what do genes contain?
Protein coding sequence; includes DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA
Gene
The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part. These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA.

Flanking the open reading frame, genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression. 
what is the purpose for each of the following important techniques used in genetic engineering To change the genetic makeup of cells what is the definition of this branch of science? Direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. what are the steps involved to execute this engineering process? Either isolating and copying the genetic material of interest using recombinant DNA methods or by artificially synthesising the DNA. what are the materials and equipment needed to carry out this engineering process? The gene is separated by using restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into fragments to amplify up the gene segment, which can then be extracted through gel electrophoresis. what are some of the things manufactured using this technique? Has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. mention any one controversy about this branch of science. Concerns involve GM crops and whether food produced from them is safe and what impact growing them will have on the environment. who was the first scientist to initiate this engineering process? Stanley G. Weinbaum which year did he conduct the experiment to initiate this process? General concept of direct genetic manipulation was explored in Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1936 science fiction story "Proteus Island". were there any other experiments conducted when this type of engineering branch was emerging? UNANSWERABLE
wiki:15827898
Gene [SEP] Structure
Highly transcribed genes have "strong" promoter sequences that form strong associations with transcription factors, thereby initiating transcription at a high rate. Others genes have "weak" promoters that form weak associations with transcription factors and initiate transcription less frequently. Eukaryotic promoter regions are much more complex and difficult to identify than prokaryotic promoters. Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame that alter expression. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site.