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Research » 'Religious Language' as a Register of Ulster-Scots
'Religious Language' as a Register of Ulster-Scots: A Consideration of the Case for an Ulster-Scots Bible
Philip S. Robinson
All written language has nature, meaning and purpose that can be interpreted from its text. These features can manifest in different levels of formality and style within the same standardised language such as English in different 'registers' which are appropriate to particular contexts. Socio-linguists acknowledge that the language used in official documents (such as in job advertisements and tax forms) is not the same as that used in, for example, a love letter. Formal and informal registers apply to both spoken and written language. In the spoken form, speakers of a stigmatised or low-prestige language such as Ulster-Scots are notoriously reluctant to use their 'hamely tongue' in public or formal situations. Its use in church or in the religious context is widely regarded as even more inappropriate. 'Talking polite', i.e. using the telephone voice, is invariable when talking to outsiders or 'professional' people. This switch is an involuntary one, and occurs even when a native-speaking field collector produces a tape-recorder! The development of a formal, written register for Ulster-Scots is a somewhat risible, if not controversial, aspect of current language planning. However, anyone contemplating an Ulster-Scots Bible translation must engage positively in this process while at the same time retaining the confidence of the language-user community.
The Language Development Case
The language development programme of the Ulster-Scots Academy has included the provision of an Ulster-Scots translation of the Bible as an integral feature since the earliest years, when Professor R. J. Gregg was the first and founding Rector of the Academy.(1) The reason for this was not 'religious' per se, but rather an early understanding that, for all European lesser-used languages, there were certain significant landmarks required for status building, which included the availability of a Bible in the language. Other requirements include a comprehensive, two-way dictionary and some measure of 'standardisation' for its teaching and modern official use. Only when the language development programme was being planned in detail did another dimension become clear: the interdependent nature of the various elements within the larger development programme.
In 2003, ten years after the genesis of the Ulster-Scots language development programme, Bob Gregg's successor as Rector of the Ulster-Scots Academy (Professor M. Montgomery) produced two progress reports on behalf of the Academy.(2) Five programmes were separately described: the Tape-Recorded Survey of Ulster-Scots; the Electronic Text Base; the Dictionary Programme; the Translation Service; and the Bible Translation. One of these papers describes the current situation relating to Bible Translation as follows:
'A fifth project of the Ulster-Scots Academy on which recent progress has been made is a collective translation exercise by native speakers themselves. With the support of the Ulster-Scots Agency, the Academy has initiated a series of workshops chaired by professional translators to begin the process of Bible translation into authentic Ulster-Scots. While this project has great status-building potential for Ulster-Scots, it has merit on many other accounts as well. As community representatives take part in an extended translation exercise, they and those they represent will find an increasing sense of ownership of the language and will create bonds with and within the native speaking community. The dynamics of the process will suggest alternative ways of expressing ideas or points and thus provide further raw material and insights for the dictionary programme. Development of more authoritative translation and spelling standards or guidelines will be a natural outcome as well. Substantial progress on the related programmes of spelling standardisation and the dictionary will be made even in the early stages of, say, translation of a single gospel. This process of translation is not simply an end in itself, but will be harmonised with the process of developing spelling standards and the requirement for a comprehensive two-way dictionary. The great virtue of the Academy's Bible-translation programme lies not only in its native-speaker involvement, but also in the fact that it is led by translators with twenty years experience in Bible translation who have knowledge of Greek and Hebrew'.
Every Bible translation programme undertaken by established Bible translators (such as at Wycliffe Bible Translators) builds up a working glossary as part of the process. Because of the nature of the exercise, a glossary compiled during the production of an Ulster-Scots Bible would be 'comprehensive' (i.e. covering the whole language, including words and usages shared with English and not just those non-standard English features which are featured in our existing dictionaries). It would also deliver a glossary in the (currently missing) English-to-Ulster-Scots mode (existing dictionaries are only in the Ulster-Scots-to-English mode).
The need for an English-to-Ulster-Scots dictionary is critical for teaching the language to non-speakers. At present, one has to already know or have encountered a particular Ulster-Scots word in order to look it up!
Another important element in the language development programme is the delivery of agreed standard spellings for the modern register of the language. The process of standardising spelling must involve the practitioners of the language if it is to carry 'street credibility'. It is envisaged that this process (and the process is almost as important as the product) would also be integrated with the Bible translation project. Providing that the completed Ulster-Scots Bible used the same spellings as were agreed in the standardisation process, and as 'recommended' in the two-way Ulster-Scots dictionary, the final product would be the best possible agent to promote these new agreed standards.
The text of the Bible has been used for language learning in many parts of the world. Indeed, it was used for the teaching of Irish in Ulster schools 150 years ago. It made sense to use a text whose meaning in the reader's first language of literacy would be already known, especially if religious motivations could be satisfied at the same time. In the Ulster Presbyterian tradition, the high priority given to universal education over the past 300+ years was largely due to the desire to ensure that all could read the Bible and 'search the Scriptures' for themselves.
For any European regional language, the possession of a Bible translation in that tongue is an important symbol of its status. It is unfortunate that a full translation of the complete Bible into Scots was not completed at the time of the Reformation in the mid-16th century. The New Testament was translated from the original Greek into Scots by W. L. Lorimer relatively recently and was published by his son in 1983.(3) Ulster-Scots readers can have some difficulty with the Scottish-Scots of Lorimer's work, but it is widely acknowledged as a masterpiece of Scots literary translation, and has had enormous influence in improving the status of Scots.
Because Ulster-Scots is a highly stigmatised language which survives mostly as a spoken tongue among 'insiders', there is widespread internal prejudice against its use in a formal register, and in formal situations. This reserve applies even more strongly to its use in the special formality of church.
With all translation projects in underdeveloped languages, international standards of methodology must be applied. 'Search and Replace', or 'word-for word' translations are simply doomed to rejection by native speakers and linguists alike. There is, however, one potential area of tension between Ulster-Scots academics and the language enthusiasts on the one hand, and the potential Bible users on the other. This is the choice of linguistic style or register. The case for the use of archaic words and spellings rests mainly on the language development motivation — creating as big a difference as possible with English and thereby justifying (or reinstating) the language's historic status. From a religious and Bible-user perspective, such a register might also have the advantage of appearing more dignified and 'appropriate'. The downside is, of course, that the use of a formal or archaic register of Ulster-Scots can defeat the purpose of providing an accurate translation in the 'living tongue' of the native speaker.
The Philosophical and Religious Case
Philosophers have taken a slightly different slant on the language 'register' model with regard to religious language.(4) Some philosophers, in considering the philosophy of religion, have developed a concept of an autonomous religious 'language' which doesn't need justification in terms of other types of language. According to this school, a particular linguistic system arises out of a particular 'form of life', and the insider's perspective is the only acceptable starting point for an analysis of religious language.(5)
According to Ramsey,(6) God is revealed via disclosure models which provide moments of insight. Disclosure models are the means by which the universe reveals itself to man. They are to be judged primarily on their ability to point to mystery, not on their ability to picture it. Language about God is evocative rather than declarative in this view, so that Ramsey holds that by the use of non-descriptive, evocative language, one can avoid being literalistic or purely anthropomorphic about God.(7)
Wittgenstein agrees that 'language games' are particular linguistic systems that arise out of particular 'forms of life'. These language games are meaningful to the persons in the form of life under consideration, and external criteria are neither possible nor useful. Thus, a person who is not religious cannot pass judgement on the meaningfulness of the religious language game.(8) Evans comments that, after Wittgenstein, the insider's perspective is the only acceptable starting point for an analysis of religious language.(9)
To this philosophical school, religious language is the language of the believer and is primarily metaphorical and evocative. Gill regarded it as an imperative that religious language be grounded in the concrete expressions actually used by those who speak religiously and theologically.(10) Each language game has rules or social understanding within its sphere. These rules for language games are not written, but are followed somewhat unconsciously by members of the linguistic communities involved and are 'there for philosophers to uncover'.(11) If this is so, any Bible translation must be more than a linguistic exercise.
If religious language is a recognisable and distinctive formal register, in the local (Ulster-Scots/Presbyterian) context this linguistic register has been virtually synonymous with the religious language of the King James I (Authorised) Version since the early 1600s. This English translation was completed in 1611, contemporaneously with the first plantation settlements in Ulster. The impact of the KJV on the Scots-speaking Calvinists of north Britain cannot be overestimated. Indeed, the erosive impact of the KJV on the Scots language itself over four centuries (a process that began with John Knox's use of the Geneva Bible a half-century earlier) cannot be overestimated either. Without a Scots Bible (or more properly, a Bible in Scots), 'religious language' for all Scots-speaking Protestants has been closely identified with the otherwise archaic English of the KJV for four centuries. The extent to which this phenomenon is true is perhaps reflected in the usage of the same archaic language register in contemporary rituals, creeds, sacraments, worship and prayer.
Resistance to modernised language and modern English translations might be dismissed as 'verbal idolatry' — a 'Thou-and-Thee' God created and worshipped in an image of words (rather than in the conventional form of a wood or stone idol). Religious texts painted in this language on countryside barns are suggestive, at least to an outsider, of an anachronistic linguistic (as much as religious) sub-culture. Does such an Ulster-Scots sub-culture cling to words and neglect the reality they represent? If the Bible were translated into Ulster-Scots, such a 'dismissal' of the KJV could also be a denial of the scholarship, tradition, beauty, accuracy, inspiration, historical impact and (most importantly) spiritual impact of those who translated this version of the Holy Bible 'out of the original tongues and with the former translations diligently compared and revised', as stated in the dedicatory preface to the King James Version. The purpose of the translators as set out there could not be faulted. Indeed, some would argue today that their divinely-inspired work could not be equalled.(12) The objective of the translators was
that there should be one more exact Translation of the Holy Scriptures into the English Tongue... out of the Original Sacred Tongues, together with comparing of the labours, both in our own, and in other foreign languages, of many worthy men who went before us.
Their purpose was religious rather than linguistic, reflecting a concern to express and communicate the meaning of God. By such a measure the religious language of any translation can be judged adequate, but only if it is an accurate expression of faith using symbolic language to convey meaning and truth about God. The proof of the KJV 'pudding' has been in its avid spiritual consumption and consummation over four centuries.
The Bible, from a Christian perspective, is the 'Word of God', a statement which can itself be interpreted in a number of ways. To some it is the infallible, literal, univocal message of God to mankind; to others it is the mystical 'Word' of John 1 that existed with God as the pre-incarnate Christ since creation. Yet again for others it is the divinely inspired (i.e. Holy Spirit generated) revelation of God; or perhaps simply an account or 'word' of mankind's unfolding experiences, understandings and encounters with God. In this context the meaning of 'Word' is at once a philosophical, a theological and a linguistic question.
Religious language (as a sub-set of English) is used in our culture beyond the Bible, in ritual, worship and prayer. However, these texts frequently derive their distinctive vocabularies and interpretations of meaning from the narrower context of the Bible itself. There is not necessarily any inconsistency in deriving an 'infallible' Holy Bible from a particular English translation of 'original' Greek or Hebrew texts, if one accepts the premise that the translation process was itself divinely governed. Indeed, one cannot argue that even the Greek or Hebrew texts on which translations are based are the 'original' word of God, for no such original(s) have survived. While Jesus could read, interpret and quote the scriptures and he considered them authoritative, he is recorded as writing only once — in the dust of the ground when the woman was taken in adultery. What God wrote 'in his own hand', then, we do not know. It would appear that his plan for the dissemination of his Word involved leaving the writing of scriptures to a chosen few human agents. At least some of the various transcriptions and translations of God's Word should therefore be included as part and parcel of the divine revelation. Linguistically, theologically and philosophically the nature and meaning of the religious language of an English translation of the Bible is 'true' only so far as the translation is 'true' to the nature, meaning and purpose of the 'received' previous text.
What purpose then is there in an Ulster-Scots translation from a religious perspective? As discussed above, there are some justifications that are secular, having to do with status-building for the language itself. In the context of the contemporary peace process (the pluralism and the equality agenda) and the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages, these agendas have a considerable political dynamic in Northern Ireland. In one similar European context, the Frisian Academy in the Netherlands published the first Frisian Bible in the 1970s as part of its language development programme.(13) The use of Dutch in church in Calvinist Friesland almost exactly parallels the use of English in Scottish church life. Frisian is not regarded as 'respectful', and is stigmatised as 'uneducated', 'dialect' or 'slang'. So a Bible translation was undertaken by secular linguists in an overtly status-building exercise. Although the Frisian Bible was given a sort of inter-church (including Roman Catholic) 'committee' blessing, this approval was given to the translation project itself, rather than to the detail of the translation. The resultant Frisian Bible also contains the Apocryphal books, and perhaps has had little success beyond the context of its secular purpose. It has been argued, however, that in an increasingly secular Europe, the alienation between traditional regional identities and the 'official' or dominant languages of the nation-state can be part of the increasing alienation felt by such groups to the 'church'. Wycliffe Bible Translators have an obvious priority in providing translations to non-European communities with no previous access to the Scriptures. In the modern 'Europe of the Regions' and its 'Lesser-Used Languages' context, there is an increasing recognition of a need for new and effective communication of the Gospel to these minority constituencies. Wycliffe consultants are currently examining this 'European question', and in this context are advising the Ulster-Scots Academy on translation principles and practices towards an Ulster-Scots Bible.
Of course, the primary religious purpose in Bible translation work is that of reaching out to those who are beyond the existing linguistic Pale (and providing them meaningful access to the message of Scripture). Is there such a need in the Ulster-Scots community? Certainly among the broader sections of society such terms as 'justification', 'redemption', 'grace' etc. (the peculiar vocabulary items of our religious language) are without meaning to many, if not most. Modern English translations still employ such terms, although Eugene Peterson's The Message is a notable exception in idiomatic American English. For example, in Romans 3:24 the KJV refers to 'being justified freely by his grace'. In the New International Version this is 'and are justified freely by his grace', but Peterson has 'God did it for us. Out of sheer generosity he put us in right standing with himself'. Arguably, this is more understandable to the great unwashed among the Ulster-Scots than Rev. Lorimer's Scottish-Scots version: 'But belíevers is justifíed bi his grace'.(14)
Any translation in the everyday language of the people can be a mechanism for more effective communication, and this is certainly true of those who are 'native speakers' of European Minority languages. So, if a phrase like 'justified through grace' is translated into Ulster-Scots as something like 'noo pit in the richt, oot o the guidness o God's hairt', we can consider its validity in linguistic, theological or philosophical terms. Such a translation might be effective linguistically, or even as a means of fresh outreach in religious terms. But is it an 'accurate' translation? If religious language is not univocal, but rather uses analogy, metaphor and symbolism to point beyond the finite limitations of our understanding towards the infinite reality, how do we measure accuracy of translation? Even the English language is 'finite', and therefore incapable of describing the infinite adequately, so how much more 'finite' and inappropriate is an underdeveloped language like Ulster-Scots? And would a vernacular translation de-sanctify the text by avoiding specifically 'religious language'?
The close linguistic relationship of Ulster-Scots to English (like that of Frisian to Dutch) gives rise to particular problems for the translator. While there is a distinctive Ulster-Scots vocabulary and grammar, much is also shared with English. Those English idioms and lexical items which are not shared with Ulster-Scots represent the greatest unknown to the outsider (non-speaker) linguist. A word like perhaps is not used in Ulster-Scots, while maybe or mebbe is (along with the rarer but distinctive aiblins). When religious language is considered, the 'shared' vocabulary may prove to be more extensive than in other registers.
The distinctive grammar of Ulster-Scots may prove an asset in some translation situations involving religious language. For example, there is a 'habitual' or 'continuous' present tense in Ulster-Scots (as in Irish) that is absent in English. This manifests in variants of I am as A'm (not habitual) or A be, A bes, A dae be, A wud (aye) be (habitual). If the Greek and Hebrew senses of the biblical I am pronouncements of God have a continuous present tense meaning, perhaps the Ulster-Scots rendering of John 8:58, when Jesus said 'I tell you the truth, before Abraham was born, I am!', could make better grammatical sense than the English.
Of course, the art of translation is more than a simplistic 'search and replace' exercise on vocabulary and grammar items. Good translation involves a holistic approach to the contextual meaning as well. Philosophers have been concerned to explore the meaning behind religious language as well as its nature. Since the medieval period, much debate has flowed from the groundwork of Thomas Aquinas in articulating the concept of religious language being analogous when using finite concepts to express the infinite. Literal, especially univocal, interpretations of meaning from Scripture have long given way in philosophical circles to increasingly sophisticated theories about the meaning of religious language. Beyond the Thomasian 'analogy' concept, philosophers such as Wittgenstein, Jaspers, Gill, Ramsey and Tillich have introduced metaphorical concepts of symbolism, qualified and disclosure 'models' evocative of religious insight, 'true' myths, codes and ciphers'.(15) According to Wittgenstein, religious language does not define reality, but declares it. It can point without picturing. Tillich sees religious language as symbolic: 'nothing less than symbols and myths can express our ultimate concern'.(16) He even goes further, declaring that the only literal (non-symbolic) statement that can be made about God is that 'He is being itself'. But even the I am statements of the Bible require careful philosophical and theological consideration (in translation and otherwise).
In the New Testament, there is a marked contrast between the obviously non-literal 'parable' teaching style of Jesus (where the truth is in the 'moral' of the story and the descriptions of God and the Kingdom of Heaven are overtly analogous) and the complex expository style of the Apostle Paul. Throughout the Bible, some passages are dominantly narrative, and therefore the question of metaphor may be generalised. On the other hand, other passages appear to be largely symbolic, and so the meaning of the religious language employed is not necessarily the same from one book of the Bible to the next. Because the three synoptic Gospels are mostly 'narrative' in style, the starting point for many Bible translation projects undertaken by the Wycliffe Bible Translators is the Gospel of Luke (or one of the other synoptic Gospels), Luke being in the 'best' (or most standard) Greek. In contrast, the Gospel of John is highly symbolic and presumably presents more problems for translation.
In the absence of an existing standardised, formal, written register for Ulster-Scots, or of any specifically Ulster-Scots 'religious language' idiom other than that of the KJV, an Ulster-Scots Bible translation will inevitably be at the cutting edge of the current dynamic of Ulster-Scots language development. This is reminiscent of the 19th century Irish language revival, and the leading role of the Protestant churches in using a new Irish Bible 150 years ago to teach and preserve Irish in some of their schools. There are certainly translation strategies for an Ulster-Scots Bible which are undesirable from a linguistic and religious perspective. Only if the approach is informed by a thorough understanding of the theological and philosophical issues surrounding the religious language question will the exercise be justified linguistically.
Indeed, from a practical point of view, only if the purpose is religious will the secular objective of 'promoting the language's use in public life' be achieved.
(1) A multi-dimensional but integrated Ulster-Scots language development programme was first proposed in 'The Ulster-Scots Academy: A Development Plan' prepared by the Ulster-Scots Language Society for the Central Community Relations Unit of the Northern Ireland Office in 1993. This 27-page report has formed the basis for every subsequent Ulster-Scots language development proposal by the Ulster-Scots language movement, including (1) a consultant's report (the 'Edmund Report') titled 'The Development of the Ulster-Scots Language', commissioned by the Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure of the Northern Ireland Government for the Ulster-Scots Language Society in 1998-89; (2) the Ulster-Scots Agency Corporate Plan, 2000-2003, published by the North/South Language Body in 2000; and (3) the 'Ulster-Scots Academy / Ullans Academie: A Draft Proposal and Development Plan for Start-up Funding', submitted to Government in April 2003 as an outcome of the 'Joint Declaration' Agreement between the British and Irish Governments, when the Academy's submission to the Weston Park talks was accepted.
(2) Montgomery, Michael, 'The Ulster-Scots Academy: In the Ulster-Scots Community, For the Ulster-Scots Community', and 'An Academy Established and the Task Begun: A Report on Work in Progress', unpublished reports of the Ulster-Scots Academy, 2003.
(3) Lorimer, W. L. (trans.) The New Testament in Scots (Edinburgh, 1983).
(4) Geisler, Norman L., and Winfried Corduan, Philosophy of Religion (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1988).
(5) Wittgenstein, Ludwig, translated by G.E.M. Anscombe, Philosophical Investigations, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1967).
(6) Ramsey, Ian T., Models and Mystery (London, 1964).
(7) Ibid., 7, 12-13, 19-20, 60-71.
(8) Wittgenstein, op. cit., 5.
(9) Evans, C. Stewart, Philosophical Religions: Thinking about Faith (Downers Grove, 1985), 152.
(10) Gill, Jerry H., On Knowing God: New Directions for the Future of Theology (Philadelphia, 1981), 31.
(11) Peterson, Michael, et al., Reason and Religious Belief: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion (Oxford, 1998), 177.
(12) For example, Riplinger, Gail, The Language of the King James Bible: An Introduction (Ararat, 1998).
(13) Bibel (Bible in Frisian), (Haarlem, 1977).
(14) Lorimer, op. cit.
(15) Wittgenstein, op. cit.; Jaspers, Karl, and Rudolf Bultmann, Myths and Christianity (Amherst, N.Y., 1958); Gill, op. cit.; Ramsey, op. cit.; Tillich, Paul, The Dynamics of Faith (New York, 1957).
(16) Tillich, Paul, Ultimate Concern, D. McKenzie Brown (ed.), (London, 1965), 53, 96.
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A new edition of Michael Montgomery's From Ulster to America: The Scotch-Irish Heritage of American English recounts the lasting impact that at least 150,000 settlers from Ulster in the 18th century made on the development of the English language of the United States. This new edition published by the Ulster-Scots Language Society documents over 500 'shared' vocabulary items which are authenticated by quotations from both sides of the Atlantic. A searchable online version of this dictionary is now also available here.
The Ulster-Scots Academy is currently working on the digitisation of Dr Philip Robinson's seminal Ulster-Scots Grammar and the English/Ulster-Scots part (with circa 10,000 entries) of a two-way historical dictionary of Ulster-Scots. These projects are planned to be completed and available on the site in 2016.
This site is being developed on a purely voluntary basis by the Ulster-Scots Language Society at no cost to the taxpayer. USLS volunteers have been involved in preserving and promoting Ulster-Scots for more than 20 years. All donations, however small, will be most gratefully received and contribute towards the expansion of the project. Thank you!
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Much-loved Newton Abbot pub is under new ownership
The sale of the pub next to the town's railway station brings to an end an 18-year tenure
One of Newton Abbot's best-known pubs has changed hands.
White Rose Taverns has sold The Railway Brewhouse to Julian Marsh and his associates Adam Cons and Breda O'Reilly.
The sale of the pub next to the town's railway station brings to an end an 18-year tenure.
Richard Molloy of White Rose Taverns said: "It was a decision not lightly taken.
"At no point did we actively market the property and, indeed, under normal circumstances, it is doubtful that we would have entertained the initial approach from Mr Marsh, such was our affection for the pub and its importance to our business operation.
"But these are not normal circumstances, and the hospitality sector is facing its toughest test yet in what was an already challenging industry."
Mr Molloy said the sale would enable to company to ride out an 'uncertain' trading future caused by the coronavirus lockdown.
It would also allow White Rose Taverns to invest in its other venues.
How we're helping food and drink businesses through Lockdown 2
The directors of the newly-formed Railway Brewhouse Ltd have pledged to continue trading as a pub and say they have a vision for an exciting future for the pub which should benefit both staff and customers alike.
Mr Molloy went on: "I know that Julian, Breda and Adam have some bold ideas and initiatives, and will add resources, focus and energy to an already-thriving business.
"All of us at White Rose Taverns wish them a bright future, and will be watching their undoubtedly prosperous progress with keen interest as we retire to the back room of Platform 5 Brewing Company, which we will continue to operate from the premises for the near future.
"Finally, we would like to say a huge thank you to the thousands of you who have traded with us, drunk with us, laughed with us and danced with us over nearly two decades of good times.
"And special gratitude to all the managers and staff that have made The Railway such an iconic and important landmark for Newton Abbot. It's been emotional."
Shine a spotlight on Newton Abbot, Devon by becoming an Area Ambassador.
Free webinar to be held discussing Rochdale's growth plans
New arrangements for popular Tunbridge Wells Winter Lantern Parade
Residents have until midnight tonight to give views on Wealden's future
Bath playwright is shortlisted for national award

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If you fall into the former camp, good for you! If you're in the latter, though, consider investing in a planner or making a bullet journal. Keep a checklist of your to-dos, and give yourself a small reward (a piece of chocolate, a gold star sticker) when you cross off the whole list each day. "I use a planner every day," Saedi Bocci says. "I write down what my goals are for the next day. A planner can really help to keep you accountable."
Saedi Bocci suggests going to bed and waking up at the same time every day, since changing your sleep hours can screw with your natural circadian rhythm and leave you feeling sluggish and slightly depressed. It's also a good idea to schedule a regular work start time and work end time, so your brain can separate work from leisure no matter how stagnant the space. "It's important to make work time, where you're saying, 'Okay, I'm going to work on this from 9 a.m. to 11:30 a.m.," says Dr. Alan Cavaiola, a professor at Monmouth University. "Setting up distraction-free time is really important."
"I love being a part of TTEC@home because of the flexibility of the schedule. There are way more benefits to working from home than most people realize. I save money on transportation and clothing. I save time. I have a tax write-off. And I have less anxiety. The bonus of working with TTEC is that I've met some great people and have learned new skills."
Adaptive structuration theory studies variations in organizations as new technologies are introduced[54] Adaptive structural theory proposes that structures (general rules and resources offered by the technology) can differ from structuration (how people actually use these rules and resources).[44] There is an interplay between the intended use of technology and the way that people use the technology. Telecommuting provides a social structure that enables and constrains certain interactions.[55] For instance, in office settings, the norm may be to interact with others face-to-face. To accomplish interpersonal exchange in telecommuting, other forms of interaction need to be used. AST suggests that when technologies are used over time, the rules and resources for social interactions will change.[54] Teleworking may alter traditional work practices,[44] such as switching from primarily face-to-face communication to electronic communication.
A 2007 study of National Science Foundation employees indicated that approximately one-third participated in telework regularly, characterized staff satisfaction with the program, and noted savings in employee time and greenhouse-gas emissions as a result of telework.[102][103] Rep. Sarbanes (D-MD) introduced the Telework Improvements Act of 2009 in March 2009. Co-sponsors of the bill included Reps. Connolly (D-VA), Wolf (R-VA), and Capito (R-WV). The bill requires each executive agency to establish a policy under which employees may be authorized to telework to the maximum extent possible without diminishing employee performance or agency operations. At the same time in the U.S. Senate, Sen. Akaka (D-HI) introduced the companion bill, along with Sens. Landrieu (D-LA) and Voinovich (R-OH).[104]
Suppose I was to tell you that I would pay you up to $15 to process rebates from various products and companies. I would send you a list, you proces the rebates and you get paid twice a month. All you need is a computer, internet access and our training program. Would you be interested? Chances are you would be! I know I would be too! Lucky for you that I stumbled across some crazy back door information about the rebate processors position that's going to knock your socks off. Trust me when I say you'll be so thankful that I go to the bottom of this opportunity.
"I typically cash out the Swagbucks for gift cards that I use on Amazon to buy household goods," said Cherie Lowe, a personal finance writer and author of the book "Slaying the Debt Dragon." Ms. Lowe has used the app for nearly eight years, earning around $3,000 worth of gift cards over all. "I did save up enough to get $600 to put toward a laptop at the Apple store at one point in time," she added.
In bad weather, I have a habit of talking myself out of going outside, but you should not! Bundle up, walk around the block, walk in circles, walk to a coffee shop, walk to the drugstore, walk to the train and walk back without getting on. Some people find it helpful to go outside first thing in the morning, before sitting down to work; I prefer midday, but whatever you choose, do it before it gets dark. GET OUTTTTTTT. "Schedule breaks. When you have those breaks, get out of the house," Cavaiola says. "Take a walk, maybe go have coffee someplace, where you're going to have contact with others. This way you're not totally isolated."
No matter what method you end up using to generate an income on the web, you need to adjust your mindset to help empower you rather than discourage you. The truth? Making money online can be fraught with avoidable pitfalls. There's no shortage to the rah-rah cheers of internet marketers looking to find ways to ensure they part you from your hard-earned cash. The trick? Cancel the noise and get to the real meat and potatoes, so to speak.
The music video, directed by Director X, was released on February 26, 2016.[82] Speaking on the video's concept, X said that he wanted to incorporate the theme of "work" but "with a different approach." Initially, the setting was going to be in a "corporate office" but the idea was not executed as the group previously released "Worth It" in that same setting. Other ideas included a condominium construction set. He noted the reverse gender roles where the men are "the objects" as "opposed to the other way around" and the many interpretations of work, which he says aided in the song's success.[83]
A lifestyle blogger writes about their everyday life, hobbies, and interests. From fashion, beauty tips, and male grooming, to food, restaurants, and travel, anything that you experience can be blogged about. And famous lifestyle bloggers can make big bucks. Once you have built up a following, there are many ways to make a profit. Add affiliate links to your website, promote sponsored services, create your own product range, and much more.
I am writing this very post in the very outfit I just slept in, but this is why I am a slob with a sink full of dirty dishes and relentless insomnia. Experts always recommend that if you're working from home, you should get dressed as if you are not. This does not mean you need to sit on your couch in a suit, but you should, at the very least, put on pants and a shirt, and potentially brush your hair. Saedi Bocci suggests donning an outfit you'd feel comfortable wearing outside. "Maybe you're wearing joggers, but you should wear something that at least makes you feel more put together," she says. "Wear some basics that can go out door." Otherwise, you're a) less likely to leave your house at any point and b) more likely to go a solid week in the same pair of dirty leggings, not that I've ever done that!
Work-at-home and telecommuting scams are very common; many of these job offers are scams claiming that people can "get rich quick" while working from home. In fact, these scams require an investment up front with no pay-off at the end.[96] The problem is so pervasive that in 2006 the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) established 'Project False Hopes', a Federal and state law enforcement sweep that targeted bogus business opportunity and work-at-home scams. The crackdown involved more than 100 law enforcement actions by the FTC, the Department of Justice, the United States Postal Inspection Service, and law enforcement agencies in 11 states. In four of the new FTC cases alone, consumers lost more than $30 million.[citation needed] "Bogus business opportunities trample on Americans' dreams of financial independence", said FTC Chairman Deborah Platt Majoras. "If a business opportunity promises no risk, little effort, and big profits, it almost certainly is a scam. These scams offer only a money pit, where no matter how much time and money is invested, consumers never achieve the riches or financial freedom that they were promised."[97] The FBI warned of such scams on February 2009, as well.
For companies, telecommuting expands the talent pool, reduces the spread of illness, reduces costs including real-estate footprint, increases productivity, reduces their carbon footprint and energy usage, offers a means of complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and possibly earning a tax credit, if they're American, reduces turnover and absenteeism, improves employee morale, enhances continuity-of-operations strategies, improves their ability to handle business across multiple time zones, and augments their cultural adaptability. Some estimates suggest that full-time telework can save companies approximately $20,000 per employee.[58]
They often expect you to commit to working a certain number of hours per week, which is generally part-time. They will pay you an hourly salary for that work, so it is really more of an at home job situation than it is in an entrepreneurial way to make money online. Still, if you want to get involved in political activity, and you have the time and motivation, this could be a way to monetize that passion.
FlexJobs, the Boulder-based remote-friendly career postings site, is cutting through the complexity of this question. Each year, they compile a list of the top 100 companies hiring remote workers. This year, though, they've created a special list of all the companies who have made their top 100 lists for each of the past five years. While many companies require you to clock in and out each day, the employers on this list don't care whether you do your work from Santorini or Shanghai.
Use the best keywords. When searching online job boards, don't use the phrases "work from home" or "work at home" because those are commonly used by scammers. There are about 70 scam jobs for every one legitimate, work-from-home job, so use phrases like "remote job," "telecommuting job," and "virtual job" to steer clear of scams and find real, professional opportunities.
On May 24, 2010, the Senate passed the Telework Enhancement Act (S. 707) sponsored by Sens. Daniel Akaka (D-Hawaii) and George Voinovich (R-Ohio). The bill grants Federal employees eligibility to telework and requires Federal agencies to establish telework policies and identify telework managers.[105] On July 14, 2010, the House passed the Telework Improvements Act of 2010 (H.R. 1722) with a vote of 290-131. The U.S. Senate passed the final version of the legislation by unanimous consent on September 29, 2010 and the House passed it with a bipartisan vote of 254-152 on November 18, 2010.[106] On December 9, 2010 President Obama signed H.R. 1722, the Telework Enhancement Act of 2010, into law.[107] The Telework Enhancement Act of 2012 provided a framework for U.S. agencies to offer teleworking as a viable option to employees. By increasing the number of employees who telework, the Telework Enhancement Act has three main objectives. (1) Improve continuity of operations, (2) Promote management Effectiveness and (3) Enhance work-life balance.[108]
Most companies that hire for search engine evaluation have multiple projects available to work on, so the exact work you do might vary. However, search engine evaluation in the traditional sense involves analyzing queries that regular people like you and me might type into Google or Bing search and then determining the best possible results to match up to that query so that users have the best experience possible using a search engine.


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AGOS_AGL352W Ashbya gossypii ATCC 10895
Disease relevance of GAS1
High impact information on GAS1
Biological context of GAS1
Anatomical context of GAS1
Associations of GAS1 with chemical compounds
Physical interactions of GAS1
Other interactions of GAS1
Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of GAS1
GAS1 - 1,3-beta-glucanosyltransferase GAS1
Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288c
Synonyms: CWH52, GGP1, Glycolipid-anchored surface protein 1, Glycoprotein GP115, YM9952.09, ...
Carotti, C. et al., Matiach, A. et al., Takos, A.M. et al., Weig, M. et al., Schimmöller, F. et al., et al.
Fontaine, Magnin, Melhert, Lamont, Latge, Ferguson, Neiman,
Tobacco protoplasts were transiently transfected with a truncated form of the Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase E reporter gene (celE') fused with a tobacco secretion signal (PR-1a) at the N-terminus and either a yeast (GAS1), mammalian (Thy-1) or putative plant (LeAGP-1) GPI-anchor addition signal at the C-terminus [1].
Emp24p and Erv25p can be directly cross-linked to Gas1p in ER-derived vesicles [2].
In the absence of Pma1-D378N, ER export of wild-type Pma1 is not affected by eps1 deletion, but export of the plasma membrane protein Gas1 is delayed [3].
Consistent with this model, the extracellular proteins Gas1p and Cts1p were localized to an internal compartment in sporulating cells [4].
GPI anchor attachment is required for Gas1p transport from the endoplasmic reticulum in COP II vesicles [5].
Cells remain competent to manufacture anchor components and to process Gas1p efficiently once inositol is restored [5].
We found that the inactivation of the GAS1 gene in the host strain led to a supersecretory phenotype yielding a considerable increase, from 8 to 55 mg/liter, in rhIGF-1 production [6].
The cloned GGP1 (GAS1) gene, which encodes a major GPI-anchored glycoprotein (gp115) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae of unknown function, was used to direct the inactivation of the chromosomal gene in haploid and diploid strains by gene replacement [7].
In order to discover whether the upregulation of chitin synthesis proceeds through the canonical transport and activation pathway of Chs3p or through an alternative one, here we studied the effects of the inactivation of the GAS1 and CHS4-5-6-7 genes [8].
A C. glabrata gene family, CgGAS1-3, that shares significant homologies with both the GAS1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is necessary for cell wall assembly, and the pH-regulated genes PHR1 and PHR2 of Candida albicans, which are involved in cell wall assembly and required for virulence, has been cloned [9].
The overexpression of these nonfunctional alleles in wild-type cells leads to the accumulation of the free GPI precursor lipid CP2, delays the maturation of the GPI protein Gas1p, and arrests cell growth [10].
The fungal GAS1-related genes encode GPI-anchored beta-1,3-glucanosyltransferase, and their loss causes a defect in the assembly of the cell wall [11].
We have developed a system to express this antigen in yeast as a fusion protein with the C-terminal region of the yeast membrane protein GAS1, which would render the recombinant protein anchored to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor [12].
Contrary to Gas1p, which is not affected by the deletion of the V-ATPase complex in the V-ATPase null mutants, the amount of Pma1p in the plasma membrane is markedly reduced, and there is a large accumulation of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum [13].
We showed by immunofluorescence, sucrose-gradient analysis and quantitative Western analysis that the mutant mislocalized Emp47p to the vacuole at high temperature, while Golgi structures were apparently normal and biosynthetic routing of the vacuolar carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) and the plasma membrane GPI-anchored protein Gas1p were unaffected [14].
A yeast mutant that lacks Emp24p (emp24 delta) is viable, but periplasmic invertase and the glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol-anchored plasma membrane protein Gas1p are delivered to the Golgi apparatus with reduced kinetics, whereas transport of alpha-factor, acid phosphatase and two vacuolar proteins is unaffected [15].
The transcription of CWH53 was cell cycle-dependent and, similar to GAS1/CWH52, increased in late G1, indicating that the formation of beta-glucan is cell cycle-regulated [16].
Using lipid biosynthetic mutants we could demonstrate that conditions that impair the synthesis of sphingolipids and ergosterol also disrupt raft association of Gas1p and Pma1p but not the secretion of acid phosphatase [17].
Interestingly, sterol structures unable to support endocytosis allowed transport of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein Gas1p from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi compartment [18].
In constrast to yeast, only ceramide was found in the GPI anchor structures of A. fumigatus, even for Gel1p, a homolog of Gas1p in S. cerevisiae that contains diacylglycerol [19].
Gas1p is organized into three modules: a catalytic domain; a cys-rich domain; and a highly O-glycosylated serine-rich region [20].
Arl1p is involved in transport of the GPI-anchored protein Gas1p from the late Golgi to the plasma membrane [21].
Chitin synthase III is essential for the increase in chitin level and for cell integrity in cells lacking Gas1p, a beta(1,3)-glucanosyltransferase [8].
Strains deleted for GAS1, GPI7, or KNR4 release higher amounts of mannoproteins and polysaccharides to the medium [22].
We show that Emp24p is directly required for efficient packaging of a lumenal cargo protein, Gas1p, into ER-derived vesicles [2].
Correspondingly, Gas1 processing is slowed in cells bearing a deletion in YOS9 [23].
Disruption of GPI1 yields viable haploid cells that are temperature-sensitive for growth, for [3H]inositol incorporation into protein, and for GPI anchor-dependent processing of the Gas1/Ggp1 protein and that lack in vitro N-acetylglucosaminylphosphatidylinositol synthetic activity [24].
The gene coding for the GAS1 homologue of P. pastoris was cloned by PCR, and its functionality was proven in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAS1 null mutant [25].
In particular, the model of the catalytic domain can be useful for designing site-directed mutagenesis experiments and for developing inhibitors of Gas1p enzymatic activity [26].
Glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchor addition signals are processed in Nicotiana tabacum. Takos, A.M., Dry, I.B., Soole, K.L. Plant J. (2000) [Pubmed]
The Emp24 complex recruits a specific cargo molecule into endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles. Muñiz, M., Nuoffer, C., Hauri, H.P., Riezman, H. J. Cell Biol. (2000) [Pubmed]
Eps1, a novel PDI-related protein involved in ER quality control in yeast. Wang, Q., Chang, A. EMBO J. (1999) [Pubmed]
Prospore membrane formation defines a developmentally regulated branch of the secretory pathway in yeast. Neiman, A.M. J. Cell Biol. (1998) [Pubmed]
GPI anchor attachment is required for Gas1p transport from the endoplasmic reticulum in COP II vesicles. Doering, T.L., Schekman, R. EMBO J. (1996) [Pubmed]
Improved secretion of native human insulin-like growth factor 1 from gas1 mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. Vai, M., Brambilla, L., Orlandi, I., Rota, N., Ranzi, B.M., Alberghina, L., Porro, D. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (2000) [Pubmed]
Physiological analysis of mutants indicates involvement of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPI-anchored protein gp115 in morphogenesis and cell separation. Popolo, L., Vai, M., Gatti, E., Porello, S., Bonfante, P., Balestrini, R., Alberghina, L. J. Bacteriol. (1993) [Pubmed]
Maintenance of cell integrity in the gas1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the Chs3p-targeting and activation pathway and involves an unusual Chs3p localization. Carotti, C., Ferrario, L., Roncero, C., Valdivieso, M.H., Duran, A., Popolo, L. Yeast (2002) [Pubmed]
A GAS-like gene family in the pathogenic fungus Candida glabrata. Weig, M., Haynes, K., Rogers, T.R., Kurzai, O., Frosch, M., Mühlschlegel, F.A. Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) (2001) [Pubmed]
Active site determination of Gpi8p, a caspase-related enzyme required for glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor addition to proteins. Meyer, U., Benghezal, M., Imhof, I., Conzelmann, A. Biochemistry (2000) [Pubmed]
SKG1, a suppressor gene of synthetic lethality of kex2Deltagas1Delta mutations, encodes a novel membrane protein that affects cell wall composition. Tomishige, N., Noda, Y., Adachi, H., Shimoi, H., Yoda, K. Yeast (2005) [Pubmed]
Expression of Mycobacterium leprae 18-kDa antigen in yeast in a GPI-anchored form. Amorim, A.G., Cardoso-de-Almeida, M.L., Carrington, M., Morga, D.P., Riezman, H., Zerbini, L.F., Piestun, V.S., Castilho-Valavicius, B.A. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. (1994) [Pubmed]
Altered distribution of the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase as a feature of vacuolar H+-ATPase null mutants. Perzov, N., Nelson, H., Nelson, N. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) [Pubmed]
Yeast cys3 and gsh1 mutant cells display overlapping but non-identical symptoms of oxidative stress with regard to subcellular protein localization and CDP-DAG metabolism. Matiach, A., Schröder-Köhne, S. Mol. Genet. Genomics (2001) [Pubmed]
The absence of Emp24p, a component of ER-derived COPII-coated vesicles, causes a defect in transport of selected proteins to the Golgi. Schimmöller, F., Singer-Krüger, B., Schröder, S., Krüger, U., Barlowe, C., Riezman, H. EMBO J. (1995) [Pubmed]
Identification of two cell cycle regulated genes affecting the beta 1,3-glucan content of cell walls in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ram, A.F., Brekelmans, S.S., Oehlen, L.J., Klis, F.M. FEBS Lett. (1995) [Pubmed]
Lipid rafts function in biosynthetic delivery of proteins to the cell surface in yeast. Bagnat, M., Keränen, S., Shevchenko, A., Shevchenko, A., Simons, K. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (2000) [Pubmed]
Multiple functions of sterols in yeast endocytosis. Heese-Peck, A., Pichler, H., Zanolari, B., Watanabe, R., Daum, G., Riezman, H. Mol. Biol. Cell (2002) [Pubmed]
Structures of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors from Aspergillus fumigatus membrane proteins. Fontaine, T., Magnin, T., Melhert, A., Lamont, D., Latge, J.P., Ferguson, M.A. Glycobiology (2003) [Pubmed]
Characterization of recombinant forms of the yeast Gas1 protein and identification of residues essential for glucanosyltransferase activity and folding. Carotti, C., Ragni, E., Palomares, O., Fontaine, T., Tedeschi, G., Rodríguez, R., Latgé, J.P., Vai, M., Popolo, L. Eur. J. Biochem. (2004) [Pubmed]
Arl1p is involved in transport of the GPI-anchored protein Gas1p from the late Golgi to the plasma membrane. Liu, Y.W., Lee, S.W., Lee, F.J. J. Cell. Sci. (2006) [Pubmed]
Genetic Determinants of the Release of Mannoproteins of Enological Interest by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gonzalez-Ramos, D., Gonzalez, R. J. Agric. Food Chem. (2006) [Pubmed]
YOS9, the putative yeast homolog of a gene amplified in osteosarcomas, is involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi transport of GPI-anchored proteins. Friedmann, E., Salzberg, Y., Weinberger, A., Shaltiel, S., Gerst, J.E. J. Biol. Chem. (2002) [Pubmed]
Gpi1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein that participates in the first step in glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor synthesis. Leidich, S.D., Orlean, P. J. Biol. Chem. (1996) [Pubmed]
Cloning, disruption and protein secretory phenotype of the GAS1 homologue of Pichia pastoris. Marx, H., Sauer, M., Resina, D., Vai, M., Porro, D., Valero, F., Ferrer, P., Mattanovich, D. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. (2006) [Pubmed]
Three-dimensional structure of the catalytic domain of the yeast beta-(1,3)-glucan transferase Gas1: a molecular modeling investigation. Papaleo, E., Fantucci, P., Vai, M., De Gioia, L. Journal of molecular modeling (Online) (2006) [Pubmed]


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OVER THE SEA FROM SKYE TO SOL RALLY BARBADOS
Barbados front-runners keep busy on UK events
Rallying friends Niall Inglis and John Macleod from the Isle of Skye off the north-west coast of Scotland will finally make a long-discussed trip this year to compete in Sol Rally Barbados 2019, the 30th running of the Barbados Rally Club's (BRC) premier event. And they have their work cut out, with one fresh build and one bare-shell rebuild to complete before they make the 1,400-mile round trip to the UK's south coast at the end of April to deliver their rally cars to Dover to start the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean.
Sol RB19 will run from Friday, May 31 to Sunday, June 2, with The Rally Show on the previous Saturday (May 25) followed Flow King of the Hill at its new location of Stewarts Hill on Sunday, May 26; the event has evolved from small beginnings as the International All-Stage Rally of 1990 into the Caribbean's biggest annual motor sport International and a key National Event on the island's sports-tourism calendar.
Inglis is busy on the ground-up rebuild of his unusual rear-wheel-drive Kenny's Garage/Loch Dunvegan Shellfish/Inglis Build/Isle Drive/Inglis Mechanical Services Vauxhall Nova, in which he will compete with co-driver Kevin Macintosh, who is also from Skye; Macleod, meanwhile, is completing the new-build Springfield Motors/Skye Lodges/Macleod Joinery/Bayview Garage/A Robertson Electrical Talbot Sunbeam, in which his co-driver will be Nikki Addison from Inverness, fresh from her success as 2018 Ladies Champion in the 50th Anniversary year of the Scottish Rally Championship. The Nova is set to run in SuperModified 1, the Sunbeam in Clubman 1.
Looking ahead to the trip, Inglis said: "We have planned this for ages but this is the first year that we have been able to go. If I can squeeze in an event before we go, it would be good but I don't think I'm going to have time. I stripped the car down to the bare shell and with work commitments and so on, I fell behind, so it's all go just now."
Respectively a maintenance engineer and joiner by trade, Inglis and Macleod have something else to keep them busy, as Chairman and Vice-chairman of Skye & Lochalsh Rally Club. Inglis has been competing since 2007, having achieved a number of class wins, also finished highest-placed GM car on the Snowman Rally, a legendary Scottish event which often lives up to its name; Macleod started rallying in 2010, in a Toyota Corolla, with a class win on the 2014 Snowman to his credit, along with finishing the iconic Tour of Mull twice in his previous Ford Focus. Co-driver Addison, who is also a member of Skye & Lochalsh RC, won her Scottish title last year as a driver, finishing second in class in her Peugeot 106 with co-driver Rachel Matheson, but is also a regular co-driver in cars as varied as a Vauxhall Nova and a Mini Countryman JCW WRC.
While Barbados and Skye are both islands, there the similarities end. Skye, which is joined to the mainland by the Skye Bridge, is 48 miles long and 25 miles across at its widest point; with a total area of around 640 square miles, it is a little under four times the size of Barbados, but with a population of just over 10,000.
With hardly a break in the British rally season, Sol Rally Barbados connections including regular front-runners Kevin Procter and Rob Swann, have been enjoying valuable seat time in recent weeks. Procter, who equalled his best finish of fourth in Sol RB18, added to his impressive record on the Neil Howard Stages in November and the Christmas Stages a month later, both single-venue events at race circuits in the North of England.
With co-driver Derek Fawcett, he clocked up his third straight win in the NH Stages in his Ford Fiesta, adding to two earlier victories in his Subaru Impreza WRC S7; sponsor of the Oulton Park event, Graham Coffey, who Procter persuaded to enter Sol RB two years ago, finished seventh in his Fiesta WRC, co-driven by the Chairman of Motorsport UK (formerly the Motor Sports Association) David Richards, co-driver to Ari Vatanen in his 1981 World Championship-winning campaign. Formerly run on the last Saturday of December, the Croft Christmas event moved forward a fortnight, Procter and Dave Bellerby winning for a sixth time since 2008, the first since he bought the Fiesta.
Rob Swann, whose second-place in Sol RB18 was his third since 2014, rallied a Ford Escort MkII for the first time on the Mini Tempest Rally in the south of England on December 29; the car was on loan from Steve Finch, another Barbados regular, and the co-driver Sophie Louise Buckland, who made her island debut in Sol RB18. After finishing third on SS1, things went downhill, reports Swann: "The Escort was great fun, but the clutch failed on the start-line of second stage, so we limped through back to service. We missed two stages fixing it, then got back out to win one stage and have a lot of fun! Sophie did a good job on the maps and the event was really well run, with great stages - definitely one for next year." The winner was Julian Reynolds in a Fiesta R2T, 18secs ahead of Pete and Aron Rayner (MkII Escort), both of whom have competed in Sol RB, while there was a class win for regular Sol RB co-driver Steve McNulty, sixth overall sitting with Darrell Taylor (Mitsubishi Lancer Evo X).
Sol Rally Barbados and Flow King of the Hill are organised by the Barbados Rally Club, which celebrated its 60th Anniversary in 2017; Sol RB19 marks the 12th year of title sponsorship by the Sol Group, the Caribbean's largest independent oil company, and the fourth by communications provider Flow.


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Serge Pauwels
Birthdate 21.11.1983
Height & weight 177 cm | 65 KG
Speciality Climber
Serge Pauwels brought a wealth of experience to CCC Team when he joined in 2019 and in 2020, will enjoy his 12th season as a professional cyclist.
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3. | Tour de Yorkshire – general classification
2. | Tour de France – stage
5. | Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey – general classification
1. | Giro d'Italia – stage
Serge Pauwels brought a wealth of experience to CCC Team when he joined in 2019 and in 2020, will enjoy his 12th season as a professional cyclist. Pauwels' consistency throughout his career has seen the Belgian come close to a Tour de France stage win on numerous occasions, before claiming the biggest win of his career with a stage and overall victory at the 2017 Tour de Yorkshire.
Pauwels returned to the Tour de Yorkshire podium with third place in 2018, behind winner and now-teammate Greg Van Avermaet. Pauwels' aggressive style of racing and strong climbing ability see him thrive at the Ardennes classics and are regularly on display during the Grand Tours, where he often finds himself in the breakaway on a day for opportunists. With 13 Grand Tour and 20 Monument participations to his name, Pauwels assumes the role of one of CCC Team's most-experienced riders in 2019.
I knew I wanted to be a professional cyclist when…
When I first saw the Tour de France as a kid when I was on holidays in the French Alpes with my family.
My greatest racing memory is…
Winning the Tour de Yorkshire in 2017.
The race I dream of winning is…
A stage in the Tour de France because I think that would make my career complete. Then I would be really satisfied with my career.
If I wasn't a professional cyclist, I would be…
I've studied Applied Economics so I would probably be working in an office.
Serge Pauwels calls time on 15-year career
Viral infection delays Pauwels return to racing
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Good publicity solves Aberdeen bin lorry driver crisis
by Adele Merson
Waste bosses have managed to vastly reduce the number of vacancies over the last year
Aberdeen council bosses claim they will not be "resting on their laurels" despite managing to combat a shortage of bin lorry drivers.
Aberdeen City Council was forced to rely on agency workers to keep its waste and recycling service running – with a total of 14 vacancies recorded last October.
However, waste bosses have managed to vastly reduce the number of vacancies over the last year.
Paul McPherson, service manager, told the local authority's staff governance committee yesterday the council has been looking at a "different message" to try and recruit female drivers, is training refuse loaders to become drivers and is planning to promote the job to school leavers.
He said: "We have got a lot of female drivers in the service now.
"We're going to go out to schools to encourage school leavers to go into the sector.
"At the moment we're sitting with a few vacancies, which has never been heard of.
"We're not resting on our laurels."
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Mr McPherson added that following press coverage at the end of last year, the council received an "influx of applications".
The report to councillors said: "Following the press coverage at the end of 2018, an unprecedented level of interest was received for driver vacancies.
"The high-profile story in the press last year made a significant difference to the interest in the light goods vehicle vacancies in the service."
The local authority has also put an emphasis on promoting the additional benefits of working for the council, with adverts including information about pension benefits, daytime working and short haul driving.
The service plans to continue offering retraining where required, as well as targeting those leaving the armed forces.
Four existing refuse loaders expressed an interest in training to become drivers, with two having taken advantage of this.
To keep the numbers high, the council will continuously advertise to recruit candidates ahead of new vacancies coming up, the report added.
Councillors asked for an update to be provided to them on the vacancy levels in the next six months.
Meanwhile, the committee also agreed to introduce a gender-based violence policy after a request from the Unison union.
Introducing staff leave for domestic victims would be part of that, with employees experiencing this type of crime eligible for up to three days paid special leave per year.
The purpose of the paid leave would be to allow for time off to make practical arrangements linked to their experiences, such as an appointment with a support organisation.
Councillor Martin Greig said he "very much" welcomed the policy.
He said: "It needs to be readily available to managers and employees so we can provide support to victims."
The committee was told "all the managers" had been briefed on the policy, with plans for it to be placed on virtual channels.
Members were also told the council was open to working on posters or leaflets to communicate the policy to staff.
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UK, EU Strike Deal on Post-Brexit Trade
A pro-EU protester waves flags opposite the Houses of Parliament in London on April 4, 2019. (Frank Augstein/AP Photo)
Brexit Trade Deal Approved by UK House of Commons
By Alexander Zhang
December 30, 2020 Updated: December 30, 2020
British MPs on Wednesday voted to approve the UK–EU agreement on post-Brexit trade and cooperation, which is set to come into effect on Jan. 1 when the UK exits the EU's single market and customs union at the end of the Brexit transition period.
The House of Commons approved the EU (Future Relationship) Bill by 521 votes to 73. The bill will now be debated and voted on in the House of Lords, whose support is also needed before it becomes law.
Once passed, the bill will enable the UK government to ratify the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreements reached on Christmas Eve.
The 1,240-page agreement was signed by EU leaders on Wednesday morning and was then flown to London by a Royal Air Force plane to be signed by British Prime Minister Boris Johnson.
Before the Commons vote, Johnson urged Parliament to back the deal, saying it will resolve the "vexed question" of Britain's relations with Europe.
"Having taken back control of our money, our borders, our laws, and our waters by leaving the European Union on Jan. 31, we now seize the moment to forge a fantastic new relationship with our European neighbours, based on free trade and friendly cooperation," he told lawmakers.
Johnson hailed the deal as "one of the biggest free trade agreements in the world" that will "safeguard millions of jobs and livelihoods in our UK and across the continent."
The central purpose of the bill, he said, is to enable the UK to "trade and cooperate with our European neighbours on the closest terms of friendship and goodwill, whilst retaining sovereign control of our laws and our national destiny."
The main opposition Labour Party backed the deal despite finding it unsatisfactory.
Labour Party leader Keir Starmer said the deal is a "thin agreement" that doesn't provide adequate protection to British businesses and workers, but Labour would vote for it because it was better than no deal at all.
The deal has also won support from the European Research Group (ERG), a group of staunchly pro-Brexit lawmakers in Johnson's Conservative Party who see close ties to the EU as a threat to British sovereignty.
The group's Legal Advisory Committee delivered its opinion on the deal on Tuesday, saying that "it is consistent the [sic] sovereignty of the United Kingdom."


text:
Te Wairua Auaha
Ngā Toi me te Pāpori
Creative and intellectual expatriates
Kōrero: Creative and intellectual expatriates
Why people become expatriates
Historical reasons for expatriation
Expatriation to Britain
Expatriation to other countries
Attitudes to expatriation
Frances Hodgkins
Painter Frances Hodgkins (1869–1947) is shown in 1945 in her studio at the village of Corfe Castle, Dorset, with some of her recent paintings behind her. From the 1920s her work began to show modernist influences and became increasingly abstract. Her brilliance was acknowledged in 1940 when she was chosen to represent Britain in the 22nd Venice Biennale. Back in New Zealand, however, her art was too radical for conservative public taste.
Alexander Turnbull Library, Felix Man Collection
Reference: 35mm-00335-A-F
Kiri Te Kanawa
Brian Sutton-Smith
Nancy Swarbrick, 'Creative and intellectual expatriates - Attitudes to expatriation', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/mi/photograph/44361/frances-hodgkins (accessed 18 January 2020)
He kōrero nā Nancy Swarbrick, i tāngia i te 22 Oct 2014


text:
Exclusive Interview: Foreigner's Jeff Pilson on Reuniting with the Original Band While Working on 'Black Swan' Project with Robin McAuley & Reb Beach
(All Photos: Cate Meighan)
Since Covid-19 has brought gigs to a screeching halt we are flashing back to some of the best of the best content here at DailyBOOM.
Foreigner's bass guitarist, Jeff Pilson, is undoubtedly one of the busiest guys in the business. Aside from traveling 200+ days a year with that classic rock powerhouse machine, he also juggles a few side projects at a time. If you think that supergroups are a thing of the past then you need to pay closer attention because Jeff has a knack for not only combining established rockers but also bringing them to a higher musical level.
He is currently working on a few "side projects", The End Machine with ex-Dokken bandmates George Lynch and Mick Brown (Warrant's Robert Mason on vocals), and another endeavor with Robin McAuley (Schenkerfest; The Rock Vault) and Reb Beach (Winger; Whitesnake).
His plate is always overflowing and this year has been exhausting, yet Jeff was bursting with excitement when he spoke about the great things to come in an interview that occurred about an hour before Foreigner's Double Vision Then & Now reunion show in Atlantic City. Check it out!
Jeff Pilson on Foreigner's journey this year:
"It has been so good! I've been going with the flow and we've done about 110ish dates this year so it has been really busy. We have had to cut back on some dates though because we're not just driving 50 miles to get to a show, we're all over the place (laughing).
When Mick Jones was choosing people to play in the current lineup I know that work ethic was important to him, but also important was how well you fit into the vision. There's a certain chemistry about how we all fit together and Mick is really good at finding and figuring out what works. We all have some sayso in things but Mick is the final arbiter and he understands the importance of chemistry, both in playing and personality. We spend a lot of time in this big tube together and so you have to be able to hang (laughing) and I think he has always been cognizant of that. You have to be at a certain level to be able to play in the band, but after that, it's about how well you fit in and adapt to the overall sound. It really is very much a group effort and we've got it now so that everyone really listens and pays attention. At the end of the night, it's pretty amazing to have everyone on stage and realize that we really are all listening to each other. We've all grown to be great friends and I love these guys- plus we're having so much fun."
Jeff on reuniting with the original members of Foreigner:
"This kind of night is fun, it's just so great. We're all sad that Lou (Gramm) is not here, of course, and we really do miss him. I spoke with his wife this morning and I'm really glad he's taking care of his health. He is going to be fine, it's nothing long term thank god. We miss him though and it's not quite the same without him. Having said that, these shows are going to be great. The energy is there and the cool thing about Foreigner is that it's really about the music. We miss Lou and I'm sure the audience will too, but the music is so strong that it really has a way of overcoming adversity.
There's something about these reunion shows that connects everyone to the roots of this whole band and that's such a healthy thing for us to be able to do. The fact that we can even pull this off is incredible. No other band has ever been able to meld their past with their current and so I'm genuinely, incredibly proud that we can do it. In the process, we've gained friendships and insight, plus we've come up with a product that allows us to bring these guys in and tour a bit with them too. What an amazing thing that is."
Jeff on what's next for The End Machine, his project with George Lynch, Robert Mason, and Mick Brown:
"There is more coming! I was hoping we would be able to write during the upcoming break from touring but scheduling is difficult. There's definitely more coming but I'm just not sure when. Hopefully, we'll be able to start writing again soon, it has just been hard because there's so much going on. The reaction to The End Machine has been so positive and one of the things that has been really special to us is the depth of the band and our first record. We know not to rush it. Writing with George doesn't feel like work. It's a flowing and fun thing that we love to do.
George (Lynch) and I did a record together in 2003 called Lynch Pilson and we finally got the rights back to that record. In turn, we then sold it to Cleopatra who is going to re-release it. We just wrote a song a few weeks ago called "Top of the World" and that's going to come out soon. I'm so excited about the record being released again and having a new song to go with it."
Jeff on that other side project with Robin McAuley and Reb Beach:
"We just had conference calls about everything this morning! That's coming out in March and I think the first single will be out in December. We're filming two videos for it on Nov. 1-2 and so either sometime in December or January the first video will come out, followed by the second video. Then on Valentine's Day, we'll be releasing the third song, it's a ballad that came out incredible. I'm really excited about it and just wait until you hear Robin's voice on this project. He's such a dear friend and boy does he really shine here."
Jeff on being busier than ever:
"Well, with all of the creative stuff happening and the offers there I feel like you kind of have to strike while the iron is hot. I'm not in a rush about certain things, but who knows what's going to be there in ten years. I'm not that old, I mean I'm kind of old (laughing), but I'm not dead yet. Musically I still haven't written the greatest song of all time yet (laughing). I'll leave the term "greatest" open to interpretation, but that's still on my bucket list of things to do (laughing)."
Jeff on juggling a family while being on the road:
"Honestly, I need to take a little bit of a break. I feel like when I finally go home I need to just be able to stay home for a while. Being a father is really tough with this job and luckily we have a daughter that's just angelic (laughing). She's really smart, really into her school and she does a great job with her schoolwork. If we had a troubled kid I don't know how we would deal with it. She went to her first Foreigner show at 6 weeks old (laughing) and I've had to reconcile myself with not being home very much. It puts a real undue burden on my wife because she has to be like a single parent a lot and that's not fair. I do what I can and my wife understands but she's a human being. She gets tired and stressed out, so it's tricky. When I'm home, I'm dad and I'm all in. We're going to go away for six days on vacation in November and I'm really looking forward to that."
Jeff on what's next for Foreigner:
"More touring forever (laughing), more dates are on the books for after our Las Vegas residency. I'm sure they'll be making an announcement about it soon. We've been trying to stay out of the major American markets and doing secondary markets because we'll be doing a big 2020 shed tour in the summer. I can't say who's on that but an announcement is coming. We're also going to South America and we're headed back to Europe again to do some festivals. Musically it's very satisfying to play somewhere like Germany because those audiences really listen. We are working on some new music and it's strictly on the creative level. There is no time frame involved but it's starting to happen and there could be a new song or two coming."
I want people to know that Foreigner is a very viable, relevant band right now. Yes, we deal with the nostalgia of this great catalog, but we're out there hitting the pavement pretty damn hard and there's no sign of that letting up for the next couple of years. We're very committed to taking Foreigner, with both its' catalog and its' fans, and making the very best of it. We want the chapter of Mick Jones' life about Foreigner to be perfect and complete. That really is our goal to do that and to make it that way for him".
Head over to Foreigner's official site to check out tour dates, band merch and more
Posted by DailyBOOM at 6:58 AM
Labels: 80's rock, exclusive, exclusive interview, Foreigner, hard rock, Jeff Pilson, Mick Jones, Reb Beach, Robin Mcauley, THE END machine


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2017 Man Booker International Prize Q&A—Katy Derbyshire
By Eric M. B. Becker
Katy Derbyshire, translator of Clemens Meyer's "Bricks and Mortar,"
Katy Derbyshire was longlisted for the 2017 Man Booker International Prize for her translation of Clemens Meyer's Bricks and Mortar.
Words Without Borders (WWB): What drew you to the work of your writer?
Katy Derbyshire: It was his debut novel, Als wir träumten, published in 2006. Like Bricks and Mortar, that book has its own furious sound, combining memories of a childhood in East Germany and wild teenage years after the fall of the Wall. There are boxing matches, drinking sessions and techno parties—and everything is interspliced and confusing and horrific and marvelous. Plus I knew people who'd led similar lives so it spoke to me on a content level. The book's not available in English but you can read a rather old sample translation I did here, plus it's been made into a feature film directed by Andreas Dresen, As We Were Dreaming.
I remember buying the book and reading it on the tram, and missing my stop because I was so engrossed. I contacted the foreign rights team at the German publishing house and told them how much I loved it and wanted to translate it. That hasn't worked out yet but they did recommend me for my very first book-length fiction translation, a YA novel called Learning to Scream, by Beate Teresa Hanika. Then a few years later, And Other Stories brought out my translation of Meyer's short stories, All the Lights, and Fitzcarraldo Editions took over for Bricks and Mortar.
WWB: What was unique about this translation compared to others you'd done?
Katy Derbyshire: It was quite grueling in a way, but rewarding in others. The novel is about the sex trade so I had to research the language used there and find my own literary precedents and equivalents, which I wrote about here and here. There was the question of getting into the heads of the characters, all of whose lives are very different to mine, and finding the right voices for them. Meyer uses a whole lot of different voices in the novel, so every new chapter meant a switch in tone, unlike in many books that have a stringent narration throughout.
The reward though was getting to play with language and style much more than in most prose translations. I very quickly became immersed in the text, working intensely and rhythmically, feeling the characters' joy and pain. Plus all the puns in two particular chapters narrated by a john (or a "punter" as we call them in the UK)—I was laughing out loud as I worked on those.
WWB: What are you reading now, or which writers from the language and literary tradition you translate do you think readers ought to pay attention to as potential future MBI winners?
Katy Derbyshire: My hot tip right now is Lutz Seiler's Kruso, translated by Tess Lewis. Should have been on this year's list! I don't know if Seiler will write more novels so you'd do well to read this one—a debut novel by a celebrated poet, with all the delightful implications that has for the writing. My friend Rachel Ward is working on a great Hamburg crime novel with a strong literary voice, Blue Night by Simone Buchholz, which I guess should be out next year from the UK's Orenda Books. And I really hope an Anglophone publisher will pick up Olga Grjasnowa's latest, Gott ist nicht schüchtern, a cut-glass story of two privileged Syrians and what the war does to them.
Read more interviews with 2017 Man Booker International Prize-nominated writers and translators
Read Katy Derbyshire's translation of "A Time for Jokes" by Finn-Ole Heinrich
Published Apr 19, 2017 Copyright 2017 Eric M. B. Becker
Eric M. B. Becker
Eric M. B. Becker is editor of Words without Borders. He is also an award-winning journalist, literary translator, and critic. He has been awarded fellowships and residencies from the National Endowment for the Arts, the Fulbright Commission, PEN America, and the Louis Armstrong House Museum. He has translated the work of numerous writers from the Portuguese, including Mia Couto, Paulo Coelho, Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto, 2016 Nobel nominee Lygia Fagundes Telles, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, and Alice Sant'anna. He has also edited anthologies of Brazilian writing. His work has appeared in the New York Times, Foreign Affairs, Freeman's, and other publications. After a stint in Rio de Janeiro, he now lives in New York.
More about Eric M. B. Becker