text:
Хардвејпор је микрожанр музике који се појавио крајем 2015. на интернету као шаљиви одговор на вејпорвејв, одступајући од мирног концепта капиталистичке утопије потоњег с музаком у корист габера и под утицајем панка. Канадски музички продуцент Wolfenstein OS X с албумом End of World Rave (2015) и издавачка кућа Antifur заслужни су за то што су први дефинисали хардвејпор звук. Такође се односи на вејпортреп.

Почеци
Дана 29. новембра 2015, канадски vaporvawe продуцент Wolfenstein OS X објавио је End of World Rave, најраније запажено издање hardvarpoura, преко Bandcamp етикете Dream Catalogue. Албум је садржао музику која се намјерно супротставља аспектима који су типично повезани са vaporvave музиком. У децембру 2015, wosX је основао Antifur, издавачку кућу одговорну за многе hardvapour плоче које су издате; у вођењу етикете, он иде под именом Украјинац са лошим енглеским именом Vladyk Predovitch. Тод Ледфорд, оснивач издавачке куће HVRF Central Command објаснио :

Дана 9. децембра 2015, продуцент Hong Kong Express, под псеудонимом Sandtimer, објавио је Vaporwave Is Dead такође под Dream Catalogue, који је најавио "смрт" of vaporwave музике и "нову еру." Албум садржи рецитовање нумере са текстом: "Сада,у почецима краја свијета, vaporwave је мртав. од сада ће бити само... hardvapour."

Музичке особености
Уобичајени елементи укључују звукове синтисајзера, програмиране бубњеве, брзи темпо и утицаје acid house-a, big beat-a, broken bit-a, gabber-a, speedcore-a, noise-a, hard techno-a, industrial techno-a, hardstile-a и drum 'n' bass. Компилацијски албум од 56 пјесама DJ VLAD-а, објављена широм свијета преко Antifur Bandcamo странице, приказује елементе и утицаје из разних стилова, као што су техно, индустријска музика и трап.

Hacking For Freedom од стране Wolfenstein OS X под псеудонимом Флеш Костовић је новинар Мет Брумфилд окарактерисао као "јединствени звучни простор негдје између раних Clicks and Cuts компилација и саундтрека Ghost in the Shell"

Роб Арканд интерпретира hardvapour звук као побуну против vaporwave-а који се некад поиграва са елементима панка. Примјери као што су "Humanoid Sound (гуманоид звук)" од Тренде-а позајмљују структуру пјесама од три акорда панка, док "Immortal" DJ Aline садржи бас линије изобличене на сличан начин као и дела Circle Jerks-a или Dead Kennedys-a.
Арканд сматра да је hardvapour негдје између vaporwave-а и жанра који новинар Адам Харпер назива distroid, стил који је био "hi-fi до тачке активног фетишисања високофреквентних шиштања и светлуцања које lo-fi није могао да произведе" Према Арканду, као и vaporwave, hardvapour користи сличне музичке софтверске алате "не због неке посебне фиксације са њима, већ једноставно зато што су сада најјефтинији и најприступачнији алати."

Референце

Инди музика
Музика 2010-их


text:
Die Florida East Coast Industries (FECI) ist ein amerikanisches Holdingunternehmen, welches 1983 als Muttergesellschaft für die Bahngesellschaft Florida East Coast Railway gegründet wurde. Das Unternehmen hat seinen Sitz in Coral Gables.

Geschichte
1895 wurde die Florida East Coast Railway von Henry M. Flagler gegründet. 1961 erwarb die von Edward Ball geführte St. Joe Paper Company die Kontrolle über die in Konkursverwaltung befindliche Bahngesellschaft. Fortan war das Unternehmen Teil des im Besitz der Alfred I. duPont Testamentary Trust befindlichen Mischkonzerns. Nach dem Tod von Edward Ball 1981 begann zaghaft eine Reorganisation des Unternehmens.

Die Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) besaß neben den für den Bahnbetrieb notwendigen Grundstücken viele weitere Flächen und Immobilien, unter anderem auch in innerstädtischen Lagen entlang der Ostküste von Florida. Das Immobiliengeschäft wurde in die neu gegründete Gran Central Corporation ausgelagert. Als Holding für die beiden Gesellschaften wurde zum 30. Mai 1984 die neu gegründete Florida East Coast Industries.

Im Herbst 1999 veräußerte die St. Joe Company ihre 54 % Anteile an die eigenen Aktionäre. Damit war die FECI wieder unabhängig.

Im Dezember 2003 wurde die 1999 ausgegründete Telekommunikationssparte EPIK Communications an Progress Telecom verkauft.

Im Mai 2007 wurde die FECI vom Investmentunternehmen Fortress Investment Group übernommen. Die Bahngesellschaft wurde daraufhin von der Holding abgespalten und 2017 an die mexikanische Bahngesellschaf Grupo México Transportes veräußert. Die Holding erhielt jedoch das Recht auf den Strecken der FEC Personenverkehr durchführen zu können. 2012 wurde das Unternehmen All Aboard Florida Inc. gegründet, dass seit 2018 unter der Markenbezeichnung Brightline eine Schnellverkehrsverbindung zwischen Miami und West Palm Beach anbietet.

2012 wurde außerdem das Unternehmen Parallel Infrastructure gegründet. Unternehmensziel war die Vermarktung der Wegerechte der Bahngesellschaft unter anderem für Telekommunikationleitungen. 2017 wurde dieses Unternehmen an Landlease verkauft.

Seit 2017 gehört Fortress Investment und somit auch die FECI zum japanischen Unternehmen Softbank.

Tochterunternehmen
Bis zur Übernahme durch Fortress hatte die Florida East Coast Industries folgende wesentlichen Tochterunternehmen:

 Florida East Coast Railway
 Railroad Track Construction Corporation
 Florida East Coast Deliveries, Inc.
 FEC Highway Services, Inc.
 Florida Express Logistics, Inc. – LKW-Transportunternehmen
 Flagler Transportation Services, Inc.
 Flagler Development Company (vorher Gran Central, vorher Commercial Realty & Development)
 Flagler Development Realty, Inc.
 FDC Land Holdings, LLC
 EPIK Communications (FEC Telecom) (1999–2003)

Zum Jahresanfang 2019 bestand das Unternehmensportolio aus:

 All Aboard America Inc (Brightline)
 Flagler Global Logistics
 Flagler Development

Unternehmensleitung

 30. Mai 1984–Mai 1997: Winfred L. Thornton (Chief Executive Officer, Chairman of the Board, Präsident bis 1992)
 Mai 1997–1999: Carl F. Zellers Jr. (CEO, Chairman, Präsident seit 1992)
 1999–28. März 2005: Robert W. Anestis (CEO, Chairman, Präsident)
 28. März 2005–Dezember 2007: Adolfo Henriques
 2011–13. Juni 2017: Vincent Signorello (Präsident seit April 2009)
 Juli 2017–Juni 2018: Mike Reininger (als Executive Director)
 seit Dezember 2018: Kolleen O.P. Cobb (als Chief Administrative Officer)

Unternehmenssitz

 1984–2007: St. Augustine
 seit 2007: Coral Gables

Weblinks
 Website des Unternehmens

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Gegründet 1984
Holdinggesellschaft
Unternehmen (Miami-Dade County)
Florida East Coast Railway
Coral Gables

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Perusia est le nom latin de Pérouse (Perugia en italien, d'un nom étrusque probable φersna) chef-lieu de la province du même nom, dans la région Ombrie, en Italie.

Historique
Perusia est l'une des douze cités étrusques (ensemble dit dodécapole).
Elle est mentionnée lors de la guerre de -310 ou -309 entre les Étrusques et les Romains. Elle participe activement à la rébellion de -295 et doit se résoudre, avec Volsinies (Bolsena) et Arretium (Arezzo), à demander la paix l'année suivante.

Au cours des guerres puniques de -216 et -205, Perusia se range aux côtés de Rome et accueille une partie des soldats en fuite lors de la Bataille du lac Trasimène.

On n'entend parler à nouveau de la cité qu'en -41 et -40, lorsque Lucius Antonius vient s'y réfugier avant d'être vaincu par Octave à l'issue d'un long siège.

On a retrouvé des projectiles de plomb tirés avec des frondes et des catapultes à l'intérieur de la cité et dans les environs (Corpus inscr. lat. XI. 1212). La ville est brûlée, nous dit-on, sauf les temples de Vulcain et de Junon. Les murs-terrasses étrusques, toutefois, ne sont guère endommagés. Certains de ses habitants s'enfuirent en Gaule afin d'échapper à Octave.
La ville est néanmoins rendue à ses occupants par l'empereur Auguste qui lui permit de prendre en son honneur le titre Augusta.
La ville est ouverte à l'occupation de tous sur un territoire d'un mille.

Les inscriptions « Augusta sacr(um) Perusia restituta » permettent de supposer que la ville a été rapidement reconstruite.

Toutefois Perusia ne devient une colonie indépendante qu'à partir de  - 251 - 253.

Par la suite, les géographes ne mentionnent guère son existence jusqu'en 548, lorsque Totila l'envahit après un siège.

Vestiges étrusques

Articles connexes
 Nécropoles étrusques
 Mura di Perugia
 Porta Marzia
 Porta Trasimena
 Arco dei Gigli
 Arco della Mandorla
 Arco di Sant'Ercolano
 Arc étrusque.

Sources

Bibliographie
  Mauro Cristofani, Dizionario Illustrato della Civiltà Etrusca, Giunti, Firenze 1999, , 191-192.

Notes et références

Site archéologique en Ombrie
Site étrusque
Province de Pérouse


text:
Albertus de Chiavari (1250–1300) was an Italian Dominican friar who served as the 10th Master of the Order of Preachers in the year 1300. He was appointed to role of Master by Pope Boniface VIII, after completing his studies in France. He contested the bull Super cathedram, issued in 1300, which limited the autonomy of the Dominicans. He also commented on the ancient masters of philosophy. He died after only three months in office.

References

Masters of the Order of Preachers
1250 births
1300 deaths


text:
Il Papiro 33 (33) è uno dei più antichi manoscritti esistenti del Nuovo Testamento, datato paleograficamente agli inizi del VI secolo. È scritto in greco.

Contenuto del papiro
33 contiene una piccola parte del Atti degli Apostoli (7,6-10, 13-18; 15,21-24, 26-32).

È attualmente ospitato presso la Biblioteca Nazionale Austriaca (Pap. G. 17973, 26133, 35831, 39783) in Vienna.

Il testo del codice è rappresentativo del tipo testuale alessandrino. Kurt Aland lo ha collocato nella Categoria II.

Note

Bibliografia
 C. Wessely, Studien zur Paläographie und Papyruskunde XII, (Leipzig 1912), pp. 245.

Voci correlate
 Fonti del testo greco della Bibbia
 Elenco dei papiri del Nuovo Testamento
 Edizione critica

Altri progetti

Papiro 033
Papiro 033
Papiro 033
P 033


text:
Westernová sedla je souhrnné označení pro kovbojská sedla určená k celodenní práci na hřbetě koně. Dále se rozlišují podle specializace, v současnosti spíše podle soutěžní disciplíny. Všechna jsou konstruována především pro pohodlí jezdce i koně a pohyb v náročném terénu.

Historie
Konstrukce sedla pochází od mexických honáků. kteří potřebovali přepravovat dobytek přes obrovské vzdálenosti. Při vývoji se inspirovali dvěma hlavními styly ježdění ve Španělsku: La jineta a la estradiota, (maurský styl, který ponechává koni velkou volnost), později i rytířským stylem, který umožňuje velkou bezpečnost jezdce a dobrou kontrolu koně.

Základní popis

Oproti klasickému sedlu jsou tato sedla větší a čím kvalitnější, tím i těžší (mohou vážit okolo 15 - 25 kg), hřbet koně tím však netrpí, protože jsou konstruována tak, aby rovnoměrně rozkládala váhu jezdce. základní součástí je kostra vyrobená ze dřeva, nebo výjimečně z kovu. Tou už je určen tvar posedlí a přední i zadní rozsochy. Celé sedlo je na viditelných částech pošito kůží, nebo syntetickou napodobeninou. Posedlí může být pro pohodlí jezdce potaženo pryží. Spodní strana kostry i bočnic je pokryta ovčí kůží, nebo syntetickou vlnou. Nezbytnou součástí je "hruška", která je umístěná na přední rozsoše (neboli také vidlici). Původně sloužila k uvázání kovbojského lasa a musela udržet i sílu vzpírajícího se dobytčete, dnes však na většině sedel plní pouze estetickou funkci. Třmeny jsou obvykle zhotoveny ze dřeva, kovu, nebo plastu u méně kvalitních sedel. Ty opět mohou být pošity kůží. Kvalitní ručně vyrobené sedlo může být zdobené složitými vzory vtlačenými do kůže nebo stříbrným kováním a stát se tak skutečným uměleckým dílem.

Porovnání s klasickým sedlem
 Westernová sedla bývají opravdu krásně zdobená a mohou tak jako jediná odrážet jedinečný vkus svého majitele. Jezdec si může vybrat z celé řady prvků určených pouze pro okrasu. Kvalitní westernové sedlo má vydržet po celý život majitele, nebo ho dokonce přežít.
 Kostra westernového sedla pokrývá mnohem větší plochu a lépe tak rozkládá váhu jezdce, díky čemuž nemusí být tak vypolstrovaná, v místech kde působí tlakem na koně, jako v případě malého anglického sedla.
 Na rozdíl od sedel, používaných pro anglický jezdecký styl nemají mezi kostrou a kůží, nebo pryží v posedlí žádnou další výplň.
 Rozdíl je na první pohled i v masivnosti třmenů, které v kombinaci s vysokým podpatkem westernových jezdeckých bot minimalizují riziko zaseknutí nohy jezdce při pádu.
 Rovněž posedlí a bočnice sedla jsou mnohem výraznější.
 Sedlo se liší i samotným upevněním na koně. Položené na hřbetě koně, musí být jeho přední rozsocha nad kohoutkem koně (mezi ním a sedlem však musí být mezera na vložení dlaně, jinak je nutné sedlo podložit, aby nedošlo k odření koně). Volně visící sedlový řemen musí být těsně za předníma nohama koně. Tento široký kožený řemen se dále utahuje přes měkký řemen pod břichem koně a provléká kovovými kroužky upevněnými v sedle. Poté se řemen upevňuje na přezku nebo plochý uzel zvaný "kravata".
 Westernové sedlo působí svou masivní konstrukcí a širokým posedlím velmi pohodlně. Zejména začátečníci si v něm mohou připadat jako v křesle a "hruška" na přední rozsoše může působit jako "držadlo",avšak pružný, nezávislý sed a ruka jezdce jsou stejně zde důležité jako v anglickém sedle.

Typy

Existuje mnoho druhů západních sedel, některá jsou univerzální, jiná nabízejí větší komfort a volnost pohybu koně, větší bezpečnost, nebo specializaci na určitou disciplínu jako cutting, barrel racing, týmové lasování, western pleasure, nebo trail. Tomu se přirozeně přizpůsobuje hloubka posedlí, umístění třmenů a masivnost přední rozsochy s hruškou.
Nejčastějšími typy jsou:
 All around - univerzální sedlo pro rekreační jízdu, práci v terénu i na jízdárně a jakékoliv soutěže ve westernových disciplínách
 Ropingové (lasovací) sedlo - robustní pracovní sedlo, vhodné i pro každodenní dlouhotrvající práci s koněm, hruška tohoto sedla musí být natolik masivní a pevná, aby se k ní dalo bezpečně přivázat laso s odchyceným dobytčetem
 Rodeové sedlo - hluboké sedlo bez hrušky s vysokou přední rozsochou.
 Cuttingové sedlo - těžké pracovní sedlo, má hluboké posedlí, které umožňuje jezdci bezpečně usedět prudké obraty a ostré zatáčky, zároveň však musí jezdci poskytovat velkou možnost pohybu, třmeny jsou dlouhé a posazené více vepředu, charakteristická je pro tento typ sedla kolmo posazená hruška, za kterou se jezdec může přidržet v prudkých obratech
 Reiningové sedlo - má hluboké posedlí pro bezpečnost jezdce a více pohyblivé malé bočnice pro volnější působení nohou jezdce, je ze všech typů sedel nejvíce kontaktní, proto se využívá při tréninku koní a soutěží v disciplíně zvané reining, která je obdobou klasické drezury
 Barrel racingové sedlo - je lehčí, s širokou vidlicí a vysokou zadní rozsochou, posedlí tohoto typu sedla je krátké s těžištěm uprostřed a umožňuje jezdci jistý a vyvážený sed, a ten tak může provádět rychlé sprinty a ostré zatáčky, tento typ je také velice oblíben rekreačními jezdci
 Vytrvalostní sedlo - je nejlehčí ze všech uvedených typů, je často bez hrušky a rozkládá hmotnost jezdce po co nejširší ploše, třmeny jsou často mírně vepředu, aby jezdec odlehčil hřbetu koně, sedlo je určeno i pro rychlejší dlouhodobou jízdu
 Trailové sedlo - je navrženo pro maximální komfort koně a jezdce, poskytuje hluboké měkké posedlí pro dlouhé vyjížďky do terénu v pomalém tempu, patří mezi lehčí typy, u některých sedel schází hruška, která je pro tento typ sedla postradatelnou součástí
 Sedlo na show - může být vyrobeno pro cutting, barrel racing, nebo jinou disciplínu, ale vyznačuje se neobyčejně krásným provedením, obvykle se dobře uplatňuje na nejrůznějších jezdeckých show nebo v disciplíně western pleasure, kde je vzhled dvojice velmi důležitý

Doplňky

 Poprsnák - můžeme jej vidět většinou ve formě tří zdobených kožených pruhů, spojených uprostřed kovovým kroužkem, zhruba do tvaru velkého "T". Obepíná hruď koně a kromě estetické funkce také zabraňuje sklouznutí sedla a zajišťuje větší stabilitu. Často jej můžeme vidět na trailových koních a soutěžích v lasování. Stylizované verze jsou také k vidění na různých show.
 Přídavný řemen - druhý řemen můžeme často vidět na pracovních sedlech, kde je potřeba pracovat s lanem na chytání dobytka.Neutahuje se kolem koně tak pevně jako podbřišník, ale zabraňuje nadzvednutí zadní části sedla. Jeho použití není u většiny disciplín nutností
 Kožené pásky - často je můžeme vidět na různých částech sedla. Tyto dlouhé proužky kůže slouží k připevnění nákladu k sedlu a rovněž jako ozdobný prvek.
 Westernová podsedlová deka - je naprostou nutností pro každý typ sedla. Zabrání odření koně a pomáhá rozložit váhu sedla. Je mnohem silnější, než pod klasické sedlo, má tvar obdélníku. Zespoda je vypolstrovaná přírodní nebo syntetickou vlnou. Na viditelné straně je nejčastěji pošita textilií s barevným vzorem a koženými prvky. Pro koně s vyšším kohoutkem může být i vepředu vykrojená.

Reference

Související články
 jezdectví
 westernové ježdění

Externí odkazy

Jezdecká sedla
Western


text:
Quime (gemeente), een Boliviaanse gemeente
 Quime (plaats), een plaats in deze gemeente


text:
Henry Sénès est un homme politique et un résistant français né le  au Muy (Var) et mort le  dans la même commune.

Biographie

Fils et petit-fils de militants républicains, Henry Senès devient exploitant agricole (viticulture et sériciculture) après son baccalauréat. Il adhère au Parti ouvrier français en 1899 ; en revanche, sa date d'adhésion à la SFIO semble plus difficile à établir (au plus tard vers 1919-1920).

En 1912, il est élu maire de sa commune natale, sans étiquette, et il est constamment réélu (avec l'étiquette SFIO, désormais) jusqu'en 1940.

Il est mobilisé pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.

En 1925, Henry Sénès est élu conseiller général, et conserve également ce mandat. En 1931, il devient président du syndicat des sériciculteurs.

Son importance s'accroît au sein de la SFIO varoise après 1933 et la scission néosocialiste, une nette majorité des militants et élus locaux étant favorables aux idées de Pierre Renaudel et quittent le Parti socialiste, contrairement au maire du Muy. Henry Sénès est élu sénateur en 1935 et président du conseil général l'année suivante. Il joue un rôle important dans le rapprochement entre socialistes et communistes dans son département.

Le , il vote contre les pleins pouvoirs à Philippe Pétain. Le régime de Vichy, en représailles, dissout, le , le conseil municipal du Muy « jusqu'à la cessation des hostilités », privant ainsi Henry Sérès de son écharpe de maire. Un an plus tard, l'ancien sénateur est exclu de l'ordre de la Légion d'honneur.

Il s'engage dans la Résistance en 1941. Il participe au Comité d'action socialiste, puis à la reconstitution de la SFIO clandestine. Peu enthousiasmé par les mouvements Combat et l'Armée secrète, qu'il a contactés, il préfère travailler avec l'Intelligence Service.

Henry Sénès est de nouveau maire du Muy de 1944 à 1947, date à laquelle il ne se représente pas. Il se retire ensuite de la vie politique, et se consacre à la Confédération générale de l'agriculture.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 Jean Maitron (dir.), Dictionnaire biographique du mouvement ouvrier français, éd. de l'Atelier, cédérom 1997.
 , .

Liens externes

Personnalité du Parti ouvrier français
Personnalité de la Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière
Président du conseil général du Var
Conseiller général du Var
Maire du Var
Parlementaire ayant voté contre les pleins pouvoirs à Philippe Pétain
Sénateur du Var
Sénateur de la Troisième République française
Résistant français
Membre de l'Assemblée consultative provisoire
Syndicaliste agricole français
Naissance en février 1877
Naissance au Muy
Décès en mars 1961
Décès à 84 ans
Décès au Muy


text:
Daniel Miller House ist der Name folgender im NRHP gelisteten Objekte:

 Daniel Miller House (Coshocton County, Ohio), ID-Nr. 80002967
 Daniel Miller House (Montgomery County, Ohio), ID-Nr. 75001504


text:
A Band Apart — кинокомпания, основанная Квентином Тарантино и Лоренсом Бендером. Отчасти благодаря популярности фильмов Квентина Тарантино и Роберта Родригеса, компания быстро завоевала культовый статус в Голливуде. В итоговом обзоре журнала Time «100 лучших фильмов всех времён», «Криминальное чтиво» признан наиболее влиятельным американским фильмом 1990-х годов.

История

Название является игрой слов с названием фильма Жан-Люка Годара «Bande à Part» («Посторонние»). Логотипом компании было стилизованное изображение героев из фильма «Бешеные псы», который являлся дебютным для совладельца Band Apart Квентина Тарантино.

В деятельности компании принимали участие Квентин Тарантино, Роберт Родригес, Джон Ву, Тим Бёртон, Стив Бушеми, Даррен Аронофски, Джон Лэндис, Макджи, Найджел Дик, Стив Карр, Кэмерон Кейси, Марсель Лангенеггер, Уэйн Айшем, Терри Уинделл, Лиза Приско, Фил Хардер, Рик Фуллер, Куди и Чик, Осберт Паркер, Люк Бессон, Адам Кристиан Кларк, Андре Бенджамин, Кристофер Моррисон и Майкл Пальмиери, Энди Морнахан, Стив Лоу, Лорен Хилл, Даррен Грант, Чарльз Уиттенмайер, Джефф МакГэнн, Оливье Вентурини, «The 405 Guys», Крейг Танамото.

Закрытие компании
Компания была закрыта в июне 2006 года. С того момента производство художественных фильмов осуществляется через другую компанию Лоренса Бендера — Lawrence Bender Productions. Некоторые члены A Band Apart перешли в компанию Holmes Defender of the Faith, которая главным образом занимается производством музыкальных клипов и телевизионных рекламных роликов. Holmes Defender of the Faith, была создана бывшим управляющим директором A Band Apart Джеффом Армстронгом. Члены A Band Apart Энди Дик и Марсель Лангенеггер перешли в Holmes Defender of the Faith. «A Band Apart» указана в титрах фильма «Бесславные ублюдки», вышедшего в 2009 году, но нет никаких подтверждений, что компания была воссоздана для фильма.

Фильмы производства A Band Apart

 1994 — Криминальное чтиво / Pulp Fiction
 1995 — Наследник Виски / The Whiskey Heir
 1995 — Бремя белого человека / White Man's Burden (film)|White Man's Burden
 1995 — Четыре комнаты / Four Rooms
 1996 — Запёкшаяся кровь / Curdled
 1996 — От заката до рассвета / From Dusk Till Dawn
 1997 — Джеки Браун / Jackie Brown
 1998 — Cunning Stunts (видео) / Metallica: Cunning Stunts
 1999 — От заката до рассвета 2: Кровавые деньги Техаса / From Dusk Till Dawn 2: Texas Blood Money
 1999 — Debtors / Debtors
 2000 — От заката до рассвета 3: Дочь палача / From Dusk Till Dawn 3: The Hangman's Daughter
 2002 — Бесшабашное ограбление / Stark Raving Mad
 2002 — Затерянный в Оз / Lost in Oz
 2002 — When Incubus Attacks / When Incubus Attacks
 2003 — Убить Билла. Фильм 1 / Kill Bill: Volume 1
 2004 — Убить Билла. Фильм 2 / Kill Bill: Volume 2
 2004 — Невинные голоса / Voces inocentes
 2005 — Сборки или провал (ТВ) / Build or Bust (TV)
 2009 — Бесславные ублюдки / Inglourious Basterds
 2012 — Джанго освобождённый / Django Unchained

Примечания

Кинокомпании США


text:
Alain Robbe-Grillet (* 18. August 1922 in Brest; † 18. Februar 2008 in Caen) war ein französischer Agraringenieur, Filmemacher, Schriftsteller und Mitglied der Académie française.

Werdegang

Alain Robbe-Grillet studierte Agrarwissenschaften und arbeitete zunächst am Nationalinstitut für Statistik in Paris. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs musste er 1943 ein Jahr lang Arbeitsdienst in Nürnberg leisten.

Durch seine Werke gilt Robbe-Grillet als einer der Väter des Nouveau Roman. Es ist ein Begriff, der auf seinen Essay Pour un Nouveau Roman zurückgeht. Dieser neue nicht-realistische Roman soll weder die Wirklichkeit spiegeln noch Botschaften übermitteln, sondern literarische Formen und deren Entwicklung abbilden. Zwischen Gewalt und Erotik gleitet er stets nüchtern und metonymisch über Sinneseindrücke hinweg. Durch das stetige Ineinanderübergehen winziger Bilder von Lust und Schmerz und weniger in Rückgriff auf kohärente, narrative oder andere Sinnstrukturen gelang es Robbe-Grillet, nicht nur den Begriff von Literatur zu verändern, sondern auch der Aufmerksamkeit des Lesers Streiche zu spielen.

Alain Robbe-Grillet war seit 1957 mit der Schriftstellerin Catherine Robbe-Grillet verheiratet.

Mitgliedschaft

Alain Robbe-Grillet wurde am 25. März 2004 in die Académie française gewählt.

Schriften

Romane
 . 1949
 Übers. Eva Schewe: Ein Königsmord, nur im Doppelband zus. mit Momentaufnahmen. Frühe Prosa (in der Übers. durch Tophoven). Verlag Volk und Welt, Berlin 1983
 . 1953
 Übers. Gerda von Uslar: Ein Tag zu viel. Wegner, Hamburg 1954
 Übers. Gerda von Uslar: Die Radiergummis. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt 1989
 . 1955
 Übers. Elmar Tophoven: Der Augenzeuge. 1957
 . 1957
 Übers. Elmar Tophoven: Die Jalousie oder die Eifersucht. 1959
 . 1959
 Übers. Elmar Tophoven: Die Niederlage von Reichenfels. 1960
 . 1961 (zahlreiche Neuauflagen)
 Übers. Helmut Scheffel: Letztes Jahr in Marienbad. Hanser, München 1961
 . 1965
 Übers. Rolf Soellner, Hedda Soellner: Die blaue Villa in Hongkong. 1966
 . 1970
 Übers. Rolf Soellner, Hedda Soellner: Projekt für eine Revolution in New York. 1971
 . 1976
 Übers. Hans-Horst Henschen: Ansichten einer Geisterstadt. 1977
 . 1978
 . 1981
 Übers. Elmar Tophoven: Djinn. Ein rotes Loch im lückenhaften Pflaster. 1983
 . 2001
 Übers. Andrea Spingler: Die Wiederholung.
 . 2007

Novellen
 . 1962
 Übers. Elmar Tophoven: Momentaufnahmen. 1963

Essays
 . 1963
 Argumente für einen neuen Roman. Essays. Übers. Marie-Simone Morel, Helmut Scheffel u. a.
 Dt. Auszug: Neuer Roman, neuer Mensch, in: Verena von der Heyden-Rynsch (Hg.): Vive la littérature! Französische Literatur der Gegenwart. Hanser, München 1989, S. 209–214. Übers. Marie-Simone Morel
 . Christian Bourgois, Paris 2001

Automythografien
 . 1985
 Übers. Andrea Spingler: Der wiederkehrende Spiegel.
 . 1988
 Übers. Andrea Spingler: Angélique oder die Verzauberung. Suhrkamp 1989
 .
 Übers. Andrea Spingler: Corinthes letzte Tage. Suhrkamp 1997
 Textsammlung
 Warum ich Roland Barthes liebe. Hg. Olivier Corpet, Übers. Philipp Rang. Edition Suhrkamp 2700, 2017

Filmografie

Drehbücher
 L'Année dernière à Marienbad. 1961 (Letztes Jahr in Marienbad)
 L'Immortelle. 1963 (Die Unsterbliche)
 Trans-Europ-Express. 1966
 Glissements progressifs du plaisir. 1974.

Regie
 L'Immortelle. 1963 (Die Unsterbliche)
 Trans-Europ-Express. 1966
  L'homme qui ment. 1968.
 L'Éden et après. 1970.
 Glissements progressifs du plaisir. 1974. (Das beständige Gleiten der Begierde)
 Le Jeu avec le feu. 1975.
 La belle captive. 1983. Nach einem Roman von ihm selbst. Drehbuch Frank Verpillat.(Print des Romans: Bibliothèque des arts, Lausanne 1975, ohne ISBN. Illustr. René Magritte)
 Un bruit qui rend fou. 1995 (Die Blaue Villa)
 C´est Gradiva qui vous rappelle. 2006, (Der Ruf der Gradiva) nach der Novelle von Wilhelm Jensen

Zitate

Denn die Funktion der Kunst ist niemals, eine Wahrheit zu illustrieren – oder auch eine Frage –, die man schon kennt, sondern Fragen aufzuwerfen (und vielleicht auch zur rechten Zeit Antworten zu geben), die sich selbst noch nicht kennen.—"Was Theorien nützen". In: "Argumente für einen neuen Roman"

Siehe auch

 Dekonstruktion
 Poststrukturalismus
 Postmoderner Roman
 Metafiktion

Literatur

 Karl Alfred Blüher: Robbe-Grillet zwischen Moderne und Postmoderne. "Nouveau Roman", "Nouveau Cinéma" und "Nouvelle Autobiographie". Gunter Narr, Tübingen 1992 ISBN 3-8233-4399-8
 Scarlett Winter: Robbe-Grillet, Resnais und der neue Blick. Carl Winter, Heidelberg 2007 ISBN 978-3-8253-5271-4
 Anthony N. Fragola, C. Smith Roch: The Erotic Dream Machine: Interviews with Alain Robbe-Grillet on His Films. Southern Illinois University Press, 1992 ISBN 0-8093-1798-2
 Nathalie Groß: Autopoiesis. Theorie und Praxis autobiographischen Schreibens bei Alain Robbe-Grillet. Berlin 2008 ISBN 978-3-503-09844-6.
 Ernstpeter Ruhe: Alain Robbe-Grillet: "Le voyeur". In: Martha Kleinhans, Klaus Stierstorfer (Hrsg.): Lektüren für das 21. Jahrhundert. Schlüsseltexte europäischer Literatur: England, Frankreich, Irland, Italien, Portugal, Russland. (Ringvorlesung an der Universität Würzburg 2000). Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2001 ISBN 3-8260-1944-X S. 119–136
 Christina Schaefer: Konstruktivismus und Roman. Erkenntnistheoretische Aspekte in Alain Robbe-Grillets Theorie und Praxis des Erzählens. Steiner, Stuttgart 2013 ISBN 978-3-515-10278-0
 Christoph Wagner: ",Ceci n'est pas une pipe' – Bild und Text im internationalen Transfer bei René Magritte und Alain Robbe-Grillet", in: Multiperspektivische Fragestellungen der Translation Romania (Sabest, Saarbrücker Beiträge zu Sprach- und Translationswissenschaft, 14), hrsg. von Alberto Gil und Ursula Wienen, Peter Lang Verlag, Frankfurt 2007, ISBN 978-3-6315-6186-7, S. 331–350 (Online abrufbar).
 Jean-Louis Leutrat: L'Année dernière à Marienbad (Last Year in Marienbad) (BFI Film Classics). BFI Publishing, London 2000, ISBN 0-85170-821-8. Darin S. 52–61, das Kapitel The two L'Année dernière à Marienbad, ein detaillierter Vergleich des "ciné-romans" Robbe-Grillets mit dem Film Alain Resnais'.

Weblinks

  Dossier bei DBCult Film Institute
  Kommentierte Bibliografie. (englisch)
 Sehr ausführliche Bibliografie (französisch)

 Audiomitschnitt von Lesung und Gespräch mit Robbe-Grillet in der Akademie der Künste (Berlin), Juni 1987

Einzelbelege

Ingenieur, Erfinder, Konstrukteur
Autor
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Französisch)
Literatur (Frankreich)
Roman, Epik
Essay
Sadomasochistische Literatur
Filmregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Filmschauspieler
Darstellender Künstler (Frankreich)
Mitglied der Académie française
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Offizier)
Träger des französischen Nationalverdienstordens (Offizier)
Träger des Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Offizier)
Franzose
Geboren 1922
Gestorben 2008
Mann


text:
Os Museus Arqueológicos de Istambul () são o maior complexo museológico da Turquia, sendo dedicados à arte e cultura das civilizações antigas que floresceram especialmente na área de Istambul, mas também de outras regiões que em algum período pertenceram à órbita do Império Otomano ou que foram por ele influenciadas. Compreende três museus distintos: o Museu Arqueológico propriamente dito, o Museu de Antiguidades Orientais e o Museu do Quiosque Esmaltado.

O Museu Arqueológico foi criado como Museus Imperiais pelo artista e museólogo Osman Hamdi Bey no final do século XIX, sendo abertos ao público em 13 de junho de 1891. É atualmente um dos maiores museus do mundo em seu gênero, com um acervo que ultrapassa um milhão de itens oriundos de uma área que vai dos Bálcãs até a África, e da Anatólia até o Afeganistão.

Museu Arqueológico

Está dividido em dois prédios. O principal, mais antigo, teve sua construção iniciada em 1881 e foi aumentado em 1902 e 1908, tendo sido projetado por Alexander Vallaury sobre modelos neoclássicos. O piso superior exibe peças de pequenas dimensões em pedra e cerâmica, e a seção do Tesouro, com cerca de 800 mil moedas, selos, condecorações e medalhas. Ali também está instalada a Biblioteca, cujo acervo chega a 70 mil volumes.

No térreo estão dispostas uma série de tumbas famosas, como a de Iskender, a das Mulheres Chorosas, a Liceia, a Tabnit e muitas outras, além de uma rica seção de estatuária antiga que cobre desde o período arcaico grego até a era bizantina.

A nova ala foi construída para possibilitar uma expansão nos espaços expositivos, contando com seis pavimentos, sendo dois subterrâneos, utilizados como depósitos. Os quatro pavimentos acima são reservados para mostras temáticas: Istambul; Anatólia e Troia; Culturas-satélite da Anatólia: Chipre, Síria e Palestina; Trácia e Bitínia; Culturas-satélite de Istambul, e a seção chamada de Museu Infantil.

O Museu Arqueológico recebeu em 1991 o Prêmio dos Museus, do Conselho Europeu, por sua moderna organização.

Museu de Antiguidades Orientais
O prédio foi erguido em 1883 por Osman Hamdi Bey para servir de sede da Escola de Belas Artes, sendo mais tarde organizado como museu com as obras produzidas na escola entre 1917 e 1935. Fechado para remodelação em 1963, abriu novamente suas portas em 1974 com uma organização modernizada e um acervo diferente. Em seus dois pavimentos são expostas obras da Anatólia, Mesopotâmia, Egito e Arábia. É de especial significância sua seção de tabuletas cuneiformes, com mais de 75 mil peças.

Museu do Quiosque Esmaltado
O quiosque (em turco: Çinili Köşk), também conhecido como Quiosque dos Azulejos, foi construído em 1472 pelo sultão Maomé II, o Conquistador, sendo um dos mais antigos exemplos de arquitetura civil otomana ainda existentes. Foi usado como parte dos Museus Imperiais entre 1875 e 1891, e em 1953 foi reaberto com o nome de Museu Fatih, exibindo obras de arte turcas e islâmicas em geral, ora incorporadas ao Museu Arqueológico.

O Quiosque possui um pórtico de colunata, com uma êxedra decorada com azulejos esmaltados, donde seu nome. Atualmente o Quiosque é reservado para exposição de peças chinesas e cerâmicas dos períodos Otomano e Seljúcida, com aproximadamente 2 mil obras.

Dentre as atrações do Museu Arqueológico de Istambul estão:
 O Sarcófago de Alexandre, encontrado em Sídon
 O Sarcófago das Mulheres Chorosas (Sídon)
 A monumental Tumba Liceia
 Importante estatuária greco-romana, incluindo partes do Altar de Pérgamo
 As cabeças da Coluna Serpentina, antigamente no Santuário de Apolo em Delfos
 Peças de Troia
 Uma das únicas três tabuletas cuneiformes contendo o Tratado de Kadesh

Galeria

Ver também
 Museu de Arte Turca e Islâmica

Ligações externas

Arqueologico Istambul
Arqueologico Istambul
Arqueologico Istambul
Arqueologico Istambul
Fatih


text:
El Rally de Francia es el nombre por el que se conoce a la ronda francesa del campeonato mundial de rally y puede referirse a dos pruebas:

 Rally de Córcega, puntuable desde 1973 a 1995, de 1997 a 2008 y de 2015 al presente.
 Rally de Francia - Alsacia, puntuable desde 2010 a 2014.


text:
Anthene juanitae, the Juanita's hairtail, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South Africa (Limpopo). It is found in dense riverine vegetation along the Olifants River.

The wingspan is about 25 mm in males and 27–29 mm in females.

References

Butterflies described in 1993
Anthene
Endemic butterflies of South Africa


text:
is a 2013 Japanese superhero anime film by Madhouse that follows up on the Marvel Anime series. It is directed by Hiroshi Hamasaki, an anime director who is known for his works including Shigurui: Death Frenzy and Texhnolyze, and based on a story written by Brandon Auman. Matthew Mercer and Norman Reedus voiced Tony Stark and Punisher respectively.

Plot
While racing in a Utah desert with War Machine (James "Rhodey" Rhodes), Iron Man is ambushed by a mysterious new enemy who tries to destroy Tony Stark's new security satellite, "The Howard". War Machine is seemingly killed in the struggle and Iron Man sets out for revenge. He is intercepted by S.H.I.E.L.D. and Nick Fury who needs to talk to him. He escapes and makes it over to Pepper Potts who is on vacation.

They discover that A.I.M. (Advanced Idea Mechanics) has been conducting research into techno organic weaponry for some time and pinpoint one of their warehouses in Karachi. S.H.I.E.L.D. locates them and Tony comes out the front to be surrounded by Mandroids. He activates his suitcase armor, destroys all the Mandroids, and heads to Karachi. The scene then cuts to a member of A.I.M. trying to sell weapons to a buyer. Punisher comes in and breaks it up. Just as Punisher is about to kill the A.I.M. member, Iron Man saves him in order to get some answers. Iron Man and Punisher then work together and discover the identity of the new enemy being Ezekiel Stane, the son of Obadiah Stane. Hawkeye and Black Widow are given orders to retrieve Iron Man. Iron Man escapes with the help of the Punisher and continues on to Shanghai where he meets Ezekiel.

Ezekiel paralyzes Iron Man with the Technovore and details his plan to replace humanity with his new technology utilizing the technology on the "Howard" satellite to hack into all computers and satellites. Hawkeye and Black Widow show up and arrest both. Later on the Helicarrier, Iron Man discovers War Machine is barely alive. Then the Technovore hacks the craft leaving Iron Man to uses his arc reactor to stabilize the Helicarrier and drive the Technovore out of the systems. Ezekiel is now betrayed by the Technovore and taken over by it causing a big fight with Iron Man resulting in the Helicarrier crashing into Shanghai. When all hope seems lost, War Machine miraculously wakes up and helps Iron Man fight the Technovore.

In a last ditch effort, Iron Man is able to use a backdoor he built into the Howard's system to hack back into it temporarily. He is purposely captured by the Technovore and orders War Machine to fire the satellite's defense laser at Tony's arc reactor before the Technovore is able to use the other satellites to destroy the world. War Machine fires, and the Technovore is defeated with Iron Man seemingly sacrificing himself. Miraculously, Iron Man is saved by War Machine and lives. Ezekiel Stane is seen in the custody of S.H.I.E.L.D.

Cast

Additional English dub voices by Liam O'Brien, Travis Willingham, and Dave Wittenberg.

Crew
 Steve Kramer - Script Adaptation
 Mary Elizabeth McGlynn - Voice Director
 Jamie Simone - Casting Director

Production
The film is produced by SH DTV Partners, a partnership between Marvel Entertainment, Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan and Madhouse.

Screenwriter Brandon Auman stated in an interview with MTV Geek that he was in Japan when he got the call from Marvel to participate in the project, and that he was pleased to work with Madhouse. He said that the reason for choosing Ezekiel Stane as the main villain of the film was because he is the "new Tony Stark".

Release
The film was released in North America on Blu-ray and DVD on April 16, 2013, and on April 24, 2013 in Japan receiving the release of Marvel Studios' Iron Man 3 which was released on May 3, 2013.

Reception
The film has received mixed  reviews. John Gholson of Movies.com criticized the dialogue in the film, stating it "is either nebulous to a fault" or "awkwardly on the nose". He also criticized the animation of the film, describing it as stale or lacking thrill during action scenes. Tony Guerrero of Comic Vine gave a 3 of 5 rating, praising the animation and colors of the film. He noted that having different characters involved in the story [compared to the anime television series] gives the world a bigger feel, and this is what a fan would want and expect in a Marvel animated movie. Gary Collinson of Flickering Myth awarded it a score of one out of five, saying "If this is going to be the standard of Marvel's animated movies going forward, then perhaps its time to hand animated duties over to Disney and stick to the Cinematic Universe." Julian White of Starburst magazine awarded it a score of 6 out of 10, saying, "It has its moments – probably enough to keep Marvel fans happy. Anime aficionados, on the other hand, might not be quite so galvanized."

References

External links
 Rise of Technovore at Sony Pictures Entertainment
 Rise of Technovore at Marvel

2013 animated films
2013 anime OVAs
2013 direct-to-video films
2013 films
2010s direct-to-video animated superhero films
Animated films based on Marvel Comics
Direct-to-video animated films
Films directed by Hiroshi Hamasaki
Iron Man films
Madhouse (company)
2010s Japanese superhero films
Japanese animated superhero films
Anime films based on comics
Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan films
Superheroes in anime and manga
Japanese adult animated films
2010s American films


text:
Merv (på persiska مرو) var en stor oas-stad i Centralasien, på Sidenvägen, nära dagens Mary i Turkmenistan. Flera städer har funnits på platsen, som har varit en plats för kulturella och politiska utbyten och av stort strategiskt värde.

Platsen för antikens Merv blev 1999 uppsatt på Unescos världsarvslista.

Historia
Den förhistoriska Sidenvägen har alltid varit en huvudväg för människans folkvandringar genom Centralasien. Trots att en mycket äldre historia ligger begraven under lagren av den senare stadens liv, har arkeologiska undersökningar avslöjat spår av byliv så långt tillbaka som till tredje årtusendet f.Kr.

Under namnet Mouru nämns platsen med Balkh i Zend-Avesta-geografin, vilken antagligen daterar sig till 600-talet f.Kr. (men traditionellt anges betydligt äldre datum). Under namnet Margu dyker staden upp i Behistuninskriften (cirka 515 f.Kr.) som en del i en satrapi under persiska monarken Dareios regeringstid.

Den antika staden tycks ha grundats av Kyros den Store (559-530 f.Kr.), men de akemenidiska nivåerna är djupt begravda under senare lager på platsen.

Alexander den stores besök i Merv är endast legendariskt, men efter hans död blev Merv huvudstad i provinsen Margiana under seleukidiska, partiska och persiska kungadömen. Vid Margusfloden - kallad Epardus av Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon och idag Murghab - låg distriktets huvudstad, kallad Antiochia Margiana (Antiochia av Margiana) efter Antiochos Soter, som återuppbyggde staden, i en starkt utökad plan som gjorde den nära två kilometer tvärsöver. Mycket lite har kommit fram om seleukidernas Antiochia Margiana, förutom resterna av det fortifierade yttre försvarsverket.

Efter Ardashir I (cirka 220-240) kom Merv under persiska sassanid-dynastins kontroll i fyra århundraden.

Vid sidan om den officiella zoroastrianismen under sassanid-dynastin i Persien, har Merv varit hem för ett rad olika religiösa övertygelser och ett antal olika religiösa sekter, inklusive buddhistiska och manikeistiska. Under 400-talet var Merv säte för en kristen ärkebiskop av den nestorianska kyrkan.

De persiska kungarnas herravälde tog slut när den sista av sassanid-dynastins ledare, Yazdegerd III (633-651) mördades inte långt ifrån staden vilket gjorde att militärguvernören kapitulerade för den närmande arabiska armén. Staden ockuperades av löjtnanter till kalifen Uthman ibn Affan, och blev huvudstad i Khorasan. Araberna använde staden som sin bas, ledd av Kotaiba ibn Moslim.

Merv fick en del politiskt strålkastarljus på sig i februari år 748, då Abu Muslim (död 750) förklarade en ny Abbasid-dynasti i Merv, och gav sig iväg från staden för att erövra Iran och Irak och grundade en ny huvudstad vid Bagdad. Därefter var Merv en provinshuvudstad - med undantag för en kort glansperiod från 813 till 818 då kalifen al-Ma'mun tillfälligt var bosatt i Merv vilket gjorde staden till huvudstad för hela den muslimska världen.

Den senare hälften av 700-talet blev Merv mot islam som centrumet för kättersk propaganda förkunnad av al-Muqanna under täckmanteln "profeten av Khorosan". År 874 var det arabiska styret i Centralasien till ända. När araberna dominerade Merv, liksom Samarkand och Bokhara, var en av de stora skolorna av lärande, och den firade historikern Yaqut studerade i dess bibliotek. Merv producerade ett antal lärda inom olika kunskapsområden såsom islamsk lag, Hadith, historia, litteratur och liknande. Flera lärda har namnen Marwazi المروزي vilket betecknar dem som hemmahörande i Merv.

1040 korsade seldjukiska turkar floden Oxus från norr och besegrade Masud, sultanen av Ghazni, uppväxt som Togrul Beg, sonson till seljukiderna, arvtagare till Persiens tron. De grundade den seldjukiska dynastin, med dess huvudstad Nishapur. En yngre bror till Togrul, Daud, tog kontroll över Merv och Herat. Togrul efterträddes av sin nevö Alp Arslan (Stora Lejonet), som begravdes i Merv. Det var ungefär vid denna tid som Merv nådde höjden av sin storhetstid och blev ett centrum för persisk kultur och vitterhet. Under sultanen Sanjars (eller Sinjars) styre i mitten på 1000-talet, invaderades Merv av de turkiska stammarna i Ghuzz från på andra sidan Oxus. Denna händelse skedde under ledarskiftet i Khwarizm (Khiva).

1221 öppnade Merv sina portar för Tolui, son till Djingis Khan, Mongolernas hövding. Eftersom de bjudit motstånd drevs alla stadens invånare, 70 000 plus tjugo gånger så många flyktingar, ut på fälten och fick halsen avskuren. En beräkning efteråt konstaterade att mer än en miljon trehundratusen människor miste livet, enligt John Mans bok Djingis Khan, och då räknade man bara upp till 1,3 miljoner, en stor del av kropparna försummades. Utgrävningar avslöjar ett drastiskt återuppbyggande av stadens fortifikationer i efterdyningarna, men nu började stadens nedgång. I början av 1300-talet blev staden säte för en kristen ärkebiskop av den Östliga kyrkan. Efter Djingis Khans sonsons död blev Merv upptaget 1380 som Tamerlanes egendom, Samarkands Mongolprins.

1505 ockuperades staden av uzbeker, som fem år senare kastades ut av Ismail Khan, grundaren till Safawid-dynastin i Persien. Det var under hans period som en stor damm återställdes vid floden Murghab av en persisk adelsman, och bosättningen som växte fram i området med bevattningskanalerna blev känd som Bairam Ali, ett namn som omnämns i några 1800-talstexter. Merv förblev under persernas kontroll till 1787, då staden intogs av Emiren av Bokhara. Sju år senare raserade Bokhara staden till grunden, rev dammen och omvandlade distriktet till en ödebygd. När Sir Alexander Burnes korsade landet 1832, var Khiva ledare över Merv. Omkring denna tid blev Tekketurkmener, bosatta i Hari Rud, tvingade av perserna att flytta norrut. Khivanerna bekämpade Tekkes utbredning, men omkring 1856 blev de senare en överväldig makt i landet, och förblev det till dess Ryssland ockuperade oasen 1883.

Lämningar
Ryska utgrävningar av den uråldriga platsen började 1890. Från 1992 till 2000 har ett samarbetsteam av arkeologer från Turkmenistan och Storbritannien gjort remarkabla upptäckter.

Ruinerna av gamla Merv täcker ett område på mer än 39 km². Merv har en av de finaste seleukidiska stadsmurarna som någonsin upptäckts. Två persiska bostadskvarter upptäcktes under 1990-talets utgrävningar, i citadellet och i de lägre delarna av staden, vilka erbjuder den första nära daterade material från ett stort persiskt centrum. Platsen har även ett citadell (Bairam Ali Khan kalah) 11x8 meter, byggt av en son till Tamerlande och förstört av bokharer, samt en annan kalah eller muromgärdat område känd som Abdulla Khan. Norr om dessa ligger seleukidernas gamla huvudstad, känd som Sultan Kalah, och förstörd av mongolerna 1219. Den mest tydliga lämningen är begravningsmoskén av Sultan Sanjar, daterad från 1100-talet. Öster om seleukidernas gamla huvudstad ligger Giaur Kalah, den nestorianska erans Merv och arabprinsarnas huvudstad. Norr om seleukidernas gamla huvudstad ligger ruinerna av Iskender Kalah, sannolikt det antika Merv under seleukid-dynastin.

Geografi
Oasen ligger i södra änden av Karakumöknen, på koordinaterna 37°30' N och 62° Ö. Den ligger omkring 370 kilometer norr om Herat, och 450 kilometer sydsydost om Khiva. Området är omkring 4900 km². De stora bergskedjorna Paropamisus och Hindukush går från Kaspiska havet till Pamir och slutar omkring 290 kilometer söder om Merv. Genom eller nära detta pass norrut flyter parallellt floderna Hari Rud (Tejend) och Murghab, tills de försvinner i Karakumöknen. Detta gör Merv till en sorts vaktpost över vägen in i Afghanistan i nordväst och samtidigt till en sorts etapp mellan nordöstra Persien och städerna Bokhara och Samarkand.

Demografi
Dagens invånare i oasen är turkmener från Tekkestammen.

Ekonomi
Oasen har ett bevattningssystem med kanaler grävda från Murghab. Landet har alltid varit känt i hela Östern för sin bördighet. Olika typer av sädesslag och många frukter växte här i stor mängd, till exempel vete, hirs, korn och meloner, ris och bomull. Bomullsfrön från arkeologiska utgrävningar visar att bomullstextilier redan på 400-talet var en viktig del i ekonomin i staden. Silkesmask har fötts upp. Turkmenerna har en berömd typ av hästar och har kameler, får, nötboskap, åsnor och mulor. Turkmenerna är utmärkta silverhantverkare och kända som vapensmeder. En av upptäckterna under 1990-talets utgrävningar var 800-tals eller 900-talsverkstäder där stål producerats, vilket bekräftar samtida islamiska rapporter: ett stort steg i teknologins historia.

Mattor från Merv-regionen anses ibland som bättre än de persiska. De gör även filtar och grova kläder av lammull.

Klimat
På sommaren är hettan tryckande. Minsta vind skapar dammoln, vilka fyller luften och gör den så tät att den förmörkar middagssolen och gör andning svårt. På vintern är klimatet mycket gott. Snö faller sällan och händer det så smälter den direkt. Den årliga nederbörden uppgår sällan till mer än 120 mm och det faller vanligen inget regn mellan juni och oktober. Under sommaren stiger temperaturen till 36° C och på vintern går den ned till -7° C. Årsmedeltemperaturen är cirka 16° C.

Externa länkar
 British Museum Department of Ancient Near East
 UNESCO World Heritage Centre - State Historical and Cultural Park

Iranistik
Orter i Turkmenistan
Världsarv i Turkmenistan
Världsarv inskrivna 1999
Ruinstäder


text:
Le Régiment de Hull (RCAC) is a Primary Reserve armoured reconnaissance regiment of the Canadian Army. The regiment is based in the Hull sector of Gatineau, Quebec, near Ottawa, Ontario. Active in all aspects of the day-to-day life of Outaouais residents, the unit is the only francophone military presence in the area.

Regimental Organization
Currently, the regiment is organised into two distinct squadrons: C/S Squadron (Commandement et Services) is made up of the logistical and administrative support staff as well as a holding platoon for new recruits and, D Squadron is the reconnaissance squadron, to which most of the members of the unit belong.

Lineage

Le Régiment de Hull (RCAC)

 Originated on 7 August 1914, in Hull, Quebec, as a City Corps Battalion of Infantry, with headquarters at Hull
 Designated on 15 October 1914, as the 70th Regiment
 Redesignated on 12 March 1920, as The Hull Regiment
 Redesignated on 1 March 1923, as Le Régiment de Hull
 Redesignated on 29 July 1941, as the 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, Le Régiment de Hull
 Redesignated on 18 September 1945, as Le Régiment de Hull
 Converted on 1 April 1946, to Armour and Redesignated as the 21st Armoured Regiment (Régiment de Hull), RCAC
 Redesignated on 4 February 1949, as Le Régiment de Hull (21st Armoured Regiment)
 Redesignated on 19 May 1958, as Le Régiment de Hull (RCAC)

Lineage chart

Perpetuations

 230th Battalion (Voltigeurs Canadiens-Français), CEF

History

Foundation & the First World War
On 7 August 1914, a general order of the Canadian Militia authorized the formation of a unit at Hull. Three days earlier, Canada had entered the war against Germany; World War I had broken out.  As was the custom of the day, the unit was designated by a number. The regiment's first official name was accordingly the "70e Régiment (de Hull)".  Initiatives to create a militia unit in Hull had nonetheless been under way since the spring of 1914 by a group of Hull citizens, including M.A. Allard, J.A. Cloutier, I. Landre, R. Déziel, J. Paré, J.A. Thibault, J. Gauvin and Lieutenant H. Heyendal. They met at the Collège Notre-Dame.

The creation of the Hull Regiment also coincided (on 7 August 1914) with the acceptance by Great Britain of the Canadian Government's offer to pay all the costs of a military contingent. This first contingent left for England on 3 October of that year. In Hull, as everywhere else in Canada, the public greeted the war with enthusiasm. Thousands wanted to leave for the front and to take part in what they believed would be a great adventure.

The first task of the 70th Regiment was to serve as a recruiting centre for the Hull military district. The regimental records show that the unit enrolled 2,108 men, who were subsequently distributed to a variety of battalions, including the 22nd, 38th, 41st and 57th.  Although it was not mobilized for service overseas, the 70th Regiment provided personnel for the 230th Battalion (Voltigeurs Canadiens-Français). This unit of the Canadian expeditionary corps was formed almost entirely of members of the 70th Regiment recruited in the Outaouais. It is for this reason that Le Régiment de Hull perpetuates the memory of the 230th Battalion (Voltigeurs Canadiens-Français), CEF.

After a stay in England, the 230th was assigned to the Forestry Corps in November 1916 and went to France.  This decision was made due to the high number of forestry workers from Hull, Quebec. The city of Hull was a booming city living off the lumber industry and most of the men enlisted from the 70th Regiment worked for various forestry companies, like E.B. Eddy.  Before the war, England imported an enormous quantity of wood every year. And while the war had generated even greater demand, the cargoes needed were increasingly scarce as a result of German submarine attacks. This scarcity delayed the dispatch of reinforcements, ammunition, rations, fodder and other essential items.  Canadians not only responded to the call, they set new production records. Over 70% of all the wood used by the allied armies during World War I came from Canada's forests. According to the official Canadian history, the participation of the Canadian Forestry Corps was "remarkable and contributed to the defeat of the submarine campaign".

Between the wars
The Armistice enabled some 350,000 members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force to return home. Over 60,000 Canadians had died in battle. Thousands more were seriously wounded and many of them would never be able to resume normal life. The return to civilian life after so terrible a war is often difficult for veterans. Similarly, the resumption of activities by the Hull Militia was not without its problems.

Since the government had decided no longer to designate units by a number, the 70th Regiment officially became "The Hull Regiment" in 1920, a designation which was changed to its French equivalent in Spring 1923.  As was only to be expected after such a murderous war, enthusiasm waned significantly, a state of mind that was only exacerbated by equipment shortages and the need to meet in cramped, inadequate quarters.  The regiment was housed at 84 Principale in Hull, moving to number 29 on the same street in 1922.  Against all odds, the regiment grew and flourished and in 1938, the unit moved into its current headquarters: the Salaberry Armoury.

Second World War

Territorial Defense (1939–1942)
When Canada declared war on Germany on 10 September 1939, the Regiment did not expect to be mobilized for war. Detachments of the Regiment were assigned to mount guard at points considered vulnerable to saboteurs, specifically Rockcliffe Aerodrome and the Residence of the Governor General. Many members of the Regiment enrolled in the active Army and initially served as instructors in numerous training camps, including in Saint Jérôme, Quebec and in Cornwall, Ontario.

The first Battalion of Le Régiment de Hull was mobilized for active service on 29 July 1941. A few days later, National Defence Headquarters entrusted command of the Regiment to Lieutenant-Colonel Marcel Grison. In the meantime, an initial group of officers had been sent to Brockville to undergo special training and the Regiment left for Valcartier, where it underwent intensive training from December 1941 to mid-April 1942. It was subsequently sent to Nanaimo, British Columbia, where it participated in the defence of Canada as part of the 13th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 6th Canadian Infantry Division. This was the first time that a Francophone regiment had been stationed on Vancouver Island.

Operation Cottage (August 1943 - January 1944)

In August 1943, Le Régiment de Hull took part in the invasion of the island of Kiska, in the Aleutians. The Regiment was at the time under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Dollard Ménard, DSO, CD a hero of the Dieppe raid.  The Japanese had invaded the Aleutians in June 1942. Although Kiska was 4,500 km from Vancouver, the enemy presence caused considerable concern in Canada and the United States. While the U.S. Navy imposed a blockade, air raids were carried out. The blockade and the bombing nonetheless did not succeed in dislodging the enemy, and the Americans decided to attack the islands directly. On 12 May, US troops landed at Attu, resulting in one of the fiercest and most costly battles of the entire war. Of the 3,000 Japanese in the garrison, only 11 were taken prisoner; all the others were killed or committed suicide.

Since Kiska was defended by a stronger garrison (some 5,400 soldiers), the Americans asked Canada for help. The 13th Brigade was chosen to participate in the invasion of Kiska, comprising, in addition to Le Régiment de Hull, the Canadian Fusiliers, the Winnipeg Grenadiers and the Rocky Mountain Rangers. "D" Day for Kiska was set for August 15, 1943. Since the enemy had secretly abandoned the island, Canadian troops were not called upon to fight. The Regiment nonetheless had to stay on the island until January 1944, during which time the soldiers were subjected to the worst weather conditions endured by the Canadian Army anywhere, throughout its entire history.

Europe (1944–1946)
After being repatriated in February 1944, the Regiment embarked at Halifax for the United Kingdom on 25 May 1944. Its new barracks were at Camp Gandale in Yorkshire. The soldiers were expecting to take part in the eagerly awaited invasion of occupied Europe. Shortly after its arrival, however, the Regiment was temporarily renamed the "4th Training Battalion" and assigned to training until their release on 18 September 1945. Many members of the 1st battalion of Le Régiment de Hull were nonetheless involved in fighting on the continent of Europe as reinforcements for other Canadian regiments, an honour for which some paid with their lives. During this time, a 2nd Battalion served in the Reserve Army. Members of the 2nd battalion contributed to the Army's recruiting efforts, guarded locations considered to be of strategic importance, took part in guarding prisoners of war and subscribed to numerous campaigns to sell Victory Bonds, in which they set records.

The postwar period & the Cold War (1946–1991)

After the Armistice, a new life began for the Regiment. It was at this time that Le Régiment de Hull changed corps, moving from the infantry to armour. This new calling was officially confirmed on 1 April 1946, when the Regiment's name officially became the 21st Armoured Regiment (Le Régiment de Hull). Twelve years later, on 19 May 1958, the Regiment adopted its current name: Le Régiment de Hull (RCAC). The Regiment should thenceforth have rallied around a cavalry guidon, but continued to serve under its old white regimental colours from infantry days, in the form of the flag it had received in 1924. During the years that followed the end of World War II, the Regiment took part in training exercises for a war in Europe against the Soviet Union. This was the start of the Cold War and relations between East and West were tense.  It was against this background that, when Communist North Korea invaded South Korea, Canada agreed to send a contingent to serve as part of the UN Forces. More than 60 members of the Regiment volunteered to serve in the 25th Canadian Infantry Brigade. At almost the same time, the Regiment formed the "Y" Troop to reinforce the armoured squadron of the 27th Canadian Infantry Brigade in Europe. This Brigade, the first Canadian force sent overseas in peacetime, was stationed near Hanover, in the Federal Republic of Germany.

In the late 1950s, the role of the Militia changed; this was the era of civil defence. The members of the Regiment took part in rescue exercises and emergency measures in the event of a nuclear war. The unit subsequently resumed its armoured training.

With the reorganisation of the Canadian Army into the Canadian Forces, several units were put onto the Supplementary Order of Battle. The National Capital Region's armoured reconnaissance unit IV Princess Louise's Dragoon Guards was transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle, along with many other units. To compensate for the closure of the reconnaissance unit the Regiment's heavy armour role was gradually modified to that of a light armoured formation. The unit was equipped with machine-gun mounted jeeps for the purpose. This is why, since 1974, the Regiment has acted as a reconnaissance unit in the Eastern Area, which has now become 2nd Canadian Division.

In 1979, the Regiment won the Worthington Trophy for the best Militia armoured unit. This was the crowning achievement after a series of trophies won in various military competitions, including the prestigious Buchanan Trophy, which is awarded to the best Quebec unit.

Peacekeeping operations
Since 1948, Canada has taken part in many peacekeeping operations, either with the UN or other international organizations. Over 100,000 members of the Canadian Forces have served in these operations. As of January 1, 2000, 107 Canadian soldiers have died in the course of these missions. Canadian soldiers have developed an unusual degree of expertise and are now highly sought after for such missions. Members of Le Régiment de Hull are no exception to the rule: many of them have had an opportunity to participate in missions in Cyprus, Israel, Haiti and the former Yugoslavia. Members most recently served in the former Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Israel, Egypt, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Haiti. Alongside their colleagues in the Regular Force, the members of the Regiment in 1988 shared the honour of receiving the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to "blue helmets" throughout the world.

Battle Honours
Le Régiment de Hull was awarded its first battle honour on May 9, 2014, when it was announced that the regiment would receive the theatre honour AFGHANISTAN. The battle honour was presented to the unit on October 14, 2017, during a ceremony presided by the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, J. Michel Doyon.

Regimental Colours and the First Guidon
Like most infantry unit, the Regiment followed the tradition of parading under the shadow of their Colours. In 1924, the Governor General, Baron Byng of Vimy, presented the unit with its Regimental Colours and Royal Colours, a gift from honorary Lieutenant-Colonel J.E. Gravelle.  This impressive ceremony took place on the square in front of City Hall in Hull with thousands of onlookers. The Colours were all white and fringed in gold, bearing the regiment's badge in gold and silver thread, with the tower against a pale blue background.  The Colours were unique in the Canadian military in that they were all white, as the unit had not yet spilled blood under its own banners.  On October 16, 1982, the Colours were paraded for the last time and laid to rest, exposed to the public at la Maison du Citoyen, in Hull, Quebec. On that same day, the Governor General, the Right Honourable Edward Schreyer, presented the Regiment with its first Guidon.  The new guidon is painstakingly embroidered on red damask and fringed in gold. The regiment's badge figures prominently and incorporates 2 rams, recalling the unit's service in the infantry, and 2 fleurs-de-lys, symbolizing its Francophone status.

Traditions and Customs

Motto
Upon being stood up, the Regiment was initially authorized to use the motto "Non Retrorsum", which is Latin for "We will not retreat".  This motto was used until 1923, when the unit's name was changed to Le Régiment de Hull.  "On ne passe pas", French for "None shall pass" appears to have been inspired by the words of General Robert Nivelle at the Battle of Verdun in 1916.  During a staff meeting, he spat "On ne passe pas!" when speaking of the German forces seeking to take Verdun.

Official Drink
The official drink of Le Régiment de Hull is Calvados. This traditions comes from members of the Regiment who returned from the war after serving as reinforcements to the Régiment de Maisonneuve, Régiment de la Chaudière and Le Fusiliers Mont-Royal during the Normandy Campaign of 1944.  The drink was offered (and sometimes "liberated") to Canadian soldiers while passing through Normandy and the drink became popular with the troops.

March
The unit's official March is "La Marche de la Victoire" (French: The March of Victory).  It was composed during the Second World War by Joseph Beaulieu, a musical composer with close ties to the Regiment's band at the time.  The Regiment does not have a slow march.

Trophies

Over the course of its history, the Régiment de Hull has won the following trophies:

 Worthington Trophy
 Won in 1979.
 First presented in 1954 by the first Commanding Officer of the Armoured Corps, MGen F.F. Worthington. The trophy is a scale model in silver of a Centurion tank. The trophy is awarded to the best Armoured Corps Militia unit.
 Nash Memorial Challenge Trophy
 Won in 1988, 1989.
 The Nash trophy was first awarded in 1939 by MGen Nash, MC, ADC. The trophy was initially awarded to the Armoured Corps Militia unit with the highest percentage of qualified mechanics in its ranks. Since 1980, the trophy has been awarded to the best reconnaissance troop in the Armoured Corps Militia units.
 Buchanan Trophy
 Won in 1957, 1964, 1978, 1979, 1980.
 Awarded for the first time in 1957 by LCol E.B.Q. Buchanan. This trophy is given to the best Militia armoured unit in Quebec and the Atlantic provinces.
 Colonel Ross Memorial Trophy
 Won in 1975, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1984.
 Awarded in honour of Colonel Ross in 1953. The trophy rewards the second best armoured unit in Quebec and the Atlantic provinces.

Salaberry Armoury

As early as 1923, the Commanding Officer Lieutenant-Colonel Rodolphe Girard, had dreamed of a proper armoury. This was to be a lengthy undertaking requiring the devotion of successive Commanding Officers.  Finally, thanks to the perseverance of Régiment de Hull Commanding Officers and to the combined efforts of the civilian, religious, political and military authorities of the day, the first subsidies for what was to become the Salaberry Armoury were voted by Parliament on 18 February 1937, in large measure due to the efforts of the MP for Hull, Alphonses Fournier, QC.  The Salaberry Armoury stands at the intersection of Taché and Saint-Joseph Boulevards, on an enormous lot donated by Lieutenant-Colonel W. F. Hadley, VD, the Commanding Officer of Le Régiment de Hull from 1927 to 1931. Since then, almost half the land along Saint-Joseph Blvd has been converted into a park.

The laying of the cornerstone and christening of the new armoury took place on July 21, 1938. The plans had been drawn by a local architect, Lucien Sarra-Bournet, presumably based upon the 2-year-old plans for the Seaforth Armoury. Six months later, on 28 January 1939, less than a year before the declaration of hostilities with the Third Reich, His Excellency Lord Tweedsmuir, presided over the official opening of Salaberry Armoury.

Sixty years on, these two armouries remains some of Canada's most impressive military buildings. The Salaberry Armoury was named in honour of Colonel Charles Michel de Salaberry, celebrated as "the saviour of our country" following his victory at Châteauguay, one of the most important battles of the War of 1812.

Senior appointments

Commanding Officers
 1914–20 LCol. W.L. (Wilfred) Allard
 1916–18 LCol R. (René) de Salaberry (Officer Commanding the 230th Battalion (Voltigeurs Canadiens-Français), CEF)
 1920–23 LCol J.A. (Joseph Alphonse) Cloutier
 1923–27 LCol R. (Rodrigue) Girard
 1927–31 LCol W.F. (William Fraser) Hadley, VD
 1931–35 LCol F.J.G. (Gérard) Garneau, OBE, ED
 1935–39 LCol R. (Rodolphe) Larose, ED
 1939–43 LCol M.C. (Marcel) Grison, ED, ADC
 1941–42 LCol L. (Antonio Léopold) Normandin (Commanding Officer of the 2nd Battalion, Le Régiment de Hull)
 1942–43 BGen M.A. (Marc) Lavoie, ED (Commanding Officer of the 2nd Battalion, Le Régiment de Hull)
 1943–44 Bgen (Dollard) Ménard, DSO, CD
 1944–46 LCol L.J. (Lucien) Saint-Laurent, OBE
 1946–48 LCol J.P. (Jean-Paul) Carrière, CD
 1948–52 Col F. (Fernand) Mousseau, CD
 1952–56 LCol C. (Conrad) Legault, CD
 1956–59 LCol G. (George) Addy, ED, CD
 1959–64 LCol M.G.G. (Guy) de Merlis, CD
 1964–67 LCol A. (Alfred) Fortier, ED, CD
 1967–70 LCol H.A. (Henri) Langlois, CD
 1970–73 LCol J. (Jacques) Dargis, CD
 1973–76 LCol R.E. (Robert) Dormer, CD, ADC
 1976–79 LCol J.R.L. (Lucien) Villeneveuve, CD
 1979–83 BGen J. (Jean) Gervais, KstJ, CD
 1983–87 LCol R.L. (Réal) Adam, CD
 1987–90 LCol L. (Léo) Marleau, CD
 1990–93 LCol D. (Daniel) Gagné, OstJ, CD
 1993–96 Col D.  (Daniel) Lafleur, OstJ, CD
 1996–99 LCol Y. (Yves) Isabelle, CD
 1999–02 LCol L. (Luc) Lefebvre, CD, ADC
 2002–05 LCol J.L.P. (John) Giguère, CD
 2005–08 LCol M.P. (Michel) Gagné, CD
 2008–11 LCol A.E.T. (Thomas) Falardeau, CD
 2011–14 LCol A. (André) LaFrance, CD
 2014–17 LCol J.T.M. (Marcel) Duguay, CD
 2017–19 LCol L.P. (Louis-Philippe) Binette, CD
 2019–22 LCol M.J. (Michael) Bisson, CD
 2022–Present LCol G.M.A. (Marc-André) Blais, CD

Regimental Sergeants-Major
 1914–21 WO1 W. (William) Paquette
 1921–31 WO1 L.G. (Louis-Georges) Séguin
 1931–42 WO1 M. (Maurice) Doran
 1943–45 WO1 A. Handy
 1942–52 WO1 G. (George) Doran (RSM for the 2nd Battalion, Le Régiment de Hull)
 1953–59 WO1 E. (Emmanuel) Blakeney
 1959–66 WO1 R. (Roland) Nault, CD
 1966–67 WO1 F. (Fred) Gordon, EM, CD
 1967–71 CWO J. (Jacques) Labelle, CD
 1971–73 CWO P.P. (Pierre-Paul) Séguin, CD
 1973–76 CWO Y. (Yvon) Chénier, CD
 1976–77 CWO P. (Pierre) Monette, CD
 1977–84 CWO J.A. (Arthur) Barratt, CD
 1984–85 CWO A.E. Allard, CD
 1985–88 CWO G. (Gilles) Sabourin, CD
 1988–89 CWO N. (Normand) Bouvier, CD
 1990–93 CWO R. (Raymond) Lessard, CD
 1993–98 CWO R. (Réginald) Guilbert, CD
 1999–99 CWO N. (Normand) Roberge, MMM, CD (acting)
 1999–03 CWO D. (Denis) Morin, CD
 2003–08 CWO R. (René) Riopel, MMM, CD
 2008–11 CWO G.H (Gilles) Bergeron, CD
 2011–13 CWO J.R.R. (Réjean) Picotin, CD (acting)
 2013–19 CWO J.D. (Daniel) Heppell, CD
 2019–20 CWO A.G.J. (André) Tremblay, CD (acting)
 2020–Present CWO M. (Michel) Boivin, CD

See also
Salaberry Armoury
34 Canadian Brigade Group
List of units of the Canadian Army
Authorized marches of the Canadian Forces
2nd Canadian Division
Canadian Forces order of precedence

Order of precedence

External links
 Regimental website
 Regimental Association Page
 Régiment de Hull Lineage

References

Hull (RCAC), Le Regiment de
Armoured regiments & units of Canada in World War II
Military units and formations of Quebec
Organizations based in Gatineau


text:
The Network of Concerned Historians (NCH) is an organization created to act as a bridge between human-rights organisations campaigning for censored
or persecuted historians and others concerned with the past on the one hand and the global
community of historians on the other.
The Network of Concerned Historians became affiliated with the International Students of History Association in April 2013, became an affiliated member of Scholars at Risk (SAR), located at New York University, in February 2007, and became a founding member for the Network for Education and Academic Rights in June 2011.

History
The Network of Concerned Historians was created in 1995 by Antoon De Baets, in the History Department of the University of Groningen, in the Netherlands.

Campaigns
The NCH produces Annual Reports about the domain where history and human rights intersect. In addition, the NCH collects codes of ethics of Historians and workers in related fields, such as Archivists, and Archaeologists from all over the world.

The Annual Reports have been published since 1995, and are all available in the organization's website.

The last Report was published in 2022, and covers 100 countries, including Afghanistan, Brazil. China, India, Russia and the United States.

External links
 Official website
 Around the World, Censorship of Historians is Tied to Attacks on Democracy
 Regimes Around the World are Manipulating History and Threatening Historians

References

History organizations based in the United States
Historical societies of the United States
Professional associations based in the United States


text:
Górczyn – osiedle domków jednorodzinnych w północno-wschodnim Śremie położone w pobliżu Warty. Na osiedlu znajduje się cmentarz staromiejski. Połączenie z centrum miasta umożliwiają autobusy komunikacji miejskiej (linie nr 5, 7, 11).

Obiekty
 Cmentarz staromiejski, w nim pomniki bohaterów Wiosny Ludów, powstania wielkopolskiego, I i II wojny światowej.
 Pozostałości fabryki Malinka z XIX w., będącej prekursorem dzisiejszej Odlewni Żeliwa, obecnie są częścią supermarketu E.Leclerc.
 Dawne przedmieście Berdychów, gdzie w XVII w. znajdowała się karczma starosty śremskiego, obecnie skrzyżowanie ulic Kilińskiego, Powstańców Wielkopolskich i Sikorskiego
 Budynki zespołu koszar z 1902 r.
 Dawny dworzec PKP linii kolejowej Jarocin – Śrem – Czempiń, obecnie jako budynek mieszkalny.

Dzielnice i osiedla Śremu


text:
Luden vithätta (Hemimycena cephalotricha) är en svampart som först beskrevs av Joss. ex Redhead, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Rolf Singer 1986. Enligt Catalogue of Life ingår Luden vithätta i släktet Hemimycena,  och familjen Mycenaceae, men enligt Dyntaxa är tillhörigheten istället släktet Hemimycena,  och familjen Chromocyphellaceae. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Basidiesvampar


text:
Фёдоровский район Ростовской области — административно-территориальная единица в составе Ростовской области РСФСР, существовавшая в 1924—1957 годах. Административный центр — село Фёдоровка.

История
Фёдоровский район был образован в 1924 году и входил в Таганрогский округ.

30 июля 1930 Таганрогской округ, как и большинство остальных округов СССР, был упразднён. Его районы отошли в прямое подчинение  Северо-Кавказского края. Территория Фёдоровского района вошла в состав Матвеево-Курганского района.

13 сентября 1937 года Фёдоровский район вошёл в состав Ростовской области.

В ноябре 1953 года район был упразднён, и его территория отошла в Неклиновский район.

См. также
 Фёдоровское сельское поселение
 Административно-территориальное деление Ростовской области

Примечания

Ссылки
 Административные преобразования в Ростовской области

1924 год в Ростовской области
Упразднённые районы Ростовской области
Районы, образованные в 1924 году
Районы, упразднённые в 1953 году
Появились в 1924 году в России


text:
De vlag van Wyoming werd op 31 januari 1917 aangenomen en was de winnende inzending in een ontwerpwedstrijd. Sindsdien is de vlag onveranderd het wellicht belangrijkste symbool van Wyoming gebleven.

De vlag bestaat uit het silhouet van een Amerikaanse bizon in een blauw veld, omringd door een wit-rood kader, ook wel de kleuren van de Amerikaanse vlag. Het zegel van Wyoming staat in de bizon.

Betekenis
Het rood op de vlag verwijst naar de Native Americans en naar de eerste Europeanen die zich hier kwamen vestigen. Het blauw verwijst naar de kleur van de hemel of naar de kleur van bergen in de verte, maar ook is blauw de kleur van trouw, rechtvaardigheid en mannelijkheid. De bizon op de vlag verwijst naar de lokale fauna, maar doordat het zegel van de staat ook op de bizon gedrukt is kan het ook verwijzen naar de consumptie van het vlees.

Zie ook
 Lijst van vlaggen van Amerikaanse deelgebieden

Wyoming
Wyoming


text:
Le  district de Chou (en , en ) est un district de l'oblys de Djamboul au sud-est du Kazakhstan. Son centre administratif est la localité de Tolié Bi.

Notes et références

Liens internes
 Liste des districts du Kazakhstan

Chou


text:
Alvaredo és una freguesia portuguesa del concelho de Melgaço, amb 4,48 km² de superfície i 614 habitants (2001). La seva densitat de població és de 137,1 hab/km².

Enllaços externs

 Alvaredo en freguesiasdeportugal.com
 Gobierno civil e información administrativa del Distrito de Viana do Castelo

Freguesias de Melgaço


text:
The Yazd Solar Power Station is an integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) power station situated near Yazd, Iran which became operational in 2009, and in 2011 as a solar integrated plant. The plant has a capacity of 467 MW and uses solar energy to augment its steam generation by concentrating solar power technology.

See also

References

External links
Renewable energy organization of Iran

Solar power stations in Iran
Natural gas-fired power stations in Iran
Yazd


text:
Francisco Caetano Tomás (Lajedo, Lajes das Flores, Ilha das Flores, Açores, 12 de Setembro de 1924 — Angra, Ilha Terceira, 25 de Janeiro de 2018) foi um cónego e Monsenhor da Diocese de Angra  que se destacou no campo do aconselhamento psico-social no âmbito da acção pastoral católica. Embora seja por vezes referido como "psicólogo", não detém curso superior em Psicologia nem está inscrito na Ordem dos Psicólogos Portugueses..

Biografia
Monsenhor Caetano Tomás, como é mais conhecido, completou os seus estudos iniciais no Seminário Episcopal de Angra, na ilha Terceira, tendo de seguida estudado em Roma, de 1947 a 1954, na Pontifícia Universidade Gregoriana, onde se licenciou em Teologia e Filosofia. Fez também alguns cursos de Matemática, Física e Métodos Científicos na Universidade de Roma.

Regressou aos Açores em 1954, fixando-se em Angra do Heroísmo, onde iniciou a sua carreira de docente no Seminário Episcopal de Angra.

Foi também docente, de Psicologia, na Escola do Magistério Primário de Angra do Heroísmo e na Escola Superior de Enfermagem daquela cidade (hoje instituições integradas na Universidade dos Açores).

Para além da sua actividade docente, destacou-se na introdução do aconselhamento psico-social, especialmente em matérias matrimoniais e de família, no âmbito da acção pastoral da Igreja Católica Romana, no âmbito da qual foi nomeado cónego da Sé Catedral de Angra e distinguido com o título eclesiástico de monsenhor.

Nesse mesmo campo, sempre no contexto das suas funções eclesiais, participou em múltiplos programas sobre Psicologia na rádio e na televisão, e realizou ações de formação nessas matérias para docentes dos ensinos básico e secundário e para o público em geral.

Desde 1980 que é o principal orientador dos "Cursos de Preparação para o Matrimónio", obrigatórios para os nubentes que pretendam casar no rito católico na Diocese de Angra, assumindo nessa matéria as orientações emanadas da Igreja Católica, o que lhe terá valido a reputação de sexista.

Foi director do jornal ergoterápico O Irresponsável, da Casa de Saúde de São Rafael, em Angra do Heroísmo.

Faleceu no dia 25 de Janeiro de 2018 no Hospital de Santo Espírito em Angra do Heroísmo. Contava com 93 anos.

Ideologias e Polémicas
Ligado às doutrinas da Igreja Católica, e conhecido como seguidor do pensamento conservador daquela instituição, tem enfrentado severas críticas devido às suas posições, dentro e fora da Igreja, nomeadamente em questões ligadas à sexualidade e ao casamento católico. Além disso, é acusado de acreditar poder mudar a orientação sexual dos homossexuais, associar a homossexualidade à pedofilia, repudiar a educação sexual nas escolas, assumir uma posição desculpabilizante da pedofilia entre o clero católico, afirmando nunca ter encontrado casos dramáticos de vítimas de pedofilia na igreja, considerando que muitas crianças seduzem os potenciais abusadores e ilibam-lhes assim, em parte, de suas culpas.

Quando confrontado com o facto de ser procurado como psicólogo e tentar fazer este trabalho nas suas sessões de acompanhamento individuais, justifica-se dizendo que teve algumas cadeiras de Psicologia na Universidade e lê muito sobre a área.

Em consequência de algumas dessas posições, foi em 2012 retirado da lista de condecorações do Dia da Região em que deveria ter sido "agraciado com a Insígnia Autonómica de Mérito Profissional"  que havia sido proposta ao parlamento açoriano, devido ao veto do Bloco de Esquerda., sendo "enviada uma carta "..." pela líder da representação parlamentar do BE nos açores ao presidente da assembleia Legislativa regional (que) terá motivado o afastamento do nome de Caetano Tomás da lista de condecorados no Dia da região. Na missiva a que (o) DI teve acesso, remetida a Francisco Coelho (Actual (2012) Presidente da Assembleia Regional dos Açores) a 28 de Abril, Zuraida Soares (deputada do Bloco de Esquerda na assembleia Regional dos Açores) ameaça abster-se na votação em plenário da resolução relativa à atribuição das insígnias honoríficas, caso o nome de Caetano Tomás continue a figurar na lista. (…)  estando em causa o "texto da autoria do Caetano Tomás publicado na imprensa regional a quatro de maio de 2010 intitulado "Contra a pedofilia na igreja'".  desencadeando forte polémica sobre a sua pessoa e a atitude do parlamento e dos líderes parlamentares.

Figura polémica para alguns, pelas suas atitudes, princípios que defende e discursos que pratica, muitas vezes revestidos com termos científicos na área da Psicologia, é também amplamente admirado e mantém elevada influência social, em especial entre os católicos mais conservadores   Este facto levou a que a ouvidoria da ilha Terceira defendesse o padre Caetano Tomás e a liberdade de expressão e opinião, reclamando o "direito ao pensamento livre" .

Assim "O plenário dos sacerdotes católicos que formam a Ouvidoria da ilha Terceira acusou o parlamento açoriano de" "falta de verticalidade e violação à liberdade de expressão e de opinião"", "ao excluir o padre Caetano Tomás da lista dos agraciados com insígnias honoríficas no Dia da região, assinalado a 28 do presente mês de maio." Desta forma os "Os padres (da referida Ouvidoria) aprovaram por unanimidade, precisamente no Dia da região, um voto de protesto, que fizeram seguir para a presidência do parlamento (Açoriano), no qual afirmam entender que a exclusão de Caetano Tomás, após ter constado das listas, "ficou a dever-se a pressões baseadas em meros preconceitos de opinião que se pretendiam resumir a um julgamento sumário sem direito ao contraditório".

Também se criticou o facto da deputada Zuraida Soares, do BE, e outros deputados dos partidos de esquerda, não terem, pelo contrário, levantado objecções à atribuição de Insígnias Autonómicas de Reconhecimento a antigos militantes da antiga organização clandestina de extrema-direita separatista FLA, pelo Governo Regional, na mesma ocasião.

Obras
 Condicionamentos – Pessoas Traços e Comportamentos, Edições Paulinas, 2000.
 Traços.
 Desvios.
 ''Encontro Homem/Mulher'.

Naturais dos Açores
Cónegos de Portugal


text:
Palausalangan (Aerodramus pelewensis) är en fågel i familjen seglare.

Utbredning och systematik
Fågelns utbredningsområde är i låglandet på Palau, västra Karolinerna. Den behandlas som monotypisk, det vill säga att den inte delas in i några underarter.

Status
Arten har ett begränsat utbredningsområde, men beståndet anses vara stabilt. IUCN kategoriserar den som livskraftig.

Noter

Externa länkar

 Läten på xeno-canto.org

Seglare (familj)
Fåglar i oceaniska regionen
Endemiska fågelarter i Palau


text:
Tipula (Vestiplex) quasimarmoratipennis is een tweevleugelige uit de familie langpootmuggen (Tipulidae). De soort komt voor in het Oriëntaals gebied.

quasimarmoratipennis
Langpootmug uit het Oriëntaals gebied


text:
Jan Chełmiński, also known as Jan van Chelminski, born Jan Władysław Chełmiński (Brzustów, 27 January 1851 – 1925), was a Polish painter.

Life
Chełmiński entered the Munich Academy of Fine Arts on 14 April 1875 (Register: 3144) and worked throughout Europe. From 1895 he lived in New York, though in 1893 he had taken out British citizenship.

He married twice. After divorcing his first wife, Marie Henschel (1858–?), he married Leonie Knoedler, sister of Roland Knoedler, of the famous New York art dealership, Knoedler.

Chełmiński was best known in his lifetime for his historical works, especially those dealing with military history and the Napoleonic Wars.

See also
 List of Poles

References

External links

 Works online
 Jan Chełmiński, biography at the Kosciuszko Foundation(Wayback Machine)
 Jan Chełmiński extensive biography, birth certificate, his paintings]
Jan Chełmiński exhibition catalogs
 portrait of Jan Chelminsk(Minnesota Historical Society)

1851 births
1925 deaths
19th-century Polish painters
19th-century Polish male artists
20th-century Polish painters
20th-century Polish male artists
19th-century painters of historical subjects
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
Polish male painters


text:
Biografia
Proprietario della catena di empori Samuel Henry Kress and Co. e fondatore dell'organizzazione mecenate Samuel Henry Kress Foundation, divenne celebre per aver raccolto molte centinaia di opere (principalmente quadri) di vari periodi dell'arte europea. Tra i principali antiquari con cui concluse affari ci fu il conte Alessandro Contini Bonacossi, che visitava ogni anno, a Roma.

Secondo le sue volontà, della sua collezione beneficiano un centinaio di istituti culturali in tutti gli Stati Uniti, analogamente da come la sua ricchezza proveniva dai numerosi punti vendita sparsi nel territorio federale.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Zrakoplovna nesreća na Tenerifima 27. ožujka 1977. godine najveća je zrakoplovna nesreća u civilnom zrakoplovstvu.

U nesreći na Tenerifima poginulo je 583 ljudi, a samo je 61 uspjelo preživjeti, svi u zrakoplovu Pan Am-a. Nesreća se dogodila u zračnoj luci Los Rodeos, kada se Boeing 747 nizozemskog KLM-a prilikom uzlijetanja brzinom od 250 km/h zabio u Pan Am-ov Boeing 747 koji se još uvijek nalazio na pisti.

Povijest

Nesreća je od najpoznatijih primjera važnosti pravilne komunikacije između posade zrakoplova i kontrole letenja. Naime, kontrola je KLM-ovom zrakoplovu dala dopuštenje za ulazak na uzletno-sletnu stazu i čekanje na mjestu za polijetanje. (You are cleared to line up and hold). Instruktor i šef pilota KLM-a je u tom trenutku upravljao zrakoplovom. On je čuo: Cleared to line up and go. Druga 2 pilota koji su s njim bili u pilotskoj kabini su sumnjali da nešto nije u redu, jedan je čak i rekao: "Mislim da nismo dobili dopuštenje za polijetanje." Kad je čuo njihovu povratnu informaciju (readback) "Cleared to line up and go", probao im je reći da prekinu polijetanje. U istom trenutku je i pilot Pan Am-ovog zrakoplova probao pitati što se događa, ali zbog tehničke manjkavosti tadašnjih komunikacijskih sustava ništa se nije čulo (samo pištanje).

Ovo je također i primjer negativne strane velikog zrakoplovnog autoriteta u pilotskoj kabini. Jer, kada je flajter pitao: Imamo li mi uopće dopuštenje za polijetanje, kapetan je samo nešto promrljao (u stilu gledaj svoja posla).

Još jedan od razloga je i kašnjenje (u tom trenutku su kasnili preko jedan sat i žurilo im se).
Do nesreće gotovo sigurno ne bi došlo da KLM-ov zrakoplov nije imao pune spremnike goriva. Naime, oni uopće nisu trebali puniti gorivo na aerodromu na Tenerifima jer su imali dovoljnu količinu goriva za put na sljedeće odredište, pa su trebali tamo točiti i onda krenuti prema doma.

Nesreća se, kao i svaka druga, dogodila spletom čitavog niza nesretnih okolnosti. Da je samo jedna izostala, ti ljudi bi najvjerojatnije bili živi.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Sestrinski projekti

Mrežna sjedišta
 Završna izvješća španjolskih službi i komentari nizozemskih službi
  "KLM, B-747, PH-BUF and Pan Am, B-747, N736, collision at Tenerife Airport, Spain, on 27 March 1977." ( ) - Subsecretaría de Aviación Civil, Spain. Objavljeno ICAO okružnicom, s komentarom Netherlands Aviation Safety Boarda.
  "A-102/1977 y A-103/1977 Accidente Ocurrido el 27 de Marzo de 1977 a las Aeronaves Boeing 747, Matrícula PH-BUF de K.L.M. y Aeronave Boeing 747, matrícula N736PA de PANAM en el Aeropuerto de los Rodeos, Tenerife (Islas Canarias)." - u vlasništvu "Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission"
  Komentar Netherlands Aviation Safety Boarda( )
  Komentar Netherlands Aviation Safety Boarda( )
  Završno izvješće i komentari the Netherlands Aviation Safety Boarda

Zrakoplovne nesreće
Zrakoplovstvo u Španjolskoj
Katastrofe u Španjolskoj


text:
Bösztör vasútállomás (korábban Nagyállás, majd Homokszentlőrinc) egy Bács-Kiskun vármegyei vasútállomás, Kunszentmiklós településen, a MÁV üzemeltetésében. A város központjától messze, csaknem tíz kilométerre délre helyezkedik el, az azonos nevű külterületi településrész mellett, közúti elérését a Szabadszállás felé vezető 5203-as útból kiágazó 52 314-es számú mellékút biztosítja.

Vasútvonalak
Az állomást az alábbi vasútvonalak érintik:

Kapcsolódó állomások
A vasútállomáshoz az alábbi állomások vannak a legközelebb:

Forgalom

Kapcsolódó szócikkek
 Magyarország vasútállomásainak listája

További információk

 Bösztör vasútállomás – vasutallomasok.hu

Források

Bács-Kiskun megye vasútállomásai
Kunszentmiklós
1882-ben megnyílt vasútállomások


text:
Monique Loudières (born 15 April 1956) is a French ballet dancer and teacher. A member of the Paris Opera Ballet from 1967, she received the status of principal dancer in 1982. After retiring from the stage in 1996, she continued to accept invitations until 2010. From 2001 to 2008, she was artistic director at the École supérieure de danse de Cannes Rosella Hightower.

Early life and education
Born in Choisy-le-Roi, a suburb of Paris, Loudières had enjoyed music from an early age but it was her doctor who recommended she should take up ballet, given her rather fragile constitution. After studying for five years at the Paris Opera Ballet School (1967–1972), she was admitted to the Paris Opera at the age of 16.

Career
When she was 19, she danced her first solos in L'Oiseau bleu, Michel Fokine's Le Spectre de la Rose and Paul Taylor's Aureole. Between the age of 13 to 26, Loudières was mentored by Yves Brieux who gave her an understanding of theater, stage, and the idea of projection. George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins helped her develop musicality as well as her breathing technique.

After she had danced Kitri in Rudolf Nureyev's Don Quixote, the artistic director Rosella Hightower elevated her to étoile in 1982. She went on to dance the roles of dramatic heroines in Giselle, Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev) and Onegin. She also danced roles in the ballets of contemporary choreographers including Balanchine, Maurice Béjart, and John Neumeier.
She has also worked with Alvin Ailey, Mats Ek, William Forsythe, Martha Graham, Jiří Kylián, Serge Lifar, Kenneth MacMillan, Roland Petit, Paul Taylor, and Twyla Tharp.  She created roles in ballets choreographed by Nureyev: Black and Blue, Washington Square and La Dansomanie. Loudière danced as a guest around the globe in performances of the Boston Ballet, Tokyo Ballet, La Scala, The Royal Ballet, Stuttgart Ballet, Teatro Colón and at the Havana Ballet Festival. In 1993, she was awarded the Grand Prix National de la Danse and was decorated in 1996 as a Commandeur des Arts et Lettres.

Retirement
After retiring from the stage in 1996, she continued to accept invitations until 2010. She has sought  balance between work and family life, being married with two children. Loudière has taught dance since the age of 30.  From 2001 to 2008, she was the Artistic and Pedagogical Director at the École supérieure de danse de Cannes Rosella Hightower.

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
People from Choisy-le-Roi
Prima ballerinas
French ballerinas
Paris Opera Ballet étoiles
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres


text:
Biografia
È nato a Menden, nella Germania Ovest, da una famiglia di operai provenienti dalla Jugoslavia. Di madre croata e padre bosgnacco, possiede la cittadinanza croata. Ha un fratello maggiore, Alen, che lavora come scout per il Borussia Dortmund.

Carriera

Giocatore
Nella sua breve carriera da calciatore, in cui ricopriva il ruolo di attaccante, ha militato solamente in club di categorie minori come la Fußball-Regionalliga, la quarta divisione del campionato tedesco di calcio, indossando le maglie dell'Iserlohn, ,  e Cloppenburg.

Allenatore

Gli inizi
Dal 2010 al 2013 ha lavorato come talent scout nelle giovanili del , collaborando con l'allenatore della prima squadra Jürgen Klopp. Successivamente, è stato assistente di Slaven Bilić al  dal 2013 al 2015 e al  dal 2015 al 2017.

Borussia Dortmund
Nel 2018 ha conseguito la licenza di allenatore pro della UEFA. Tornato al Borussia Dortmund nello stesso anno, assume il ruolo di vice  del tecnico Lucien Favre. Il 9 febbraio 2019 ha assunto la guida temporanea della prima squadra insieme al collega Manfred Stefes per la partita della Bundesliga contro l', essendo Favre impossibilitato a prendervi parte a causa di un malanno.

Il 13 dicembre 2020 viene nominato tecnico del Borussia Dortmund fino alla fine della stagione dopo l'esonero di Favre, avvenuto all'indomani della sconfitta casalinga per 1-5 contro lo . Al termine della stagione vince la Coppa di Germania, battendo in finale l' per 4-1. Nonostante tale risultato, la dirigenza giallonera decide di rimpiazzarlo con Marco Rose.

Il 23 maggio 2022, dopo la separazione anzitempo tra Rose e il club, viene nuovamente nominato allenatore della prima squadra, firmando un contratto fino al 2025.

Statistiche

Statistiche da allenatore
Statistiche aggiornate al 18 marzo 2023. In grassetto le competizioni vinte.

Palmares

Allenatore

Club

Competizioni nazionali

Borussia Dortmund: 2020-2021

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni