how can this be treated?
Empiric antibiotics should be started immediately.
Meningitis
Empiric antibiotics (treatment without exact diagnosis) should be started immediately, even before the results of the lumbar puncture and CSF analysis are known.
which layer of meninges is affected in meningitis The three membranes - pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater can you tell me something about the first one mentioned above? It is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. can you tell me something about the second layer mentioned? It is a derivative of the neural crest mesectoderm in the embryo. and the last layer? It is the outermost of the three layers of membrane called the meninges that protect the central nervous system. what are the causes for this disease? It is typically caused by an infection with microorganisms. what are the symptoms? Fever, headache, and neck stiffness. name some bacterial pathogens which cause this disease. Viral, fungal and parasitic name a few viral pathogens which causes this disease. Enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus and  varicella zoster virus. what parasitic agents can be responsible for this disease? "Angiostrongylus cantonensis", "Gnathostoma spinigerum", "Schistosoma" what tests are conducted to diagnose the disease? Blood tests like C-reactive protein, complete blood count.
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Meningitis [SEP] Antibiotics
Empiric antibiotics (treatment without exact diagnosis) should be started immediately, even before the results of the lumbar puncture and CSF analysis are known. The choice of initial treatment depends largely on the kind of bacteria that cause meningitis in a particular place and population. For instance, in the United Kingdom, empirical treatment consists of a third-generation cefalosporin such as cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. In the US, where resistance to cefalosporins is increasingly found in streptococci, addition of vancomycin to the initial treatment is recommended. Chloramphenicol, either alone or in combination with ampicillin, however, appears to work equally well. Empirical therapy may be chosen on the basis of the person's age, whether the infection was preceded by a head injury, whether the person has undergone recent neurosurgery and whether or not a cerebral shunt is present.