how is it measured for a star?
By its size in terms of solar radii, R, and effective temperature in kelvins
Luminosity
A star's luminosity can be determined from two stellar characteristics: size and effective temperature. The former is typically represented in terms of solar radii, R, while the latter is represented in kelvins, but in most cases neither can be measured directly.
characteristics of stars based on the characteristics of the sun A star with mass greater than 0.4 times the Sun's will expand to become a red giant when the hydrogen fuel in its core is exhausted. have these been observed since ancient times? UNANSWERABLE how are they measured? It is often most convenient to express mass, luminosity, and radii in solar units could you please explain the second term? It is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic power, the radiant power emitted by a light-emitting object. howe is it measured? In SI units, luminosity is measured in joules per second, or watts and in astronomy, in the terms of the luminosity of the Sun, L
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Luminosity [SEP] Stellar luminosity
A star's luminosity can be determined from two stellar characteristics: size and effective temperature. The former is typically represented in terms of solar radii, R, while the latter is represented in kelvins, but in most cases neither can be measured directly. To determine a star's radius, two other metrics are needed: the star's angular diameter and its distance from Earth. Both can be measured with great accuracy in certain cases, with cool supergiants often having large angular diameters, and some cool evolved stars having masers in their atmospheres that can be used to measure the parallax using VLBI. However, for most stars the angular diameter or parallax, or both, are far below our ability to measure with any certainty.