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New Somali PM vows to fight militants, graft
Somali Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali speaks during interview with The Associated Press in his office in southern Mogadishu, Somalia, Monday July 4, 2011. Somalia's newly appointed prime minister, a Harvard-educated Somali-American, says fighting corruption and defeating al-Qaida-linked militants would be his top priorities during his term. (AP Photo/Farah Abdi Warsameh)
By ABDI GULED, Associated Press
MOGADISHU, Somalia —
Somalia's newly appointed prime minister said on Monday that fighting corruption and defeating al-Qaida-linked militants will be top priorities during his term.
A recent attempt to clean up Somalia's weak government and fight militants suffered a set back after a U.N.-backed deal allowed the country's president and parliament speaker to oust a popular prime minister who was pushing for reforms.
Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, a Harvard-educated Somali-American, was recently put in office as the new transitional prime minister. He will help appoint a transitional government that will operate until elections next year.
In an interview with The Associated Press Monday, Ali said that his upcoming government would be "small but efficient," and that he would build functioning institutions in the chaotic, war-ravaged Horn of Africa nation.
"I cannot promise that Mogadishu will be the way it was 20 years ago in 12 months. That will be unrealistic," he said during the interview at his office in the capital city. "But what I will try to do is to get rid of militants who made Mogadishu what it is today...(so) its inhabitants who are now (displaced) can come back peacefully to their homes."
Ali took office last month after his popular, reform-minded predecessor was ousted in a deal between President Sheik Sharif Sheik Ahmed and Parliament Speaker Sharif Hassan Sheik Aden. The two men, who argued for months, agreed on June 9 to remove Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, extend the government's term by a year and postpone elections until next year.
Mohamed's government was credited with attacking corruption and paying government employees regularly, something that won him accolades among the public. After his resignation, hundreds of ordinary Somalis, including soldiers, took to the streets in protests that killed at least a soldier and a teenager.
Ali, who previously taught economics at Niagara University in Lewiston, New York, said he would continue Mohamed's security achievements and try to build strong institutions that can withstand changes.
During Mohamed's seven months in office, the government had also wrested large swaths of territory from the al-Qaida-linked militants of al-Shabab. The government once controlled only a couple square miles (kilometers) of Mogadishu. But al-Shabab militants have been losing ground since government forces backed by the firepower of the African Union peacekeepers launched an offensive in the capital in February.
Officials say pro-Somali troops now control half the city after a major offensive launched against al-Shabab this year. Pro-government militiamen have also succeeded in clawing back some territories from the militants in southern towns bordering Kenya and Ethiopia.
"Institutions that encourage production, that discourage banditry - this is what I am all trying to do," said Ali.
Ali promised to name a "small but efficient government," saying his government would reach out to insurgents who now control large swaths of the country's south and central regions, including portions of Mogadishu. He said the government will not shy away from using force whenever necessary to defeat die-hard militants.
"One thing we have to understand is, this is a reconciliation government," and so reconciliation strategies will need to be used, he said, blasting Islamists for imposing extreme interpretations of Islam on the usually moderate Somalis.
Ali said his graduate degrees in public administration from Harvard and in economics from Vanderbilt University would be helpful in reviving an economy and institutions destroyed by the country's two decades of violence, which allowed militancy and piracy to flourish in the country.


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WAGE CODE BILL 2017 COMING -'STATES CANNOT SET MINIMUM WAGES BELOW THE BENCHMARK SET BY THE CENTRE'
Labour Minister Santosh Gangwar said a parliamentary standing committee has finalised its report on first labour code, Wage Code Bill 2017, and the legislation would be pushed for passage in the monsoon session of Parliament after the document is submitted.
The law will enable the central government to set benchmark minimum wages for different regions across the country. The bill's provision provides that states cannot set minimum wages below the benchmark set by the Centre."I have spoken to the chairman of the committee (regarding finalisation of its report on Wage Code Bill). He told me that everything is completed and it will be submitted soon. We will push (the bill) for passage," Gangwar told reporters on the side-lines of the International Labour Day.
The draft code on the bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha in August 2017. Thereafter, it was referred to the committee for scrutiny which is expected to submit its report in the monsoon session.The bill also seeks to combine Payment of Wages Act, 1936, the Minimum Wages Act, 1948, the Payment of Bonus Act, ·1965, and the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, into one code.A senior official said that if everything goes well, the bill can be pushed for passage in the forthcoming monsoon session of Parliament.
Speaking at the International Labour Day celebrations here, Gangwar said the labour ministry wants 38 labour laws to be subsumed into four broad codes - wages, industrial relations, social security and occupational safety and health and working conditions.On this occasion, Union Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari suggested that the labour ministry needs to come out with out of the box thinking to improve conditions of workers in the country and should encourage more use of technologies to improve delivery of benefits to them.
He also said that technology can help reduce pendency of cases related to workers in labour courts and tribunals.On this occasion, Gangwar and Gadkari launched one unified registration form for Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) and Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC). At present, employers are filing two different forms separately to register with the EPFO and ESIC.Besides, the two ministers also launched one unified electronic challan-cum-return (ECR or return) to facilitate filing of EPFO and ESIC return through a unified process only.On this occasion, the chief labour commissioner (CLC) said that in order to achieve transparency, accountability and ease of compliance in the enforcement of labour laws, there is a facility to fill online annual return under eight labour laws on SSP (Shram Suvidha Portal) and a transparent and accountable system of inspection through SSP.Moreover, it was also announced that the CLC will issue online registration certificates under Building and Other Construction Workers Act, 1996, Inter State Migrant Workers Act, 1979 and Contract Labour Act, 1970.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Immigration to the United States changes a person's microbiome
Department of Computer Science and Engineering Associate Professor Dan Knights and researchers from the University of Minnesota and the Somali, Latino, and Hmong Partnership for Health and Wellness have new evidence that the gut microbiota of immigrants and refugees rapidly Westernize after a person's arrival in the United States.
The study of communities migrating from Southeast Asia to the United States, published in the scientific journal Cell, could provide insight into some of the metabolic health issues, including obesity and diabetes, affecting immigrants to the country.
"We found that immigrants begin losing their native microbes almost immediately after arriving in the U.S. and then acquire alien microbes that are more common in European-American people," said Knights, who was the senior author on the paper. "But the new microbes aren't enough to compensate for the loss of the native microbes, so we see a big overall loss of diversity."
It has been shown before that people in developing nations have a much greater diversity of bacteria in their gut microbiome, the population of beneficial microbes living in humans' intestines, than people living in the U.S.
"But it was striking to see this loss of diversity actually happening in people who were changing countries or migrating from a developing nation to the U.S.," Knights said.
The research was conducted with assistance from—and inspired by—Minnesota's large community of refugees and immigrants from Southeast Asia, particularly the Hmong and Karen peoples, ethnic minorities that originally were from China and Burma and that today have communities in Thailand. The study used a community-based participatory research approach in which members of the Hmong and Karen communities in both Minnesota and Thailand were involved in designing the study, recruiting participants, and educating their communities about the findings.
"Obesity was a concern that was coming up a lot for the Hmong and Karen communities. In other studies, the microbiome had been related to obesity, so we wanted to know if there was potentially a relationship in immigrants and make any findings relevant and available to the communities," said the study's first author Pajau Vangay, a research specialist in the University of Minnesota's Biotechnology Institute. "These are vulnerable populations, so we definitely try to make all of our methods as sensitive to that as possible and make sure that they have a stake in the research."
Knights, Vangay, and clinical collaborators compared the gut microbiota of four groups: Hmong and Karen people still living in Thailand; Hmong and Karen people who had immigrated to the U.S.; the children of those immigrants; and Caucasian American controls.
They also were able to follow a group of 19 Karen refugees as they relocated from Thailand to the U.S., which meant they could track how the refugees' gut microbiomes changed longitudinally in their first six to nine months in the U.S.
The researchers did find that significant changes happened that fast. In those first six to nine months, the Western strain Bacteroides began to displace the non-Western bacteria strain Prevotella. But this Westernization also continued to happen over the course of the first decade in the U.S., and overall microbiome diversity decreased the longer the immigrants had been in the U.S. The participants' food logs suggested that eating a more Western diet played a role in perturbing the microbiome but couldn't explain all the changes.
The changes were even more pronounced in the children of immigrants.
"We don't know for sure why this is happening," Knights said. "It could be that this has to do with actually being born in the USA or growing up in the context of a more typical U.S. diet. But it was clear that the loss of diversity was compounded across generations. And that's something that has been seen in animal models before, but not in humans."
Although the research didn't establish a cause-and-effect relationship between the microbiome changes in immigrants and the immigrant obesity epidemic, it did show a correlation—greater westernization of the microbiome was associated with greater obesity.
Knights believes that this research has a lot to tell us about our health.
"When you move to a new country, you pick up a new microbiome. And that's changing not just what species of microbes you have, but also what enzymes they carry, which may affect what kinds of food you can digest and how your diet interacts with your health," Knights said. "This might not always be a bad thing, but we do see that Westernization of the microbiome is associated with obesity in immigrants, so this could an interesting avenue for future research into treatment of obesity, both in immigrants and potentially in the broader population."
This research was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health's National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, grant UL1TR002494 through the University's Clinical and Translational Science Institute. Additional support for the research came from the University of Minnesota Healthy Foods, Healthy Lives Institute; the University of Minnesota Office of Diversity, and the Graduate School at the University of Minnesota.
To read the full research paper entitled "U.S. immigration westernizes the human gut microbiome", visit the Cell website.


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Junie Moon's Surviving The Predators Among Us: Recognizing The Psychopath - Released Worldwide In eBook and Print Book Formats
Surviving The Predators Among Us: Recognizing The Psychopath by Junie Moon points out the steps to identifying the hidden traits and patterns of the psychopath. It is a follow up book to her first successful nonfiction release -- A Sociopath Beside Me.
Sarasota, FL, USA (December 9, 2012) -- Written for unsuspecting victims who live in the shadows of the psychopath, Surviving The Predators Among Us: Recognizing The Psychopath gives the reader the tools they need to survive the psychopaths who they are forced to co-exist with. This nonfiction book educates and supplies the skills required to identify the psychopath's hallmark traits and behaviors. If you have already been a victim of a human predator, you will receive information on how to both heal and recover.
"Surviving The Predators Among Us: Recognizing The Psychopath was created as a survival guide to assist others in being able to recognize the human predators who walk among us," author Junie Moon, said. "For if we can't identify them for who and what they are, then we are doomed to become their next unsuspecting victim."
"Have you ever looked for something that didn't want to be found? Chances are that in your lifetime you will encounter a human predator, a psychopath, on more than one occasion. There are people who walk among us who's deeds are obvious to be driven by evil intent, the dark souls of society; those who are operating without a conscience. The only means of escaping these predators unscathed is to be able to recognize them for who and what they are. To become armed with the knowledge of what these human predators look like through their traits. They are secretive and their agendas are fantasized about in secret. This book will tell you everything that these human predators don't want you to know."
Mike Autry, Dallas, TX said about Surviving The Predators Among Us: Recognizing The Psychopath, "Written from a unique perspective; a victim turned survivor who has taken her experiences and shared with us how to recognize the predators among us so that we can avoid them and how to heal if we were ever a victim of one of these predators."
Using an alias to protect her identity, Junie Moon wrote her personal account of being a victim of a sociopath, A Sociopath Beside Me. It was published and released by First Edition Design Publishing http://www.firsteditiondesignpublishing.com in 2012. "This book was an eye opener!" said a reviewer of Junie Moon's first book. "I thought I knew what a Sociopath was, I was only half right. I feel that now I have the knowledge I need to protect myself and loved ones against such people."
Junie Moon is now hosting a website, The Healing Vine http://www.dearjunie.com to help others. She encourages the public to visit http://www.dearjunie.com - a safe place to discuss psychopaths, ask questions and receive professional answers about psychopaths, victimization, healing, and recovery.
Junie Moon's Surviving The Predators Among Us: Recognizing The Psychopath was published by First Edition Design Publishing and distributed worldwide. It is available in eBook form and as a 138 page softcover print book ISBN 978-1622872220. It is available on-line wherever books are sold.
Junie Moon writes under an assumed name. She has been a professional Registered Nurse for 35 years, a psychiatric nurse for 16 years, a counselor and a Life Coach. After studying the subject of psychopathology for 7 years she has written two books on the topic.
First Edition Design Publishing
E-Mail: juniemoon1@hotmail.com
Website: http://www.dearjunie.com
Junie Moon's Surviving The Predators Among Us: Rec...


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9% Of The Way Through The Fall 2022 Law School Admissions Cycle: Applicants Are Up 11.5%, With Biggest Increase (21.6%) Among The 150-159 LSAT Band
We are now 9% of the way through Fall 2022 law school admissions season. The number of law school applicants reported by LSAC is up 11.5% compared to last year at this time.
158 of the 195 law schools are experiencing an increase in applications. Applications are up 50% or more at 42 law schools, and 30% or more at 87 law schools:
Applicants are up the most in the Northwest (44.0%), Other (36.7%), and Far West (14.7%); and are down in the Midwest (-17.9%):
Applicants' LSAT scores are up 1.2% in the 170-180 band, 14.8% in the 160-169 band, and 21.6% in the 150-159 band; and down 7.0% in the 120-149 band:
Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander applicants are up 66.7% (up 80.0% over 2020 and up 150.0% over 2019); Asian applicants are up 22.2% (up 60.1% over 2020, up 98.6% over 2019; Hispanic/Latino applicants are up 14.3% (up 46.5% over 2020, up 77.8% over 2019); Caucasian/White applicants are up 11.5% (up 49.2% over 2020, up 66.9% over 2019); Black/African American applicants are up 10.3% (up 40.4% over 2020, up 39.9% over 2019); American Indian/Alaska Native applicants are up 3.0% (up 20.4% over 2020, up 58.1% over 2019); Puerto Rican applicants are down 31.0% (up 3.7% over 2020, up 5.9% over 2019):
Male applicants are up 12.5% and female applicants are up 9.6%. Among the remaining gender categories, the largest increases are among agender (+125.0%); additional gender category (+114.3%), and genderqueer or gender fluid (86.4%):
Prior TaxProf Blog coverage:
Mike Spivey, The Fall 2022 Law School Admissions Season Opens With A Bang: Applicants Are Up 15% (Sept. 27, 2021)
https://taxprof.typepad.com/taxprof_blog/2021/10/9-percent-of-the-way-through-the-fall-2022-law-school-admissions-cycle-applicants-are-up-11-percent.html


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New Xbox 360 Releases Coming Soon to Xbox 360 Best Games for Xbox 360 Publications Publishers Trailers
Publisher: Funsta
Also On: Mobile, PC, PlayStation 3
Details & Credits
Generally unfavorable reviews - based on 27 Critics What's this?
Generally unfavorable reviews- based on 42 Ratings
Log in to finish rating Leisure Suit Larry: Box Office Bust
Summary: The Leisure Suit Larry: Box Office Bust video game gives gamers an all-access pass to the glitz, glamour and gorgeous women of Tinseltown. In this 3rd person adventure game, Larry takes a summer job working on his uncle Larry's movie lot doing odd jobs and trying to uncover a mole fromThe Leisure Suit Larry: Box Office Bust video game gives gamers an all-access pass to the glitz, glamour and gorgeous women of Tinseltown. In this 3rd person adventure game, Larry takes a summer job working on his uncle Larry's movie lot doing odd jobs and trying to uncover a mole from another studio who threatens to air the studio's dirty laundry in the tabloids. Leisure Suit Larry: Box Office Bust is a rollicking, innuendo-laden lampoon of Hollywood that features open world sand box game play that includes exploration, platforming, racing and puzzle-solving to complete missions. Additionally, the game features an all-new Directors Game that allows the player to create their very own "Larry Feature." True to form, Leisure Suit Larry Box Office Bust features sophomoric comedy and bombshell babes thanks to the writing talents of Allen Covert and an All-Star cast of actors and actresses, including Jay Mohr, Dave Attell, Shannon Elizabeth, Carmen Elektra, Patrick Warburton, Jeffrey Tambor, Nikki Cox, Peter Graves, Jane Lynch and Josh Keaton as the voice of Larry Loveage. [Sierra Entertainment]… Expand
Developer: Team 17
Genre(s): Action Adventure, Adventure, Third-Person, Modern, Modern
# of players: 1 Player
Cheats: On GameFAQs
Rating: M
More Details and Credits »
Positive: 0 out of 27
Mixed: 1 out of 27
Negative: 26 out of 27
Everyeye.it
Leisure Suit Larry: Box Office Bust fails reproducing the original spirit of Leisure Suit series. It fails from a technological and artistic point of view too, with tasteless humor and poor graphic. Variety is the only good aspect of the game, with some good sets and a high number of minigames, but it isn't enough to make it a good game.
All this publication's reviews
SpazioGames
Quotation forthcoming.
Larry Loveage is the nephew of Larry Laffer, but he's not half as charming as his uncle. This new game offers completely new gameplay that doesn't suit the character, along with many technical issues that make it a repetitive, uninspired and not so interesting game. It forgets Larry's legacy and tries its own ideas, but with little fortune.
Mindless, repetitive gameplay and a truly atrocious sense of humor help Leisure Suit Larry live up to its name--it's a total bust.
It's not funny, it's not fun to play and it's less erotic than psoriasis. As the Smurfs would say: **** off, Larry.
Eurogamer Italy
What a shame Larry, no chance to revitalize a such brilliant career. It's time to stop the show, before Sierra ruins what is still good in our memory. After more than 20 years of story, he deserves some rest. Go Larry, and don't come back!
Xbox World 360 Magazine UK
It's poorly designed and poorly made, and has the air of a game even the devs didn't care about. [July 2009, p.82]
See all 27 Critic Reviews
IanK
This is one of the best games ever! I played for 2 days straight and never got bored! The graphics rock and the storyline is SO creative! This is one of the best games ever! I played for 2 days straight and never got bored! The graphics rock and the storyline is SO creative! Thumbs way up! A must buy!… Expand
2 of 11 users found this helpful
PhillipH
Better than Cum Lauda. Graphics lovely, story interesting, music good and girls look excellent. The game play sucks at times.
2 of 3 users found this helpful
ShannonL
I was a big fan of the original games back in the day so i was eager to try out this new release... I had not played the last one as it was I was a big fan of the original games back in the day so i was eager to try out this new release... I had not played the last one as it was originally banned in Australia.. The humour IS there - it is as immature and purile as it ever was - its just a big shame that the gameplay mechanics dont match up.. 1st problem is that they have madean 18rated kids platforming game! - which wouldnt be toobad if the actual platforming mechanics work and they dont. I liked the game until i reached a point that required me to first of all fight 9 enemies one after another; this wouldnt have been an issue if the fighting mechanics worked - they dont. You end up tapping A over and over again trying to connect combos that just arent registering. Instead you end up getting beaten to a pulp by enemies whose health seems to regenerate faster then your own! After more attempts at the fighting part of the mission then you would believe - i finally managed to scrape past it only to reach the next part of the mission - Climbing the top of an electricty tower - which in itself wouldnt be a problem if the climbing mechanics worked. They dont. the camera is so poorly implimented and the controls so unresponsive that i ended up plummeting from the tower and dying... Which would be fine if there was a checkpoint system in place. There isnt. So i had to go back to the start of the mission - back to fighting the 9 guys one after another. As you can imagine it was too frustrating for me to try again and to behonest - is the main reason why i am trading the game back in as fast and as soon as i can. Im not going to focus on the other MAJOR problems the game has like framerate issues whernever you turn the camera, NPCs who walk straight through each other (in cutscenes) ridiculous loading times, lack of ambient audio when moving around, constant repetitive fetch quests etc etc etc. I was willing to overlook these technical issues and enjoy the game - but the mission i outlined above was the last straw for me! Im not bad at games and have been gaming since for well over 15 years - and this was the most frustrating gaming experience ive had since trying to load games via cassette on the original Commodore 64... Avoid.… Expand
JackB
This is without doubt the worst game i've played in 10 years but why did it take the gaming media so long to review this game.
HavingThis is without doubt the worst game i've played in 10 years but why did it take the gaming media so long to review this game.
Having not been able to read a review and having a few days of work drove me to buy this rubbish.
I too gave up at the mission involving beating 9 guards and then climbing a tower, the lack of any proper game design made this imposible and after starting over and the guard i was fighting got STUCK BEHIND A SOFA that i though **** this ****.… Expand
I bought this game with high hopes after the seam splitting laughter "Magna Cum Laude" offered. I ended up throwing the game away after 6 I bought this game with high hopes after the seam splitting laughter "Magna Cum Laude" offered. I ended up throwing the game away after 6 hours of gameplay. Not funny, not the "mature" content promised, awfully designed levels making it very difficult to get anywhere, and a terrible trailing camera makes every turn of the character send the camera soaring around and throwing off the control of the character. Without doubt the worst game for the 360 I have ever played.… Expand
DWlubu1998
this gamethis game sucks.......................................................................................................................................................................................… Expand
Jbrizzy
DON'T PLAY THIS GAMEDON'T PLAY THIS GAME !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!… Expand
See all 17 User Reviews
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Effect on genital warts in Australian female and heterosexual male individuals after introduction of the national human papillomavirus gender-neutral vaccination programme: an analysis of national sentinel surveillance data from 2004–18
Eric P.F. Chow*, Allison Carter, Tobias Vickers, Christopher K. Fairley, Anna McNulty, Rebecca J. Guy, David G. Regan, Andrew E. Grulich, Denton Callander, Laila Khawar, Dorothy A. Machalek, Basil Donovan
Background: In Australia, the government-funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in April, 2007, for girls and young women, and in February, 2013, for boys. As of Dec 31, 2018, all Australian-born female individuals younger than 38 years and male individuals younger than 21 years have been eligible for the free quadrivalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine. We aimed to examine the trends in genital wart diagnoses among Australian-born female and heterosexual male individuals who attended sexual health clinics throughout Australia before and after the introduction of the gender-neutral HPV vaccination programme in February, 2013. Methods: We did a serial cross-sectional analysis of genital wart diagnoses among Australian-born female and heterosexual male individuals attending a national surveillance network of 35 clinics between Jan 1, 2004, and Dec 31, 2018. We calculated prevalence ratios of genital warts, using log-binomial regression models, for the female-only vaccination period (July 1, 2007, to Feb 28, 2013), gender-neutral vaccination period (March 1, 2013, to Dec 31, 2018), and the whole vaccination period (July 1, 2007, to Dec 31, 2018) compared with the pre-vaccination period (Jan 1, 2004, to June 30, 2007). Findings: We included 121 038 men and 116 341 women in the analysis. Overall, we observed a 58% reduction (prevalence ratio 0·42, 95% CI 0·40–0·44) in genital wart diagnoses in female individuals and a 45% reduction (0·55, 0·53–0·57) in genital wart diagnoses in heterosexual male individuals after the introduction of the vaccination programme in 2007. The largest reduction in genital warts was observed in younger individuals, and there was a decreasing magnitude of reduction with increasing age (80%, 72%, 61%, 41%, and 16% reductions in female individuals aged 15–20 years, 21–25 years, 26–30 years, 31–35 years, and ≥36 years, respectively; 70%, 61%, 49%, 37%, and 29% reductions in male individuals aged 15–20 years, 21–25 years, 26–30 years, 31–35 years, and ≥36 years, respectively). Significant reductions observed in female individuals (0·32, 0·28–0·36) and male individuals (0·51, 0·43–0·61) aged 15–20 years in the female-only vaccination period were followed by a more substantial reduction in female individuals (0·07, 0·06–0·09) and male individuals (0·11, 0·08–0·15) aged 15–20 years in the gender-neutral vaccination period. Interpretation: The national gender-neutral HPV vaccination programme has led to substantial and ongoing reduction in genital warts among Australian female and heterosexual male individuals, with a marked reduction in young individuals who received the vaccine at school. Funding: Seqirus Australia and the Australian Government Department of Health.
EPFC has received educational grants from Seqirus Australia and bioCSL to assist with education, training, and academic purposes in human papillomavirus (HPV) research. EPFC has received speaker's honoraria from Merck and has been the principal investigator on Merck investigator-initiated studies and received funding for HPV studies. EPFC is supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Investigator Grant (GNT1172873). CKF has received research funding from CSL Biotherapies, owns shares in CSL Biotherapies, and is a co-investigator on Merck investigator-initiated studies. BD, DGR, and AEG have received occasional speaker's honoraria from Merck. BD, LK, DAM, and RJG have been investigators on the Extended Surveillance of Genital Warts Program funded by the Australian Government Department of Health, outside the submitted work. BD, AEG, and DGR have received funding from Seqirus Australia for genital wart surveillance. DGR has received occasional speaker's honoraria from CSL Biotherapies. LK, DAM, and RJG have received funding from Seqirus Australia for a Delphi study on genital wart elimination. DAM reports travel grants from Seqirus and travel funding and honoraria to her institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.
The Genital Warts Surveillance Network is funded by Seqirus Australia (formerly CSL Biotherapies) and the Australian Government Department of Health (Agreement ID 4-5546NZX).
We would like to thank the following clinic staff for providing the data for this study: Alison Ward, Charlotte Bell, and Dr Bin (Mikko) Li at Adelaide Sexual Health Centre, Adelaide; Darren Russell at Dolls' House Sexual Health Clinic, Cairns; Emanuel Vlahakis at Coffs Harbour Sexual Health Clinic, Coffs Harbour; Manoji Gunathilake at Darwin Clinic 34, Darwin; Maree O'Sullivan at Gold Coast Sexual Health, Gold Coast; Nathan Ryder at Hunter New England Sexual Health Service, Hunter New England Local Health District; David Smith at Lismore Sexual Health; Christopher Carmody at Liverpool Sexual Health Clinic, Liverpool; Christopher Fairley, Marcus Chen, and Afrizal Afrizal at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Melbourne; Eva Jackson at Nepean and Blue Mountains Sexual Health Clinic, Katoomba; Jenny McCloskey at Royal Perth Hospital Sexual Health Clinic, Perth; David Templeton at RPA Hospital Sexual Health Clinic, Sydney; Anna McNulty and Heng Lu at Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney; Phillip Read at Kirketon Road Centre, Sydney; David Lewis at Western Sydney Sexual Health Clinic, Sydney; Kim Grant at Western NSW Sexual Health (Bourke, Dubbo, Orange, Lightning Ridge), Sydney; Jo Lenton at Far West NSW Sexual Health (Broken Hill and Dareton) Sexual Health Clinics, Sydney; and GRHANITE and CaraData for their help with data extraction. The Genital Warts Surveillance Network is funded by Seqirus Australia (formerly CSL Biotherapies) and the Australian Government Department of Health (Agreement ID 4-5546NZX).
Dive into the research topics of 'Effect on genital warts in Australian female and heterosexual male individuals after introduction of the national human papillomavirus gender-neutral vaccination programme: an analysis of national sentinel surveillance data from 2004–18'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Sentinel Surveillance Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Condylomata Acuminata Medicine & Life Sciences 92%
Heterosexuality Medicine & Life Sciences 80%
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Chow, E. P. F., Carter, A., Vickers, T., Fairley, C. K., McNulty, A., Guy, R. J., Regan, D. G., Grulich, A. E., Callander, D., Khawar, L., Machalek, D. A., & Donovan, B. (2021). Effect on genital warts in Australian female and heterosexual male individuals after introduction of the national human papillomavirus gender-neutral vaccination programme: an analysis of national sentinel surveillance data from 2004–18. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(12), 1747-1756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00071-2
Chow, Eric P.F. ; Carter, Allison ; Vickers, Tobias et al. / Effect on genital warts in Australian female and heterosexual male individuals after introduction of the national human papillomavirus gender-neutral vaccination programme : an analysis of national sentinel surveillance data from 2004–18. In: The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2021 ; Vol. 21, No. 12. pp. 1747-1756.
@article{bbdad1f4196d430e9fb6c669b8532f15,
title = "Effect on genital warts in Australian female and heterosexual male individuals after introduction of the national human papillomavirus gender-neutral vaccination programme: an analysis of national sentinel surveillance data from 2004–18",
abstract = "Background: In Australia, the government-funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in April, 2007, for girls and young women, and in February, 2013, for boys. As of Dec 31, 2018, all Australian-born female individuals younger than 38 years and male individuals younger than 21 years have been eligible for the free quadrivalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine. We aimed to examine the trends in genital wart diagnoses among Australian-born female and heterosexual male individuals who attended sexual health clinics throughout Australia before and after the introduction of the gender-neutral HPV vaccination programme in February, 2013. Methods: We did a serial cross-sectional analysis of genital wart diagnoses among Australian-born female and heterosexual male individuals attending a national surveillance network of 35 clinics between Jan 1, 2004, and Dec 31, 2018. We calculated prevalence ratios of genital warts, using log-binomial regression models, for the female-only vaccination period (July 1, 2007, to Feb 28, 2013), gender-neutral vaccination period (March 1, 2013, to Dec 31, 2018), and the whole vaccination period (July 1, 2007, to Dec 31, 2018) compared with the pre-vaccination period (Jan 1, 2004, to June 30, 2007). Findings: We included 121 038 men and 116 341 women in the analysis. Overall, we observed a 58% reduction (prevalence ratio 0·42, 95% CI 0·40–0·44) in genital wart diagnoses in female individuals and a 45% reduction (0·55, 0·53–0·57) in genital wart diagnoses in heterosexual male individuals after the introduction of the vaccination programme in 2007. The largest reduction in genital warts was observed in younger individuals, and there was a decreasing magnitude of reduction with increasing age (80%, 72%, 61%, 41%, and 16% reductions in female individuals aged 15–20 years, 21–25 years, 26–30 years, 31–35 years, and ≥36 years, respectively; 70%, 61%, 49%, 37%, and 29% reductions in male individuals aged 15–20 years, 21–25 years, 26–30 years, 31–35 years, and ≥36 years, respectively). Significant reductions observed in female individuals (0·32, 0·28–0·36) and male individuals (0·51, 0·43–0·61) aged 15–20 years in the female-only vaccination period were followed by a more substantial reduction in female individuals (0·07, 0·06–0·09) and male individuals (0·11, 0·08–0·15) aged 15–20 years in the gender-neutral vaccination period. Interpretation: The national gender-neutral HPV vaccination programme has led to substantial and ongoing reduction in genital warts among Australian female and heterosexual male individuals, with a marked reduction in young individuals who received the vaccine at school. Funding: Seqirus Australia and the Australian Government Department of Health.",
author = "Chow, {Eric P.F.} and Allison Carter and Tobias Vickers and Fairley, {Christopher K.} and Anna McNulty and Guy, {Rebecca J.} and Regan, {David G.} and Grulich, {Andrew E.} and Denton Callander and Laila Khawar and Machalek, {Dorothy A.} and Basil Donovan",
note = "Funding Information: EPFC has received educational grants from Seqirus Australia and bioCSL to assist with education, training, and academic purposes in human papillomavirus (HPV) research. EPFC has received speaker's honoraria from Merck and has been the principal investigator on Merck investigator-initiated studies and received funding for HPV studies. EPFC is supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Investigator Grant (GNT1172873). CKF has received research funding from CSL Biotherapies, owns shares in CSL Biotherapies, and is a co-investigator on Merck investigator-initiated studies. BD, DGR, and AEG have received occasional speaker's honoraria from Merck. BD, LK, DAM, and RJG have been investigators on the Extended Surveillance of Genital Warts Program funded by the Australian Government Department of Health, outside the submitted work. BD, AEG, and DGR have received funding from Seqirus Australia for genital wart surveillance. DGR has received occasional speaker's honoraria from CSL Biotherapies. LK, DAM, and RJG have received funding from Seqirus Australia for a Delphi study on genital wart elimination. DAM reports travel grants from Seqirus and travel funding and honoraria to her institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests. Funding Information: The Genital Warts Surveillance Network is funded by Seqirus Australia (formerly CSL Biotherapies) and the Australian Government Department of Health (Agreement ID 4-5546NZX). Funding Information: We would like to thank the following clinic staff for providing the data for this study: Alison Ward, Charlotte Bell, and Dr Bin (Mikko) Li at Adelaide Sexual Health Centre, Adelaide; Darren Russell at Dolls' House Sexual Health Clinic, Cairns; Emanuel Vlahakis at Coffs Harbour Sexual Health Clinic, Coffs Harbour; Manoji Gunathilake at Darwin Clinic 34, Darwin; Maree O'Sullivan at Gold Coast Sexual Health, Gold Coast; Nathan Ryder at Hunter New England Sexual Health Service, Hunter New England Local Health District; David Smith at Lismore Sexual Health; Christopher Carmody at Liverpool Sexual Health Clinic, Liverpool; Christopher Fairley, Marcus Chen, and Afrizal Afrizal at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Melbourne; Eva Jackson at Nepean and Blue Mountains Sexual Health Clinic, Katoomba; Jenny McCloskey at Royal Perth Hospital Sexual Health Clinic, Perth; David Templeton at RPA Hospital Sexual Health Clinic, Sydney; Anna McNulty and Heng Lu at Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney; Phillip Read at Kirketon Road Centre, Sydney; David Lewis at Western Sydney Sexual Health Clinic, Sydney; Kim Grant at Western NSW Sexual Health (Bourke, Dubbo, Orange, Lightning Ridge), Sydney; Jo Lenton at Far West NSW Sexual Health (Broken Hill and Dareton) Sexual Health Clinics, Sydney; and GRHANITE and CaraData for their help with data extraction. The Genital Warts Surveillance Network is funded by Seqirus Australia (formerly CSL Biotherapies) and the Australian Government Department of Health (Agreement ID 4-5546NZX). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 Elsevier Ltd",
journal = "The Lancet Infectious Diseases",
Chow, EPF, Carter, A, Vickers, T, Fairley, CK, McNulty, A, Guy, RJ, Regan, DG, Grulich, AE, Callander, D, Khawar, L, Machalek, DA & Donovan, B 2021, 'Effect on genital warts in Australian female and heterosexual male individuals after introduction of the national human papillomavirus gender-neutral vaccination programme: an analysis of national sentinel surveillance data from 2004–18', The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1747-1756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00071-2
Effect on genital warts in Australian female and heterosexual male individuals after introduction of the national human papillomavirus gender-neutral vaccination programme : an analysis of national sentinel surveillance data from 2004–18. / Chow, Eric P.F.; Carter, Allison; Vickers, Tobias et al.
In: The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol. 21, No. 12, 12.2021, p. 1747-1756.
T1 - Effect on genital warts in Australian female and heterosexual male individuals after introduction of the national human papillomavirus gender-neutral vaccination programme
T2 - an analysis of national sentinel surveillance data from 2004–18
AU - Chow, Eric P.F.
AU - Carter, Allison
AU - Vickers, Tobias
AU - Fairley, Christopher K.
AU - McNulty, Anna
AU - Regan, David G.
AU - Grulich, Andrew E.
AU - Callander, Denton
AU - Khawar, Laila
AU - Machalek, Dorothy A.
AU - Donovan, Basil
N1 - Funding Information: EPFC has received educational grants from Seqirus Australia and bioCSL to assist with education, training, and academic purposes in human papillomavirus (HPV) research. EPFC has received speaker's honoraria from Merck and has been the principal investigator on Merck investigator-initiated studies and received funding for HPV studies. EPFC is supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Investigator Grant (GNT1172873). CKF has received research funding from CSL Biotherapies, owns shares in CSL Biotherapies, and is a co-investigator on Merck investigator-initiated studies. BD, DGR, and AEG have received occasional speaker's honoraria from Merck. BD, LK, DAM, and RJG have been investigators on the Extended Surveillance of Genital Warts Program funded by the Australian Government Department of Health, outside the submitted work. BD, AEG, and DGR have received funding from Seqirus Australia for genital wart surveillance. DGR has received occasional speaker's honoraria from CSL Biotherapies. LK, DAM, and RJG have received funding from Seqirus Australia for a Delphi study on genital wart elimination. DAM reports travel grants from Seqirus and travel funding and honoraria to her institution from Merck Sharp & Dohme, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests. Funding Information: The Genital Warts Surveillance Network is funded by Seqirus Australia (formerly CSL Biotherapies) and the Australian Government Department of Health (Agreement ID 4-5546NZX). Funding Information: We would like to thank the following clinic staff for providing the data for this study: Alison Ward, Charlotte Bell, and Dr Bin (Mikko) Li at Adelaide Sexual Health Centre, Adelaide; Darren Russell at Dolls' House Sexual Health Clinic, Cairns; Emanuel Vlahakis at Coffs Harbour Sexual Health Clinic, Coffs Harbour; Manoji Gunathilake at Darwin Clinic 34, Darwin; Maree O'Sullivan at Gold Coast Sexual Health, Gold Coast; Nathan Ryder at Hunter New England Sexual Health Service, Hunter New England Local Health District; David Smith at Lismore Sexual Health; Christopher Carmody at Liverpool Sexual Health Clinic, Liverpool; Christopher Fairley, Marcus Chen, and Afrizal Afrizal at Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Melbourne; Eva Jackson at Nepean and Blue Mountains Sexual Health Clinic, Katoomba; Jenny McCloskey at Royal Perth Hospital Sexual Health Clinic, Perth; David Templeton at RPA Hospital Sexual Health Clinic, Sydney; Anna McNulty and Heng Lu at Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney; Phillip Read at Kirketon Road Centre, Sydney; David Lewis at Western Sydney Sexual Health Clinic, Sydney; Kim Grant at Western NSW Sexual Health (Bourke, Dubbo, Orange, Lightning Ridge), Sydney; Jo Lenton at Far West NSW Sexual Health (Broken Hill and Dareton) Sexual Health Clinics, Sydney; and GRHANITE and CaraData for their help with data extraction. The Genital Warts Surveillance Network is funded by Seqirus Australia (formerly CSL Biotherapies) and the Australian Government Department of Health (Agreement ID 4-5546NZX). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
N2 - Background: In Australia, the government-funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in April, 2007, for girls and young women, and in February, 2013, for boys. As of Dec 31, 2018, all Australian-born female individuals younger than 38 years and male individuals younger than 21 years have been eligible for the free quadrivalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine. We aimed to examine the trends in genital wart diagnoses among Australian-born female and heterosexual male individuals who attended sexual health clinics throughout Australia before and after the introduction of the gender-neutral HPV vaccination programme in February, 2013. Methods: We did a serial cross-sectional analysis of genital wart diagnoses among Australian-born female and heterosexual male individuals attending a national surveillance network of 35 clinics between Jan 1, 2004, and Dec 31, 2018. We calculated prevalence ratios of genital warts, using log-binomial regression models, for the female-only vaccination period (July 1, 2007, to Feb 28, 2013), gender-neutral vaccination period (March 1, 2013, to Dec 31, 2018), and the whole vaccination period (July 1, 2007, to Dec 31, 2018) compared with the pre-vaccination period (Jan 1, 2004, to June 30, 2007). Findings: We included 121 038 men and 116 341 women in the analysis. Overall, we observed a 58% reduction (prevalence ratio 0·42, 95% CI 0·40–0·44) in genital wart diagnoses in female individuals and a 45% reduction (0·55, 0·53–0·57) in genital wart diagnoses in heterosexual male individuals after the introduction of the vaccination programme in 2007. The largest reduction in genital warts was observed in younger individuals, and there was a decreasing magnitude of reduction with increasing age (80%, 72%, 61%, 41%, and 16% reductions in female individuals aged 15–20 years, 21–25 years, 26–30 years, 31–35 years, and ≥36 years, respectively; 70%, 61%, 49%, 37%, and 29% reductions in male individuals aged 15–20 years, 21–25 years, 26–30 years, 31–35 years, and ≥36 years, respectively). Significant reductions observed in female individuals (0·32, 0·28–0·36) and male individuals (0·51, 0·43–0·61) aged 15–20 years in the female-only vaccination period were followed by a more substantial reduction in female individuals (0·07, 0·06–0·09) and male individuals (0·11, 0·08–0·15) aged 15–20 years in the gender-neutral vaccination period. Interpretation: The national gender-neutral HPV vaccination programme has led to substantial and ongoing reduction in genital warts among Australian female and heterosexual male individuals, with a marked reduction in young individuals who received the vaccine at school. Funding: Seqirus Australia and the Australian Government Department of Health.
AB - Background: In Australia, the government-funded human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programme was introduced in April, 2007, for girls and young women, and in February, 2013, for boys. As of Dec 31, 2018, all Australian-born female individuals younger than 38 years and male individuals younger than 21 years have been eligible for the free quadrivalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine. We aimed to examine the trends in genital wart diagnoses among Australian-born female and heterosexual male individuals who attended sexual health clinics throughout Australia before and after the introduction of the gender-neutral HPV vaccination programme in February, 2013. Methods: We did a serial cross-sectional analysis of genital wart diagnoses among Australian-born female and heterosexual male individuals attending a national surveillance network of 35 clinics between Jan 1, 2004, and Dec 31, 2018. We calculated prevalence ratios of genital warts, using log-binomial regression models, for the female-only vaccination period (July 1, 2007, to Feb 28, 2013), gender-neutral vaccination period (March 1, 2013, to Dec 31, 2018), and the whole vaccination period (July 1, 2007, to Dec 31, 2018) compared with the pre-vaccination period (Jan 1, 2004, to June 30, 2007). Findings: We included 121 038 men and 116 341 women in the analysis. Overall, we observed a 58% reduction (prevalence ratio 0·42, 95% CI 0·40–0·44) in genital wart diagnoses in female individuals and a 45% reduction (0·55, 0·53–0·57) in genital wart diagnoses in heterosexual male individuals after the introduction of the vaccination programme in 2007. The largest reduction in genital warts was observed in younger individuals, and there was a decreasing magnitude of reduction with increasing age (80%, 72%, 61%, 41%, and 16% reductions in female individuals aged 15–20 years, 21–25 years, 26–30 years, 31–35 years, and ≥36 years, respectively; 70%, 61%, 49%, 37%, and 29% reductions in male individuals aged 15–20 years, 21–25 years, 26–30 years, 31–35 years, and ≥36 years, respectively). Significant reductions observed in female individuals (0·32, 0·28–0·36) and male individuals (0·51, 0·43–0·61) aged 15–20 years in the female-only vaccination period were followed by a more substantial reduction in female individuals (0·07, 0·06–0·09) and male individuals (0·11, 0·08–0·15) aged 15–20 years in the gender-neutral vaccination period. Interpretation: The national gender-neutral HPV vaccination programme has led to substantial and ongoing reduction in genital warts among Australian female and heterosexual male individuals, with a marked reduction in young individuals who received the vaccine at school. Funding: Seqirus Australia and the Australian Government Department of Health.
JO - The Lancet Infectious Diseases
JF - The Lancet Infectious Diseases
Chow EPF, Carter A, Vickers T, Fairley CK, McNulty A, Guy RJ et al. Effect on genital warts in Australian female and heterosexual male individuals after introduction of the national human papillomavirus gender-neutral vaccination programme: an analysis of national sentinel surveillance data from 2004–18. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2021 Dec;21(12):1747-1756. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00071-2


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Home > Journals > Chemistry & Materials Science > OJCM
Open Journal of Composite Materials > Vol.8 No.2, April 2018
Energy Absorption of Pultruded Glass-Graphite/Epoxy Hybrid Composites under High Strain-Rate Induced Transverse Tension ()
Damian Stoddard, Suman Babu Ukyam, R. Mantena Prabhakar, Arunachalam Rajendran
Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
DOI: 10.4236/ojcm.2018.82004 PDF HTML XML 625 Downloads 1,094 Views Citations
This paper focuses on the dynamic tensile response of glass-graphite/epoxy composites illustrating improvement in energy absorption through hybridization. The dynamic response and energy absorption characteristics of pultruded hybrid combinations of glass and graphite fibers in an epoxy matrix subjected to induced transverse tension at high strain-rate in a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus, are presented. Transverse tensile strength was determined by diametral compression of disc samples (Brazilian indirect tensile test method). Diametral crack initiation and strain to failure were monitored with a Shimadzu HPV-2 high-speed video camera at a recording speed of 500,000 fps and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). Adequate measures were taken to ensure that initiation of specimen failure occurred at the exact center of the disc specimen, and propagated through the diameter along the compressive loading axis, for the induced transverse tension tests to be valid. A study of the strength and specific energy absorption demonstrates the benefits of hybridization. Under induced transverse tensile loading condition, the pure glass/epoxy (GL60) exhibited higher strength than pure graphite/epoxy (GR60). Pure graphite/epoxy (GR60) has higher specific energy absorption capacity than pure glass/epoxy (GL60) in transverse tension. Among all hybrids, GR30 has the highest specific energy absorption under transverse tension. Overall, hybrid GL48, with 48% low-cost glass fibers in the inner core and 12% high-cost graphite fibers in outer shell, was found to exhibit better performance under induced transverse tension at high strain-rates, showing the benefits of hybridization.
Pultruded Composites, Hybrids, High Strain-Rate, SHPB, Dynamic Energy Absorption, Brazilian Disc, Indirect Tensile Test
Stoddard, D. , Ukyam, S. , Prabhakar, R. and Rajendran, A. (2018) Energy Absorption of Pultruded Glass-Graphite/Epoxy Hybrid Composites under High Strain-Rate Induced Transverse Tension. Open Journal of Composite Materials, 8, 43-53. doi: 10.4236/ojcm.2018.82004.
Fiber-reinforced pultruded composites with improved structural strength, mechanical properties and lower weight are replacing traditional materials such as steel, wood, aluminum, in several structural applications [1] . Two most common reinforcing fibers used are glass and graphite. Glass fibers have high tensile strength and low tensile modulus. On the other hand, graphite fibers possess very high tensile modulus, lower weight, and low impact resistance. By the "hybridization" of both glass and graphite fibers in various proportions within the same epoxy matrix, structures can be designed to achieve an optimal balance of the two material properties. Mantena [2] - [9] performed several quasi-static and dynamic investigations on pultruded glass and graphite/epoxy "hybrids". For example, Kumar and Mantena [2] investigated the characteristics of pultruded cylindrical rods under quasi-static and dynamic torsional modes of deformation. Whereas pure glass/epoxy exhibited higher shear modulus than pure graphite/epoxy, the hybridization of these two materials with specific amount of glass fibers in the outer shell region resulted in better dynamic performance. This could be attributed to the shear modulus of E-glass fibers (about 27 GPa) being higher than the AS4 graphite fibers which is about 14 GPa [1] . Low-velocity impact response characteristics and the influence of hybridization on the crashworthiness and energy-absorption of pultruded glass-graphite/epoxy composite beams were also investigated using a drop-weight impact test system [8] [9] . Hybrids with graphite fibers located in the outer region showed higher flexural stiffness, propagation energy, ductility, and failure index. However, they had lower initiation energy and a tendency to delaminate [9] .
In many applications, composite materials are subjected to dynamic loading by impact, vibration or wave propagation. The improved characteristics of fiber-reinforced pultruded composites as well as their high specific energy absorption due to complex failure mechanisms make them good candidate materials for use in structures that are likely to experience extreme dynamic loading, e.g., aircraft, ships, and armored vehicles [10] [11] . In the design of these structures, the ability of materials to absorb and dissipate energy effectively during impact events is important. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the dynamic behavior and energy absorption characteristics of fiber-reinforced pultruded composites is warranted.
The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) experimental technique has been used for evaluating fiber reinforced composites at high strain-rates. Yokoyama and Nakai [12] performed SHPB high strain-rate compression tests on cubic specimens of carbon/epoxy laminates in all three principal material directions and discussed the failure mechanism of these composites. They reported an increase of modulus and ultimate strength, and a decrease of energy absorbed up to failure strain with increasing strain-rate when compression is along the fiber direction. Soheil et al. [13] reported the high strain-rate compressive strength and specific energy absorption of pultruded cylindrical hybrid specimens under longitudinal compression along the fiber direction. Harding et al. [14] used SHPB for measuring high strain-rate tensile response of the test specimen. Several aspects of the test like generation of a tensile-loading pulse, design of the tensile test specimen and holding fixtures were more complex and needed additional care in data acquisition. Additionally, Shaker et al. [15] conducted SHPB compression tests on hybrid aramid and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene composites (UHMWPE). Experiments were conducted on cubic aramid and UHMWPE composites with varying fiber, direction, and strain rates along with a low-density polyethylene resin. An improvement of energy absorption, as high as 53.9%, was observed for the hybridized composites under dynamic SHPB compression loading.
Tensile tests on high-stiffness low strength materials usually consider compression-induced tension to avoid pre-mature failure caused from gripping under direct tensile loading. Brazilian disc method which is an indirect tensile test technique was designed to measure the dynamic tensile stress-strain curve of low strength brittle materials [16] . A basic assumption for the determination of the tensile strength by the Brazilian test is that material is regarded as homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic before brittle failure occurs. However, the assumption of material being homogeneous has also been extended to study heterogeneous materials like anisotropic rocks and concrete by experimental and numerical modeling techniques [17] . It was found that the stress distribution near the center of a disc under diametral loading is quite uniform for both isotropic and anisotropic media [18] . Therefore, Brazilian testing method is considered to be an appropriate and effective method for determining the transverse tensile strength due to its simplicity of sample preparation and test procedure. The fundamental requirement for Brazilian disc method to be a valid test is that the initiation of specimen failure should occur at the center of the specimen and propagate through the diameter along the compressive loading axis [19] . In a traditional Brazilian disc method, strain at the center of the specimen is measured with a strain-gage directly mounted on the specimen. But on-specimen strain gage testing is both cumbersome and complex for low strength brittle materials under dynamic loading. The complexities of conventional on-specimen strain gage testing for transverse tensile strain measurement are further reduced by non-contact digital image correlation techniques.
Several non-contact methods have been employed to obtain tensile properties for various materials using Brazilian disc type specimens. Antoun and Rajendran [20] performed SHPB indirect tensile testing on cementitious samples and established that the induced transverse strain at the specimen mid-point is equivalent to the strain in the transmission bar. Pramanik and Mantena [21] adapted a non-contact Laser Occluding Expansion Gage (LOEG) technique to monitor the global strain of graphite platelet reinforced vinyl ester nanocomposite disc specimens. In work reported here, the Brazilian indirect tensile test method has been used for determining the transverse tensile strength, by diametral compression of pultruded hybrid composite disc samples. The diametral crack initiation and strain to failure were monitored with a Shimadzu HPV-2 high-speed video camera at a recording speed of 500,000 fps and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). Adequate measures were taken to ensure that initiation of specimen failure occurred at the exact center of the disc specimen, and propagated through the diameter along the compressive loading axis, for these induced transverse tension tests to be valid.
Pultrusion is a manufacturing process ideally suited for producing structural components of constant cross-section. It involves pulling continuous fibers (unidirectional or woven) through a liquid resin which saturates the fibers resulting in multi-directional reinforcement. The resulting combination of fiber and resin is then pulled through a series of preform plates and a heated die, which forms the product into its final shape. It is a relatively fast way to produce strong and lightweight structural components [2] [3] .
Cylindrical rods of 9.6 mm diameter with combinations of glass and graphite fibers in an epoxy matrix were produced using a single pass (Pulstar 804 machine) of the pultrusion process [6] . The graphite fibers were AS4W-12K (Hercules), the glass fibers were E-Glass (PPG 2001, #12), and the epoxy was EPON 862/W/537 (Shell Chemical Company, USA). The hybrid rods were manufactured to be symmetric about the neutral axis to avoid warping/bending effects in the final product due to temperature changes during production. Both pre-form and post-die plates were employed to keep the fibers in the intended placement. The cylindrical rods had a total fiber volume of 60% (with 40% epoxy). Each hybrid is defined by the fiber volume fraction of each fiber type, and by their location relative to the neutral axis. For example, GR30, a 30% graphite core/30% glass shell specimen has 30% graphite fiber volume and 30% glass fiber volume, with the graphite fibers in the inner core region and the glass fibers in the outer shell region.
Brazilian disc specimens were cut precisely from cylindrical rods to 7.2 mm (±0.1 mm) length. Figure 1 shows cross-sections of the pultruded hybrid disc combinations along with the corresponding percent fiber volume and specimen ID code. The disc sample surface was coated using a flat matte white spray paint and laser etched at the center. Laser etching provided greater contrast with the painted surface and decreased image blur, for a more consistent tracking of the crack initiation and propagation using Pro Analyst 2D DIC tracking software. The average measured bulk densities of the pultruded hybrid disc specimens are shown in Table 1. As expected the graphite fiber hybrids are lighter and have a lower density.
Figure 1. Cross-section of pultruded hybrid disc specimens, spray painted and laser etched, for monitoring crack initiation and propagation using Digital Image Correlation (DIC).
Table 1. Measured average bulk densities of pultruded hybrid disc specimens [13] .
3. Experimental Setup
SHPB, or Kolsky bar, first developed by Kolsky [22] in 1949, is a well-known test method for characterizing materials at high strain-rates. All tests were carried out on the modified SHPB in the Blast and Impact Dynamics Lab at the University of Mississippi, MS. Maraging steel bars of 19.02 mm diameter were used as striker, incident and transmission bars. For Brazilian (or splitting tension) tests, the disc specimen is mounted as shown in Figure 2, with compressive loading applied along the horizontal diameter and transverse tensile stresses induced in the vertical direction normal to loading axis. In this loading configuration, the exact center of the disc is the only point at which the conditions for tensile failure at a value equal to the uni-axial tensile strength are met. Curved (instead of flat) loading anvils are used to prevent crack initiation at the loading points due to stress concentrations [23] . A thin elastic-plastic disc made of copper is placed in between the incident and striker bars so that a ramping stress wave pulse is generated to assure a constant stress rate in the sample or specimen. This pulse shaping technique is discussed in detail by Frew et al. [24] for SHPB compressive tests of brittle materials.
A HPV-2 High-Speed Video Camera (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments) with a fixed resolution of 312 × 260 pixels and recording speed of 500,000 fps was used to capture the deformation/failure process during SHPB compression loading. Due to high recording speed of camera and the need for high-intensity lighting, two 1000 W strobes (Photogenic Power Lights, PL 2500 DR) were employed.
Figure 2. Induced transverse tension in circular disc specimen under diametral compressive loading.
4. Results of Brazilian Indirect Tensile Test on Hybrid Disc Specimens
Brazilian tests were conducted at high strain-rate to induce transverse tension in the pure glass, pure graphite, and hybrids of glass-graphite fiber/epoxy disc specimens. Typical incident, reflected and transmitted pulses recorded from strain gages mounted on the incident and transmission bars are shown in Figure 3.
Stress equilibrium was validated by comparing the voltage output from strain gages on each bar, as shown in Figure 4. This voltage is analogous to the applied force on each end of the bar. The average of the end forces was considered for estimating the induced transverse tensile stress at the center of the Brazilian disk specimen [21] .
It should be noted that the reported data is up to the crack initiation at center point, as captured with high-speed camera. An independent analysis was also performed to further validate these test results by comparing transmission bar strain [20] to the disc specimen center point strain. Strain at the disc center point was analyzed using 2D DIC with Pro Analyst software. Figure 5 shows that the transmission bar strain output is equivalent to the disc specimen center point strain obtained from 2D DIC.
The transverse tensile failure of disc specimens was monitored with a high-speed video camera at a frame rate of 500,000 fps. Figure 6 shows typical images captured at three points during the Brazilian test on GR60 disc specimen, with the whole event taking approximately 58 µs for crack initiation at center point. The high-speed video images showed that the disc specimens were not damaged at peak load, but crack initiation was observed few microseconds later. Careful visual inspection showed that initiation of specimen failure occurred at the exact center of the disc and propagated through the diameter along loading axis, thus corroborating the Brazilian disc test data to be usable. Similar results were observed for all the other hybrid combinations.
Figure 7 shows typical transverse stress-strain output for all hybrid combinations at a strain-rate of ~450/s, with 3 specimens tested in each configuration. In this case pure Glass/Epoxy (GL60) shows the highest (slope) stiffness and, in general, decreases with increasing graphite content. The reduction in stiffness of graphite composites in the transverse direction is perhaps due to the anisotropy
Figure 3. Typical incident, reflected and transmitted pulses in SHPB indirect tensile test.
Figure 4. Validation of stress equilibrium for the SHPB indirect tensile test.
Figure 5. Comparison of disc center point strain from transmission bar output and 2D DIC.
of graphite fibers having lower transverse modulus [1] than glass fibers (which are isotropic).
Ultimate transverse tensile strength is summarized in Figure 8. The ultimate transverse tensile strength of pure glass/epoxy (GL60) is higher than pure graphite/epoxy (GR60) by approximately 10 MPa. Hybrids exhibited nearly identical transverse tensile strengths. GR60 exhibited the lowest transverse tensile strength.
Figure 6. Brazilian disc induced transverse tension test on GR60 specimen up to failure.
Figure 7. Transverse tensile stress-strain from Brazilian tests on hybrid disc specimens.
Figure 8. Ultimate transverse tensile strength of hybrid specimens from Brazilian disc tests.
The specific energy absorption under induced transverse tensile loading is shown in Figure 9. Pure glass/epoxy (GL60) and pure graphite/epoxy (GR60)
Figure 9. Specific energy absorption of hybrid specimens from Brazilian disc tests.
have the lowest specific energy absorption capacity, with the other hybrid combinations displaying better performance.
In this study, Brazilian indirect tensile tests were performed on pultruded hybrid composite specimens made of glass and graphite/epoxy using a modified SHPB. Pure glass/epoxy (GL60) shows the highest transverse tensile stiffness compared to other hybrids. Under induced transverse tension, the pure glass/epoxy (GL60) exhibited higher strength than pure graphite/epoxy (GR60). Pure graphite/epoxy (GR60) has higher specific energy absorption capacity than pure glass/epoxy under transverse tension. Among all hybrids, GR30 has the highest specific energy absorption under transverse tension. Overall, hybrid GL48, with 48% low-cost glass fibers in the inner core and 12% high-cost graphite fibers in outer shell, was found to exhibit better performance under induced transverse tension showing the benefit of hybridization. These findings are complementary to previous work by the authors where hybrids with graphite fibers located in the outer region displayed higher flexural stiffness, propagation energy, ductility, and crashworthiness [9] .
Authors wish to acknowledge funding received from US Army Research Office-DURIP Grant # W911NF-13-1-0248 for the high-speed digital cameras used in this research. The authors would also like to thank Mr. Paul Matthew Lowe for sample preparation.
[1] Gibson, R. (2007) Principles of Composite Materials Mechanics. 2nd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
[2] Kumar, S.S. and Mantena, P.R. (1996) Dynamic and Static Torsional Characterization of Pultruded Hybrid Cylindrical Composite Rods. Journal of Composite Materials, 30, 918-932.
[3] Vaughan, J.G., Roux, J.A. and Mantena, P.R. (1992) Characterization of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Advanced Composite Pultrusions. Proceedings of the 1992 NSF Design and Manufacturing Systems Conference, Atlanta, 8-10 January 1992, 1141-1145.
[4] Mantena, P.R., Vaughan, J.G., Donti, R.P. and Kowsika, M.V. (1992) Influence of Process Variables on the Dynamic Characteristics of Pultruded Graphite-Epoxy Composites. Vibro-Acoustic Characterization of Materials and Structures, ASME, 14, 147-157.
[5] Mantena, P.R., Vangipuram, R. and Vaughan, J.G. (1994) Dynamic Flexural Properties of Pultruded Glass/Graphite Hybrid Composites. 39th International SAMPE Symposium, Anaheim, 11-14 April 1994, 174-182.
[6] Nori, C.V., Mantena, P.R. and McCarty, T.A. (1996) Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of Pultruded Glass-Graphite/Epoxy Hybrids in Axial and Flexural Modes of Vibration. Journal of Composite Materials, 30, 996-2018.
[7] Ranganathan, S. and Mantena, P.R. (2003) Axial Loading and Buckling Response Characteristics of Pultruded Hybrid Glass-Graphite/Epoxy Composite Beams. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 22, 7671-7679.
https://doi.org/10.1177/073168403024566
[8] Kowsika, M.V. and Mantena, P.R. (1999) Static and Low-Velocity Impact Response Characteristics of Pultruded Hybrid Glass-Graphite/Epoxy Composite Beams. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 12, 121-132.
[9] Kowsika, M.V., Mantena, P.R. and Balasubramaniam, K. (2002) Energy Absorption and Dissipation Characteristics of Pultruded Glass-Graphite/Epoxy Hybrid Composite Beams. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials, 15, 227-252.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705702015003453
[10] Alghamdi, A.A.A. (2001) Collapsible Impact Energy Absorbers: An Overview. Thin-Walled Structures, 39, 189-213.
[11] Lu, G. and Yu, T.X. (2003) Energy Absorption of Structures and Materials. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Sawston, Cambridge, 144-173.
[12] Yokoyama, T., Nakai, K. and Odamura, T. (2007) High Strain-Rate Compressive Characteristics of a Unidirectional Carbon/Epoxy Composite: Effect of Loading Directions. In: Gdoutos, E.E., Ed., Experimental Analysis of Nano and Engineering Materials and Structures, Springer, Dordrecht, 681-82.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6239-1_338
[13] Daryadel, S.S., Ray, C., Pandya, T. and Mantena, P.R. (2015) Energy Absorption of Pultruded Hybrid Glass/Graphite Epoxy Composites under High Strain-Rate SHPB Compression Loading. Materials Sciences and Applications, 6, 511-518.
https://doi.org/10.4236/msa.2015.66054
[14] Harding, J., Wood, E.O. and Campbell, J.D. (1960) Tensile Testing of Materials at Impact Rates of Strain. Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2, 88-96.
https://doi.org/10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1960_002_016_02
[15] Shaker, K., Jabbar, A., Karahan, M., Karahan, N. and Nawab, Y. (2017) Study of Dynamic Compressive Behaviour of Aramid and Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene Composites Using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Journal of Composite Materials, 51, 81-94.
[16] Chen, R., Dai, F., Lu, L., Lu, F. and Xia, K. (2010) Determination of Dynamic Tensile Properties for Low Strength Brittle Solids. Experimental and Applied Mechanics, 6, 321-326.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9792-0_53
[17] Li, D. and Wong, L.N.Y. (2013) The Brazilian Disc Test for Rock Mechanics Applications: Review and New Insights. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 46, 269-287.
[18] Chen, C.-S., Pan, E. and Amadei, B. (1998) Determination of Deformability and Tensile Strength of Anisotropic Rock Using Brazilian Tests. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 35, 43-61.
[19] Carneiro, F. and Barcellos, A. (1953) International Association of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials and Structures. RILEM Bulletin, 13, 99-125.
[20] John, R., Antoun, T. and Rajendran, A.M. (1991) Effect of Strain Rate and Size on Tensile Strength of Concrete. Proceedings of the American Physical Society Topical Conference, Williamsburg, Virginia, 17-20 June 1991, 501-504.
[21] Pramanik, B., Mantena, P.R., Tadepalli, T. and Rajendran, A.M. (2014) Indirect Tensile Characterization of Graphite Platelet Reinforced Vinyl Ester Nanocomposites at High-Strain Rate. Open Journal of Composite Materials, 4, 201-214.
[22] Kolsky, H. (1949) An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Materials at Very High Rates of Loading. Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B, 62, 676-700.
https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1301/62/11/302
[23] Awaji, H. and Sato, S. (1979) Diametral Compressive Testing Method. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, 101, 139-147.
[24] Frew, D.J., Forrestal, M.J. and Chen, W. (2002) Pulse Shaping Techniques for Testing Brittle Materials with a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar. Experimental Mechanics, 42, 93-106.
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text:
During an eclipse, how big is the shadow of the moon on the earth?
This picture was taken from the ISS during a solar eclipse.
You can see the shadow of the Moon on the surface of the Earth. But how big is this shadow? How many kilometers is its diameter?
the-moon solar-eclipse
usernumber
usernumberusernumber
$\begingroup$ xkcd.com/1276 about as big as the M25 freeway around London $\endgroup$
– Jacob Krall
$\begingroup$ when the light comes near the shadow comes small and when the light goes far becomes long $\endgroup$
– nahom get.
But how big is this shadow? How many kilometers is its diameter?
That's a photo of the umbra and penumbra on the surface of the Earth taken from Space. It's a little distorted because it's not directly under the ISS but far off near the terminator.
It's hard to pin down the size of the penumbra because it's fuzzy and fades near the edges, but if you could see the very edges then it would be twice† the diameter of the moon or very roughly 6900 kilometers total.
†Actually this is only true by coincidence because the angular diameter of the Sun happens to be the same as that of the Moon. @Flaffo's answer does a good job of explaining how to calculate the diameter of the umbra, and that math could probably be extended to calculate the diameter of the penumbra as well.
The umbra has a well defined diameter but the size varies a lot due to variation in the distance from the Moon to the Earth since it's orbit is not circular. Sometimes the Moon is so far away that it can't fill the Sun and there is no umbra at all, that's called an annular eclipse.
Typically, the umbra is 100–160 km wide, while the penumbral diameter is in excess of 6400 km.
Source: Geometry of a Total Solar Eclipse
You can see an example of a very detailed simulation of just the umbra moving across the Earth's surface in the NASA Goddard video Tracing the 2017 Solar Eclipse The precise 3D shape of the Moon generates the shadow and it then moves over the contour of the Earth's topography. If you think the shape is weird I agree! See answers to The Moon's shadow could not possibly look like this — could it? (also see What are the "Moon L, B, C" angles shown in this solar eclipse simulation?)
$\begingroup$ The width of the penumbra is twice the width of the Moon, minus the width of the umbra. $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ @Mark wow thanks! Yes that's right. At zero Moon-Earth distance the umbra and penumbra are coincident and equal to one moon diameter, As the Moon moves away from Earth the umbra gets smaller and the penumbra gets larger by the same amount until the umbra reaches zero and the penumbra is exactly two Moon diameters at which point the Sun and the Moon have exactly equal angular diameters. $\endgroup$
The umbra has a well defined diameter but the size varies due to the eccentricity of the orbits of the Earth and of the Moon. The Moon may be so far away that it can't fill the solar disk at all (for instance Moon at apogee and Earth at perihelion).
We can, however, theoretically determine the diameter of the shadow that the Moon casts on the Earth. The calculation only requires elementary geometry and a nice image. We then obtain the maximum radius:
$\displaystyle r_{u} = R_{m} - \frac{d_{m}- R_{e}}{d_{e} - d_{m}} (R_{s} - R_{m})$
where $R_m, R_e, R_s$ are the radii of the Moon, Earth and Sun respectively, $d_{m}$ is the distance Moon-Earth, $d_{e}$ is the distance Earth-Sun.
We can investigate several cases by varying the distances $d_{m}$ and $d_{e}$, in accordance with the eccentricities of the orbits.
To find the maximum possible radius of the umbra, take $d_m = a_m (1- e_m)$ (Moon at perigee) and $d_e = a_e (1+e_e)$ (Earth at aphelion), where $e_e, e_m$ are the eccentricities of the orbits of the Earth and Moon respectively, and $a_e, a_m$ their semi-major axis. This makes sense because to get the widest lunar eclipse we want a big (and therefore close) Moon and a small (and far) Sun. Substituting some typical values we obtain $r_u \approx 120$km (around $240$ km maximum width). This situation is, however, extremely unlikely (I estimate it happens around once every century).
This equation also tells us that, on average ($d_m = a_m, d_e = a_e$), we do not see any eclipse ($r_u$ would be negative).
We need the Moon to be close to perigee, in which case, assuming average distance for the Earth ($d_e=a_e$), we get $r_u \approx 80$ km and a width of $160$km. A result which might sound familiar by now!
Very similarly, as @uhoh suggested, we can calculate the width of the penumbra. Now, instead of considering the ray $T_{s,1} T_{l,1}$, we take the ray $T_{s,2} T_{l,1}$. Clearly, this is equivalent to take $R_s \rightarrow - R_s$. We then get
$\displaystyle r_{p} = R_{m} + \frac{d_{m}- R_{e}}{d_{e} - d_{m}} (R_{s} + R_{m})$
Now the maximum radius of the penumbra is obtained when $d_e = a_e (1-e_e)$ (Earth at perihelion) and $d_m = a_m (1+ e_m)$ (Moon at apogee). In this case we get $r_p \approx 3650$km and a width of $7300$km.
If instead we take average distance for the Earth we get $r_p = 3600$km, so a total of $7200$km, not far from @uhoh's answer.
In the case of minimum width, we take $d_e = a_e (1+e_e)$ (Earth at aphelion) and $d_m = a_m (1- e_m)$ (Moon at perigee). We then get $r_p = 3400$km, so a total of $6800$km.
In any case, the width is approximately twice the diameter of the Moon ($7000$km), but notice this is only a coincidence and is due to the fact that the angular diameters of the Moon and Sun are very close to each other. Indeed, simplifying the previous equation, we can neglect $R_e$ at the numerator, $d_m$ at the denominator and approximate $R_s -R_m$ with only $R_s$. We then see that
$\displaystyle r_p = R_m + \frac{d_m}{d_e} R_s = R_m \Big(1+ \frac{R_s / d_e}{R_m / d_m} \Big)$
but $R_s / d_e$ and $R_m / d_m$ are the angular diameters of the Sun and Moon, therefore the fraction is approximately 1 (actually 1.03 on average) and we recover $r_p \approx 2 R_m$. Image © Flavio Salvati 2020
FlaffoFlaffo
$\begingroup$ +1 I wonder if you can also properly calculate the diameter of the penumbra? I've adjusted my answer to note that I used the fact that the Sun's angular diameter is similar to the Moon's to get to the conclusion that the extremes of the penumbra are about twice the diameter of the Moon. I think you are close to calculating the penumbra's diameter correctly here, I wonder if you could add that as well? $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ @uhoh yes, just edited my answer! $\endgroup$
– Flaffo
$\begingroup$ Beautiful! :-) $\endgroup$
The other answers are great, but if you want an handy tool to explore the next and the past eclipses, check out this super cool website!
It allows you to search all the eclipses (solar and lunar + Mercury and Venus transits) for the past and the next couple of centuries. Even more interesting are the tracks of the shadows for which you can get both a summary decade-by-decade, and a detailed analyses for each eclipse. And what about simulating the sky view? Yes it does that too!!!
Curiously in the 2040s there will be several weirdly shaped solar eclipses, like the total one taking place on 9 April 2043 over East Russia which is "clipped" because the sun is not yet risen at the beginning of the event:
...so I guess that, as most of the time, the full answer is "it's complicated..." but have fun!
DarioPDarioP
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged the-moon solar-eclipse or ask your own question.
Why does the eclipse in this video look annular?
How far does the moon move relative to the sun during a solar eclipse
Is the sun any brighter during a solar eclipse
Might someone see changes to the corona during a solar eclipse?
Can Astronauts Aboard ISS See the Shadow of The Moon on The Earth During an Eclipse?
Is it possible that the shadow of The Moon is a single dot during solar eclipse?
How did DSCOVR capture the Moon's shadow on Earth during the August 21 2017 solar eclipse without the Moon itself also being visible?
How much of the Sun's disk must be covered for a visible shadow to be cast?
Sun traveling North & South in this graphic?
How to find the the diameter of the moon during a total solar eclipse?


text:
BLOODAXE BOOKS
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SUBMISSIONS PROCEDURE
If you wish to submit your work, please send a sample of up to a dozen poems from a book-length collection with return postage. But there's no point in sending a handful of poems if that's all you have. If you feel you need to send a full manuscript (again, with return postage), it will take much longer before you'll receive a response. (If you don't include return postage, your work will be not be read. And don't tell us that your manuscript doesn't need to be returned unless you include a smaller, stamped addressed envelope for our response: because of the volume of work we receive, we cannot respond to submissions by email, except where the writer lives overseas.)
We do not consider submissions sent by email, but if you have a query related to a submission you wish to send, you can use the email address submissions@bloodaxebooks.com or use the form above (selecting Submissions), but do not include attachments. You might for example want to ask if we publish children's poetry (we don't) or you might want to check something else particular to your work before putting it in the post.
If you live overseas and cannot include return UK postage with your submission, we can respond by email, but we cannot enter into correspondence regarding submissions because of the volume of work we receive. In 99% of cases, the email response will be a statement that we are unable to publish your work.
North American poets should note the panel opposite.
We do not republish work which has already been published in book form by other publishers or circulated in privately printed editions, but work which has been published in pamphlets or chapbooks can form part of book-length collections.
Submissions sent from UK addresses without return postage are put in the recycling bin without being read. Submissions sent by email are likewise deleted without being read.
ADDRESS FOR SUBMISSIONS:
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email (not to be used for unsolicited submissions or for permission requests): editor@bloodaxebooks.com
or use the form opposite (selecting Editorial).
We receive numerous enquiries about possible work experience at Bloodaxe. We much appreciate such offers, but it is not practical for us to accommodate volunteers, interns or people wanting work placements in our small office.
We do not use the services of freelance editors or proof-readers.
If you have not yet published poems either in reputable literary magazines or in a pamphlet from a reputable small press, please do not send us your work.
We do not consider unsolicited submissions sent by email (see panel opposite).
Bloodaxe is one of Britain's leading poetry publishers with an internationally renowned list of writers. We do not publish anyone who has only recently started writing. Every poet we take on already has a track record of magazine or small press publication.
Bloodaxe now publishes over 300 poets, and we need to keep up with their collective output. This won't be possible if we take on too many new authors, so we are only able to pursue publication in very few cases.
This means we can only publish two to three first collections out of the thousands we are offered each year. And because we don't have the capacity to expand our current list of published poets, we are no longer able to take on poets who have already published book-length collections with other publishers.. So if you are lucky enough to have a publisher willing to publish your next collection, our advice would be to stick with them just as they have stuck by you.
QUALITY & QUANTITY
If we aren't able to publish your poetry this may have nothing to do with the quality of your work; it's more to do with the restrictions of poetry publishing. However, Bloodaxe is continuing to introduce new poets, and we're still bringing out first collections every year as well as editions introducing major poets from overseas and anthologies aimed at broadening the readership of contemporary poetry. We have been publish around 30 new books of poetry a year, and it has not possible for us to do more than that. We will not usually be in a position to publish more than one or two first collections per year. And now that Arts Council England has cut our annual funding by 15%, we will not be able to publish as many new titles. This means it will be even more difficult for new authors to have their books taken on.
Although we have a policy of publishing new authors, these are invariably poets whose work has appeared in magazines or pamphlets and who have built up a publishable book-length collection over a period of time. If you have not yet published poems in reputable literary magazines or in a pamphlet from a reputable small press, please do not send your manuscript. We receive up to 100 manuscripts or offers of publication each week, and most authors submitting to us will have a track record of previous publication in magazines or pamphlets. If you do not have a track record of previous publication of this kind, please do not send us your work.
CRITICAL RESPONSE
We regret that we aren't able to offer detailed criticism of poetry submitted for publication. That's not the publisher's "job". But there are specialist organisations offering critical services (e.g. the Poetry Society) and others which organise writers' courses and workshops (e.g. the Arvon Foundation and the Poetry School). The links page of the Bloodaxe website lists many more poetry organisations offering a variety of services.
If it's not possible for you attend workshops or courses, we recommend Peter Sansom's highly readable guide, Writing Poems, published by Bloodaxe. Drawing on his extensive experience of poetry workshops and courses, Peter Sansom shows you not how to write but how to write better. This practical handbook is illustrated with many examples.
NORTH AMERICAN POETS
Bloodaxe is maintaining its programme of publishing books by leading poets from the US and Canada. However, our programming does not permit us to publish more than four North American poets in any year (which is four more than most UK publishers!), and our commitments in that area now cover the next few years. We receive hundreds of unsolicited submissions from American poets because we are one of the few British publishers with an American poetry list. Regrettably, we can no longer consider unsolicited submissions from American (or Canadian) poets. We are continuing to develop our American list, but our future publication of American poets will be by invitation or recommendation only. So sorry you guys: you've flooded us with your stuff and we just can't handle this volume of work we are never going to be in a position to publish, excellent though the work may be.
Please note that we no longer publish books of literary criticism (apart from titles published with Newcastle University).
POETRY PUBLICATION: SOME POINTERS
Reading: If you do not read much contemporary poetry, or if you write poetry 'as a hobby', we're unlikely to be interested in your work. You may disagree, but we believe that no one can write poetry of quality unless they read other poets and are in touch with the literary culture.
Magazines: It is advisable to submit poems to magazines before thinking about putting a book together. Such a "track record" is not used by publishers as a guarantee of quality, but as an indication that the writer has spent time building up a publishable collection. Poets under 30 can apply for a Gregory Award from the Society of Authors. This can be a good stepping-stone to publication. For a comprehensive listing of poetry magazines, see these two websites: The Poetry Library (UK) and Poetry Magazines
Market: Don't submit to publishers unless you've read their books, or to magazines unless you're familiar with the kind of work they publish. Every imprint is different, and you will not be able to publish much unless you research the field and send to the publishers or magazines whose output you like and respect. You can read back issues of many of the leading British poetry magazines on the Poetry Library's poetry magazines site (see above).
Recommended articles: If you'd like to gain a greater understanding of the editorial process, we recommend this article by Bloodaxe editor Neil Astley offering advice to new authors in a Guardian poetry guide, and this article by poet Roddy Lumsden from the Writers' & Artists' Yearbook called Approaching a poetry publisher.
VANITY PUBLISHERS
There are certain firms which charge writers to publish their work or which require the writers to pay for copies of anthologies in which their work appears as a condition of publication: please note that this type of publication does not count as a "track record of previous publication". Listing such publishers and anthologies when submitting work to reputable publishers will be counterproductive: it gives the editor an immediate indication that this writer's work has been published not because of literary merit but because the writer has paid to have it printed. For more information about so-called "vanity publishing", see the web page Vanity Publishing – Advice and Warning and also the advice offered by this Society of Authors webpage.
Reputable publishers or magazines of any size will pay authors for their work, usually with royalties in the case of books. If you are asked to pay for the production of your book by a "publisher" who sends you a flattering "reader's report" on your work, try asking a local printer to give you an estimate for printing a few hundred copies of the book. The likelihood is that the cost to you will be considerably lower, and if you want your work to be read by friends, colleagues and people in your local community, the circulation you will achieve by this DIY method will be more effective. The normal arrangements for publishing also involve the author receiving complimentary copies of a book or a free contributor's copy of a magazine or anthology: if you're asked to pay to see your own work in print, you are paying to have it published.
Self publication: As an alternative to using a local printer, we recommend the self-publishing website www.lulu.com which offers a distribution channel as well as well-produced books and e-books.