text:
FOREST PRACTICES BOARD
[ Filed August 20, 2008, 8:47 a.m. ]
Supplemental Notice to WSR 08-03-009.
Preproposal statement of inquiry was filed as WSR 05-2-097 [05-20-097].
Title of Rule and Other Identifying Information: Achieving desired future conditions in riparian management zones. This rule proposal amends WAC 222-30-021(1) to change timber harvest and leave tree requirements in riparian management zones adjacent to Type S and F Waters as defined in WAC 222-16-030. It pertains to forest lands in western Washington.
Hearing Location(s): Borst Park, Kitchen 1, 902 Johnson Road, Centralia, on Tuesday, December 16, 2008, at 6:00 p.m.; at the Port Townsend Fire Station, 701 Harrison Street, Port Townsend, on Thursday, December 18, 2008, at 6:00 p.m.; at the DNR Region Office, 713 East Bowers, Ellensburg, on Tuesday, January 6, 2009, at 6:00 p.m.; and at the Mount Vernon Fire Department Station 3, 4701 East Division Street, Mt. Vernon, on Thursday, January 8, 2009, at 6:00 p.m.
Date of Intended Adoption: February 11, 2009.
Submit Written Comments to: Patricia Anderson, DNR Forest Practices Division, P.O. Box 47012, Olympia, WA 98504-7012, e-mail forest.practicesboard@dnr.wa.gov, fax (360) 902-1428, by January 9, 2009.
Assistance for Persons with Disabilities: Contact forest practices division at (360) 902-1400, by December 1, 2008, TTY (360) 902-1125.
Purpose of the Proposal and Its Anticipated Effects, Including Any Changes in Existing Rules: WAC 222-30-021 provides prescriptions and options to harvesting trees in forested "riparian management zones" as defined in WAC 222-16-010. Pursuant to RCW 76.09.370, the forest practices board incorporates a scientific-based adaptive management process to determine the effectiveness of forest practices rules in aiding Washington's salmon recovery effort. Under this adaptive management process, a scientific study was completed by the forest practices board's cooperative monitoring, evaluation, and research committee. The study, entitled Validation of the Western Washington Riparian Desired Future Condition (DFC) Performance Targets in the Washington State Forest Practices Rules with Data From Mature, Unmanaged, Conifer-Dominated Riparian Stands, found that basal area per acre of mature, unmanaged conifer-dominated riparian stands are greater than the values used in the current rule.
In response to the DFC study findings, the board is considering three alternative rule amendments to WAC 222-30-021(1). The intended effects of all of the alternatives are to increase the basal area retained in riparian management zones thereby decreasing allowable harvests.
• The first alternative would increase the target basal area per acre to three 325 square feet for all site classes that a riparian forest stand is projected to reach at one hundred forty years from the year of harvest in the riparian management zone.
• The second alternative would increase the target basal area per acre the same as the first alternative, and would also:
- allow landowners to credit the required inner zone leave trees towards meeting the riparian zone basal area target; and
- expand the table, "Option 2. Leaving trees closest to water," to include site classes IV and V on streams greater than ten feet in width.
• The third would increase the target basal area per acre the same as the first alternative, and will allow landowners to credit the required inner zone leave trees towards meeting the riparian zone basal area target.
Reasons Supporting Proposal: The proposed rule changes are based on recommendations resulting from the scientifically-based adaptive management process outlined in WAC 222-12-045. Through this process, the board has determined that the forest practices rules should be adjusted to ensure that appropriate riparian buffers are maintained on forest land covered by the Forest Practices Act.
Statutory Authority for Adoption: RCW 76.09.040 and 76.09.370(6).
Statute Being Implemented: Not applicable.
Rule is not necessitated by federal law, federal or state court decision.
Name of Proponent: Forest practices board, governmental.
Name of Agency Personnel Responsible for Drafting: Marc Engel, 1111 Washington Street S.E., Olympia, (360) 902-1390; Implementation: Gary Graves, 1111 Washington Street S.E., Olympia, (360) 902-1483; and Enforcement: Lenny Young, 1111 Washington Street S.E., Olympia, (360) 902-1744.
A small business economic impact statement has been prepared under chapter 19.85 RCW.
Small Business Economic Impact Statement
See WSR 08-13-087.
A copy of the statement may be obtained by contacting Gretchen Robinson, P.O. Box 47012, Olympia, WA 98504-7012, phone (360) 902-1705, fax (360) 902-1428, e-mail gretchen.robinson@dnr.wa.gov.
A cost-benefit analysis is required under RCW 34.05.328. A preliminary cost-benefit analysis may be obtained by contacting Gretchen Robinson, P.O. Box 47012, Olympia, WA 98504-7012, phone (360) 902-1705, fax (360) 902-1428, e-mail gretchen.robinson@dnr.wa.gov.
Note: The small business economic impact statement and the preliminary cost-benefit analysis are combined in the document, Preliminary Economic Analysis, Forest Practices Rule Making, Affecting Timber Harvest in Riparian Zones in Western Washington.
Victoria Christiansen
OTS-1067.2
WAC 222-30-021 *Western Washington riparian management zones. These rules apply to all typed waters on forest land in Western Washington, except as provided in WAC 222-30-023. RMZs are measured horizontally from the outer edge of the bankfull width or channel migration zone, whichever is greater, and extend to the limits as described in this section. See ((the)) board manual section 7 for riparian design and layout guidelines.
*(1) Western Washington RMZs for Type S and F Waters have three zones: The core zone is nearest to the water, the inner zone is the middle zone, and the outer zone is furthest from the water. (See definitions in WAC 222-16-010.) RMZ dimensions vary depending on the site class of the land, the management harvest option, and the bankfull width of the stream. See tables for management options 1 and 2 below.
None of the limitations on harvest in each of the three zones listed below will preclude or limit the construction and maintenance of roads for the purpose of crossing streams in WAC 222-24-030 and 222-24-050, or the creation and use of yarding corridors in WAC 222-30-060(1).
The shade requirements in WAC 222-30-040 must be met regardless of harvest opportunities provided in the inner zone RMZ rules. See the board manual section 1.
(a) Core zones. No timber harvest or construction is allowed in the core zone except operations related to forest roads as detailed in subsection (1) of this section. Any trees cut for or damaged by yarding corridors in the core zone must be left on the site. Any trees cut as a result of road construction to cross a stream may be removed from the site, unless used as part of a large woody debris placement strategy or as needed to reach stand requirements.
(b) Inner zones. Forest practices in the inner zone must be conducted in such a way as to meet or exceed stand requirements to achieve the goal in WAC 222-30-010(2). The width of the inner zone is determined by site class, bankfull width, and management option. Timber harvest in this zone must be consistent with the stand requirements in order to reach the desired future condition targets.
"Stand requirement" means a number of trees per acre, the basal area and the proportion of conifer in the combined inner zone and adjacent core zone so that the growth of the trees would meet desired future conditions. The following table defines basal area targets when the stand is 140 years old.
Site Class Desired future condition target basal area per acre (at 140 years)
I ((285)) 325 sq. ft.
II ((275)) 325 sq. ft.
III ((258)) 325 sq. ft.
IV ((224)) 325 sq. ft.
V ((190)) 325 sq. ft.
Growth modeling is necessary to calculate whether a particular stand meets stand requirement and is on a trajectory towards these desired future condition basal area target. The appropriate growth model will be based on stand characteristics and will include at a minimum, the following components: The number of trees by diameter class, the percent of conifer and hardwood, and the age of the stand. See the board manual section 7.
(i) Hardwood conversion in the inner zone. When the existing stands in the combined core and inner zone do not meet stand requirements, no harvest is permitted in the inner zone, except in connection with hardwood conversion.
(A) The landowner may elect to convert hardwood-dominated stands in the inner zone to conifer-dominated stands. Harvesting and replanting shall be in accordance with the following limits:
(I) Conversion activities in the inner zone of any harvest unit are only allowed where all of the following are present:
• Existing stands in the combined core and inner zone do not meet stand requirements (WAC 222-30-021 (1)(b));
• There are fewer than 57 conifer trees per acre 8 inches or larger dbh in the conversion area;
• There are fewer than 100 conifer trees per acre larger than 4 inches dbh in the conversion area;
• There is evidence (such as conifer stumps, historical photos, or a conifer understory) that the conversion area can be successfully reforested with conifer and support the development of conifer stands;
• The landowner owns 500 feet upstream and 500 feet downstream of the harvest unit;
• The core and inner zones contain no stream adjacent parallel roads;
• Riparian areas contiguous to the proposed harvest unit are owned by the landowner proposing to conduct the conversion activities, and meet shade requirements of WAC 222-30-040 or have a 75-foot buffer with trees at least 40 feet tall on both sides of the stream for 500 feet upstream and 500 feet downstream of the proposed harvest unit (or the length of the stream, if less);
• If the landowner has previously converted hardwood-dominated stands, then post-harvest treatments must have been performed to the satisfaction of the department.
(II) In addition to the conditions set forth above, permitted conversion activities in the inner zone of any harvest unit are limited by the following:
• Each continuous conversion area is not more than 500 feet in length; two conversion areas will be considered "continuous" unless the no-harvest area separating the two conversion areas is at least half the length of the larger of the two conversion areas.
• Type S and F (Type 1, 2, or 3) Water: Up to 50% of the inner zone area of the harvest unit on one side of the stream may be converted provided that:
♦ The landowner owns the opposite side of the stream and the landowner's riparian area on the opposite bank meets the shade requirements of WAC 222-30-040 or has a 75-foot buffer of trees at least 40 feet tall or:
♦ The landowner does not own land on the opposite side of the stream but the riparian area on the opposite bank meets the shade requirements of WAC 222-30-040 or has a 75-foot buffer of trees at least 40 feet tall.
• Not more than 25% of the inner zone of the harvest unit on both sides of a Type S or F Water may be converted if the landowner owns both sides.
(III) Where conversion is allowed in the inner zone, trees within the conversion area may be harvested except that:
• Conifer trees larger than 20 inches dbh shall not be harvested;
• Not more than 10% of the conifer stems greater than 8 inches dbh, exclusive of the conifer noted above, within the conversion area may be harvested; and
• The landowner must exercise reasonable care in the conduct of harvest activities to minimize damage to all residual conifer trees within the conversion area including conifer trees less than 8 inches dbh.
(IV) Following harvest in conversion areas, the landowner must:
• Reforest the conversion area with conifer tree species suitable to the site in accordance with the requirements of WAC 222-34-010; and
• Conduct post-harvest treatment of the site until the conifer trees necessary to meet acceptable stocking levels in WAC 222-34-010(2) have crowns above the brush or until the conversion area contains a minimum of 150 conifer trees greater than 8 inches dbh per acre.
• Notify the department in writing within three years of the approval of the forest practices application for hardwood conversion, if the hardwood conversion has been completed.
(V) Tracking hardwood conversion. The purpose of tracking hardwood conversion is to determine if hardwood conversion is resulting in adequate enhancement of riparian functions toward the desired future condition while minimizing the short term impacts on functions. The department will use existing or updated data bases developed in cooperation with the Washington Hardwoods Commission to identify watershed administrative units (WAUs) with a high percentage of hardwood-dominated riparian areas and, thus have the potential for excessive hardwood conversion under these rules. The department will track the rate of conversion of hardwoods in the riparian zone: (1) Through the application process on an annual basis; and (2) at a WAU scale on a biennial basis as per WAC 222-30-120 through the adaptive management process which will develop thresholds of impact for hardwood conversion at the watershed scale.
(ii) Harvest options.
(A) No inner zone management. When the existing stands in the combined core and inner zone do not meet stand requirements, no harvest is permitted in the inner zone. When no harvest is permitted in the inner zone or the landowner chooses not to enter the inner zone, the width of core, inner and outer zones are as provided in the following table:
No inner zone management RMZ widths for Western Washington
Site Class RMZ width Core zone width
(measured from outer edge of bankfull width or outer edge of CMZ of water) Inner zone width
(measured from outer edge of core zone) Outer zone width
(measured from outer edge of inner zone)
stream width
≤10' stream width >10' stream width ≤10' stream width >10'
I 200' 50' 83' 100' 67' 50'
II 170' 50' 63' 78' 57' 42'
III 140' 50' 43' 55' 47' 35'
IV 110' 50' 23' 33' 37' 27'
V 90' 50' 10' 18' 30' 22'
(B) Inner zone management. If trees can be harvested and removed from the inner zone because of surplus basal area consistent with the stand requirement, the harvest and removal of the trees must be undertaken consistent with one of two options:
(I) Option 1. Thinning from below. The objective of thinning is to distribute stand requirement trees in such a way as to shorten the time required to meet large wood, fish habitat and water quality needs. This is achieved by increasing the potential for leave trees to grow larger than they otherwise would without thinning. Thinning harvest under option 1 must comply with the following:
• Residual trees left in the combined core and inner zones must meet stand requirements necessary to be on a trajectory to desired future condition. See board manual section 7 for guidelines.
• Thinning must be from below, meaning the smallest dbh trees are selected for harvest first, then progressing to successively larger diameters.
• Thinning cannot decrease the proportion of conifer in the stand.
• Shade retention to meet the shade rule must be confirmed by the landowner for any harvest inside of 75 feet from the outer edge of bankfull width or outer edge of CMZ, whichever is greater.
• The number of residual conifer trees per acre in the inner zone will equal or exceed 57.
Option 1. Thinning from below.
class RMZ
width Core
≤10' stream width
>10' stream width
>10'
(II) Option 2. Leaving trees closest to the water. Management option 2 applies only to riparian management zones for site class I, II, and III on streams that are less than or equal to 10 feet wide and RMZs in site class I and II for streams greater than 10 feet wide. Harvest must comply with the following:
• Harvest is not permitted within 30 feet of the core zone for streams less than or equal to 10 feet wide and harvest is not permitted within 50 feet of the core zone for streams greater than 10 feet wide;
• Residual leave trees in the combined core and inner zone must meet stand requirements necessary to be on a trajectory to desired future condition. See board manual section 7 for calculating stand requirements;
• A minimum of 20 conifers per acre, with a minimum 12-inch dbh, will be retained in any portion of the inner zone where harvest occurs. These riparian leave trees will not be counted or considered towards meeting applicable stand requirements nor can the number be reduced below 20 for any reason.
• Trees are selected for harvest starting from the outer most portion of the inner zone first then progressively closer to the stream.
• If (II) of this subsection results in surplus basal area per the stand requirement, the landowner may take credit for the surplus by harvesting additional riparian leave trees required to be left in the adjacent outer zone on a basal area-for-basal area basis. The number of leave trees in the outer zone can be reduced only to a minimum of 10 trees per acre.
Option 2. Leaving trees closest to water.
(measured from outer edge of bankfull width or outer edge of CMZ of water) Inner zone width Outer zone width
minimum floor distance minimum floor distance
(measured from outer edge of core zone) (measured from outer edge of core zone) (measured from outer edge of core zone) (measured from outer edge of core zone)
I 200' 50' 84' 30' 84' 50' 66' 66'
II 170' 50' 64' 30' 70' 50' 56' 50'
III 140' 50' 44' 30' ** ** 46' **
**Option 2 for site class III on streams >10' is not permitted because of the minimum floor (100') constraint.
(iii) Where the basal area components of the stand requirement cannot be met within the sum of the areas in the inner and core zone due to the presence of a stream-adjacent parallel road in the inner or core zone, a determination must be made of the approximate basal area that would have been present in the inner and core zones if the road was not occupying space in the core or inner zone and the shortfall in the basal area component of the stand requirement. See definition of "stream-adjacent parallel road" in WAC 222-16-010.
(A) Trees containing basal area equal to the amount determined in (iii) of this subsection will be left elsewhere in the inner or outer zone, or if the zones contain insufficient riparian leave trees, substitute riparian leave trees will be left within the RMZ width of other Type S or F Waters in the same unit or along Type Np or Ns Waters in the same unit in addition to all other RMZ requirements on those same Type S, F, Np or Ns Waters.
(B) When the stream-adjacent road basal area calculated in (iii) of this subsection results in an excess in basal area (above stand requirement) then the landowner may receive credit for such excess which can be applied on a basal area-by-basal area basis against the landowner's obligation to leave trees in the outer zone of the RMZ of such stream or other waters within the same unit, provided that the number of trees per acre in the outer zone is not reduced to less than 10 trees per acre.
(C) When the basal area requirement cannot be met, as explained in (iii) of this subsection, the shortfall may be reduced through the implementation of an acceptable large woody debris placement plan. See board manual section 26 for guidelines.
(iv) If a harvest operation includes both yarding and harvest activities within the RMZ, all calculations of basal area for stand requirements will be determined as if the yarding corridors were constructed prior to any other harvest activities. If trees cut or damaged by yarding are taken from excess basal area, these trees may be removed from the inner zone. Trees cut or damaged by yarding in a unit which does not meet the basal area target of the stand requirements cannot be removed from the inner zone. Any trees cut or damaged by yarding in the core zone may not be removed.
(c) Outer zones. Timber harvest in the outer zone must leave 20 riparian leave trees per acre after harvest. "Outer zone riparian leave trees" are trees that must be left after harvest in the outer zone in Western Washington. Riparian leave trees must be left uncut throughout all future harvests:
Outer zone riparian leave tree requirements
Application Leave tree spacing Tree species Minimum dbh required
Outer zone Dispersed Conifer 12" dbh or greater
Outer zone Clumped Conifer 12" dbh or greater
Protection of sensitive features Clumped Trees representative of the overstory including both hardwood and conifer 8" dbh or greater
The 20 riparian leave trees to be left can be reduced in number under the circumstances delineated in (c)(iv) of this subsection. The riparian leave trees must be left on the landscape according to one of the following two strategies. A third strategy is available to landowners who agree to a LWD placement plan.
(i) Dispersal strategy. Riparian leave trees, which means conifer species with a diameter measured at breast height (dbh) of 12 inches or greater, must be left dispersed approximately evenly throughout the outer zone. If riparian leave trees of 12" dbh or greater are not available, then the next largest conifers must be left. If conifers are not present, riparian leave trees must be left according to the clumping strategy in subsection (ii) below.
(ii) Clumping strategy. Riparian leave trees must be left clumped in the following way:
(A) Clump trees in or around one or more of the following sensitive features to the extent available within the outer zone. When clumping around sensitive features, riparian leave trees must be 8 inches dbh or greater and representative of the overstory canopy trees in or around the sensitive feature and may include both hardwood and conifer species. Sensitive features are:
(I) Seeps and springs;
(II) Forested wetlands;
(III) Topographic locations (and orientation) from which leave trees currently on the site will be delivered to the water;
(IV) Areas where riparian leave trees may provide windthrow protection;
(V) Small unstable, or potentially unstable, slopes not of sufficient area to be detected by other site evaluations. See WAC 222-16-050 (1)(d).
(VI) ((Archeological)) Archaeological or historical sites registered with the Washington state ((office)) department of ((archeology)) archaeology and historic preservation. See WAC 222-16-050 (1)(g); or
(VII) Sites containing evidence of Native American cairns, graves or glyptic records. See WAC 222-16-050 (1)(f).
(B) If sensitive features are not present, then clumps must be well distributed throughout the outer zone and the leave trees must be of conifer species with a dbh of 12 inches or greater. When placing clumps, the applicant will consider operational and biological concerns. Tree counts must be satisfied regardless of the presence of stream-adjacent parallel roads in the outer zone.
(iii) Large woody debris in-channel placement strategy. A landowner may design a LWD placement plan in cooperation with the department of fish and wildlife. The plan must be consistent with guidelines in the board manual section 26. The landowner may reduce the number of trees required to be left in the outer zone to the extent provided in the approved LWD placement plan. Reduction of trees in the outer zone must not go below a minimum of 10 trees per acre. If this strategy is chosen, a complete forest practices application must include a copy of the WDFW approved hydraulics project approval (HPA) permit.
(iv) Twenty riparian leave trees must be left after harvest with the exception of the following:
(A) If a landowner agrees to implement a placement strategy, see (iii) of this subsection.
(B) If trees are left in an associated channel migration zone, the landowner may reduce the number of trees required to be left according to the following:
(I) Offsets will be measured on a basal area-for-basal area basis.
(II) Conifer in a CMZ equal to or greater than 6" dbh will offset conifer in the outer zone at a one-to-one ratio.
(III) Hardwood in a CMZ equal to or greater than 10" dbh will offset hardwood in the outer zone at a one-to-one ratio.
(IV) Hardwood in a CMZ equal to or greater than 10" dbh will offset conifer in the outer zone at a three-to-one ratio.
*(2) Western Washington protection for Type Np and Ns Waters.
(a) An equipment limitation zone is a 30-foot wide zone measured horizontally from the outer edge of the bankfull width of a Type Np or Ns Water where equipment use and other forest practices that are specifically limited by these rules. It applies to all perennial and seasonal streams.
(i) On-site mitigation is required if any of the following activities exposes the soil on more than 10% of the surface area of the zone:
(A) Ground based equipment;
(B) Skid trails;
(C) Stream crossings (other than existing roads); or
(D) Cabled logs that are partially suspended.
(ii) Mitigation must be designed to replace the equivalent of lost functions especially prevention of sediment delivery. Examples include water bars, grass seeding, mulching, etc.
(iii) Nothing in this subsection (2) reduces or eliminates the department's authority to prevent actual or potential material damage to public resources under WAC 222-46-030 or 222-46-040 or any related authority to condition forest practices notifications or applications.
(b) Sensitive site and RMZs protection along Type Np Waters. Forest practices must be conducted to protect Type Np RMZs and sensitive sites as detailed below:
(i) A 50-foot, no-harvest buffer, measured horizontally from the outer edge of bankfull width, will be established along each side of the Type Np Water as follows:
Required no-harvest, 50-foot buffers
on Type Np Waters.
Length of Type Np Water from the confluence of Type S or F Water Length of 50' buffer required on Type Np Water (starting at the confluence of the Type Np and connecting water)
Greater than 1000' 500'
Greater than 300' but less than 1000' Distance of the greater of 300' or 50% of the entire length of the Type Np Water
Less than or equal to 300' The entire length of Type Np Water
(ii) No timber harvest is permitted in an area within 50 feet of the outer perimeter of a soil zone perennially saturated from a headwall seep.
(iii) No timber harvest is permitted in an area within 50 feet of the outer perimeter of a soil zone perennially saturated from a side-slope seep.
(iv) No timber harvest is permitted within a 56-foot radius buffer patch centered on the point of intersection of two or more Type Np Waters.
(v) No timber harvest is permitted within a 56-foot radius buffer patch centered on a headwater spring or, in the absence of a headwater spring, on a point at the upper most extent of a Type Np Water as defined in WAC 222-16-030(3) and 222-16-031.
(vi) No timber harvest is permitted within an alluvial fan.
(vii) At least 50% of a Type Np Waters' length must be protected by buffers on both sides of the stream (2-sided buffers). Buffered segments must be a minimum of 100 feet in length. If an operating area is located more than 500 feet upstream from the confluence of a Type S or F Water and the Type Np Water is more than 1,000 feet in length, then buffer the Type Np Water according to the following table. If the percentage is not met by protecting sensitive sites listed in (b)(i) through (vii) of this subsection, then additional buffers are required on the Type Np Water to meet the requirements listed in the table.
Minimum percent of length of Type Np Waters to be buffered when more than 500 feet upstream from the confluence of a Type S or F Water
Total length of a Type Np Water upstream from the confluence of a Type S or F Water Percent of length of Type Np Water that must be protected with a 50 foot no harvest buffer more than 500 feet upstream from the confluence of a Type S or F Water
1000 feet or less Refer to table in this subsection (i) above
1001 - 1300 feet 19%
Greater than 5000 feet 45%
The landowner must select the necessary priority areas for additional 2-sided buffers according to the following priorities:
(A) Low gradient areas;
(B) Perennial water reaches of nonsedimentary rock with gradients greater than 20% in the tailed frog habitat range;
(C) Hyporheic and ground water influence zones; and
(D) Areas downstream from other buffered areas.
Except for the construction and maintenance of road crossings and the creation and use of yarding corridors, no timber harvest will be allowed in the designated priority areas. Landowners must leave additional acres equal to the number of acres (including partial acres) occupied by an existing stream-adjacent parallel road within a designated priority area buffer.
(c) None of the limitations on harvest in or around Type Np Water RMZs or sensitive sites listed in (b) of this subsection will preclude or limit:
(i) The construction and maintenance of roads for the purpose of crossing streams in WAC 222-24-030 and 222-24-050.
(ii) The creation and use of yarding corridors in WAC 222-30-060(1).
To the extent reasonably practical, the operation will both avoid creating yarding corridors or road crossings through Type Np Water RMZ or sensitive sites and associated buffers, and avoid management activities which would result in soil compaction, the loss of protective vegetation or sedimentation in perennially moist areas.
Where yarding corridors or road crossings through Type Np Water RMZs or sensitive sites and their buffers cannot reasonably be avoided, the buffer area must be expanded to protect the sensitive site by an area equivalent to the disturbed area or by providing comparable functions through other management initiated efforts.
Landowners must leave additional acres equal to the number of acres (including partial acres) occupied by an existing stream-adjacent parallel road within a Type Np Water RMZs or sensitive site buffer.
[Statutory Authority: RCW 76.09.040. 05-12-119, § 222-30-021, filed 5/31/05, effective 7/1/05. Statutory Authority: Chapter 34.05 RCW, RCW 76.09.040, [76.09.]050, [76.09.]370, 76.13.120(9). 01-12-042, § 222-30-021, filed 5/30/01, effective 7/1/01.]
*(1) Western Washington RMZs for Type S and F Waters have three zones: The core zone is nearest to the water, the inner zone is the middle zone, and the outer zone is furthest from the water. (See definitions in WAC 222-16-010.) RMZ dimensions vary depending on the site class of the land, the management harvest option, and the bankfull width of the stream. See ((tables for)) management options 1 and 2 below.
The shade requirements in WAC 222-30-040 must be met regardless of harvest opportunities provided in the ((inner zone)) RMZ rules. See ((the)) board manual section 1.
(a) Core zones. No timber harvest or construction is allowed ((in)) within the fifty-foot core zone except operations related to forest roads as detailed in subsection (1) of this section. Any trees cut for or damaged by yarding corridors in the core zone must be left on the site. Any trees cut as a result of road construction to cross a stream may be removed from the site, unless used as part of a large woody debris placement strategy or as needed to reach stand requirements.
(b) Inner zones. Forest practices in the inner zone must be conducted in such a way as to meet or exceed stand requirements to achieve the goal in WAC 222-30-010(2). The width of the inner zone is determined by site class, bankfull width, and management options as described in this section. Timber harvest in this zone must be consistent with the stand requirements in order to reach the desired future condition targets.
"Stand requirement" means a number of trees per acre, the basal area and the proportion of conifer in the combined inner zone and adjacent core zone so that the growth of the trees would meet desired future conditions of three hundred twenty-five square feet per acre for all site classes at age one hundred forty. The growth modeling program provided by the department must be used to calculate whether a particular stand meets the stand requirement and is on a trajectory towards the desired future condition basal area target. ((The following table defines basal area targets when the stand is 140 years old.))
((Site Class Desired future condition target basal area per acre (at 140 years)
I 285 sq. ft.
II 275 sq. ft.
III 258 sq. ft.
IV 224 sq. ft.
V 190 sq. ft.))
Growth modeling is necessary to calculate whether a particular stand meets stand requirement and is on a trajectory towards these desired future condition basal area target. The appropriate growth model will be based on stand characteristics and will include at a minimum, the following components: The number of trees by diameter class, the percent of conifer and hardwood, and the age of the stand. See the board manual section 7.))
• Existing stands in the ((combined core and)) inner zone do not meet stand requirements (WAC 222-30-021 (1)(b));
• There are fewer than ((57)) fifty-seven conifer trees per acre ((8)) eight inches or larger dbh in the conversion area;
• There are fewer than ((100)) one hundred conifer trees per acre larger than ((4)) four inches dbh in the conversion area;
• The landowner owns ((500)) five hundred feet upstream and ((500)) five hundred feet downstream of the harvest unit;
• Riparian areas contiguous to the proposed harvest unit are owned by the landowner proposing to conduct the conversion activities, and meet shade requirements of WAC 222-30-040 or have a ((75)) seventy-five-foot buffer with trees at least ((40)) forty feet tall on both sides of the stream for ((500)) five hundred feet upstream and ((500)) five hundred feet downstream of the proposed harvest unit (or the length of the stream, if less);
• Each continuous conversion area is not more than ((500)) five hundred feet in length; two conversion areas will be considered "continuous" unless the no-harvest area separating the two conversion areas is at least half the length of the larger of the two conversion areas.
• Type S and F (Type 1, 2, or 3) Water: Up to ((50%)) fifty percent of the inner zone area of the harvest unit on one side of the stream may be converted provided that:
♦ The landowner owns the opposite side of the stream and the landowner's riparian area on the opposite bank meets the shade requirements of WAC 222-30-040 or has a ((75)) seventy-five-foot buffer of trees at least ((40)) forty feet tall or:
♦ The landowner does not own land on the opposite side of the stream but the riparian area on the opposite bank meets the shade requirements of WAC 222-30-040 or has a ((75)) seventy-five-foot buffer of trees at least ((40)) forty feet tall.
• Not more than ((25%)) twenty-five percent of the inner zone of the harvest unit on both sides of a Type S or F Water may be converted if the landowner owns both sides.
• Conifer trees larger than ((20)) twenty inches dbh shall not be harvested;
• Not more than ((10%)) ten percent of the conifer stems greater than ((8)) eight inches dbh, exclusive of the conifer noted above, within the conversion area may be harvested; and
• The landowner must exercise reasonable care in the conduct of harvest activities to minimize damage to all residual conifer trees within the conversion area including conifer trees less than ((8)) eight inches dbh.
• Conduct post-harvest treatment of the site until the conifer trees necessary to meet acceptable stocking levels in WAC 222-34-010(2) have crowns above the brush or until the conversion area contains a minimum of ((150)) one hundred fifty conifer trees greater than ((8)) eight inches dbh per acre.
Site Class Total RMZ width ((Core zone width
(measured from outer edge of bankfull width or outer edge of CMZ of water))) Combined core and inner zone width
(measured from outer edge of ((core zone)) bankfull width or outer edge of CMZ) Outer zone width
I 200' ((50')) ((83')) 133' ((100')) 150' 67' 50'
II 170' ((50')) ((63')) 113' ((78')) 128' 57' 42'
III 140' ((50')) ((43')) 93' ((55')) 105' 47' 35'
IV 110' ((50')) ((23')) 73' ((33')) 83' 37' 27'
V 90' ((50')) ((10')) 60' ((18')) 68' 30' 22'
• Shade retention to meet the shade rule must be confirmed by the landowner for any harvest inside of ((75)) seventy-five feet from the outer edge of bankfull width or outer edge of CMZ, whichever is greater.
• The number of residual conifer trees per acre in the inner zone will equal or exceed ((57)) fifty-seven.
(II) Option 2. Leaving trees closest to the water. ((Management option 2 applies only to riparian management zones for site class I, II, and III on streams that are less than or equal to 10 feet wide and RMZs in site class I and II for streams greater than 10 feet wide. Harvest must comply with the following:
• If (II) of this subsection results in surplus basal area per the stand requirement, the landowner may take credit for the surplus by harvesting additional riparian leave trees required to be left in the adjacent outer zone on a basal area-for-basal area basis. The number of leave trees in the outer zone can be reduced only to a minimum of 10 trees per acre.)) The objective of this option is to retain an RMZ width that will maintain current riparian functions. The stand must provide sufficient residual conifer trees in the combined core and inner zones to reach the target basal area of three hundred twenty-five square feet per acre at age one hundred forty.
Inner zone harvest may occur under option 2 if the projected future basal area within the combined width of the core and inner zones exceeds the target basal area. The combined core and inner zone width must be determined using the leaving trees closest to the water table below; the future basal area must then be calculated using the growth model program provided by the department. The model will produce a minimum inner zone floor width. (The minimum floor width extends outward from the outer edge of the fifty-foot core zone.)
Harvest is permitted under option 2 in the following order:
• If the projected basal area within the combined core and inner zones exceeds the target basal area, an even-age harvest may occur starting at the outermost portion of the inner zone and progressing to the inner zone floor edge.
In any portion of the inner zone where an even-age harvest method occurs, at least twenty conifer trees per acre with a minimum dbh of twelve inches must be retained. The basal area of these trees will be counted towards meeting applicable stand requirements.
• If the projected basal area within the combined core and inner zones still exceeds the target basal area, the conifer trees otherwise required to be left in the outer zone may be harvested on a basal-area-for-basal-area basis; however, only a maximum of ten conifer trees per acre may be harvested in the outer zone. (Tree counts, minimum size and placement of outer zone trees are specified below in (c) of this subsection.)
(measured from outer edge of bankfull width or outer edge of CMZ) Outer zone width
Core and inner zone width minimum floor ((distance)) width Core and inner zone width minimum floor ((distance)) width
(((measured from outer edge of core zone) (measured from outer edge of core zone) (measured from outer edge of core zone) (measured from outer edge of core zone)))
I 200' ((50')) ((84')) 134' ((30')) 80' ((84')) 134' ((50')) 100' 66' 66'
II 170' ((50')) ((64')) 114' ((30')) 80' ((70')) 120' ((50')) 100' 56' 50'
III 140' ((50')) ((44')) 94' ((30')) 80' ((**)) 105' ((**)) 80' 46' ((**)) 35'
V 90' 61' 68' 29' 22'
((**Option 2 for site class III on streams >10' is not permitted because of the minimum floor (100') constraint.))
(B) When the stream-adjacent road basal area calculated in (iii) of this subsection results in an excess in basal area (above stand requirement) then the landowner may receive credit for such excess which can be applied on a basal area-by-basal area basis against the landowner's obligation to leave trees in the outer zone of the RMZ of such stream or other waters within the same unit, provided that the number of trees per acre in the outer zone is not reduced to less than ((10)) ten trees per acre.
(c) Outer zones. Timber harvest in the outer zone must leave ((20)) twenty riparian leave trees per acre after harvest. "Outer zone riparian leave trees" are trees that must be left after harvest in the outer zone in Western Washington. Riparian leave trees must be left uncut throughout all future harvests:
The ((20)) twenty riparian leave trees to be left can be reduced in number under the circumstances delineated in (c)(iv) of this subsection. The riparian leave trees must be left on the landscape according to one of the following two strategies. A third strategy is available to landowners who agree to a LWD placement plan.
(i) Dispersal strategy. Riparian leave trees, which means conifer species with a diameter measured at breast height (dbh) of ((12)) twelve inches or greater, must be left dispersed approximately evenly throughout the outer zone. If riparian leave trees of ((12")) twelve inches dbh or greater are not available, then the next largest conifers must be left. If conifers are not present, riparian leave trees must be left according to the clumping strategy in subsection (ii) below.
(A) Clump trees in or around one or more of the following sensitive features to the extent available within the outer zone. When clumping around sensitive features, riparian leave trees must be ((8)) eight inches dbh or greater and representative of the overstory canopy trees in or around the sensitive feature and may include both hardwood and conifer species. Sensitive features are:
(B) If sensitive features are not present, then clumps must be well distributed throughout the outer zone and the leave trees must be of conifer species with a dbh of ((12)) twelve inches or greater. When placing clumps, the applicant will consider operational and biological concerns. Tree counts must be satisfied regardless of the presence of stream-adjacent parallel roads in the outer zone.
(iii) Large woody debris in-channel placement strategy. A landowner may design a LWD placement plan in cooperation with the department of fish and wildlife. The plan must be consistent with guidelines in ((the)) board manual section 26. The landowner may reduce the number of trees required to be left in the outer zone to the extent provided in the approved LWD placement plan. Reduction of trees in the outer zone must not go below a minimum of ((10)) ten trees per acre. If this strategy is chosen, a complete forest practices application must include a copy of the WDFW approved hydraulics project approval (HPA) permit.
(II) Conifer in a CMZ equal to or greater than ((6")) six inches dbh will offset conifer in the outer zone at a one-to-one ratio.
(III) Hardwood in a CMZ equal to or greater than ((10")) ten inches dbh will offset hardwood in the outer zone at a one-to-one ratio.
(IV) Hardwood in a CMZ equal to or greater than ((10")) ten inches dbh will offset conifer in the outer zone at a three-to-one ratio.
(a) An equipment limitation zone is a ((30)) thirty-foot wide zone measured horizontally from the outer edge of the bankfull width of a Type Np or Ns Water where equipment use and other forest practices that are specifically limited by these rules. It applies to all perennial and seasonal streams.
(i) On-site mitigation is required if any of the following activities exposes the soil on more than ((10%)) ten percent of the surface area of the zone:
(i) A ((50)) fifty-foot, no-harvest buffer, measured horizontally from the outer edge of bankfull width, will be established along each side of the Type Np Water as follows:
Required no-harvest, 50-foot buffers on Type Np Waters.
(ii) No timber harvest is permitted in an area within ((50)) fifty feet of the outer perimeter of a soil zone perennially saturated from a headwall seep.
(iii) No timber harvest is permitted in an area within ((50)) fifty feet of the outer perimeter of a soil zone perennially saturated from a side-slope seep.
(iv) No timber harvest is permitted within a ((56)) fifty-six-foot radius buffer patch centered on the point of intersection of two or more Type Np Waters.
(v) No timber harvest is permitted within a ((56)) fifty-six-foot radius buffer patch centered on a headwater spring or, in the absence of a headwater spring, on a point at the upper most extent of a Type Np Water as defined in WAC 222-16-030(3) and 222-16-031.
(vii) At least ((50%)) fifty percent of a Type Np Waters' length must be protected by buffers on both sides of the stream (((2)) two-sided buffers). Buffered segments must be a minimum of ((100)) one hundred feet in length. If an operating area is located more than ((500)) five hundred feet upstream from the confluence of a Type S or F Water and the Type Np Water is more than ((1,000)) one thousand feet in length, then buffer the Type Np Water according to the following table. If the percentage is not met by protecting sensitive sites listed in (b)(i) through (vii) of this subsection, then additional buffers are required on the Type Np Water to meet the requirements listed in the table.
(B) Perennial water reaches of nonsedimentary rock with gradients greater than ((20%)) twenty percent in the tailed frog habitat range;
WAC 222-30-021 *Western Washington riparian management zones. These rules apply to all typed waters on forest land in Western Washington, except as provided in WAC 222-30-023. RMZs are measured horizontally from the outer edge of the bankfull width or channel migration zone, whichever is greater, and extend to the limits as described in this section. See the board manual section 7 for riparian design and layout guidelines.
• A minimum of 20 conifers per acre, with a minimum 12-inch dbh, will be retained in any portion of the inner zone where even-age harvest occurs. These riparian leave trees will ((not)) be counted ((or considered)) towards meeting applicable stand requirements ((nor can)). The number of riparian leave trees cannot be reduced below 20 for any reason.


text:
Home Site General Video Games
Playstation Castlevania: Symphony of the Night
Discussion in 'Video Games' started by Wizard, Nov 10, 2019.
Due to my recent interest in Metroidvanias, I decided to pick up Castlevania: Symphony of the Night on the Playstation Store. This game is nothing short of fantastic, and it might be one of, if not my favorite PS1 game. As opposed to most Castlevania games where you play as a Belmont, you play as Alucard, son of Dracula, in Symphony of the Night. You explore two castles in quest to stop your father and the evil priest Shaft (yes, this name is real). Alucard levels up, finds new gear, and learns new spell and abilities throughout the castles and builds power to fight powerful foes. Like other games in the genre, this game can be completely broken, and that's a good thing
Have you played this game? What are your thoughts on the second castle?
Infernostar
Poké Maniac
I recently picked up the original PS1 version of SotN, though I haven't had the chance to play through it yet. However, I am more than aware that it is essentially the Super Metroid of the Castlevania half of Metroidvania. Iconic, easy to break, a speedrunner's dream, and has a lot of meat on its bones. I look forward to playing it when I get the chance.
Terra Destroyer
(Eevee (S))
I played through the game a few years ago on an emulator. It is nothing short of amazing and I really need to pick up a legitimate copy of the game so that I can replay it. Though admittedly, I kind of prefer the DS Castlevania games as I feel that they refined the gameplay a bit from the formula that SotN started.
Working on completing your Pokédex in Sword or Shield? Want Pokémon with Hidden Abilities or rare Pokéballs? Check out this thread to see if I can help you.
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I played Symphony of the Night after I'd played the DS Castlevania games and I found it to be a moderately steep downgrade from the good ones, i.e. not Dawn of Sorrow, but appreciated because it held up very well - still does actually, I have a PS4 copy - and it was more of what I enjoyed. Like a lot of widely lauded titles, I think it served as a fantastic blueprint for better titles, but a blueprint is still just that and I wouldn't call it the best game in the series. But it is by no means a bad title, which is more than can be said for a lot of trend-setting games.
I really do wish they'd picked a better voice actor for Alucard, though...I absolutely cannot stand Yuri Lowenthal.
I've been interested in this game for a while, but I want to try Super Castlevania first. From what I've heard, it's the best place to start for newcomers of the series. Once I do get to Symphony of the Night, I'll get a PlayStation 1 copy (so I can play it on my CRT television).
(Hoopa)
₽51.8
Symphony of the Night is widely regarded as the crown jewel of the Castlevania for good reason, but IMO it does show it's age in a few. It's quite short for starters something that you'd be hardpressed to charge full price today and expect it to sell well and you can get it for 10 USD off the Xbox marketplace largely for that reason. Other issues stem from the fact that it's imitated quite a bit so what would have stood out at the time can now just feel a bit 'samey' to other games which can be fine in their own right and being more recent might have a better sense of the current market environment. I liked it, but I'm not sure I could justifiably recommend it to folks for largely the issue of value when most will be expecting a game that can last them more than a few hours and significantly less pending on how fast you plan on going since you can beat it in about an hour without terribly much stress. I'd prolly refer people to Bloodstained Ritual of the Night instead being a modern game in that style that did it justice, just don't get the laggy and terrible Switch version.
As for most games being a Belmont I don't think that's actually true with some conditions, but I'm also not terribly interested in sitting down and working it out. If you count anybody that has a drop of Belmont blood sure, but if you count the distant relatives of the Belmonts as being non-Belmonts then I'd say the myriad of other character's games outweigh the games where you're forced to play a Belmont. If you count games where you can chose to play as a Belmont if you wanted to in which even Symphony of the Night would have to count as one since you can play as Richter Belmont then again yes Belmonts have more games than any non-Belmont lead games.
Also depending on which canon you want to take Dracula is Gabriel Belmont making Alucard a Belmont by extension specifically Trevor Belmont, Simon Belmont's father.
Just off the top of my head:
John Morris and Eric Lecarde have Castlevania Bloodlines
Jonathan Morris and Charlotte Aulin have Portrait of Ruin
Reinhardt Schneider has Castlevania 64
Nathan Graves has Circle of the Moon
Soma Cruz has 2 games Aria of Sorrow and Dawn of Sorrow
Shanoa has 2 games Order of Ecclesia (sp?) and and Judgement
Dracula has Kid Dracula technically a spin off of Castlevania, but I'd still say it counts.
Alucard has Symphony of the Night
Legacy of Darkness starred a werewolf named Cornell I think, but don't quote me on that one either way not a Belmont.
Harmony of Despair and Grimoire of Souls you don't have to play as Belmont if you don't want to.
So that's 13 that I know of that are non-Belmont titles at least, but again depending on what you're counting as a Belmont than Reinhardt Schneider, Charlotte Aulin, John Morris and Jonathan Morris are related to the Belmonts in some way shape or form.
#6 Jan 2, 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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"Cowardly and Patronizing": Responses to Postponement of Philip Guston Retrospective
by Christopher Blay September 27, 2020
Philip Guston, The Studio, 1969
A twice-delayed upcoming retrospective exhibition of the work of Philip Guston, which was supposed to open in June at the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. and travel to three other museums, including the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH), has been pushed back to 2024, according to a statement from the directors of the four museums where the show was travel. At the crux of the decision is Guston's depiction of Ku Klux Klansmen in his work in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and the museums stating a need for time to better contextualize the work for the current political environment.
In their joint statement, the museum directors, including Kaywin Feldman of the National Gallery of Art, Frances Morris of Tate Modern, Matthew Teitelbaum of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and Gary Tinterow of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, expressed their thinking on the change:
"After a great deal of reflection and extensive consultation, our four institutions have jointly made the decision to delay our successive presentations of Philip Guston Now. We are postponing the exhibition until a time at which we think that the powerful message of social and racial justice that is at the center of Philip Guston's work can be more clearly interpreted."
In response to Glasstire's request for comment, Alison de Lima Greene, Curator of Modern and Contemporary Art at MFAH, writes: "I too support the statement issued by the directors, who have given this project every consideration." The exhibition was scheduled to be on view at MFAH March to May of 2022.
In a New York Times article, while characterizing the postponement as "cowardly and patronizing, an insult to art and the public alike," Darby English, a professor of art history at the University of Chicago and a former adjunct curator at the Museum of Modern Art, goes on to describe Guston's work as "thoughtfully created in identification with history's victims."
Philip Guston, Untitled,
1969. Acrylic on panel.
At the heart of the postponement are the paintings Guston made from 1968-1972 which depict hooded Ku Klux Klan figures, 25 of which were set to be featured in the exhibition, per ARTnews. "We recognize that the world we live in is very different from the one in which we first began to collaborate on this project five years ago," the directors' joint statement reads. "The racial justice movement that started in the U.S. and radiated to countries around the world, in addition to challenges of a global health crisis, have led us to pause."
The exhibition was years in the making and much-awaited. Mark Godfrey, a curator at Tate Modern in London who co-organized the exhibition, is among critics of the postponement. After ten screens of text published on his Instagram account (which is private), Godfrey concludes: "2020 is a nightmare year. In the museum world, it is has come to the point when major institutions have become scared of displaying and recontextualising the work they had committed to for their programmes. What do we want museums to do in turbulent times? Tate has four values that should have guided us: Bold, Rigorous, Open, Kind. There is no returning to Philip Guston Now, but I hope this post might be part of a debate that will help mould a different state of affairs."
The directors' statement expresses the museums' desire to reframe the programming around Philip Guston Now, "and bring in additional perspectives and voices to shape how we present Guston's work to our public."
Philip Guston, City Limits, 1969
Musa Mayer, Guston's daughter and head of the Guston Foundation, writes in statement published by Artnet, "Half a century ago, my father made a body of work that shocked the art world. Not only had he violated the canon of what a noted abstract artist should be painting at a time of particularly doctrinaire art criticism, but he dared to hold up a mirror to white America, exposing the banality of evil and the systemic racism we are still struggling to confront today."
Mayer states that that (via the New York Times): "…her father's family members were Jewish immigrants who fled Ukraine to escape persecution and that [Guston] 'understood what hatred was. This should be a time of reckoning, of dialogue. These paintings meet the moment we are in today. The danger is not in looking at Philip Guston's work, but in looking away.'"
In his public Instagram post dated yesterday, Houston-based artist Trenton Doyle Hancock, who has written for the exhibition's catalog, writes: "Philip Guston was a complicated socially engaged painter that fought his whole life to upend notions of 'purity' at every turn. His klansmen were not typical villains, unless you consider painting and stacking bricks as villainy, a testament to Guston's ability to strip them of their killer's instinct. Instead these buffoons were indictments of the exclusively white universalism of Greenbergian theory." He continues: "I feel that Guston made some very tough images in the 1960s and 1970s which are even moreso now. The problem is that for the 50 years in between, the conversation bypassed the conversation about race construction and white supremacy and focused solely on the paint. 'Oh look how well they're painted!' We're now playing catch-up on that. Forcibly so. Hopefully, our institutions will help to engage this dialogue."
Vincent Valdez, The City I, 2016. Oil on canvas, Blanton Museum of Art, The University of Texas at Austin
Recently, another painting depicting hooded KKK figures fueled the debate on how the public and institutions respond to racial themes in artists' work. Houston-based artist Vincent Valdez's The City I, a 30-foot painting acquired by the Blanton Museum of Art at UT Austin, which depicts shadowy KKK figures lit by the headlights of a pickup truck, went on view at the Blanton two years ago. The painting was met with mixed responses and was not immune to controversy.
In an interview with the New York Times at the time, Valdez stated, "There are people in the United States of America who refuse to acknowledge that entities like the Klan exist. And now we're seeing the end result." The artist continued, "It's a lot easier to confront subjects like white supremacy or the Klan as evil villains. I'm more concerned about the notion that we all inhabit the same American landscape."
To read the full statement from museum directors, released by The National Gallery of Art, please go here.
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Sandra Cappelletti September 29, 2020 - 09:52
Guston was a such a brave and ferocious painter. He was ahead of his time and cared little for the art criticism of the time. His art is more pertinent than ever. It needs to be seen. Now.
Martha J Terrill September 29, 2020 - 10:26
It needs to be seen. NOW. If not now, when?
Rainey Knudson September 30, 2020 - 08:40
Here is an excellent piece by Tim Schneider putting this in the context of Vincent Valdez's work "The City I", which depicts people in Klan robes and hoods and which the Blanton got into trouble for (scroll down to "The City"):
https://news.artnet.com/opinion/philip-guston-now-postponement-1911180
The point is that there is no such thing as good contemporary art that isn't provocative. If you want risk-free art that's not going to get you into trouble, then what you want isn't art; it's decoration. Or worse: propaganda. Great artists don't toe the line.
Lester Marks November 15, 2020 - 17:30
It's a close call but ultimately I agree with the previous comments by Rainey, Martha and Sandra.
Robert Pena November 17, 2020 - 15:02
Just let the Modern in Fort Worth handle the Guston retrospective. They did it before and they can do it again! The Guston foundation agrees with me. They have guts up there and that matters!


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Pac Roots Cannabis Corp
Symbol PACR
Shares Issued 87,027,899
Close 2021-09-09 C$ 0.09
ORIGINAL: Pac Roots appoints Farnworth as CEO, director
2021-09-09 16:20 ET - News Release
Received by email:
File: '\\doc\emailin\20210909 130126 Attachment 2021 09 09 PACR NEW CEO FINAL SH.docx'
THE FUTURE OF GENETICS
CSE: PACR | OTCQB: PARCF | FSE: 4XM
For Immediate Release       September 9, 2021
PAC ROOTS ANNOUNCES NEW CEO & BOARD MEMBER
Pac Roots Cannabis Corp. ("PacRoots" or the "Company") (CSE: PACR) (OTCQB: PARCF) (FSE:4XM) is pleased to announce eff
--->ective September 8th, 2021 Chris Farnworth has been appointed as the new CEO and Director of the Company. Patrick Elli
--->ott has resigned as CEO and Board member but will remain part of Pac Roots as a strategic advisor.
Mr. Farnworth is a business management and corporate finance executive with over 30 years of experience in the public
--->and private sectors. His focused experience is in cannabis, health and wellness, stem cell research, ESG businesses.
--->He has extensive worldwide business development, sales and operational experience with large and small multi-national
--->companies. Mr. Farnworth has successfully established joint ventures, distribution channels, acquisition, and sub lice
--->nsing agreements. A former Vice President of Business Development of Cancana Resources (now Meridian Mining) TSX Ventu
--->re Exchange Top 50 Mining Company, ranked 9th. He also is a director of Swiss BioTech Group, Zero Carbon Technologies,
---> UNIVEC Inc. advisor to SperoPharm Cannabis, Zurich, and STS Capital Advisors.
"As the incoming CEO, it is my responsibility to lead Pac Roots towards our goal of becoming a significant player in
--->the cannabis and branded retail space.
Over the next few months, we will be taking significant steps to increase our brand awareness along with our joint ven
--->ture subsidiaries, Rock Creek Farms, Lords of Grasstown and Phenome One Corp. I feel an enormous responsibility to bri
--->ng maximum value to our team, stakeholders, and shareholders. I have already been active with the company and will con
--->tinue to work tirelessly towards our objectives. I would like to thank the former management team, especially Patrick
--->Elliott for driving the Company to where it is today. His hard work and dedication has proven invaluable, and I'm plea
--->sed Mr. Elliott will remain part of advisory team." Stated Chris Farnworth, CEO of Pac Roots.
About PacRoots
PacRoots Cannabis is the future of genetics. By focusing on elite genetic development, the company expects to maximize
---> the quality of its products, while keeping yields and profit margins high. Pac Roots has formed a strategic partnersh
--->ip with Phenome One, giving the Company complete access to one of the largest live genetic libraries in Canada compose
--->d of the finest cultivars. The Company will use these genetics to develop unique strains with various beneficial chara
--->cteristics. The 350+ licensed live cultivars and over 1800 seed varieties are the result of a meticulous gene selectio
--->n process, whereby Phenome One filters through as many as 600 individual plants to lock in a specific phenotype for a
--->single strain. Tailored elite cultivars are then selected for indoor or outdoor cultivation based on various environme
--->ntal, biological, medical and market driven factors. Visit www.pacroots.ca
ON BEHALF OF PAC ROOTS CANNABIS CORP.
(signed) "Chris Farnworth"
Pac Roots Cannabis Corp.
www.pacroots.ca
chris@pacroots.ca
Not for distribution to United States wire services or dissemination in the United States. This news release does not
--->constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any of the securities in the United States. The secur
--->ities have not been and will not be registered under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "U.S. S
--->ecurities Act") or any state securities laws and may not be offered or sold within the United States or to U.S. Person
--->s unless registered under the U.S. Securities Act and applicable state securities laws or an exemption from such regis
--->tration is available.
Certain statements included in this press release constitute forward-looking information or statements (collectively,
--->"forward-looking statements"), including those identified by the expressions "anticipate", "believe", "plan", "estimat
--->e", "expect", "intend", "may", "should" and similar expressions to the extent they relate to the Company or its manage
--->ment. The forward-looking statements are not historical facts but reflect current expectations regarding future result
--->s or events. This press release contains forward looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on cur
--->rent expectations and various estimates, factors and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties an
--->d other factors.
Statements about the Company's future plans with its joint venture partners are all forward-looking information.
Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions w
--->hich are difficult to predict. Factors that could cause the actual results to differ materially from those in forward-
--->looking statements include failure to obtain a Cannabis Act license in a timely manner or at all, the continued availa
--->bility of capital and financing, and general economic, market or business conditions, including the effects of COVID-1
--->9. Forward-looking statements contained in this press release are expressly qualified by this cautionary statement. Th
--->ese statements should not be read as guarantees of future performance or results. Such statements involve known and un
--->known risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements to be material
--->ly different from those implied by such statements. Although such statements are based on management's reasonable assu
--->mptions, there can be no assurance that the statements will prove to be accurate or that management's expectations or
--->estimates of future developments, circumstances or results will materialize. The Company assumes no responsibility to
--->update or revise forward-looking information to reflect new events or circumstances unless required by law. Readers sh
--->ould not place undue reliance on the Company's forward-looking statements.
Neither the Canadian Securities Exchange (the "CSE") nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in
--->the policies of the CSE) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.


text:
By: Laurie Halse
How does Bullying affect the victim?
In the novel Speak, Laurie Halse Anderson addresses the cause and effects of bullying. She believes bullying can lead to severe depression and cause social problems.
What makes someone become a bully?
Nobody is born a bully. It is the situations that make them do the wrong things. There are reasons behind a person becomes a bully. Generally, those who bully others are looking for superiority over others and search for flaws they can use against them.
Those who bully may want revenge from the
victim, or they just want to feel popular and seen as tough or cool. Some people may also learn to bully from others. In the novel, Melinda, the main character, is constantly bullied and ignored my her classmates and ex-friends. Melinda states, "The kids behind me laugh so loud I know they're laughing about me. It's Rachel...'I hate you,' she mouths silently" (Anderson 4).
Always remember that bullying is not acceptable!
Issue in the book?
Melinda is only fourteen-years-old, and she's dealing with one of the worst things that can happen to a person: rape. High school senior Andy Evans rapes Melinda at the end-of-summer party just before Melinda starts 9th grade. She calls the cops to report the rape, but leaves before they show up. The party is busted and everybody thinks Melinda got them in trouble on purpose. The story begins at Melinda's first day of freshman year. Swift sings,"Washed up and ranting about the same old bitter things."All her ex-friends ignore her and are constantly bringing up the Incident. She can't find the words to explain what really happened at the party. "I look around, nowhere to sit. All my friends stare at me then look away. I am an outcast," (Anderson 4).
What are the effects of bullying?
Diminished academic performance can also be a result of bullying: "Many of these effects can last well into adulthood. Victimization is also significantly related to social isolation, anxiety and depression, and low self-esteem" (Gale). With her only friend ditching her, Melinda becomes withdrawn and isolated. In freshman year, Melinda receives failing grades and wants to give up school.
Mel expresses, "I retreat into my head, where the lies and hypocrisies of high school stand in stark relief. There's something banging around in there that I don't want to think about. I try to avoid it, but it won't go away until there is a painful confrontation" (Anderson 145). She wants to make the rumors go away but doesn't know how. "With that same big loud opinion but nobody's listening," sings Swift. Gale believes bullying can lead to hardships with fitting in: "The victims are more likely to be physically underdeveloped and socially isolated and to have difficulty making friends."
The graph above shows that people who were/are bullied have much higher rates of depression, anxiety, sleep problems, etc.
What was Melinda's response?
Melinda became extremely anti-social and did not know who to turn to. Taylor swift sings, "Trying to block you out cause I'll never impress you. You, have pointed out my flaws again As if I don't already see them." Mel wanted her classmates to change their opinion about her but they wouldn't stop being mean. She kept her distant and avoided school.
Gale. "Bullying." School-Eb-Com.proxygsu-Scob.galileo.usg.edu, school-eb-com.proxygsu- scob.galileo.usg.edu/levels/middle/article/bullying/598822.
"Taylor Swift - Mean Lyrics." Disney - Cinderella - Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo Lyrics | MetroLyrics, www.metrolyrics.com/mean-lyrics-taylor-swift.html.
Anderson, Laurie Halse. Speak. New York : Square Fish, 2011. Print.
Synthesis Project #2
The cause and effects of bullying.
Kelly Wu | October 03, 2018


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Why it is not true to say that Saudi Arabia 'exported' radical Islam
Nathan Field writes: As attention focuses on what to do about certain things over the coming months — you will hear people talking about the role of the Wahhabi version of Islam of Saudi Arabia, and what connection it has to the spread of this new threat everyone is talking about.
For decades, there has been a school of thought that blames the Saudis for Al-Qaeda, or Salafism, and now, certain new groups, as a result of some conscious strategy to "export" their version of Islam.
Here are eight links (one two three four five six seven eight) from reasonable mainstream media outlets that state some variation of the thesis of this headline:
How Saudi Arabia Exported the Main Source of Global Terrorism
Central to this idea is that, if the Saudis did not take these actions to export their version of Islam, different things would be happening. Such as:
Islam as practiced in many Arab countries would be more moderate
Certain radical mosques in say France, wouldn't exist
Fewer Belgians would have traveled to fight in Syria.
Radical clerics would have less followers on Twitter.
I have always argued — and will argue in this post — that the spread of more conservative Islamic views across the Middle East, and amongst Muslims in the West, both now, and over the course of the last several decades, cannot be blamed on any conscious strategy by people or organizations inside Saudi Arabia. It is merely a natural reflection of the "demand" for more conservative religious views. People chose more conservative Islam because it is logical to them based on their personal surrounding environment.
This is not an academic argument — it has implications for how you respond to this new challenge.
It comes down to this:
Do you believe that people adopt ideas and beliefs because they seek them out and agree with them because they best explain their predicament? They offer the most meaning? Or do you believe that people adopt ideas because they are told to believe them? Do people choose ideas? Or do ideas choose them? Do you trust people to choose what they think?
I try to read any biography of a "group" member that is published in the media. I am not aware of one instance where a normal, happy, employed person, truly satisfied with their life, who joined a radical movement because they by chance stumbled upon a book by a Wahhabi scholar. Just happened to walk into a radical mosque where a Wahhabi preacher was speaking.
The person that joined an extremist movement has something going on his life that leads him to choose to seek out a radical preacher. Leads him or her to choose to go to the Wahhabi mosque, or to feel that a radical political movement deserves his support. [Continue reading…]
This entry was posted in Al Qaeda, Analysis, ISIS, Saudi Arabia on November 27, 2015 by News Sources.
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Home › St. Vincent and The Grenadines Abbreviations
St. Vincent and The Grenadines Abbreviations
VC is the abbreviation for St. Vincent and The Grenadines, the 184th largest country in the world. St. Vincent and The Grenadines is a country located in Caribbean. Kingstown is the capital city of St. Vincent and The Grenadines. Major cities include Kingstown (population: 24,507), Georgetown (population: 1,669), Byera Village (population: 1,354), Biabou (population: 1,039), Barrouallie (population: 989), Port Elizabeth (population: 828), Chateaubelair (population: 724), Dovers (population: 514), and Layou (population: 129).
Capital: Kingstown
Area: 389 km2
Currency: East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Time zone: UTC-4
Calling code: 1-784
ISO 2-Letter Abbreviation: VC
UN 3-Letter Abbreviation: VCT
Internet TLD: .vc
State Government Website: gov.vc
List of St. Vincent and The Grenadines Acronyms
The most commonly used abbreviations about St. Vincent and The Grenadines are VC which stands for St. Vincent and The Grenadines and XCD which means East Caribbean dollar (St. Vincent and The Grenadines currency). In the following table, you can see all acronyms related to St. Vincent and The Grenadines, including abbreviations for airport, city, school, port, government, and etc.
MQS Mustique International Airport, St. Vincent and Grenadines
SVATG Saint Vincent And The Grenadines
SVG Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
VCT Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
SVD St Vincent, St. Vincent And The Grenadines
VC St. Vincent and the Grenadines
SVGCIC St. Vincent and the Grenadines Chamber of Industry and Commerce, Inc.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines consists of the main island of Saint Vincent, as well as 30 smaller islands in the archipelago of Grenadines. The islands consist of volcanic rocks, and the volcano Soufrière on Saint Vincent is the country's highest peak at 1234 m. The islands' landscape is characterized by mountains and hilly terrain covered by tropical rainforest. Down from the mountains many rivers and streams flow. The coast of Saint Vincent is flatter than the inland, and has many black volcanic sand beaches. The remaining islands of the Grenadines have white sandy beaches protected by coral reefs off the coast. The climate is tropical hot and humid all year round. The driest months are from January to May, while it is rainy from June to September.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are regularly exposed to major devastating hurricanes from June to November. The country is also exposed to major volcanic eruptions from Soufrière on Saint Vincent. The last major outbreaks occurred in 1812, 1902 and 1979 and led to many deaths and major destruction. The country's biggest environmental challenges are related to pollution of the coastal areas. The pollution originates mainly from waste and sewage from large luxury boats. Some areas have become so polluted that bathing is not recommended.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines were inhabited by various indigenous peoples who emigrated from South America. The indigenous people had agricultural knowledge and developed advanced societies. When the first Europeans discovered Saint Vincent in the late 1400s, the island was inhabited by warrior Caribbean people. In the 17th century, the islands were inhabited by escaped African slaves from other islands in the region. The descendants of the indigenous people and the escaped African slaves became known as garifuna people.
The local population and the garifuna made great opposition to the European attempts to colonize the islands. Britain and France fought a number of wars, and control of the islands shifted between the European powers a number of times. In 1787, the British managed to occupy Saint Vincent, and after an unsuccessful revolt against the colonial power, the majority of the local population was deported. The locals were mainly replaced by African slaves, and after the slavery was banned, British workers were brought in from India. A large part of the island's population perished in a violent eruption in 1902. Between 1958 and 1962 the islands were a member of the West Indies Federation. The federation had partial internal autonomy, but was still controlled by the United Kingdom. In 1979, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines became completely independent.
Society and politics
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a parliamentary democracy. The country is part of the Commonwealth of Nations and has retained the British monarch as the head of state. The executive power lies with the government led by the prime minister. The prime minister and the government are based on the assembly house. The Assembly House consists of 15 elected representatives, as well as seven senators appointed by the British monarch's representative in the country.
The policy is characterized by major social problems and the increasing drug traffic throughout the Caribbean. The region has become a transit route for drugs from South to North America. The country has seen a sharp increase in crime as a result of the smuggling activities. The island state has managed to balance good international relations with ideologically conflicting countries. Among other things, the country has a close cooperation with Cuba and Venezuela while also having good relations with the US and Taiwan.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have a poorly developed welfare system. Mainly welfare benefits such as pensions, health insurance and child support cover only those who are officially employed in a company. Violence against women and children is a major problem. The country also has strict laws against sexual minorities, and homosexuality can be punished with five years in prison.
Economics and Commerce
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is one of the poorest countries in the eastern Caribbean. In 1979, the islands were hit by a major eruption that destroyed half of the banana plantations. The following year, Hurricane Allan caused new devastation. These natural disasters, together with an unstable export market, have led to long-term financial difficulties and high unemployment. Unemployment has been around 20 per cent over a long time. In recent years, the service industry and tourism have become the country's most important source of income, and today account for almost 75 per cent of the gross domestic product. The country is struggling with great differences between poor and rich. Many of the poorest citizens work in agriculture for their own consumption and are therefore not covered by the welfare benefits. Organized agriculture accounts for only about seven percent of the country'sgross domestic product.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines join the CARICOM (Caribbean Community and Common Market) regional partnership. The goal of the organization is to create a common economic market in the Caribbean, and that the region should receive equal tariffs, free flow of capital and labor.
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Sunrise and sunset times in Messingham
Check out today's and tomorrow's sunrise and sunset times in Messingham, England, United Kingdom, as well as the whole calendar for January 2023.
13 hours, 35 minutes left for today's sunset in Messingham
Tomorrow will be 3 minutes longer than today in Messingham
Messingham,
January 2023 - Messingham, England - Sunrise and sunset calendar
Sunrise and sunset times, civil twilight start and end times as well as solar noon, and day length for every day of January in Messingham.
In Messingham, England, the first day of January is 7 hours, 39 minutes long. The last day of the month is 8 hours, 56 minutes, so the length of the days gets 1 hour, 17 minutes longer in January 2023.
Year distribution of sunrise and sunset times in Messingham, England - 2023
The following graph shows sunrise and sunset times in Messingham for every day of the year. There are two jumps in the graph that represent the hour change for Daylight Saving Time (DST) in Messingham, England.
Sorn
Aberdyfi
Wherstead
Dorchester on Thames
West Horsley