text:
Monty Don's French Gardens is a television series of three programmes in which British gardener and broadcaster Monty Don visits several of France's most celebrated gardens. A book based on the series, The Road to Le Tholonet: A French Garden Journey, was also published.

Episodes

Episode 1: Gardens of Power and Passion
Monty Don explores the gardens of France and the ways in which they displayed the power and influence of French nobility. He finds the spirit and style of old French gardens in restored gardens, brand new gardens, and even in the heart of modern day Paris. A very important part of the powerful gardens were to be able to show the amount of wealth and power the owner of the garden has and to impress others.

Historical Figures Discussed:

Diane de Poitiers
Catherine de Medici
Andre le Notre
King Louis XIV
Nicholas Fouqet

Places Visited:
Château de Chenonceau
Vaux le Vicomte
Versailles
Champ de Bataille
Courances
La Defense

Chenonceau Garden is located in the Loire valley of France. The garden is made up of multiple gardens, and the main two gardens were owned by prominent figures: Catherine de Medici and Diane de Poiters.

Episode 2: The Gourmet Garden

Monty Don travels across France visiting numerous gardens specialising in fruit and vegetable production. He unfolds the French's love of food has influenced their garden designs and core purpose. In doing so, he explores themes of form versus function; growing for consumption, for market, and for aesthetic; and terroir (location, climate, and soil). In this episode, he visits the following gardens and sites:

 Monastère de Solan (Cévennes)
 vineyard of Val Joanis
 Chateau of Villandry in the Loire Valley
 Potager du Roi at Versailles
 jardins ouvriers, or workers' gardens, in Paris
 Le jardin des Sambucs
 The restaurant La Chassagnette in Camargue
 Potager at Priorie Notre-Dame d'Orsan in the French region of Berry

In comparison to the first episode of the series, Monty Don is focused less on the roles of the rich and powerful in developing France's garden aesthetic. Instead, he employs a social history of France, rather than a political history, to develop a sense of French gardens and their relationship with food.

Episode 3: The Artistic Garden

In the final episode of the mini-series, Don once again travels across France in search of the country's most venerated gardens. This segment focuses on the relationship and intersections between gardens and art. Don visits the gardens of two of France's most famous artists - Paul Cézanne and Claude Monet - to explore how their landscapes influenced their work and also tours more contemporary gardens that fuse together artistic aesthetics with the natural and doctored landscapes. In this episode, he visits the following gardens and sites:

 Giverny, the garden of Claude Monet
 Jas de Bouffan, the home of Paul Cézanne
 Mont Sainte-Victoire, featured in many Cézanne landscapes
 Villa Noailles, a cubist garden
 La Louve, Nicole de Vesian's dream Provencal garden
 Patrick Blanc's home in Paris, featuring a tropical wall garden
 Sericourt, near the town of Arras (creation of Yves Gosse de Gorre)
 Le Jardin Plume (The Feather Garden) near Lyons-La-Floret
 Don revisits Giverny in the conclusion of the episode as well to see the water lilies in bloom

See also
 Around the World in 80 Gardens
 Monty Don's Italian Gardens
 Monty Don's Paradise Gardens

References

External links
 Review in The Guardian, 1 Feb 2013
 Review in Thinking Gardens, 23 Mar 2013

BBC television documentaries
Gardening television
2000s British travel television series

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Pascan (Code AITA : P6 ; Code OACI : PSC) est une compagnie aérienne québécoise.

Historique

Fondée en 1999 par Serge Charron, un ancien du Service aérien gouvernemental, Pascan effectue des vols réguliers, des vols nolisés ainsi que des vols d'évacuation médicale au travers du Québec, du Labrador et de l'Ontario. Le siège social est situé sur le site de l'aéroport de Saint-Hubert sur le Rive-sud de Montréal. Pascan est aussi un Organisme de Maintenance Agréé (OMA) par Transport Canada pour l'entretien d'aéronefs BAe Jetstream, SAAB, et Pilatus. À la suite d'une restructuration financière, Pascan Express a été dissoute et en 2017, une nouvelle compagnie du nom de Pascan a été fondée. Pascan reprend donc les actifs de l'ancienne compagnie sous la direction de M. Julian Roberts et M. Yani Gagnon.

Destinations quotidiennes
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Pascan dessert actuellement 10 villes quotidiennement.
 Montréal (CYHU) (St-Hubert)
 Montréal (CYUL) (Pierre-Elliott-Trudeau)
 Québec (CYQB)
 Bagotville (CYBG)
 Baie-Comeau (CYBC) (Suspendu)
 Bonaventure (CYVB)
 Gaspé (CYGP)
 Îles de la Madeleine (CYGR)
 Mont-Joli (CYYY)
 Sept-Îles (CYZV)
 Wabush (CYWK)
 Kingston (CYGK) (Suspendu)

Flotte
En , Transport Canada indique 23 appareils immatriculés au registre des aéronefs, le site internet de Pascan indique que la compagnie opère une flotte de 27 ou 28 appareils.

Centre de services aéronautiques
Les installations FBOFixed based operator de Pascan à  permettent le stationnement permanent ou temporaire des aéronefs autres que ceux de la flotte de Pascan Des carburants de type 100LL et Jet A1 sont offerts. La compagnie offre aussi l'assistance pour les services de groupe électrogène au sol, de location de voitures et d'hébergement.

Référence

Voir aussi

Article connexe
 Transport aérien au Québec

Lien externe
 Site officiel de la compagnie Pascan Aviation

Compagnie aérienne ayant son siège au Canada
Entreprise ayant son siège à Longueuil
Transport aérien au Québec


text:
Selemoh ha-Leví, o Pablo de Santa María, inicialmente Schlomo ben Jitzchaq ha-Levi (שלמה הלוי מבורגוס), conocido como El Burgense (Burgos, hacia 1350-30 de agosto de 1435), fue un poeta, erudito e historiador español hispanohebreo, judío converso al cristianismo, consejero de Enrique III, escritor teológico y comentarista bíblico, obispo de Cartagena y de Burgos.

Biografía
Recibió una esmerada educación en la judería burgalesa, de donde fue rabino mayor, pero, después de la revuelta antijudía de 1391 —conocida con el término centroeuropeo de pogromo o «conversiones forzadas del 5151» (año correspondiente en el calendario hebreo)—, iniciada el 6 de junio de ese año en Sevilla, fue convertido por el predicador Vicente Ferrer y, abandonando el judaísmo, fue bautizado en la fe católica con el nombre de Pablo García de Santa María (julio de 1390, coincidiendo con los más terribles asaltos a las juderías de toda la Edad Media). No habiendo querido convertirse su esposa, se separó judicialmente de ella y educó a sus hijos, entre ellos el futuro humanista y obispo de Burgos Alfonso de Cartagena, en la religión cristiana. Su hermano, Álvar García de Santa María, también se convirtió.

Se orientó hacia la vida eclesiástica, estudiando teología en París y en Aviñón, ciudad donde residía el pontífice, quien le promovió en 1395 a la dignidad de arcediano de Treviño (cuyo ejercicio tenía su sede en la Catedral de Burgos, no en el Condado de Treviño). Enrique III le propuso para el obispado de Cartagena (1401) y le nombró su consejero y ayo del príncipe don Juan, futuro Juan II de Castilla. En 1407, tras la muerte de Pero López de Ayala, es nombrado canciller mayor de Castilla.
Fue también consejero de Fernando de Antequera, rey de Aragón. En 1415 fue elegido obispo de Burgos.

Dos de sus hijos siguieron la carrera eclesiástico-política, alcanzando diversas sedes episcopales y responsabilidades en la política castellana: Alfonso de Cartagena y Gonzalo de Santa María. Meses antes de su muerte fue nombrado por Eugenio IV patriarca de Aquilea, sucediéndole en la sede burgalesa su hijo Alfonso, por entonces embajador regio en el Concilio de Basilea. Se fue apartando de la vida cortesana y en su testamento dejó todos sus bienes a los pobres.

Falleció el día 30 de agosto de 1435 en la ciudad de Burgos. Su cadáver recibió sepultura en la capilla mayor del hoy desaparecido convento de San Pablo de Burgos, de la Orden de los dominicos.

Obras
Las siete edades del mundo o Edades trovadas, poema en octavas reales, en que se hace la historia completa del mundo desde la creación, dedicado a Catalina de Lancáster en 1430, aunque estaba ya acabado en 1404. Suma de crónicas de España, Generación de Jesucristo, Cena del Señor.

Es también autor de las Adiciones a las Apostillas de Nicolás de Lira.

Scrutinium Scripturarum
Obra compuesta al final de su vida, una por las que goza de fama internacional, bajo el sobrenombre del «Burgense». Expone de forma dialogada, primero los errores de los judíos y los rebate, y luego explica los misterios de la fe cristiana. Tuvo varias ediciones; la más conocida data de 1591 y lleva como preámbulo su biografía, obra de Cristóbal de Santotis. De la misma época es Additiones ad postillam magistri Nicoali Lyra (1270-1340).

Labor pastoral
Convocó dos sínodos. El de 1418 revela su interés por la correcta formulación de los artículos de la fe, revisando el texto de su antecesor Juan Cabeza de Vaca. El de 1427 es de carácter pastoral y litúrgico y contó con la participación de San Bernardino de Siena.

Financió parte de la construcción del desaparecido convento de San Pablo de Burgos, de la Orden de los dominicos, potenció el monasterio de San Juan de Ortega llevando monjes de Fresdelval, así como San Miguel del Monte, junto a Miranda de Ebro.

En 1432 recibió aprobación pontificia el monasterio de clarisas de Nofuentes, dedicado a Nuestra Señora de Rivas.

Relación con el judaísmo
Pablo, que incluso después de haber sido bautizado, siguió correspondiendo con varios judíos, entre ellos Joseph Orabuena, rabino jefe de Navarra, y Joshua ibn Vives, se convirtió en un amargo enemigo del judaísmo. Hizo todo lo posible, con frecuencia con éxito, para convertir a sus antiguos correligionarios.

En el mismo espíritu el principal objeto del edicto que redactó como canciller del reino y que fue promulgado en nombre del regente, la reina madre viuda de Catalina de Lancaster, en Valladolid el 2 de enero (no 12), 1412, fue la conversión de los judíos. Esta ley, que consistía en veinticuatro artículos, estaba destinada a separar completamente a los judíos de los cristianos, a paralizar su comercio, a humillarlos ya exponerlos al desprecio, obligándolos a vivir en los estrechos cuarteles de su gueto o aceptar el bautismo.

Impulsado por su odio al judaísmo talmúdico, Pablo en el año anterior a su muerte compuso el Dialogus Pauli et Sauli contra judæos, el Scrutinium Scripturarum (Mantua, 1475, Maguncia, 1478, París, 1507, 1535, Burgos, 1591) como fuente para Alfonso de Spina, Gerónimo de Santa Fé y otros escritores españoles hostiles a los judíos, y Martín Lutero en Alemania por su tratado Sobre los judíos y sus mentiras. Pocos años después de su bautismo escribió Additiones (que consisten en adiciones a los postiles de Nicolás de Lira en la Biblia, y se han impreso con frecuencia), y en su vejez una Historia Universal en verso español.

Descendencia

Junto con él fueron bautizados sus hijos y su madre. Su primogénito, Gonzalo, fue obispo de Astorga, de Plasencia y de Sigüenza; mientras que el tercero, Alonso, le sucedió en la sede burgense, hecho poco común, aunque no único (véase Clero español en el Antiguo Régimen). Su mujer se bautizaría años más tarde que él; y su padre nunca lo haría. Su nieta Teresa de Cartagena, hija de su hijo Pedro, era sorda y se hizo monja, escribió dos obras que la colocan entre las primeras y más prestigiosas mujeres medievales escritoras en lengua española.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Serrano y Pineda, Luciano (1941) D. Pablo de Santamaría. Gran rabino y obispo de Burgos. Discurso leído ante la Real academia de la Historia al ingresar en ella. por el Excmo. Y Revmo., Abad de Silos. Contestación al mismo del Excmo. Sr. D. Elías Tormo y Monzó, Académico de la Historia. Día 3 de noviembre de 1940, Burgos: Imprenta El Monte Carmelo.

 Cantera Burgos, Francisco (1952) Alvar García de Santa María y su familia de conversos. Historia de la judería de Burgos y de sus conversos más egregios. Madrid: Instituto Montano.

 Conde, Juan Carlos, La creación de un discurso historiográfico en el Cuatrocientos castellano: las «Siete edades del mundo» de Pablo de Santa María, Salamanca: Universidad de Salamanca, 1999.

 Más referencias bibliográficas en esta nota

Véase también
 Monasterio de San Juan de Ortega. En 1431, el obispo Pablo de Santamaría regularizó su situación.

Enlaces externos

 Edición en línea de Las siete edades del mundo
 Retrato de Pablo de Santa María con un epítome sobre su vida incluido en el libro Retratos de Españoles ilustres, publicado en el año de 1791.

Escritores de España del siglo XIV
Escritores de España del siglo XV
Escritores en español del siglo XIV
Escritores en español del siglo XV
Escritores de la provincia de Burgos
Historiadores de España del siglo XIV
Historiadores de España del siglo XV
Historiadores de la provincia de Burgos
Poetas de España del siglo XIV
Poetas de España del siglo XV
Poetas de la provincia de Burgos
Obispos de Cartagena
Obispos de Burgos
Obispos de España del siglo XV
Judaísmo en España
Religiosos de la provincia de Burgos
Escritores hispanohebreos
Judíos conversos al cristianismo
Cristianos nuevos
Nacidos en Burgos
Judíos del siglo XIV
Fallecidos en Burgos
Arzobispos del siglo XV
Rabinos de España
Obispos católicos del siglo XV
Rabinos del siglo XIV


text:
Karelsprivilege is a legendary privilege that Charlemagne allegedly paid to the Frisians led by Magnus Forteman to thank them for the support that was given to his attack on Rome. Since the 13th century, the Frisians regularly mentioned  in legal and historical works. The authenticity of the privilege has been heavily contested, especially after the Middle Ages. The privilege formed the basis of the so-called Frisian freedom. It was recognized as genuine by a number of Holy Roman emperors. An affirmation and recognition of the privilege was given by Emperor Conrad II in 1039.

The original has been lost. According to tradition it was inscribed on the wall of a church, which could be the church of Almenum, Ferwoude or Oldeboorn. Copies were made and circulated during the Middle Ages. Some or all of these copies were likely forgeries.

In the Middle Ages, only the original, and undamaged sealing wax impressions, were accepted as valid. Forged documents were common, and a well-organized archive of treaty documents that could serve as a reference did not exist. Medieval literature mentioned a link between the Frisian eagle as a heraldic charge in coats of arms and the . This is unclear because in the time of Charlemagne there were no family or regional coat of arms existing, but it could have been used as a banner in that period.

Other names used for this charter are: Magnuskerren, , ,  or .

Background
Between 650 and 750 the Franks significantly expanded their realm. At that time they conquered a large part of Frisia. That conquest was not complete. The part already conquered remained in unsettled ownership (see the death of Boniface). Frisia east of the Lauwers, together with Saxony, continued to oppose the Franks.

Only Charlemagne eventually succeeded, in breaking the last resistance by the Saxons in 785. The Saxons were led by Widukind and were beaten during the Saxon Wars. One of Charlemagne's first steps after the conquest of the Saxons was enumerating the local customs For Frisia that meant the codification of the . To what extent this led to the imposition of law on the Frisians is unknown.

The core of the privilege would have been that this freedom was returned to the Frisians. The obligations the Lex said the Frisian received the freedom to apply those rights, but not that they were forced to do so.

Meaning
Although the existence of the privilege has been challenged, the Frisian Countries up to the beginning of the sixteenth century developed in a unique way, without the feudal system introduced by Charlemagne in other areas of Western Europe.

Bibliography
 Friesche Almanac 1892 (beware, PDF of 7.3 Mb)

Literature
 A. Janse, De waarheid van een falsum. Op zoek naar de politieke context van het Karelsprivilege , De Vrije Fries, (The truth of a falsehood. Looking at the political context of the Karelsprivilege, in The Free Frisian), volume LXXI (1991) p7-28
 T. van der Laars, Wapens, vlaggen en zegels van Nederland, (weapons, flags and seals in the Netherlands), Amsterdam (1913), reprint 1989, pp 57–60.

History of Friesland
History of Groningen (province)
Medieval law


text:
BTI steht für:

 Air Baltic, staatliche Fluggesellschaft Lettlands, laut ICAO-Code
 Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis, Bakterienunterart, eingesetzt zur Stechmückenbekämpfung
 Bertelsmann Transformation Index, Messgröße zu Demokratie und Marktwirtschaft
 Berufskolleg für Technik und Informatik, Neuss, Nordrhein-Westfalen
 Beverage Testing Institute, US-amerikanisches Testinstitut für alkoholische Getränke
 Biel-Täuffelen-Ins-Bahn, ehemalige Berner Bahngesellschaft
 (Bis(trifluoracetoxy)iod)benzol, Reagenz in der organischen Chemie
 BTI Befestigungstechnik, Direktvertreiber in Ingelfingen

Abkürzung


text:
Чемпионат мира по полумарафону 1999 года прошёл 3 октября в Палермо (Италия). Дистанция полумарафона проходила по улицам города. Всего было проведено 2 забега. Определялись чемпионы в личном первенстве и в командном. Командный результат — складываются три лучших результата от страны и по сумме наименьшего времени определяются чемпионы. В соревнованиях приняли участие 193 легкоатлета из 48 стран мира.

Результаты

Мужчины

Женщины

CR — рекорд чемпионата.

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт
 Итоговый протокол соревнований

Чемпионат мира по полумарафону
Международные соревнования по лёгкой атлетике в Италии
Международные спортивные соревнования в Палермо
События 3 октября
Октябрь 1999 года
Чемпионаты мира в Италии


text:
Новое Гришино (Ново-Гришино) — посёлок в Дмитровском районе Московской области, в составе Сельского поселения Костинское. Население —  чел. (). До 2006 года посёлок был центром Гришинского сельского округа.

Расположение
Посёлок расположен в юго-восточной части района, примерно в 15 км на юго-восток от Дмитрова, высота центра над уровнем моря 209 м. В посёлке имеются пруды. Протекает ручей, приток речки Камарихи.

Ближайшие населённые пункты — примыкающее на юго-западе Мелихово, другие в 1 км: Лотосово южнее, Коверьянки на севере и Сурмино на северо-востоке. Гришино на северо-востоке по автотрассе 46К-8160.

Инфраструктура
Имеются Гришинская средняя школа, профессиональное училище № 65, исправительная колония, амбулатория.

В посёлке действует церковь Константина и Елены 1902 года постройки. Находится часовня Казанской иконы Божьей матери.

История

Возник в 1903 году как филиал Московского Фидлеровского (Рукавишниковского приюта) исправительного приюта, имеющий сельскохозяйственную специфику. На месте будущего посёлка до 1917 года находилась деревня Карпово.

Название Икшанский приют получил, в дальнейшем трудовая колония, из-за ближайшей к приюту железнодорожной станции Икша. В 1902—1904 годах при трудовом приюте строительство церкви Константина и Елены. В 1920-х годах закрыта, перестроена, была занята литейным цехом. В 2000-е годы начались восстановительные работы.

После революции Фидлеровский приют преобразован в «Дом морально дефективных детей». В 1921 году преобразования «Дома» в трудовую колонию.
В 1946 году развёртывание на базе Икшанской колонии Авторемонтного завода (ЦАРЗ), присвоение посёлку названия ЦАРЗ.
В 1960—70-е года интенсивное развитие посёлка и его инфраструктуры.

5 апреля 1967 года в составе Гришинского сельсовета создание нового посёлка: Новогришино. Название было дано по деревне Гришино.

В 2010 году трудовая колония была преобразована в Федеральное казённое учреждение «Исправительная колония № 1» УФСИН России по Московской области.

Население

Примечания

Ссылки

Населённые пункты Дмитровского городского округа
Икша


text:
Broken Star is a 2018 American psychological thriller film directed by Dave Schwep and starring Analeigh Tipton and Tyler Labine.

Cast
Analeigh Tipton as Markey
Tyler Labine as Daryl
Lauren Bowles as Kara
Monique Coleman as Annie

Release
In April 2018, it was announced that the rights to the film were acquired by Gravitas Ventures.

The film was released in theaters and on VOD on July 20, 2018.

Reception
Noel Murray of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a negative review and wrote, "But when the plot finally kicks in, it feels like an afterthought — as though director Dave Schwep and screenwriter David Lee Brant realized too late that they needed something more than two damaged folks in a tacky old house."

Nick Schager of Variety also gave the film a negative review and wrote, "The story of a starlet under house arrest who forms an unhealthy bond with her landlord, it's a low-rent effort that's equal parts tawdry and tedious, although more problematic for its theatrical and on-demand fortunes is the fact that, from start to finish, it makes little lucid sense."

References

External links

2018 films
2018 psychological thriller films
American psychological thriller films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


text:
Drusus graecus är en nattsländeart som först beskrevs av Mclachlan 1876.  Drusus graecus ingår i släktet Drusus och familjen husmasknattsländor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Husmasknattsländor
graecus


text:
Thomas Sanders, (Gainesville, Florida, 24 de abril de 1989) é um cantor, ator, roterista, e celebridade da internet, que ficou famoso devido ao Vine e ao YouTube. Ele é mais conhecido pelo seu canal  no YouTube e carreira no Vine, da qual durou entre Abril de 2013 até o site ser oficialmente desativado pelo Twitter em janeiro de 2017. Depois da desativação, ele continuou a criar vídeos em diferentes plataformas sociais. Sanders cria vídeos de longa duração no YouTube, enquanto simultaneamente postando curtas no estilo de Vine no Instagram, Tumblr, Twitter, e recentemente, TikTok. A sua personalidade online consiste em sketches de comédia, música e justiça social.

Sanders é conhecido principalmente pelas séries de Vines Narrarating People's Lives, também conhecido como Storytime, sua série de pegadinhas Disney Pranks with Friends, e pelas suas web séries, Sanders Sides e Cartoon Therapy. Ele chegou a ter mais de 7.4 bilhões de loops no Vine, e 8.3 milhões de seguidores no Vine, tornando a sua carreira na curta história da plataforma uma das mais bem-sucedidas. No YouTube, ele possui dois canais, Thomas Sanders, e Thomas Sanders and Friends. A partir de Novembro de 2020, o seu canal principal possui 3.49 milhões de inscritos, e o seu segundo canal possui aproximadamente 376,000 de inscritos. Sanders ganhou dois Shorty Awards e um Streamy Award, por Melhor Viner e Melhor Comediante do YouTube, e foi nominado à um Teen Choice Award para Viner de Escolha, entre outros reconhechimentos.

Vida pessoal
Sanders nasceu e foi criado em Gainesville, na Flórida, onde ainda vive hoje em dia. O seu bisavô materno foi nascido na Irlanda, e sua bisavó materna era membro das Ziegfeld Follies, algo que Sanders reconhece como uma "conexão ancestral com o palco". O trabalho de seu pai é como professor. Os seus pais tiveram quatro filhos, Patrick, Christian, Thomas e Shea. Thomas é dois anos mais velho que Shea, e oito anos mais novo que Patrick e Christian. Ele começou a cantar em público e tomou os seus primeiros passos em atuação na Escola Fundamental de Kanapaha, localizada em Gainesville, cantando em severos coros e autuando em múltiplas peças escolares. Mais tarde, Sanders combinou seus estudos na Universidade da Flórida com o teatro comunitário, juntando-se a Gainesville Community Playhouse de 2006 a 2015. Quando ele se formou com um Bacharel de Ciência em engenharia química em 2011, ele subsequentemente combinou seu trabalho diurno como um engenheiro de manufatura em uma empresa de desenvolvimento farmacêutico em Alachua com seu trabalho noturno em teatro, até o seu sucesso como Viner o levou a deixar o seu primeiro trabalho para se focar no teatro e Vine. Em Junho de 2017, ele revelou ser gay.

Carreira

Vine e Sanders Shorts
Thomas iniciou sua carreira online como "Foster Dawg", nomeado em memória de seu primeiro cachorro, Foster, em 14 de Abril de 2013. Uma imitação de voz como Stewie Griffin, de Family Guy, em um drive-thru, foi o seu primeiro Vine que virou viral, levando a um contínuo sucesso no aplicativo. Ele renomeou o seu canal como "Thomas Sanders". O seu canal chegou a ter 1 milhão de seguidores no Vine em Outubro de 2013. O seu maior sucesso no Vine foi a série Narrating People's Lives, também conhecido como Storytime, onde ele se aproximava de estranhos aleatórios, narrando comicamente atividades do dia-a-dia que eles estavam realizando e mostrando suas reações. Outras séries no Vine que ele é conhecido por fazer são Disney Pranks with Friends (Pegadinhas da Disney com Amigos), Pokémon Pranks (Pegadinhas de Pokémon), Misleading Compliments (Elogios Enganosos), Musicals in Real Life (Musicais na Vida Real), Stewie vs. Herbert (co-estrelando Taylor Shrum como Herbert), Shoutout Sunday (Menções de Domingo), dentre outras. Desde Abril de 2015, Sanders conseguiu mais de 5 milhões de seguidores, fazendo Thomas Sanders o décimo sétimo Viner mais seguido neste tempo.

Quando Twitter anunciou que Vine iria ser desativada no fim de 2016, Sanders anunciou que ele continuaria a fazer seus curtas até o dia de desativação. Quando Vine desativou em 17 de Janeiro de 2017, Sanders chegou a ter 8.3 milhões de seguidores. Desde esta data, seus curtas, também conhecidos como Sanders Shorts, são postados primeiramente em seu Instagram, que desde Novembro de 2020, tem 3,4 milhões de seguidores. Ele também encoraja seus seguidores, denominados de Fanders, a fazer fan art inspirada em seu trabalho e enviar a ele, para escolher os melhores exemplos e postar semanalmente, dando créditos a todos os artistas.

Em 24 de fevereiro de 2015 Sanders apareceu como convidado ao The View, em um segmento estrelando estrelas do Vine, onde ele foi entrevistado sobre a sua popularidade, e um de seus Vines foi mostrado no The Ellen DeGeneres Show na seção Vine after Vine. Sanders já colaborou com Viners como Vincent Marcus, Brandon Calvillo e Amymarie Gaertner, e apresentava participações especiais e aparições de pessoas como Sean Bean, Nicolle Wallace, Stacy London, Nick Pitera (da qual ele fez uma série de Vines, Unexpected Duets/Duetos Inesperados), Brizzy Voices, Gabbie Hanna, Tara Strong, E. G. Daily, Jim Cummings, Daniel Howell e Phil Lester, Adam Pascal e os atores principais de Hamilton, Teen Titans Go! e Steven Universe, dentre outros.

YouTube
Sanders estreou sua conta oficial no YouTube em 15 de março de 2009. Após conquistar seguidores através do Vine, ele começou a publicar mais frequentemente no YouTube. Fez as suas primeiras colaborações com youtubers em 2015, centrando-se em pegadinhas, jogos e desafios. Até 2014, sua contagem de inscrição cresceu em escala menor, com aproximadamente  inscritos até ao final do ano. A partir desta data, sua contagem cresceu, progressivamente acelerando, tendo 200,000 inscritos em Abril de 2015, e mais de  inscritos no final de 2015.

No segundo semestre de 2016, ao mesmo tempo em que sua atividade ne Vine foi diminuindo ligeiramente seguindo o anúncio do Twitter sobre a desativação do Vine, Sanders anunciou que ele focaria mais em seu conteúdo no YouTube a partir de então. Desta forma, ele passou a publicar mais frequentemente vídeos no YouTube em formatos mais diversos. Desde Fevereiro de 2020, o canal possuí 3.33 milhões de inscritos.

Em 29 de outubro de 2018, ele estreou um segundo canal denominado Thomas Sanders and Friends (Thomas Sanders e Amigos), dedicado inteiramente a vídeos improvisados que ele fez no passado em seu canal principal com a ajuda de seus amigos e convidados, também postando mensalmente compilações de Sanders Shorts, enquanto o canal principal é dedicado exclusivamente as suas séries com roteiros, shows, e vídeos de música. O seu segundo canal chegou a 100,000 inscritos em 7 de  Novembro de 2018, nove dias depois de sua criação.

Em 10 de outubro de 2020 Sanders anunciou a criação de uma página do Patreon, denominada Janus' Corridor of Stored Rewards (Corredor de Recompensas do Janus), baseado em seu personagem, representante de mentiras e decepção em sua série mais popular, Sanders Sides (Lados de Sanders).

Sanders Sides
Desde 19 de outubro de 2016 que Thomas Sanders dirige uma web série do YouTube chamada Sanders Sides, escrita junto de Joan Stokes, na qual ele discute questões pessoais ou existenciais com quatro personagens principais, os titulares Sanders Sides. A série atualmente consiste em duas temporadas com um total em maio de 2020 de 30 episódios lançados em uma periodicidade variável. A 1ª temporada tem 17 episódios, desde 19 de outubro de 2016 a 19 de julho de 2017. Já a 2ª temporada começou em 1º de setembro de 2017 e, a partir de maio de 2020, tem 13 episódios. A série inicialmente era um crossover entre três personagens dos Vines/Sanders Shorts, especificamente, o Professor, o Príncipe e o Pai, mas enquanto a série continuava, os personagens evoluíram, tornando-se Logan, Roman e Patton, respectivamente, e personagens novos como Virgil, Janus e Remus foram introduzidos.

Os personagens são geralmente interpretados pelo próprio Sanders, embora ocasionalmente também tenham sido interpretados por Joan Stokes, Valerie Torres-Rosario, Terrence Williams Jr. e Talyn. Joan e Talyn também colaboram extensivamente com Sanders na produção da série, pesquisando os tópicos principais de cada episódio, fazendo adereços, decorando cenários, desenhando, costurando à mão as vestimentas, maquiagem e ajudando na edição e efeitos visuais. Sanders Sides às vezes apresentou participações de estrelas convidadas, como Lilly Singh e Butch Hartman que, além de aparecer como ele mesmo, criou uma sequência animada exclusivamente para Sanders Sides, onde Thomas e seus lados se tornaram personagens animados. Tara Strong, que já havia aparecido em vários Vines e Sanders Shorts, também fez uma participação especial no episódio de Hartman. Em 22 de novembro de 2019, foi criada uma série complementar denominada de Sanders Asides (Sanders Aparte), apresentando os Lados em histórias mais leves em episódios mais curtos, nas palavras de Sanders, para apresentar histórias não diretamente ligadas à narrativa principal, para "esperançosamente" lançar conteúdos de Sanders Sides com mais frequência.

Os Lados de Sanders são projeções da mente de Thomas, e representam diferentes aspectos de sua personalidade. Thomas geralmente começa cada episódio como um vlog normal, sobre um determinado tópico ou dilema. Às vezes, ele é interrompido pelos Lados que aparecem antes dele, e às vezes Thomas os convoca para conseguir ajuda. Isso inicia um debate onde cada um dos lados oferece seu ponto de vista de acordo com o traço de personalidade que eles representam até que todos cheguem a uma conclusão, tanto para Thomas quanto para os espectadores. Tudo isso é combinado com piadas e momentos cômicos, dramáticos ou emocionantes entre Thomas e os lados.

Personagens de Sanders Sides
Os nomes dos Lados principais são Logan, Roman, Patton e Virgil, embora no início eles eram conhecidos, respectivamente como Lógica ou Professor, Criatividade ou Príncipe, Moralidade ou Pai, e Ansiedade, até que revelaram seus nomes um por um.

Logan é o pensamento lógico de Thomas, sua inteligência e seu conhecimento adquirido. Ele tem a aparência de um professor de ensino médio, vestindo uma camisa polo preta, uma gravata azul e óculos pretos. Ele se baseia no conceito de Logos de Aristóteles, um dos três modos de persuasão que apela à lógica e ao raciocínio.

Roman representa a criatividade de Thomas, suas fantasias, esperanças e sonhos, e amor pelo canto. Ele tem a aparência de um príncipe de conto de fadas da Disney, vestindo um terno real branco do século 19 com um ornamento dourado no ombro e uma faixa vermelha cruzando o peito, e às vezes ele usa uma katana como sua arma de escolha. Ele se baseia no conceito de romantismo para romance e Romantismo, o movimento artístico envolvendo contos de cavaleiros e princesas como um de seus temas.

Patton é apresentado como a moralidade de Thomas, seu senso de certo e errado, suas emoções, sentimentos e sua criança interior. Ele tem a aparência de um pai de família americano típico, vestindo uma camisa polo azul, um cardigã amarrado nos ombros e óculos pretos, os mesmos óculos que Logan usa. Baseia-se no conceito de Pathos, também de Aristóteles, outro dos três modos de persuasão, este apelando às emoções.

Virgíl é a ansiedade de Thomas, seus medos, reflexos de luta ou fuga e seu instinto de sobrevivência. Ele tem a aparência de um adolescente emo, vestindo uma camisa tingida de roxo, um moletom cinza escuro com manchas roxas, seu cabelo por todo o rosto e sombra sob os olhos. Seu nome é baseado no nome latim Vergilius que, embora tenha um significado desconhecido, os especialistas teorizam que deriva de "vigília" ou "vigilante", e também do poeta romano Virgílio, que aparece como personagem no Inferno de Dante, um vídeo jogo baseado na Divina Comédia de Dante, onde ele acompanha Dante através do Mundo Inferior.

Janus representa o lado deceptivo de Thomas, todas as mentiras e falsidades que Thomas conta a todos e a si próprio. Ele tem a aparência combinando vestimentas do século 19 com a estética de serpente. Usa um chapéu de feltro preto com uma fita preta. Metade de seu rosto é meio semelhante a uma cobra, com um olho amarelo em forma de fenda com uma pele rosada, e uma mandíbula que extende até o final de sua face de serpente. Ele também usa luvas amarelas brilhantes, sobretudo preto e amarelo com gola ostenta uma capa preta, mostrando ainda mais o mistério das mentiras. Seu nome é baseado em Jano, o Deus Romano de começos, portas, transições, tempo, dualidade, entradas, passagens e finais, o que encaixa a sua aparência e seu papel na série.

Remus representa os pensamentos intrusivos de Thomas, o lado sombrio, impulsivo e perturbador da criatividade, o que faz dele o irmão gêmeo de Roman. Ele tem a aparência da era Stuart, com um traje cintilante semelhante ao de Roman, porém, em preto, prata e verde - este último sendo a cor das sombras do vermelho. O traje é acentuado com elementos de terror, como dentes humanos e um globo ocular. Ele tem uma mecha prateada no cabelo, um bigode encaracolado e maquiagem dos olhos cor de hematoma. Seu nome é baseado em um dos fundadores de Roma, da história dos gêmeos Rômulo e Remo.

Teatro
Além de sua carreira na Internet, Sanders trabalhou em teatro musical durante o seu tempo trabalhando em Gainesville Community Playhouse, para produções incluindo Hot Mikado (2007), Singin 'in the Rain (2009), The Producers (2010), Anything Goes (2011), Into the Woods (2014), e Les Misérables (2014). Em 2015, Sanders fez seu primeiro trabalho profissional no teatro estrelando em Heathers: The Musical como J.D., em uma produção realizada em Orlando. De 8 de agosto a 2 de setembro de 2016, Sanders fez uma turnê musical, Ultimate Storytime, escrita por Sanders com canções compostas por Jacob Fjeldheim, baseado em sua série do Vine, Narrating People's Lives, apresentando-se em 17 cidades nos EUA e Canadá, incluindo Toronto e Nova York. Em 2019, Sanders foi escalado como substituto da Besta in Beauty and the Beast.

Prêmios e indicações

Ligações externas

Naturais da Flórida
Youtubers dos Estados Unidos


text:
The Latham E-5 was a large French Naval four engine biplane flying boat, flown in 1925. It was successfully tested but only one was built.

Design

The Latham E-5 was the largest of Latham's three big biplane flying boats. The earlier Trimotor and rather similar HB.5 both had only slightly shorter span upper wing spans but much smaller lower wings; the E-5 was an equal span biplane and as a result had over 40% more wing area. It also had 60% more power, allowing a 50% increase in gross weight. It was developed by Jean Latham together with Weber and Levavasseur.

Its wooden framed, two spar, rectangular plan wings had the same airfoil section along the span; the upper and lower planes had the same span and chord.  They formed an unstaggered,  interplane gap, two bay structure braced with two parallel pairs of vertical interplane struts on each side. These struts had wooden box cores and were enclosed in duralumin sheet, airfoil section fairings.   The E-5 had a  span centre section without dihedral and outer sections with about 2° of dihedral. Inverted V-struts braced the centre of the upper wing to the upper fuselage and the engine mounting frames joined the upper and lower wings at the ends of the centre sections.  Ailerons were fitted only on the upper wing and occupied about one third of the span.

The E-5 was powered by four  Lorraine 12D water-cooled V-12 engines, mounted as two push-pull pairs in two single nacelles.  Each was positioned midway between the wings;  the front ends of the nacelles projected well beyond the wing leading edge but the pusher configuration members of the pair drove their propellers between the wings a little aft of mid-chord.

The wooden, flat sided fuselage of the E-5 was  long and, at its maximum,  wide and  deep, with a single step, soft chine planing hull.  On water, the E-5 was laterally stabilized by a pair of flat bottomed floats, wing mounted on struts below the outer interplane struts.  The open, side-by-side cockpit was some  forward of the wing and close to the gunner/bombardier's position in the extreme nose. There were two more cockpits, separate though side-by-side and just behind the trailing edge, for the navigator and another gunner/bombardier.

The end of the fuselage curved up to a low, curved step which supported a biplane, constant chord horizontal tail with balanced elevators on its upper and lower planes. The lower elevator was in two parts with a central V-shaped cut-out. Between the planes there was a central fin which carried a rounded rudder that reached down to the keel and worked in the elevator gap, together with two mid-span, finless rudders, which were approximately trapezoidal in shape to allow elevator movement.

Development

The precise date of the E-5's first flight is not known but on 14 August 1925 tests at Caudebec-en-Caux were successfully conducted in the presence of officials from the  Service technique de l'aéronautique (STAé). Robert Duhamel was the test pilot, assisted by his brother Amédé who was chief engineer at Latham's works.
The later history of the sole E-5 is not recorded in the major French aviation journals of the time.

Specifications

References

Bibliography

Flying boats
1920s French patrol aircraft
Latham aircraft
Biplanes
Four-engined push-pull aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925


text:
Olga Benario-Prestes (* 12. Februar 1908 in München; † 23. April 1942 in der Tötungsanstalt in Bernburg) war eine deutsche Kommunistin und ein Opfer des Nationalsozialismus.

Leben

Weimarer Republik
Olga Benario war jüngstes Kind einer jüdischen Anwaltsfamilie. Ihr Bruder Otto Benario war sieben Jahre älter. Ihr Vater Leo Benario war renommierter sozialdemokratischer Anwalt mit Kanzlei in München, der auch Mittellose in Rechtsstreitigkeiten unterstützte. Die Mutter Eugenie Benario, eine geborene Guttmann, stammte aus der wohlhabenden Nürnberger Gesellschaft.

Da Olga Benario politisch und gesellschaftlich sehr interessiert war, gab der Vater ihr Anwaltsakten über verurteilte Linke zu lesen. Damit wurde der Grundstein für ihre politische Weltanschauung gelegt. Olga Benario besuchte das Münchner Luisengymnasium und begann eine Ausbildung als Buchhändlerin bei dem Verleger und Freund der Familie Georg Müller, die sie allerdings nach einem Jahr abbrach. Olga Benario war Mitglied der Kommunistischen Jugendgruppe in Schwabing. 1925 folgte sie ihrem späteren Lebensgefährten Otto Braun von München nach Berlin, wo sie für den KJVD in Berlin-Neukölln und für die KPD arbeitete. Sie war Stenotypistin in der sowjetischen Handelsmission. Als sie und Braun wegen Hochverrats verhaftet wurden, erwirkte ihr Vater die Freilassung seiner Tochter.

Braun wurde von Oberreichsanwalt Paul Vogt des Hochverrats und der Spionage angeklagt und inhaftiert. Nach KPD-Angaben führte Olga Benario seine, vom KPD-Nachrichtendienst organisierte, bewaffnete Befreiungsaktion an. Tatsächlich nutzte am 11. April 1928 gegen 8:50 Uhr eine von Hermann Dünow geleitete Gruppe von sieben KJVD-Genossen aus Berlin-Neukölln des M-Apparates der KPD einen Besuchstermin von Benario aus, um Braun aus dem Kriminalgericht Moabit zu befreien. Benario wurde mit Hilfe des geheimen Apparats der KPD in die Tschechoslowakei geschleust. Von dort gelangte sie, mit Otto Braun, nach Moskau.

Sowjetunion
In Moskau erhielt Benario eine militärische Ausbildung. Sie lernte Waffenkunde und Reiten, später auch Fallschirmspringen und Fliegen. 1931 trennte sie sich von Otto Braun und reiste zu einer Mission als "Eva Krüger" nach Paris. Verhaftet und wieder freigelassen, ging sie über Belgien nach England, wo man sie erneut verhaftete. Der MI5 übermittelte ihre Fingerabdrücke an die Münchener Polizei, die durch Abgleich ihre Identität feststellte.

Brasilien
Ende 1934 wurde Olga Benario in Moskau mit dem brasilianischen Hauptmann Luiz Carlos Prestes bekannt gemacht. Dieser hatte Mitte der 1920er Jahre als Anführer der Coluna Prestes, einer Teilbewegung der Tenentismo, einer Rebellionen der jungen Offiziere des brasilianischen Militärs, gegen die herrschende Oligarchie und die damalige Regierung Bernardes geleitet. Ziel dieser Rebellionen war eine Strukturreform des Landes. Nach dem Fehlschlag dieser Reformbemühungen lebte Prestes seit Anfang der 1930er Jahre im Exil in Moskau.

Im Auftrag der Komintern wurde Benario als Prestes' Leibwächterin zusammen mit ihm nach Brasilien gesandt, wo Prestes die Leitung eines sich vorbereitenden Aufstandes der Aliança Nacional Libertadora (ANL) gegen die autokratische Regierung von Getúlio Vargas übernehmen sollte. Auf der Reise tarnten sie sich als "portugiesisches Ehepaar in den Flitterwochen". In der Folge wurde aus der Beziehung eine tiefe Liebe. In Rio de Janeiro traf sie Elisabeth Saborowski (genannt Sabo) und deren Ehemann Arthur Ewert, einen ehemaligen Reichstagsabgeordneten, sowie weitere aus der Sowjetunion angereiste Berufsrevolutionäre.

Der Aufstand vom 27. November 1935 schlug fehl, da die Unterstützung der Bevölkerung überschätzt wurde und die Regierungstruppen, offenbar durch Verrat, informiert waren. Benario und Prestes tauchten unter und eine Verfolgungswelle gegen Linke setzte ein; es gab zahlreiche Tote, Tausende kamen in Gefängnisse. Elza Fernandes (1915–1936), die Ehefrau des Generalsekretärs der Kommunistischen Partei Brasiliens, Antonio Maciel Bonfim, wurde als Verräterin verdächtigt, da sie mehrmals verhaftet und wieder freigelassen und dann immer jemand festgenommen worden war. Die Kommunisten beschlossen mit Einwilligung von Prestes, die "Verräterin" zu beseitigen, und ermordeten sie durch Strangulation.

Nach dem Ehepaar Ewert wurden im Frühjahr 1936 auch Prestes und Benario verhaftet. Im Herbst wurde die schwangere Olga Benario zusammen mit der deutschen Mitverschwörerin Sabo Saborowski auf Anweisung von Vargas nach Deutschland ausgeliefert. Die beiden Frauen wurden von Filinto Müller, Polizeichef von Rio de Janeiro, am 21. September 1936 zur Auslieferung auf das deutsche Schiff La Coruña gebracht. Das widersprach brasilianischem Gesetz, wonach eine Frau, die ein Kind von einem Brasilianer erwartete, nicht ausgewiesen werden durfte.

Zeit des Nationalsozialismus
Im Frauengefängnis Barnimstraße in Berlin brachte sie am 27. November 1936 ihre Tochter Anita Leocádia Prestes zur Welt. Bis zum Januar 1938 blieb das Kind bei der Mutter. Da Luís Carlos Prestes die Vaterschaft erklärte, übergab die Gestapo die Tochter im Jahr 1938 der Großmutter Leocadia Prestes.

Olga Benario wurde im Februar 1938 in das KZ Lichtenburg verlegt, wo sie Elisabeth Saborowski-Ewert wiedersah. 1939 wurde sie in das KZ Ravensbrück verlegt und dort von der Häftlingslagerleitung zur Blockältesten im Judenblock bestimmt. Prestes' Mutter erwirkte Papiere zur Ausreise Benarios nach Mexiko, die aber wegen des Kriegsbeginns von London aus nicht mehr zugestellt werden konnten und zurückgesandt wurden.

Benario wurde 1942 zusammen mit anderen Häftlingen des KZ Ravensbrück im Rahmen der "Aktion 14f13" in der Tötungsanstalt Bernburg in der Gaskammer ermordet. Ihr Vater war 1933 gestorben, ihre Mutter starb 1943 im KZ Theresienstadt. Die Gestapo fälschte den Totenschein und behauptete, dass sie an einer Herzinsuffizienz bei Darmverschlingung und Peritonitis verstorben sei. Ihr Bruder Otto Benario wurde am 28. September 1944 im KZ Auschwitz ermordet.

Weiteres

Die Gestapo war durch übereinstimmende detaillierte Berichte, die bis 1933 zurückreichen, von mehreren V-Leuten kommunistischer Herkunft über Arbeit und Aufenthalte von Olga Benario und über ihre persönlichen und Partei-Beziehungen zu verschiedenen Funktionären informiert.

Ob Olga Benario, wie sie gegenüber der Gestapo stets behauptete, mit Luis Carlos Prestes verheiratet gewesen war, erscheint zweifelhaft. Laut den 2016 in einer literarischen Bearbeitung durch Robert Cohen veröffentlichten Gestapodokumenten aus Moskauer Archiven konnten weder Benario noch Prestes oder irgendwelche offiziellen Stellen in Moskau, Paris oder Brasilien die entsprechenden Dokumente beibringen. Die Ehe wurde wohl lediglich behauptet, um eine Abschiebung aus Brasilien zu verhindern und später zu ermöglichen, dass zumindest die Tochter Anita an die Mutter von Prestes übergeben werden konnte.

Die Tochter Anita Leocádia Prestes, eine Historikerin, lebt in Brasilien.

Ehrungen
In der DDR wurden Schulen, Kindergärten und Straßen nach Olga Benario benannt. Zusammen mit Hilde Coppi und Liselotte Herrmann war sie Symbol für von den Nazis ermordete Mütter, die ihre Kinder im Frauengefängnis Barnimstraße zur Welt gebracht hatten. An ihrem Sterbeort in Bernburg trug die ehemalige III. Volksschule (eröffnet 1901) und heutige Grundschule Johann Wolfgang von Goethe von 1979 bis 1991 den Namen 3. POS Olga Benario-Prestes. Auf dem Vorplatz der Schule wurde auch ein Denkmal für Olga Benario errichtet.

Während der großen Jahrestage anlässlich der Befreiung des KZ Ravensbrück wurde Olga Benario-Prestes neben Yevgenia Klemm, Antonina Nikiforova, Mela Ernst, Rosa Jochmann, Käthe Niederkirchner, Rosa Thälmann, Olga Körner, Martha Desrumaux, Minna Villain und Maria Grollmuß in der Nationalen Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ravensbrück (DDR) regelmäßig öffentlich als ehemalige Inhaftierte geehrt.

An Olga Benario erinnern die Galerie Olga Benario und ein Stolperstein vor ihrem Wohnhaus Innstr. 24 / Ecke Donaustraße in Berlin-Neukölln. Der Jugendfilmclub Olga Benario in Frankfurt (Oder), eine Jugendherberge in Gräfenroda (Thüringen), eine Senioreneinrichtung in Schwedt, eine Kita in Sellin auf Rügen sowie Straßen unter anderem in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg, Jena und Bernburg (Saale) tragen ihren Namen. Im Februar 2019 eröffnete in ihrer Heimatstadt München das linke Zentrum Barrio Olga Benario. Die Skulptur Tragende von Will Lammert auf dem Gelände der Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ravensbrück hat Olga Benario zum Vorbild.

Der Offenbacher Verlag Olga Benario und Herbert Baum ist nach ihr und dem ebenfalls von den Nazis verfolgten Herbert Baum benannt.

Im November 2022 wurde im Rahmen des Projekts Erinnerungszeichen für Opfer des NS-Regimes in München an ihrer ehemaligen Schule in der Luisenstraße 7 in München eine Gedenktafel für sie angebracht.

Medien
 1992 wurde das Theaterstück Olgas Raum von Dea Loher uraufgeführt. Es wurde seitdem in vielfältiger Weise gezeigt und neuinterpretiert.
 Aus dem Jahr 2004 stammt der Dokumentarfilm Olga Benario – Ein Leben für die Revolution von Galip İyitanır, Benario wurde in den Spielszenen dabei von Margrit Sartorius dargestellt.
 Ebenfalls 2004 kam der Spielfilm Olga nach der Biographie von Fernando Morais in die Kinos. Regie führte Jayme Monjardim, in der Titelrolle war Camila Morgado zu sehen. Ein großer Publikumserfolg in Brasilien, wurde der Film von der Kritik als zu kitschig und zu sehr auf die Liebesgeschichte reduziert verrissen. Ab dem 31. August 2006 lief der Film in stark gekürzter Form auch in deutschen Kinos.
 Weiterhin gibt es ein Tanzstück über sie von Catharina Gadelhas, das den Titel Olga trägt.
 Der Bayerische Rundfunk strahlte am 7. Juli 2007 die Sendung Ich habe für das Richtige, das Gute, das Beste gekämpft. Das revolutionäre Leben der Olga Benario von Monika Meister aus.
 Am 14. Oktober 2006 wurde die Oper Olga des brasilianischen Komponisten Jorge Antunes mit Libretto auf Portugiesisch von Gerson Valle am Theatro Municipal in São Paulo uraufgeführt. Die ursprüngliche Oper war schon seit 1997 fertig, allerdings fand sich aus politischen Gründen kein Theater bereit, sie aufzuführen.
 Eine Dramatisierung für das Sprechtheater von Damaris Nübel unter dem Titel Auf Olga Benario! wurde am 13. November 2008 in der Münchener Schauburg uraufgeführt. Das Stück rekonstruiert Benarios Leben aus der Sicht ihrer Tochter Anita, deren Vater Luís Carlos Prestes und dessen Mutter.
 Im Roman Exil der frechen Frauen von Robert Cohen (s. Literatur) ist Olga Benario eine der drei Hauptfiguren.
 Ein Hörbuch mit dem Titel Die Unbeugsame – Olga Benario in ihren Briefen und in den Akten der Gestapo, Regie: Ute Kaiser, erschien im April 2020 bei Nemu Records, Köln ISBN 978-3-00-064887-8

 Das dokumentarisches Musiktheater "Ich heb' dir die Welt aus den Angeln" der Neuköllner Oper schildert das Leben von Olga Benario.

Literatur
 Anita Leocádia Prestes: Olga Benario Prestes. Eine biografische Annäherung.(Verbrecher Verlag) Berlin 2022, ISBN 978-3-95732-539-6
 Robert Cohen: Der Vorgang Benario. Die Gestapo-Akte 1936-1942. edition berolina, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-95841-041-1.
 Olga Benario, Luiz Carlos Prestes: Die Unbeugsamen. Briefwechsel aus Gefängnis und KZ. Herausgegeben von Robert Cohen. Wallstein, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8353-1327-9.
 Robert Cohen: Exil der frechen Frauen. Rotbuch, Berlin 2009. 3. Aufl. 2013, ISBN 978-3-86789-057-1.
 Klaus Drobisch: Benario-Prestes, Olga. In: Biographisches Lexikon zur deutschen Geschichte. Von den Anfängen bis 1945. 2., erw. Auflage. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1970,S. 55.
 Fernando Morais: Olga. Volksblatt, 1989, ISBN 3-923243-50-2. Neuaufl.: Rowohlt, 1992, ISBN 3-499-13030-0.
 William Waack: Die vergessene Revolution – Olga Benario und die deutsche Revolte in Rio. Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Berlin 1994, ISBN 3-7466-8013-1.
 Ruth Werner: Olga Benario – die Geschichte eines tapferen Lebens. Neues Leben, Berlin 1961.
 Neuauflage: Olga Benario – Ein Leben für die Revolution. Zambon-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2010, ISBN 978-3-88975-158-4.
 Bundesarchiv Berlin ZC 14103 A. 18.
 Bernd Kaufmann u. a.: Der Nachrichtendienst der KPD 1919–1937. Dietz, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-320-01817-5.
 Michaela Karl: Olga Benario: Die Revolutionärin. In: Bayerische Amazonen – 12 Porträts. Pustet, Regensburg 2004, ISBN 3-7917-1868-1, S. 209–226.
 Stephan Hermlin: Die erste Reihe. Neues Leben, Berlin 1951, 5. Aufl. 1985, S. 64 ff.
 Anna Seghers: Olga Benario-Prestes [1951]. In: Seghers: Über Kunstwerk und Wirklichkeit. Bd. III. Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Bearbeitet und eingeleitet von Sigrid Bock. Berlin 1971, S. 158–161.
 Luise Kraushaar u. a.: Deutsche Widerstandskämpfer 1933–1945. Biographien und Briefe. Band 1. Dietz, Berlin 1970, S. 105–108.

Weblinks

 Stefan Fuchs: Nach Deutschland in den Tod geschickt. Vor 70 Jahren lieferte Brasilien die Revolutionärin Olga Benario Prestes an die Nazis aus. In: Deutschlandradio Kultur, Kalenderblatt vom 21. September 2006 (abgerufen am 17. Juli 2011)
 Imke Lode: Olga Benario – Biografie. mit Zitaten, Links und Literaturangaben. In: FemBio – Frauen. Biographieforschung 2008 (abgerufen am 17. Juli 2011)
 Gestapo-Akte:
 Das Olga Benario Projekt - Lesung und Hörbuch über ein Holocaust-Opfer und seine Mörder

Einzelnachweise

Absolvent der Internationalen Leninschule
Person, für die im Bezirk Neukölln ein Stolperstein verlegt wurde
Opfer des Holocaust
Häftling im KZ Lichtenburg
Häftling im KZ Ravensbrück
Funktionshäftling im KZ Ravensbrück
Todesopfer der Tötungsanstalt Bernburg
KPD-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1908
Gestorben 1942
Frau


text:
Олонга (устар. Оленка) — река в России, протекает по Ловозерскому району Мурманской области.

Впадает в реку Цагу в 8,2 км по левому берегу. Длина реки составляет 21 км, площадь водосборного бассейна — 141 км².

Данные водного реестра
По данным государственного водного реестра России относится к Баренцево-Беломорскому бассейновому округу, водохозяйственный участок реки — Воронья от гидроузла Серебрянское 1 и до устья. Речной бассейн реки — бассейны рек Кольского полуострова, впадает в Баренцево море.

Код объекта в государственном водном реестре — 02010000812101000004130.

Примечания

Бассейн Вороньей
Реки Мурманской области


text:
Letters to George ist das Debütalbum von John Hollenbeck mit seiner Gruppe George. Die am 26. bis 28. Januar 2022 in den Planet Studios, Montreal, entstandenen Aufnahmen erschienen am 27. Januar 2023 auf dem Label Out of Your Head.

Hintergrund
Der Gruppenname George leitet sich, wie John Hollenbeck in den Liner Notes hervorhob, vom griechischen Namen Georgios ab, der sich wiederum vom griechischen Wort georgos für "Bauer, Erdarbeiter" ableitet, dieses wiederum von den Elementen γῆ (ge) für "Erde" und ergon für "Arbeit".

Hollenbecks Quartett George würde eine Abkehr von seinem früheren Werk darstellen, notierte Jude Noel; es sei ein Projekt, das sich weitgehend an den unterschiedlichen Geschmäckern seiner Mitglieder orientiere. Der Schlagzeuger spielte das Album mit den drei Multiinstrumentalistinnen Anna Webber (Saxophon, Flöte), Aurora Nealand (Saxophon, Gesang) und Chiquita Magic (Piano, Keyboards, Gesang) ein, nachdem die Band im ersten Jahr der COVID-19-Pandemie gegründet wurde. In dieser Phase hatte die Band zunächst einen einzigen Track "Proof of Concept" aufgenommen, der sie schließlich davon überzeugte, dass es sich lohnen könnte, die gemeinsamen Ideen weiterzuverfolgen. Die Musiker bereiteten sich auf die Aufnahmen pandemiebedingt aus der Ferne vor, um sich erst im Januar 2022 zum ersten Mal persönlich zu treffen, als Letters to George in Toronto aufgenommen wurde.

Neben acht Eigenkompositionen Hollenbecks (die er u. a. George Clinton, George Washington Carver, Georgia O'Keeffe, George Floyd und George Saunders widmete) spielte George zwei Coverversionen bekannter Songs ein, zum einen "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)" (1966), bekannt durch Sonny and Cher, zum anderen eine "atmosphärische Rekonstruktion" von Cyril Tawneys Seemannslied "Grey Funnel Line".

Chiquita Magic sei wohl die wichtigste Ergänzung dieser Band, einfach weil sie musikalisch von so einem anderen Ort komme, dass sie zwangsläufig den größten Einfluss auf den Rest der Band haben würde, meint S. Victor Aaron (Something Else!). Aus Kolumbien stammend, aber jetzt in Toronto lebend, habe Magic ihre eigene, einzigartige Art von experimentellem, elektronischem Pop geschaffen, der neben anderen zeitgenössischen Formen Funk, Hip-Hop, EDM und Cumbia beinhalte.

Titelliste

 George: Letters to George (Out of Your Head)
	Earthworker 6:05
	Clinton 7:02
	Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down) (Sonny Bono) 3:08
	Washington Carver 6:56
	O'Keefe 4:40
	Can You Imagine This? 3:54
	Saunders 4:39
	Floyd 3:40
	Grey Funnel Line (Cyril Tawney) 5:52
	Iceman 3:18

Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, stammen die Kompositionen von John Hollenbeck.

Rezeption

Im Vergleich zu den kompliziert komponierten, manchmal symphonischen Werken, für die Hollenbeck am besten bekannt ist, sei Georges Debüt eine Übung darin, die Dinge dem Schicksal zu überlassen, schrieb Jude Noel in Pitchfork Media. Die Darbietungen würden impulsiv und lustig wirken, ergänzt durch Klänge, die eher mit Tanzmusik und Alternative Pop als mit Free Jazz in Verbindung gebracht werden. Obwohl ihre Arrangements verwirrend erscheinen mögen, sei Georges Musik durchaus hörbar und betone das harmonische Zusammenspiel. Dennoch würden sich manche Ideen nicht immer sauber zusammenfügen, aber wenn die Band ihre einzigartige Mischung aus Vintage-Funk und futuristischer Electronica in Tracks wie "Washington Carver" und "Iceman" auf den Punkt bringe, sei Georges Energie "so ansteckend wie ein perfekter Pop-Song".

Hollenbecks Fähigkeit, komplexe Rhythmen und Harmonien zu einem eingängigen Ganzen zu verschmelzen, hätte ihm bereits beim Claudia Quintet gute Dienste geleistet und tue dies auch hier, schrieb V. Victor Aaron (Something Else!). "Earthworker" würde für George die Vorlage dafür bilden, wie Hollenbeck seine altbewährten Prinzipien auf diese modisch klingende Musik anwende. Dieser hätte eine etwas kuriose Auswahl an Musikern versammelt, aber sie zu etwas wirklich Frischem und Überzeugendem geformt. Man könnte dies auf dessen Claudia Quintet beziehen, aber das Gleiche gelte auch für sein neuestes Projekt George.

Weblinks
 Informationen zum Album bei Bandcamp

Einzelnachweise

Album (Fusion)
Album 2023


text:
La répression dans l'Ogaden de 2007-2008 (appelée la sale guerre éthiopienne par certains médias) est une campagne militaire menée par l'armée éthiopienne contre le Front national de libération de l'Ogaden (FNLO). Cette campagne a débuté à la suite de l'attaque des champs pétrolifères d'Abole par le FNLO, qui fit 74 morts en .

Les principales opérations militaires se sont concentrées autour des villes de Degehabur, Kebri Dahar, Werder et Shilavo dans l'Ogaden, une zone située dans la région Somali en Éthiopie, berceau du FNLO.

Selon Human Rights Watch (HRW), de nombreuses violations des droits de l'homme auraient été commises par les militaires éthiopiens et les combattants du FNLO. Des centaines de civils ont été tués et des dizaines de milliers déplacés sur la seule année 2007, les chiffres exacts étant inconnus dans la mesure où le gouvernement éthiopien avait interdit l'accès à la région aux journalistes et aux organisations humanitaires. Plusieurs organisations des droits de l'homme ont comparé la situation dans l'Ogaden au sort réservé aux civils au cours de la guerre du Darfour au Soudan.

Contexte

L'insurrection

La région Somali à l'est de l'Éthiopie, dont la majeure partie constitue l'Ogaden, est le siège d'un conflit armé depuis de nombreuses années entre le gouvernement éthiopien et le FNLO. Créé en 1984, le FNLO est composé de partisans qui avaient pour beaucoup soutenu la Somalie durant la guerre de l'Ogaden contre l'Éthiopie à la fin des années 1970.

Le FNLO s'était battu contre le Derg de Mengistu Hailé Mariam, mais ne s'était pas allié au Front de libération des peuples du Tigré (FLPT) qui prit ensuite le pouvoir et dont le leader était l'actuel premier ministre du pays Meles Zenawi. En 1992, après la chute de Mengistu, le FNLO remporta le pouvoir dans la région Somali nouvellement créée. Cependant, les revendications d'indépendance du FNLO ont miné ses relations avec le gouvernement national ce qui a conduit à son éviction du gouvernement en 1994. Le FNLO s'est alors tourné vers la lutte armée contre le gouvernement éthiopien et, pendant plus d'une décennie, une forte présence militaire éthiopienne dans la région a donné lieu à de nombreuses altercations entre les deux parties.

Les attentats du FNLO en avril-mai 2007

Le , des membres du FNLO lancent un raid sur une exploitation pétrolière chinoise à Abole, dans la région Somali, tuant 65 ouvriers éthiopiens et 9 chinois. Les combattants affirment avoir « complètement détruit » le champ pétrolier. La plupart des personnes tuées sont des ouvriers, des gardes ainsi que du personnel d'encadrement.

Le , des combattants du FNLO lancent des grenades lors de cérémonies à Djidjiga et Degehabur. La déflagration et la panique qui suivent font 17 morts et des douzaines de blessés dont le président de la région Somalie. La plupart des victimes qui succombent à ces deux attentats simultanés sont des civils, dont un jeune écolier de 17 ans et plusieurs femmes. Le FNLO nie toute implication dans ces attentats.

Chronologie
En , l'armée éthiopienne a commencé à masser ses troupes dans l'Ogaden, en jurant de «traquer les rebelles». Elle a commencé à fermer les routes de la région aux échanges commerciaux ainsi qu'aux organisations humanitaires et, le , le Premier Ministre Meles Zenawi annonça que le gouvernement éthiopien avait entamé une offensive à grande échelle pour supprimer la rébellion du FNLO et avait considérablement renforcé le nombre de militaires dans la région Somalie.

Le 18 juin, dans le village de Labiga, au sud de la ville de Degehabur, les forces éthiopiennes auraient tué 21 villageois qui s'était opposés à l'armée qui tentait de prendre leurs bétails. De juin à , la campagne de contre-insurrection   atteint son apogée avec une utilisation systématique de mesures abusives par les militaires.

Le FNLO annonça un cessez-le-feu le 2 septembre lorsqu'une mission de l'ONU fut chargée d'examiner sa plainte au sujet des atteintes au droit de l'homme commises par le régime éthiopien : "Effectif immédiatement. Les forces armées du Front national de libération de l'Ogaden cesseront toute offensive militaire contre les troupes et milices pour la durée de la mission d'enquête de l'ONU". À partir de , la stratégie du gouvernement éthiopien est passée de l'exploitation directe des forces militaires à l'augmentation du recrutement forcé et le déploiement de milices locales.

Le 21 octobre, un porte-parole du FNLO indiqua avoir tué 250 soldats au cours d'une bataille près de la localité de Werder, cette information n'a toutefois jamais été confirmée par le gouvernement éthiopien ni par une source indépendante. Le , le FNLO affirma que 270 soldats éthiopiens auraient péri dans des combats qui se seraient déroulés entre le 26 octobre et le 1er novembre, ce qui n'a, là encore, pas pu être vérifié par une source indépendante.

Le 16 novembre, l'armée éthiopienne annonce avoir tué 100 combattants du FNLO au cours du mois d'octobre et en avoir capturé une centaine d'autres. Deux jours plus tard, le 18 novembre, le FNLO rapporte que l'aviation éthiopienne aurait bombardé des villages et des habitations nomades dans la région de l'Ogaden, tuant plus d'une douzaine de civils, ce que le gouvernement éthiopien contesta.

Le , le secrétaire général adjoint aux Affaires humanitaires de l'ONU, John Holmes indique que la situation humanitaire dans l'Ogaden est "potentiellement sérieuse mais pas encore catastrophique". Le Premier Ministre Meles Zenawi répond que les violations des droits de l'homme et la crise humanitaire "n'ont jamais existé, n'existent pas et n'existeront pas".

Le , le FNLO annonce avoir tué 43 soldats lors de deux semaines de combats dans la partie nord de l'Ogaden, mais le gouvernement indiqua qu'il n'y avait eu aucun combat dans cette zone

Le premier ministre Meles Zenawi a déclaré le  que le FNLO a été en grande partie «neutralisé» par l'offensive militaire en cours depuis plus d'un an. « Il n'y a pas d'opération organisée par le FNLO dans la région Somalie. Il a été neutralisé. Il y a peut-être quelques personnes isolées et nous allons les cueillir un par un ». Le FLNO le conteste, indiquant qu'en dépit de la campagne de terreur menées par le gouvernement dans la région, l'armée ne l'a pas vaincu. Selon un rapport de Human Rights Watch, les incendies de village et les délocalisations ont toutefois diminué en 2008.

Allégations de violation des droits de l'homme

Abus perpétrés par les militaires éthiopiens

La campagne de répression militaire a déclenché une importante crise humanitaire, d'autant plus que, d'après le FNLO, le gouvernement aurait instauré un véritable blocus de la région afin de créer une "famine artificielle.

Selon l'organisation Human Rights Watch, les civils de la région Somalie ont été pris au piège entre les parties belligérantes. Des dizaines de civils auraient été tués dans ce qui semblait être une volonté délibérée de punir collectivement une population civile soupçonnée de sympathie avec les rebelles. Les interventions militaires dans les villages ont contraint les populations à quitter leurs villages, notamment dans les zones de Werder, de Korahe et de Degehabur, mais aussi dans d'autres zones qui n'étaient pourtant pas réputées pour abriter des sympathisants du FNLO. Les troupes éthiopiennes ont détruit des villages et des maisons, confisqué du bétail et obligé des civils à déménager, autant de pratiques considérées comme des violations du droit de la guerre

Les réfugiés fuyant la répression et les zones de combats racontaient des histoires de violences généralisées, de villages entièrement détruits, de vols, de meurtres ou de viols par des soldats éthiopiens. En , certains médias ont comparé la situation dans l'Ogaden au conflit du Darfour, avec des réfugiés indiquant que les troupes gouvernementales avaient brûlé des villages, violé et tué des civils.

Abus perpétrés par le FNLO
Human Rights Watch a accusé le FNLO d'être responsable de nombreux abus et violations des droits de l'homme, notamment des enlèvements, des passages à tabac et des exécutions sommaires de civils, y compris des responsables gouvernementaux et de personnes soupçonnées de soutenir le gouvernement. Alors que les actes du FNLO étaient largement dirigés contre les forces armées éthiopiennes, il a parfois mené des attaques contre des zones civiles et utilisé des mines antipersonnel tuant aveuglément des civils. Le FNLO a également menacé de s'en prendre à des entreprises commerciales et il a imposé des «taxes» sur les camions et les convois se déplaçant dans les zones rurales sous son contrôle.

Enrôlement forcé de civils
Plusieurs réfugiés éthiopiens et organismes internationaux ont rapporté en  que l'armée éthiopienne, mise à rude épreuve par son déploiement en Somalie, a été contrainte d'enrôler des civils locaux pour combattre aux côtés des troupes contre les rebelles du FNLO. Ces milices sous-équipées et mal formées ont subi de lourdes pertes dans plusieurs batailles. Des soldats faisaient irruption dans les hôpitaux pour trouver des recrues et menaçaient d'emprisonner le personnel de santé qui auraient refusé. Dans certains cas, des listes de noms étaient affichées sur des bulletins publics qui ordonnaient aux employés gouvernementaux de se présenter pour remplir leur devoir. Beaucoup de ceux qui ont refusé ont été fusillés, emprisonnés et, dans certains cas torturés

Les responsables éthiopiens ont nié ces accusations, affirmant que les tribus locales avaient volontairement décidé de former des groupes de défense contre le FNLO. Plusieurs fonctionnaires des Nations unies et des diplomates occidentaux ont déclaré avoir évoqué cette question avec le gouvernement lors de séances privées, mais ne pouvoir faire aucun commentaire public de peur de provoquer la colère du Gouvernement éthiopien, et une possible suspension de l'action humanitaire dans la région.

Expulsion des organisations humanitaires
Une grande partie de la région Somali était inaccessible aux organisations étrangères lorsque les troupes éthiopiennes ont mené la répression contre le FNLO. En , le gouvernement donna à la Croix-Rouge sept jours pour quitter l'Ogaden. L'ONG Médecins sans frontières, qui était l'une des 12 ONG autorisées à travailler dans l'Ogaden, a accusé l'Éthiopie de lui interdire l'accès à la région.

Le 6 novembre, le Bureau de la coordination des affaires humanitaires (OCHA) a annoncé la mise en place d'installations humanitaires dans l'Ogaden. L'ONU a également appelé à une enquête indépendante sur les allégations de violations des droits de l'homme.

Implication de l'Érythrée et la Somalie

L'Éthiopie accuse son voisin l'Érythrée d'utiliser le FNLO pour engager une guerre par proxy afin de détruire l'économie éthiopienne. Les deux pays sont restés des ennemis jurés depuis la guerre frontalière qui les opposa en 1998-2000 et qui n'est toujours pas résolue aujourd'hui. Le gouvernement d'Asmara nie avoir apporté une quelconque aide au FNLO et accuse l'Éthiopie de faire de l'Érythrée un bouc émissaire face à son incapacité à régler les différends avec les nombreux peuples éthiopiens.

La campagne de répression était également liée aux opérations militaires éthiopiennes en Somalie. L'une des raisons pour lesquelles l'Éthiopie voulait évincer l'Union des tribunaux islamiques en décembre 2006 était sans doute sa volonté de rompre les liens entre le FNLO, les tribunaux islamiques au pouvoir et l'Érythrée, ces derniers étant suspectés d'avoir fourni des armes et un soutien logistique au FNLO. Certains experts estiment que le FNLO était actif dans la capitale somalienne Mogadiscio en 2006 lorsque celle-ci était contrôlée par l'Union des tribunaux islamiques et que des combattants islamiques se seraient réfugiés dans l'Ogaden après avoir été évincés de la capitale par les troupes éthiopiennes.

Voir aussi

Références

Liens externes
 Éthiopie: la répression à l'est touche les civils, Human Rights Watch
 La sale guerre d'Éthiopie, Guardian Unlimited
 Dans l'ombre des rebelles éthiopiens (BBC)

Articles connexes
 Guerre de l'Ogaden
 Guerre civile éthiopienne
 Guerre en Somalie (2006)

Guerre impliquant l'Éthiopie
Ogaden
2007 en Éthiopie
2008 en Éthiopie


text:
.

Varianti
Maschili: Abdenego

Varianti in altre lingue

Catalano: Abdenac
Ebraico: עֲבֵד־נְגוֹ ('Aved-Nego)
Greco biblico: Abdenago
Inglese: Abednego
Latino: Abdenago
Spagnolo: Abdénago

Origine e diffusione
Nome di origine accadica; è composto da ebed (o ebd, "servo", radice presente anche in Abdia, Abdiele, Abdon e Abdieso), e Nebo, e significa "servo di Nebo", una divinità babilonese della saggezza che è richiamata anche da nomi quali Nabor e Nabucodonosor.

Si tratta di un nome di tradizione biblica, presente in Da , dove Azaria, un compagno di Daniele, viene rinominato Abdenago dai babilonesi. In italiano moderno gode di scarsa diffusione, ed è attestato sporadicamente solo in Toscana e in Emilia-Romagna.

Onomastico
L'onomastico si può festeggiare il 17 dicembre in memoria del già citato Azaria, chiamato anche Abdenago, deportato con Daniele, Anania e Misaele.

Persone

Variante Abednego

Abednego Matilu, velocista keniota
Abednego Tetteh, calciatore ghanese

Note

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Prenomi di origine semitica
Nomi biblici
Nomi teoforici


text:
Idősebb Csepregi Turkovitz Mihály

Élete
Magyarországról ment Erdélybe, ahol I. Apafi Mihály tanácsosaként sok hasznos szolgálatot tett az országnak. Kolozsváron lakott, ahol módos polgárként a százférfiak egyike és egyházközségi kurátor volt.

1648-ban Amszterdamban kiadatta William Perkins The whole treatise of the cases of conscience. Cambridge 1608. című munkája első részének fordítását Ama Szent Irás Feitegetesben hatalmas és igen tudos Doctornak G. Perkinsusnak A Lelki-ismeretnek akadekirol irott drága szép Tanitásnak Első könyvében, az akarmi okbol meg-félemlet és rettegő Lelki-esmeretnek meg-vigasztalásara és gyogitásara (igy), le-tött Istenes Orvoslasi címmel; a fordítás Herepei János szerint Keserüi Dajka Pál munkája volt.

Munkái
 Tanácsi Tükör, az az, N. Gyulai Palnak eszes, okos, tanacsos, Oktato Levele… Szeben, 1663. (Fordítás; az előszót Nagyszebenben 1663. augusztus 3-án írta. Gyulai Pálnak ezt az eredetileg latinul írt levelét oly nevezetesnek tartották, hogy az erdélyi fejedelmek azt a váradi kapitányok előtt hivatalukba iktatásuk alkalmával egész 1660-ig, Nagyvárad elestéig, föl szokták olvastatni.)
 Levele Debretei Márton héczei paphoz 1648-ból. (Hasznos Mulatságok 1837. II. 321. l. és Toldy F. Corpus Gram. ban.)

Források
Régi Magyar Könyvtár III.
 Studia litteraria: communicationes Instituti Historiae Litterarum Hungaricarum in Universitate Scientiarum Debreceniensi de Ludovico Kossuth nominata. 28-31. kötet. 107. oldal.

Magyar történelmi személyek


text:
Il trittico di Lepreno è composto da tre tavole dipinte da Francesco di Simone da Santacroce per la chiesa di San Giacomo Maggiore Apostolo e Sant'Alessandro Martire di Lepreno e conservato nella pinacoteca dell'Accademia Carrara di Bergamo, mentre la chiesa ne conserva una copia.

Storia
Nel Cinquecento molti commercianti si erano spostati dalla val Brembana e Venezia per poter dare sviluppo alla propria attività e avendo trovato fortuna commissionavano dipinti ad artisti, anche d'origine bergamasca, da donare alle chiese dei luoghi d'origine, anche per manifestare la nuova alta condizione sociale. Anche il trittico fu commissionato per la chiesa di Lepreno da personaggi oriundi della località. L'opera fu quindi eseguita dal Santacroce a Venezia e mandata poi al luogo di destinazione. L'opera fu consegnata per un restauro nello studio di un pittore nell'Ottocento Giuseppe Rillosi il quale, per averne una copia ben eseguita non fece altro che ripetere l'originale, anche se coni colori più appariscenti cosa che confuse e ingannò i parrocchiani di Lepreno che considerarono originali le copie. Fu così che nell'abside della chiesa fu collocata una copia ben eseguita dell'originale, che rimase in casa del restauratore.

L'informazione fu ripresa da Maria Cristina Rodeschini nel suo studio pubblicato nel I Pittori Bergamaschi dell'Ottocento riferita al Rillosi che cita la sua capacità di riproduzione opere originali indicando anche due lavori di Lepreno:

Il trittico fu donato dal restauratore ad Antonio Piccinelli nel 1870 al nipote Giovanni Piccinelli che ne fece dono all'Accademia Carrara di Bergamo.

La copia è conservata nell'abside della chiesa di Lepreno, e dei tre dipinti due sono su tavola mentre san Giovanni è su tela.

Descrizione e stile

Le tre tavole raffigurano a figura intera sas Giovanni Battista in quella a sinistra (49x122), san Giacomo il Maggiore nella tavola centrale (59,4x124,7), titolare della chiesa, e in quella di destra sant'Alessandro di Bergamo (50,5x123,5). San Giacomo e sant'Alessandro sono titolari della chiesa mentre san Giovanni Battista era titolare della chiesa di Dossena da cui si era staccata nel 1190.
La tavola centrale riporta su un cartiglio posto ai piedi del pastone di san Giacomo il Maggiore la scritta: «IHS 1506 / FO FATA NTENPO DE [L]IZANDRO / DE ANTONIO DE [L]IZANDRO DITO / SERVA ET ZUAN DE BORTOLA / MIO ET PON[ZI]O D[E] I[E]RONIMO / FRANCESCO DE SIMON DE SANTA CROSE FECIT» indicando il nome dei committenti che sicuramente indicarono anche la raffigurazione dei santi titolari la chiesa.

Il lavoro originariamente era completo di una lunetta, e riprendeva il trittico san Cristoforo della Pace di Giovanni Bellini andato perduto, che inserita in tre tavole semicircolari le raffigurazioni completandole con una lunetta dove vi era la Madonna tra due sante, inserite in una cornice lignea. Secondo la descrizione fatta nel 1857 da Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle il trittico di Lepreno era inserito in una struttura completa di una lunetta raffigurante Padre eterno benedicente. L'artista conosceva bene i lavori di Bellini essendo stato suo alunno come indicato nella pala Madonna col Bambino in trono tra i santi Zaccaria e Gerolamo della chiesa di San Pietro di Murano dove si era firmato D.I.B., discepolo di Giovanni Bellini.

Lo studio della raffigurazione di sant'Alessandro posto sul lato destro del trittico, riporta al dipinto di Antonello da Messina con l'immagine di un santo guerriero realizzato nel 1475,e questo conferma che l'artista amava lo studio e la comprensione di altre opere di artisti autorevoli, per poterne poi attingere i modelli ritenendoli non solo dalla critica ma da lui stesso molto funzionali e idonei alla sua opera.
Questo risolverebbe la presenza nei depositi della pinacoteca di Brera di un dipinto su tavola di Johannes Ispanus raffigurante un santo guerriero del 1506, nel medesimo atteggiamento, pittore che sicuramente visse un periodo a Venezia, dipinto che è considerato di maggior valore, per l'intensità dello sguardo.

Si consideri che in arte non ci sono i furti pittorici, ma il riconoscimento dell'arte di altri artisti, e le opere di Antonello da Messina furono da subito considerate rilevanti come dichiarato nel 1493 da Marin Sanudo: sì buone che appariscono viventi, e non li manca se non l'anima.

Note

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Dipinti su san Giacomo maggiore
Dipinti su san Giovanni Battista
Dipinti di Francesco di Simone da Santacroce
Dipinti nell'Accademia Carrara


text:
Tereszpol-Kukiełki – wieś w Polsce położona w województwie lubelskim, w powiecie biłgorajskim, w gminie Tereszpol.

W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość administracyjnie należała do województwa zamojskiego. Według Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego (III 2011 r.) liczyła 884 mieszkańców i była drugą co do wielkości miejscowością gminy Tereszpol. Wieś stanowi sołectwo gminy Tereszpol.

Zobacz też
 Tereszpol-Zaorenda
 Tereszpol-Zygmunty
 Terespol

Przypisy

Tereszpol (gmina)


text:
Яратку́лова — деревня в Аргаяшском районе Челябинской области. Административный центр Яраткуловского сельского поселения.

Ближайшие населённые пункты — деревни Саитова, Куянбаева и Ялтырова. Яраткулова расположена на дороге «Челябинск — Яраткулова». Через деревню протекает река Сырыелга.

Население

Согласно переписи 2002 года, преобладающая национальность — башкиры (94 %).

По данным Всероссийской переписи, в 2010 году численность населения посёлка составляла 1139 человек (542 мужчины и 597 женщин).

Улицы
Уличная сеть деревни состоит из 11 улиц.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Аргаяшского района


text:
Veliki Vrh pri Šmarju (; ) is a settlement northwest of Šmarje–Sap in the Municipality of Grosuplje in central Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

Name
The name of the settlement was changed from Veliki Vrh to Veliki Vrh pri Šmarju in 1955.

References

External links

Veliki Vrh pri Šmarju on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Grosuplje


text:
Barracks are buildings used to accommodate military personnel. The English word originates from the 17th century via French and Italian from an old Spanish word "barraca" ("soldier's tent"), but today barracks are usually permanent buildings. The word may apply to separate housing blocks or to complete complexes, and the plural form often refers to a single structure and may be singular in construction.

The main object of barracks is to separate soldiers from the civilian population and reinforce discipline, training, and esprit de corps. They have been called "discipline factories for soldiers". Like industrial factories, some are considered to be shoddy or dull buildings, although others are known for their magnificent architecture such as Collins Barracks in Dublin and others in Paris, Berlin, Madrid, Vienna, or London. From the rough barracks of 19th-century conscript armies, filled with hazing and illness and barely differentiated from the livestock pens that housed the draft animals, to the clean and Internet-connected barracks of modern all-volunteer militaries, the word can have a variety of connotations.

History

Early barracks such as those of the Roman Praetorian Guard were built to maintain elite forces. There are a number of remains of Roman army barracks in frontier forts such as Vercovicium and Vindolanda. From these and from contemporary Roman sources we can see that the basics of life in a military camp have remained constant for thousands of years.
In the Early Modern Period, they formed part of the Military Revolution that scholars believe contributed decisively to the formation of the nation state by increasing the expense of maintaining standing armies. Large, permanent barracks were developed in the 18th century by the two dominant states of the period, France the "caserne" and Spain the "cuartel". The English term 'barrack', on the other hand, derives from the Spanish word for a temporary shelter erected by soldiers on campaign, barraca; (because of fears that a standing army in barracks would be a threat to the constitution, barracks were not generally built in Great Britain until 1790, on the eve of the Napoleonic Wars).

Early barracks were multi-story blocks, often grouped in a quadrangle around a courtyard or parade ground. A good example is Berwick Barracks, which was among the first in England to be purpose-built and begun in 1717 to the design of the distinguished architect Nicholas Hawksmoor. During the 18th century, the increasing sophistication of military life led to separate housing for different ranks (officers always had larger rooms) and married quarters; as well as the provision of specialized buildings such as dining rooms and cook houses, bath houses, mess rooms, schools, hospitals, armories, gymnasia, riding schools and stables. The pavilion plan concept of hospital design was influential in barrack planning after the Crimean War.

The first large-scale training camps were built in the Kingdom of France and the Germany during the early 18th century. The British Army built Aldershot camps from 1854.

By the First World War, infantry, artillery, and cavalry regiments had separate barracks. The first naval barracks were hulks, old wooden sailing vessels; but these insanitary lodgings were replaced with large naval barracks at the major dockyard towns of Europe and the United States, usually with hammocks instead of beds.

These were inadequate for the enormous armies mobilized after 1914. Hut camps were developed using variations of the eponymous Nissen hut, made from timber or corrugated iron.

Military
In many military forces, both NCO and SNCO personnel will frequently be housed in barracks for service or training. Officers are often charged with ensuring the barracks and personnel are maintained in an orderly fashion. Junior enlisted and sometimes junior NCOs will often receive less space and may be housed in bays, while senior NCOs and officers may share or have their own room. Junior enlisted personnel are typically tasked with the cleanliness of the barracks.
The term "Garrison town" is a common expression for any town that has military barracks, i.e., a permanent military presence nearby.

Prison
Prison cell blocks often are built and arranged like barracks, and some military prisons may have barracks in their name, such as the United States Disciplinary Barracks of Leavenworth.

Worldwide

Canada
Barracks were used to house troops in forts during the Upper Canadian period. Leading up to and during the War of 1812, Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe and Major-General Isaac Brock oversaw the construction of Fort York on the shores of Lake Ontario in present-day Toronto. There are several surviving British Army barracks built between 1814 and 1815 at that site today. Multiple limestone barracks were built half a mile west of Fort York in 1840, only one of which survives. The British Army handed over "New Fort York", as the second fort was called, to the Canadian Militia in 1870 after Confederation.

The Stone Frigate, completed in 1820, served as barracks briefly in 1837–38, and was refitted as a dormitory and classrooms to house the Royal Military College of Canada by 1876. The Stone frigate is a large stone building originally designed to hold gear and rigging from British warships dismantled to comply with the Rush–Bagot Treaty.

Poland
In Poland barracks are represented usually as a complex of buildings, each consisting of a separate entity or an administrative or business premises. As an example, the Barracks Complex in Września.

Portugal
Each of the Portuguese Army bases is referred as a quartel (barracks). In a barracks, each of the dormitory buildings is referred as a caserna (casern). Most of them are regimental barracks, constituting the fixed component of the Army system of forces and being responsible for the training, sustenance and general support to the Army. In addition to the regimental administrative, logistic and training bodies, each barracks can lodge one or more operational units (operational battalions, independent companies or equivalent units). Although there are housing blocks within the perimeter of some regimental barracks, the Portuguese usual practice is for the members of the Armed Forces to live outside the military bases with their families, inserted in the local civilian communities.

Many of the Portuguese regimental barracks are of a model developed by the old Administrative Commission for the New Infrastructures of the Armed Forces (CANIFA). Because of this, they are commonly referred as "CANIFA type barracks". These types of barracks were built in the 1950s and 1960s, following a standardized architectural model, usually with an area of between 100,000 and 200,000 square metres, including a headquarters building, a guard house, a general mess building, an infirmary building, a workshop and garage building, an officer house building, a sergeant house building, three to ten rank and file caserns, fire ranges and sports facilities. In average each CANIFA type barracks was intended to lodge around 1000 soldiers and their respective armament, vehicles and other equipment.

Russia
Until the end of the 18th century personnel of the Imperial Russian Army were billeted with civilians homes or accommodated in slobodas in a countryside. First barracks were built during the reign of Emperor Paul I. For these purposes, Paul I established a one-time land tax based on the amount of land owned by citizen. This tax was not mandatory, but person who paid it was permanently exempted from billets.

From the end of 1882, the money collected for exemption from billet was transferred to the military ministry. This has made it possible to step up the construction of barracks for the army. By 1 January 1900, 19015 barracks had been built, which accommodated 94% of the troops.

United Kingdom
In the 17th and 18th centuries there were concerns around the idea of a standing army housed in barracks; instead, the law provided for troops routinely to be billeted in small groups in inns and other locations. (The concerns were various: political, ideological and constitutional, provoked by memories of Cromwell's New Model Army and of the use of troops in reign of James II to intimidate areas of civil society. Furthermore, grand urban barracks were associated with absolutist monarchies, where they could be seen as emblematic of power sustained through military might; and there was an ongoing suspicion that gathering soldiers together in barracks might encourage sedition.)

Nevertheless, some "soldiers' lodgings" were built in Britain at this time, usually attached to coastal fortifications or royal palaces. The first recorded use of the word 'barracks' in this context was for the Irish Barracks, built in the precinct of the Tower of London in 1669. At the Ordnance Office (responsible for construction and upkeep of barracks) Bernard de Gomme played a key role in developing a 'domestic' style of barrack design in the latter half of the 17th century: he provided barrack blocks for such locations as Plymouth Citadel and Tilbury Fort, each with rows of square rooms arranged in pairs on two stories, accommodating a Company of some sixty men, four to a room, two to a bed. Standard furnishings were provided, and each room had a grate used for heating and cooking.

In England, this domestic style continued to be used through the first half of the eighteenth century; most new barracks of this period were more or less hidden within the precincts of medieval castles and Henrician forts. In Scotland, however, a more demonstrative style was employed following the Jacobite rising of 1715 (as at Ruthven Barracks) and that of 1745 (as seen in the monumental Fort George). This bolder approach gradually began to be adopted south of the border during the eighteenth century (beginning with nearby Berwick, 1717). There was much building in and around the Royal Dockyards at this time: during the Seven Years' War, fears of a land attack led to defensive 'lines' being built around the dockyard towns, and infantry barracks were established within them (e.g. at Chatham, Upper and Lower Barracks, 1756, and Plymouth, six defensible square barracks, 1758–63). The newly constituted Royal Marines were also provided with accommodation in the vicinity of the Dockyards (e.g. Stonehouse Barracks, 1779) becoming the first Corps in Britain to be fully provided with its own accommodation. Large urban barracks were still a rarity, though. In London there was a fair amount of barrack accommodation, but most of it was within the precincts of various royal palaces (as at Horse Guards, 1753). The prominent Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich (1776) was one exception (but significantly the Artillery were under the command of the Board of Ordnance rather than of the Army).

In the aftermath of the French Revolution, though, things changed. The size of the army grew from 40,000 to 225,000 between 1790 and 1814 (with the Militia adding a further 100,000). Barrack accommodation at the time was provided for a mere 20,000. To deal with the situation, responsibility for building barracks was transferred in 1792 from the Board of Ordnance to a specialist Barracks Department overseen by the War Office. With a view to dealing with sedition, and perhaps quelling thoughts of revolution, several large cavalry barracks were built in the 1790s: first at Knightsbridge (close to the royal palaces), then in several provincial towns and cities: Birmingham, Coventry, Manchester, Norwich, Nottingham and Sheffield (as well as Hounslow Barracks just west of London). Several smaller cavalry and artillery barracks were established around this time, but very little was built for the infantry; instead, a number of large camps (with wooden huts) were set up, including at Chelmsford, Colchester and Sunderland, as well as at various locations along the south coast. Barrack-masters were appointed, one such was Captain George Manby at the Royal Barracks, Great Yarmouth. Coincidentally his father, Captain Matthew Manby, had been barrack-master at Limerick.

It was not until some years after the end of the Napoleonic Wars (and post-war recession) that barrack-building began again. John Nash built four as part of his London improvements: Regent's Park and St John's Wood for the Cavalry, Wellington Barracks for the Guards, and St George's Barracks (since demolished) behind the National Gallery. In several instances elsewhere, buildings were converted rather than newly built (or a mixture of the two, as at Cambridge Barracks, Portsmouth where a new frontage, housing officers, was built in front of a range of warehouses converted to house the men). In response to the Chartist riots three barracks were established in north-west England in the 1840s, Ladysmith Barracks at Ashton-under-Lyne, Wellington Barracks at Bury and Fulwood Barracks at Preston.

A review conducted following the demise of the Board of Ordnance in 1855 noted that only seven barracks outside London had accommodation for more than 1,000. This changed with the establishment of large-scale Army Camps such as Aldershot (1854), and the expansion of Garrison towns such as Colchester; over time in these locations temporary huts were replaced with more permanent barracks buildings. Large-scale camps were not the only way forward, however; from the 1870s, the localisation agenda of the Cardwell Reforms saw new and old barracks established as depots for regional or County brigades and regiments. The latter part of the 19th century also saw the establishment of a number of Naval barracks (an innovation long resisted by the Royal Navy, which had tended to accommodate its sailors afloat either on their ships or else in hulks moored in its harbours). The first of these, Keyham Barracks in Devonport (later HMS Drake), was begun in 1879, and only completed in 1907.

During the 20th century, activity ranged from the need for speedy expansion during the First World War (when large camps such as Catterick were established), to the closure of many barracks in the interwar period. Many of those that remained were rebuilt in the 1960s, either substantially (as happened at Woolwich, behind the facade) or entirely (as at Hyde Park and at Chelsea - built 1863, demolished and rebuilt 1963, closed 2008). There has been an ongoing focus on improving the quality of barracks accommodation; since the 1970s several former RAF bases have been converted to serve as Army barracks, in place of some of the more cramped urban sites. Today, generally, only single and unmarried personnel or those who choose not to move their families nearby live in barracks. Most British military barracks are named after battles, military figures or the locality.

United States
In basic training, and sometimes follow-on training, service members live in barracks. Formerly, the U.S. Marine Corps had gender-separate basic training units. Currently, all services have training where male and female recruits share barracks, but are separated during personal time and lights out. All the services integrate male and female members following boot camp and first assignment.

After training, unmarried junior enlisted members will typically reside in barracks. In the 21st century, these service members are generally housed in individual rooms conforming to the DoD's "1+1 standard", though exceptions still exist. During unaccompanied, dependent-restricted assignments, non-commissioned and commissioned officer ranks may also be required to live in barracks. Amenities in these barracks increase with the rank of the occupant.

Unlike the other services, the U.S. Air Force officially uses the term "dormitory" to refer to its unaccompanied housing.

During World War II, many U.S. barracks were made of inexpensive, sturdy and easy to assemble Quonset huts that resembled Native American long houses (having a rounded roof but made out of metal).

See also
Cantonment, a temporary or semi-permanent military quarters.
B hut
Barkas, Hyderabad

Notes

References
 Black, Jeremy, A Military Revolution?: Military Change and European Society, 1550-1800 (London, 1991)
 Dallemagne, François, Les casernes françaises, (1990)
 Douet, James, British Barracks, their social and architectural importance, 1660-1914 (London, 1997)
 Roberts, Michael The Military Revolution, 1560-1660 (Belfast, 1956); reprinted with some amendments in Rogers, Clifford, ed., The Military Revolution Debate Rogers, Clifford, ed., The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe (Boulder, 1995)
 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

External links

Royal Engineers Museum Military Works (Barrack construction)

Military units and formations by type
Human habitats
Total institutions


text:
"Lágrimas negras" (Spanish for Black Tears) is a bolero-son by Miguel Matamoros, first recorded by the Trío Matamoros in 1931. The song was written in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, in 1930, when Matamoros was on his way back to Cuba from the Ibero-American Exposition of 1929. The song has been described as the "perfect fusion of the son with the bolero". It became the Trío Matamoros' most famous song, along with "Son de la loma".

Recordings

 Trío Matamoros
 Adalberto Álvarez
 Azul Azul
 Rubén Blades
 Compay Segundo (also in duo with Cesária Évora)
 Celia Cruz
 Celina González
 Dan Den
 Barbarito Díez
 José Feliciano
 Olga Guillot
 Orquesta Aragón
 Omara Portuondo
 María Dolores Pradera (also in with Cachao and Diego el Cigala)
 Rachael Price
 Adalberto Santiago
 Los Tres
 Bebo Valdés, Cachao and Carlos "Patato" Valdés: El Arte del Sabor
 Bebo Valdés & Diego el Cigala with Paquito D'Rivera: Lágrimas negras
 Chucho Valdés and Irakere
 Cuco Valoy
 María Teresa Vera
 Vieja Trova Santiaguera
 El Chacal

References

External links
 Lagrimas Negras, Trio Matamoros, Youtube
 Story of Lagrimas Negras, Predicado.com (in Spanish)
 Lagrimas Negras Lyrics (Spanish and English)
 Grand Kallé & L'African Team - Lagrimas Negras

1930 songs
1931 singles
Cuban songs
Boleros


text:
Suave steht für:
 die Angehörigen historischer Infanterieeinheiten, siehe Zuaven

Suave ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Nico Suave, deutscher Rapper

Siehe auch:
 Liste_lateinischer_Phrasen/S#Suave
 Suawe


text:
KYST (920 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station branded as "La Nueve Veinte."  It airs a Spanish-language talk, news and sports radio format.  KYST is licensed to Texas City, Texas, and serves Greater Houston.  The station is owned by Hispanic Broadcasting, Inc.

The studios and offices are on Southwest Freeway in Houston.  The transmitter is on 29th Street North in Texas City.

History
The station went on the air in November 1948 as 92 KTLW.  In the 1960s and 1970s, it aired a Top 40 format. In 1980, the call letters were changed to KYST. In 1982, while officially known as KYST, it billed itself as "Beatle Radio Number 9 KBTL" and had a format of all Beatles music.
From the mid-1980s into the early 1990s it ran a Tejano format, as AM 920 KYST. It currently airs a Spanish Full Service format and is the longest continuously owned and operated radio station in the market.

References

External links
Texas State Government list of Houston-area radio stations

Hispanic and Latino American culture in Houston
YST
News and talk radio stations in the United States
YST
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in Texas


text:
Marie Pillet (* 20. Juli 1941 in Ville-la-Grand, Département Haute-Savoie; † 13. Februar 2009 in Paris) war eine französische Schauspielerin.

Pillet genoss ihre schauspielerische Ausbildung an der École Nationale de Strasbourg. Sie spielte Theater an der La comédie de l'Est und der La comédie de Saint-Étienne. Als Unterzeichnerin des Manifestes der 343 erhielt sie einen Part in L'An 01 und arbeitete später mit Regisseur Patrice Leconte und vielen anderen. Sie war bis zu ihrem Tod mit Albert Delpy verheiratet, mit dem sie zusammen in etlichen Filmen agierte; die gemeinsame Tochter ist Julie Delpy.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1971: Das Jahr Null Eins (L'An 01)
 1977: Lohn der Giganten (La Menace)
 1979: Die Aussteigerin (La Dérobade)
 1984: Le bon Plaisir – Eine politische Liebesaffäre (Le Bon plaisir)
 1987: Ein unzertrennliches Gespann (Tandem)
 1989: Der Krieg ist aus (Après la guerre)
 1992: Verbrannte Erde (Terre brûlée)
 1996: La Tournee – Bühne frei für drei Halunken (Les Grands ducs)
 1996: Ridicule – Von der Lächerlichkeit des Scheins (Ridicule)
 2000: Zwei Frauen in Paris (Deux femmes à Paris) (Fernsehfilm)
 2003: Liebeslocken (Haute coiffure)
 2004: Before Sunset
 2006: Mein bester Freund (Mon meilleur ami)
 2007: 2 Tage Paris (2 Days in Paris)

Weblinks und Quellen

 Nachruf und Fotos (franz.)

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Franzose
Geboren 1941
Gestorben 2009
Frau