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Bipartisan Commissions Cause Redistricting Pain for Democrats
Stateline Article November 2, 2021 By: Tim Henderson Read time:
The Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission meets in Phoenix in October. In a heated battle for control of Congress, redistricting commissions are giving Republicans more parity in some Democratic states while some states with Republican legislatures are freely skewing districts to gain more seats.
Ross D. Franklin The Associated Press
State redistricting commissions, largely pushed by Democrats as a brake on political gerrymandering, now are preventing the party from capitalizing on the past decade's population boom among city dwellers and minorities, who traditionally vote Democratic.
In many Republican-dominated states without such panels, GOP lawmakers are freely drawing maps that would give their party more congressional and state legislative seats. Democrats in some purple or left-leaning states, meanwhile, find themselves hampered by commissions that are giving Republicans political parity that belies the growth in Democratic-leaning populations.
Every 10 years, state legislatures are charged with using census data to redraw both congressional and state legislative districts. It's routinely an exercise in power wielding, as whichever party controls the statehouse historically has used its might to outline districts in its favor. But in the past few years, some states—most, but not all, controlled by Democrats—have formed bipartisan commissions, with the stated goal of drawing fairer districts that better reflect a state's political makeup.
There are now 10 states where commissions have primary responsibility for drawing congressional maps, and eight others with advisory or backup commissions, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. The 10 states are Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Michigan, Montana, New Jersey, Virginia and Washington.
Six of those states (California, Colorado, Hawaii, New Jersey, Virginia and Washington) have majority-Democratic legislatures and Democratic governors.
Meanwhile, Republicans are firmly in control of 20 states where lawmakers are responsible for drawing the lines—and they have not hesitated to wield that power.
In Texas, for example, Republican Gov. Greg Abbott last week signed off on maps Republican legislators drew to blunt population growth among Democratic-leaning minorities. The final maps concentrate or "pack" Democrats in the Austin, Houston and Dallas areas into districts designed to protect nearby Republican districts.
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Five Texas cities are divided into five or more congressional districts.
Like Texas, Colorado and Virginia are increasingly diverse and urban. But Democrats in those states can't blame the GOP for drawing new maps that don't fully reflect Democratic growth.
The redistricting commissions in Colorado and Virginia will prevent Democratic lawmakers from using their legislative majorities to draw politically favorable lines. That's by design: the panels exist to prevent gerrymandering by either party. But Democrats say the commissions are drawing maps that don't accurately reflect the shifting politics of their states.
In both Colorado and Virginia, Democrats may lose congressional seats despite their growing political strength, said J. Miles Coleman, a political cartographer at the University of Virginia's Center for Politics.
"In Virginia, a state [President Joe] Biden won by 10 points, you have a situation where you could have a majority GOP delegation [in Congress]. That will be very frustrating to Democrats," Coleman said. "Democrats' frustration with independent commissions is a theme I see emerging."
In Colorado, which gained a new congressional seat thanks to population growth, the state Supreme Court approved its redistricting commission's plan this week. The new seat is only slightly favorable to Democrats, Coleman said.
"It's a toss-up and if the Democrats were drawing the lines, I'm sure they would have added a firmly Democratic seat," Coleman said.
Democrats also face a precarious congressional election next year in Arizona, where Republicans still control state government, but which Biden won in 2020. Early drafts from a bipartisan commission made a previously safe Democratic seat more competitive, sparking complaints from Democrats, who accused the independent tiebreaker there of Republican sympathies because she made campaign contributions to Republican Gov. Doug Ducey.
"The parties are always going to have a big role and rightly so; they have big stakes in this," said Colleen Coyle Mathis, who acted as the tiebreaker on Arizona's redistricting commission 10 years ago as a registered independent. She suggested reserving more seats on the commission for independents so there wouldn't be so much pressure on a single tiebreaker like herself.
"You're trying to reconcile two parties that are very polarized right now, but independents are a third of the electorate and they should have a third of the representation," said Mathis.
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To be sure, Republicans have similar frustrations in GOP-controlled Montana, where they worry that a commission will draw a new congressional district that favors Democrats. The commission is evenly split along party lines, but there's a court-appointed tiebreaker, law professor and tribal law expert Maylinn Smith, who has donated to Democratic candidates. Smith has said she won't be biased and wants maps amenable to both parties.
And some Democratic states with commissions are drawing maps that skew Democratic: The latest proposal in California would give Democrats 76% of the state's congressional seats with just 59% of the statewide votes, according to PlanScore, a website maintained by the Campaign Legal Center.
That's an even wider gap than in Illinois, where lawmakers draw the lines. In that state, dominated by Democrats, a recent legislative proposal would give Democrats an estimated 68% share of congressional seats with just 55% of votes statewide.
Virginia Republicans pushed through that state's commission plan in 2019, when they still controlled the legislature. Voters approved it in 2020. But the commission has eight members from each party, and thus far, party-line votes have doomed any compromise. That could throw the final decision to the courts.
"The commission, because of the way it was constructed, was doomed from the start," said Jayce Genco, communications director for the state Democratic party. "Virginians were told that by voting for the commission it would put an end to gerrymandering, when in reality it did the exact opposite."
But Adam Kincaid, director of the National Republican Redistricting Trust, which coordinates the party's redistricting strategy across states, noted that mapmakers from both parties will have to work together to recommend maps to a state judge.
"Nobody can tell you with any certainty how the Virginia redistricting process will play out," he said.
Some observers think Democrats should scrap their scruples over gerrymandering and engage in it wherever they can, if only to maximize congressional support for Democratic-sponsored laws that could limit gerrymandering in the future. The proposed Freedom to Vote Act, a congressional bill popular with Democrats but blocked by Republicans, would prohibit partisan gerrymandering that gives either party too many or too few seats in relation to its statewide vote percentage.
"You've got to play the game. Democrats need to gerrymander like crazy so they can get the votes to end gerrymandering," said Frank Myers, a political science professor at Stony Brook University in New York.
Redistricting Battles Kick Off in State Courts
Nearly 50 redistricting cases have been filed in at least 22 states.
But both Democrats and Republicans are attracted to commissions that can give them more parity if they're losing their grip on political power, said Cal Jillson, a political science professor at Southern Methodist University in Dallas.
"Usually, people want redistricting commissions if they are not in power, but the Democrats have a sort of weakness for fair play, as if this were going to be reciprocated," Jillson said.
Like other experts, Jillson criticized the U.S. Supreme Court's 2019 decision in Rucho vs. Common Cause, which found that partisan gerrymandering is a state political issue beyond the reach of federal courts. The case challenged a Republican-drawn map in North Carolina and a Democratic map in Maryland.
"In the case of elections, the federal courts act as referee, and they have declared there are no rules of which they are aware," Jillson said. "So, when a commission is overwhelmed by partisanship, you can bet that civil behavior will not be rewarded."
Democrats are boxed in not only by commissions but also by voter suppression and state attempts to wrest control of election results, said Norman Ornstein, an emeritus scholar at the conservative American Enterprise Institute and co-author of the 2016 book, "It's Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Constitutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism."
The Freedom to Vote Act, Ornstein said, would "keep elections from being stolen or having lots of votes suppressed and that would be more significant at this point than the imbalance from gerrymandering. … The problem for Democrats at this point is less the commissions that exist than the fact that Republicans control more states and thus the redistricting process."
Common Cause, a national fair elections group that was the original plaintiff in the Rucho case, still believes in the power of commissions to overcome gerrymandering, said Suzanne Almeida, the group's redistricting and representation counsel. Democrats should not gerrymander just to get even with Republicans, she said.
"This is not an 'end justifies the means' thing," Almeida said. "In states where there are commissions, we are seeing the process happen in a very public way as opposed to behind closed doors. It's not pretty but the public has a right to see and understand that ugliness."
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Tim Henderson Staff Writer
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by Cristian Violatti
Theatre of Pergamon
Benh Lieu Song (CC BY-SA)
Pergamon was an ancient city located in the Anatolia region, approximately 25 kilometres from the Aegean Sea in present-day Bergama, Izmir Province of Turkey. The city had great strategic value, since it overlooked the Caicus River Valley (modern name Bakırçay) which provided access from Pergamon to the Aegean coast. Pergamon reached the height of its influence during the Hellenistic period, becoming the capital of the Attalid kings. During the Roman period the city was the first capital of the Asian province, but it eventually lost this status to local rival, Ephesus. Pergamon is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
The Origin of Pergamon
When Alexander died in 323 BCE, his generals divided the territory he had conquered, which resulted in a power struggle between them. Around this time, Pergamon was little more than a hilltop fortress with a settlement on its southern side. Following years of unrest, the city became part of the territory controlled by Lysimachus, one of the Macedonian generals. By this time, Pergamon embraced the polis (or city-state) model of civic organization.
Lysimachus was immersed in the military conflicts following the division of Alexander's empire, and in 282 BCE, he was on his way to confront Seleucus, the ruler of the Greco-Macedonian administration of Babylon. Lysimachus left his war chest in Pergamon under the supervision of Philatauerus of Tieium, a trusted lieutenant. What Lysimachus could not foresee was that he would be killed in the battle. For Philatauerus, this was not too bad: he was now holding 9,000 talents in a fortress which had no owner. Philatauerus appropriated the money and declared his independence, but in order to avoid unnecessary risks, he wisely swore loyalty to Seleucus and Pergamon became part of the Seleucid Empire.
Under Attalus I Pergamon became the capital of the most powerful kingdom in Anatolia.
Philatauerus ruled Pergamon with considerable autonomy until his death in 263 BCE. His nephew Eumenes I became the ruler of Pergamon: by that time the city had expanded into a small kingdom. Philatauerus is usually mentioned as the founder of the ruling dynasty of Pergamon, but it was actually the ruler after Eumenes, Attalus I (r. 241-197 BCE), who was the official founder of the Attalid dynasty as he was the first one who used the title of king.
Attalus I is remembered for winning an important victory over the Galatians, a Gaulish (Celtic) tribe who came through Thrace and settled in central Anatolia during the 3rd century BCE (this was the same group addressed in the Epistle to the Galatians in the New Testament). Many communities in Anatolia had suffered Galatian attacks who even managed to penetrate the city walls of Pergamon. Attalus drove the Galatians back and defeated them. This military success was the background for the creation of the famous Dying Gaul sculpture which depicts a wounded Galatian warrior. Pergamon was now the capital of the most powerful kingdom in Anatolia.
The Dying Gaul
antmoose (CC BY-SA)
Pergamon's Zenith
Eumenes II succeeded Attalus I and he ruled Pergamon from 197 BCE to 159 BCE. In 190 BCE, the Romans expelled the Seleucids from the Anatolia region. The Romans were not interested in ruling Anatolia themselves, so Eumenes II, who at this point had already become a friend and ally of the Romans, was now made the new ruler of the territory which had belonged to the Seleucids. The Greeks denounced Eumenes as a traitor for joining the Romans against his own fellow Greeks. This new scenario did, though, turn Pergamon into a middle-ranking kingdom and Eumenes truly wealthy. Pergamon was relatively safe at this point: the Romans extended their protection over nearly all the Mediterranean coast of Asia but all of these benefits had a high cost, for now Pergamon, although a lot bigger, was a lot less independent. At this time it is not clear how large the population was, but the archaeological evidence suggests that there was room for no more than 10,000 people.
Eumenes II took the initiative to enhance Pergamon's prestige by enlarging it and turning it into a cultural capital. This was the time when the 'Great Altar' or 'Pergamon Altar' was created. Eumenes also established a centre of scholarship and research by creating a library second only to Alexandria's in terms of the number of volumes and repute of its scholars. It also had a great collection of paintings for public enjoyment.
Athena Killing a Giant
Mina Bulic (CC BY-NC-ND)
Ptolemy IV, the Greek ruler of Egypt, was not happy with the idea of another library challenging Alexandria, so he forbade the export of papyri from Egypt to prevent the development of the library in Pergamon. As a result, the authorities of Pergamon encouraged the mass production of "parchment" (treated skins of sheep and calves), which had long been used for writing purposes in the East. Parchment ended up rivalling paper as a means of communication; it was much more expensive than papyrus but also more durable. The name of Pergamon continues to live on even today in the word "parchment", which is a distortion of Pergamon ("parchment" is pergamino in Spanish and pergamena in Italian).
Pergamon Handed to Rome
During the time of Attalus III (r. 138-133 BCE), Pergamon was handed over to the Roman republic to be fully managed by the Roman people and the kingdom was transformed into the Roman province of Asia with Pergamon as its initial capital. Not everyone accepted the new Roman administration though and a number of revolts took place. The Romans, whose toleration for civic disturbance was low, eventually restored order, but Pergamon soon lost its status and the neighbouring city of Ephesus became the new provincial capital.
Under Hadrian (117-138 CE), the city was favoured by several imperial initiatives. It was granted the title of metropolis and as a result of this an ambitious building programme was carried out: massive temples, a stadium, a theatre, a huge forum, and an amphitheatre were constructed. In addition, at the city limits the shrine to Asclepius (the god of healing) was expanded into a lavish spa.
During the second half of the 3rd century CE Pergamon started to decline. Things got worse in 262 CE due to an earthquake and after that the city was sacked by the Goths. The arrival of Christianity saw further change as the buildings which had honoured the pagan gods were no longer considered desirable. Even the shrine to Asclepius that used to be visited by thousands of invalids was abandoned. Despite these changes, urban life did continue. In 611 CE the Persians overran Syria and entered Anatolia devastating most of it. The Romans finally evicted the Persians and Emperor Constants II (641-668 CE) limited himself to fortifying the acropolis. By this time, Pergamon was no more than a deteriorated ten-hectare city, a pale reflection of its former self.
Archaeology of Pergamon
The archaeological site of Pergamon has provided many fine works of Hellenistic and Roman art but perhaps the most impressive is the altar which now resides in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin. The Great Altar was constructed during the reign of Eumenes II (see above) and has a surface area of some 36 by 34 metres. It is one of the most impressive works of art surviving from antiquity. The altar was constructed around a staircase and the 2.3 metres high and 120-metre long frieze is topped by a collonaded hall. Sculpted in high relief, the frieze depicts lively representations of Zeus, Artemis and other Olympian gods fighting the Giants, symbolic of the victory of order over chaos. This gigantic monument is a convincing and lasting testimony to the power and prestige that was enjoyed by this once great city.
Reconstruction of the Pergamon Altar
Raimond Spekking (CC BY-NC-SA)
Archaeologists have also been able to identify the remains of the library. Based on the study of the holes for mounting the shelving, it is estimated that the reading room alone had a storage capacity of 20,000 papyri (many were written on parchment, see above). This is believed to be just ten percent of the total for the entire library.
Alcock, S. and Osborne, R. (ed). Classical Archaeology. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
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Cristian Violatti
Cristian is a public speaker and independent author with a strong passion for the human past. Inspired by the rich lessons of history, Cristian's goal is to stimulate ideas and to spark the intellectual curiosity of his audience.
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Violatti, C. (2015, June 14). Pergamon. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/pergamon/
Violatti, Cristian. "Pergamon." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified June 14, 2015. https://www.worldhistory.org/pergamon/.
Violatti, Cristian. "Pergamon." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 14 Jun 2015. Web. 20 Jan 2022.
Written by Cristian Violatti, published on 14 June 2015 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.
282 BCE - 263 BCE
Philetaerus, founder of the Attalid Dynasty, governs Pergamon.
Reign of Eumenes I at Pergamon.
262 BCE
Eumenes rebels and wins against the Seleucid Antiochus I. Beginning of the Pergamon Empire.
Reign of Attalus I at Pergamon.
c. 237 BCE - 241 BCE
Attalus I of Pergamon defeats the Galatians at the headwaters of the Caioc River.
The Aegosages Celts enter Anatolia under Attalos of Pergamon.
Reign of Eumenes II at Pergamon.
Maximum extent of the Pergamon Empire after Apamea peace.
c. 188 BCE
The treaty of Apamea Kibotos. Peace and alliance is established between the Seleucid Empire and Rome joined by its allies, such as Pergamon and Rhodes. The Seleucids have to evacuate all the land and the cities from Asia Minor and to pay a huge war indemnity.
The Attalids of Pergamon are at war with Bithynia.
The Attalids of Pergamon are at war with Pontius.
Reign of Attalus II at Pergamon.
Reign of Attalus III at Pergamon.
Attalus III, the last king of Pergamon, bequeathes the whole of Pergamon to Rome.
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