctively licks their bellies to jump start their digestive systems.
Human babies undergo the same kind of “licking” and massaging as they move through the birth canal.
This important process of stimulating every part of their bodies sends critical information to the brain. This is why babies delivered by Cesarean section need massage at birth.
Skin takes a beating. Look your kids over to make sure their skin is healthy. Having strong armor, so to speak, protects them.
Join me on Facebook at Dr. Claudia McCulloch.
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Sign up for the Sunday newsletter. It's fun. Don't miss a thing! | <urn:uuid:1a961924-8378-4a6c-8db3-847575614e7c> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | http://www.drclaudia.net/blog/the-significance-of-human-skin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151638.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20210725045638-20210725075638-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.939496 | 211 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Then in the center pane, select a diagram layout thumbnail to view an example, along with a description of what the diagram best conveys, in the right pane. Log in with your Lucidchart credentials to access your diagrams. What are the parts of a context diagram? Lucidchart is the essential visual productivity platform that helps anyone understand and share ideas, information, and processes with clarity. When creating a SmartArt diagram in Word, you choose a layout first, and then populate the associated list in a window called the Text pane. So you can get a data flow diagram in Word format. You can find the layout information in the Text pane after you create the diagram. Did you know you can create a free account and start diagramming with just an email address? You can enter more or less information than is required by the original diagram. You can easily create a dynamic, appealing diagram by using SmartArt graphics, which visually express information in predefined sets of shapes. The context diagram graphically identifies the system. All rights reserved. To format your diagram into a two by two diagram, use the alignment tools in the Drawing Tools tab. But DFDs are often large, complex, and difficult to build without software dedicated to that purpose. We'll now draw the first process. What is a Context Diagram – Explain with Examples Step 1: Sign in to the software’s webpage, create an account, verify, and log in. After you choose a layout, Word inserts the basic diagram into the document and displays the Text pane containing placeholder information. 1. Open Microsoft Word.
2020 how to draw context diagram in word | <urn:uuid:821ad81e-d2a7-4bde-95c2-8f0261d2dbb0> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://islamsight.org/img/anthony-s-bvogs/article.php?id=how-to-draw-context-diagram-in-word-8b3847 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178351134.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210225124124-20210225154124-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.882047 | 331 | 3.46875 | 3 |
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School’s out for summer! With that, our kids suddenly have A LOT more unscheduled time. Once the dust settles from the end-of-the-school-year frenzy and you’ve had a chance to take a breath, you may find yourself at a loss for how to make the most of the long summer days.
I’ve collected a great list of productive ways to spend the free time this summer. These are fun activities that will support all the learning your child did throughout the school year. This is a handy list for anyone who has children, whether you will be home with your kids full time, part-time, or if someone else will be caring for your kids.
Why Summer Learning Activities?
If your kids have been in school for awhile and their school follows a traditional school calendar, you’ve probably heard warnings of the “summer slide”. This is the term used when kids lose academic skills as a result of being away from school over the summer break.
If your child falls at or below their grade level at the end of the school year in areas like math or reading, it is a great idea to work on those subjects with them over the summer. But even kids who are doing well in school can be expected to forget some of their skills given two months of no school.
There may also be subject areas that are not addressed at your child’s school but that you feel are important. Areas such as coding, typing, geography, Spanish, and writing cursive are several that come to mind. The following list is broken down by subject area and provides you with some specific tools for keeping your child’s skills sharp over the summer.
Fun Ways To Supplement Your Child’s Education Over The Summer Break
If your child does nothing else educational this summer, make sure they keep reading!
- Have your child keep a reading log. They can log minutes read, pages read, or simply keep a list of book titles.
- Join the local library’s summer reading program. These programs offer small incentives to reach specified reading goals, depending on age.
- Visit Accelerated Reader Book Finder or Parents: Raising Readers and Learners to find appropriate book levels and recommendations for your child.
- Read a more advanced book aloud with your child.
- Read the same book as your child and have “book club meetings” to discuss.
- Search Pinterest for grade-level recommended book lists.
Writing gets easier with practice, so giving your kids opportunities to write about what they want will get them that practice and also be fun!
- Give your child a writing prompt and encourage them to be creative.
- Write letters to friends and family who are out of the state for the summer.
- Buy a journal for your child and encourage them to keep a daily journal.
- Prodigy offers fun games practicing crucial math skills for grades 1-8. Signup is free.
- Summer is a good time to memorize addition, subtraction, multiplication and division tables. Try Math Wrapups for a fun and different format for learning math facts. (My kids love these!) Or use traditional flashcards or apps for a tablet or smartphone.
- Teach your child how to play Blackjack or Backgammon for sharpening math skills.
- Use notecards to create labels for common items around the house (for example, labels in Spanish for bathroom, trash can, table, fruit, water).
- Visit Lingo Hut or Duolingo for free Spanish practice and games online.
- Think of a few common questions or phrases that are used at home, translate them to Spanish, and make notecards. Require everybody to use Spanish for those phrases. (For example, “Buenos días”, “Cómo estás?”, “Estoy bien”, and “Tengo hambre.”)
- Do science experiments at home. Hundreds of ideas can be found in this book or on Science Kids.
- Get a jump start on a science fair project if you know your child will be required to do one during the school year.
- Encourage play with STEM toys such as Snap Circuits or Meccano robot toy
- Create a free account on Scratch or CODE. On these coding sites, you will find a ton of activities and games for all skill levels, including absolute beginners.
- Visit Hour of Code with Khan Academy. Like all of the Khan Academy website, their coding section is incredibly comprehensive. It is free to use and has Youtube video walk-thrus and coding activities for beginners through advanced coders.
- Build a free Wiki website with your child. If you have an older child who has the desire to start a mini business, such as yard work, dog walking, or babysitting, creating the website to use as advertising would give this project added purpose!
Knowing about your own country and where it fits into the world as a whole is important as kids get older and begin to learn more about history.
- Visit World Geography Games for online games and quizzes. This site is sectioned into numerous categories including countries, regions, capitals, rivers, etc. in clickable map quiz format. It is very fun even for adults but appropriate for any child who is able to read.
- Get a map puzzle like this one to do together.
- Buy a paper roadmap if you go on any road trips and let your child draw out your route and follow along.
- Check out a book or ebook from the library that highlights a particular country or region that your child has not learned about. Learn about it together!
More and more schools have phased this skill out of the curriculum. If your child’s school doesn’t teach cursive handwriting, you can easily teach it at home over the summer!
- Print out a practice page, slip it into a page protector, and use with a dry erase pen to reuse over and over again.
- Start with your child’s first and last name (which is really a practical life skill everyone should have) and the alphabet.
- Buy a lined journal for your child for cursive practice.
- Try a workbook if your child has been introduced to cursive already and just needs practice.
Being able to type is clearly a very important skill in our age of technology. Unfortunately, schools don’t always spend enough time on it for children’s typing skills to reach a solid, proficient level. By the time they reach middle school if not before, students are expected to be able to get their thoughts onto the computer screen without difficulty.
- Create a free account on Dance Mat Typing, Typing.com, and ABCya for everything from the basics of letter & number position on the keyboard and proper finger position to speed and accuracy practice.
- Give your kids opportunities to practice. They can email cousins, long-distance family members, or friends.
- Keep a summer journal on Google Docs or Word.
- Talk about how we use food to fuel our bodies. Learn about food groups, food pyramid, macro- and micronutrients.
- Visit Nutrition.gov for nutrition learning games, teaching resources, and activities.
- Visit a local farmer’s market for fresh produce.
- Make some healthy summer recipes together like this Black Bean & Tomato Quinoa
- Grow a vegetable or herb garden with your child.
There are so many fun board games and card games that require strategy and critical thinking! These kinds of games will work your children’s minds without them even realizing it. Here are a few ideas to try, but there are countless others.
My household will be referencing this list a lot this summer! Are there other educational activities that you will be sneaking in this summer between beach time and barbeques? Comment and let me know! | <urn:uuid:59474b44-83f9-4794-ae58-6797b8db90ed> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://fullgreenlife.com/summer-learning-activities-resources/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823657.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211151237-20181211172737-00509.warc.gz | en | 0.92532 | 1,687 | 2.953125 | 3 |
For pioneering "nano-architecture."
Julia Greer has made a career of exploring how materials can change properties—by getting much stronger, for instance—when reduced to microscopic sizes. A year ago, she had a revelation: What if you could fabricate nanotrusses—materials made up of tiny, intricate geometric structures linked together—in a way that might resemble, say, the webwork of the Eiffel Tower? A hunk of metal engineered from nanotrusses might look ordinary, but it could be both stronger and lighter, since it's mostly air. The technology could be revolutionary for energy, transportation, and electronics. Her team is now designing and building nanotrusses in their Caltech labs. The next challenge is manufacturing. "How do you make these materials in large sheets?" she asks. It helps that Greer, a Stanford PhD, knows her way around Silicon Valley—she has worked at both Xerox's famed PARC facility and Intel. Already, Google and other tech companies are interested in her discoveries. "We're at the beginning of this," she says. "And now we're trying to figure out how to scale it up." | <urn:uuid:3572855d-821e-4bb4-9854-edad8ad8b506> | CC-MAIN-2016-18 | http://www.fastcompany.com/3029575/most-creative-people-2014/julia-greer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861831994.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164351-00106-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968554 | 248 | 3.09375 | 3 |
What makes whales and dolphins so special?
Like us, whales and dolphins are intelligent beings capable of experiencing pleasure and suffering pain. And like us they have culture and societies all of their own.
Many live in complex social groups, communicate in different dialects, pass on culture through generations, engage in play and even grieve the loss of family and friends.
Understanding and appreciating this social complexity is essential to ensure that whale and dolphin populations not only survive, but thrive.
WDC believes whales and dolphins should have special recognition, and deserve the kind of protection that only comes with legal rights.
How much do we really know about them?
Scientists around the world are constantly surprised by whales and dolphins, the complexity of their social lives, and their incredible communication skills and intelligence.
We have so much to learn about these amazing individuals, and the more we learn the more we are amazed at what we find.
There is clear scientific evidence that, like humans, some whales and dolphins are highly intelligent:
- Many socialize and live in complex societies
- Some exhibit play behaviour, which may help them learn key skills, or may even just be fun
- There is evidence that some species grieve for their dead
- Some species have cultural ways of behaving, which they pass on to their offspring and their peers.
Some species possess brain cells known as spindle neurons, believed to be associated with empathy and emotional intelligence. People used to think that these cells were only found in the brains of humans and some other primates.
Some individuals have specific roles to play within their communities as leaders and innovators, just like us. And, like us, they have the right to live in a world where they are safe and free.
The more we discover, the more we are inspired and humbled. The more we learn, the more our human-centric view of the world is challenged as we realize our responsibilities towards other intelligent beings with whom we share our blue planet.
Whale and dolphin culture
What have scientists learnt so far about culture in whales and dolphins?
Sentient and sapient whales and dolphins
Whales and dolphin have emotions and feelings and live complex, diverse lives.
Scientific evidence for whale and dolphin rights
The science behind the argument for whale and dolphin rights.
Personhood - who are whales and dolphins?
Whales and dolphins are a 'who' not a 'what'. So how should we treat them?
Latest news about whale culture
Rescuers find young girl’s body surrounded by dolphins
Reports from South Africa about a tragic drowning off Llandudno beach, Cape Town say that the body of a teenager was found surrounded by a pod of dolphins. Rescue services launched a search for the missing 15-year-old girl who is thought to have slipped off the rocks and been swept away by strong currents. Her body…
Did sperm whales learn how to avoid whaling ships?
Sperm whales only have one natural predator – the orca (killer whale) and will form tight circles when threatened with their tails facing outwards to defend themselves. This reaction to whalers simply made it easier for them to be hunted, however historical data shows that just a few years after their first encounters with whalers,…
Meet the brainiacs of the underwater world – deep thinkers with intricate emotional lives
Whales and dolphins have big brains, and large brained beings have a few things in common. We live long lives, we’re sociable and our behaviour is complex. Females give birth to just a few children and take extraordinary care of each baby, teaching them life skills and helping them to become independent. Whales and dolphins behave in ways…
We hope that one day we will celebrate whale and dolphin rights being recognised in law. When these rights are recognised; whaling will not be allowed, and no human will be able to own a whale or dolphin, or cause them deliberate harm.
Declaration of Rights for Cetaceans: Whales and Dolphins
To help us achieve our aim, WDC played a key role in developing a ‘declaration’, which you can sign to show your support.
Please help us protect whales and dolphins and their homes
Do you agree that whales and dolphins have a right to live free and healthy lives, safe from the threats of whaling, captivity, pollution and fishing fleets?
Help WDC establish the recognition of whale and dolphin cultures into global and local conservation policy.
Adopt a whale or dolphin and help us end captivity.
Your gift will help us ensure the needs of whales and dolphins gain proper recognition.
Run, bake, walk, cycle… what could you do to help? | <urn:uuid:96a4b172-2951-4e21-a8f1-ab357486fe48> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://uk.whales.org/whale-culture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945289.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20230324211121-20230325001121-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.947894 | 977 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Kelly Serfas, a Certified Veterinary Technician in Bethlehem, PA, contributed to this article.
Pet parents often worry that their dog is too old for anesthesia. This is a huge misconception that prevents many dogs from getting the surgery they need. As we often say, “age is not a disease.”
That said, we do not take anesthesia lightly in patients of any age, and certain precautions should be taken for senior dogs. Here are 7 facts that may help you feel more secure when your senior needs anesthesia:
1. Fatal complications from anesthesia are very rare
According to a study posted by the the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), the average death rate under anesthesia is around 0.2%. Said otherwise, an average of 99.8% of pets, regardless of their age or health status, survive anesthesia.
2. Anesthesia dosing is carefully selected
There is no "one size fits all" anesthesia dosage. Anesthesia drugs are chosen and calculated based on body weight, health issues, breed, temperament and even anticipated length of anesthesia and pain involved with the surgery. We now have the luxury of choosing from multiple anesthesia drugs, depending on the pet’s particular needs.
3. A workup makes anesthesia safer
A thorough physical exam should be performed on every patient prior to anesthesia. In addition, what is called a “full workup” helps vets understand the "overall picture." This includes blood work and a urinalysis. Such tests will show any changes in the function of organs, such as the liver or the kidneys.
Chest X-rays may be recommended. They will show the size of the heart and if there are any masses or concerning changes in the lungs. In order to know how well the heart is functioning, an EKG can be performed.
4. Your vet will consider all conditions before beginning anesthesia
Blood work abnormalities, diabetes, thyroid disease, high or low blood pressure, Cushing’s disease, heart disease and other conditions should be controlled prior to anesthesia, if at all possible. This may not be possible in all cases, for example in the case of a life-threatening emergency. But in most cases, when vets have the luxury of time, we can correct abnormalities to make the anesthesia smoother.
For example, if your dog has a low red blood cell count, a blood transfusion, prior to anesthesia and surgery, may be important.
Deciding when the time is right to perform anesthesia is part of the art of veterinary medicine.
5. Veterinarians know there is no routine anesthesia
“There are routine surgeries, but there is no routine anesthesia.” What does this common quote, invented by an anesthesiologist, mean?
Some surgeries are so common, that they become fairly predictable. However, with anesthesia, you are always at the mercy of an unpredictable complication. Fortunately, a good surgery and anesthesia team can anticipate and correct complications. Most complications are minor and easy to correct.
6. Monitoring will help protect your dog during anesthesia
Proper monitoring is an essential part of anesthesia. Monitoring includes keeping a close eye on breathing, heart rate, temperature, EKG, and oxygen level. Ideally it will also include watching blood pressure and CO2 levels.
Small changes can be seen right away. They help the doctor or nurse adjust the anesthesia to keep your dog in safe ranges. Some dogs may require additional monitoring such as diabetics, who should have their blood sugar level checked throughout the procedure.
7. Monitoring recovery will help keep your dog stay safe after anesthesia
Most clients are not aware that, as found on the NCBI website, the recovery period is actually riskier than the anesthesia period itself. More dogs get in trouble after they wake up, then when they are under anesthesia. Monitoring, and encouraging dogs to wake up smoothly will still involve the surgery and anesthesia team. Make sure that your dog will continue to be supervised after waking up from anesthesia.
Overall, dogs do great under anesthesia, regardless of their age or health status. Remember, we put dogs under anesthesia for good reasons: perhaps cleaning teeth, removing a tumor, or correcting laryngeal paralysis. As I always say, "anesthesia is not the enemy, the disease is the enemy."
If you are still concerned about your dog’s anesthesia, ask your veterinarian to consult with a board-certified anesthesiologist who can advise you of the safest anesthesia drugs and protocol.
Questions to ask your veterinarian:
- How exactly will my pet be monitored?
- What are the risks of anesthesia for my pet?
- What is done to make sure my pet is safe during and after anesthesia?
If you have any questions or concerns, you should always visit or call your veterinarian – they are your best resource to ensure the health and well-being of your pets. | <urn:uuid:cc929a62-8e57-4bbf-a313-94f931c063b1> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.pethealthnetwork.com/dog-health/dog-surgery-a-z/how-safe-anesthesia-my-senior-dog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946445.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326173112-20230326203112-00385.warc.gz | en | 0.942935 | 1,001 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Pokémon Go was one of the most successful mobile games of all time. Why? Maybe it was because it was one of the first games that easily immersed itself into player’s real lives. Maybe it was because players loved the thrill of the chase. Either way, Pokémon Go was one of the first widely used mobile games that used AR. This was a very public platform that introduced many people to AR technology and showcased the coming possibilities for AR.
What is it?
Augmented Reality (AR) is an interactive technology that alters real-life by adding virtual graphics and sounds to our real environments. It aims to expand our sensory experiences of the world around us by adding another dimension of entertainment or information. Pokémon Go used AR to bring Pokémon characters into the real world, unifying our daily lives with the game. Another common example of AR would be the great Snapchat filters that transform our faces by distorting our features or adding a pair of ears to our head. Beyond entertainment, AR can help us achieve daily, mundane tasks. IKEA’s catalogue app and the Heads-Up display on some vehicles show how AR can help simplify furniture selection and our driving experiences.
How Does it Work?
There are a few ways that AR technology works. Depending on the purpose of the technology and level of sophistication required, AR can be achieved in the following ways:
- Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). This is the most complex and effective tool for achieving AR. By collecting data on the complete environment and capturing multiple sensors SLAM can overlay AR graphics and sounds. What makes this tool the most sophisticated is that the technology is constantly updating its data on sensors and your location to keep the AR experience as strong as possible.
- Recognition-Based. This AR operates by using a camera and visual identifiers, like a QR code. The camera recognizes the identifier and calculates its position and orientation to reveal a virtual image or experience.
- Location-Based. AR is activated through inputting location data from a GPS or digital compass. Therefore depending on your location, the AR you experience will differ. This type of AR is most commonly used for mapping directions and business ad pop-ups.
Wth any of the above three methods, AR can be used on many devices. This includes phones, tablets, glasses, screens and, head-mounted displays.
AR technology may be a goldmine for hackers. Malicious hackers could access our AR streams and distort the images and sounds we experience to do harm. Whether that be through changing the GPS directions we receive or adding images that confuse our actions, there is the potential for hackers to change the way we see and act in the world. Additionally, to use AR one has to allow the technology into every aspect of their life. This allows AR to have privy to all the audio and visual features we experience each day. Hackers could access these audio and visual aspects of our lives to gain information about us which may allow for identity theft and financial manipulation.
As AR technology continues to develop, the possibilities for its usage will grow with it. Currently, AR technology will likely have the biggest impact on Marketing, Gaming and, E-commerce by changing the way these industries communicate and interact with customers. But, along with the growth of possibilities, there will be a growth in security concerns. Therefore, mitigating these issues will be a large determinant factor in the success of AR technology.
We’d love to chat! Reach out to [email protected] for all things digital!
Perkins, R. (2018, November 14). Safety, Security & Privacy: Some Risks to Be Aware of with the Rise of AR. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@tue95954/safety-security-privacy-some-risks-to-be-aware-of-with-the-rise-of-ar-2b1ad7f3f60b
Sales. (n.d.). Know the Augmented Reality Technology: How does AR Work? Retrieved from https://www.newgenapps.com/blog/augmented-reality-technology-how-ar-works
What is Augmented Reality (AR) and How does it work. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://thinkmobiles.com/blog/what-is-augmented-reality/
What Is Augmented Reality (AR) and How Does It Work? (2018, November 22). Retrieved from https://www.avrspot.com/augmented-reality-ar-work/
What is Augmented Reality (AR)? – Definition from Techopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4776/augmented-reality-ar
What is augmented reality (AR)? – Definition from WhatIs.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/augmented-reality-AR
What is Augmented Reality? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/34843-augmented-reality.html’ | <urn:uuid:f1f66eef-31c0-4741-9af0-979d827d7b27> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://www.sidepart.com/blog/ar-a-primer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585671.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20211023095849-20211023125849-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.9197 | 1,063 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Images: Stingray Sex, Mini-Horses & Other Curiosities of Fossil Lake
The creatures in this gallery were all entombed at the bottom of Wyoming's long-gone Fossil Lake, which was teeming with life during the early Eocene, about 52 million years ago. Only one frog has ever been found at the formation. The single specimen pictured here measures just 1.6 inches (4 cm) long. It has yet to be given a taxonomic classification by scientists.
Skin and neck cartilages are preserved in this monitor lizard fossil, which appears to have swallowed one of its teeth. This specimen represents a primitive species of the diverse varanid lizards, which counts the Komodo dragon among its 50 living species.
This is the most complete skeleton of a so-called dawn horse ever discovered. This specimen of Protorohippus venticolus was much more diminutive than today's horses, standing less than two feet high at the shoulder, but its long back legs suggest it was a good jumper. Perhaps it was less skilled as a swimmer; researchers aren't sure how the horse ended up at the bottom of the middle of Fossil Lake but they suspect it drowned, possibly trying to escape a predator.
These two adult fossilized turtles, each more than 4 feet long, belong to the species Christernon undatum. They are part a family of turtles known as Baenidae, which have only been found in North America and have extremely long tails. The animals didn't have the ability to tuck their heads into their shells; that's why all of the complete skeletons of these turtles from Fossil Lake have their heads poking out. Baenids flourished during the Late Cretaceous but became extinct in the late Eocene, meaning the specimens shown here represent some of the last survivors of their kind.
This fossil immortalizes stingray sex of the Eocene. The male and female fat-tailed stingrays (Asterotrygon maloneyi) shown here were likely mating or just about to mate when they were killed, researchers believe.
Specimens of this small arboreal mammal, Apatemys chardini, are rarely found in the Fossil Butte deposits. Researchers think this particular creature may have been dropped by a predator or swept to its deathbed by a tributary river that flowed into Fossil Lake. It's pictured here with a common, herring-like fish of the era, Knightia eocaena.
Crocodilians make their debut in the fossil record about 84 million years ago. This one from Fossil Lake is a small caiman alligator, given the name Tsoabichi greenriverensis.
This is another specimen of the extinct Tsoabichi greenriverensis. It measures only about 2-and-a-half feet long, but there were more fearsome crocodilian species in Fossil Lake during the early Eocene that stretched 13 feet in length.
These specimens of Boavus idelmani, a now extinct relative of the boa constrictor, represent two of the three individual snakes that have been found in the Fossil Butte Member. The bottom image shows the holotype specimen, which was found in the early 20th century, ended up in a private collection and is now lost.
The incredibly long tail on this creature has the largest number of vertebrae of any known mammal, but researchers don't know what species this is. They think it's a tree-climbing carnivore in the extinct mammal family Cimolestidae.
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Stay up to date on the latest science news by signing up for our Essentials newsletter. | <urn:uuid:6a79f68b-c751-45dc-961f-5854f2ed9ca2> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.livescience.com/37279-images-lost-world-fossil-lake.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224656737.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20230609132648-20230609162648-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.959522 | 810 | 2.765625 | 3 |
- Spelling words are easy
- Grammar is about pluralizing nouns (irregular and regular), digraphs/blended sounds, types of sentences and how to write a sentence correctly (capital letter and punctation), capitalizing proper nouns...I think about half of the lessons are review for her and the other half are helpful concepts.
- In literature, she's learning about different types of stories: fiction, nonfiction, historical fiction; recognizing other writings like magazing articles and talking about the authors and illustrators. She's read the following assigned stories in addition to books of her own choosing:
Clara and the Bookwagon
Several of Aesop's Fables
Sam the Minuteman
George the Drummer Boy
- We work on handwriting in each lesson, which was much needed. I see progress.
- Bella has to turn in a writing sample every month or so, and her first assignment is a narrative. She chose the topic: If you were granted one wish, what would it be and why? Guess what Bella's response was?
If I could be granted one wish I would be a rockstar. I like wishes when they come true. It would be my wish because I love when they sing on stage. People cheering for me, dancing, and the lights are awesome! If I were a rockstar I would play the drums.
- With our curriculum, we also have the option of joining interactive class sessions online. Last week, Bella presented a book report this way, and I thought it was cool. She got to decorate a page with pictures and text to help her share her story with a teacher and students online:
Bella's still flying through this subject as most is still review for her. Counting money, using dollar symbols and decimals, telling time to the nearest quarter hour, understanding a.m. and p.m.... I have to skip activities when I sense she knows a lesson and move on, or I lose her attention. | <urn:uuid:18acdb5e-d7fa-4d23-844a-d6e70918009d> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://homegrownchild.blogspot.com/2010/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813431.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20180221044156-20180221064156-00367.warc.gz | en | 0.966438 | 413 | 3.28125 | 3 |
JUust below Delancey Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan lie the architectural bones of the defunct Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal, opened back in 1908 and discontinued 40 years later when trolleys were no longer a mode of transportation for New Yorkers. Dubbed The Lowline, one of the most interesting aspects of the new space will be the ability to grow plants underground utilizing solar technology and proprietary LEDs.
Bringing this unique project to completion is the Lowline Lab, located nearby and the firm in charge of producing the controlled experiments to be adapted to the Lowline site. The Lowline Lab landscape – designed by Signe Nielsen of Mathews Nielsen and built by John Mini Distinctive Landscapes – is composed of 3,000+ plants, including dozens of unique varieties, spread across 1,000 square feet. The Lab’s experiments with growing plants underground will guide which types are the best to use in the park.
How do you grow plants where the sun doesn’t shine? Simple, just bring sunlight to the plants — which is easier said than done, of course. To accomplish that task using solar technology, Lowline co-founder James Ramsey and his team at Raad Studio, plus the Korea-based technology company Sunportal, designed and installed optical devices to track the sun throughout the sky every minute of every day to optimize the amount of natural sunlight that could be captured. The sunlight is then distributed into the Lowline Lab’s warehouse through a series of protective tubes, directing full spectrum light into a central distribution point. A solar canopy –
designed and constructed by engineer Ed Jacobs –
spreads the sunlight out across the space, modulating and tempering the sunlight, and providing the necessary light needed to sustain the plant life.
LED manufacturer Lighting Science is collaborating with Lowline Lab to develop custom LED grow lighting for The Lowline park, which is roughly the size of a football field. “Lighting Science’s groundbreaking LED indoor grow lighting positions them as a leader in their field and the perfect collaborative partner for the Lowline Lab,” says James Ramsey.
Fueled by their shared passion for pushing the boundaries of design and technology, Lighting Science’s team worked with the Lowline Lab engineers last year to develop, donate, and install 24 adjustable LED lights into the 1,000-sq.-ft. suspended aluminum canopy at The Lowline Lab. Each hexagonal panel is roughly two feet in diameter and features three settings: one that provides soft-white light, one that mimics daylight, and one that includes Lighting Science’s patented VividGro™ LED indoor grow light spectrum technology.
Tailored to the indoor agriculture and horticultural markets, VividGro’s patented light spectrum has reportedly been proven to increase plant yields by up to 30 percent, increase the nutritional density of crops by approximately 10 to 12 percent, and decrease energy consumption by up to 45 percent or more.
“It’s wonderful getting involved with a group of passionate people to do something new and of great value,” adds Fred Maxik, founder and Chief Technology Officer of Lighting Science and inventor of VividGro. “Our job – fitting light into novel forms and functions – complements their amazing vision of bringing closed urban environments to vivid life with light.”
Filled with more than 3,500 plants, the Lowline Lab installation also uses experimental technology that harnesses the power of natural sunlight through funnel-like solar installations that magnify and direct beams of sunlight to the underground plant life.
By combining the power of VividGro LED panels and the Lowline Lab’s “Remote Skylight” technology, co-founders James Ramsey and Dan Barasch were able to achieve the right light intensity, duration, and spectrum necessary for a wide range of flowers, plants, fruits, and vegetables to thrive even on the darkest winter day. “You know you’re onto something when you can grow pineapples and tomatoes during a New York winter underground,” Ramsey comments.
The accomplishments of The Lowline Lab has sparked conversations about new ways that cities and communities around the world can reclaim abandoned urban spaces. For example, by discovering how to create a sustainable environment for a subterranean ecosystem, the Lowline has been able to develop new solutions for providing a public space that can be enjoyed all year long, regardless of the season.
Set to open in 2021, the Lowline will be the world’s first underground park, one that New York Magazine called “the most exciting civic project since The High Line [see sidebar].” A larger and more ambitious evolution of the Lowline Lab experiment, the Lowline park will comprise 40,000 square feet and will be under the guidance of James Ramsey and Dan Barasch. It will feature a diverse range of flora and fauna that will experience natural photosynthesis without direct access to sunlight. Ramsey and Barasch hope The Lowline will provide new technology solutions for indoor agriculture and sustainably grown local food production.
The Lowline was approved by the City of New York in August, and the eyes of urban leaders around the world will be watching as The Lowline is transformed into a subterranean botanical garden and cultural attraction. In addition to Lighting Science, The Lowline is also working in partnership with the international engineering firm Arup, the architecture firm RAAD, the renowned landscape architecture firm Matthew Nielsen, and horticulturalists John Mini Distinctive Landscapes.
The Lowline Lab is open to the public on the weekends, having welcomed 100,000 visitors so far. During the weekdays, it hosts a Young Designers Program, offering educational sessions in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) to nearly 3,000 children and serves as a youth mentorship and job training site for 16 Young Ambassadors. The goal is to have the community become engaged with the project and to inspire people of all ages and backgrounds to study and understand the transformative power of innovation. | <urn:uuid:c8add148-4ae3-4e08-b328-ae5b9ece05a0> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://enlightenmentmag.com/news/underground-playground | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107869933.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020050920-20201020080920-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.931036 | 1,244 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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