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WeWork India's new rule helps employees move away from an 'always on' work culture
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Amid the "always on" work culture, India Inc is slowly realising there's a need for downtime. It may be a long way till 'right to disconnect' becomes a reality in India, but a startup company — WeWork — has taken the first steps in that direction.
WeWork India has come up with a guideline for employees, according to which they are not obligated to respond to emails from 7pm till 9am, and during weekends.
A co-working space with an employee strength of 421 across India, WeWork has come up with this email guideline under a larger work-life integration mission.
WeWork India HR director Surabhi Washishth said, "We want to encourage our employees to spend time with their families/friends or invest in a hobby to unwind after a day of hard work. By introducing this guideline, we are also urging our employees to be more productive in their work days — dial it down post-7pm and hustle smarter." Washishth, however, said if there is something that needs urgent attention, one can text/WhatsApp/call the person who needs to respond.
"In the fast times that we live today, striking a balance between work and life in general is often looked at in a desirous manner. We are all looking for that window of opportunity wherein no unread emails beckon us nor a deadline hangs over the head. As a country that's expected to have the youngest workforce in the world by 2020 (Future of Work report by the World Economic Forum), it is highly imperative that we learn to draw the line, and strive to attain a balance between work and personal life," said Washishth.
Two years ago, France passed a law on the right to disconnect from technology after office hours. Earlier this year, NCP MP Supriya Sule introduced the right to disconnect bill. However, organisations are on their own coming up with initiatives to ensure it's not all work for employees.Hindustan Unilever (HUL) and Pidilite Industries discourage employees from staying late at office.
HUL's 'Prevention of Late Working Hours Policy' lays out guidelines to be followed if, in an exceptional circumstance, an individual needs to stay back. An email is sent to the individual with a copy to their line manager, the next day, to ensure the line manager supports the team in managing work.
Pidilite Industries president (HR) Rahul Sinha said, "At around 8pm every day, we take a round of the office to see if anybody is working late. If we find someone repeatedly working till late, we have a chat with his/her boss and ask them to review the employee's workload. Similarly, if somebody wants to work on a Saturday, they need to take special permission from HR." Pidilite is also offering employees one day per week as "work from home". "These initiatives have emerged from our 'listening' culture. We believe trust, empathy, transparency and maintaining high ethical standards are important," said Sinha.
Globally, companies like Daimler and Volkswagen had come up with auto-delete of emails sent to employees on a holiday to prevent the stress of a flooded inbox when they returned to work. A 24/7 work culture, fuelled by technological innovations, has led to enhanced levels of stress and anxiety, high burnout rate and poor work-life balance, according to Shital Kakkar Mehra, a business etiquette and cross-cultural coach.
"Today, employees respond to emails as they either live in the fear of missing out (tomorrow), of losing their jobs or they are addicted to devices. Either way, their brain gets no downtime," said Kakkar.
Although a total ban may not be feasible, Kakkar said one way to come around the situation is to show maturity when sending after-work emails or messages. A second option is to shorten the workday of employees by the number of hours they are expected to work from home.
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Commentary: A chance for Hochul to make strides against homelessness
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Laura Mascuch
Gov. Kathy Hochul is better positioned than any New York state executive in recent memory to finally beat back an accelerating homelessness emergency — even factoring in the historic nature of the challenge ahead — by building on one of the nation's strongest supportive-housing programs. While New York has historically been a supportive-housing leader, the worsening nature of the crisis requires us to do even more.
That is why we are calling on Hochul to lead the most ambitious supportive-housing plan in New York's history by committing to our NYS 20K plan, under which New York will create 14,000 units of supportive housing and preserve 6,000 more over the next decade. She can set the right tone by fully funding the first five years of that plan in her upcoming executive budget. By doing so, she would establish herself as one of America's biggest housing champions. It's an opportunity she cannot afford to miss.
First, it is clear that supportive housing, which provides affordable housing with on-site services for the chronically homeless, really works. A recent study in New York City, for example, found that just 5 percent of formerly homeless supportive-housing residents became homeless again in the future. It is a proven model in the fight against homelessness.
This is because supportive housing serves the most vulnerable New Yorkers, including the formerly homeless, those living with disabilities, veterans, and those who have experienced domestic violence and other severe trauma. It provides the lifechanging opportunity for residents to manage behavioral issues, get jobs, reconnect with family and raise children. And in the case of the pandemic, it can quite literally be a matter of life or death.
Few elected officials in New York know this better than Hochul. As lieutenant governor, she traveled the state to celebrate groundbreakings, ribbon cuttings, and other supportive-housing achievements. She has personally heard the stories about how housing changed lives and how homelessness disproportionately impacted domestic violence victims, veterans, the elderly, and families of color, among others.
In short, if anyone knows the transformative power of supportive housing, it is New York's 57th governor.
Through a redoubled commitment to supportive housing, the governor will also be saving money. The reality is that decades of studies definitively prove that supportive housing is considerably less expensive than homelessness. Without it, chronically homeless individuals are forced into settings like shelters, emergency rooms, psychiatric centers jails and prisons, and stay there much longer. Add this all up, and the cost is far greater than simply providing housing.
The scale of the need is tremendous. Currently, one out of every seven homeless people in the entire nation lives in New York. A staggering 59,000 adults and 24,000 children sleep in homeless shelters in New York City alone, though the problem is certainly not limited to the five boroughs.
This is unacceptable, but we do not have to accept the status quo. Hochul has a chance now to create an even bigger, better supportive-housing plan that will finally meet the scale of the need. The good news is that she has all of the tools already at her disposal to make a difference. She just has to choose to use them.
Laura Mascuch of Brooklyn is the executive director of the Supportive Housing Network of New York.
Letter: Children suffering most from pandemic restrictions
Letter: Hochul must address child care with her budget
Letter: In-person schooling decisions must recognize home and school risks
Letter: New York must take action to encourage residents to stay

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/expeditions/destinations/asia/land/japan-tour.html
Asia Trips
See land
Inside Japan
This expedition was inspired by travel writer Don George's article "Japan's Past Perfect," published in the January/February 2012 issue of National Geographic Traveler.
Stay at Benesse House, designed by acclaimed architect Tadao Ando and set within Naoshima's island-wide art complex.
Spend the night at a traditional Mount Koya monastery, and rise with the resident monks for a morning prayer ceremony.
Immerse yourself in Shikoku's timeless Iya Valley, dotted with thatched cottages, shrines, and vine bridges.
Discover Japan's intriguing contrasts on a journey inspired by National Geographic Traveler's January/February 2012 article "Japan's Past Perfect." Explore Kyoto's iconic temples and ascend to the sacred pilgrimage site of Mount Koya. Step back in time in the age-old villages of Shikoku, then encounter cutting-edge architecture on Naoshima and the bustle of a revitalized Hiroshima.
Day 1: Osaka, Japan/Kyoto
Arrive at Kansai International Airport (KIX) in Osaka at any time. Transfer to Kyoto and check in to our hotel.
Accommodations:Kyoto Hotel Okura
Day 2: Kyoto
Kyoto served as an imperial capital for more than a thousand years, and many of the wooden temples and gardens from that era have been collectively designated a World Heritage site by UNESCO. Visit the 14th-century Tenryuji temple, considered one of the city's great Zen temples, and discover its beautiful grounds and gardens. Outside the temple's north gate, wander through Arashiyama's atmospheric bamboo grove. Then venture into the wooded hills southeast of the city to the famed Kiyomizudera temple, known for the expansive wooden terrace that extends from the main hall. Walk along the terrace, taking in panoramic views of maple and cherry trees below and Kyoto's skyline in the distance. Below the temple, visit the sacred Otowa Waterfall, with three separate streams that are believed to have different benefits: longevity, love, and success. Cap off the afternoon at the lively Nishiki Market, perusing—and tasting—a variety of Japanese specialties. At tonight's welcome dinner, meet a former geisha to learn about the geisha lifestyle and enjoy a short performance.
Stroll the elegant Zen rock garden at Ryoanji and iconic Kinkakuji, or "temple of the golden pavilion." This afternoon, experience the tranquil garden at Sanzenin temple. Then step inside a local sake brewery to learn about the history and production process of one of Japan's most iconic beverages. Enjoy an evening at leisure to explore Kyoto on your own.
Meals Included:Breakfast, Lunch
Day 4: Mount Koya
Travel to Mount Koya, headquarters of the Shingon Buddhist sect. Meet a temple priest and wander through the evocative Okuno-in cemetery, where the tombs of more than 200,000 samurai warriors and other dignitaries fill a grove of age-old cedar trees. Venture into Kongobuji, the chief temple of the Mount Koya monastery, and see work by artists of the Kano school of painting. Settle into our simple lodgings and enjoy a traditional Buddhist vegetarian dinner.
Accommodations:Eko-in Monastery or similar
Day 5: Mount Koya/Iya Valley
After attending an optional morning prayer ceremony, descend to the shores of the Inland Sea and ferry across to Shikoku, the smallest of Japan's main islands. In Tokushima, see costumes and floats from the city's 400-year-old dance festival at the Awa Odori Kaikan museum. Our home for the next two nights in the Iya Valley is a ryokan, or traditional Japanese inn, where inviting, on-site hot spring baths offer a chance to relax and rejuvenate.
Accommodations:Hotel Hikyonoyu
Day 6: Iya Valley
Travel along the steep slopes of the Iya ravine to a 300-year-old thatched farmhouse, home to the Chiiori Trust, a unique project that seeks to preserve age-old rural traditions in the valley. Continue to the Okuiya Niju Kazurabashi, twin suspension bridges made of intertwined vines, and hear the legends of their creation. Witness timeless scenes of village life in Ochiai, a community of traditional dwellings, some of which date from the Edo period (circa 1600-1870).
Day 7: Shikoku/Naoshima
Travel north to Zentsuji, revered as the birthplace of the Buddhist priest Kobo Daishi and as one of the important stops along Shikoku's 750-mile and 88-temple pilgrimage route. In Takamatsu, stroll through the tranquil gardens of 17th-century Ritsurin Park. A ferry then brings us to the small island of Naoshima, which has recently emerged as a mecca of contemporary art and architecture. Get a new perspective on nature through inventive art installations at the Benesse House Museum this afternoon and stay in the adjacent hotel, designed by acclaimed architect Tadao Ando.
Accommodations:Benesse House
Day 8: Naoshima
Wander past the works of Claude Monet and James Turrell at the innovative Chichu Art Museum, built underground but designed to capture natural light and shadow. Also visit homes that are part of the Art House Project, which has transformed some of the island's older structures into imaginative works of art.
Day 9: Naoshima/Hiroshima
Ferry back to Honshu and take the high-speed train to Hiroshima. Pay a visit to Hiroshima's Peace Memorial Park and the Peace Memorial Museum, which documents the atomic explosion that ravaged the city. Spend the remainder of the afternoon visiting Shukkei-en garden or explore this thriving modern metropolis—a testament to Japanese resilience—on your own.
Accommodations:Sheraton Grand Hotel
Day 10: Miyajima/Hiroshima
Set off by ferry for a full-day excursion on Itsukushima Island, popularly called Miyajima. Venture into the 12th-century Itsukushima Shinto Shrine, a World Heritage site built over the water, where a vermillion torii (wooden gateway) appears to float at high tide. Participate in a traditional tea ceremony, then take advantage of free time to go on a hike, visit temples, and stroll through the picturesque town. Back in Hiroshima this evening, gather for a farewell dinner.
Meals Included:Breakfast, Dinner
Day 11: Hiroshima/Osaka
Take the high-speed train from Hiroshima to Osaka and enjoy lunch on the train. Then, transfer to the Kansai International Airport (KIX) in Osaka and catch your flight home.


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From Campus Recruit to Delivering the Gold Standard: Meet NTT DATA Services Consultant Morgan Squatriglia
I sat down with Senior Consultant Morgan Squatriglia, a campus recruit who quickly excelled in various roles on our Financial Services Business Consulting team. Having recently led a risk initiative at a top four bank, Morgan is an excellent example of NTT DATA consultants' drive to go above and beyond for our clients. In doing so, they build skills that improve the places where we work and live.
Q: You joined our team in 2015 just a month after graduating with a bachelor's degree in business management. What drew you to a consulting career?
A: I wanted to enter an industry that would challenge me, help me grow, and give me a sense of purpose in my work. I've always been competitive, even at a young age — I stayed active all through my childhood and high school years with volleyball and swimming which let me get out that competitive energy. I was drawn to consulting because I tend to get bored easily and consulting offers such great variety and opportunity: new settings, new subject matter, new teammates. I think it's healthy to be a little uncomfortable from time to time, that's what helps us grow. That's part of why I got involved in The Junior League of Charlotte, Inc. (JLC) and joined the board of a dementia non-profit — consulting can be a nice dose of intimidation and challenge.
Q: Why did you choose NTT DATA over other consultancies?
A: During the NTT DATA interview process, what really stood out to me was the way the consultants talked about their clients; it was as if they were friends and allies with shared goals: a true partnership.
Since joining the firm, the colleague camaraderie has been especially noteworthy — that "I got your back" feeling among the teams. I feel supported and challenged here, especially by my career coaches, mentors and leaders. They are always asking me what I want to do next. Am I challenged enough? How can they help me achieve, or expand, my next set of goals? How can we move me outside of my comfort zone?
Both of those features — connectedness to clients and team support — is what I think has always driven my success, and in return motivated me to compete with myself to be even better than where I am and where I have been … whether I'm working with clients or volunteering outside of work.
For instance: my JLC team's Capstone Project. Our goal was to collect 100 pairs of pajamas for patients in our local children's hospital. We met the children and their families to truly understand the challenges they faced upon entering the emergency room. Having that connectedness to the families and understanding their troubles, coupled with the support of the team is what motivated us to almost quadruple our goal and collect 380 pairs of pajamas!
Q: In your "Game Changers" video, you say what drives you is the desire to be better than you were yesterday. Has NTT DATA given you that opportunity for growth?
A: Absolutely. Earlier this year, one of my leaders said they wanted me to lead a risk and regulatory project for an important client — a top four bank. The client was up against a consent order by the Office of Comptroller of the Currency, which required that the bank improve its Know Your Customer (KYC) processes to assess and deter risks. I had never led a project team before, especially not as an Engagement Manager — talk about getting out of your comfort zone!
That experience certainly broadened my perspective. As an engagement manager, I could no longer just think about my own work; I was responsible for the team's work and for how we communicate with the client. At a moment's notice, I had to be ready to step into a meeting and provide a three-sentence executive update, or jump into a four-hour working session that looks under the hood at every detail. It was challenging in a great way.
Q: The bank heralded the work of your team. Tell me about that.
A: The client had engaged several consultancies to tackle the slew of risk initiatives; each of us focused on different customer populations. The work we were up against was meticulous. You have to really take your time and be thoughtful to truly understand the customers across varying lines of business in order to enable the bank to meet regulations. Our team provided those layers of risk mitigation to meet the regulatory requirements, and we did it all with high quality ratings before the established deadline.
One day, the client brought all of us together into a meeting and declared that the work that NTT DATA was doing was "The Gold Standard." You can imagine how it felt to have that work recognized, especially in front of our competitors.
For us, it wasn't about just completing tasks at hand and going home. We studied the purpose of the work, the process, and the moving pieces. What role does this play in our client's overarching objectives? How can we be proactive in helping meet those goals? We were there to help the client, so in the end not only did we complete the work at hand, but we developed a process to identify invalid reasonings before customer records were sent down the line. Ultimately, this helped us complete the work quicker and with higher quality.
Watch Morgan's Game Changer video here.
Learn more about Business Consulting at NTT DATA Services.
Tom Mataconis
Tom Mataconis is senior vice president leading NTT DATA Services' Financial Services Business Consulting. Focused on growing the practice into a global market leader, Tom develops integrated consulting and delivery solutions that drive differentiation, business value and thought leadership. Tom has more than two decades of business and IT transformation expertise with many leading North American retail and wholesale banking institutions and is a former managing partner with Accenture.


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Welcome from the Executive Director
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The United Nations adopted The Convention on the Rights of the Child (known as CRC or CROC) in 1989 as a legally binding international instrument to protect the rights of children. Almost every country in the world has ratified the Convention, including Australia.
The Convention sets out 54 Articles and 2 Optional Protocols, while a third Optional Protocol is currently under consideration. The four principal Articles of the Convention are Non-discrimination (Article 2), Best interests of the child (Article 3), Right to life, survival and development (Article 6), and Respect for the views of the child (Article 12).
The whole Convention can be viewed here.
Other articles assert the right to protection from abuse and exploitation, and the right to participate fully in family, cultural and social life.
The Convention requires signatory countries to act in the best interests of the child. This approach recognises the child as an individual in the family, in contrast to previous common law views of the child as the property of the parents.
When a country ratifies the Convention, they agree to protect and ensure children's rights and to be held accountable for this before the international community. Adherence to the Convention is monitored by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, which is composed of independent human rights experts from UN member countries.
Countries who have ratified the Convention must report to the Committee on the status of children's rights in their country and how the Convention is being implemented. The Committee then submits yearly reports to the UN General Assembly.
These reports and commentary from the Committee can be found on the Committee's website: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc.
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They made the Ultimate Sacrifice
John Winston Hacker
Stoker Petty Officer, 21339, RCN
Born: 09 Mar 1912, Nanaimo, British Columbia
Died: 19 Oct 1940 at sea
Book of Remembrance
HACKER, John Winston, Sto PO, 21339, RCN, MPK - 19 Oct 1940, HMCS BRAS D'OR - son of Mr. and Mrs. William John Hacker, of Nanaimo, BC; husband of Hazel Catherine Hacker, of Calgary, AB.
HMCS SKEENA - Served in Skeena 01 Jul 1932 - 17 Jun 1934 as a Sto 2c and Sto 1c, RCN. Rated Sto 1c 09 May 1933.
HMS DANAE - Served in Danae 10 Jul 1934 - 16 Sep 1934 (lent from HMCS Naden)
HMCS SKEENA - Served in Skeena 06 Oct 1934 - 30 Nov 1934 as a Sto 1c, RCN
HMCS ARMENTIERES - Served in Armentieres 09 Feb 1935 - 01 Oct 1935
HMCS FRASER - Served in Fraser 22 Jan 1937 - 22 Nov 1937
HMS PEMBROKE (RN shore station) - Served in Pembroke 01 Feb 1937 - 16 Feb 1937 (lent from HMCS FRASER)
HMS COMET - Served in Comet 08 Jun 1938 - 30 Jun 1938 pending her transfer to the RCN as HMCS Restigouche on 15 Jun 1938.
HMCS RESTIGOUCHE (former HMS Comet) - Served in Restigouche 01 Jul 1938 - 18 Apr 1940 as a Sto 2c and L/Sto, RCN. Rated L/Sto 01 Sep 1939
HMCS BRAS D'OR - Drafted to Bras D'Or 19 Apr 1940 as a L/Sto RCN. Rated A/Sto PO 01 Sep 1940
(1-2) Certificate of Service (3-4) Service Summary (5) Report of Death
Second World War Casualty Index


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Buy What You Know: 6 Consistent Dividend Winners in Your House
Dan Caplinger
Daniel Acker/Bloomberg via Getty Images
Investing in stocks that pay dividends is a rewarding way to get both regular income from your investments and long-term growth potential. Historically, dividend-paying stocks have outperformed their non-dividend-paying counterparts, and given the low yields available from fixed-income investments like bank CDs and bonds lately, many investors have turned to dividend stocks as a way to generate cash to make ends meet.
%VIRTUAL-WSSCourseInline-449%One of the best signs of a healthy dividend stock is a track record of regular increases to dividend payments. According to historical data compiled by Dave Fish and available from DriP Investing Resource Center, fewer than 20 stocks have managed to boost their dividend payouts every single year for half a century. Those that have done so demonstrated an unparalleled ability to adapt to changing economic and business conditions and thrive, enhancing their profitability and sharing their wealth with shareholders.
There's another common piece of investing advice: Buy what you know. Well, of those top dividend stocks, a half a dozen are names that nearly everyone has heard of, and the odds are good that you have products from one or more of these companies in your house.
Procter & Gamble (PG)
Among these six dividend stalwarts, consumer giant Procter & Gamble has the longest track record of dividend increases at 58 years. The stock currently yields 3.2 percent, which is well above the average for the stock market.
P&G's stable, which includes more than two dozen billion-dollar brands, has helped generate the cash to pay dividends over its long history. With Tide detergent, Gillette shaving products, Crest toothpaste and a host of other well-known items, Procter & Gamble estimates that it serves 4.8 billion people around the world. With an average annual total return of almost 14 percent over the past 30 years, Procter & Gamble has also served its shareholders quite well.
3M (MMM)
3M has a 56-year track record of annual dividend increases. The maker of Scotch tape and Post-it Notes has a dividend yield of 2.4 percent, and late last year, it made a huge 35 percent increase in its quarterly payout. The stock has given investors solid long-term returns of more than 12 percent annually over the past 30 years.
Even though most people only think of 3M for its consumer products, the conglomerate's business goes into many other areas. You'll find 3M products used in industries ranging from aerospace and energy to health care and food safety. With a long history of innovation, 3M has traditionally found new products to drive its growth, and the company continues to work in that direction today.
Coca-Cola (KO)
Coca-Cola's products are ubiquitous across the globe, with the drink maker having sported the world's No. 1 brand for years. On the dividend front, Coca-Cola scores well too, with 52 years of consecutive dividend increases and a yield of 2.9 percent helping to give long-term shareholders a 14.5 percent average annual return since 1984.
Coca-Cola has gone through some challenges lately, with poor results in its core carbonated-beverage line especially in its home North American market as health concerns weigh on demand. Yet with its move toward bottled water, tea and other popular noncarbonated drinks, Coca-Cola is working to reestablish itself as a growth leader.
Johnson & Johnson (JNJ)
Johnson & Johnson has raised its dividend for 52 straight years, producing a 2.7 percent dividend yield and an impressive 16.5 percent 30-year average annual return. Consumers have used Band-Aid bandages, Tylenol pain relief, and its namesake baby shampoo for decades, and the company gets the majority of its revenue from products in which it has dominant market share worldwide.
Recently, though, J&J has become a pharmaceutical powerhouse, with drugs like arthritis fighter Remicade and prostate-cancer treatment Zytiga having helped contribute to the pharma segment's growth. J&J's drug business is now the largest part of the company, and all signs point to its continued importance in Johnson & Johnson's future.
Lowe's (LOW)
Home-improvement retailer Lowe's has a track record of 52 years of dividend increases, yielding 2 percent. That dividend strength has contributed to total returns of 14.5 percent annually over the past 20 years.
Lowe's isn't the biggest company in the home-improvement sector, but it has still sported impressive growth from its No. 2 position in the industry. Even as the housing market has gone through massive disruptions over the past decade, Lowe's has been able to weather the storm and find ways to sustain growth -- even as competition from rival Home Depot (HD) has pressured the company.
Colgate-Palmolive (CL)
For 51 years, consumer products company Colgate-Palmolive has raised its dividend. It now pays a yield of 2.1 percent, having given shareholders a better than 16 percent average annual return over the past three decades.
Colgate started as a soap and candle business, but it has grown into a wide-ranging company focusing on oral-care, personal-care, and home-care products, as well as pet nutrition. In particular, the company has leading global market share in toothpaste and standard toothbrushes, and Colgate has used that brand strength to boost sales of mouthwash and other related products.
Overall, these six stocks don't just pay great dividends; they also have the fundamentally strong businesses you want to see from long-term investments. For those seeking reliable dividend income, this list of well-known companies is a good place to start.
To get more dividend ideas, Motley Fool analysts put together a free list of nine dividend stocks that should be in every income investor's portfolio. You can follow Motley Fool contributor Dan Caplinger on Twitter @DanCaplinger. He has no position in any stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool recommends 3M, Coca-Cola, Home Depot, Johnson & Johnson and Procter & Gamble. The Motley Fool owns shares of Johnson & Johnson and has the following options: long January 2016 $37 calls on Coca-Cola and short January 2016 $37 puts on Coca-Cola.
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Home » Space » 20 Interesting Neutron Star Facts
20 Interesting Neutron Star Facts
Last Updated On: June 27, 2021 by Benjamin
What is a Neutron Star? Let us put it this way, "It is the living corpse of a dead star"! Sounds weird, right? Don't worry! We will walk you through the explanation.
But before we start with our list of 20 interesting Neutron Star facts, we strongly recommend that you read our two earlier posts:
20 Interesting Red Giant Star Facts
20 Interesting White Dwarf Star Facts
The reason you should read them is that you will get a quick background about the types of stars that lead to the formation of Neutron Stars. So, let us begin.
Interesting Neutron Star Facts: 1-5
1. Neutron stars are formed from stars that has initial mass of at least 8 Solar Masses (M☉) as main sequence stars.
2. Over billions of years, these massive stars burn out their fuel, leaving behind a white dwarf star that features a core rich in iron. At this stage, the electron degeneracy pressure at the core tries to balance out the inward gravitational pull of the dense mass.
3. However, some helium and hydrogen still continue to fuse at the outer layers of the white dwarf and further iron is produced which travels towards the core. This happens over several billions of years.
4. As the iron deposit continues to grow, the electron degeneracy pressure at the core fails to nullify the inward gravitational pull of the accreting mass because of shell burning. As gravitation takes over, the white dwarf starts collapsing on itself.
5. This collapse increases the temperature of the core to about 5×109 Kelvin. At this temperature, high energy gamma rays are produced, which breaks down the iron nuclei into what is known as alpha particles.
Interesting Neutron Star Facts: 6-10
6. This is when temperature increases even more and starts fusing protons and electrons of iron atoms into neutrons and in the process, releases neutrinos. This is when the density of the core continues to increase and reaches the figure of 4 x 1017 kg/m3. This actually is the density of the nucleus present in the atom and is known as nuclear density.
7. When the nuclear density is achieved, the gravitational collapse is halted because now, instead of electron degeneracy pressure, the gravitation tug is balanced out by outward pressure of neutron degeneracy.
8. At this stage, the matter that was falling in from the shell of the white dwarf no longer falls in. Rather, in a stellar explosion, the matter is thrown out in space. This is known as supernova explosion.
9. After the supernova explosion which is either Type II or Type Ib, only the very dense core is left behind. This is the Neutron Star.
10. The dense Neutron Star left behind has a number of unusual properties. The most notable of all is its extreme density and miniscule size. When we say miniscule (in context of celestial bodies), we actually mean size smaller than the size New Delhi.
Interesting Neutron Star Facts: 11-15
11. In such a small size, the Neutron Star packs the mass of around 1.1 M☉ to all the way up to 3.0 M☉. Can you imagine it? Well, let us try it this way. If you can squeeze the star which is 1.1 times to 3 times bigger than our Sun and put that mass inside New Delhi (capital city of India), what kind of density do you think will be achieved?
12. In fact, scientist say that kind of mass is packed within a diameter of 24 to 26 kilometers. If someone somehow manages to scoop out a matchbox full of matter from Neutron Star, the weight of the matchbox will be nearly 5 trillion tons! Put in Earth's perspective, about 1000 cubic kilometers of rock on Earth weighs 5 trillion tons.
13. Neutron Stars also spin at an extremely high speed. They complete one rotation within a timeframe of 1.4 milliseconds to 30 seconds.
14. Because of the extreme mass of Neutron Stars they have surface gravity higher than that of Earth by 1011 times. That is, 100,000,000,000 times higher gravity than Earth! With such high gravity, the escape velocity of a Neutron Star ranges between 100,000 to 150,000 km/s. This is anywhere between 1/3rd and ½ the speed of light which 300,000 km/s.
15. As far as the structure of a Neutron Star is concerned, current mathematical models estimate that a typical Neutron Star has four layers: Outer Crust, Inner Crust, Outer Core and Inner Core.
Outer Crust: Has a thickness between 0.3 and 0.5 kilometers. It is made up of electrons and ions.
Inner Crust: Has a thickness between 1 and 2 kilometers. It is made up of nuclei, neutrons and electrons.
Outer Core: Has a thickness of approximately 9 kilometers. It is made up of neutron-proton Fermi liquid and a few percentage of electron Fermi gas.
Inner Core: Has a thickness between 0 and 3 kilometers. It is thought that the inner core is made up of quark gluon plasma.
16. There are different variants of Neutron Stars available. The most popular ones are Pulsars and Magnetars. Again, there are hypothetical variations like Quark Star, Electroweak Star and Preon Star. We will cover these in separate articles.
17. Since the Neutron Stars rotate at extremely high speed and they have extreme gravity, the spin produces strong magnetic fields. Because of this, Neutron Stars emit radiation from their spin axes.
18. Neutron Stars are known to spin several times in a single second. Gradually they do slow down, but the spin down or the slowdown of these stars are very slow. Just how slow this spin down can be? For the purpose of simplicity, let us assume that a Neutron Star spins only once in one second. It will spin down at a rate of 10-10 to 10-21 seconds for one rotation. This means that the star will slow down and complete 1 rotation in 1.000003 seconds after 100 years and it will take 1.03 seconds for one rotation in 1,000,000 years!
19. As of now, scientists estimate that there are 2000 Neutron Stars in our Milky Way galaxy and most of them are Radio Pulsars. The most massive of all know Neutron Star so far is PSR J0348+0432 which is estimated to have a density of 2.01+0.04 M☉ or 2.01-0.04 M☉.
20. The closest Neutron Star (the one that the closest to our Earth) is PSR J0108-1431 and sits at a distance of 130 parsecs (which is equal to 424 light years).
That completes our list of neutron star facts. If you have any question, feel free to drop a comment.
Sources: 1, 2, 3
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Mary Mallory / Hollywood Heights: Pickford Headlines 1933 Rose Parade
Posted on December 31, 2012	by lmharnisch
Photo: Mary Pickford in the 1933 Rose Parade. Credit: Courtesy of Mary Mallory
Tomorrow sees the 124th annual Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, welcoming the new year with magnificent garlands of fresh flowers. It also acts as the 80th anniversary of Mary Pickford serving as the first female grand marshal of the parade.
Begun by the Valley Hunt Club in 1890, the Rose Parade saluted the area's wonderful weather and flowering paradise.Soon, the Tournament of Roses Assn. took over what they now call "America's New Year Celebration, greeting the world on the first day of the year… ."
Photo: A Rose Parade float. Credit: Courtesy of Mary Mallory.
Club presidents chose honorary grand marshals to fit the theme of each year's parade, usually either past presidents or important civic, cultural and military leaders. This process helped promote the theme, lent prestige and honor to the festivities, and helped publicize the event.
California Gov. James Rolph acted as grand marshal in 1930, retired Maj. Gen. Charles Stewart Farnsworth, an Altadena resident, led the 1931 parade, and William May Garland, president of the 10th Olympiad Committee, organizing the 1932 Los Angeles Olympics, served as grand marshal in 1932.
The organizing committee bucked precedent in the winter of 1932 by selecting actress Mary Pickford as the grand marshal for the 1933 Rose Parade, the first woman so honored. The Nov. 30, 1932, Los Angeles Times displayed a photo of Pickford receiving an engraved scroll from Dorothy Edwards, the 1933 tournament queen, as her official formal invitation. Pickford's honor caused a small uproar among those upset that the organization should honor a woman over a man.
"Although the selection of a woman as grand marshal created somewhat of a sensation due to breaking a precedent of more than two score years' standing, the choice was characterized as especially fitting. The fairyland theme of the pageant has a youthful quality, a quality that 'Our Mary' symbolizes on the screen," as pointed out by a Tournament official to The Times. The designated theme for 1933 saluted "A Book of Fairy Tales in Flowers," with the parade occurring Monday, Jan. 2, because Jan. 1 fell on a Sunday.
The Dec. 27 edition of the paper noted that Pickford would occupy a coach drawn by four pure-white horses, and decorated with lavender and shell-pink sweet peas, China lilies, and 5,000 pink roses. She would wear a green orchid satin court gown, over which she would wear an early 1870s period coat made of white velvet with matching jacket, muff and hat.
Her guests for the parade included her husband, actor Douglas Fairbanks, as well as Douglas Fairbanks Jr. and Joan Crawford, Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Howard, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Borzage, Gary Cooper, Countess Dorothy Di Frasso, Elsa Maxwell, and her niece, Gwynne Pickford.
The Jan. 3 Los Angeles Times reported that 15,000 rose blossoms trimmed the carriage, and marveled at how the largest parade crowd in history strained forward to see Mary, the most popular entry. The article also noted how beautiful Pickford appeared, and quoted a female spectator as saying, "Is she always going to be this way?"
Mary's happiness was extremely short-lived however, with her brother Jack entering the American Hospital in Paris on the same day as the parade, and dying on Jan. 3, 1933. He was only 36 years old.
This entry was posted in 1933, Film, Hollywood, Hollywood Heights, Mary Mallory, Pasadena and tagged #Mary Pickford, #Rose Parade, 626, film, hollywood, Hollywood Heights, Mary Mallory. Bookmark the permalink.
1 Response to Mary Mallory / Hollywood Heights: Pickford Headlines 1933 Rose Parade
Charles Seims says:
In his autobio, Doug Fairbanks writes about this event. He relates that he and Mary drove to the Rose Bowl for the 1933 game in their Rolls Royce. As they got closer to the stadium, traffic became heavy and thick with pedestrians. As this was the bottom of the depression, many in the crowd became hostile and made no secret about their anger and resentment at this conspicuous display of wealth.
In retrospect, Mary had a nice 1928 Model A Ford and they should have taken that to the game. Her coupe is now in the collection of the National Automobile Museum in Reno.
Chas Seims


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Why Gold Will Rise - The Financial System Has Changed
Thursday, Mar 17, 2022 - 07:00 PM
Authored by Matthew Piepenburg via GoldSwitzerland.com,
Despite massive price volatility of late, gold will rise...
The Perfect Gold Storm
Not long ago, I wrote a piece on why gold was not rising.
As I said then, and will repeat again now, gold's then-yawning price moves in an otherwise ideal inflationary and negative real rate environment was just a momentary calm before the storm.
In other words, gold's rise –and perfect storm–was coming.
Well, that storm is gathering strength and gold will rise—but not in a straight line.
Despite inevitable (and extreme) volatility (war and inflation-driven) and legalized price fixing (including $100 intra-day price moves) from the increasingly discredited paper COMEX markets, gold will keep rising as CPI inflation hits 7.9%.
Nearer term, gold's price will gyrate depending on whether tensions in the Ukraine escalate or de-escalate.
But as we discuss below, Western financial responses to the crisis in the Ukraine have just changed the global system—yet no one noticed. Longer-term, this bodes extremely well for gold and its potential to rise.
But First: A Nod to Goldman's Jeff Currie
Although it's easy to poke fun at Goldman Sachs (as I've done in the past, apologies to my daughter), I am pleased to confess that Jeff Currie, Goldman's Global Head of Commodities Research, has correctly addressed what he calls "the perfect storm for gold."
That is, a near-perfect convergence of three key gold demand forces (or "weather fronts") are in now in motion.
The first of these weather fronts is the growing (and inflation/recession fear-based) retail investor demand for gold. ETF trade volume is ripping north and poised to increase by another 600 tones.
The next weather front is coming from central bank gold buying, which is already up 750 tones for the year and marking an all-time record.
China and Turkey, for example, are buying gold in a not-so-surprising move to de-dollarize (see below) as other nations, like Brazil and India, are buying gold to diversify.
The third and final weather front is the spiking demand for physical gold, lead primarily by China and India—and let's not forget Russia, whatever you may think of it…
All three gold channels (retail, central bank and physical markets) are objectively the strongest they have ever been, stronger even than in 2010-2011 when gold rallied by 70%.
Goldman's price target for gold is now $2500—a substantial rise.
We think it will go much higher…
Because regardless of what you think of Putin, Russia, the absolute horrors of war, the confusion of headlines or the wisdom of the West, the EU and Uncle Sam just shot themselves and the global financial system in its collective foot—and no one even seemed to notice.
Weaponized Finance—Be Careful of the Safety Trigger
Despite the fact that Putin had been warning the West for eight years to keep the Ukraine out of NATO with the same passion that Kennedy had warned the Soviets to keep missiles out of Cuba, the West somehow seemed shocked that "brilliant statesmen" like Kamala Harris could not outthink Putin.
Despite nearly every U.S. State Dept official since the late 90's warning that a Ukraine in NATO would be suicide, the West is feigning shock today.
Rather than diplomatically addressing the Ukraine NATO alliance (which is about as obsolete in the post-Stalin era as a rotary dial phone), the Vice President (chosen for optics rather than experience) landed in Europe and doubled-down on a bad NATO hand (as well as embarrassing grasp of European geography).
War rather than compromise quickly followed.
But unlike Iraq, Syria, Libya or even Afghanistan (where US doubling down has been an epic failure), the great minds of the West decided to play chicken with a nuclear power, which, well complicates things, no?
Given that conventional proxy wars aren't so easy when dealing with a nuclear adversary, the West's only viable option once the inevitable (Putin-pre-warned) invasion of the Ukraine occurred, was to weaponize finance rather than flirt with nuclear red buttons.
But as anyone familiar with weapons knows, once you unlock the safety trigger, unforeseen risks emerge.
And unbeknownst to almost everyone ingesting the main stream media's daily pablum, the financial weapons unleashed by the West have dangerous consequences.
In fact, and while most of us weren't looking, the entire financial system of the last 4 decades (i.e., globalization, an artificial bond bull market and manipulated disinflation) just died, soon to be replaced by a multi-polar and multi-currency new inflationary world—all of which point toward a notable rise in gold price.
Well, let's ignore the politicians, the COMEX and standard headlines and examine cold reality.
The Catalyst No One Sees
As the holder of the global reserve currency and the almighty USD, Washington has been able to export inflation and bully little guys like Iran and Venezuela with all kinds of clever financial sanctions with relative impunity/effect for years.
But when you start poking at Russian (and indirectly, Chinese) tails by freezing FX reserves, you unleash a world of mess and a domino chain of unintended (but obvious) consequences which are far too complex for the 30-something financial journalists at the NYT or CNN to grasp.
Recently, and with all the chest-puffing of bringing a knife to a gun fight, the US and EU bravely announced that sovereign debt held as FX reserves outside one's own national borders ($7-8T) is now subject to seizure by Uncle Sam and Aunt Marianne (i.e., the EU).
Such bold financial saber rattling is impressive; but by totally discrediting sovereign debt as an FX reserve, the US and EU have effectively just announced to Russia (and the world) that they are killing the post-war financial system—which also means you should buy more gold…
Such grossly misunderstood moves by the West are now forcing Russia (and soon China) to do what they've already been advocating for the last decade, namely forcing the global financial system toward a reserve neutral asset (gold) that floats in price in all currencies.
After all, if the West can freeze Russian FX reserves (i.e., its accumulated trade savings) today, China now clearly knows the West can and will do the same to them tomorrow if they, for example, look sideways at Taiwan…
An no, this doesn't make me "Pro-Putin" or "Pro-China," just pro candor.
Even if the horrific war in the Ukraine de-escalates, the extreme financial moves made by the West since late February will never be forgotten. That genie can't be put back into the bottle.
Even the Swiss decision to abandon centuries of neutrality by joining "woke" (i.e., US-pressured) sanctions against Russia is the equivalent of a placing a massive, neon flashing sign atop the Matterhorn which reads: "Don't buy CHF, Buy Gold."
In short, the financial world has now changed, and there's no turning back.
Let's see why.
De-Dollarization Coming Full Circle to Bite the West
Russia, and soon China, must now turn to SWIFT alternatives which will not only alter the global payment systems, but undermine the USD's global reserve status, which, well, kinda matters…
This is not just my/our humble opinion, but warned as well by Citadel's chief executive and JP Morgan's Jamie Dimon.
That is, the West has just forced Russia even further into the arms of China in more ways than one.
Rather than look toward northern California for software solutions, for example, Russia will look toward China.
But as Dimon warned, there are far greater consequences ahead as the USD becomes less "global" less of a "reserve" and less of a "currency."
Dimon's concerns, moreover were shared by President's Biden's former boss in August of 2015, when President Obama accurately warned of the "unintended consequences" of a SWIFT/financial war:
"We cannot dictate the foreign, economic and energy policies of every major power in the world. In order to even try to do that, we would have to sanction, for example, some of the world's largest banks. We'd have to cut off countries like China from the American financial system.
And since they happen to be major purchasers of our debt, such actions could trigger severe disruptions in our own economy, and, by the way, raise questions internationally about the dollar's role as the world's reserve currency. That's part of the reason why many of the previous unilateral sanctions were waived."
In short, somewhere between 2015 and today, American common sense, leadership and options took a nose dive.
What's also about to take a nose dive is the American economy in general and markets in particular.
Do you want to see why?
The FED—No Where to Go but Crazy
Dramatic words are not enough, so let's stick to dramatic facts and a quick glance at a simple graph of the Fed's embarrassing balance sheet…
Although the media and headlines ignored the staggering repo crisis of September of 2019 as a minor "glitch in the plumbing," it was, in fact, a neon flashing sign of a looming/brewing credit and (hence) financial crisis.
When US commercial banks in the autumn of 2019 were staring down the barrel of a rising USD and rising (i.e., unaffordable) interest rates, they stopped trusting each other's collateral to make over-night loans.
As expected, the Fed stepped in as the lender of last resort and began mouse-clicking hundreds of billions of dollars out of thin air per month to backstop the bank(er)s who created the Fed back in 1913.
Such money printing explains the parabolic (and fatal) move up and to the right of the balance sheet plotted above.
That is, the Fed had to create money to buy its own Treasuries which foreign buyers no longer wanted.
But what almost no one is noticing today is that the problem's facing the Fed and Uncle Sam's otherwise unloved and unwanted IOUs in 2019 have only been made exponentially worse.
That is, the recent actions by the US and EU to Freeze Russian FX reserves for not towing the Western line is telegraphing to the rest of the world (i.e., China) not to trust US Treasuries.
Needless to say, if US Treasuries are now the ugliest girl at the global dance, who else is gonna buy them, and with what money?
The sad answer is simple: The Fed will buy them with more debased dollars created out of thin air.
Crazy?
Recession and Leverage Ahead—Will Gold Rise?
Given the sad yet media-ignored fact that the US (with a debt to GDP ratio of 122%) is effectively broke yet spending like a teenager with Dad's Amex card (nod to my son), the future, as well as policies ahead, are not hard to see.
It's worth asking how US spending for entitlements, defense and treasury outlays will be paid for.
In short: Where will the money come from?
Will Uncle Sam cut spending?
Given that US spending accounts for 25% of its GDP, any spending cuts will put the US in recession for the simple reason that such cuts will send yields and rates up and hence bonds and stocks to the basement.
Can the US raise taxes? This too would only slow growth and invite recession.
Can the Fed raise rates to finance Uncle Sam's deficits?
No, because his bar tab is too high to stomach rising rates, and that too triggers a recession and a debt crisis.
So, what can Uncle Sam do?
As realists rather than paid (i.e., censored) journalists, we here see only one or two obvious yet sad options ahead, all of which make an equally obvious case for a rise in gold.
First, it's highly likely that the Fed will suspend SLR (Supplementary Leverage Ratios) previously imposed on commercial banks.
In plain English, this just means banks will be allowed to use more leverage to buy Uncle Sam's debt from within at no charge.
No shocker there.
As we've written elsewhere, governmental guarantees of commercial bank lending are already in play –and this just means more leverage, more debt, more risk and more autocratic rather than natural markets.
In addition, expect more QE as well, which means the inherent value (as opposed to relative strength) of the USD, like all other fiat currencies, is getting weaker by each inflationary second, minute and hour.
Got gold?


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Tag: metaphors i
To keep, to break or to make the 'rules'… that is a question
What are the 'rules' of dissertation writing? They almost certainly differ between fields. In the visual arts, for example, a dissertation would almost certainly include text as well as images, textiles, design elements of a certain shape and form. In Mathematics, a dissertation would have to include mathematical 'language' and forms as well as more conventional text, as arguments are made in equations as well as in other forms of writing. In the social sciences in general the 'rules' seem to be fairly general. But it seems broadly agreed that there should be around 80-100,000 words or text, and that there must be an introduction, a literature review, a methodology and methods chapter, findings and discussion of these, and a conclusion that could include recommendations. These were certainly the 'rules' as I understood them when I started out with my own PhD process. By rules, I mean 'the agreed upon (usually quite tacit) format, style and content of a dissertation within a particular field or discipline'.
A big question for me, throughout my own doctoral journey, was about these rules, and whether I was breaking them, keeping them or making new ones as I went. There are risks associated with breaking rules – you could be misunderstood, or make your argument more convoluted and confusing through trying to create a new way of producing a dissertation, or find yourself having to do many corrections. But, I think there are also risks associated with keeping a set of rules, especially if you don't have a clear understanding of what the rules are and why they are there. In this case you could end up producing a thesis that conforms but underneath the surface may be 'thin' or unsatisfying, and this lack of understanding of what you are writing and why could make it harder for you to move successfully into a research and writing career post-PhD. Further, making new rules is tough, and doesn't often happen (not for scholars just starting out anyway). You may make small little dents in a structure you disagree with or think could be improved, but it'll take a number of you to really start making people question whether a specific rule, process or outcome perhaps needs to be changed or updated.
I feel like I bent, rather than broke, some of the rules of dissertation writing, and the experience was mostly an anxious one, even though the creativity it allowed me to bring to my writing was exciting, and satisfying. I think visually, and my research journal is full of pictures and scribbles as well as more conventional forms of text. I like metaphors, and I use these a lot in my writing and my teaching. I had a metaphor for the argument I was making, and I was using this to think through my 'theory chapter', until a friend, Carol, listened to my idea and suggested that it might be a useful metaphor for the whole dissertation. The metaphor was that of an archaeological dig, and it structured the way I organised my chapters, the headings I gave to them, and what I included in them. I really loved it, but I worried that it was too creative for a PhD in Education, and that it would somehow detract from the seriousness of my argument, or be seen as flippant by my examiners. I think this is one of the more common fears, perhaps, about using a visual and creative tool like metaphor in a field that is not conventionally visual, like the fine or creative arts. In the end, none of my examiners commented on it (which was disappointing) so I needn't have worried so much. But I still think what I did was important, for me, even if it was not noted by the people who were ultimately responsible for passing or failing my work.
We write, when we do, for others – for our readers and colleagues – but more importantly, we write for ourselves, for our own personal, emotional and intellectual growth and edification. I think when you're doing a PhD and you're focused so much on what your supervisor/s think and what your examiners will think and what parts you'll be able to publish in journals and what the wider academic community in your field will think, we forget to ask ourselves what we think about what we are writing. The questions about making, breaking (bending) or keeping within the rules becomes a question then about balance – to what extent do we consider our own desires and aims as creators of our own work, and how to we balance these with what we are asked to produce for our external audience? What kinds of risks do we accept and grapple with when we choose to bend and break generally accepted rules of thesis or article writing? What if what we are doing feeds our own souls, but falls on deaf ears in terms of examiners and peer reviewers? Is that too much of a risk, and do we then tone down our creativity in order to create something more conventional and less risky? For me, this is a risk: I'll be able to get my article published (please editors) but I may not be really happy with what I have put out these connected with my name.
Perhaps we need to make these kinds of conversations a more recognised and conscious part of PhD supervision, and academic writing for publication. Why do the 'rules' as we tend to know them exist and who do they serve? Can they be bent, broken and remade? Who carries the risks here, and what indeed are these risks? I don't yet have any clear answers**, but I think these are important questions to be asking, talking about, and finding answers to as scholarly communities of practice and as PhD students and supervisors.
**A new edited collection takes on the notion of risk in doctoral writing from a range of perspectives: Thesen, L. and Cooper, L. 2013. Risk in Academic Writing: Postgraduate Students, Their Teachers and the Making of Knowledge. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.


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Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Physics
Oxford Research Encyclopedias Physics
Cosmology and Astrophysics
Physics Policy and Management
Solar Dynamo
Robert Cameron
10.1093/acrefore/9780190871994.013.11
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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Physics. Please check back later for the full article.
The solar dynamo is the action of flows inside the Sun to maintain its magnetic field against Ohmic decay. On small scales the magnetic field is seen at the solar surface as a ubiquitous "salt and pepper" disorganized field that might be generated directly by the turbulent convection. On large scales, the magnetic field is remarkably organized, with an 11-year activity cycle. During each cycle the field emerging in each hemisphere has a specific East-West alignment (known as Hale's law) that changes from cycle to cycle, a statistical tendency for a North-South alignment (Joy's law), and polar fields that reverse sign during the period of maximum activity each cycle.
The relevant flows for the large-scale dynamo are those of convection; the bulk rotation of the Sun; and motions driven by magnetic fields, as well as flows produced by the interaction of these. Particularly important are the Sun's large-scale differential rotation (for example, the equator rotates faster than the poles), and small-scale helical motions resulting from the Coriolis force acting on convective motions or on the motions associated with buoyant rising magnetic flux. These two types of motions result in a magnetic cycle. In one phase of the cycle, differential rotation winds up a poloidal magnetic field to produce a toroidal field.
Subsequently helical motions are thought to bend the toroidal field to create new poloidal magnetic flux that reverses and replaces the poloidal field that was present at the start of the cycle.
It is now clear that both small- and large-scale dynamo action are in principle possible, and the challenge is to understand which combination of flows and driving mechanisms are responsible for the time-dependent magnetic fields seen on the Sun.
Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research


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Home » Elections » What Somalia Can Teach Kenya On Elections And Power Transitions
What Somalia Can Teach Kenya On Elections And Power Transitions
Patrick Gathara
Incumbents losing an election and graciously conceding is not what most associate with the continent, let alone Somalia. By contrast, the Kenyan experience is rather typical. Here, no incumbent President has ever lost an election. Whether by hook but more often by crook, they manage to cling onto either the end of their terms or their lives, whichever came first.
But a graceful concession from a losing incumbent is exactly what the world witnessed in the Somali capital on Wednesday. The election of former Prime Minister Mohamed Abdullahi Farmajo as the country's ninth President upheld a rather curious, perhaps unique tradition: Somalia has never re-elected an incumbent as President.
It's a tradition that goes back to the founding days of the Somalia republic. In its first election following independence and unification in 1960, the popular Aden Abdullah Osman Daar was elected President. Seven years later, he would become the first African head of state to peacefully hand over power to a democratically elected successor -his former Prime Minister, Abdirashid Ali Shermarke.
Now this week's election in Mogadishu was not, by any stretch of the imagination, one to be emulated. Due to the ongoing terrorist insurgency perpetrated by the Al Qaeda-allied al Shabaab, universal suffrage was out of the question. Instead 135 elders picked 14,000 delegates who elected 275 MPs and 54 Senators who elected the President. The process was marred by allegations of corruption, vote buying and intimidation, which is perhaps not surprising for a country that ranks at the very bottom of Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index. The head of the country's police publicly supporting the incumbent and security concerns led to both the shut down oftransportation across the Somali capital and the moving of the election to the airport, which is secured by troops from the African Union Mission in Somalia.
Much of this would be familiar to Kenyans as our own general election looms. Though not as dire as that of our neighbor, our system is not without it controversies. There are credible suspicions of attempts to steal it right from the voter registration stage, with public officials, especially chiefs, illegally co-opted into an effort to help boost registration numbers in areas perceived as supporting the incumbent Uhuru Kenyatta's Jubilee party. Further, our global corruption ranking is not that much higher (relatively speaking) than Somalia's and the expected deployment of thousands of police and security agents to safeguard the election speaks not just to the legitimate security concerns in the wake of our invasion of Somalia, but also to the government's fear of its own people.
President Kenyatta has recently said he is willing to peacefully hand over power if he loses and to his credit, he has already delivered a historical first: in 2002, he became the only losing Presidential candidate from a major party in Kenya's electoral history to deliver a concession speech. Whether he will remain true to his word remains to be seen, but, as Somalia illustrates, the fact of a chaotic and problematic electoral process need not preclude it.
Somalia also provides an object lesson in the dangers of the ethnic mobilization and military takeover of civilian affairs. Despite being one of only two largely ethnically homogenous sub-Saharan African states, fragmentation along clan affiliation is one of the main reasons the civil war has persisted for so long. Kenya itself had a taste of it in the violence that followed the disputed elections of a decade ago.
Another factor in Somalia's disintegration was the military takeover that followed the assassination of President Sharmake in 1969. The Siad Barre dictatorship that followed set the country on the path to destruction. Kenyans should therefore be wary of occurrences that diminish civilian control over the military of give it a taste for civilian responsibilities. Thus the decision by President Kenyatta to appoint Gen Chief of Defense Forces Samson Mwathethe to chair a committee overseeing the implementation of government projects should be of concern as should the seeming inability of civilian authorities to hold the military to account following the debacles at Westgate, El Adde and most recently, Kulbiyow.
Somalis are a fiercely independent-minded lot, not as reticent in expressing their opinions as Kenyans are generally perceived to be. "Every man is his own Sultan" is how one 19th century visitor described them. Richard Dowden, Director of the Royal African Society, in 2011 recounted an incident in which a waiter publicly berates a government minister in a restaurant in Hargeisa, capital of the northern breakaway -and far more peaceful- Somaliland republic. Such a scene would be unlikely to be repeated here (except perhaps on our famously noisy online platforms). But maybe we could learn from that waiter the value of confronting, rather than accommodating, our lying and thieving politicians.


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VII Masterclass in Barcelona, Dec. 19-22, 2019
« The Enigma Room at PHOTO IS:RAEL
New Frontiers in the Art of Visual Storytelling with Ed Kashi (Weekend-Intensive) »
VII Masterclass is the most ambitious and exhaustive training program available. Aimed at developing and consolidating new talent in documentary photography and photojournalism over the course of seven months and takes place in three sessions of four days each. The key objective of this Masterclass is to allow time for progress to develop and for the long-term structure to have a lasting contribution to your professional training. Within each Masterclass session, Stefano de Luigi, Maciek Nabrdalik and the other VII tutors will invite international photography professionals, including critics, photo editors and festival directors, to present and critique.
All three sessions will take place at Fuga Centro de fotografía in Barcelona, Spain.
Watch links from previous sessions and see more information here: http://viiphoto.com/event/vii-masterclass-in-barcelona/
Clea Rekhou: "The VII Masterclass has been for me the most insightful experience about documentary photography. It has allowed me to learn from inspiring masters and mentors so that I could push my boundaries further. It taught me about "owning" my projects as much as discovering the professional aspects of documentary photography. The masterclass is at the same time very concrete, pragmatic and conceptual, philosophical. I met also many inspiring 'classmates' who also very inspiring, inventive and touching. Thanks to all the masters for investing in new voices. Thank you Stefano! Thank you Maciek!"
Sandra Buschow: "The masterclass was such an intense time for me and I am so grateful for what I experienced during this last year – it was so emotional. I went to Warsaw with an idea for a project and I got back to Berlin with an inspiration for a very personal and intimate story which was a totally different thing! Thank you for this challenge that entered my life so unexpectedly! Above all, I would like to thank my mentor Maggie Steber who brought my story to the foreground. I would also like to express my deep gratitude to the lecturers, to Stefano, and to Maciek. It was anything but a comfortable journey for me but you have provided a space for my story to evolve in photographic expression. I am still processing the feedback and the effects of the extensive lectures, I have learned so much and I am just realizing the long-lasting impression of all the content-related discussions. Over time, some relations have turned into deep friendships and I have spent an intense and fruitful time with my new friends. With all the consequences and without the blink of an eye, I would do this masterclass again. The most beautiful thing to me is that the overall topic was passion: the passion for a story and passion for photography! And if you ask me, it's this what really counts."
Yulia Grigoryants: "Coming from Armenia, a small country which today doesn't provide almost any school or course for young photographers, VII Masterclass in Warsaw was a unique opportunity for me. It was a great chance to learn from professional photographers and specialists, who shared their experience and knowledge with us. It was a unique opportunity to learn and it, basically, opened my eyes.
What is great is that this is not a one-time Masterclass, but a long-term program, that facilitates building stronger bonds between the photographer and the subject and of course between participants and the professionals. The Masterclass gave me an invaluable and enriching experience, which I will be able to carry with me throughout my career. I am deeply thankful to my mentor Maggie Steber who continues to mentor my project and me even after the workshop, giving me motivation and power to pursue and make the project deeper".
Sayan Hazra: "Thanks to all VII masters and guests (artists, photojournalists, photo editors, curators, and publishers) for sharing their knowledge, mentoring us and inspiring us to think different, enriching our visual literacy. Working on some personal project, under the supervision of a mentor, during the masterclass is itself a life-changing experience. This was indeed a great opportunity to meet new colleagues and friends from other countries. It's total phenomenal. One must not miss this opportunity. "
Andrew Cullen: "The VII Masterclass in Warsaw provided such a valuable opportunity to concentrate on photography. The class motivated me to make significant, rapid progress on a project that I had been working on slowly for a long time. But it also provided me with space to see and think deeply about photography and all aspects of its practice: how to conceptualize a project, how to choose an aesthetic approach that amplifies the meaning the photographs are meant to communicate, how to tell a story. The VII mentors and the visiting photographers and editors have varied strengths and philosophies, so most students are bound to find someone whose work and process resonates. And the environment the students and mentors created, at turns constructive and analytical, then intimate and open — felt like family."
Anton Gautama: "Through this VII Masterclass in Warsaw, I learned not only in photojournalism but in general about strong visual storytelling. I feel eventually able to complete the last of the trilogy of my photobook project with my humble and lovely mentor. It was an excellent opportunity to have discussions with the mentors and participants, and build a connection and friendships (not mentioning the charming city of Warsaw). "
Prin Rodriguez: "VII Masterclass in Warsaw was an excellent opportunity to meet outstanding photographers from all over the world. During the classes and travels, I had the chance to meet amazing people who have inspired and expanded my photographic vision. I'm thankful for the availability and open-mindedness of my classmates, guests, and masters."
Agata Grzybowska: "Masterclass VII in Berlin was really exciting and it was an inspiration for my future work. During the masterclass, I was working on my first book and I received a few really good pieces of advice, I could learn from the best photographers. The most important thing – the masterclass gave me an opportunity to meet excellent photographers from all over the world, with whom I could exchange opinions, whom I could ask for advice and figure out new ways for my personal development. It was an amazing experience."
Charmaine Poh: " I'm thankful for the community of generous classmates I found, as well as hearing from photographers who have had decades of experience. Coming from Asia, it was eye-opening to learn about the industry in Europe and have conversations about images across cultures. The biggest lesson I learned was to be my own judge, and to find my own place in the industry."
Iwona Knorr: "Meeting photography professionals like artists and photojournalists, photo editors, curators and publishers and having the opportunity to ask them all my questions was a great benefit from my participation in the VII Masterclass in Berlin 2016/2017. One-to-one discussions with the masters gave me valuable guidance on how to progress with my own project. I enjoyed the creative atmosphere during the sessions and liked to follow Masters' critiques on the project of peer photographers from different countries and backgrounds."
Jacek Fota: "For me, the masterclass was all about meeting new people. I met many awesome and talented young photographers who I became friends with and want to sustain this relationship for years to come. I encourage participants to get a place together because it is all combining the two – learning and having a great time. Especially that this next masterclass will take place in Warsaw."
Saara Mansikkamaki: "Looking back on the time of the Masterclass, trying to understand what really happened there and how it affected me, I still find myself a bit puzzled. I'm pretty sure that taking part in it didn't diminish the number of questions I had and continue to have, but rather gave more of them. I still question this career, this industry, my place in there."
But I also still work on the project I started during the Masterclass, which, I guess, means that I understood something valuable. I'm still probably as bad pitching my ideas to the editors as I was a year ago, but still, I've managed to sell the story out to magazines. That means that I either have some sort of photojournalistic identity or that the industry is not so harsh after all. Maybe both, I hope.
I think that the Masterclass was like some sort of storm. I enjoyed it but also thought whether I'm still gonna be alive as it ends. I was exposed there to tons of different and conflicting opinions, others' and my own, some of which didn't make any sense to me and some of which value I came to realize only after a good amount of time had passed. It ripped me from where I was rooted and threw me to a new soil. But the greatest thing was that I wasn't there alone."
Gregory Michenaud: "VII Masterclass was a real, great human and professional experience. A place where you can go deeper into all facets of realizing a complete and successful photographic project from the idea till the final presentation of it. All the VII photographers, as well as fellow participants, are taking part in each step of its completion, pushing you to go farther and higher on your personal work – so useful, especially when it is a personal one.
Apart from this professional side, the friendliness of this Masterclass, gave me so much opportunities to create connexions with fellow participants, lecturers and VII photographers – contacts or friendship that are valuable, more than anything else."
Georgia Fu: "I thoroughly enjoyed and valued my VII Masterclass experience in Berlin, from meeting the wonderfully diverse participants to the inspirational VII photographers that came and worked with us. The experience taught me how to look for a story within a frame instead of just trying to capture a moment or an aesthetically pleasing image. I learned how to be more patient with my photography, how to wait for the right moment to come, instead of trying to capture everything. The experience also affirmed my belief that integrity and emotional truth are the most important things in photography. But most of all, it was meeting all the different photographers, participants, speakers and teachers, from various backgrounds, countries, and approaches to photography that made the experience invaluable. Being able to reconnect with people and hearing about everyone's experiences over the three masterclass sessions, created an enriching and meaningful relationships, which for me was my favorite part of the masterclass experience"
Anna Liminowicz: "It was a great time! You gave me the motivation to work and continue projects. Many thanks for critical conversations and help with photo editing (especially Ashley Gilbertson and Christopher Morris ). Thank you, Stefano De Luigi, for showing me my strengths. Thanks to him, I know what should I develop in my works.
In addition, I changed the optics. The basic meaning – the one for the camera, but also in approach to the portrayed people. Thanks to Masterclass I made new friendships, we have extended our photo collective (www.inproduction.pl) and Dave and Gregory from the Masterclass joined us. Thanks to the fact that photographers of VII shared knowledge about cooperation with international magazines, I could take advantage of their experience. Moreover, cooperation with BuzzFeed established during the workshops meant that money spent on education with you soon returned. Thanks for making the photographer's world smaller and easier to work with. "
Andrea Provenzano: "VII masterclass opened my eyes on the world of photojournalism giving me the chance to meet and discover the workflow and the approach to visual storytelling of incredible photographers, both inside the agency and between the students."
Wojciech Ryzinski: "VII masterclass in Berlin was an amazing experience for so many reasons. I've learned a lot about the business aspects of the photo industry. Hours of editing sessions with the masters were very intense and demanding but also really enjoyable. Seeing the projects that we worked on during the masterclass, evolving from session to session was really inspiring. I feel grateful that I had a chance to meet many talented photographers from around the world. Most importantly, I completed the masterclass having more friends than I had before it started. "
Rozette Rago: "The VII Masterclass in Berlin gave me the incredible opportunity to look at my work through the eyes of not only several photographers I look up to from the VII Photo Agency, but also more than a dozen talented photographers from various parts of the world. I carry the valuable advice I received from my mentors daily when I'm out in the field working. I also appreciated the thoughtfulness of the VII team in carefully curating our time in Berlin, taking us to various exhibitions and galleries where we met incredible artists and editors. The immersive nature of the sessions helped me focus on my work while giving plenty of time to connect with my classmates, which resulted in meaningful connections that I still lean on now. I will always be grateful for the experience, wisdom, and the friends I gained through this program."
Pallavi Gaur: "My appreciation for documentary photography was the foremost reason why I applied for the VII masterclass. My project was about photographing the ephemerality of life, the joy of small things. I felt my project was in the right company of photographers. The different methods and the fascinating observations of the mentors helped me think aloud. Also, the criticism from my peers made me stand up for what I believe in while at the same time reexamine the rigidity of the structure and play with the fluidity of storytelling in photography."
Felipe do Valle Costa: "The VII Masterclass was a great opportunity to get to know other photographers, students, and VII's photographers, and understand their process and way of thinking. This was of great value and helped me think and develop my own project. Also, having other people edit and give their opinion about your photos is the best way to learn."
Irene Van Nispen Kress: "The whole VII Masterclass experience was really great. I learned a lot from great teachers, made lovely new friends, met interesting people, got good contacts and learned a lot about the whole world of photography and it's do's and don'ts. Personally, I struggled a lot with the project I was working on. It was about women who used to be a man and my reportage approach didn't work the way I wanted it to and I how used to work on other projects. Working on an unsuccessful project can sometimes be even more interesting than working on a successful one. It made me realize even more what I need to be aware of and need to figure out in certain circumstances to tell a story in pictures."
David Shaw: "The VII Masterclass helped me to find the focus on the subject of my project and this improved my wider photographic practise. It was a fantastic opportunity to receive insight into the industry through talks and discussions and to also meet new colleagues through the other attendees."
Lucas Sere Peltzer: "For me, the essence of this Masterclass is what it aims to reveal within you outside of the sessions. I'm grateful for the place in life it moved me to, for the people and realities I'm now bonded to. The path this experience opened for me started with a personal project and became a journey of human connection when I joined a global demand for peace. I marched with people who turned into friends I deeply connected to, with just a few films to get closer to those moments when someone reveals to you."
Education, Speaking Engagements, Workshop
3 sessions, Anush Babajanyan, Barcelona, Ed Kashi, focused, Ilvy Njiokiktjien, John Stanmeyer, long term, Maciek Nabrdalik, Magdalena Herrera, Maggie Steber, Maral Deghati, Masterclass, Mentor, Ron Haviv, Spain, Stefano de Luigi, VII, VII Photo, VII Photo Agency, workshop
http://viiphoto.com/event/vii-masterclass-in-barcelona/
Carrer d'En Fontrodona, 31
Barcelona, Spain + Google Map
http://www.fugafoto.com/