who was the first caliph of the umayyads?
Mu'awiya I
Umayyad dynasty
One of these governors, Mu'awiya I, after the assassination of Ali ibn Abi talib in 661 and established the Umayyad Caliphate with its capital in Damascus, Syria. 
who was marwan i? He was the fourth Umayyad caliph where was he born? Mecca in the Hejaz what religion is followed in mecca? Islam how does ibn describe this place? A holy sanctuary what is the importance of islam practiced here? The city derives its importance from the role it plays in the Hajj and 'Umrah. how is jabal an-nur related to this place? This is a mountain does this mountain have any religious significance? Yes, it is the place where Prophet spent his time away from the bustling city of Makkah in seclusion. how can one describe the climate here? Makkah features a hot desert climate has the current pandemic effected this place in any way? Yes, Saudi Arabia temporarily banned foreigners from entering Makkah and Medina to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic in the Kingdom. who comprised of the caliph's family? UNANSWERABLE what did he do before be become the ruler? He served as Uthman's governor in Fars before becoming the caliph's "katib" and possibly the overseer of Medina's treasury
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Umayyad dynasty [SEP] Introduction
Finally, in 750 the Abbasid Revolution overthrew Caliph Marwan II and massacred most of the family. One of the survivors, Abd al-Rahman, a grandson of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, escaped to Muslim Spain (al-Andalus), where he founded the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba, which Abd al-Rahman III elevated to the status of a caliphate in 929. After a brief golden era, the Caliphate of Córdoba disintegrated into several independent "taifa" kingdoms in 1031, thus marking a definitive end to the Umayyad dynasty.