when was it established?
UNANSWERABLE
what is the name of the suns surface layer Photosphere what is the range of temperature there? It is defined to have a temperature given by the effective temperature in the Stefan–Boltzmann law. what other layers it has? Chromosphere, corona does it have various zones in it? Yes, radioactive zone and convection zone is there any solar space missions done till date? Yes, Pioneers 6, 7, 8, and 9 which country or space agency did take the initiative for that? NASA
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Sun [SEP] Solar space missions
The first satellites designed for long term observation of the Sun from interplanetary space were NASA's Pioneers 6, 7, 8 and 9, which were launched between 1959 and 1968. These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth, and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field. Pioneer 9 operated for a particularly long time, transmitting data until May 1983. In the 1970s, two Helios spacecraft and the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount provided scientists with significant new data on solar wind and the solar corona. The Helios 1 and 2 probes were U.S.–German collaborations that studied the solar wind from an orbit carrying the spacecraft inside Mercury's orbit at perihelion.