what are the names of the scientists who are involved in the development of the engineering process?
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase; James Watson and Francis Crick
Genetic engineering
The term "genetic engineering" was first coined by Jack Williamson in his science fiction novel "Dragon's Island", published in 1951 – one year before DNA's role in heredity was confirmed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, and two years before James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule has a double-helix structure – though the general concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in rudimentary form in Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1936 science fiction story "Proteus Island".
describe genetic engineering and give one example of it It is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology - the first GMO was a bacterium generated by Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen in 1973. what are the steps involved to execute this engineering process? Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert into the organism - genetic screens can be carried out to determine potential genes and further tests then used to identify the best candidates. what are the apparatus and equipment needed to carry out this engineering process? Microarrays, transcriptomics and genome sequencing how is this engineering method applied in the pharmaceutical field? The manufacturing of drugs, creation of model animals that mimic human conditions and gene therapy - mass-produce human insulin in bacteria. and how is it applied in the field of farming? To create and use genetically modified crops or genetically modified livestock to produce genetically modified food. any examples of crops which can be genetically modified? The Amflora potato, soybeans, canola and tomato what are the benefits of the crops which are genetically produced this way? Increased production, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, altering the composition of the food, or producing novel products. how can this process be of benefit to produce biofuels? Genetically engineered bacteria - making them perform tasks outside their natural cycle, such as making biofuels. what are the examples of bacteria used to carry out this process? UNANSWERABLE
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Genetic engineering [SEP] History
One of the main recommendations from this meeting was that government oversight of recombinant DNA research should be established until the technology was deemed safe. In 1976 Genentech, the first genetic engineering company, was founded by Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson and a year later the company produced a human protein (somatostatin) in "E.coli". Genentech announced the production of genetically engineered human insulin in 1978. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court in the "Diamond v. Chakrabarty" case ruled that genetically altered life could be patented. The insulin produced by bacteria was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1982.