text:
All the Czech newspapers today report on the premiere of the most expensive Czech movie ever made, the Dark Blue World, from the authors of the Oscar-winning film Kolja, the father-and-son team Zdenek and Jan Sverak. The movie is about Czechoslovak pilots who served in the RAF during World War II.
ZEMSKE NOVINY resports that the first screening of the movie was attended by nearly three dozen World War II veterans - former Czechoslovak RAF pilots. The paper quotes the director, Jan Sverak, as saying that the movie was meant as an expression of gratitude to these brave people who joined a foreign army to fight for the liberation of their occupied country.
Today's LIDOVE NOVINY comments on the latest EU directive against tobacco. The paper is convinced that the measures will not be very effective. Eurocrats have decided to cut the volume of dangerous substances a cigarette may contain. That means that smokers will have to smoke more cigarettes to get enough nicotine and so on, which will increase sales, the paper writes. Besides that, no warning messages or nasty pictures are enough to make tobacco addicts give up their habit.
Staying with addictions - and PRAVO reports on its front page that some municipalities have declared war on alcohol drinkers who sate their thirst in public. For example, the town of Mlada Boleslav in Central Bohemia, has prohibited the drinking of wine, beer and spirits in selected streets, parks and squares. However, most Czech towns and cities remain more tolerant.
MLADA FRONTA DNES writes that stress and psychological problems are frequent causes of death in Europe. The paper quotes medical experts who warn that stress at work is one of the most dangerous. What may seem to be a minor problem may develop into a serious health condition, says MLADA FRONTA DNES.
The business daily HOSPODARSKE NOVINY reports that prices of pharmaceutical products are expected to double after the Czech Republic joins the European Union. The paper quotes the head of the Czech Chamber of Pharmacists as saying that many Germans come to the Czech Republic to buy common drugs, such as aspirin or vitamins, because in their country, the same substances are two or three times more expensive.
Author: Vladimír Tax


text:
1Context
1.1Teleology
1.2Natural theology
1.3Goal-directed evolution
1.4Natural selection
1.5Adaptation
2Status in evolutionary biology
2.1Reasons for discomfort
2.2Removable teleological shorthand
2.3Irreducible teleology
Teleology in biology
Use of language of goal-directedness in the context of evolutionary adaptation
"Behaviour with a purpose": a young springbok stotting.[1][2] A biologist might argue that this has the function of signalling to predators, helping the springbok to survive and allowing it to reproduce.[1]
Teleology in biology is the use of the language of goal-directedness in accounts of evolutionary adaptation, which some biologists and philosophers of science find problematic. The term teleonomy has also been proposed. Before Darwin, organisms were seen as existing because God had designed and created them; their features such as eyes were taken by natural theology to have been made to enable them to carry out their functions, such as seeing. Evolutionary biologists often use similar teleological formulations that invoke purpose, but these imply natural selection rather than actual goals, whether conscious or not. Biologists and religious thinkers held that evolution itself was somehow goal-directed (orthogenesis), and in vitalist versions, driven by a purposeful life force. With evolution working by natural selection acting on inherited variation, the use of teleology in biology has attracted criticism, and attempts have been made to teach students to avoid teleological language.
Nevertheless, biologists still often write about evolution as if organisms had goals, and some philosophers of biology such as Francisco Ayala and biologists such as J. B. S. Haldane consider that teleological language is unavoidable in evolutionary biology.
Context[edit]
Teleology[edit]
Main article: Teleology
Teleology, from Greek τέλος, telos "end, purpose"[3] and -λογία, logia, "a branch of learning", was coined by the philosopher Christian von Wolff in 1728.[4] The concept derives from the ancient Greek philosophy of Aristotle, where the final cause (the purpose) of a thing is its function.[5] However, Aristotle's biology does not envisage evolution by natural selection.[6]
Phrases used by biologists like "a function of ... is to ..." or "is designed for" are teleological at least in language. The presence of real or apparent teleology in explanations of natural selection is a controversial aspect of the philosophy of biology, not least for its echoes of natural theology.[1][7]
The English natural theologian John Ray, and later William Derham, used teleological arguments to illustrate the glory of God from nature.[8]
Natural theology[edit]
Main article: Natural theology
Before Darwin, natural theology both assumed the existence of God and used the appearance of function in nature to argue for the existence of God.[9][10] The English parson-naturalist John Ray stated that his intention was "to illustrate the glory of God in the knowledge of the works of nature or creation".[8] Natural theology presented forms of the teleological argument or argument from design, namely that organs functioned well for their apparent purpose, so they were well-designed, so they must have been designed by a benevolent creator. For example, the eye had the function of seeing, and contained features like the iris and lens that assisted with seeing; therefore, ran the argument, it had been designed for that purpose.[9][10][11]
Goal-directed evolution[edit]
Main articles: Orthogenesis and Vitalism
Religious thinkers and biologists have supposed that evolution was driven by some kind of life force, a philosophy known as vitalism, and have often supposed that it had some kind of goal or direction (towards which the life force was striving, if they also believed in that), known as orthogenesis or evolutionary progress. Such goal-directedness implies a long-term teleological force; some supporters of orthogenesis considered it to be a spiritual force, while others held that it was purely biological. For example, the embryologist Karl Ernst von Baer believed in a teleological force in nature,[12][13] whereas the spiritualist philosopher Henri Bergson linked orthogenesis with vitalism, arguing for a creative force in evolution known as élan vital in his book Creative Evolution (1907).[14] The biophysicist Pierre Lecomte du Noüy and the botanist Edmund Ware Sinnott developed vitalist evolutionary philosophies known as telefinalism and telism respectively. Their views were heavily criticized as non-scientific;[15] the palaeontologist George Gaylord Simpson argued that Du Noüy and Sinnott were promoting religious versions of evolution.[16] The Jesuit paleontologist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin argued that evolution was aiming for a supposed spiritual "Omega Point" in what he called "directed additivity".[17][18] With the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis, in which the genetic mechanisms of evolution were discovered, the hypothesis of orthogenesis was largely abandoned by biologists,[19][20] especially with Ronald Fisher's argument in his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.[21]
Natural selection[edit]
Main articles: Natural selection and Evolution
Natural selection, introduced in 1859 as the central mechanism[a] of evolution by Charles Darwin, is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.[23] The mechanism directly implies evolution, a change in heritable traits of a population over time.[24]
Adaptation[edit]
Feathers today serve the function of flight, but they were co-opted rather than adapted for this task, having evolved for an earlier purpose in theropods like Sinornithosaurus millenii, perhaps insulation.
Main articles: Adaptation and Function (biology)
A trait which persists in a population is often assumed by biologists to have been selected for in the course of evolution, raising the question of how the trait achieves this. Biologists call any such mechanism the function of the trait, using phrases like "A function of stotting by antelopes is to communicate to predators that they have been detected",[1] or "The primate hand is designed (by natural selection) for grasping."[25]
An adaptation is an observable structure or other feature of an organism (for example, an enzyme) generated by natural selection to serve its current function. A biologist might propose the hypothesis that feathers are adaptations for bird flight. That would require three things: that the trait of having feathers is heritable; that the trait does serve the function of flight; and that the trait increases the fitness of the organisms that have it. Feathers clearly meet these three conditions in living birds. However, there is also a historical question, namely, did the trait arise at the same time as bird flight? Unfortunately for the hypothesis, this seems not to be so: theropod dinosaurs had feathers, but many of them did not fly.[26][27] Feathers can be described as an exaptation, having been co-opted for flight but having evolved earlier for another purpose such as insulation. Biologists may describe both the co-option and the earlier adaptation in teleological language.[26][28][29]
Status in evolutionary biology[edit]
Further information: Tinbergen's four questions
Reasons for discomfort[edit]
Apparent teleology is a recurring issue in evolutionary biology,[30] much to the consternation of some writers,[31] and as an explanatory style it remains controversial.[31] There are various reasons for discomfort with teleology among biologists.[1][32]
Firstly, the concept of adaptation is itself controversial, as it can be taken to imply, as the evolutionary biologists Stephen J. Gould and Richard Lewontin argued, that biologists agree with Voltaire's Doctor Pangloss in his 1759 satire Candide that this is "the best of all possible worlds", in other words that every trait is perfectly suited to its functions.[33] However, all that evolutionary biology requires is the weaker claim that one trait is at least slightly better in a certain context than another, and hence is selected for.[1]
The watchmaker analogy argues that the presence of a complex mechanism like a watch implies the existence of a conscious designer.
Secondly, teleology is linked to the pre-Darwinian idea of natural theology, that the natural world gives evidence of the conscious design and beneficent intentions of a creator, as in the writings of John Ray.[1] William Derham continued Ray's tradition with books such as his 1713 Physico-Theology and his 1714 Astro-Theology.[34] They in turn influenced William Paley who wrote a detailed teleological argument for God in 1802, Natural Theology, or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity collected from the Appearances of Nature,[35] starting with the watchmaker analogy.[36] Such creationism, along with a vitalist life-force and directed orthogenetic evolution, has been rejected by most biologists.[1]
Thirdly, attributing purposes to adaptations risks confusion with popular forms of Lamarckism where animals in particular have been supposed to influence their own evolution through their intentions, though Lamarck himself spoke rather of habits of use, and the belief that his thinking was teleological has been challenged.[37][38][39]
Fourthly, the teleological explanation of adaptation is uncomfortable because it seems to require backward causation, in which existing traits are explained by future outcomes; because it seems to attribute the action of a conscious mind when none is assumed to be present in an organism; and because, as a result, adaptation looks impossible to test empirically.[1]
A fifth reason concerns students rather than researchers: Gonzalez Galli argues that since people naturally imagine that evolution has a purpose or direction, then the use of teleological language by scientists may act as an obstacle to students when learning about natural selection. Such language, he argues, should be removed to make teaching more effective.[40]
Removable teleological shorthand[edit]
Statements which imply that nature has goals, for example where a species is said to do something "in order to" achieve survival, appear teleological, and therefore invalid to evolutionary biologists. It is however usually possible to rewrite such sentences to avoid the apparent teleology. Some biology courses have incorporated exercises requiring students to rephrase such sentences so that they do not read teleologically. Nevertheless, biologists still frequently write in a way which can be read as implying teleology, even though that is not their intention.[41] John Reiss argues that evolutionary biology can be purged of apparent teleology by rejecting the pre-Darwinian watchmaker analogy for natural selection;[41][42] other arguments against this analogy have also been promoted by writers such as the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins.[43]
Some philosophers of biology such as James G. Lennox have argued that Darwin was a teleologist,[44] while others like Michael Ghiselin described this claim as a myth promoted by misinterpretations of his discussions, and emphasized the distinction between using teleological metaphors and actually being teleological.[45] Michael Heads, on the other hand, describes a change in Darwin's thinking about evolution that can be traced from the first volume of On the Origin of Species to later volumes. For Heads, Darwin was originally a far more teleological thinker, but over time, "learned to avoid teleology." Heads cites a letter Darwin wrote in 1872, in which he downplayed the role of natural selection as a causal force on its own in explaining biological adaptation, and instead gave more weight to "laws of growth," that operate [without the aid of natural selection].[46]
Andrew Askland, from the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law claims that unlike transhumanism, an ideology that aims to improve the human condition, which he asserts is "wholly teleological", Darwinian evolution is not teleological.[47]
Various commentators view the teleological phrases used in modern evolutionary biology as a type of shorthand for describing any function which offers an evolutionary advantage through natural selection. For example, the zoologist S. H. P. Madrell wrote that "the proper but cumbersome way of describing change by evolutionary adaptation [may be] substituted by shorter overtly teleological statements" for the sake of saving space, but that this "should not be taken to imply that evolution proceeds by anything other than from mutations arising by chance, with those that impart an advantage being retained by natural selection."[48]
Irreducible teleology[edit]
Other philosophers of biology argue instead that biological teleology is irreducible, and cannot be removed by any simple process of rewording. Francisco Ayala specified three separate situations in which teleological explanations are appropriate. First, if the agent consciously anticipates the goal of their own action; for example the behavior of picking up a pen can be explained by reference to the agent's desire to write. Ayala extends this type of teleological explanation to non-human animals by noting that A deer running away from a mountain lion. . . has at least the appearance of purposeful behavior."[49] Second, teleological explanations are useful for systems that have a mechanism for self-regulation despite fluctuations in environment; for example, the self-regulation of body temperature in animals. Finally, they are appropriate "in reference to structures anatomically and physiologically designed to perform a certain function. "[49]
Ayala, relying on work done by the philosopher Ernest Nagel, also rejects the idea that teleological arguments are inadmissible because they cannot be causal. For Nagel, teleological arguments must be consistent because they can always be reformulated as non-teleological arguments. The difference between the two is, for Ayala, merely one of emphasis. Nagel writes that while teleological arguments focus on "the consequences for a given system of a constituent part or process," the equivalent non-teleological arguments focus on ""some of the conditions ... under which the system persists in its characteristic organization and activities."[50] However, Francisco Ayala argued that teleological statements are more explanatory and cannot be disposed of.[51][52] Karen Neander similarly argued that the modern concept of biological 'function' depends on natural selection. So, for example, it is not possible to say that anything that simply winks into existence, without going through a process of selection, actually has functions. We decide whether an appendage has a function by analysing the process of selection that led to it. Therefore, Neander argues, any talk of functions must be posterior to natural selection, function must be defined by reference to the history of a species, and teleology cannot be avoided.[53] The evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr likewise stated that "adaptedness ... is an a posteriori result rather than an a priori goal-seeking."[37]
Angela Breitenbach, looking at the question of teleology in biology from a Kantian perspective, argues that teleology is important as "a heuristic in the search for causal explanations of nature and ... an inevitable analogical perspective on living beings." In her view of Kant, teleology implies something that cannot be explained by science, but only understood through analogy.[54]
Colin Pittendrigh coined the similar term 'teleonomy' for apparently goal-directed biological phenomena. For Pittendrigh, the notion of 'adaptation' in biology, however it is defined, necessarily "connote that aura of design, purpose, or end-directedness, which has, since the time of Aristotle, seemed to characterize the living thing" [55] This association with Aristotle, however, is problematic, because it meant that the study of adaptation would inevitably be bound up with teleological explanations. Pittendrigh sought to preserve the aspect of design and purpose in biological systems, while denying that this design can be understood as a causal principle. The confusion, he says, would be removed if we described these systems "by some other term, like 'teleonomic,' in order to emphasize that the recognition and description of end-directedness does not carry a commitment to Aristotelian teleology as an efficient causal principle."[56] Ernst Mayr criticised Pittendrigh's confusion of Aristotle's four causes, arguing that evolution only involved the material and formal but not the efficient cause.[b] Mayr proposed to use the term only for "systems operating on the basis of a program of coded information."[57]
William C. Wimsatt affirmed that the teleologicality of the language of biology and other fields derives from the logical structure of their background theories, and not merely from the use of teleological locutions such as "function" and "in order to". He stated that "To replace talk about function by talk about selection [...] is not to eliminate teleology but to rephrase it". However, Wimsatt argues that this thought does not mean an appeal to backwards causation, vitalism, entelechy, or anti-reductionist sentiments.[58]
The biologist J. B. S. Haldane observed that "Teleology is like a mistress to a biologist: he cannot live without her but he's unwilling to be seen with her in public."[59][60]
Fitness landscape
On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense
Teleomechanism
^ Darwin also introduced a second mechanism, sexual selection, to explain traits such as the colourful "tail" train of the peacock.[22]
^ Both Pittendrigh and Mayr endorsed teleology in biology as an inherent part of evolutionary thinking.[56][57]
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^ Gould, Stephen Jay (21 March 2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Harvard University Press. Chapter 7, section "Synthesis as Restriction". ISBN 978-0674006133.
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^ a b "Understanding Evolution: Qualifying as an adaptation". University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
^ Brusatte, Stephen L.; Lloyd, Graeme T.; Wang, Steve C.; Norell, Mark A. (2014). "Gradual assembly of avian body plan culminated in rapid rates of evolution across the dinosaur-bird transition". Current Biology. 24 (20): 2386–2392. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.034. PMID 25264248.
^ Whitfield, John (4 April 2012). "Largest feathered dinosaur yet discovered in China". Nature News Blog. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
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^ Ruse, Michael; Travis, J., eds. (2009). Evolution: The First Four Billion Years. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 364.
^ a b Hanke, David (2004). Cornwell, John (ed.). Teleology: The explanation that bedevils biology. Explanations: Styles of explanation in science. Oxford University Press. pp. 143–155. ISBN 978-0-19-860778-6.
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^ Gould, Stephen J.; Lewontin, Richard (1979). "The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 205 (1161): 581–598. Bibcode:1979RSPSB.205..581G. doi:10.1098/rspb.1979.0086. PMID 42062. S2CID 2129408.
^ Weber, A. S. (2000). Nineteenth-Century Science: An Anthology. Broadview Press. p. 18.
^ Paley, William (2006) [1802]. Natural Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2013). "Nineteenth Century Natural Theology". The Oxford Handbook of Natural Theology.
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^ Burkhardt, Richard W. (2013). "Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters". Genetics. 194 (4): 793–805. doi:10.1534/genetics.113.151852. PMC 3730912. PMID 23908372.
^ Bednarczyk, A (2009), "[Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829). A dispute on the mechanism of evolution. On the bicentenary of the publication of Philosophie Zoologique (1809)]", Kwartalnik Historii Nauki I Techniki (in Polish), 54 (3–4): 31–98, ISSN 0023-589X, PMID 20481104
^ Gonzalez Galli, Leonardo Martin; Meinardi, Elsa N. (March 2011). "The Role of Teleological Thinking in Learning the Darwinian Model of Evolution". Evolution: Education and Outreach. 4 (1): 145–152. doi:10.1007/s12052-010-0272-7.
^ a b Reiss, John O. (2009). Not by Design: Retiring Darwin's Watchmaker. University of California Press.
^ Depew, David J. (2010). "Is Evolutionary Biology Infected with Invalid Teleological Reasoning?". Philosophy and Theory in Biology. 2 (20160629). doi:10.3998/ptb.6959004.0002.005.
^ Dawkins, Richard (1987). The Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design. W W Norton.
^ Lennox, James G. (1993). "Darwin was a Teleologist". Biology and Philosophy. 8 (4): 409–421. doi:10.1007/bf00857687. S2CID 170767015.
^ Ghiselin, Michael T. (1994). "Darwin's language may seem teleological, but his thinking is another matter". Biology and Philosophy. 9 (4): 489–492. doi:10.1007/BF00850377. S2CID 170997321.
^ Heads, Michael (June 2009). "Darwin's changing views on evolution: from centres of origin and teleology to vicariance and incomplete lineage sorting". Journal of Biogeography. 36 (6): 1018–1026. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02127.x. ISSN 0305-0270.
^ Askland, Andrew (2011). "The Misnomer of Transhumanism as Directed Evolution" (PDF). International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society. 9 (1): 71–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2017.
^ Madrell, S.H.P. (1998). "Why are there no insects in the open sea?". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 201 (17): 2461–2464. doi:10.1242/jeb.201.17.2461. PMID 9698580.
^ a b Ayala, Francisco J. (March 1970). "Teleological Explanations in Evolutionary Biology". Philosophy of Science. 37 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1086/288276. ISSN 0031-8248. S2CID 84638701.
^ Nagel, Ernest (1961). The structure of science: Problems in the logic of scientific explanation. Harcourt, Brace & World. OCLC 874878031.
^ Ayala, Francisco J. (1977). Dobzhansky, T. (ed.). Teleological explanations. Evolution. W.H. Freeman. pp. 497–504.
^ Ayala, Francisco (1998). Allen, Colin; Bekoff, Marc (eds.). Teleological explanations in evolutionary biology. Nature's purposes: Analyses of Function and Design in Biology. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262510974.
^ Neander, Karen (1998). "Functions as Selected Effects: The Conceptual Analyst's Defense," in C. Allen, M. Bekoff & G. Lauder (Eds.), Nature's Purposes: Analyses of Function and Design in Biology (pp. 313–333). The MIT Press.
^ Breitenbach, Angela (2009). "Teleology in Biology : A Kantian Perspective" (PDF). Kant Yearbook. 2009 (1): 31–56. doi:10.1515/9783110196672.31. S2CID 171216322.
^ Angel, J. Lawrence (June 1961). "Behavior and evolution. By Anne Roe and George G. Simpson, eds. vii + 557 pp. Yale University Press, New Haven, 1958". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 19 (2): 218–219. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330190215. ISSN 0002-9483.
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^ a b Mayr, Ernst (1965). "Cause and effect in biology". In Lerner, D. (ed.). Cause and effect. New York: Free Press. pp. 33–50.
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^ Hull, D. (1973). Philosophy of Biological Science. Prentice-Hall.
^ Mayr, Ernst (1974) Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Volume XIV, pages 91–117.
Empiricism
Evolutionary taxonomy
Adaptationism
Alternatives to Darwinism
Orthogenesis
Mutationism
Structuralism
Theistic
Evolutionary epistemology
Philosophers of biology
John Beatty
Lindley Darden
Carla Fehr
Marjorie Grene
Peter Godfrey-Smith
James R. Griesemer
Paul E. Griffiths
David Hull
Hans Jonas
Philip Stuart Kitcher
Tim Lewens
Helen Longino
Jane Maienschein
Roberta Millstein
Sandra Mitchell
Susan Oyama
Sahotra Sarkar
Elliott Sober
Kim Sterelny
Alfred I. Tauber
Gerard Verschuuren
William C. Wimsatt
Biologists
Francisco J. Ayala
Patrick Bateson
Michael Ghiselin
François Jacob
Stephen Jay Gould
Richard Lewontin
Joan Roughgarden
Rolf Sattler
John Maynard Smith
History of biology
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleology_in_biology&oldid=1133867997"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Nwabueze Buchi George, a Trade and Business Executive
by FADAKA LOUIS
in Features
Nwabueze Buchi George
Nwabueze, Buchi George, born August 27, 1974 to the family of Chief Nathan and Mrs. Ann Nwaneri Nwabueze of Uruala in Ideato North Local Government of Imo State and he went on to become an entrepreneur who has carved a niche for himself as an International Trade and Business Executive.
His early life started in his home town where he attended St. Paul Anglican Primary School Uruala in 1982, and in 1993, went on to attend Bishop Shanan College Orlu, Imo State.
Buchi George as he is fondly known, is Christian, with his earliest religious orientation and baptism happening at St. Paul Anglican Church Uruala Ideato North Local Government of Imo State where for five years, he went on to become a Captain of the Boys Brigade.
His diligence and attention to details were of course cumulative traits from his parents: with his father, Chief Nathan Nwaneri Nwabueze a successful business man who was dealing on timber and also owned an Palm Oil Mill as well as a transport company, Uruala Transport Services. Mrs. Ann Nwaneri Nwabueze did not come short as an entrepreneur as she successfully ran a restaurant and a supermarket.
This qualities and commitments learnt from his parents and the quest to also build his own empire saw Buchi George attain the level of an Assistance Senior Class Prefect and finally Chapel Prefect at Bishop Shanan College Orlu, Imo State.
Buchi George's quest to carve his name on the sand of time, boosted his hunger to be not just educated, but to apply his education into things that will make a difference in the society.
After attending St. Paul Anglican Primary School Uruala and Bishop Shanan College Orlu, Imo State in 1982 and 1993 respectively, he proceeded to University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State where he studied Political Science in 1999.
In 2003, he started his second degree on Aviation Management at Massey College Auckland New Zealand and from the National Open University Abuja, he bagged Bachelors of Law between 2012 and 2017
Who Buchi George is today has been defined by his decision in 1999 to start the FOW Company Limited which is now registered in Nigeria, Untied Stated of America, Canada, United Kingdom, South Korea and 15 other. Beyond being registered in 20 countries, FOW Company Limited also has global network of representations in over 05 countries.
Not sweeping his training as an Aviation Manger Massey College Auckland New Zealand, Buchi George in 2009 started Hats Aviation Limited in Owerri, Imo State. The company which is into aviation management and logistics, served him some fond memories.
He is also the CEO of ORGE Lounge and ORGE wine shop, while his FOW Company Limited today, has thrived in the areas of logistics, trade, finance and so far has other subsidiaries which carry out dozens of projects with within and beyond the shores of Nigeria.
Subsidiaries of FOW Company Limited include
FOW WORLD
This is a Properties and Real Estate Development Company. The company is responsible for the organization of projects like the Global Housing and Real Estate Summit and Expo; Nigeria Property Expo; World Trade Summit and Expo; Train Nigeria-Learn Nigeria Project, Nigeria-Asia Week and Trade Expo; Globe Chamber of Commerce Industry, Mines and Agriculture, Trade Nigeria Expo and many others.
Face Of The World Organization
This is a multinational event and entertainment company with projects within and outside Nigeria. Some of their projects include: United Nations Fashion Week and Awards; Global Fashion Week and Awards; Common Wealth Fashion Week and Awards.
They are the organizers of international pageants like Miss Face of the World; Miss Nations; Miss Queen World; The Leading Men amongst others with their proceeds channeled to Charity And Human Capacity Development, especially as it concerns education for less privileged children.
With Endorsement from 90 nations, the first Edition of the United Nations Fashion Week and Awards (UNFW) took place in New York City, United States of America in 2015. The second Edition, took place in October, 2016 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, while in 2017, Dubai for the second time hosted the event which was the third Edition. Dublin in Republic of Ireland will host the 209 edition of the event. The event is packaged by Face of the World Organization in Collaboration with the FOW World and other United Nations Ambassadors from across the world with the air of Raising Funds as well as creating awareness for education, especially for less privileged children across the world.
Buchi George also proposed the Commonwealth Fashion Week which took place in 2018 in London and is expected to take place again in 2020 during the Commonwealth Head of State Meeting in Kigali, Rwanda, while Malaysia will host the next edition in 2022 during the same meeting.
One thing special about his projects in the fashion industry is that beyond the funding of education for less privileged children across the globe, the same projects create a skill development platform and market for upcoming models and designers to thrive.
FOW which is an acronym from Face of the World kicked off in his University days at Akwa Ibom with a beauty pageant, Queen of the East. The pageant later metamorphosed into Miss Eastern Nigeria and later Miss Ebony World Nigeria and finally Face of the World which was first organized in 2007 in Lagos, Nigeria. The event then took place yearly in Owerri the capital city of Imo State, where it was package alongside Hats Aviation Fashion Week.
In 2013, Face of the World was taken to South Africa. In 2014 and 2015 Buchi George took the event to United States of America, while in 206, it was hosted in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
FOW Media Limited
A multi-media company, developing and producing TV, radio and web contents for their platforms and others. This subsidiary of FOW Company Limited is in charge of the FOW 24 FM-Radio; FOW TV News Channel (FOW TELEVISION); Headliners Magazine; National Mail Newspaper, Real World-Real Estate Magazine, Mid-Week News and Fow24news.com.
Buchi George through this company has been a huge player in the media industry, with his contents and events shaping the face of both media and pageant sectors in Nigeria.
With huge experience in staging international events, Buchi George in 2017 switched to International Trade Promotions with the Trade Nigeria, which he duly registered.
Nigeria Asia Week and Trade Expo came after in Seoul, South Korea and the huge success it saw motivated other projects. In 2018, Trade Nigeria joined Federation of International Trade Association and Nigeria High Commission Seoul Korea to organize the Nigeria Asia Joint Trade Mission – a business delegation of Nigerian industries, investments and commerce to Asia. This was done in association with international trade organizations, Asian based businesses as well the embassies of all the countries involved.
In 2019, the Trade Nigeria in partnership with Biz Africa Singapore and nine other Asian countries packaged the Nigeria Asia Business Forum 2019 with over 3000 businesses, traders and investors expected to participate. The event will be crowned with the Nigeria at 59 National Day Awards Singapore in collaboration with Nigeria High Commission Singapore.
Hon. Nwabueze Buchi George now sits as the Chairman of a Global Delegation on International Trade and Investment tasked with achieving international trade and investment partnerships and economic corporations for Nigeria.
PUBLIC OFFICES AND VOLUNTEER PROJECTS
To ensure that he gives back the society as much as he is getting from it, Buchi George stated Global Family Funds on Education, a Nongovernmental Organizing charged with raising fund and crating awareness for education for less privileged children across the globe.
By providing for the Global Family Funds on Education, Hon. Nwabueze Buchi George displayed his love for education for the less privileged Children throughout the world. This foundation uses proceeds from projects of other subsidiaries and with what this strategy has achieved, in 2012, he was presented with a United Nations Medal of Honour as Global Children Education Activist, a title that made him an Ambassador of United Nations.
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The Magpies : Tidings, LP released June 2020
A track by track review of 'Tidings', the debut LP from contemporary folk quartet The Magpies. Formed in York in 2017, with four vocalists and many different stringed instruments they have drawn together influences and styles to create a rich and rewarding sound.
1. Two Magicians. A traditional song with a lyric describing the sensual shape-shifting antics of the lady and the blacksmith. Mandolin and fiddle weave sinuously around the warm vocal.
2. Catharsis. The instrumental dexterity of the first track goes straight into this gorgeous fast-paced workout. Great production and mix, the band sound like they are in your front room.
3. Run River Run. A considered meditation on the flowing of the river and the passing of time as a resolution for problems. The mid-song instrumental break is sublime.
4. Rock of Ages. A cover of Gillian Welch's spiritual anthem, showing how the band blend aspects of americana into their sound. Hypnotic and stunningly effective.
5. Foss Island. The violin double-stopping of the introduction gives way to an instrumental that is lighter than air and makes the island of the title sound like the perfect place to be (although it seems to be an inland area near York?). The theme inverts into variations with intricate structures as the track continues.
6. No More Tears. The expression of emotion is beautifully concise here as the banjo, guitar, violin and cello gently contribute, dusted with harmony vocals and infused with the fragile atmosphere of a forgotten Woody Guthrie song.
7. Shuffle Set. It is a nicely structured collection, just when you are haunted by the previous track there is instant uplift from the synchronised playing and sparkling solos on this traditional whole band showcase.
8. Galway Shawl. The longest track on the album, it is nearly seven minutes to develop the languid and mellow feeling of this song, well known in the folk world. It is a tale of a chance meeting filled with poetic details including naming of other songs within the narrative and the repeating motif of the title garment; the descriptions are brought to life by a super vocal performance and complex layering of the instruments. Entrancing and beguiling.
9. Golden Girl. An air of mystery pervades this track, a ghostly story with of course a sad end. The violin shares the counter melody over the brooding chord sequence in this dark but affecting track.
10. Balls To The Wall. An exotic and unpredictable instrumental spectacular, with bouzouki patterns, speed changes and handclaps interweaved with folk dance tempos. An explosive finale to this excellent album.
https://www.themagpiesmusic.com/
This entry was posted in Music and tagged album, folk, LP, review, The Magpies, Tidings on July 6, 2020 by iknoweno.
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Management /
Business owners causing their own demise
Business owners are the ones who are ultimately causing their companies to fail by being risk-averse, and mid-sized companies are the most vulnerable.
That is the view of Sean Ashby, owner of iconic men's swimwear and underwear brand, aussieBum.
"My business wouldn't be here today if I didn't take risk every week. It comes down to innovation. It's such an important part of a growing business," Sean says.
"If you don't have innovation, then you don't have a business in today's world."
However, it is not so much start-ups that are risk-averse, suggests Sean, but the mid-sized market, where the founders have built something of which they can be proud but feel reluctant to gamble to grow any further.
"That actually is often where failure occurs because you become so fearful of what you're going to do, because you think of all the things you know could happen. Whereas in the earlier days, you didn't know about any of that so the risks you were taking you just saw it as normal," he says.
That doesn't mean that you need to gamble with the business as a whole or do so unprepared, warns Sean.
"I actually try to, for the lack of a better word, be naive. When I'm taking risks, I look at the financial impact, but I've already budgeted for that. And I'm quite prepared to fail," he says.
"And with failure, that actually motivates me. But without failure, that's where complacency kicks in."
It is for this reason that Sean suggests many business owners actually bring on their own worst fear – the death of the business they have worked so hard to create.
He notes that fashion is a particularly competitive industry, and it is only the ones that keep take chances and try new things which will survive for the longer term.
"[aussieBum is] 16 years young. Most fashion brands don't last that long. It's because we've kept reinventing ourselves, but I've also never accepted what we've done as being good enough," says Sean.
Hear more inspirations, insights and cheeky tricks from Sean on the My Business Podcast below:
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Start > Vulkane > Pacific Ocean > Samoan and Wallis Islands > Savai'i
Savai'i Vulkan
Shield volcano 1858 m / 6,096 ft
Samoa, Samoan Islands, -13.61°S / -172.53°W
Savai'i Vulkan-B cher
Typische Aktivität: unspecified
Ausbrüche des Savai'i: 1911
Savai'i, the largest and highest of the Samoan islands, consists of a massive basaltic shield volcano constructed along a WNW-ESE-trending rift zone that splits into two rifts on the east side of the 75-km-long, oval-shaped island. Pliocene and Pleistocene shield formation was followed by stream and marine erosion, partial submergence, and growth of coral reefs. Late-stage Pleistocene and Holocene eruptions produced voluminous lava flows that partially buried fringing reefs. Numerous cinder cones and lava cones dot the broad crest of Savai'i, which has a low-angle, dome-like profile and reaches an elevation of 1858 m. Additional cones occur on the north-central flank, and a large number are found in the south-central part of the island. Three eruptions, including two in the 20th century, occurred in historical time, and produced voluminous lava flows that reached the northern coast along broad fronts up to about 15 km wide, destroying several villages and overtopping fringing reefs.
Smithsonian / GVP volcano information
Eruption Specials
Tours to erupting volcanoes: From time to time, we organize special tours to see volcanoes in eruption. These are often announced only few days or weeks in advance. Find out more!
Photos from Vanuatu: A fascinating archipelago with very active volcanoes, tropical islands and very friendly and hospital people who still live their original Melanesian culture. Browse through our vast collection of photos.
Photos from Kamchatka: Kamchatka in Russia's far east is one of world's remotest regions and has an almost unparalleled density of active volcanoes. Look at photos taken during our expeditions from this wonderful corner of the world!
Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i: Kilauea is the most active volcano on earth, in constant eruption since 1983!


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Note: An advanced reader copy (ARC) was provided by the author via Give Me Books Promotions.
Kaylee Ryan gives readers a love story combining two of the most popular tropes around: falling for your best friend's sibling and second chances. Remedy is a brand-new standalone with a fair amount of angst (yay!) tempered by some lighthearted moments (yay!). This romance is all about Grady Carmichael, a medical student about to start his residency and decides to return to his hometown to do it. His reason has little do with wanting to be living closer to his parents or his best friend and nearly everything to do with being back in the same town as the girl who changed the way he saw his future and, more importantly, his heart three years ago. But Collins Ward has changed in the years since that one and only night they shared together. The hurt and anger remain. After all, Collins had given him something she would never give any other man, and his absence the following morning and lack of communication on his end for days and weeks afterwards are forever etched in her memory. What Grady needs her to realize, though, is that while he may have run away before, he intends to stay for the long run for her.
There was a lot about this book that I enjoyed. From the cast of characters to the connection between Grady and Collins, this turned out to be a love story that had heart to it. There's no one here that I didn't like and I did believe that Grady and Collins had genuine feelings for one another once they had gotten over all those humps and hurdles along the way to their happily-ever-after. I admit, though, that I have to suspend my own disbelief when it came to Grady saying that his one night with Collins had made him so devoted to his feelings for her that three years of no contact whatsoever has led him to returning to their hometown and wanting to share a life with her. I get having the feelings, but for Collins to be the reason that he wanted to focus all his attention on his studies and then go on to apply for residency in a hospital in their hometown. Maybe I'm just cynical, but the whole non-communication thing and making such life-changing decisions three years later had me raising an eyebrow or two. Still, I did love the story once they gave their relationship a chance, so Remedy receives four stars out of five stars. ♥
Learn more about Kaylee Ryan.
Purchase Remedy on Amazon | Apple Books | B&N | Kobo.


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how many cloves in a teaspoon
Question was posted on Nov 15, 2013 in Cooking Measurements. For example, Brand A of minced garlic might tell you that 1/2 teaspoon of it equals a clove of garlic. How Many Teaspoons of Minced Garlic Equals One Clove? You're preparing dinner, and the recipe you're following calls for 1 teaspoon of minced garlic. How many whole cloves is equivalent to a teaspoon? How much ground cloves equals 1 whole clove? On it I saw cloves was the only other herb almost twice as potent than cinnamon. 2 teaspoons of ginger = 3.52 grams of ginger. But can you really ever have too much garlic? Chopped garlic will usually have a milder flavor compared to minced or crushed garlic. Fact Check: What Power Does the President Really Have Over State Governors? 1.76 grams of ground ginger fit into one teaspoon. Converting From Minced Garlic to Cloves Many recipes that require herbs to … This conversion can be used for any amount of cloves that a recipe calls for. Use 1/4 teaspoon granulated garlic for every clove needed. I tried supplementing with half teaspoon cinnamon and 1/4 teaspoon cloves and was kinda harsh digestion slowed way down. Many cuisines include cloves, and it is also an ingredient in certain condiments, including ketchup and Worcestershire sauce. states that hardneck varieties of garlic typically have between six and eight cloves. The size of the cloves can also vary considerably in a single head of softneck garlic, with some being much smaller than others. You look at the head of garlic on your counter and wonder how many you should cut up. How many whole cloves is equivalent to a teaspoon. Fine Cooking states that hardneck varieties of garlic typically have between six and eight cloves. Alternatively, you have a jar of pre-minced garlic, and your recipe calls for one clove of minced garlic. What are the ratings and certificates for The Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Nutcracker? A teaspoon is thought to be the equivalent of 1 clove of garlic. If you're using garlic powder, double-check and make sure it's not garlic salt. How many grams of ground ginger are in 1 teaspoons? A standard U.S. No.1 grade garlic bulb or head that is 1 1/2 inches diameter. What will be the internet tld for kosovo? With that in mind, 4 teaspoons would be equal 4 cloves of garlic. A very aromatic spice, cloves are the unopened flower buds of the clove tree. Chopped garlic has the biggest pieces while crushed garlic is paste-like. One clove of garlic equals between 1/2 and 1 full teaspoon. 0 How much clove oil equals one teaspoon ground cloves? 6 cloves of minced garlic how many tablespoons ? What form of id do you need 2 visit rikers island? Whenminced, 1 small clove ofgarlicyields about ½ teaspoon and 1 large clove about 1.5 teaspoons. Use 1/2 teaspoon garlic flakes instead of one clove fresh garlic. Some substitutes are available. It also affects the taste of the garlic. How old was queen elizabeth 2 when she became queen? Use one teaspoon of whole cloves in place of 3/4 teaspoon of ground cloves (so that's 1 to 1/3 times as many whole cloves as ground cloves). Another option is to use granulated garlic in place of fresh cloves or jarred minced garlic. The number of cloves in a head of garlic varies based on the type of garlic and the size of the head. A head of hardneck garlic might give you anywhere from three to four teaspoons of minced garlic. Is it common to have the medicine come out your nose after a tonsillectomy? Copyright © 2020 Multiply Media, LLC. While there might be some variations based on the size of the cloves of garlic, generally speaking, one clove will give you 1/2 teaspoon minced garlic. Weight of the selected food item is calculated based on the food density and its given volume to answer questions such as, how many ounces or grams of a selected food in a liter, a cup, or in a spoon. Visit CalorieKing to see calorie count and nutrient data for all portion sizes. Diabetes Diet Tips: You many not believe it, but cloves are good for diabetics. Minced, chopped, and crushed refers to the size of the garlic pieces. A small clove will produce about ½ teaspoon, a medium-sized clove will produce about one teaspoon, and a large clove will produce about 1 ½ teaspoons. Cloves are kind of magic because they can play a role in keeping your stomach from growling between meals. 2 / 3 teaspoon of ginger = 1.17 grams of ginger. The number of cloves in aheaddepends on the size and variety of thegarlic. The hardneck garlic cloves tend to be equal or nearly equal in size. One U.S. teaspoon equals ⅙ fluid ounce (4.93 mL), slightly less than the 5-mL metric teaspoon ; These differences in volume are small enough that American and metric measuring spoons can be easily interchanged without significantly altering a recipe. As little as one teaspoon of the super-star spice is enough to reap benefits. 5 benefits of cloves 1. Well, it depends on the size of the clove. Depending on the recipe you're preparing, you might see minced garlic, chopped garlic, or crushed garlic included in the list of ingredients. If one teaspoon of whole cloves is approximately equivalent to 0.75 teaspoons of ground cloves, then 0.50 teaspoons of whole cloves is equivalent to 0.375 teaspoons of ground cloves. A large clove of garlic is equal to 1 ½ teaspoon of dried garlic, or ½ teaspoon of garlic powder. Fine Cooking states that hardneck varieties of garlic typically have between six and eight cloves. Teaspoon. In general, you can think of 3/4 teaspoon ground cloves as the equivalent of 1 teaspoon whole cloves. Generally 1 medium-size clove of Garlic will yield about ¾ teaspoon minced garlic. Is there a way to search all eBay sites for different countries at once? You can also substitute garlic flakes for fresh garlic. The hardneck garlic cloves tend to be equal or nearly equal in size. 1/4 teaspoon ground cloves is approximately equivilent to 3 whole cloves. Home » How much clove oil equals one teaspoon ground cloves? A head of softneck garlic might give you anywhere from six to 12 teaspoons of minced garlic. When minced, 1 small clove of garlic yields about 1/2 teaspoon and 1 large clove about 1.5 teaspoons. The hardneck garlic cloves tend to be equal or nearly equal in size. x I personally would use about a teaspoon of minced garlic - when you crush a fresh garlic clove it usually gives you about a teaspoon - so thats what I would do :o) x Hope this helps xx Does pumpkin pie need to be refrigerated? How long will the footprints on the moon last? Is the Coronavirus Crisis Increasing America's Drug Overdoses? > A head or bulb of garlic usually contains about 10 cloves. Two cloves of garlic, then, would be 2/3 of a tablespoon. If you are wondering how many cloves make up a quarter cup of minced garlic, then the answer is 12-13 cloves. If you don't have whole cloves, you can also substitute the ground cloves called for in the recipe with an equal amount of allspice. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time? More than 40 years as a cook and GourmetSleuth.com's reference to The label of Brand B might tell you that 1 teaspoon of its garlic is the same as a clove of fresh garlic. Flag inappropriate. A head of hardneck garlic might give you anywhere from three to four teaspoons of minced garlic. While one clove of garlic will typically produce 1/2 teaspoon of minced garlic, it will produce 1 teaspoon of chopped garlic. ), The Secret Science of Solving Crossword Puzzles, Racist Phrases to Remove From Your Mental Lexicon. How much Minced Garlic is in a Clove? If a recipe calls for minced garlic, and you don't have any, you aren't out of luck. A food with a name containing, like or similar to Spices, cloves, ground: GARLIC CLOVES WITH SPICES, UPC: 074027082134 contain(s) 33 calories per 100 grams or ≈3.527 ounces [ price] About this page: Weight of Spices, cloves, ground; For instance, compute how many ounces or grams a cup of "Spices, cloves, ground" weighs. Cloves possess antioxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-fungal properties which contribute to the major of their health benefits [1] . A heaped teaspoon will probably be about equivalent to two cloves of garlic, but it's cooking, not. about one large or two medium or three small garlic cloves or a Approximately 1/8 teaspoon garlic powder equals one garlic clove. Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? Three whole cloves are equal to 1/4 of a teaspoon of ground cloves. ½ teaspoon of ginger = 0.88 grams of ginger. This content is imported from {embed-name}. You'd need to walk 2 minutes to burn 7 calories. What does struck out mean from the county court? The smaller the pieces of garlic, the more pungent the flavor will be. 3 teaspoons of ginger = 5.28 grams of ginger. Cloves 1/4 teaspoon ground = 3 whole cloves Dill Seed 1/2 tablespoon dried dill seed = 1 head fresh dill Pumpkin Pie Spice Use 1 tablespoon pumpkin pie spice per 2 cups pumpkin pie filling (enough for a 9-inch pie). The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. A smaller clove of garlic measures out to ½ teaspoon of garlic flakes, and 1/8 teaspoon of garlic powder. How small you cut up a clove of garlic not only affects the volume of garlic you use in a recipe. Containing 10 cloves of garlic will measure out to around 4 tablespoons. There are 7 calories in 1 teaspoon (0.1 oz) of Cloves, ground. ¾ teaspoon of ginger = 1.32 grams of ginger. Each tablespoon equals 3 teaspoons, so if you're using average-sized garlic cloves at a teaspoon each, you'd have three cloves per tablespoon. All Rights Reserved. The size of the cloves will depend on the size of the bulb, and this will depend on your preferences and what is available at the store that day. So for a 1/4 cup measurement you need to dice about 12 to 13 medium size cloves. A head of hardneck garlic might give you anywhere from three to four teaspoons of minced garlic. Use 6 tablespoons per #10 can pumpkin. 1 clove equals 1 teaspoon, so 6 cloves would be two tablespoons. When did organ music become associated with baseball? How Many tbsp is a head of garlic? Hiya! Depending on the size of the garlic to begin with. four finger pinch of the star clove type. Cloves can help regulate your hunger levels. Cloves found in both whole and ground forms are known for their versatility in many recipes such as spicy cookies, beverages, baked goods and savoury dishes. Just as there is variety among garlic cloves, there is also variety among brands of minced garlic. Does Oil of Oregano raise the sugar in your blood? The number of cloves in a head depends on the size and variety of the garlic. The packaging might give you conversions to help you prepare recipes. Depending on the size of the mince, anywhere from 1/4 teaspoon to 1 teaspoon of jarred minced garlic can equal one clove of garlic. We reached a conclusion through our experiment that typically, 10-12 cloves are present in a garlic head. Will 5G Impact Our Cell Phone Plans (or Our Health?! What are the release dates for The Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Ladybug? The number of cloves in a head of garlic varies based on the type of garlic and the size of the head. One medium peeled garlic clove produced 1 rounded teaspoon chopped, however when finely minced, the quantity drops to slightly less than 1 teaspoon. However as a starting point, the typical kind ofgarliccarried in your local grocery store usually contains 10 to 12 cloves. For instance, compute how many ounces or grams a cup of "WHOLE CLOVES, UPC: 077636014237" weighs. When minced, one garlic clove gives about half a teaspoon to one and a half teaspoon. For example, if you have garlic powder, you can use 1/8 teaspoon for every clove of garlic called for in a recipe. 1/2 a tsp of minced garlic = 1 clove. A medium-sized clove of fresh garlic requires ½ teaspoon garlic flakes to produce the same flavor characteristics. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site. Softneck varieties of garlic typically have more cloves per head, anywhere from 12 to 24. It could take around 48 to 100 teaspoons to equal one cup. If you don't have time to peel and mince garlic, you might be interested in swapping out fresh cloves for jarred, pre-minced garlic. Do you have a recommended dosage for daily consumption of cloves similar to taking perhaps 1 teaspoon cinnamon daily. Many recipes will ask for a certain measuring amount such as 1 tsp of minced garlic other recipes will state for you to use a certain number of cloves. You'll use about half the amount of garlic flakes than you would minced garlic in a recipe and replace a teaspoon of fresh minced garlic with ½ teaspoon of garlic flakes. Therefore 2 cloves would be 1 tsp of minced garlic. Softneck varieties of garlic typically have more cloves per head, anywhere from 12 to 24. However as a starting point, the typical kind of garlic carried in your local grocery store usually contains 10 to 12 cloves. Look at the head 100 teaspoons to equal one cup of a tablespoon 1! A garlic head 1 1/2 inches diameter as a starting point, the Secret of. For the Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Ladybug using garlic powder, double-check and sure... 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