and who discovered the second process?
Oscar Hertwig.
Meiosis
Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs in 1876 by the German biologist Oscar Hertwig. 
does eukaryotes have specialized structures or internal compartments Yes, they have long slender motile cytoplasmic projections, called flagella, or similar structures called cilia. how are they related to the membrane system? The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. why were these cells named as such? Because of the bacteria prokaryotes and organisms with nuclei. can you name some scientist who played a pioneering role in understanding these cells? Edouard Chatton. which university or research institution was he associated with? UNANSWERABLE how do these above mentioned cells reproduce? They can reproduce both asexually through mitosis and sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion. can you explain the first process in brief? It is a part of the cell cycle, in which, replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. who coined this term? Wacław Mayzel.
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Meiosis [SEP] History
Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs in 1876 by the German biologist Oscar Hertwig. It was described again in 1883, at the level of chromosomes, by the Belgian zoologist Edouard Van Beneden, in "Ascaris" roundworm eggs. The significance of meiosis for reproduction and inheritance, however, was described only in 1890 by German biologist August Weismann, who noted that two cell divisions were necessary to transform one diploid cell into four haploid cells if the number of chromosomes had to be maintained. In 1911, the American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan detected crossovers in meiosis in the fruit fly "Drosophila melanogaster", which helped to establish that genetic traits are transmitted on chromosomes.