text:
Calophyllum brachyphyllum är en tvåhjärtbladig växtart som beskrevs av Merrill. Calophyllum brachyphyllum ingår i släktet Calophyllum och familjen Calophyllaceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Malpigiaordningen
brachyphyllum


text:
Асілари́к () — село у складі Сайрамського району Туркестанської області Казахстану. Входить до складу Кайнарбулацького сільського округу.

До 2000 року село називалось імені Крупської або Кизилсу.

Населення — 1287 осіб (2009; 1035 в 1999).

26 березня 2015 року до села було приєднано територію площею 2,205 км².

Примітки

Джерела

Посилання
 На Вікімапії

Населені пункти Сайрамського району
Села Туркестанської області

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Wołczyn – gmina miejsko-wiejska w województwie opolskim, w powiecie kluczborskim. W latach 1975–1998 gmina położona była w województwie opolskim.

Siedzibą gminy jest Wołczyn.

Według danych z 30 czerwca 2004 gminę zamieszkiwało 14 577 osób. Natomiast według danych z 31 grudnia 2017 roku gminę zamieszkiwało 13 748 osób.

Według danych z 31 grudnia 2019 roku gminę zamieszkiwały 13 484 osoby.

Struktura powierzchni
Według danych z roku 2002 gmina Wołczyn ma obszar 240,86 km², w tym:
 użytki rolne: 65%
 użytki leśne: 28%

Gmina stanowi 28,28% powierzchni powiatu.

Demografia
Dane z 31 grudnia 2016:

Piramida wieku mieszkańców gminy Wołczyn w 2014 roku.

Sołectwa
Bruny, Brynica (wieś), Brzezinki, Duczów Mały i Duczów Wielki (wspólne sołectwo), Gierałcice, Komorzno, Krzywiczyny, Ligota Wołczyńska, Markotów Mały, Markotów Duży, Rożnów, Skałągi, Szum, Szymonków, Świniary Małe, Świniary Wielkie, Wąsice, Wierzchy, Wierzbica Dolna, Wierzbica Górna.

Miejscowość bez statusu sołectwa: Brynica (osada), Szklarnia

Sąsiednie gminy
Byczyna, Domaszowice, Kluczbork, Murów, Pokój, Rychtal, Trzcinica

Przypisy

!


text:
Arvi Heikki Korhonen, född
den 9 januari 1890 i Utajärvi, död den 26 december 1967 i Helsingfors, var en finländsk historiker och professor i allmän historia vid Helsingfors universitet 1949–59.

Drivvedsteorin
Under andra världskriget tjänstgjorde Arvi Korhonen i högkvarteret, och befordrades till major 1942. Korhonen studerade bl.a. Finlands ställning under andra världskriget i Barbarossa-suunnitelma ja Suomi (1961), där han är känd för drivvedsteorin som går ut på att Finland sakteligen drevs in i fortsättningskriget, som just drivved. Finland gjorde enligt honom inget medvetet val. Teorin kritiserades först på amerikanskt håll, av C. Leonard Lundin, vars verk Finland in the Second World War utkom 1957. Enligt honom hade Finland aktivt förberett sig för ett krig vid Tysklands sida och dess ledare hade i flera kritiska skeden agerat oberoende av riksdagen. Korhonens recension i Suomen Kuvalehti under rubriken med den talande rubriken "En amerikan agerar domare över Finlands krigstida politik" var bitsk. Korhonen provocerades också till att skriva Barbarossa-suunnitelma ja Suomi (1961), där hann underströk att Finlands militära ledning inte hade förbundit sig att på ett organiskt sätt delta i Barbarossa-planens fullföljande. Ilkka Herlin har funnit bevis för att Korhonen under sin materialinsamling stötte på källor, som avslöjade ett betydligt aktivare engagemang från Finlands sida. Istället för att lyfta fram fynden teg han om dem. Ohto Manninen har i sin analys av verket påpekat att det knappast var en slump att Barbarossa-suunnitelma ja Suomi publicerdes i stora upplagor just hösten 1961. Korhonen hörde till Urho Kekkonens motståndarläger och boken fungerade som ett indirekt inlägg i den intriganta kampanjen inför presidentvalet 1962.

Arvi Korhonen tillhörde vid sidan av Pentti Renvall och Eino Jutikkala professorseliten i det finländska historikerskrået vid Helsingfors universitet. Hans elever var mest framgångsrika och tog över nästan alla vakanta stolar i s.k. allmän historia mellan 1950 och 1980. När de nya universiteten grundades i Uleåborg, Tammerfors, Jyväskylä och Joensuu och dess personal utökades, hade majoriteten av deras disputerat vid Helsingfors universitet.

Arvi Korhonen är begravd i Utajärvi i Niska kyrkogård.

Bibliografi
 Suomalaisten vanhasta ajanlaskusta (1915)
 Vakkalaitos (1923)
 Tutkielma Turun tuomiokirkosta vv. 1700–1827 (1929)
 Suomen itärajan syntyhistoria (1938)
 Hakkapeliittain historia
 del 1. 1617–1625 (1939)
 del 2. 1626–1629 (1943)
 (Red.) Suomen historian käsikirja, del I och II (1949)
 Toisen maailmansodan aika (1949)
 Pienet kansat maailmanhistoriassa (1951)
 Eerikki Antinpoika (1953)
 Käräjäpukareita ja käräjäjuttuja (1956)
 Viisi sodan vuotta (1958)
 Barbarossa-suunnitelma ja Suomi (1961)
 Utajärven vaiheita (1962)
 Barbarossaplanen och Finland (1963)
 Oman maan puolustaminen (1964)

Källor

Externa länkar

 Persongalleri (finska)

Födda 1890
Finländska historiker
Finländska professorer
Personer verksamma vid Helsingfors universitet
Män
Avlidna 1967
Personer från Norra Österbotten


text:
Tijani Babangida, nigerijski nogometaš, * 25. september 1973, Kaduna, Nigerija.

Sodeloval je na nogometnemu delu poletnih olimpijskih iger leta 1996 in osvojil naslov olimpijskega prvaka.

Sklici

Glej tudi
 seznam nigerijskih nogometašev

Zunanje povezave

Nigerijski nogometaši
Nigerijski nogometni reprezentanti
Olimpijski tekmovalci za Nigerijo
Nogometaši Poletnih olimpijskih iger 1996
Prejemniki zlatih olimpijskih medalj za Nigerijo
Udeleženci Svetovnega prvenstva v nogometu 1998
Nogometaši Rode JC
Nogometaši VVV-Venla
Nogometaši Ajax Amsterdama
Nogometaši Gençlerbirliğija S.K.
Nogometaši SBV Vitesseja
Nogometaši Al-Ittihada
Nogometaši Čangčuna Jatai


text:
Het Barcelona-proces is een project van de Europese Unie voor het creëren van partnerschappen tussen de EU en niet-EU-landen rond de Middellandse Zee. Dit project werd in 1995 gestart.

Het beoogt onder andere de economie van de landen in Noord-Afrika en het Midden-Oosten te verbeteren. Na zijn verkiezingsoverwinning in mei 2007 maakte de Franse president Nicolas Sarkozy werk van het zoeken van steun voor de oprichting van de Unie voor het Middellandse Zeegebied, die de bestaande akkoorden zou vervangen en verdiepen.

Externe links
  EU-four call for focus on Mediterranean op euobserver.com
 Europees Parlement over het Barcelona-proces

Internationale betrekkingen van de Europese Unie
Geschiedenis van Barcelona


text:
La saison 1937 du Championnat d'Islande de football était la  de la première division islandaise.

À la suite de la non-participation du Vikingur Reykjavik (pour la première fois depuis 1928), seuls trois clubs disputent le championnat cette année.

C'est le Valur Reykjavik qui conserve son titre pour la  d'affilée et devient pour la  de son histoire champion d'Islande.

Les 3 clubs participants
 KR Reykjavik
 Fram Reykjavik
 Valur Reykjavik

Compétition

Classement
Le barème de points servant à établir le classement se décompose ainsi :
 Victoire : 2 points
 Match nul : 1 point
 Défaite : 0 point

|valign=top align=left width=50%|

|}

Matchs
Tous les matchs ont été disputés au stade Melavöllur à Reykjavik.

Bilan de la saison

Voir aussi

Liens internes
 Championnat d'Islande de football

Liens externes
  RSSSF
  Fiche sur le site de la fédération islandaise de football

Championnat d'Islande de football
Islande


text:
Thalatta argentimacula är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Candeze 1927. Thalatta argentimacula ingår i släktet Thalatta och familjen nattflyn. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Nattflyn
argentimacula


text:
Daviesia flexuosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to the south-west coast of Western Australia. It is a glabrous, spreading shrub with zig-zagged branchlets, scattered, sharply-pointed, narrowly triangular phyllodes and yellow and red flowers.

Description
Daviesia flexuosa is a glabrous, spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of up to  and has zig-zagged branchlets with a phyllode at each bend. The phyllodes are sharply pointed,  long and  wide at the base. The flowers are arranged in groups of two to four in leaf axils on a peduncle  long, the rachis up to , each flower on a pedicel  long with oblong bracts about  long. The sepals are  long and joined at the base, the upper two lobes joined for most of their length, the lower three about  long and triangular. The standard petal is broadly egg-shaped,  long,  wide and yellow with a broad red base, the wings  long and red, and the keel   long and red. Flowering occurs from July to September and the fruit is a flattened triangular pod  long.

Taxonomy
Daviesia flexuosa was first formally described in 1837 by George Bentham in Stephan Endlicher's Enumeratio plantarum quas in Novae Hollandiae ora austro-occidentali ad fluvium Cygnorum et in sinu Regis Georgii collegit Carolus Liber Baro de Hügel. The specific epithet (flexuosa) means "zig-zag", referring to the stem.

Distribution and habitat
This species of pea grows in open forest and heathland, near the coast of southern Western Australia between Cape Naturaliste and Mount Manypeaks..

Conservation status
Daviesia flexuosa is listed as "not threatened" by the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.

References

flexuosa
Flora of Western Australia
Taxa named by George Bentham
Plants described in 1837


text:
Струмица () — община в Северной Македонии. Расположена в юго-восточной части страны. Население составляет 54 676 человек (2002 год).

Административный центр — город Струмица.

Площадь территории общины 321,49 км².

Этническая структура населения в общине по переписи населения 2002 года:
 македонцы — 50 258 чел. (91,2%);
 турки — 3 754 чел. (6,9%);
 остальные — 664 чел. (1,9%)

Примечания

Ссылки
 Сайт общины

Общины Северной Македонии


text:
Mansudae Television () est une chaîne de télévision éducative en Corée du Nord.

Programmation et horaires
Mansudae Television diffuse des programmes à visée éducative et des publicités occasionnelles le week-end. Elle a ouvert le 1er décembre 1973. La station de radiodiffusion télévisuelle Mansudae diffuse trois heures le samedi (19h00-22h00), et neuf heures le dimanche (10h00-13h00, 16h00-22h00).

Historique
Depuis l'établissement de sa diffusion jusqu'au 13 juillet 2015, la diffusion était réalisée sur Channel 5 depuis la tour de télévision de Pyongyang et sur une application spéciale sur la tablette Samjiyon.

Fermeture de 2015
En juillet 2015, Mansudae Television a fermé son antenne. Les raisons exactes de la fermeture de la diffusion de la chaîne sont inconnues, cependant, deux versions ont été envisagées dans l'édition en ligne de Newstopia (Corée du Sud) : Selon la première, cette mesure aurait pu être prise par les autorités nord-coréennes pour restreindre l'accès des résidents de Pyongyang aux contenus étrangers diffusés sur la chaîne. Selon le second (rapporté par la radio Free Asia) il y a eu un incident au sein du comité de rédaction et un contenu non filtré aurait été diffusé à l'antenne sur la chaîne.
Il a également été rapporté que le lancement de la diffusion de la nouvelle chaîne , réalisé le 15 août de la même année, a été fait sur une fréquence appartenant auparavant à Mansudae Television.

Réouverture
À la suite de contrôles internes du gouvernement nord-coréen, la chaîne de télévision n'a été réhabilitée qu'en 2016 (selon d'autres sources - en novembre 2015). Le message de l'agence de presse sud-coréenne Yonhap du 18 mai 2016 a rapporté que l'accès à la chaîne de télévision était proposé par les réseaux câblés. En août 2016, la chaîne a été incluse dans la distribution via le système Manbang IPTV sur le 2ème bouton de la section « Aircast ».

En mars 2018, le Daily NK a rendu compte de la proposition du gouvernement nord-coréen d'organiser la diffusion de Mansudae Television sur le principe d'un abonnement payant ; Cependant, selon le Daily NK, il n'a pas été établi que le projet est censé être réalisé à l'aide de la télévision par câble traditionnelle ou de Manbang IPTV. L'une des principales raisons de la décision du gouvernement de la RPDC était la grande popularité des films et des programmes diffusés sur la chaîne de télévision. Le prix de l'offre est fixé à 650 yuans.

Voir également
 Télévision en Corée du Nord

Références

Chaîne ou station de télévision fondée en 2015
Chaîne ou station de télévision disparue en 2015
Chaîne ou station de télévision fondée en 1973
Chaîne de télévision en Corée du Nord


text:
La Ferté-Macé é uma comuna francesa na região administrativa da Normandia, no departamento Orne. Estende-se por uma área de 27 km².

Em 12 de janeiro de 2016, a antiga comuna de Antoigny foi anexada ao território da comuna.

Comunas de Orne


text:
Полукровные породы лошадей — группа пород лошадей, сочетающих храбрый характер и мягкий темперамент. Поскольку в английском языке полукровные породы называются «warm blooded», полукровные породы в современной популярной литературе называют «теплокровными», что является грубой ошибкой.

Описание
Полукровные лошади отличаются средним весом и в основном европейским происхождением. Термин был предложен для отличия этой группы пород лошадей от тяжеловозных (тяжелоупряжных) и чистокровных пород.

Отличительные качества полукровных пород
Исторически полукровные лошади были выведены для военных нужд с целью сочетания качеств вспыльчивых, но быстрых и стремительных пород (к примеру, арабская) с выносливостью и послушанием пород, используемых в сельском хозяйстве.

Полукровные породы
К полукровным лошадям принято относить следующие породы:
 Американский пейнтхорс
Американский кватерхорс
Андалузская
Аппалуза
Баварская полукровная
Бранденбургская
Будённовская
Вестфальская
Ганноверская
Голштинская
Донская
Кнабструппер
Липицианская
Лузитанская
Марварская
 Ольденбургская
Орловский рысак
 Теннесийская прогулочная
Тракененская
 Фризская
Чистокровная верховая (английская)
...и другие.

Ссылки
 The Encyclopedia of the Horse E. H. Edwards,1994

Породы лошадей


text:
Le Zostérops à calotte noire (Zosterops atricapilla) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Zosteropidae.

Description
Il peut atteindre une longueur comprise entre neuf et onze centimètres et ressemble un peu au Zostérops oriental. Le front et la couronne sont noirâtres et les parties supérieures et inférieures sont plus sombres que le Zostérops oriental. Le dos est vert olive et l'iris brun. Le bec et les pieds sont de couleur noire. Le chant est un gazouillis doux.

Distribution
Il habite les forêts de montagne et des alpages en altitude entre 700 et  sur les montagnes de Sumatra, la péninsule Malaise et Bornéo (en particulier le mont Kinabalu, le Gunung Mulu et le mont Patap Batu).

Liens externes

Zosteropidae


text:
Curtis Lee Mayfield (June 3, 1942 – December 26, 1999) was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer, and one of the most influential musicians behind soul and politically conscious African-American music. Dubbed the "Gentle Genius", he first achieved success and recognition with the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame-inducted group The Impressions during the civil rights movement of the late 1950s and the 1960s, and later worked as a solo artist.

Mayfield started his musical career in a gospel choir. Moving to the North Side of Chicago, he met Jerry Butler in 1956 at the age of 14, and joined the vocal group The Impressions.  As a songwriter, Mayfield became noted as one of the first musicians to bring more prevalent themes of social awareness into soul music.  In 1965, he wrote "People Get Ready" for The Impressions, which was ranked at no. 24 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song received numerous other awards; it was included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll", and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998.

After leaving The Impressions in 1970 in the pursuit of a solo career, Mayfield released several albums, including the soundtrack for the blaxploitation film Super Fly in 1972. The soundtrack was noted for its socially conscious themes, mostly addressing problems surrounding inner city minorities such as crime, poverty and drug abuse. The album was ranked at no. 72 on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

Mayfield was paralyzed from the neck down after lighting equipment fell on him during a live performance at Wingate Field in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York, on August 13, 1990. Despite this, he continued his career as a recording artist, releasing his final album New World Order in 1996. Mayfield won a Grammy Legend Award in 1994 and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1995. He is a double inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, as a member of The Impressions in 1991, and again in 1999 as a solo artist. He was also a two-time Grammy Hall of Fame inductee. He died from complications of type 2 diabetes at the age of 57 on December 26, 1999.

Early life
Curtis Lee Mayfield was born on Wednesday, June 3, 1942, in Cook County Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Marion Washington and Kenneth Mayfield, one of five children. Mayfield's father left the family when Curtis was five; his mother (and maternal grandmother) moved the family into several Chicago public housing projects before settling in Cabrini–Green during his teen years.  Mayfield attended Wells Community Academy High School before dropping out his second year. His mother taught him piano and, along with his grandmother, encouraged him to enjoy gospel music. At the age of seven he sang publicly at his aunt's church with the Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers.

Mayfield received his first guitar when he was ten, later recalling that he loved his guitar so much he used to sleep with it. He was a self-taught musician, but he grew up admiring blues singer Muddy Waters and Spanish guitarist Andres Segovia.

When he was 14 years old he formed the Alphatones when the Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers decided to try their luck in downtown Chicago and Mayfield stayed behind.  Fellow group member Sam Gooden was quoted "It would have been nice to have him there with us, but of course, your parents have the first say."

Later in 1956, he joined his high school friend Jerry Butler's group The Roosters with brothers Arthur and Richard Brooks. He wrote and composed songs for this group who would become The Impressions two years later.

Career

The Impressions

Mayfield's career began in 1956 when he joined the Roosters with Arthur and Richard Brooks and Jerry Butler. Two years later the Roosters, now including Sam Gooden, became the Impressions. The band had two hit singles with Butler, "For Your Precious Love" and "Come Back My Love", then Butler left. Mayfield temporarily went with him, co-writing and performing on Butler's next hit, "He Will Break Your Heart", before returning to the Impressions with the group signing for ABC Records and working with the label's Chicago-based producer/A&R manager, Johnny Pate.

Butler was replaced by Fred Cash, a returning original Roosters member, and Mayfield became lead singer, frequently composing for the band, starting with "Gypsy Woman", a Top 20 Pop hit. Their hit "Amen" (Top 10), an updated version of an old gospel tune, was included in the soundtrack of the 1963 United Artists film Lilies of the Field, which starred Sidney Poitier. The Impressions reached the height of their popularity in the mid-to-late-'60s with a string of Mayfield compositions that included "Keep On Pushing," "People Get Ready", "It's All Right" (Top 10), the up-tempo "Talking about My Baby"(Top 20) and "Woman's Got Soul".

He formed his own label, Curtom Records in Chicago in 1968 and the Impressions joined him to continue their run of hits including "Fool For You," "This is My Country", "Choice Of Colors" and "Check Out Your Mind". Mayfield had written much of the soundtrack of the Civil Rights Movement in the early 1960s, but by the end of the decade, he was a pioneering voice in the black pride movement along with James Brown and Sly Stone. Mayfield's "We're a Winner" was their last major hit for ABC. Reaching number 14 on Billboards pop chart and number one on the R&B chart, it became an anthem of the black power and black pride movements when it was released in late 1967, much as his earlier "Keep on Pushing" (whose title is quoted in the lyrics of "We're a Winner" and also in "Move On Up") had been an anthem for Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement.

Mayfield was a prolific songwriter in Chicago even outside his work for the Impressions, writing and producing scores of hits for many other artists. He also owned the Mayfield and Windy C labels which were distributed by Cameo-Parkway, and was a partner in the Curtom (first independent, then distributed by Buddah then Warner Bros and finally RSO) and Thomas labels (first independent, then distributed by Atlantic, then independent again and finally Buddah).

Among Mayfield's greatest songwriting successes were three hits that he wrote for Jerry Butler on Vee Jay ("He Will Break Your Heart", "Find Another Girl" and "I'm A-Tellin' You").  His harmony vocals are very prominent.  He also had great success writing and arranging Jan Bradley's "Mama Didn't Lie".  Starting in 1963, he was heavily involved in writing and arranging for OKeh Records (with Carl Davis producing), which included hits by Major Lance such as "Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, Um" and "The Monkey Time", as well as Walter Jackson, Billy Butler and the Artistics.  This arrangement ran through 1965.

Solo career
In 1970, Mayfield left the Impressions and began a solo career. Curtom released many of Mayfield's 1970s records, as well as records by the Impressions, Leroy Hutson, the Five Stairsteps, the Staples Singers, Mavis Staples, Linda Clifford, Natural Four, The Notations and Baby Huey and the Babysitters. Gene Chandler and Major Lance, who had worked with Mayfield during the 1960s, also signed for short stays at Curtom. Many of the label's recordings were produced by Mayfield.

Mayfield's first solo album, Curtis, was released in 1970, and hit the top 20, as well as being a critical success. It pre-dated Marvin Gaye's album, What's Going On, to which it has been compared in addressing social change. The commercial and critical peak of his solo career came with Super Fly, the soundtrack to the blaxploitation Super Fly film, which topped the Billboard Top LPs chart and sold over 12 million copies. Unlike the soundtracks to other blaxploitation films (most notably Isaac Hayes' score for Shaft), which glorified the ghetto excesses of the characters, Mayfield's lyrics consisted of hard-hitting commentary on the state of affairs in black, urban ghettos at the time, as well as direct criticisms of several characters in the film. Bob Donat wrote in Rolling Stone magazine in 1972 that while the film's message "was diluted by schizoid cross-purposes" because it "glamorizes machismo-cocaine consciousness... the anti-drug message on [Mayfield's soundtrack] is far stronger and more definite than in the film." Because of the tendency of these blaxploitation films to glorify the criminal life of dealers and pimps to target a mostly black lower class audience, Mayfield's album set this movie apart. With songs like "Freddie's Dead", a song that focuses on the demise of Freddie, a junkie that was forced into "pushin' dope for the man" because of a debt that he owed to his dealer, and "Pusherman", a song that reveals how many people in the ghetto fell victim to drug abuse, and therefore became dependent upon their dealers, Mayfield illuminated a darker side of life in the ghetto that these blaxploitation films often failed to criticize. However, although Mayfield's soundtrack criticized the glorification of dealers and pimps, he in no way denied that this glorification was occurring. When asked about the subject matter of these films he was quoted stating "I don't see why people are complaining about the subject of these films", and "The way you clean up the films is by cleaning up the streets."

Along with What's Going On and Stevie Wonder's Innervisions, this album ushered in a new socially conscious, funky style of popular soul music. The single releases "Freddie's Dead" and "Super Fly" each sold over one million copies, and were awarded gold discs by the R.I.A.A.

Super Fly brought success that resulted in Mayfield being tapped for additional soundtracks, some of which he wrote and produced while having others perform the vocals. Gladys Knight & the Pips recorded Mayfield's soundtrack for Claudine in 1974, while Aretha Franklin recorded the soundtrack for Sparkle in 1976. Mayfield also worked with The Staples Singers on the soundtrack for the 1975 film Let's Do It Again, and teamed up with Mavis Staples exclusively on the 1977 film soundtrack A Piece of the Action (both movies were part of a trilogy of films that featured the acting and comedic exploits of Bill Cosby and Sidney Poitier and were directed by Poitier).

In 1973 Mayfield released the anti-war album Back to the World, a concept album that dealt with the social aftermath of the Vietnam War and criticized the United States' involvement in wars across the planet. One of Mayfield's most successful funk-disco meldings was the 1977 hit "Do Do Wap is Strong in Here" from his soundtrack to the Robert M. Young film of Miguel Piñero's play Short Eyes. In his 2003 biography of Curtis Mayfield, People Never Give Up, author Peter Burns noted that Mayfield has 140 songs in the Curtom vaults. Burns indicated that the songs were maybe already completed or in the stages of completion, so that they could then be released commercially. These recordings include "The Great Escape", "In The News", "Turn up the Radio", "What's The Situation?" and one recording labelled "Curtis at Montreux Jazz Festival 87".Two other albums featuring Curtis Mayfield present in the Curtom vaults and as yet unissued are a 1982/83 live recording titled "25th Silver Anniversary" (which features performances by Mayfield, the Impressions, and Jerry Butler) and a live performance, recorded in September 1966 by the Impressions titled Live at the Club Chicago.

In 1982, Mayfield decided to move to Atlanta with his family, closing down his recording operation in Chicago. The label had gradually reduced in size in its final two years or so with releases on the main RSO imprint and Curtom credited as the production company. Mayfield continued to record occasionally, keeping the Curtom name alive for a few more years, and to tour worldwide. Mayfield's song "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go" has been included as an entrance song on every episode of the drama series The Deuce. The Deuce tells of the germination of the sex-trade industry in the heart of New York's Times Square in the 1970s. Mayfield's career began to slow down during the 1980s.

In later years, Mayfield's music was included in the movies I'm Gonna Git You Sucka, Hollywood Shuffle, Friday (though not on the soundtrack album), Bend It Like Beckham, The Hangover Part II and Short Eyes, where he had a cameo role as a prisoner.

Social activism

Mayfield sang openly about civil rights and black pride, and was known for introducing social consciousness into African-American music. Having been raised in the Cabrini-Green projects of Chicago, he witnessed many of the tragedies of the urban ghetto first hand, and was quoted saying "With everything I saw on the streets as a young black kid, it wasn't hard during the later fifties and sixties for me to write my heartfelt way of how I visualized things, how I thought things ought to be."

Following the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, his group the Impressions produced music that became the soundtrack to a summer of revolution. It is even said that "Keep On Pushing" became the number one sing along during the Freedom Rides. Black students sang their songs as they marched to jail or protested outside their universities, while King often used "Keep On Pushing", "People Get Ready" and "We're A Winner" because of their ability to motivate and inspire marchers. Mayfield had quickly become a civil rights hero with his ability to inspire hope and courage.

Mayfield was unique in his ability to fuse relevant social commentary with melodies and lyrics that instilled a hopefulness for a better future in his listeners. He wrote and recorded the soundtrack to the 1972 blaxploitation film Super Fly with the help of producer Johnny Pate. The soundtrack for Super Fly is regarded as an all-time great body of work that captured the essence of life in the ghetto while criticizing the tendency of young people to glorify the "glamorous" lifestyles of drug dealers and pimps, and illuminating the dark realities of drugs, addiction, and exploitation.

Mayfield, along with several other soul and funk musicians, spread messages of hope in the face of oppression, pride in being a member of the black race and gave courage to a generation of people who were demanding their human rights. He has been compared to Martin Luther King Jr. for making a lasting impact in the civil rights struggle with his inspirational music. By the end of the decade Mayfield was a pioneering voice in the black pride movement, along with James Brown and Sly Stone. Paving the way for a future generation of rebel thinkers, Mayfield paid the price, artistically and commercially, for his politically charged music. Mayfield's "Keep On Pushing" was actually banned from several radio stations, including WLS in his hometown of Chicago. Regardless of the persistent radio bans and loss of revenue, he continued his quest for equality right until his death.

Mayfield was also a descriptive social commentator. As the influx of drugs ravaged through black America in the late 1960s and 1970s his bittersweet descriptions of the ghetto would serve as warnings to the impressionable. "Freddie's Dead" is a graphic tale of street life, while "Pusherman" revealed the role of drug dealers in the urban ghettos.

Personal life
Mayfield was married twice. He had 10 children from different relationships. At the time of his death he was married to Altheida Mayfield. Together they had six children.

Life-changing accident
On August 13, 1990, Mayfield became paralyzed from the neck down after stage lighting equipment fell on him while he was being introduced at an outdoor concert at Wingate Field in Flatbush, Brooklyn, New York. Afterwards, though he was unable to play the guitar, he continued to compose and sing, which he found he could do by lying down and letting gravity pull down on his chest and lungs. 1996's New World Order was recorded in this way, with vocals sometimes recorded in lines at a time.

Final years and death
Mayfield received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994. In February 1998, he had to have his right leg amputated due to diabetes. He was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame on March 15, 1999. Health reasons prevented him from attending the ceremony, which included fellow inductees Paul McCartney, Billy Joel, Bruce Springsteen, Dusty Springfield, George Martin, and 1970s Curtom signees and labelmates the Staple Singers.

Mayfield's last appearance on record was with the group Bran Van 3000 on the song "Astounded" for their 2000 album Discosis, recorded just before his death and released in 2001. However, his health had steadily declined following his paralysis, so his vocals were not new but were instead lifted from archive recordings, including "Move On Up".

Mayfield died from complications of type 2 diabetes at 7:20 AM (12:20 GMT) on Sunday, December 26, 1999, at the North Fulton Regional Hospital in Roswell, Georgia. He was survived by his wife, Altheida Mayfield; his mother, Mariam Jackson; 10 children; two sisters, Carolyn Falls and Judy Mayfield; a brother, Kenneth Mayfield; and seven grandchildren.

Musical legacy

Influence
Mayfield was among the first of a new wave of mainstream black R&B performing artists and composers injecting social commentary into their work. This "message music" proved immensely popular during the 1960s and 1970s.

Mayfield taught himself how to play guitar, tuning it to the black keys of the piano, giving the guitar an open F-sharp tuning that he used throughout his career. He primarily sang in falsetto register, adding another flavor to his music. This was not unique in itself, but most singers sing primarily in the modal register. His guitar playing, singing, and socially aware song-writing influenced a range of artists, including Jimi Hendrix, Bob Marley, Tracy Chapman, Sly Stone, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder and Sinead O'Connor.

In 2017, it was reported that Lionel Richie had secured the rights to produce a Curtis Mayfield biographical film. In a statement he said, "I'm so grateful to be working closely with [Mayfield's widow] Altheida Mayfield, [son] Cheaa Mayfield and the Curtis Mayfield Estate and couldn't be happier to be moving forward on this amazing project about a one-of-a-kind music genius." Altheida Mayfield added, "It's time to celebrate and re-evaluate Curtis' legacy. For years, too many others have tried to claim what he alone did. He was a genius, always stood on his own."

Accolades
 The Impressions' 1965 hit song "People Get Ready," composed by Mayfield, has been chosen as one of the Top 10 Best Songs Of All Time by a panel of 20 top industry songwriters and producers, including Paul McCartney, Brian Wilson, Hal David, and others, as reported to Britain's Mojo music magazine.
 In 2019, Super Fly was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Rolling Stone rankings
 The Impressions hits, "People Get Ready" and "For Your Precious Love" are both ranked on Rolling Stone′s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, as No. 24 and No. 327 respectively.
 Mayfield is ranked No. 34 on Rolling Stone′s list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.
Mayfield is ranked no. 38 on Rolling Stone′s list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.
 Mayfield is ranked No. 40 on Rolling Stone′s list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time.
 Mayfield's album Super Fly is ranked No. 72 on Rolling Stone′s list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
 Mayfield is ranked No. 78 on Rolling Stone′s list of the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time.
 In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Mayfield No. 98 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
 The Impressions' album/CD The Anthology 1961–1977 is ranked at No. 179 on Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
 Mayfield's eponymous album Curtis is ranked No. 275 on Rolling Stone′s list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.

Awards and nominations
In 1972, the French Academy of Jazz awarded Mayfied's debut solo album Curtis the Prix Otis Redding for best R&B record.

Hall of Fame
 1991: Along with his group the Impressions, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
 1999: Mayfield was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist making him one of the few artists to become double inductees.
 1999: Mayfield was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame just prior to his death.
 2003: As a member of the Impressions, he was posthumously inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame.

Grammy Awards
Mayfield was nominated for eight Grammy Awards during his career. He is a winner of the prestigious Grammy Legend Award and Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
|-
| 1964
| "Keep On Pushing"
| Best R&B Performance
|
|-
| 1972
| "Freddie's Dead"
| Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male
|
|-
| 1972
| "Freddie's Dead"
| Best R&B Song
|
|-
| 1972
| "Junkie Chase"
| Best R&B Instrumental Performance
|
|-
| 1972
| Superfly| Best Score Written for Motion Picture or Television Special
|
|-
| 1994
| | Curtis Mayfield
| Legend Award
|
|-
| 1995
| Curtis Mayfield
| Lifetime Achievement Award
|
|-
| 1996
| New World Order| Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male
|
|-
| 1997
| "New World Order"
| Best R&B Song
|
|-
| 1997
| "Back To Living Again"
| Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male
|

Grammy Hall of Fame

|-
| 1998
| "People Get Ready" (with The Impressions)
| Hall of Fame (Single)
|
|-
| 1998
| Super Fly
| Hall of Fame (Album)
|
|-
| 2019
| "Move On Up"
| Hall of Fame (Single)
|

Discography

 Curtis (1970)
 Roots (1971)
 Super Fly (1972)
 Back to the World (1973)
 Claudine (with Gladys Knight & the Pips) (1974)
 Sweet Exorcist (1974)
 Got to Find a Way (1974)
 Let's Do It Again (1975)
 There's No Place Like America Today (1975)
 Give, Get, Take and Have (1976)
 Sparkle (with Aretha Franklin) (1976)

 Never Say You Can't Survive (1977)
 Short Eyes (1977)
 Do It All Night (1978)
 Heartbeat (1979)
 Something to Believe In (1980)
 The Right Combination (with Linda Clifford) (1980)
 Love Is the Place (1982)
 Honesty (1983)
 We Come in Peace with a Message of Love (1985)
 Take It to the Streets (1990)
 New World Order (1996)

Filmography
 Super Fly (1972) as himself
 Save the Children (1973) as himself
 Short Eyes (1977) as Pappy
 Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' (1978) as Guest

References

External links
 Official Curtis Mayfield Website

 "Curtis Mayfield and the Impressions perform 'We're a Winner' " for the WGBH series, Say Brother
 Obituary from Socialist Action
 BBC Obituary
 RBMA Radio On Demand – Across 135th Street – Volume 10 – Curtis Mayfield Tribute – Chairman Mao (RBMA, Egotrip)
 Curtis Mayfield and the Impact of His Music on the Civil Rights Movement A Conversation with Mr. Howard Dodson and Dr. Portia K. Maultsby at the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum
 Curtis Mayfield and the Super Fly legacy – Wax Poetics

1942 births
1999 deaths
African-American guitarists
African-American male singer-songwriters
American rhythm and blues guitarists
American soul musicians
American funk guitarists
American rhythm and blues singers
American funk singers
Record producers from Illinois
American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters
American soul guitarists
American male guitarists
American soul singers
Countertenors
Singers from Chicago
Deaths from diabetes
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
Charly Records artists
People with tetraplegia
American amputees
The Impressions members
Grammy Legend Award winners
RSO Records artists
Guitarists from Chicago
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century African-American male singers
Singer-songwriters from Illinois


text:
Manuela Reichart (geboren in den 1950er-Jahren in Düsseldorf) ist eine deutsche Moderatorin und Autorin.

Leben
Manuela Reichart wuchs in Berlin auf. Nach einem Literaturstudium und ersten beruflichen Erfahrungen in der Presse arbeitete sie für den Hörfunk und das Fernsehen und war unter anderem von Juni 1984 bis Februar 1990 eine der Moderatorinnen des ZDF-Kulturmagazins aspekte. Sie moderierte elf Jahre lang die TV-Büchersendung im WDR, dort war sie auch tätig für die Filmredaktion. Inzwischen moderiert sie Gutenbergs Welt auf WDR 3, die Matinee auf SWR 2 und die Sendung Zeitpunkte im rbb Kulturradio.

Sie ist Autorin für WDR, Deutschlandradio, Hessischer Rundfunk und SWR.

Reichart schreibt Literaturkritiken für Druckerzeugnisse und vor allem für den Hörfunk: Deutschlandradio Kultur, WDR und rbb Kulturradio. Sie ist als Herausgeberin und Autorin von Büchern tätig. 2008 führte sie Regie beim Dokumentarfilm Thälmann nimmt dir deinen Ball weg. Sie ist Mitgründerin des PEN Berlin.

Sie hat mit Botho Strauß einen Sohn, den Autor Simon Strauß.

Schriften
 (Hrsg. mit Norbert Grob): Ray. Wissenschaftsverlag Volker Spiess, Berlin 1989
 Schwarze Katze zweimal übern Weg. In: Jürgen Felix (Hrsg.): Die Wiederholung: Thomas Koebner zum 60. Schüren Verlag, Marburg 2001, S. 609 ff
 (Hrsg.): "Cocktails". Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin 2003
 (Hrsg.): Jahre sind nur Kleider. Geschichten vom Älterwerden. Edition Ebersbach, Berlin 2004
 (Hrsg.): Ludwig Homann. Ein deutsches Leben. Zwei Romane. Haffmans bei Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt am Main 2004
 (Hrsg.): Das gefährliche Alter: Tagebuchaufzeichnungen und Briefe einer vierzigjährigen Frau v. Karin Michaëlis ; mit einem Nachwort von Manuela Reichart, Frankfurt, 2005
 Ein Kameragesicht. In: Romy Schneider, Film-Konzepte, Heft 13, 2009, S. 10–25
 (Hrsg.): Bier. Eichborn, Frankfurt am Main 2009
 (Hrsg.): Doch uns schlug kein Gewissen: die schönsten Seitensprünge von Boccaccio bis Ringelnatz. Fischer Taschenbuchverlag, Frankfurt am Main 2011
 Zehn Minuten und ein ganzes Leben. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2012, ISBN 978-3-100-63604-1.
Schon wieder Verspätung! Reisebekanntschaften. Dörlemann Verlag, Zürich 2015, ISBN 978-3-038-20020-8.
 (Hrsg.): Taschenliebe. btb, München 2017
Beziehungsweise. Dörlemann Verlag, Zürich 2017, ISBN 978-3-038-20039-0.

Weblinks

 Manuela Reichart, Zeitschriftenbeiträge in Cicero
 Manuela Reichart, bei ebersbach-simon
 Profil Manuela Reichart bei den Fischer Verlagen

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literaturkritiker
Herausgeber
Person (Westdeutscher Rundfunk)
Fernsehmoderator (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Mitglied im PEN Berlin
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Frau


text:
Кронштадт Орион је руска беспилотна летелица коју је развила руска компанија Кронштадт, која улази у склоп конгломерата АФК Система Пао. Беспилотна летелица Кронштадт Орион је намењена како извиђању, тако и борбеним задацима. Припада класи беспилотних летелица средње висине и велике даљине лета (MALE, Medium Altitude, Long Endurance). Кронштадт Орион поседује опрему за визуелно и радарско извиђање, а може носити и наоружање у виду четири вођене ракете ваздух-земља или четири ласерски вођене бомбе. У реону борбених дејстава може остати више сати.

Развој

Развој беспилотне летелице Кронштадт Орион отпочео је 2011. године, по захтеву Министарства одбране Руске Федерације. Маја 2016. године отпочело је тестирање, да би извозна верзија беспилотне летелице била први пут приказана јавности на авиосалону МАКС 2017. године.

Састав комплекса

Пуни састав комплекса укључује:
 модул смештаја оператора,
 модул радарског система,
 модул  управљања летом,
 3 — 6  беспилотних летелица "Орион".

Развијене верзије

 Орион (оригинална варијанта за руску војску)
 Орион-Э (извозна верзија)

Види још

 CAIG Wing Loong
 MQ-1 Predator
 MQ-9 Reaper
 БПЛ Пегаз 01
 БПЛ Врабац

Референце

Спољашње везе
Беспилотне летелице (Телевизија Звезда - Званични рутјуб канал)
Орион погађа ракетом ваздушни БПЛ циљ (Телевизија Звезда - Званични канал)

Беспилотне летелице


text:
Smrek kan syfta på följande platser:

Polen

 Smrek (berg i Polen), Nedre Schlesiens vojvodskap, Powiat kłodzki,

Slovakien

 Smrek (berg i Slovakien),

Tjeckien

 Smrk (berg i Tjeckien, lat 50,89, long 15,27),

Robotskapade Polenförgreningar
Robotskapade Slovakienförgreningar
Robotskapade Tjeckienförgreningar


text:
Jako maximální prvek množiny se označuje takový prvek, který není menší než žádný jiný prvek této množiny. Formálně: prvek a ∈ A je maximálním prvkem množiny A (která je podmnožinou nějaké částečně uspořádané množiny), pokud platí:
 pro libovolný prvek b ∈ A platí: pokud a ≤ b, pak a = b.

Obdobně je definován minimální prvek, který není větší než žádný jiný prvek množiny (a ve formální definici se tedy objevuje opačná podmínka: pokud b ≤ a, pak a = b).

Důležité je, že maximální prvek obecně nemusí být největším prvkem, tzn. zatímco není menší než libovolný jiný prvek, nemusí být větší než všechny ostatní prvky (totéž platí o minimálním prvku, který obecně nemusí být nejmenším prvkem). Maximálních prvků může být v jedné množině víc. Pokud však množina má největší (resp. nejmenší) prvek, je tento prvek jediným maximálním (resp. minimálním) prvkem.

Na úplně uspořádaných množinách je však každý maximální prvek zároveň největším (totéž pro minimální a nejmenší).

Příklad
Mějme množinu všech podmnožin (potenční množinu) množiny { 1, 2, 3 } částečně uspořádanou relací "být podmnožinou". Pokud za množinu A vezmeme její podmnožinu obsahující jednoprvkové množiny, jsou všechny její prvky zároveň minimální i maximální (neboť žádný prvek není menší ani větší než žádný jiný), přičemž žádný není nejmenší ani největší.

Související články
 Nejmenší a největší prvek

Teorie uspořádání


text:
Rothof, gelegentlich auch Rothhof geschrieben, ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Bischberg im Landkreis Bamberg.

Lage

Der Einödhof liegt im Norden des Rothofen Waldes an der östlichen Gemeindegrenze zur Bamberger Gemarkung Gaustadt.

Namensgebung
Der Name entstand durch die Rodung des Waldes und nicht durch die Farbgebung wie bei dem gleichnamigen Hof zwischen Bamberg und Wildensorg, der Mitte der 1960er Jahre abgebrochen wurde.

Geschichte

Als erster Besitzer wurde der Bamberger Bürger Konrad Haller (* 1355; † 1433) genannt. Im Besitz dieser Familie verblieb der Hof bis 1455, als ihn das Katharinenspital in Bamberg für 650 rheinische Gulden erwarb. Der Bauernhof war ein Pachthof des Katharinenspitals. Ein Fischweiher wurde erstmals 1486 genannt. Während des Dreißigjährigen Krieges (1618–1648) wurde der Aussiedlerhof, der 1607 als Schlösschen bezeichnet wurde, nicht bewirtschaftet. Der Baukomplex überstand den Glaubenskrieg unbeschadet. Im Jahr 1710 wurden die Gebäude saniert. Wohl irreparable Schäden legten den Gedanken an einen Neubau nahe.

Neubau
Vom Frühjahr bis zum Winter des Jahres 1739 wurde das heute noch stehende Haus unter der Leitung des fürstbischöflichen Hofarchitekten Johann Jakob Michael Küchel errichtet (* 1703; † 1769). Es ist ein zweigeschossiger Walmdachbau mit Ecklisenen aus Sandstein. Erst zehn Jahre später wurde das Gebäude innen bezugsfähig ausgebaut. Die endgültige Größe des Gutshofs mit Wagenhalle, Pferdestall etc., wie er noch bis etwa 1970 bestand, erhielt Rothhof im Jahr 1784. Das Gebäude ist ein gelistetes Baudenkmal.

Nach der Säkularisation
Nach Auflösung des Hochstifts und der Säkularisation des Katharinenspitals in Bamberg, in dessen Eigentum der Bauernhof 348 Jahre lang war, gelangte er 1803 in den Besitz des bayerischen Staates, der ihn 1911 an den Landwirt Johann Brahmann veräußerte. Dieser richtete eine Gastwirtschaft darin ein, die in den 2000er Jahren aufgegeben wurde.

Literatur
Hans Paschke: Der Rothof bei Bischberg und die Haller zu Bamberg. In: Fränkisches Land in Kunst, Geschichte und Volkstum. Jg. 11, 1969, Nr. 5, S. [1, 3]; Nr. 6, S. [2–3]; Nr. 7, S. [4]

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Bamberg
Bischberg
Einzelsiedlung


text:
Une chaîne d'acquisition est un système électronique permettant d'exploiter une grandeur physique.

Synoptique
La chaîne d'acquisition de données est l'ensemble des éléments nécessaires à la "capture" des données (analogiques ou numériques) à leur transmission jusqu'au récepteur et à l'utilisateur (homme ou machine) des données capturées. Cet utilisateur peut vouloir utiliser ces données immédiatement ou les stocker pour les utiliser ultérieurement.

Constituants

Capteur

Comme son nom l'indique il sert à capturer les données (physiques ou pas) et à les transformer pour qu'elles soient utilisables par le "maillon" suivant de la chaîne.

Conditionneur

L'objectif du conditionnement de signal est essentiellement l'amplification et le préfiltrage de signaux électriques issus d'un capteur. Dans certains cas il réalise également les fonctions d'isolation galvanique et d'excitation des capteurs passifs. L'amplification de capteurs à faible sensibilité peut être réalisée par un amplificateur de mesure.

Traitement du signal

Les signaux issus du conditionneur peuvent être convertis (analogique-numérique), transmis ou traités.

Applications

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Automatique

Théorie du signal


text:
Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) is a research method for assessing volunteer motivations. The model has been developed by Clary et al. in 1998.

Assumptions

 People are purposeful, planful, goal-directed—Volunteers engage in volunteer work in order to satisfy important personal goals
 Different people may do similar things for different reasons—Volunteers performing the same volunteer activity for the same organization may have different reasons for volunteering
 Any one individual may be motivated by more than one need or goal—An individual volunteer may be attempting to satisfy two or more motives through one activity at your organization
 Outcomes depend on the matching of needs and goals to the opportunities afforded by the environment – Successful volunteer recruitment, satisfaction, and retention is tied to the ability of the volunteer experience to fulfil the volunteer's important motives

Motivations for volunteering

Findings
Having analyzed several dozens of studies using this framework, Chacón et al. found that the most common motivation for volunteering is the values dimension, and the least, career and enhancement ones. Career and understanding motivations decrease with the mean age of volunteers, and men seem to be more likely to consider the social dimension than women.

References

Volunteering


text:
The Church of St James in Winscombe, Somerset, England, has 12th- or 13th-century origins but the present building dates from the 15th century. It is a Grade I listed building.

There are no records remaining of the Norman church on the site, though the font and a single lancet window date from the period, and a Deed of Gift survives confirming that the church was consecrated by Bishop Jocelin on 26 August 1236. It was given by him to the Dean and Chapter of Wells Cathedral three years later. The four-stage  tower ("one of the most elegant" in Somerset) was added around 1435, by Bishop John Harewell, and at the same time stained glass was added.

The church was restored and a new chancel added in 1863.  The rebuilding of the chancel was undertaken by William Burges.  He was commissioned by the Reverend John Augustus Yatman, whose brother had been Burges's main client for painted furniture.  Burges and his team, including Fred Weekes and Gualbert Saunders, also undertook the design of three stained-glass lancet windows in the chancel, in memory of Yatman's mother.  Pevsner appreciated their quality, "much better aesthetically is the glass in the chancel," but erroneously attributes them as "one of the best examples of Morris glass in existence and quite unrecorded." The Carsleigh Window in the north wall of the chancel () is decorated with silver stain, "marking the close of the Middle Ages and the arrival of the Renaissance". There is medieval glass in the two windows in the north wall of the side chapel, and in the window next to the organ.

The bells of St James have long called people to worship, the original bells being cast in 1773 by local founders the Bilbie family. Two newer bells were added in 1903 by Taylors Founders. The eight bells are in the key of E flat and the tenor weighs 18–1–8 (18 hundredweight, 1 quarter of a hundredweight and 8 lb, or 930 kg). St James holds regular services on Sundays, with bell ringing being provided for both the morning service and evensong.

See also

 List of Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset
 List of towers in Somerset
 List of ecclesiastical parishes in the Diocese of Bath and Wells

Notes

References

15th-century church buildings in England
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1435
Towers completed in the 15th century
Church of England church buildings in North Somerset
Grade I listed churches in Somerset
Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset


text:
Pittosporum tonkinense är en tvåhjärtbladig växtart som beskrevs av François Gagnepain. Pittosporum tonkinense ingår i släktet Pittosporum och familjen Pittosporaceae. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Araliaordningen
tonkinense


text:
Kontrakt psychologiczny w organizacji – to zbiór wzajemnych, niepisanych oczekiwań istniejących pomiędzy poszczególnymi pracownikami a ich pracodawcami. Odnosi się do relacji pracowniczych. Składają  się na niego wzajemne zobowiązania i oczekiwania pracodawcy i pracownika. Stan kontraktu psychologicznego wpływa na warunki współdziałania. Specyficzne oczekiwania każdej ze stron kontraktu wykraczają poza ramy formalnoprawnych uzgodnień.

Problem zawarcia psychologicznego kontraktu między pracownikiem a organizacją
Taki kontrakt  wykorzystywany jest podczas procesu kierowania ludźmi opartego na autorytecie, zaufaniu i dobrej komunikacji. Między kierownikami/menedżerami/innymi pracownikami wyższego szczebla a pracownikami niższych szczebli zawierana jest psychologiczna umowa, a także inne, nieformalne umowy.

Kontrakt psychologiczny w kontekście analizy motywacji pracowników
Schein podkreśla znaczenie kontraktu psychologicznego jako głównej zmiennej w analizie motywacji pracowników. To, czy dana osoba przejawi podporządkowanie, lojalność i entuzjazm dla organizacji i jej celów zależy od:
 poziomu, do którego jej własne oczekiwania odnośnie do tego, czego dostarczy jej organizacja i do tego, co sama jest zobowiązana włożyć zgadzają się z  oczekiwaniami samej organizacji względem tego, co da pracownikowi i co od niego otrzyma,
 tego, co ma podlegać wymianie (pieniądze za czas pracy, zadowolenie i poczucie bezpieczeństwa w zamian za wykonaną pracę i lojalność, możliwość samorealizacji i ciekawa praca w zamian za pracę zgodną z celami organizacji, itd.)
Stosunek między jednostką a organizacją ustala się na drodze wzajemnych wpływów i wzajemnych interesów w postaci kontraktu psychologicznego.

Przypisy

Psychologia pracy i organizacji


text:
Villa Canne is een monumentaal landhuis met een Engels landschapspark in de Nederlandse stad Maastricht. Het landgoed is gelegen aan de Mergelweg nr. 454 in de buurtschap Nekum in het Jekerdal. De villa kwam omstreeks 1850 tot stand en was meer dan een eeuw eigendom van de familie Regout.

Geschiedenis
Petrus Laurentius ("Petrus I") Regout (1801-1878), de grondlegger van de Maastrichtse kristal-, glas- en aardewerkfabrieken, kocht het landgoed in 1852 en liet er een eclectische villa op bouwen. De villa lag naast zijn vernismaalderij gevestigd in de Nekummermolen bij de Jeker, destijds in de gemeente Sint Pieter gelegen. Het landgoed met de villa en twee watermolens zijn afgebeeld op een lithografie in zijn Album dédié à mes enfants et mes amis, dat hij in 1868 in Parijs liet samenstellen om zijn bezittingen te tonen. Het huis was waarschijnlijk bedoeld als een investering voor de toekomst. In 1853 kregen de Maastrichtse jezuïeten het in bruikleen, die het als buitengoed gebruikten voor studenten en docenten van het Canisianum aan de Tongersestraat. Na het overlijden van de oude Regout, erfde zijn zoon Petrus Alexander ("Petrus II") het landgoed. Deze ging er met zijn gezin wonen, waardoor de jezuïeten in 1879 moesten vertrekken. Later kregen de jezuïeten de beschikking over een ander buitengoed in deze omgeving, de villa Campagne aan de Susserweg op de Louwberg.

Petrus II Regout (1828-1897) breidde het huis uit met een keuken en dienstvertrek aan de westzijde. Het oude koetshuis met koetsierswoning aan de Mergelweg dateert uit 1886 en werd eveneens in opdracht van Petrus II gebouwd. Na zijn dood erfde zijn tweede zoon Jules Joseph Hubert ("Jules I") Regout het landgoed in 1897. Jules I (1855-1932) was de oprichter en directeur van de N.V. Wolindustrie v/h Jules Regout & Co., een dekenfabriek aan de Kleine Looierstraat, die van 1875 tot 1936 bestond. Jules woonde in villa Canne met zijn vrouw Frederika Berger en hun vijf kinderen. In 1905 werd de villa verbouwd en kwam een nieuw koetshuis (met paardenstallen) tot stand, ontworpen door de architect Sandhövel. Mogelijk was dit tweede koetshuis noodzakelijk omdat het eerste werd verbouwd tot woning. De bouwactiviteiten vielen min of meer samen met het moment waarop Jules II Regout (1881-1956) er met zijn gezin kwam wonen (met na verloop van tijd zestien kinderen!). Jules II was behalve fabrieksdirecteur en bestuurder ook boer, met een twintigtal koeien en fruitboomgaarden.

In 1957, een jaar na de dood van Jules II, werd villa Canne verkocht aan de Koninklijke Nederlandse Papierfabriek (KNP), die het landgoed als ontspanningsoord voor werknemers benutte. Na een renovatie in de jaren 70 worden zowel de villa als de twee koetshuizen particulier bewoond.

Beschrijving

Huis en interieur
De villa uit 1852 bestaat uit twee verdiepingen (plus een souterrain) en heeft een gebroken schilddak. Het souterrain is opgetrokken uit mergel. De kapconstructie werd omstreeks 1920 vernieuwd. De gevels zijn gestuct en okergeel geschilderd  met uitzondering van de hardstenen lijsten en ornamenten. De voor- en achtergevel zijn vrijwel identiek, met drie vensterassen en in de middelste as een toegangsdeur. Daarboven bevindt zich aan beide gevels een balkon en daarboven een erker, bekroond door een fronton. De smeedijzeren serres uit de jaren 20 aan de noord- en oostgevel zijn bij een latere verbouwing verwijderd, evenals de smeedijzeren terrasbalustrade aan de zuidgevel.

Van het interieur zijn vermeldenswaardig: de parket- en mozaïektegelvloeren op de begane grond, de muren en plafonds met sierstucwerk, de lambriseringen en paneeldeuren, de houten trap met balustrade en diverse marmeren schoorsteenmantels.

Koetshuizen, tuin en landerijen
De oude koetsierswoning aan de Mergelweg is een groot, vrijstaand pand met bakstenen gevels, die invloeden van de neogotiek tonen. De sluitsteen boven de inrijpoort vermeldt 'P.R. 1886', verwijzend naar Petrus II Regout. Het nieuwe koetshuis met koetsierswoning en stallen uit 1905 is in het talud van de Nekummerweg gebouwd, vlak bij de Jekeroever, en heeft een U-vormige plattegrond. Het interieur is vrijwel ongewijzigd met onder andere blauw-wit betegelde lambriseringen, baksteengewelven op stalen profielen, en paardenboxen vervaardigd door de Brusselse constructeur Adolph Charlet & Cie.

De circa drie hectare grote tuin is aangelegd in de Engelse landschapsstijl, waarvan diverse restanten aanwezig zijn. Aan het begin van de oprijlaan staat een smeedijzeren hek, geflankeerd door twee bakstenen hekpijlers met gestucte ornamenten. Aan de voorkant van de villa staat een forse boomgroep; aan de zij- en achterkant enkele solitaire beuken. Een van de beuken is omstreeks 1855 aangeplant en heeft een omtrek van 7 m en een hoogte van bijna 30 m. Het omringende landgoed van ongeveer 15 ha loopt door tot aan de Jeker en bestaat voornamelijk uit hoogstamfruitbomen.

Zie ook
 Hoeve Nekum
 Nekummermolen

Externe links
 Informatie villa Canne
 Foto's villa Canne

Canne
Rijksmonument in Maastricht
Maastricht-Zuidwest


text:
Ambulocetus (Latin ambulare "to walk" + cetus "whale") is a genus of early amphibious cetacean from the Kuldana Formation in Pakistan, roughly 48 or 47 million years ago during the Early Eocene (Lutetian). It contains one species, Ambulocetus natans (Latin natans "swimming"), known solely from a near-complete skeleton. Ambulocetus is among the best-studied of Eocene cetaceans, and serves as an instrumental find in the study of cetacean evolution and their transition from land to sea, as it was the first cetacean discovered to preserve a suite of adaptations consistent with an amphibious lifestyle. Ambulocetus is classified in the group Archaeoceti—the ancient forerunners of modern cetaceans whose members span the transition from land to sea—and in the family Ambulocetidae, which  includes Himalayacetus and Gandakasia (also from the Eocene of the Indian subcontinent).

Ambulocetus had a narrow, streamlined body, and a long, broad snout, with eyes positioned at the very top of its head. Because of these features, it is hypothesised to have behaved much like a crocodile, waiting near the water's surface to ambush large mammals, using its powerful jaws to clamp onto and drown or thrash prey. Additionally, its ears possessed similar traits to modern cetaceans, which are specialised for hearing and detecting certain frequencies underwater, although it is unclear if Ambulocetus also used these specialised ears for hearing underwater. They may have instead been utilised for bone conduction on land, or perhaps served no function for early cetaceans.

It is thought to have swum much like a modern river otter, tucking in its forelimbs while alternating its hind limbs for propulsion, as well as undulating the torso and tail. It may have had webbed feet, and unlike its modern relatives, lacked a tail fluke. On land, Ambulocetus may have walked much like a sea lion.

Ambulocetus inhabited the Indian subcontinent during the Eocene. The area had a hot climate with tropical rainforests and coastal mangroves, and Ambulocetus may have predominantly inhabited brackish areas such as river mouths. It lived alongside requiem sharks, catfish and various other fishes, turtles, crocodiles, the amphibious hoofed mammal Anthracobune, and the fellow cetaceans Gandakasia, Attockicetus, Nalacetus, and Pakicetus.

Taxonomy

Discovery

In December 1991, Pakistani palaeontologist Mohammad Arif and Dutch–American palaeontologist Hans Thewissen were jointly funded by Howard University and the Geological Survey of Pakistan to recover land mammal fossils in the Kala Chitta Hills of Punjab, Pakistan. On 3 January 1992, they recovered a small, thick rib fragment. Later in the field season, while surveying the upper Kuldana Formation, Thewissen discovered a femur (thigh bone) and proximal portion of the tibia (upper portion of the shin) which clearly belonged to a mammal. An hour later, Arif discovered the rest of the skeleton, and the two began excavation the next day. At first, Thewissen speculated the fossils belonged to an anthracobunid (a large semi-aquatic mammal), until he found the teeth near the end of the field season, which were characteristically cetacean (living cetaceans are whales, dolphins, and porpoises). Thewissen, at the time, could not afford to excavate and store everything, so he took the skull with him to the United States, while Arif kept the rest in two crates which used to hold oranges. In October 1992, Thewissen presented his research of the skull to a vertebrate palaeontology convention in Toronto, Canada. The next year, American palaeontologist Philip D. Gingerich paid for the rest of the skeleton to be shipped to the United States. In 1994, the formal description of the remains was published by Thewissen, mammal palaeontologist Sayed Taseer Hussain, and Arif. They identified the remains as clearly belonging to an amphibious cetacean, and so they named it Ambulocetus natans. The genus name comes from Latin ambulare "to walk" and cetus "whale", and the species name natans "swimming".

The Kuldana Formation is constrained to sometime during the Lutetian stage of the Early Eocene, and the remains may date to 48–47 million years ago. The holotype specimen, HGSP 18507, is a partial skeleton initially discovered preserving an incomplete skull (missing the snout), some elements of the vertebral column and ribs, as well as portions of the fore- and hind-limb. Other specimens initially found were HGSP 18473 (a second premolar), HGSP 18497 (a third premolar), HGSP 18472 (a tail vertebra), and HGSP 18476 (lower portion of a femur). The holotype was found in a silt and mudstone bed over a  area. Further excavation recovered most of the holotype's skeleton—most notably the hip, sacrum, and most of ribcage and thoracolumbar series (the spine excluding the neck, sacrum, and tail). These left the holotype about 80% complete by 2002, making it the most completely known cetacean from the time period. In 2009, some more elements of the holotype's jawbone were identified from a then-recently prepared matrix block.

Though it was known that cetaceans descended from land mammals before the discovery of Ambulocetus, the only evidence of this in the fossil record was the 52-million-year-old (fully terrestrial) Pakicetus and the Paleocene mesonychids (as there was a hypothesised link between cetaceans and mesonychids). The limbs of more aquatic Eocene cetaceans did not preserve very well. Ambulocetus demonstrated that cetaceans swam by flexing the spine up and down (undulation) before they had evolved the tail fluke, forelimb propulsion evolved relatively late, and that cetaceans went through an otter-like phase with spinal undulation and hindlimb propulsion. These had already been hypothesised to have occurred in the earliest aquatic cetaceans, but were impossible to test without more complete remains. The describers noted that, "Ambulocetus represents a critical intermediate between land mammals and marine cetaceans."

Classification

Modern cetaceans (Neoceti) are grouped into either the parvorders Mysticeti (baleen whales) or Odontoceti (toothed whales). Neoceti are descended from the ancient Archaeoceti, whose members span the transition from terrestrial to fully aquatic. Archaeoceti are thus paraphyletic (it is a non-natural group which does not comprise both a common ancestor and all of its descendants). Ambulocetus was an archaeocete. By the time Ambulocetus was discovered, archaeocetes were classified into the families Protocetidae (which included what are now the terrestrial Pakicetidae, and the rest were amphibious), Remingtonocetidae (amphibious), Basilosauridae (aquatic), and Dorudontidae (aquatic, now a subfamily of Basilosauridae). The earliest cetaceans were thought to be the mesonychids, proposed before any firm early cetacean fossils were identified. In the original description, Ambulocetus was preliminarily placed into Protocetidae, until the further description of the holotype prompted Thewissen and colleagues to move it into its own family Ambulocetidae in 1996. At the same time, they also erected the family Pakicetidae. They also proposed that some members of Pakicetidae, Protocetidae, and Ambulocetidae were the other two archaeocete families' ancestors. They suggested that mesonychids gave rise to pakicetids, which gave rise to ambulocetids, which gave rise to both protocetids and remingtonocetids.

Though middle-to-late-Eocene archaeocetes are also known from North America, Europe, and Africa, most of these are found only on the Indian subcontinent. Therefore, it is thought cetaceans originally evolved in that region. Based on molecular data, cetaceans are most closely allied with hippos (Whippomorpha), and they split approximately 54.9 million years ago. They are all placed in the order Cetartiodactyla alongside terrestrial even-toed ungulates (hoofed mammals). This puts mesonychids as a distant relative of cetaceans rather than an ancestor, and their somewhat similar morphology was possibly a result of convergent evolution. The oldest known cetacean is the ambulocetid Himalayacetus identified in 1998 and dated to 52.5 million years ago (predating the terrestrial pakicetids), though the exact dating of Himalayacetus and Pakicetus is debated. Ambulocetidae also includes Gandakasia. Himalayacetus and Gandakasia are known only from partial jaw fragments. Ambulocetidae are endemic to the Indian subcontinent, and span the early to middle Eocene.

Description

Size

Upon description, Thewissen and colleagues suggested the holotype specimen may have weighed the same as a male South American sea lion — about  — based on the size of the vertebrae, ribs, and limbs. They also estimated a length of roughly . For comparison, the holotype of Pakicetus attocki may have been  long. In 1996, they estimated weight of Ambulocetus, using the cross-sections of the long bones, as . Alternatively, they estimated about  by using the length of the second upper and lower molars compared to trends between this length and ungulate body mass. They obtained the same result comparing the skull size to those of similarly sized carnivores. In 1998, based on vertebral size, Gingerich estimated a body mass of , similar to modern cetaceans. In 2013, Thewissen suggested that this may be an unreliable mass determinant as the vertebrae are unusually robust in Ambulocetus.

Skull

Like other archaeocetes which preserve this element, the base of the skull has an undulating contour, probably related to the shape of the nasal canal (and its passage to the throat) and the narrow infraorbital region (the area below the eyes). The base of the skull is wide compared to other archaeocetes, more like that of modern cetaceans. The narrow infraorbital space, made of primarily the pterygoid processes, also occurs in Remingtonocetus and Pakicetus. The pterygoids connect as far back as the middle ear, much farther than other archaeocetes including the more ancient Pakicetus. Most modern cetaceans have a falcate (sickle-shaped) process which juts out prominently halfway between the hypoglossal canal and the ear; Ambulocetus has a similar process continuous of the pterygoid, but it runs alongside and behind the hypoglossal canal. Like many other archaeocetes, the pterygoids, sphenoids, and palatines form a wall lining the bottom of the nasal canal, which causes the palate to extend all the way to the ear. Like other cetaceans, Ambulocetus lacks the postglenoid foramen, which usually is one of the main passageways for veins into the skull in placental mammals. The ectotympanic bone which supports the eardrum is similar to that of Pakicetus, about as long as wide, whereas later archaeocetes have more elongate ectotympanics. The ectotympanics of all archaeocetes, nonetheless, are much different than those of terrestrial mammals. The ectotympanics of all cetaceans, including Ambulocetus, possess an involucrum (thickened lump of bone) at the medial lip. Unlike Pakicetus, but like later archaeocetes, the tympanic made close contact with the jaw. Like later archaeocetes, Ambulocetus seems to have possessed an air sinus in the pterygoids. It may have also had paranasal sinuses. The parietal bones on the braincase sides are more perpendicular than in Remingtonocetus, which makes the cheeks appear less flared. Like Remingtonocetus, Ambulocetus appears to have had a small brain.

The snout was quite broad, but the end of the holotype's snout is missing, so it is unclear how long it would have been. The snouts of Basilosaurus and Rodhocetus are short and make up about half the skull's length. Remingtonocetid snouts are quite narrow, which was clearly not the case for Ambulocetus. The mandibular symphysis of most mammals is restricted to the midline of the jaw, but extends much farther in archaeocetes; in Ambulocetus, it reaches the back end of the first premolar. Snout robustness and symphysis length suggest reinforcement of the jaw to withstand a strong bite force. Similarly, the strongest biting muscle in Ambulocetus seems to have been the temporalis muscle involved in biting down. Like other cetaceans, there are embrasure pits (a depression between the teeth), preserving the tooth positions for the fourth premolar, the first molar, and the third molar. Unlike later archaeocetes, the molars' roots do not extend to the cheek bones, and the third molar is not as nosewards as in remingtonocetids. The coronoid process of the mandible (where the lower jaw connects with the skull) in Ambulocetus is steep. In contrast, it is low and slopes gently down in basilosaurids and later cetaceans. The mandibular foramen opens below the coronoid process, and is around midway between terrestrial mammals and toothed whales in size. Like other cetaceans, the body of the hyoid bone (the basihyoid bone) is about as long as wide. Unlike other archaeocetes, the eyes are quite large and are placed near the top of the head facing upwards.

Unlike modern toothed whales which only have one kind of tooth (homodont), archaeocetes are heterodont. Judging by tooth root size, the lower canine was larger than the incisors. The teeth are more robust than those of Rodhocetus and Basilosaurus. The premolars were double rooted, whereas most archaeocetes have single-rooted first premolars. The enamel of the lower premolars is crenulated (has scalloped edges). The fourth premolar is a high triangular shape. Like other ancient cetaceans, and most pronouncedly in ambulocetids, the lower molars are shorter than the back premolars. The lower premolars are larger than those of Pakicetus and are separated by wider gaps (diastemata). The molars had distinct trigonid and talonid cusps (these cusps are lost in basilosaurids), and the upper molars were trituberculate like ancient archaeocetes and ancient placental mammals, meaning they had a large protocone, distinct paracone and metacone, and no accessory cusps. Later archaeocetes developed accessory cusps.

Ribs and vertebrae

The holotype preserved seven neck vertebrae, which are rather long at . The 16 preserved thoracic vertebrae have thick spinous and transverse processes (which jut upwards and obliquely from the centrum, the vertebral body), with deep depressions on both sides at the tail-end of each centrum which may have supported strong longissimus muscles which flex the spine. The thoracic vertebrae become longer and wider tailwards and are tallest mid-series. In front-view (anterior aspect), the centra go from heart-shaped to kidney-shaped by T8 (the eighth thoracic vertebra). The pedicals (between the centrum and a transverse process) feature deep grooves. The spinous processes project tailwards from T1–T9, straight up at T10, headwards from T11 to T12, and the rest project straight up. The spinous processes progressively increase in length and width from T11–T16. T10 seems to have been at the level of the thoracic diaphragm. T1–T12 and T14 have capitular facets on the top margin of both the frontward and tailward side to join with the ribs. T15 and T16 have capitular facets on the headward side and lack transverse processes. T11–T15 have accessory anapophyses which jut straight up from the top border between the centrum and the transverse processes; and in T16, these are small, originate near the pedicles, and project tailwards. The width between articular processes (two masses of bone which jut out of each centrum to connect with the next centrum) continually increases through the thoracolumbar series. In life, it is possible it had up to 17 thoracic vertebrae.

The holotype preserves 26 ribs, though it is thought to have had 32 total in life. The cortical bone (the outermost layer) is thickest at the neck of the rib (between the joint and the costal cartilage), at max , and was filled with spongy bone. That is, unlike many other aquatic mammals, the ribs did not exhibit osteosclerosis. They did exhibit pachyostosis, and were made thicker and heavier with additional layers of lamellar bone. The ribs' shape indicates Ambulocetus had a narrow and heart-shaped thorax looking at it head-on. Ribs are thickest at the T8–T10 level. Ribs are broadest at the sternum, which suggests strong sternocostal joints. The ribs have a slight S-curve in side view, with the rib heads angled headwards, and the sternocostal joints angled tailwards. The holotype preserves a central and a tailward sternum bone which are both exceedingly thick, about  on the outer margins and decreasing towards the centre. The central sternum bone is longer and wider than the tailward one.

The eight preserved lumbar vertebrae at the lower back are much longer than the thoracic, and the centra and transverse processes, from L1–L7, continually increase in length and height. The short transverse processes on L8 are probably due to its proximity to the ilium on the hip. The undersides are concave. The spinous processes are long and tall, and project headward from L1–L5, and straight-up from L6–L8. The spinous processes are bulbous on the tailward side to support epaxial muscles. The vertebral laminae are excavated headward to support the interspinous ligaments which connect the spinous processes. The vertebrae are about as robust as those of modern pinniped such as sow leopard seals and bull walruses. The postzygapophyses (the surface where the vertebrae join with each other) is flat rather than revolute, which would have made the series more flexible than that of terrestrial relatives.

For the four preserved sacral vertebrae (at the sacrum, between the pelvic bones), the transverse processes of S1 are smaller than those of L8. There is a robust sacroiliac joint with the hip. For the spinous processes, those of S1–S3 are fused. Metapophyses jut straight up from each lamina near the joint, progressively getting smaller with each vertebra.

Only five of the tail (caudal) vertebrae are preserved: a possible C1 or C2, a possible C3, a possible C4, a possible C7, and a possible C8. The more headward tail vertebrae have thick transverse processes, whereas those of the middle tail vertebrae are longer than broad. The C3 has a narrow spinous process and is mostly columnar, but the tailward side is broader. The C4 is more columnar. The C7 and C8 are columnar and taper off tailward, and the neural canal where the central nervous system runs through is still present. In life, Ambulocetus possibly had upwards of 20 tail vertebrae like some mesonychians. If correct, then Ambulocetus would have had a lot fewer and a lot longer tail vertebrae than modern cetaceans.

Limbs and girdles

Unlike modern cetaceans, Ambulocetus had functional legs which could support the animal's bodyweight on land. The holotype has a robust radius and ulna (the forearm bones). The forearm measures  in length. The head of the radius is somewhat triangular, which probably means the forearm was locked in a semi-pronated position (the palms were orientated towards the ground). The olecranon, which formed part of the elbow joint, makes up about a third of the ulna's length and is inclined tailwards, which would have allowed the triceps to more forcefully flex the elbow. The wrist bones indicate a strong flexor carpi ulnaris muscle for wrist flexion. The hand had five widely spaced digits. The first metacarpal (which is in the thumb) is  long, the second , the third , the fourth , and the fifth . Like modern beaked whales, the thumb is short and slender.

The ilium of the hip of Ambulocetus, like remingtonocetids, features deep depressions to support the rectus femoris and the gluteal muscles. Unlike terrestrial mammals and protocetids, the ischium is expanded dorsolaterally (from left to right, and upwards), which would have increased lever arm for thigh and leg retractor muscles when extended, such as while swimming. This would have also increased the surface area of the gemelli muscles (hip rotators which stabilise the hip) and the tail muscles. The widening of the ischium may have also given Ambulocetus a more streamlined and hydrodynamic body. Ambulocetus had a pubic symphysis connecting the two pubic bones at the base of the pelvis together, which indicates the animal could support its own weight on land. The modern cetacean pubis bone lacks this and only functions to anchor abdominal and urogenital muscles.

The leg proportions of Ambulocetus are similar to otters and seals, and American mammalogist Alfred Brazier Howell predicted similar proportions for a transitional cetacean in 1930. The femur measures , a length similar to the presumably cursorial (capable of running) mesonychid Pachyaena. Archaeocete femora are generally much shorter. The femoral head is spherical and, at maximum, has a width of , similar to Indocetus but much larger than mesonychids and Rodhocetus. The trochanteric fossa, supporting the lateral rotator group at the hip, is quite deep, but other than this, the femur does not seem to have supported particularly strong extensor or flexor muscles. The femoral condyles of Ambulocetus are quite long compared to those of other archaeocetes and mesonychids, suggesting the knee was capable of hyperflexion (bending). The tibia is overall similar to those of mesonychids. The feet are huge, probably longer than the femur. The toes are also relatively long, with the fourth digit measuring  in length. The fifth digit is slightly shorter and much less robust than the fourth. The phalanges of the toes are short, and end with a convex hoof. Like seals, the phalanges of both the hands and feet are flattened, which may have streamlined them to allow for webbed feet.

Palaeobiology

Diet

The robustness of the cheek teeth, as well as the cusp arrangement, suggests they were involved in crushing, and the fact that both the premolars and molars were involved in crushing indicates Ambulocetus required a large area for crushing, such as when biting into large prey items. Similarly, the broad and powerful snout makes it unlikely it was pursuing small, quick prey items (which would have required a narrow snout like dolphins or gharials). The snout was also long, which may have precluded the ability to crush bone because it would have had reduced structural integrity at the tip. The anatomy of the cheek teeth resembles those of Mesozoic marine reptiles which fed on armoured fish, large fish, reptiles, and ammonites, and the teeth may have been used to grip onto prey firmly. Therefore, Thewissen suggested Ambulocetus was most likely an ambush predator, the jaw adapted to handle struggling prey. The unusually deep pterygoids potentially functioned to dissipate force while the prey was struggling.

The eyes of Ambulocetus were placed on the top of the head, similar to crocodiles and other animals that prefer to keep most of their body submerged with the eyes peeking out of the water. The nasal canal has bony walls extending into the throat, much like in crocodiles where they keep the nasal airways open while the animal is killing prey either by drowning it or thrashing it around. Pieces of prey are subsequently torn off by forceful, thrashing head and body motions, the feet anchoring the crocodile in place. Thewissen believed Ambulocetus used a similar feeding tactic, though Ambulocetus was probably capable of chewing, unlike crocodiles. Ambulocetus may have attacked large mammals which approached the water's edge, and semi-aquatic mammals including early (possibly herbivorous) sirenians (now manatees and the dugong) and the probably amphibious anthracobunids. These two seem to have been rather common on the coasts of the Indian subcontinent, which could mean they were regular prey items. Since Ambulocetus was found in marine deposits (where animals would not come to drink), it is possible it hunted in river deltas which were recorded in the Kuldana Formation. Ambulocetus probably went after fish and reptiles when given the opportunity, though it may not have had the agility to commonly catch them.

Locomotion

Thewissen hypothesised that Ambulocetus was a drag-powered swimmer, and used its huge feet as its primary propulsion mechanism, much like modern river otters including the giant otter, and species in the genera Lontra and Lutra. Based on the length of the known tail vertebrae, Ambulocetus may have had an inflexible tail, which would have made the tail an inefficient primary propulsion mechanism due to poorer lever arm (modern cetaceans have relatively short tail vertebrae). Ambulocetus therefore likely did not have a tail fluke. Nonetheless, drag powered swimmers still have powerful tails for producing lift, and the tails of river otters are 125% the size of the thoracolumbar series. So, using river otters as a model, Ambulocetus was a pelvic paddler—swimming with alternating beats of the hindlimbs (without engaging the forelimbs)—and also undulated (moved up and down) its tail while swimming. Like the sea otter, pelvic paddling may have been done at the surface to move at slow or moderate speeds. At higher speeds fully submerged, undulation of the spine would have become more prominent, though the feet still would have acted as the primary propulsion mechanism.

Based on the pelvis and robust forelimbs, Thewissen believed Ambulocetus was capable of venturing onto land, and was more efficient at doing this than remingtonocetids and protocetids (it is unclear if the latter two were capable of bearing weight on the limbs). Ambulocetus possibly used a sprawling gait on land, similar to modern sea lions. In 2016, Japanese biologists Konami Ando and Shin‐ichi Fujiwara performed a statistical test of ribcage strength among terrestrial, semi-aquatic, and fully aquatic mammals, and found that Ambulocetus clustered with fully aquatic mammals, because they assigned a very high rib density on par with fully aquatic sirenians which use their heavy, osteosclerotic ribs as ballast. They then concluded Ambulocetus could not walk on land, but cautioned the study was limited by a lack of information on the exact density of the bone, the location of the centre of mass, and the reliance of false ribs for thoracic support.

Hearing
Modern cetaceans have highly specialised ear bones to hear underwater as well as to detect certain frequency ranges. Unlike most other mammals, cetacean ear bones are comparatively thick, and so preserve more reliably in the fossil record. Modern cetaceans have air sinuses surrounding the ear bones (peritympanic sinuses), which acoustically isolate the ear by reflecting sound moving through the head and interrupting both bony and fleshy connections of the ear to the skull. Like later archaeocetes, Ambulocetus had at least one such sinus between the tympanic bone and the skull base. The evolution of these sinuses also seems to have caused some restructuring of the skull base due to the development of bony walls surrounding the sinuses. The ectotympanic of all cetaceans, including Pakicetus and Ambulocetus, has a bony growth (involucrum) on the medial lip speculated to aid in the detection of low-frequency sounds. All cetaceans also have a vertical crest ("sigmoid process") right in front of the ear canal, which is speculated to be related to the increasing size of the malleus bone in the middle ear.

As for the outer ear, terrestrial mammals channel sound in via an ear canal, but those of modern cetaceans are either narrowed or completely plugged, the sound being picked up (at least for toothed whales) by a fat pad in the lower jaw running to the ectotympanic bone. The mandibular foramen size can determine the size of the fat pad, and that of Ambulocetus is larger than that of Pakicetus and terrestrial mammals, but is smaller than later archaeocetes and toothed whales. Nonetheless, a lot of the change to the external auditory apparatus occurred between Pakicetus and Ambulocetus. These early archaeocetes may have developed such an external ear to either: better hear underwater; facilitate bone conduction of vibrations on dry land as some low-lying terrestrial creatures do (namely turtles and subterranean mole rats); or it was non-functional, and the malleus and jawbone (which are connected in the embryo stage of mammals) happened to stop separating.

Palaeoecology

During the Eocene, the Indian subcontinent was an island just beginning its collision with Asia which would eventually lead to the uprising of the Himalayas. The Eocene had a greenhouse climate (no permanent ice sheets at the poles) as opposed to the icehouse climate of today, so, in general, areas were much warmer. The abundance of Eocene brown coal deposits preserving tropical biota on the Indian subcontinent indicates the proliferation of tropical rainforests in a hot climate. Mangroves seem to have commonly grown along the subcontinent's western margin in the Early Eocene but decreased nearing the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (a warming trend). The waters off the western coast seem to have featured upwelling and low oxygen.

The holotype was identified in the upper level of the Kuldana Formation at Locality 9209, which features green mud and silt as well as a bed of marine shells, including marine snails (such as Turritella) and bivalves. It was likely a coastal area. A redbed underlies this layer, followed by grey, green, and purple freshwater mud, silts, sandstones, and limestone. These beds alternate with showing marine deposits. The holotype was found in green mud. Near Locality 9209, the formation begins with  of grey and green mud, silt, and sandstone, containing two bivalve beds. The first often stretches only one shell, whereas the second stretches  down, and the formation terminates with a  bed before transitioning to the younger Kohat Formation. The holotype was found a few decimeters above the second bed.

The area may have formed in a shallow sea off the shores of a coastal swamp or forest. The only other vertebrate remain found at the 9209 locality was a (now lost) reptile scute. Other localities of the upper level of the formation have yielded remains of requiem sharks, the fish Stephanodus, catfish, turtles, crocodiles, and the anthracobunid Anthracobune pinfoldi. Other archaeocetes from the formation are: the ambulocetid Gandakasia, the remingtonocetid Attockicetus, and the pakicetids Nalacetus, Pakicetus calcis, and P. chittas. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis indicates Ambulocetus inhabited brackish waters (part fresh and part salt water), possibly at a river mouth.

See also
 Evolution of cetaceans
 Ice Hunt — novel by James Rollins featuring Ambulocetus

Notes

References

External links

Ambulocetidae
Prehistoric cetacean genera
Lutetian life
Eocene mammals of Asia
Fossils of Pakistan
Fossil taxa described in 1994
Transitional fossils


text:
Man You Love to Hate – Live is a live album by the Irish-English alternative rock band My Bloody Valentine. It was released in 1985 on Schuldige Scheitel Productions. The album was recorded on 9 March 1985 at Sputnik-Kino in West Berlin, Germany, as part of the Amigo Records Die Kwahl music festival, and later mixed at Sulo-Studios. The record date is incorrectly credited as "9.2.85" on the cover. The album features the band's original line-up, material from their debut mini album This Is Your Bloody Valentine (1985) and four unreleased songs ("Scavengers", "The Devil Made Me Do It", "The Man You Love to Hate", and "A Town Called Bastard") never known to have been recorded in-studio.

Only a few hundred cassette copies of Man You Love to Hate – Live were pressed and some copies included a plastic sleeve cover with several inlays and promotional inserts. The album went out of print prior to My Bloody Valentine's underground success with their two original studio albums, Isn't Anything (1988) and Loveless (1991). Parergon Records were due to re-release a remastered version of the album on CD in 2003, however, it was not released until 2007.

Track listing

Personnel
My Bloody Valentine
David Conway – vocals
Kevin Shields – guitar, bass guitar, backing vocals
Colm Ó Cíosóig – drums, percussion
Tina Durkin – keyboards

References

External links

1985 live albums
My Bloody Valentine (band) live albums


text:
Березова Гора — село, Смолевицький район, Мінська область

Березова Гора — присілок, Кічменгсько-Городецький район, Вологодська область
 Березова Гора — присілок, Олонецький національний район, Карелія


text:
Dolores Cassinelli, née le  à Chicago et morte le  à New Brunswick, est une actrice américaine. Elle est apparue dans 69 films entre 1911 et 1925.

Biographie

Filmographie

Cinéma
 1916 : N'oublions jamais
 1918 : La Princesse voilée : Therese Verneuil
 1918 : Le million des sœurs jumelles : Princess
 1918 : Zongar : Wanda Vaughan
 1919 : Le droit de mentir : Carlotta
 1919 : Le Ruisseau (The Virtuous Model) d'Albert Capellani : Denise Fleury
 1919 : Les étoiles de la gloire : Doris Parker
 1920 : La flétrissure : Helen Sanderson
 1920 : Le voile du mensonge : Wanda Hubbard / Lucille Hubbard
 1920 : The Hidden Light : Cynthia Holmes
 1921 : Anne of Little Smoky : Gita
 1921 : Forever de George Fitzmaurice : Dolores
 1922 : Secrets of Paris : Lola
 1922 : The Challenge : Barbara Hastings
 1923 : Christopher Columbus : Queen Isabella
 1923 : Jamestown : Pocahontas
 1924 : Coureur de dot de Frank Tuttle  : Signorina Vitale
 1924 : Lend Me Your Husband : Mrs. Seton
 1925 : The Midnight Girl de Wilfred Noy : Nina
 1925 : The Unguarded Hour : Duchess Bianca

Courts-métrages

Liens externes

Actrice américaine du muet
Naissance en juillet 1888
Naissance à Chicago
Décès en avril 1984
Décès à New Brunswick (New Jersey)
Décès à 95 ans


text:
Buddha Park, also known as Xieng Khuan (as well as other variations of the spelling), is a sculpture park 25 km southeast from Vientiane, Laos in a meadow by the Mekong River. Although it is not a temple (Wat), it may be referred to as Wat Xieng Khuan (Lao: ວັດຊຽງຄວນ;) since it contains numerous religious images. The name Xieng Khuan means Spirit City. The park contains over 200 Hindu and Buddhist statues. The socialist government operates Buddha Park as a tourist attraction and public park.

Overview
The park was started in 1958 by Luang Pu (Venerable Grandfather) Bunleua Sulilat. Luang Pu Bunleua Sulilat was a priest-shaman who integrated Hinduism and Buddhism. His unique perspective was influenced by a Hindu rishi under whom he studied in Vietnam. After the revolution in 1975, anxious about the repercussions of the rule of Pathet Lao, he fled from Laos to Thailand where he built another sculpture park, Sala Keoku in Nong Khai. Both parks are located right next to the Thai-Lao border (Mekong river), only a few kilometres apart from each other, and the tallest structures of the Buddha Park can actually be seen from the Thai side of Mekong.

The statues are made of reinforced concrete and are ornate, and sometimes bizarre, in design. The statues appear to be centuries old, though they are not. There are sculptures of humans, gods, animals, and demons. There are numerous sculptures of Buddha, characters of Buddhist beliefs like Avalokiteśvara, and characters of Hindu lore, including Shiva, Vishnu, and Arjuna. These sculptures were presumably cast by unskilled workers under the supervision of Luang Pu Bunleua Sulilat. One notable sculpture resembles a giant pumpkin. It has three stories representing three levels - Hell, Earth and Heaven. Visitors can enter through an opening which is a mouth of a  and climb staircases from hell to heaven. Each story contains sculptures depicting the level. At the top, there is a vantage point where the entire park is visible. Another sculpture, an enormous  reclining Buddha, is also a park attraction.

Buddha park gallery

See also
Wat Rong Khun
Sanctuary of Truth
Wat Pa Maha Chedi Kaew
Park of the Monsters
Visionary environments
Outsider art

References

Notes
John Maizels, Deidi von Schaewen (photo), Angelika Taschen (ed.), Fantasy Worlds, Taschen (2007), pp. 218-219.

External links

Current views of Buddha Park

Buildings and structures in Vientiane
Protected areas of Laos
Colossal Buddha statues
Laotian art
Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in Asia
Visionary environments
20th century in Vientiane
Tourist attractions in Vientiane
Hinduism in Laos
Buddhism in Laos


text:
L'avenue de l'Abbé-Roussel est une avenue du  de Paris.

Situation et accès

Longue de , elle commence 37, rue Lafontaine et finit 30, avenue Théophile-Gautier. Elle est en sens unique.

Le quartier est desservi par la ligne  à la station Église d'Auteuil et par la ligne de bus RATP .

Origine du nom
Cette voie porte le nom de l'abbé Louis Roussel (1825-1897), fondateur de l'œuvre des Orphelins apprentis d'Auteuil.

Historique
Elle a été créée en 1882 comme le prolongement de l'avenue Perrichont dont elle portait le nom avant d'être rebaptisée « avenue de l'Abbé-Roussel » en 1969.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Liste des voies du  arrondissement de Paris

Abbe Roussel
Abbe-Roussel


text:
Schouwen-Duiveland  è un'isola del delta del Reno, della Mosa e della Schelda e una municipalità dei Paesi Bassi di 34.131 abitanti situata nella provincia della Zelanda. Il capoluogo è Zierikzee.

Geografia fisica
L'isola deriva dall'unione di due isole, avvenuta attraverso il prosciugamento di un polder avvenuto nel 1610, l'isola di Schouwen che costituisce la parte occidentale dell'attuale isola e l'isola di Duiveland che ne costituisce la parte orientale.

Suddivisione amministrativa

Note

Voci correlate
Oosterscheldekering

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Жан Пьер Камю (; ) — французский писатель и богослов, чьи романы пользовались большим успехом в XVII веке.

Биография
Камю родился 3 ноября 1584 года в Париже. Получил богословское образование. Рукоположен в священники в 1608 г. Большое влияние на него оказали сочинения Мишеля Монтеня, а затем — идеи Франциска Сальского. Епископ г. Белле (1608), депутат Генеральных штатов (1614), настоятель аббатства Онэ близ Руана, епископ Аррасский (1652). Известен своей критикой нищенствующих орденов, полагал их членов бездельниками. Симпатизировал иезуитам.

Творчество
В общей сложности этот в высшей степени плодовитый автор написал около 260 сочинений. Автор пространного трактата (отдалённо напоминающего «Опыты» Монтеня) «Пёстрая смесь» (Diversitez, 1609—1618), книги «Дух Блаженного Франциска Сальского» («L'Esprit du Bienheureux Francois de Sales», 1641); многочисленных романов, в том числе: «Агатонфил» («Agathonphile», 1621), «Элиза» («Elise», 1621), «Спиридион» («Spiridion», 1623), «Паломба» («Palombe», 1625) и других.
Случай Камю наглядно демонстрирует, сколь зыбкой в XVII веке была грань между «бестселлером» и нравоучительной книгой.

Примечания

Литература
 Чекалов К. А. Формирование массовой литературы во Франции. XVII —— первая треть XVIII века. — М., ИМЛИ РАН. — 2008.
 Пахсарьян Н. Т. К проблеме взаимодействия барокко и романтизма: Жан-Пьер Камю и Жорж Санд // Язык и культура. — М., 2007.
 Robic de Baeque S. Le salut par l'exces. Jean-Pierre Camus (1584—1662), la poetique d'un eveque romancier. — P., Champion. — 2000.
 Vernet M. Jean-Pierre Camus: theorie de la contre-litterature. P., Nizet. — 1995.
 Descrains J. Essais sur J-P Camus. P., Klincksieck. — 1992.
 Costa J. Le conflit moral dans l'oeuvre romanesque de Jean-Pierre Camus. — N.-Y., Franklin. — 1974.

Писатели Франции XVII века
Писатели барокко
Писатели-священники
Католические священники Франции
Епископы Арраса