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2021 New Years Eve Celebrations: One of The Most Popular Festival in The World
Md. Aminur Rahman - December 24, 2020 0
New Year's Eve is one of the most popular festivals all around the world. In most parts of the world, people use...
Christmas Day: The Festival Religion and Culture – Everything You Need to Know!
On December 25, People around the world celebrate Christmas as a religious and cultural festival. Both Christian and non-Christian people celebrate this...
Visit Derinkuyu – Massive Ancient Underground City, Turkey: Everything You need to know!
Md. Aminur Rahman - December 7, 2020 0
In 1963, a gentleman was repairing his house in Nevsehir province, Turkey. Suddenly, he knocked down a wall in the basement and...
The Majestic Desert Festival of Jaisalmer- A Mystical Experience: Everything That You Need To Know!
Md. Aminur Rahman - September 23, 2020 0
Festivals are common all throughout the East Asia. However, if you want to single out one country for their enthusiasm in festivity,...
Hogmanay: New Year's Eve in Edinburgh, Scotland – Everything You need to know!
Hogmanay is the Scots meaning of New Year's Eve. Edinburgh's Hogmanay is the observance of Scottish celebration of New Year. It has...
Just for Laughs 2020, The Largest International Comedy Festival, Quebec, Canada: Everything You Need to Know!
Md. Aminur Rahman - September 4, 2020 0
Need a pleasant way to pass your day? Comedy is more than this. For our everyday existence we need comedy; even the...
Home Museum Hong Kong Museum of History, Hong Kong: Opening Hours, How To Get...
Hong Kong Museum of History, Hong Kong: Opening Hours, How To Get There, Map!
The 7000 square meter long Hong Kong Museum has been preserving and covering historical and cultural heritages of about 400 million years. The historical relics are highly helpful for researchers, students and people with the thirst to history. Among the countless collections, most of them belong to Hong Kong and South China and are related to natural history, ethnography, archaeology etc. The museum authority also organizes thematic exhibitions for the visitors frequently.
History of Hong Kong Museum of History, Hong Kong:
Located beside the Hong Kong Science Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of History preserves the heritages of Hong Kong and China. The Museum was established in 1975 by Urban Council as the City Museum and Art Gallery was divided into two parts – Hong Kong Museum of Art and Hong Museum of History. In the beginning the museum was moved to a temporary location and came to present location in 1998.
The permanent place was built spending HK$ 390 million and was sponsored by the Hong Kong Government. Leisure and Cultural Services Department of Hong Kong manages the museum. Hong Kong Museum has five branches in five different locations. The branches are named as Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence, Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb Museum, Fireboat Alexander Grantham Exhibition Gallery, Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum. The museum is a worth of visit for the foreign nationals to know about the past history of Hong Kong.
Different types of replicas are available inside the museum to give you a comprehending knowledge about how the local territories were formed and boomed. You will also found replicas of older streets (of about 1881), film footage of World War II, dummies of villages, traditional costumes and more. Periodicals, reference books, audio-visual materials are also available there to learn more about the museum. Educational and other activities are occasionally arranged to spread knowledge among the visitors.
Hong Kong Museum of History Travel Guide information:
Located at the 100 Chatham Road South, Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong (next to the Hong Kong Science Museum), it is a short-way from the MTR Hung Hom Station. You can take a walk to the museum from the Hung Hom Station. It remains closed on Tuesday except the public holidays. You may also take a foot walk or take a taxi to go to the museum.
Some Tips when you visit on Hong Kong Museum of History, Hong Kong:
If you want to visit the museum, keep in mind that it is opened on 10 am and closed on 6pm from Monday and Wednesday to Saturday. In the public holidays and Sunday, the museum is kept open from 10 am to 7 pm. Its standard admission fee is HK$10, and free admission is on Wednesday and for children under 4 years. Keep silence inside the building and noises are disallowed. You can also have a free guided tour in English language in the museum at 11 pm.
Culture & Customs of Hong Kong Museum of History, Hong Kong:
The museum is a must visiting place for all visitors and tourists travelling in Hong Kong. Although you are to pay HK$10, the knowledge and amusement you will have will surplus your entry fee. Do not hasten inside the museum building as if you walk faster, there are chances to miss collections you wanted to see. It is a perfect place to know about the formulation of Hong Kong city, geology of the surrounding locations, relevant Chinese cultures related with the locality formulation etc. You can also watch the short –films related with the local cultures. You can also donate historical elements or objects (if you have any or if you want), and in that case, you are to inform the museum authority with your detail contact information.
Transport/ Getting Around in Hong Kong Museum of History, Hong Kong:
By MTR:
Take the West Rail Line and get off at East Tsim Sha Tsui Station. Get out from Exit J or L6.
1) Take the bus no. 1A, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8A, 8P, or 9, and get off at Cultural Center.
2) Take the bus no. H1, 203C, 208, 219X, 270A, 270S, 271, N216, N271, or N281and get off at the Peninsula Hotel. Then walk toward south around 5 minutes to the Art Museum.
By Ferry:
Take the Star Ferry from Central or Wan Chai to Tsim Sha Tsui. Then walk for 10 minutes to the art museum.
Opening Hours of Hong Kong Museum of History, Hong Kong:
Monday to Wednesday, Friday: 10:00am – 5:00pm
Saturday, Sunday and public holiday: 10:00am – 5:00pm
Christmas Eve and Chinese New Year's Eve: 10:00am – 5:00pm
Closed on Thursdays (except public holiday) and the first two days of the Chinese New Year
Free entry to Permanent Exhibition 'The Hong Kong Story'; various fees for Special Exhibitions.
Hong Kong Museum of History, Hong Kong Information Summery:
Chinese: 香港歷史博物館
Address: Hong Kong Museum of Art,
10 Salisbury Road,
Tsimshatsui, Kowloon,
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Md. Aminur Rahman
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Student Organizations Student Scientific Societies – Business Environment Unit | Warsaw School of Economics
You're here: Collegia SGH > English > Collegium of Business Administration > structure > Institute of Enterprise > structure > Business Environment Unit > Cooperation > Student Organizations
Student OrganizationsCurrently selected
Student Scientific Societies
Acceleration Student Scientific Group
The Institute of Enterprise takes care of Acceleration Student Scientific Group.
From the beginning the leader of the Club are Prof. PhD Hanna Godlewska-Majkowska and MA Magdalena Typa.
The first meetings were held during the autumn of 2008. Formal registration of the Club was made in January 2009. The first president was Konrad Zawodziński, now a graduate of the Master School in Warsaw School of Economics. In the academic year 2011/2012 chairman was Mariusz Czernecki, graduate in Warsaw School of Economics, currently a doctoral student of the College of Business School. In the academic years 2012/2013-2013/2014 this position was held by bachelor Maciej Boncławek – now master student. Since 2014/2015 Paweł Kasprowicz is the chairman of the Club.
Club takes part in the statutory research of Institute of Enterprise, participates in Fair of Scientific Clubs, conducts its own research and is represented at conferences. In its ranks there are present PhD students of Warsaw School of Economics, graduate and undergraduate students.
The Club's pride is a contest "Community on 5!". It is dedicated to searching for best practices among local government municipal level, to support the development of entrepreneurial activities through websites and customer service using e-mail. This competition is the result of evolution of scientific research conducted since 2009. Initially, the group gained experience studying selected Polish regions. Their result were the first studies of customer service in the municipalities of Lower Silesia. The scope of research was progressively extended, gaining protection and patronage of institutions such as the Agency for Development of Mazovia SA or the Polish Agency for Information and Foreign Investment.
Feel invited!


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Georgia Wrongful Death Laws
Georgia Wrongful Death Laws: Questions and Answers
Dealing with the loss of a loved one is difficult to understand until you experience it. Death is hard to come to terms with when it is natural but when it happens as the result of the carelessness of others, our clients often speak of a profound sense of unfairness and injustice.
That is where the wrongful death laws in Georgia comes into play. The law in Georgia was designed to punish people when they act carelessly and it results in a fatality. We will discuss some basic tenets of the law and give you an understanding of the legal issues involved.
The Basics of Georgia Wrongful Death Law
Wrongful death cases are serious and can have a value in the millions of dollars in certain circumstances. These are the key things to know:
The law identifies the person allowed to make the claim, first the spouse, then the kids, then the parents, then it's up to the Court.
The statute of limitations is two years from the date of the death in most cases.
You can sue for the economic value (earnings) and the value of the person's life as seen from the deceased's perspective. Did they live a life rich in happiness and experience?
Sometimes you can sue for pain and suffering before death and the fear of death.
Most lawyers will give you a free, in-person consultation, so the first thing to know is; don't make any snap decisions. Interview a number of lawyers.
Before you go to these meetings, you should have a working understanding of the law. Georgia law creates two separate and distinct claims that may be brought; the "statutory wrongful death" claim by the family members and the claim of the estate of the deceased.
The Statutory Wrongful Death Claim
Traditionally, the claim that carries the most weight and commands higher verdicts is the statutory claim for the value of the human life.
There are strict rules about which family members hold the right to bring the claim and choose the lawyer. The first holder is always the spouse of the deceased, if there is one, and then the children.
O.C.G.A. §51-4-2.
If there are a spouse and children, the spouse holds the claim but must share any proceeds with the children pursuant to the statute.
If there is no wife or child then the statutory claim goes to the parents of the deceased. O.C.G.A. §19-7-1.
Finally, if there is no spouse, child or parent, then a personal representative may be appointed pursuant to O.C.G.A. §51-4-5 to file on behalf of the "next of kin." It is only in this circumstance that the siblings of the deceased would have the claim. For example, we handled a case where the only living relatives were nephews and the girlfriend of the deceased wanted to be the representative. In that situation, the Court needs to appoint the girlfriend as the representative and then the nephews need to consent. Any money recovered would flow to the heirs.
The analysis who decides is determined by Georgia's rules on next of kin analyzing the degrees of relation with the decedent.
The value of the life has two aspects; the economic value and the value of the victim's life to themselves. Georgia is unique in giving the jury the ability to weigh and consider the true value of a person's life. It is almost a weighing of the human soul.
In a case involving a family from Smyrna Georgia, Mr. Simon collected over 200 photos of the deceased from childhood through his 50's, when he passed. He scoured family videos and spent days getting to know the family folklore so that the jury would know this man like a brother when it came time to assign a dollar value to his life. Anyone can hire an economist to value the economics on a life but an experienced lawyer is a storyteller that can explain the highlights and dreams of a human life to the jury. That is the only way that a jury can fairly evaluate the value of a needless loss of life.
The Estate's Claims
The second part of the wrongful death case is the estate's claim. The Estate holds the claim for any medical bills, pain and suffering and funeral expenses. In cases where the deceased survived for a period of time after the injury, this can be a valuable component of the claim.
One heart-wrenching aspect of the estate's claim arises when the deceased could tell before the injury that they were in mortal danger. Juries understand that if a decedent could tell they were going to die, that time "stretches" and the agony of knowing that death is approaching is horrible. A skilled lawyer will know how to explore these non-obvious issues to ensure that the survivors make a fair recovery.
Should I Even Hire a Lawyer to Handle the Wrongful Death Case?
Although you are in the grieving process, you should not wait to hire an attorney if the death resulted from the kind of accident where evidence can disappear or if there is limited insurance and multiple claimants. Here are a few of the warning signs that should alert you to the fact that swift action is important:
Evidence and Witnesses Disappear Quickly
For example, it only takes one good rain to wash away skid marks. When you hire an Atlanta wrongful death lawyer to represent your family, they will analyze the facts of the collision to determine whether it makes sense to deploy an expert collision reconstructionist to the scene and they will take photos to lock down evidence. Typically we also send letters warning the at-fault parties not to allow evidence to "disappear", which protects the client in case it later does.
If the Accident Involved Multiple Injured People, You are in a Race to Access the Available Insurance
If there are multiple people hurt in the wreck, you also need to move quickly. For example, in a case involving a Georgia student killed in a DUI crash at the end of 2010, there were three insurance policies in play and two wrongful death claims and four serious orthopedic injuries. The crash involved two drunk drivers who collided and then crossed the centerline, killing our client.
Fortunately, the client hired our law firm on the wrongful death claim within one week of the client's passing. We sent an immediate demand for the policy limits on each policy and were able to beat the other claimants to the punch. Fair or not, it is the law in Georgia that an insurance company can choose which claimant to pay without regard for "fairness" to the other claimants. The other half of the case is focused on a Dramshop case against the Duluth bar that over-served the drunk drivers when it was obvious they would soon be driving at 3:00 in the morning.
Examples of Wrongful Death Cases our Firm Has Handled or is Handling.
Motorcycle rider killed when a tractor-trailer turned left from the right lane across his path. Trucking company refused to offer anything as evidence showed motorcycle was speeding. Going to trial in 2013.
Trash truck backs into lumber stack, knocking it over and crushing the client to death. The case was complicated by the immigration status of the victim and a strong apportionment of liability argument on the victim's employer. Case settled in litigation for well in excess of $1,000,000.
High impact collision with tractor-trailer driving below the minimum speed limit kills passenger in a van. Going to trial in Federal Court in 2013 due to complex collision reconstruction issues.
Gentleman with undiagnosed plasma cancer is in a car wreck and sustains compression fracture and spiral arm fracture. Is hospitalized after the wreck and never checks out of the hospital. He dies 30 days later in the hospital. Because of his fragile state, the car accident injuries were the precipitating cause of the death. $500,000 offered but on track for trial in 2014.
Minor collision on the interstate leads to the driver getting out of his car where he is struck by another driver and killed. Policy limits from all involved vehicles were paid out.
5-year-old girl killed when struck by an 82-year-old senile driver as she gets off the school bus. The firm's expertise in analyzing UM coverages resulted in a doubling of all available insurance to maximize settlement in a case with no assets.
5 separate Pedestrian fatality cases where police officers made no investigation of the car's speed and wrote up the pedestrian for not being in the crosswalk.
Mother killed by a careless driver in North Georgia. The insurance company wanted to dispute the economic value of her life because she did not draw a paycheck. The case eventually settled for the $1,000,000 policy limits.
Swift Action Means the difference between coming to peace with a loss and a profound sense of unfairness.
DO NOT MAKE A SNAP DECISION ON WHICH LAWYER TO HIRE.
You should interview at least three lawyers in person before you make a decision. Ask the lawyer bluntly whether they have actually filed and litigated wrongful death cases and what the results were. Ask about their current cases and in what phase they are. Ask to speak to their clients. These cases can lead to significant jury awards and unfortunately, some lawyers will be less than honest in an attempt to get your business.
Feel free to call Mr. Simon at 404-259-7635 and ask questions about the merits of the case. The Firm's attorneys make the painful process of dealing with a death in the family less confusing and he can explain how best to protect the family's rights.
Recent Wrongful Death Case Law Decisions
Although motor vehicle accidents typically involve more than one vehicle, a somewhat unexpected object can occasionally be at issue. In a recent decision, Williams v. Pauley, the Georgia Court of Appeals addressed a peculiar car accident involving a stray horse and needed to determine whether a responding police officer could be held liable for the death of a motorist who collided with the horse.
As noted above, this case arose from an accident involving a stray horse. The horse had strayed onto Highway 27 in Floyd County, Georgia. The principal defendant is a police officer employed by the Floyd County Police Department who responded to a 911 call reporting the stray horse. The officer met the horse at 4:30, left briefly, and returned to the scene at about 5:00 am. The horse apparently took off every time the officer got close. Eventually, the officer approached the horse by foot and was able to grab its halter. The officer led the horse back to his cruiser and called police dispatch to report his difficulties controlling the horse and to get advice. The officer's supervisor told him to lead the horse as far off the road as possible if he decided to leave the scene. The officer did so, but the officer's dashboard camera shows that the horse followed him as he returned to the cruiser. The officer went to a nearby gas station to retrieve rope, but within 30 minutes of his departure, a motorist driving along Highway 27 struck the horse, leading to the motorist's death.
The motorist's spouse brought a wrongful death action against the officer in his individual capacity, alleging that the officer was negligent in failing to remove the horse from the highway. Following discovery, the officer moved for summary judgment, which the trial court denied. The officer then brought the current appeal.
Although negligence is at the heart of this suit, the focus of this appeal was the applicability of qualified immunity, which was the principal ground of the officer's motion for summary judgment. "Qualified immunity protects individual public agents from personal liability for discretionary actions taken within the scope of their official authority, and done without wilfulness, malice, or corruption" and limits liability "for ministerial acts negligently performed or acts performed with malice or an intent to injure." Cameron v. Lang, 274 Ga. 122, 123 (2001) (citations and punctuation omitted) (emphasis added).
Given that there is a difference in liability depending on whether an act is discretionary or ministerial, the court's task was to determine the nature of the officer's conduct at the moment. Reviewing the record, the Court of Appeals determined that the officer's "actions in attempting to take control of and remove the stray horse … were discretionary because they called for the officer to exercise personal deliberation and judgment to reach reasoned conclusions about how to accomplish a task…."
Important to this conclusion is the oddity of the situation. Indeed, there are no particular protocols that officers are to apply when dealing with stray animals on roadways. Although O.C.G.A. § 4-3-4 (a) provides that "[i]t shall be the duty of … county law enforcement officer to impound livestock found to be running at large or straying," the court noted that this statute did not delineate even general instructions or procedures for accomplishing this task. Accordingly, the officer in this situation was still required to utilize personal deliberation and judgment, which distinguishes discretionary acts from ministerial acts. Indeed, ministerial acts are defined as "simple, absolute, and definite, … and requiring merely the execution of a specific duty." Banks v. Happoldt, 271 Ga. App. 146, 149 (2004).
Although it may seem reasonable to apply official immunity under these circumstances, considering the peculiarity of the event, official immunity bars suits in many situations when public officials' actions seem more straightforward. Indeed, injury suits against the government present many difficulties, from notice of suit provisions to various forms of immunity. Accordingly, anyone considering taking legal action to redress injuries resulting from the acts of a government official should consider finding competent counsel with experience dealing with these hurdles. The Atlanta truck accident attorneys at Christopher Simon Attorney at Law have this experience and are ready to help you with your possible case. Feel free to contact us for a complimentary case consultation if you are interested in learning more about what difficulties you may encounter and what options you may have.
The attorney-client relationship and layers of complexity involved with wrongful death cases have lead to several decisions that attorneys should know.
Cases where a law firm represents the surviving spouse of a decedent but there are adult children who are at odds with the spouse. The questions arise; what duties does the spouse owe to the adult children and what duties does the attorney owe?
"[i]n a wrongful death case, the surviving spouse acts as the children's representative and owes them the duty to act prudently in asserting, prosecuting and settling the claim and to act in the utmost good faith." Home Ins. Co. v. Wynn, 229 Ga.App. 220, 222(1), 493 S.E.2d 622 (1997).
Where a lawyer represents the surviving spouse in a wrongful death claim, they are also representing the claims of the children as third party beneficiaries of that relationship. The lawyer has an attorney-client relationship with the children and cannot act to hurt their interests. An example would be funneling money into the loss of consortium claim or Estate claim where the spouse might benefit more than the children.
In another case, lawyers represented the mother of a deceased who settled a wrongful death case and did share the proceeds with the father, who she was no longer married to. The Father tried to sue the lawyers and the mother claiming malpractice and breach of fiduciary duties.
The Court found that the lawyers represented only the mother and that here interests were antagonistic to the fathers. Therefore there was no third-party beneficiary concern and no attorney-client relationship.
Both parents have a right to share in the recovery for the wrongful death of an unmarried child with no children. OCGA § 19-7-1(c)(2). Under OCGA § 19-7-1(c)(2), one parent can hire a lawyer for both parents and the parents are to share equally in the proceeds. Pursuant to OCGA § 19-7-1(c)(2)(C), one parent may move to apportion the award, and the judge ruling on the motion considers each parent's relationship with the deceased child. OCGA § 19-7-1(c)(6). Rhone v. Bolden, 270 Ga.App. 712 (Ga. App., 2004).
What about where the lawyer represents the executor of the Estate? The executor of an estate owes a fiduciary duty to family members with an interest in the estate and that relationship also requires the utmost good faith. Liner v. North, 188 Ga.App. 677, 678(2) (1988). But Courts have said that the lawyer represents the Administrator and not the heirs. Inherent in that duty would be the duty not to put more money into the statutory death claim versus into the Estate, if that would hurt the heirs because that would violate the lawyer's duty to the Administrator to marshal the assets of the Estate. The existence of a duty by the administrator to the heirs does not translate into a duty by the administrator's lawyers to the heirs. Rhone v. Bolden, 270 Ga.App. 712, (Ga. App., 2004).
Wrongful Death and Sovereign Immunity
Wrongful Death Shootings and Apportionment Law
Wrongful Death of Children and Parents are Not Together
Damages Available in a Georgia Wrongful Death Claim
Does Georgia Allow a Wrongful Death Claim for an Unborn Child?
Valuing a Wrongful Death Claim
What's the Difference Between a Wrongful Death Claim and an Estate Claim in Georgia?


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Review: Shadows of Swanford Abbey by Julie Klassen
Stars: 3.5
Synopsis: Rebecca Lane returned to her hometown only for a short visit with her brother John...but when he ropes her into his scheme to get his novel published and sends her to the local convent-turned-hotel Swanford Abbey, she ends up confronting the unexpected, including lost love, ghosts, and murder.
I've held off on reading anything by Julie Klassen for years now, despite all the good things I've heard about her novels, and for the longest time I didn't have a reason to…until now.
Of course, I probably ought to read another of her works before I swear her off forever (The Painter's Daughter, perhaps, as it seems to be one of her most popular), but suffice to say that I'm not pleased enough to go out and immediately buy one. I did read the whole thing and it did keep my attention, but it wasn't until the murder took place that I was really invested enough in it to keep on going.
(This is not an uncommon occurrence, though. It's like, you done tol' me somebody was dyin', woman! Why ain't they dead yet? And I can be impatient, so…)
From the perspective of a mystery, I do think Klassen pulled it off and, yeah, Christie would be proud. The slow beginning had its merits, as all the suspects were properly developed and defined (more so than the main characters, in fact) and the circumstances were set up well. I do think it was a little too long, though, because I was about to lose interest before Oliver was killed.
As for red herrings? *chef's kiss * Perfecto! I was kept guessing the whole time, and although I did have my own bias as to who it could've been (or at least who was donning the habit and running about), I never did come up with a firm conclusion for fear of being wrong. (I was wrong. Ish.)
The perpetrator was revealed and dealt with in true Christie fashion—although I'd say no one was quite as malicious as a Christie murderer—and at the end, I was rather satisfied with the turn of events concerning Oliver's murder.
But that was the end of my satisfaction.
As for the romance thread, I think it was subtle enough, only that the culmination of it was a bit rushed. (Is it just me, or are the endings in which either the hero or the heroine suddenly decides to fight for their beloved, dashes up to them and declares their undying affection, and then they live happily ever after for the last two sentences too...cliche?) I will admit, though, that the scene modeled after (or, rather, the exact opposite of) Lady Catherine's speech in Pride and Prejudice was just too good. I loved that part.
On that note, although the entire secondary cast—from John, Rose, and Lady Fitzhoward, to Thomas, Selina, and Mr. George—were vibrant and developed, I felt that Rebecca and Frederick were lacking that same definition. Frederick seemed to have very little purpose or much of an arc except for interviewing suspects. All he needed, really, was a bit of pain or heartache over the circumstances of his wife's death that he needed to overcome, as well as some personality. Otherwise, he reminded me of Christie's Hastings, I guess, detached and distant, I mean. Not romance hero quality, although he was fine for the mystery plot.
As for Rebecca...she wasn't annoying or obnoxious or unpleasant. She wasn't really anything, actually. She had very little personality or will, and not much of an arc either, which, as I said, would be fine if this were just a mystery. The romance/drama side just seemed a little lacking on the characters' parts. Also, as strong of a premise as the mystery was, I didn't like how it all hinged on Rebecca's lying. She did repent for her deception, but at times she seemed like more of a villain than a heroine in some ways.
With how long and drawn-out the beginning was, I feel like Klassen could have developed Rebecca and Frederick more and made their personal romantic storyline more defined, rather than the characterization being so unbalanced.
Lastly, I'm sorry to say that I just couldn't get into Klassen's writing! I feel like this story and its setting had all the makings of a deep, immersive novel, and I could tell that Klassen was attempting to bring that about; however, she did more showing than telling and her descriptions were limited and awkward at best. I simply couldn't connect with or enjoy her writing style, which is a shame, for I do so love good prose.
The style of her narrative leaked a bit into her dialogue, for there were several lines that, to me, seemed out-of-place and awkward. I'd pause and lift my eyebrows wondering to myself, "Where did that come from? Whatever was that doing there?" Otherwise, there was at times a rather delightful flavor to her dialogue that I longed for more of in her narrative.
Long story short, I wasn't able to connect with the writing, the characters, or even really the romance, due to a lack of development and definition. I did, however, enjoy the mystery itself, but I don't think I'll be picking up another Klassen novel just yet.
Julie Klassen loves all things Jane—Jane Eyre and Jane Austen. A graduate of the University of Illinois, Julie worked in publishing for sixteen years and now writes full time. Three of her books, The Silent Governess, The Girl in the Gatehouse, and The Maid of Fairbourne Hall, have won the Christy Award for Historical Romance. She has also won the Midwest Book Award, the Minnesota Book Award, and Christian Retailing's BEST Award, and been a finalist in the Romance Writers of America's RITA Awards and ACFW's Carol Awards. She blogs at http://www.inspiredbylifeandfiction.com.
Julie and her husband have two sons and live in a suburb of St. Paul, Minnesota.
#bookreview #review #historicalromance #mystery #christianfiction #historicalfiction
Yours in spirit and script,


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Rohan Sinha
By thelancerscience20 on November 18, 2021 • ( Leave a comment )
Rohan Sinha ('23) is currently the Vol. 59 News Editor for The Lancer. He was a Staff Writer for Vol. 58.
Hackers target overlooked group of small businesses
by Rohan Sinha ('23) | November 18, 2022 The Colonial Pipeline cyberattack in May 2021 was a wake-up call to many government and corporate officials. DarkSide, a criminal hacking group, had conducted a ransomware attack on a pipeline transporting gasoline, shutting down a major source of fuel along the East Coast. To many experts, the…
The fallout from the Pentagon's clandestine social media operations
by Rohan Sinha ('23) | October 7, 2022 In September 2022, news outlets reported the White House's concern about social media operations launched by the Pentagon promoting pro-American content abroad. After the White House voiced its worries about this conduct to the U.S. Department of Defense, the Pentagon began auditing its own clandestine social media…
Connection Days offer Class of 2026 a preview of student life
by Rohan Sinha ('23) | October 7, 2022 From August 8 to 9, Saint Francis faculty and students gathered on campus for the first-ever Freshman Connection Days, an event to welcome the Class of 2026. This new addition to freshman programming enabled the newest members of the Lancer community to explore campus opportunities before the…
Media coverage of Ukraine-Russia conflict highlights double standard
By Rohan Sinha ('23) | April 8, 2022 When Russian forces began their invasion of Ukraine in late February, the international community hastened to demonstrate solidarity with the Ukrainian people. The day after Russia began its invasion, Paris's Eiffel Tower was lit with Ukraine's national colors. Protesters around the world, from Buenos Aires to Istanbul,…
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BrewDog sets up shares scheme encouraging customers to recycle
By Kiran Bose
Multinational brewery BrewDog has announced a new initiative called 'Cans for Equity', which involves customers returning used beer cans in exchange for shares in the business.
The company is aiming to incentivise recycling and sustainable business practices through the scheme and hopes other breweries can follow suit.
Customers that trade in 50 empty BrewDog aluminium cans at any of its UK bars can become a shareholder.
The brewery has partnered with First Mile Recycling to return the cans to industry, save energy and reduce carbon emissions, as well as preventing the cans from ending up in landfill, where they can take up to 500 years to decompose.
James Watt, CEO of BrewDog, said: "Ever since BrewDog was founded in 2007, our business practices have always challenged the norm.
"Our ground-breaking 'Equity for Punks' programme has been vital in helping us to accelerate our growth and build a community of 130,000 passionate shareholders in the process."
Posted in Food & Waste, Retail & Leisure, Videos
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Anime / Anime & Manga / Shonen
REVIEW: 'JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stone Ocean' Takes The Franchise to New Heights
12/02/2021 12/02/2021 - by Kyle Foley
Netflix has consistently hit it out of the park with their Netflix Original Anime selections, and JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 6: Stone Ocean, is no exception. Produced and animated by David Production, the first 12 episodes released worldwide. The series is an adaptation of the hit manga series by Hirohiko Araki.
Stone Ocean introduces the latest JoJo, Jolyne Cujoh, the first female protagonist in the JoJo's series. The story starts when Jolyne is arrested and framed for murder. She is sentenced to 15 years in prison at the Green Dolphin Street Jail, which is located in Florida. Jolyne is the daughter of series mainstay Jotaro Kujo, who also makes his return in Stone Ocean. Jolyne develops a Stand power like her father after she is pricked by a gift her father sent to her. The setup is fairly straightforward, but it works very well. The English language performance by Kira Buckland truly brings Jolyne to life, and from the start she makes for one of my personal favorite JoJo's protagonists.
The character development for Jolyne is incredibly well done, as we see her struggle to learn how to use her Stand while also dealing with the dangers presented by other Stand users. She also is faced with confronting her father Jotaro, who has been absent throughout most of her life. While she is initially very cold towards Jotaro, she realizes he is the only person close to her that can truly help her learn to navigate the world of being a Stand user. The development hits a whole new level when Jotaro is attacked by the season's villain Whitesnake and his Stand, Star Platinum, is stolen and he is left on the brink of death. The stakes are unbelievably high for both Joylne and the viewers, since Jotaro has been a fan favorite since his introduction.
It wouldn't be a season of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure if DIO didn't play a part, and we soon find out that Whitesnake is the Stand of a Catholic priest known as Enrico Pucci who worshiped DIO. Father Pucci is a very interesting villain, and the concept of stealing the Stands of others with his own Stand is equally so. Father Pucci feels like a genuine threat all throughout the season, with Yong Yea putting in an excellent English language performance.
It's not just the villains that are well done, as the rest of the Stand users that appear in the season are as well. The names are all based on musicians and bands, in keeping with tradition for the show, with names like Foo Fighters and Weather Report playing vital roles in supporting Jolyne in her mission to get her father's Stand and memories back. There is also Emporio Alnino, a boy who was born in Green Dolphin Street Jail and has the mysterious ability to travel throughout the prison without being seen. Each character feels unique and the pacing of their introductions is perfect. The only real negative associated with the cool Stand names is that they are only fully pronounced in the Japanese language version of the show. For legal reasons, the names are slightly modified when translated to English. It makes sense, but also removes some of the coolest parts of JoJo's.
The first 12 episodes of Stone Ocean that were released are only the first part of the season, with Episode 12 leaving off on a suspenseful cliffhanger. The pacing of the story so far feels very organic, with nothing feeling too rushed or too drawn out. I was a little skeptical when I saw there were only 12 episodes releasing, but I'm very glad to see the season is not done yet. The stakes are extremely high, and the writing keeps the suspense building with every passing minute.
The other massive highlight of the season is the immaculate visuals that JoJo's Bizarre Adventure has become known for. The colors used are varied, and the art design is out of this world. Not only does every character feel and look unique, but the different locations also have their own distinct feels. The battle animations are immaculate as well, with the Stand powers truly coming to life in a very impressive way. The opening theme "Stone Ocean" also brings back 3D character animations that some of the previous intros were famous for, and it makes for arguably one of the best anime openings in recent memory.
Overall, Stone Ocean is off to an excellent start. The series is quickly rocketing to the next level, with some of the most intriguing personal stakes of the series so far. I can't wait to see the rest of Jolyne's adventure come to life on screen when the next part of the hit Netflix Original Anime launches in 2022.
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 6: Stone Ocean is streaming now on Netflix.
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 6: Stone Ocean
Rating - 9/10
MStone Ocean is off to an incredible start. The series is quickly rocketing to the next level, with some of the most intriguing personal stakes of the series so far
Kyle Foley
Kyle is an editor, writer, and musician from Orlando, FL with a history of covering video games, technology, and sports. He also believes mayonnaise is the best condiment for hot dogs, which are sandwiches.


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Scammers Impersonate IRS and FBI in New Ransomware Attack
The IRS and the FBI are warning consumers about a new phishing campaign that impersonates both of those agencies in an effort to collect victims' personal information through a fake questionnaire.
The phishing attack uses an email template that includes the seals of both the FBI and the IRS and it plays on people's fear of law enforcement to scare victims into giving up sensitive data. The email talks about some changes in the United States tax code that require people to fill out a new form. The message uses quasi-legal language but has some telltale grammatical mistakes that should tip victims off that it's a scam.
"Owing to changes of tax laws of United States of America of June 21, 2017 (Federal tex regulations ref. no. 13-44876478) any business activity of resident or the non-resident citizens of the United States of America abroad, in particular the belonging of offshore companies, equity participation and offshore capitals, is transferred under the special control of the Federal Bureau of Investigation," the email says.
"FBI requires a completed questionnaire here with absolutely reliable information."
The link in the email directs victims to a page where they would supposedly download the fake FBI form. What they actually get, however, is a ransomware variant. The agencies haven't disclosed what kind of ransomware the phishing campaign installs, but reminded victims not to pay the ransom if they're infected.
"This is a new twist on an old scheme," said IRS Commissioner John Koskinen. "People should stay vigilant against email scams that try to impersonate the IRS and other agencies that try to lure you into clicking a link or opening an attachment. People with a tax issue won't get their first contact from the IRS with a threatening email or phone call."
Cybercriminals often try to legitimize their phishing emails and other scams by using logos, seals, and other indicators from government agencies. The IRS is a favorite for these scammers, mainly because people tend to be afraid of the agency and the ramifications of having unpaid taxes. IRS phone scams are an offshoot of this, and have proliferated in recent years as fraudsters have branched out from traditional online crime.
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Muhammad Taqi ud-Din
Previous Article Discussions Regarding the Wiping of the Face with the Hands After the Du'a
Next Article Everyday Issues
The reader should note that this article concerns an issue over which there is legitimate difference of opinion. For example, a counter-opinion can be found in Haitham al-Haddad's The Designated Times for the Isha' and Fajr Prayers in the UK and other similar Countries During the Summer Season.
If you are in doubt about any of these issues, you are encouraged to speak with those of knowledge who you trust.
With the name of Allah, The Compassionate, The Merciful.
Contents[Hide]
Some Ahadith from the Jami' of Imam At-Tirmidhi, with its explanation by our Shaykh 'Abdur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, rahimahullah
The Sunan of Abu Dawud and its Explanation
All praise be to Allah, the one who made happiness in this life and in the Hereafter, specifically for those who follow His straight path, clinging to His book and the Sunnah of his honourable Prophet. May Allah send salutations upon him, his family, his companions and those who follow him. O Allah, Lord of the Worlds, make us among them as well!
The most desperate slave in need of the mercy of the Greatest and Ever High, Muhammad Taqi ud-Din, the son of 'Abdul-Qadir al-Hilali says:
I spent my youth and the time after, including some of my old age, in the East and when I returned to Morocco because of the trouble that took place in Iraq in the year 1379H (1958CE), I discovered after a lot of research, checking and repeated observations from those who have good eyesight (and I was with them at that time and able to see the dawn without hardship in those days) that the Moroccan timing for the Fajr Adhan did not agree with the correct Islamic timing. That is because the Mu'adhdhin calls to prayer before the true Islamic dawn. His call at that time does not make Fajr prayer permissible and also does not prohibit eating for the fasting person.
I began giving fatwa according to this and still act upon it to this day. In Ramadhan from this year 1394H (1974CE), some of our brothers fell into confusion. The reason for this was because a brother – who is a preacher – visited Morocco in Ramadhan. Some people from those who accompanied him claimed that he said the Islamic dawn was in agreement with the Moroccan dawn timing; but a trustworthy brother known to me told me that the preacher actually found that the difference between the Islamic dawn that can be seen with the eyes and the Moroccan time (observed outside the city, in an open field) was about 13 or 15 minutes (the doubt is from the brother I know).
So this narration is clearly contradictory. If what they said is correct – that the Islamic dawn and the Moroccan dawn are in agreement – then this is a mistake that can be identified by everyone who knows the Islamic dawn and he has eyes that he can see with (it is obvious that in countries where there are a lot of clouds and fog, that the people do not know the dawn, which also includes those who live in the desert but are not keen in such matters).
If one wants to know the Islamic dawn, then he must do two things:
Firstly he must study the Prophet's (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) statements which differentiate between the false dawn and the true dawn, and then the statements of his companions, the second generation and the great Imams.
Secondly, he has to be from those people who are used to seeing the dawn, such as a Mu'adhdhin or a person who travels a lot in the desert.
To explain the first part, I am writing this book and calling it the explanation of the true dawn and distinguishing it from the false dawn through evidences.
To begin, we must explain what Allah Almighty said in Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 187:
"Eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct from the black."
Ibn Kathir explained this ayah using different statements of the Prophet (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam):
The first hadith has been narrated in the two authentic books (Bukhari and Muslim) from the narration of Al-Qasim from 'A'ishah that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: "Let the Adhan of Bilal not prevent you from your Suhur (pre-dawn meal) because he calls it in the night, so eat and drink until you hear the Adhan of ibn Umm Maktum because he doesn't call the Adhan until the Fajr starts." This is the narration of Bukhari.
We understand from this narration and other narrations with similar meanings that the Prophet (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) used to have two people giving the Adhan during Ramadhan: one of them who could see, which was Bilal, and the other was a blind man known as ibn Umm Maktum. The Prophet (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) had appointed the Mu'adhdhin who could see to alert the people that the dawn was close and it used to be done at night, i.e. before the start of the Fajr, whereas he appointed the blind Mu'adhdhin to call for Fajr after the Fajr began. So what was the intention of the Prophet (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam)?
If we think about this with deficient minds it would seem apparent to us that the Mu'adhdhin that can see (i.e. Bilal) should do the last Adhan. He has more right to do so than the blind Mu'adhdhin, because he can see the beginning of dawn with his eyes and call the Adhan on time in order that the people will stop eating and drinking from the beginning of Fajr. The blind Mu'adhdhin should be the one who calls the people during the night so that they will know simply when the dawn is close by.
But the Prophet (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) did the opposite; he appointed the blindman as the caller of the Adhan to prohibit food and drink and the start of the Salah. He therefore intended – without doubt – to make things easier for his nation and not harder. So whoever makes things restricted and difficult when Allah and His Messenger have made then easy and spacious, then he is in the wrong.
The statement of Allah, subhanahu wa ta'ala: "Until it becomes distinct", is in agreement with the statement of the Prophet because He did not say until the dawn comes out, but He said until you people can see it clearly in a way that no one has doubt about it and the explanation of that will come shortly, insha'Allah.
In a narration by Bukhari and Muslim, it states: "' ... so eat and drink until ibn Umm Maktum calls the Adhan,' and he was blind, and would not call the Adhan until it was said to him 'It's morning! It's morning!'", so reflect upon this meaning if you are among those of understanding.
The second hadith: ibn Kathir said: Imam Ahmad said: and he mentioned the chain from Qays ibn Talq from his father that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: "The dawn is not that which is vertical in the sky but it is that which is red and horizontal". This is also narrated by At-Tirmidhi. His narration states: "Eat and drink and don't worry about the clear vertical (dawn), but eat and drink until you see the red and horizontal (dawn/light)." Then ibn Kathir mentioned different narrations from ibn Jarir (the Imam of the scholars of Tafsir), for this hadith:
The first narration is from Samurah ibn Jundub that he said that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: "Do not be deceived by the call of Bilal, wait until the dawn 'explodes'."
The second narration from him is that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: "Do not be deceived by the call of Bilal and do not be deceived by the white column of dawn, until it spreads (across the horizon)."
The third narration is narrated by Muslim in the same way it was narrated by ibn Jarir.
The fourth narration which was also from ibn Jarir is from Muhammad ibn Thawban who said that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: "The dawn is of two types – one that is like the tail of the Sirhan which does not prohibit anything, and then the one that spreads across and covers the horizon. This (latter) is the one which permits the prayer and prohibits food." This is a good Mursal hadith.
(Muhammad Taqi ud-Din said:) The tail of the Sirhan means the tail of a wolf because it lifts up and becomes vertical, similar to the false dawn.
Another narration from 'Abdur-Razzaq with his chain of narration mentions from ibn 'Abbas that he said: "There are two dawns. As for the one which is clear in the sky, that doesn't permit or prohibit anything. But the dawn that lights the top of the mountains is the one that prohibits drinking."
'Ata' said: "As for that dawn that is clear and its light goes vertically to the sky, it does not prohibit drinking for the person, and the Salah is not allowed based on it and the Hajj is not missed because of it. But if it is spread across the top of the mountains, then drinking is prohibited and the Hajj is missed." These are authentic chains to ibn 'Abbas and 'Ata', and are similar to other narrations from more than one of the Salaf, may Allah be merciful to them.
(Muhammad Taqi ud-Din said) The meaning of 'the Hajj being missed' is that the person who is doing Hajj but misses standing at 'Arafah during the 9th day of Dhu'l-Hijjah and he stands during the night before the true Fajr, then his Hajj is correct. But if he reaches 'Arafah after the true dawn then there is no Hajj for him in that year."
The first hadith: At-Tirmidhi said, with his chain from Zayd ibn Thabit who said: "We had our Suhur with the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) and then we stood up for Salah. I asked, 'How long was that?' He said, 'About 50 verses.' "
(Muhammad Taqi ud-Din al-Hilali said) The Salafi scholar Abu 'Ali al-Habib ibn 'Ali al-'Alawi said that he recited 50 verses in two minutes. According to this, the time between the Suhur of the Prophet and the Fajr prayer used to be two minutes, or could perhaps be five minutes, but those ignorant of the Sunnah consider eating five minutes before Salah time as invalidating the fast. This issue will soon increase in clarity, insha'Allah .
At-Tirmidhi then said: "There are other narrations in this subject from Hudhayfah."
Abu 'Isa (at-Tirmidhi) said: "The hadith of Zayd ibn Thabit is sound and authentic, and is acted upon by Ash-Shafi'i, Ahmad and Ishaq. They recommended the delaying of the Suhur."
The second hadith: At-Tirmidhi said with his chain to Talq ibn Ali, that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: "Eat and drink and don't worry about the clear and vertical, but eat and drink until you see the red horizontal."
(Muhammad Taqi ud-Din said) We understand from this hadith that the false dawn that precedes the true dawn, is pure white and it is goes from the earth to the sky and that does not prohibit eating for a fasting person, nor does it permit the Fajr prayer. The true dawn, which is horizontal across the horizon, with redness, comes before the sunrise and this is the one which prohibits food and permits the prayer.
Our Shaykh explained fifty verses as being medium, not long and not short, and the recitation is also medium, not fast and not slow. He attributed that to Al-Hafidh (Ibn Hajar).
The third hadith: our Shaykh said the hadith of Hudhayfah is narrated by At-Tahawi, in his book Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar, from the narration of Zirr ibn Hubaysh who said: "I had my Suhur, and I rushed to the mosque; I passed by the house of Hudhayfah, and I entered it. He commanded that his she-camel be milked and a pan to be heated, and he told me, 'Eat.' I replied, 'I want to fast.' He said, 'And I also want to fast.' We ate, and then we drank and then we came to the mosque and offered the prayer that had just started. Hudhayfah said, 'That's how the Messenger of Allah did with me [or 'That's how I did with the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam)].' I asked, 'After the dawn?' He said, 'After dawn, but the sun hadn't risen yet.'" This is also narrated by An-Nasa'i and Ahmad.
(Muhammad Taqi'l-Din said) We say to the amateur and careless people, what do you say about the fasting of Prophet Muhammad (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam)? Was it valid or invalid? If you say it was valid then it is now clear that what you previously said is wrong i.e. that it is compulsory to make up your fast if you eat after the Moroccan whistle, although it whistles at night, before the true and even the false Fajr!
Ma'mar, Sulayman al-A'mash, Abu Mijlaz, and Al-Hakam ibn 'Utaybah all said that it is permissible to have Suhur as long as the sun doesn't rise. Their evidence was the hadith of Hudhayfah as mentioned by Imam At-Tirmidhi.
It is narrated from Ibn Jurayj: I said to 'Ata', "Is it disliked to drink whilst I am at home and I don't know if the Fajr has started?" He said, "That isn't a problem, it is a doubt." Ibn Abi Shaybah said, "Abu Mu'awiyah told us from Al-A'mash from Muslim that he said, 'They did not used to consider the dawn as your dawn; they used to consider the dawn which filled the houses and roads.'"
Ma'mar used to delay his Suhur so much that the ignorant claimed his fast was invalid. Sa'id ibn Mansur, Ibn Abi Shaybah and Ibn Al-Mundhir narrated from Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, with numerous chains, that he ordered the door to be closed so that he did not see the dawn. Ibn Al-Mundhir narrated with an authentic chain from 'Ali, may Allah be pleased with him, that he prayed Fajr, then he said, "Now is the time when the black and white threads are distinguished."
This led Ibn Al-Mundhir to say: "Some of them said that the meaning of the whiteness and the blackness of the dawn is when the whiteness spreads in the roads, streets, and houses." He narrated with an authentic chain from Salim ibn 'Ubayd al-Ashja'i (one of the companions of the Prophet) that Abu Bakr said to him, "Go out and see if the dawn has begun." I looked and then came to him and told him, "It has become white and clear." Then he said, "Go out and see if the dawn has begun." I looked and replied, "It has become horizontal." Then Abu Bakr said, "Now give me my drink."
He narrated from Waki' from Al-A'mash, who said, "If I was not afraid that I would become famous, I would pray Fajr then have my Suhur." This is in (the books) 'Umdat ul-Qari and Fath al-Bari.
Ibn Hazm in Al-Muhalla said: It is not obligatory, neither in Ramadhan, nor at any other time except when the second dawn becomes clear, and as long as it doesn't become clear then eating and drinking and intercourse is permissible. This is all in the case of the one who is in doubt that the dawn hasn't begun, or if he is sure that it has not begun. Then he mentioned the verse of Surah Al-Baqarah that we mentioned earlier. He said after that, and I quote:
"Because Allah Almighty made it permissible to have intercourse, eat and drink until we see clearly the dawn, Allah Almighty didn't say until the Fajr begins, and he didn't say until you have doubts about the Fajr. So it is not permissible for anyone to say or obligate the fast unless it becomes clear to that person."
Then Abu Muhammad (Ibn Hazm) said:
"It is narrated with an authentic chain, that eating after the beginning of the dawn is permissible as long as the person who intends to fast has not clearly seen it."
Then he mentioned with a chain to Zirr ibn Hubaysh that he said to Hudhayfah, "What time did you have your Suhur with the Prophet (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam)?" He replied, "It was during the day but the sun had not come out yet."
He also narrated, with his chain to Abu Hurayrah that he said, "The Messenger of Allah peace be upon him said, 'If any of you hear the call to Salah and the cup in his hand, he should not put it down until he is full from it.'" Then Ibn Hazm narrated with his chain from Abu Bakr as-Siddiq that he said, "If two men look at the dawn and one of them has doubt, they should both eat until both of them clearly see it."
He also narrated with his chain, to Salim ibn 'Ubayd that he said, "Abu Bakr used to say to me, 'Stand up between me and the dawn until I have my Suhur.'"
Salim ibn 'Ubayd is Al-Ashja'i from the city of Al-Kufah and from the companions of the Messenger (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam), and this is one of the most authentic chains possible.
Then he (Ibn Hazm) narrated, with his chain from Abu Qilabah that Abu Bakr as-Siddiq used to say, "Close the door until we have our Suhur." Then he narrated from Hammad ibn Salamah from Abu Hurayrah, that he heard the call to the prayer whilst a cup was in his hand and he said, "I acquired it by the Lord of the Ka'bah."
He then narrated from Ibn Jarir, from Ibn 'Abbas, that he said, "Allah permits drinking as long as you have doubts." Then Ibn Hazm narrated from 'Ikrimah that Ibn 'Abbas said, "I have doubts by Allah, give me something to drink." And he drank. Then he narrated with his chain from Makhul al-Azdi, that he said, "Ibn 'Umar took a container of Zamzam and said to two men, 'Has the dawn begun?' One of them said, 'It has began,' and the other said, 'No it hasn't,' so Ibn 'Umar drank."
He narrated with his chain, from Habban ibn Al-Harith that he had his Suhur with 'Ali ibn Abi Talib and both of them intended to fast, and after he finished he told the Mu'adhdhin to do the Iqamah for the Salah.
He also narrated with his chain from Ibn Abi Shaybah from 'Amir ibn Matar that he said, "I came to 'Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, in his house, and he took out for us his leftover Suhur. We had our Suhur with him and the Salah started. We came out and we prayed with him."
Also from Khubayb ibn 'Abdur-Rahman that he said, "I heard from my aunty that she accompanied the Prophet (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) and that he said, 'Ibn Umm Maktum used to call to the Salah at night, so eat and drink until Bilal calls it. And Bilal sometimes calls at night so eat and drink until ibn Umm Maktum calls it.' One of them used to come down and the other used to come up, and she said, 'We used to hold on to him asking him to wait until we had eaten our Suhur.'"
It is narrated from Muhammad ibn 'Ali ibn Al-Husayn: "Eat until the Fajr become clear to you."
It is narrated from Al-Hasan: "Continue to eat as long as you are in doubt."
It is narrated from Ibn Mijlaz: "The high (light in the sky) is the false dawn but the true one is clear and horizontal."
It is narrated from Ibrahim an-Nakha'i: "The horizontal and red (light) permits the prayer and forbids food."
It is narrated from Ibn Jurayj that he said to 'Ata', "Do you dislike it if I drink whilst I am at home and I am not sure if the Fajr has begun?" He said, "There is no problem with that. This is a matter of doubt."
On the authority of Ibn Abi Shayba who said, "Abu Mu'awiyah told us while we were with Al-A'mash, on the authority of Muslim, that he said, 'They were not considering the Fajr as your Fajr; they consider the Fajr when it fills the houses and streets.'"
It is narrated from Abu Wa'il, that he had his Suhur and he went to the mosque and the Salah has started.
It is narrated from Ma'mar, that he delayed the Suhur so much, that the ignorant would say that his fast was invalid.
'Ali (ibn Hazm) said, "We have mentioned in this subject those who had their Suhur thinking it is night but it was day and they did not believe that they had to make it up."
Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Ali, Ibn 'Umar, Ibn 'Abbas, Abu Hurayrah, Ibn Mas'ud, Hudhayfah, the Aunt of Khubayb, Zayd ibn Thabit and Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas are eleven Companions – it is not known from any other of the Companions that they differed with them on this, may Allah be pleased with all of them. The only thing we see is a weak narration on the authority of Makhul from Abu Sa'id al-Khudri but they never met one another (thus the narration is weak), and also on the authority of Yahya al-Jazari from Ibn Mas'ud but they also never met one another.
From the Tabi'in (the second successive generation after the Prophet) in support of the above: Muhammad ibn 'Ali, Abu Majliz, Ibrahim, Muslim, the students of Ibn Mas'ud, 'Ata', Al-Hasan al-Basri, Al-Hakam ibn 'Utaybah, Mujahid, 'Urwah ibn Az-Zubayr and Jabir ibn Zayd.
Abu Dawud reported, on the authority of 'Abdullah ibn Sawadah al-Qushayri, from his father who said that he heard Samurah ibn Jundub giving a speech saying, "The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said:
'Let the Adhan of Bilal not prevent you from your Suhur, nor the whiteness of the horizon which is like this i.e. vertical, until it spreads across everywhere (yastatir).' "
This was also narrated by Muslim and An-Nasa'i. Al-Khattabi said, "The meaning of yastatir is when the dawn covers the horizon and its light spreads there."
The poet said, "It was easy to the sons of Lu'ay … a mustatir (spread) flame in Al-Buwayrah."
Abu Dawud also narrated from 'Abdullah ibn Mas'ud that he reported that the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said:
"Let not the Adhan of Bilal prevent you from your Suhur because he calls the Adhan in order that those of you who are awake (and praying) can now rest and those who are asleep can wake up; and the dawn is not like this." Yahya al-Qattan put his hands together and he pointed with his two fingers. This is narrated by Al-Bukhari and Muslim.
'Adiyy ibn Hatim narrated that when this ayah was revealed: "Eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct from the black," he said, "I took black and white threads, and I put them under my pillow, and I looked and I couldn't distinguish between them. I mentioned that to the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) and he laughed, and said, 'Your pillow must be so wide and long then! This is referring to the night and the day.'"
'Uthman ibn Abi Shaybah said, "It is the darkness of the night, and whiteness of the day." This is narrated by Al-Bukhari, Muslim, At-Tirmidhi and An-Nasa'i.
Shaykh Shams ud-Din ibn Al-Qayyim rahimahullahsaid:
This hadith was criticised by Ibn Al-Qattan who he said that there is some doubt in the continuity of its chain. He said that because Ibn Dawud said that 'Abdul-A'la ibn Al-Hammal, said, I think, "On the authority of Hammad, from Muhammad ibn 'Amr from Abu Hurayrah and then he mentioned the hadith."
An-Nasa'i narrated from Zirr that he said: We said to Hudhayfah, "What time did you have your Suhur with the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam)?" He said, "It was daytime but the sun had not come out yet."
There are different opinions in this matter:
The first opinion has been articulated by Ishaq ibn Rahway who narrated from Waki' that he heard Al-A'mash say, "If I was not afraid of becoming famous, I would pray Fajr then have my Suhur." Then Ishaq mentioned from Abu Bakr as-Siddiq and Hudhayfah similar to that, and then he said, "They did not used to see any difference between the time for eating and the time for the obligatory prayer." This is the end of Ishaq's statement. This has also been narrated from Ibn Mas'ud. (So in summary, the first opinion is that one can eat and drink until just after Fajr has actually started, and not just that the time has "begun", but after the adhan and iqamah etc.)
The second opinion: most of the scholars are of the opinion that one is to stop the Suhur by the beginning of Fajr, and this is the opinion of the four Imams and most of the scholars of different countries and something of similar meaning has been narrated by 'Umar and Ibn 'Abbas.
The people with the first opinion have used the statement of the Prophet (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam), "And eat and drink until ibn Umm Maktum gives the Adhan." It is known that he was not giving the Adhan until Fajr had already begun. That is in Al-Bukhari and in some narrations it states: "He was a blind man and he was not giving the Adhan until it was said to him that, 'The Fajr has begun! The Fajr has begun!'"
These people say the day begins when the sun rises (meaning that one can eat into the Fajr time).
The majority on the other hand used the verse: "Eat and drink until the white thread of dawn becomes distinct from the black." Also the statement of Muhammad (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam), "Eat and drink until Ibn Umm Maktum gives the Adhan," and his statement, "There are two Fajrs: the first one does not prohibit food and does not permit the prayer and the second prohibits food and permits the prayer." Narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in his Sunan.
They also said that the hadith of Hudhayfah is faulty and that the fault is that it is Mawquf (a statement of a Companion alone), and that is Zirr is the one who had his Suhur with Hudhayfah. This was mentioned by An-Nasa'i.
(Muhammad Taqi ud-Din said) I don't agree with that, because Hudhayfah said, "That's how I did it with the Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam)," and this is Marfu' (a statement/event elevated to the Prophet).
Out of all these ahadith, we give Fatwa based on the middle opinion: that the true dawn which prohibits food on the fasting person and permits the prayer is as the Prophet (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam) said: the red dawn, the one that whose whiteness is mixed with some redness and is horizontal in the horizon. It is the one which fills the houses and streets and the people do not differ between them about it, and all people can identify it. Any other dawn such as the one identified by the Moroccans is false, it doesn't prohibit food on the fasting person and doesn't permit the Fajr prayer.
We usually delay our Fajr prayer more than half an hour after the Moroccan time, until we can see the true dawn. This is what we worship Allah with and Allah says the truth and He guides us to the straight path. We ask Allah to show us the truth as truth and to help us to follow it and to show us the falsehood as falsehood and to help us to avoid it.
And all praise is due to the Lord of the Worlds.
I finished writing this before noon, Saturday the 4th of Shawwal 1394 (1974CE) after the migration of the Prophet (sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallam).
Translated by Kehlan Al-Jubury, Manchester, Monday 25 June 2012CE
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