text:
Dies ist eine Liste von Zeitleisten oder Zeittafeln, die sich momentan in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia befinden.

Einordnung von Zeitleisten
Es gibt verschiedene Arten von Zeitleisten:
 Living graph
 Logarithmic timeline
 Logdatei
 Synchronoptic view
 Interaktive Zeitleisten (Computerspiele, interaktive Medien, interaktive Webseiten, Simulationen, Virtuelle Realität, Augmented Reality)

Generell

 Chronologie des Universums
 Geologische Zeitskala
 Chronologie der Erdgeschichte
 Jahreskalender
 Zeittafel der Menschheitsgeschichte

Wissenschaft
 Zeittafel Botanik
 Zeittafel der Evolutionsforschung
 Zeittafel Tauchen
 Chronologie der portugiesischen Entdeckungen
 Goldenes Zeitalter der Antarktis-Forschung

Astronomie und Raumfahrt
 Zeittafel Astronomie
 Zeitleiste der Erkundung des Weltraums
 Zeittafel Sonnenforschung
 Chronologie der Venus-Missionen
 Chronologie der Mars-Missionen
 Chronologie der Merkur-Missionen
 Chronologie der Mond-Missionen
 Chronologie der Raumsonden zu Kometen und Asteroiden
 Chronologie der Sonden ins äußere Sonnensystem
 Chronologie der Sonnensonden
 Liste der Entdeckungen der Planeten und ihrer Monde
 Liste der Listen der orbitalen Raketenstarts

Philosophie
 Zeittafel zur Philosophiegeschichte

Medizin, Physiologie, Gesundheit und Biowissenschaften
 Zeittafel medizinischer Fortschritte
 Liste von Epidemien und Pandemien
 Chronik der COVID-19-Pandemie in den Vereinigten Staaten

Technologie
 Chronologie der Technik
 Zeittafel der Fotografie
 Zeittafel der Programmiersprachen
 Zeittafel der Streckenelektrifizierung in Deutschland
 Zeittafel physikalischer Entdeckungen
 Chronologie der Luftfahrt
 Zeittafel der zivilen Luftfahrt
 Chronologie der Hypertext-Technologien
 Chronologie des Fernsehens
 Chronologie des Internets
 Liste von Datendiebstählen

Gegenwartskultur und Entertainment

 Zeitleisten von Star Trek
 Chronologie der australischen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
 Chronologie der deutschen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
 Chronologie der englischen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
 Chronologie der französischen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
 Chronologie der schottischen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
 Chronologie der schwedischen Kinder- und Jugendliteratur
 Zeittafel zur Geschichte des Phantasialands

Politik, Aktivismus, Gesetze, Verwaltung und Regierung
 Zeittafel zur Geschichte des Naturschutzes
 Chronologie der Dreyfus-Affäre
 Chronologie der Rassengesetze der Vereinigten Staaten
 Chronologie der Sklaverei in den Vereinigten Staaten
 Chronologie der Sodomiegesetze in den Vereinigten Staaten
 Chronologie des Wasserbaus an der Hamburger Unterelbe
 Zeittafel der Proteste in der Türkei 2013
 Zeittafel der Präsidenten Chiles
 Liste der Besuche von US-Präsidenten in Deutschland
 Chronologie der tyrischen Könige

Naturkatastrophen
 Liste von Katastrophen
 Chronologie zur Katastrophenhilfe beim Erdbeben in Haiti 2010
 Chronologie der Katastrophe in Japan von 2011
 Chronologie des Erdbebens, Tsunamis und der Reaktoren-Katastrophe in Japan 2011

Religion
 Zeittafel Geschichte des Christentums
 Chronologie des Christentums
 Zeitleiste der Päpste
 Zeittafel zur Geschichte der Täufer
 Zeittafel zur Geschichte der Baptisten
 Chronologie des Lebens Jesu
 Zeittafel der Bahai-Religion
 Zeittafel zum Buddhismus
 Chronologie des Korans

Konflikte, Kriege und Terrorismus
 Zeittafel Reconquista
 Zeittafel Rote Armee Fraktion
 Zeittafel der Indianerkriege
 Zeittafel des Dreißigjährigen Krieges
 Zeittafel des Falklandkrieges
 Zeittafel des Philippinisch-Amerikanischen Krieges
 Zeittafel des Salpeterkrieges
 Zeittafel zum Dreißigjährigen Krieg
 Zeittafel zum Ersten Weltkrieg
 Zeittafel zum Zweiten Weltkrieg
 Chronologie der nationalsozialistischen Machtergreifung
 Zeittafel Schweiz im Zweiten Weltkrieg
 Chronologie der Kollaboration der Vichy-Regierung beim Holocaust
 Chronologie des Westfeldzuges 1940
 Zeittafel zur Französischen Revolution
 Chronologie der Diadochenkriege
 Chronologie der Unruhen in Osttimor 2006
 Chronologie des Pazifikkrieges
 Chronologie des Syrischen Bürgerkriegs
 Chronologie des israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikts
 Chronik des Bürgerkriegs in Libyen (2011)
 Militärkampagnen im Nordwesten Britisch-Indiens
 Liste von Anschlägen auf Juden und jüdische Einrichtungen in den Vereinigten Staaten
 Liste von Anschlägen im Schienenverkehr
 Liste von antisemitischen Anschlägen und Angriffen im deutschsprachigen Raum nach 1945

Wirtschaft
 Zeittafel zur Verstaatlichung der iranischen Ölindustrie
 Zeittafel des Staßfurter Salzbergbaus
 Chronologie der Finanzkrise ab 2007
 Chronologie der Julikrise 1914
 Chronologie der reichsten Deutschen
 Liste von aufsehenerregenden Vorfällen im Zusammenhang mit Entwicklung, Vermarktung oder Anwendung von Arzneimitteln

Völker und geographisch

 Chronik der deutschen Teilung
Städte und Gemeinden
 Chronologie der Hansestadt Lübeck
 Chronologie der Stadt Soest
 Liste der Stadtoberhäupter von Braunschweig
 Chronik der Stadt Düren
 Chronik der Gemeinde Fahrenwalde
 Geschichte der Stadt Mülheim an der Ruhr
Regionen und Reiche
 Zeittafel islamischer Dynastien
 Chronologie des antiken Nahen Ostens
 Chronologie des präkolumbischen Mesoamerikas
 Chronologie des römischen Reiches
 Chronologie des südlich-zentralen Andenraums
 Chronologie von Mogontiacum
 Zeittafel zur Geschichte der Burg Westerhof
 Zeittafel von Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône
 Zeittafel zur Unterelbregion
 Liste der Besitzer von Schöneiche bei Berlin
 Liste der Belagerungen Wiens

Andere
 Chronologien der altorientalischen Geschichtsschreibung
 Liste der griechischsprachigen Geschichtsschreiber der Antike
 Liste der historischen Expeditionen nach Ägypten
 Liste von Rutschungen im Bergbau

Siehe auch

 Jahresübersicht (Kategorie)
 Chronologie
 Geschichtswissenschaft
 Geschichte (Kategorie)
 Artikel mit dem Präfix "Geschichte"

!
Geschichtswissenschaft
Zeittafeln


text:
Le massacre des coupe-coupe, appelé aussi massacre de Kobkob ou massacre d'al-Sattour, est un massacre survenu dans le Territoire du Tchad le , à Abéché dans la province de Ouadai ;  et  hommes y ont été tués par les troupes coloniales françaises.

Contexte
Le 23 octobre 1917, le maréchal des logis Guyader a été tué par des coups de couteau au marché d'Abéché, et un sous-officier a été blessé. Le chef de la circonscription, le commandant Gérard, a soupçonné les notables de Ouadai et les faqih d'avoir monté un complot contre les Français - ce que des sources historiques réfutent.

Les événements du massacre
Le matin du 15 novembre, le commandant Gérard ordonne aux tirailleurs d'assassiner l'aguid (chef militaire) de Dokom et de ses hommes, soit cinquante-six personnes, ainsi que plus de vingt faqîh (maîtres coraniques). Ils sont décapités et leurs têtes sont posées en deux rangées à l'entrée de la circonscription, à l'emplacement actuel du monument aux morts d'Abéché. Le cheikh des Mahamid a également été arrêté et tué à Biltine, avec une quarantaine de ses proches et alliés. Toutes les maisons de la région de Chig-el-Fakara sont pillées et une vingtaine de personnalités politiques et religieuses influentes déportées vers d'autres pays d'Afrique équatoriale française.

Selon d'autres sources, les troupes françaises ont rassemblé les meilleurs érudits islamiques de la région pour une réunion ostensiblement destinée à parler de la gestion du pays sous domination française et de la façon de conduire ses affaires : près de 400 religieux et dirigeants locaux se sont réunis dans la ville d'Abéché, où ils ont été massacrés ; ces savants ont été enterrés dans une fosse commune, dans le cimetière encore existant aujourd'hui.

Réactions
Dans un rapport daté du 6 mars 1918, il a été mentionné que le complot était évident, et malgré les efforts déployés par l'armée pour l'étouffer, l'affaire circula petit à petit au cours de l'année 1918 et fit scandale.

Le 3 juillet 1918, Gérard fut finalement destitué par le gouverneur Frédéric Estèbe, secrétaire général de l'Afrique-Équatoriale française, et la justice militaire ouvrit une information ; Gérard s'est présenté devant son conseil d'enquête en 1922 et a dû quitter l'armée.

Références

Histoire du Tchad
Novembre 1917
Coupe-coupe

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Длъбочица или Дълбочица () е село в Северна Македония, в община Крива паланка.

География
Селото е разположено в областта Славище на Бащевската река, на 7 километра западно от общинския център Крива паланка.

История
В края на XIX век Длъбочица е българско село в Кривопаланска каза на Османската империя. Според статистиката на Васил Кънчов ("Македония. Етнография и статистика") от 1900 година Длъбочица е населявано от 500 жители българи християни.

Цялото население на селото е под върховенството на Българската екзархия. По данни на секретаря на екзархията Димитър Мишев ("La Macédoine et sa Population Chrétienne") в 1905 година в Длъбочица има 576 българи екзархисти.

През ноември 1906 година селото (общо 69 къщи) е принудено от сръбската пропаганда да се откаже от Екзархията и е обявено за сръбско. След Младотурската революция от 1908 г., поради убийствата и заплахите на сръбския войвода Спас Гарда, жителите на Длъбочица не се решават да преминат открито под върховенството на Българската Екзархия, но приемат български свещеници.

При избухването на Балканската война в 1912 година 4 души от селото са доброволци в Македоно-одринското опълчение.

По време на Първата световна война Дълбочица има 544 жители.

В 1928 година е построена църквата "Свети Никола".

В 1961 година в селото има 510 жители, а според преброяването от 2002 – 144, всички македонци.

Личности
 Родени в Длъбочица
  Станойко Атанасов, македоно-одрински опълченец, 35-годишен, зидар, 4 рота на 10 прилепска дружина, 3 рота на 11 сярска дружина
  Андон Симеонов, македоно-одрински опълченец, 24-годишен, зидар, 3 рота на 11 сярска дружина
  Мите Спасов, македоно-одрински опълченец, 26-годишен, работник, 2 рота на 2 скопска дружина
  Теодоси Стоянов, македоно-одрински опълченец, 3 рота на 7 кумановска дружина

 Починали в Длъбочица
  Александър Иванов Пипонков, български военен деец, поручик, загинал през Втората световна война

Външни препратки
 Официален сайт на община Крива паланка

Бележки

Села в община Крива паланка


text:
Biografia
Fra i più giovani partigiani del gruppo Manouchian c'è Rino Della Negra, operaio e calciatore dilettante nella primavera del "Red Star Olympique" di Parigi nato nel 1923 a Vimy (Pas de Calais) da genitori italiani originari del Friuli, che arriva ad Argenteuil (dipartimento del Val-d'Oise, banlieue nord-ovest di Parigi) nel 1926. Dal 1937 lavora alle officine Chausson di Asnières. Nel febbraio 1943, invece di partire per la Germania nel STO, entra nei gruppi FTP-MOI, partecipando il 7 giugno 1943 all'esecuzione del generale von Apt in rue Maspéro, il 10 giugno 1943 all'attacco della sede centrale del partito fascista italiano in rue Sédillot, il 23 giugno 1943 all'attacco della caserma Guynemer a Rueil-Malmaison ed il 12 novembre 1943 all'attacco di un portavalori tedesco nel corso del quale viene arrestato.
Giudicato insieme agli altri membri del gruppo Manouchian nel febbraio 1944, è condannato a morte e fucilato nel forte del Mont-Valérien il 21 febbraio insieme ad altri tre connazionali Spartaco Fontanot, Cesare Luccarini ed Amedeo Usseglio. È seppellito nel Cimitero parigino d'Ivry.

Voci correlate
 L'affiche rouge

Collegamenti esterni
 Il sito del Red Star 93 rende omaggio a Rino Della Negra

Partigiani francesi


text:
Cardinale est une commune italienne de la province de Catanzaro dans la région Calabre en Italie.

Administration

Hameaux
Novalba

Communes limitrophes
Argusto, Brognaturo, Chiaravalle Centrale, Davoli, Gagliato, San Sostene, Satriano, Simbario, Torre di Ruggiero

Notes et références

Commune dans la province de Catanzaro


text:
Ladingconjugatie is de transformatie van deeltjes in hun antideeltjes. Als er sprake is van een symmetrie zijn de fysische wetten dus symmetrisch onder deze transformatie, dit wordt C-symmetrie van charge conjugation genoemd.

De Maxwell vergelijkingen zijn invariant onder deze transformatie.

Onder de combinatie van deze transformaties blijven de fysische eigenschappen gelijk, de dynamica verandert niet.

Aangezien enkel de massa van deeltjes invloed heeft op de gravitatiekracht, is de gravitatiekracht invariant onder ladingconjugatie.

Deze symmetrie geldt dus voor elektromagnetisme en de gravitatiekracht, het geldt ook voor de sterke wisselwerking, maar niet voor de zwakke wisselwerking.

Zie ook
 Pariteitsymmetrie
 CP-symmetrie

Kwantummechanica
Deeltje


text:
Duktalni karcinom in situ (DCIS) je predrakava in neinvazivna sprememba v dojki, ki nastane v mlečnih izvodilih (kanalčkih  v dojki, po katerih teče materino mleko v času dojenja do bradavice). Spremenjene celice ne rastejo zunaj izvodil (ne prodirajo skozi bazalno membrano) in se ne širijo zunaj tkiva dojke, vendar pa lahko DCIS napreduje v invazivno obliko, če se ne zdravi. Po razvrstitvi TMN spada v stadij 0. Redko povzroča simptome in sprememba v dojki je le redko tipna. DCIS običajno diagnosticirajo z mamografskim pregledom v programih presejanja. DCIS diagnosticirajo tudi pri znatnem deležu moških (glej rak dojke pri moških).

Pri duktalnem karcinomu in situ se nenormalno spremenjene celice nahajajo v epiteliju enega ali več mlečnih izvodil. V latinščini in situ pomeni »na (normalnem) mestu« in izraz se nanaša na dejstvo, da se celice niso razširile na okolne strukture. Ker še rakave celice niso postale invazivne, spada DCIS med predrakave spremembe. Pri določenem deležu bolnikov lahko DCIS napreduje v invazivno bolezen in se razširi v druga tkiva. Ni pa možno napovedati, katere predrakave lezije ne bodo postale invazivne brez ustreznega zdravljenja. Zaradi visoke verjetnosti prehoda v invazivno obliko ga je treba zdraviti. Vendar pa večina primerov DCIS ostane indolentnih (rastejo počasi, niso invazivni in ne zasevajo), zato trenutna doktrina zdravljenja vseh bolnikov verjetno predstavlja prekomerno uporabo zdravljenja pri določenem deležu bolnikov.

DCIS zajema spekter bolezni, od lezij nizke stopnje, ki niso življenjsko ogrožajoči, do lezij visoke stopnje, ki so lahko potencialno zelo agresivne.

DCIS se lahko razvršča v različne tipe glede na arhitekturne vzorce celic (solidni, kribriformni, papilarni ali mikropapilarni karcinom), stopnjo tumorja (tumor nizke, stednje ali visoke stopnje), prisotnost ali odsotnost komedonov, ali posebne značilnost celic, ki tvorijo tumor (kot velja za apokrini duktalni karcinom in situ). DCIS se lahko prepozna z mamografijo, in sicer so vidne mikrokalcinacije tkiva. Vendar pa so lahko mikrokalcifikacije prisotne tudi v odsotnosti DCIS, zato je za dokončno postavitev diagnoze potrebna biopsija.

Okoli 20–30 % pacientov z duktalnim karcinomom in situ razvije invazivni rak dojke. Gre za najpogostejšo predrakavo spremembo dojke pri ženskah. Glede uvrščanja med prave rakave bolezni ni pravega soglasja; nekatere ustanove ga prištevajo med rakave bolezni v svojih statistikah, druge pa ga ne zajemajo v statistike raka.

Izrazje
Duktalni karcinom in situ (DCIS) dobesedno pomeni prisotnost skupkov »rakavih« epitelijskih celic, ki ostajajo na svojem normalnem mestu (in situ) znotraj mlečnih izvodil mlečne žleze. Klinično spada med predrakave (oziroma potencialno rakave) spremembe, ker še biološko nenormalne celice niso predrle bazalne membrane in naselile okolnega tkiva. Če je prisotnih več lezij (imenovanih žarišča ali fokusi) v različnih kvadrantih dojke, gre za tako imenovani multicentrični karcinom.

Za namene statističnega spremljanja rakavih bolezni nekatere ustanove DCIS uvrščajo med »rake«, medtem ko druge ne. V primeru uvrščanja DCIS med rakave bolezni ga označujejo kot neinvazivno ali predinvazivno obliko. Ameriški Nationalni inštitut za raka ga opisuje kot »neinvazivno stanje«.

Znaki in simptomi

Večina bolnikov oziroma bolnic z duktalnim karcinomom in situ je brezsimptomnih. Bolezen v tej stopnji običajno odkrijejo med presejalnim testom z mamografijo. Pri nekaterih bolnikih se lahko pojavi zatrdlina v dojki ali izcedek iz bradavice.

Zdravljenje
Obstajajo različni načini zdravljenja duktalnega karcinoma in situ. Ameriški Nacionalni inštitut za raka priporoča operacijo, ki ji lahko sledi adjuvantno zdravljenje z obsevanjem ali s tamoksifenom. Slovenske smernice za zdravljenje raka dojke prav tako priporočajo kirurško zdravljenje (ohranitveno operacijo dojke), ki mu sledi obsevanje. Obsevanje se lahko opusti pri manjših tumorjih, zlasti pri starejših bolnicah in tumorjih nizke stopnje. Po lokalnem zdravljenju lahko sledi še hormonsko zdravljenje.

Kirurško zdravljenje zajema lumpektomijo (odstranitev novotvorbe) ali mastektomijo (delno ali popolno odstranitev prizadete dojke). Lumpektomija se običajno kombinira še z obsevanjem. Hormonsko zdravljenje s tamoksifenom se lahko uporabi, če celice karcinoma izražajo estrogenske receptorje. Raziskave kažejo na primerljivo preživetje po lumpektomiji ali mastektomiji, ne glede na to, ali lumpektomiji sledi še obsevalno zdravljenje. Kemoterapija ni potrebna, saj DCIS ni invazivna rakava bolezen.

Kirurška odstranitev novotvorbe oziroma dojke zmanjša tveganje za pojav raka, vendar pa tudi brez zdravljenja (ki prinaša tudi neželene učinke) številni bolniki nikoli ne zbolijo za rakom dojke. Podatki o primerjavi kirurškega zdravljenja in zgolj skrbnega spremljanja bolezni niso na voljo, vendar nekateri menijo, da bi bilo skrbno spremljanje lahko ustrezen pristop za nekatere bolnike.

Obsevanje
Ohranitvena operacija dojke (lumpektomija), ki ji sledi obsevalno zdravljenje, daje v primerjavi z mastektomijo enakovredne rezultate glede preživetja, ima pa nekoliko večje tveganje za ponovitev bolezni v isti dojki v obliki DCIS ali invazivnega raka dojke. Sistematični pregledi raziskav (vključno s Cochranovim pregledom) kažejo na manjše tveganje za ponovitev DCIS ali kasnejšega razvoja invazivnega raka dojke, če ohranitveni operaciji dojke sledi še obsevanje, v primerjavi le z ohranitveno operacijo dojke, ni pa razlike v smrtnosti. Cochranov pregled raziskav tudi ni našel dokaza, da obsevanje prinaša dolgoročne škodljive učinke. Avtorji sistematičnega preglednega članka sicer izpostavljajo, da so za dokončne zaključke glede dolgoročne toksičnosti potrebna še dolgotrajnejša spremljanja bolnic, hkrati pa navajajo, da tehnična izboljšanja pri obsevanju pomagajo pri dodatni omejitvi izpostavljenosti zdravih tkiv obsevanju. Priporočajo, da bolnice pred obsevalnim zdravljenjem prejmejo obširne informacije o morebitnih neželenih učinkih obsevanja.

Dodatno obsevalno zdravljenje po ohranitveni operaciji dojke zmanjša tveganje za ponovitev rakave bolezni na okoli 12 %, pri čemer se bolezen pri okoli polovici bolnic ponovi v obliki DCIS, pri približno polovici pa nastane invazivni rak dojke. Tveganje za ponovitev bolezni po mastektomiji je okoli 1 %.

Mastektomija
Ni dokazov, da bi mastektomija učinkoviteje zmanjšala tveganje za smrtni izid v primerjavi z lumpektomijo. Vendar pa lahko mastektomija zmanjša tveganje za ponovitev DCIS ali pojav invazivnega raka dojke na istem mestu v dojki.

Mastektomija ostaja priporočena oblika kirurškega zdravljenja, kadar so po lokalni eksciziji tumorja prisotni mikroskopski ostanki bolezni, ki segajo v kirurški rob, ali če ob diagnozi DCIS obstaja dokaz o sumljivih difuznih mikrokalcinacijah.

Biopsija varovalnih bezgavk
V nekaterih centrih za zdravljenje raka dojke so zaradi podatkov o višjih deležih ponovitev raka dojke v obliki invazivne bolezni po mastektomiji zaradi prisotnega DCIS uvedli rutinsko biopsiranje varovalnih bezgavk. Vendar pa raziskave kažejo, da prinaša biopsija varovalnih bezgavk pri večini bolnic z DCIS več tveganja kot koristi. Razmislek o biopsiji varovalnih bezgavk se tako priporoča pri bolnicah z diagnosticiranim visokotveganim DCIS (tumor III. stopnje, ki je tipljiv ali na sliki obsežnejši) ter pri bolnicah, pri katerih se po diagnozi DCIS z debeloigelno ali ekscizijsko biopsijo opravi  mastektomija.

Sklici

Rak dojke


text:
The Belozersky Bypass Canal () is a canal around the south-western part of Lake Beloye in Belozersky District of Vologda Oblast in north-western Russia. It connects Kovzha River to Sheksna River, and is part of the Volga–Baltic Waterway. The length of the canal is . The canal passes the town of Belozersk.

The first plans to dig a canal connecting the basins of the Neva and the Volga were developed in 1710 during the reign of Tsar Peter the Great. In the beginning of the 19th century, the system was actually constructed. It was open in 1810 and got the name of the Mariinsky Canal System. In particular, the waterway followed the Sheksna River, Lake Beloye, the Kovzha River, and the canal connected to the Vytegra River. However, Lake Beloye was an inconvenient piece due to frequent dangerous storms, and also because it was too shallow in the area close to the source of the Sheksna. These conditions often caused shipwrecks.

A number of proposals were submitted which aimed at resolving the problems. In particular, construction of artificial islands was suggested. Mercant Stolbikov from Belozersk obtained a concession to tow the boats over the lake in bad weather. These means, however, proved to be inefficient, and Belozersk merchants asked Tsar Alexander I for a permission to build a bypass canal. The permission was obtained and the works started but were never completed.

In 1830s, merchants asked for permission again, and the construction started in 1843. The level of the canal was  higher than the level of the Sheksna entrance and  higher than the level of the Kovzha entrance. The construction was completed in 1846.

The eastern entrance to the canal was several kilometers downstream of the village of Krokhino, and thus Krokhino, which was previously one of the main navigation hubs, suddenly was left off the waterway. The population of Belozersk also suffered losses from the opening of the canal, since the boatsman skills and knowledge of the bottom of Lake Beloye were not needed anymore.

Generally, however, the construction of the canal was a great economic success, and by 1870, 70% of the total amount of water goods transportation was along the Mariinsky Canal System. The canal was reconstructed in the 20th century.

References

Canals in Russia
Buildings and structures in Vologda Oblast
CBelozersky
Canals opened in 1810
Transport in Vologda Oblast


text:
Paracombe är en ort i Australien. Den ligger i kommunen Adelaide Hills och delstaten South Australia, omkring 19 kilometer nordost om delstatshuvudstaden Adelaide. Antalet invånare är .

Runt Paracombe är det glesbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer.. Närmaste större samhälle är Adelaide, omkring 19 kilometer sydväst om Paracombe.

I omgivningarna runt Paracombe växer i huvudsak blandskog. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är juli, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är december, med  mm nederbörd.

Källor

Orter i South Australia


text:
La Barillette (1,525 m) is one of the highest points of Canton Vaud's Jura mountains in Switzerland.

Mountains of Switzerland
Mountains of the canton of Vaud
Mountains of the Jura
One-thousanders of Switzerland


text:
Ragging is the term used for the so-called "initiation ritual" practiced in higher education institutions in the Indian subcontinent, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The practise is similar to hazing in North America,  in France,  in Portugal, and other similar practices in educational institutions across the world. Ragging involves abuse, humiliation, or harassment of new entrants or junior students by the senior students. It often takes a malignant form wherein the newcomers may be subjected to psychological or physical torture.
In 2009, the University Grants Commission of India imposed regulations upon Indian universities to help curb ragging and launched a toll-free 'anti-ragging helpline'.

Ragging is a subset of bullying. Unlike various complex forms of bullying, ragging is easily recognisable.

According to University Grants Commission (India)'s anti-ragging cell data, 511 complaints of ragging were registered in India in 2021. Inaction and underreporting were cited as major causes of encouraging ragging. Medical colleges lead in ragging complaints, with most from the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

Dress code ragging

The freshmen are asked to dress in a specific dress code for a particular period of time. The dress code prescribed is generally unusual, e.g. dressing completely in white or black with the hair oiled and combed in a particular style, dressing in shirts that do not contain stripes, dressing in long skirts for girls. Dress code ragging may make freshmen feel uncomfortable, as it often brings them unnecessary attention from everybody else. Some cases say that the juniors were also forced to carry condom packs with their penis size written on the pack mandatorily as an attempt at further abuse.

Verbal abuse

Verbal torture involves indulging in loose talks. The freshmen may be asked to sing the lyrics of any vulgar song or use abusive language in the presence of a large number of peers.  During this time, seniors assign an abusive and demeaning nickname, known as card, to the juniors and they have to be called by that name throughout their entire university life. In some universities, this nickname is changed to a less vulgar name after the ragging period. These aliases are used primarily as a means of preventing the university authorities identifying the students who are involved in ragging and other unlawful activities. The form of verbal ragging differs from one institution to another. In some universities, students have to memorize poems made up of filth and recite them in front of others. The juniors had to call seniors as sir/ma'am and in some cases the juniors are told to refer all male seniors as "Baap", i.e. father, in order to abuse the senior.

Physical abuse

The freshers are asked to do various tasks, such as sit-ups or push-ups, sitting in the murga pose, being forced to address seniors as 'sir'/'ma'am' , or removing their shirts. On an attempt to resist carrying out the activities, they may beat the fresher with bats or slap them.

Though, in India, if a complaint is lodged against that senior, he/she (and others who were present that time) will be given a strict punishment such as expulsion from university, imprisonment for a year etc.

Sexual abuse

The freshers, mostly the male juniors, were often made to strip all their clothes and stand naked in front of their seniors and are entitled to other kind of sexual abuse as well. Several reports present that boys were often made completely naked in hostels in the name of ragging and ice-breaking. Earlier times reported boys being completely naked at public places as well like railway stations as a part of ragging which is very humiliating. Other kinds of sexual abuse also used to happen. Some answers on Quora say that boys were forced to drink urine, swallow semen, masturbate and much more sexually abusive and humiliating things under the name of ragging.

Academic performance

The seniors may attempt to harass or threaten the junior to complete their assignments, bunk classes, not to take part in any activities or be a part of clubs related to politics etc. But sometimes reverse is done by not letting freshers to do any academic related activity except for attending lectures during university hours which is said to be in order to prepare the freshers for heavier workloads during their upcoming years.

Although it comes under extreme cases of ragging and on complaint will lead to strict punishment to the seniors.

In India

Several highly reputed Indian colleges, especially medical ones have a history of ragging. Sometimes it is even considered to be a college tradition. It has become increasingly unpopular due to several complaints of serious injury to the victims and stringent laws pertaining to ragging. At the national level, ragging is currently defined as: "Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background."

Following Supreme Court orders, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was launched by the Indian government.

A high-level committee in 2009, which probed the death of Aman Kachroo, revealed that alcohol was the main reason leading to serious forms of ragging and violence in the campus.

A report from 2007 highlights 42 instances of physical injury, and reports on ten deaths purportedly the result of ragging. Ragging has reportedly caused at least 30 deaths in the last seven years. In 2007, approximately seven ragging deaths were reported. In addition, a number of freshmen were severely traumatised to the extent that they were admitted to mental institutions.

Ragging in India commonly involves serious abuses and clear violations of human rights. Often media reports and others unearth that it goes on, in many institutions, in the infamous Abu Ghraib style, and on innocent victims.

However, the Anti-Ragging NGO Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE) has supported that ragging is also widely and dangerously prevalent in engineering and other institutions, mainly in the hostels.

Anti-Ragging Helpline and anonymous complaints
Following a Supreme Court order, a National Anti-Ragging Helpline was created to help the victims and take action in cases of ragging, by informing the head of the institution and the local police authorities of the ragging complaint from the college. The main feature of the helpline is that the complaints can be registered anonymously.

India's National Anti-Ragging Helpline started working in June 2009 to help students in distress due to ragging. It can be reached through email and a 24-hour toll-free number. Provision for anonymous complaints was considered of utmost important at the time of establishment of the helpline, since the victim after making the complaint remains with or close to the culprits, away from a fully secure environment. Since many ragging deaths, like Aman Kachroo's, occurred due to seniors taking a revenge of the complaint made, anonymous complaints were equally allowed at the helpline.

As per UGC regulations, it is mandatory for a college to register an F.I.R. with police against the culprits if any violence, physical abuse, sexual harassment, confinement etc. takes place with any fresher. After receiving any such complaint from the helpline, it becomes the duty of the head of the institution to register the F.I.R. with police within 24 hours. In 2013, a police case was registered against the director, dean and registrar of a reputed college in Delhi for, among other charges, not informing the police and registering F.I.R. within 24 hours of receiving the ragging complaint. (failing to inform a public authority, IPC 176).

The database of the Anti-Ragging Helpline indicates that it has been to an extent successful in ensuring a safer environment in colleges from where it registered the complaints. In many cases, it forwarded the complaint to the University Grants Commission (UGC) for an action against those colleges which refused to take any action against the culprits.

Controversy
A major concern that was highlighted against the helpline was that it registered a minuscule percentage (0.1%) of the total phone calls it received. Specifically, the toll-free helpline (1800-180-5522) received  calls in the three months of November 2012 to January 2013, but only 190 complaints were registered in this period. In its defence, the helpline said that most of the calls it received were of inquiry in nature, of the eager students to know whether the helpline number worked or not. Some students changed their minds midway not to register the complaint. It also said that many of the calls were hoaxes as it was a toll-free number.

Legislation
In 1997, the state of Tamil Nadu first passed laws related to ragging. Subsequently, a major boost to anti-ragging efforts was given by a landmark judgement of the Supreme Court of India in May 2001, in response to a Public Interest Litigation filed by the Vishwa Jagriti Mission.

Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999
In 1999, the Government of Maharashtra enacted the Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999 to prohibit ragging which it defines as the:Display of disorderly conduct, doing of any act which causes or is likely to cause physical or psychological harm or raise apprehension or fear or shame or embarrassment to a student in any educational institution and includes— (i) teasing, abusing, threatening or playing practical jokes on, or causing hurt to, such student ; or (ii) asking a student to do any act or perform something which such student will not, in the ordinary course, willingly, do.

The objective of the act is to create a framework to establish ragging as a criminal act, and lay out possible punishments under the law. Section 4 of the Act states: "Whoever directly or indirectly commits, participates in, abets or propagates ragging within or outside any educational institution shall, on conviction, be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years and shall also be liable to a fine which may extend to ten thousand rupees."

Students who have been convicted under this act may also be dismissed from their educational institution, and not be allowed to enroll in any other educational institution for five years. In addition, the act lays out a procedure by which education institutions should handle accusations of ragging, with suspension of the accused student(s) and investigation of the allegations, and holds those institutions accountable if they fail to act in the manner described. Under Section 7 of the Act, the head of the institution who fails or neglects to properly investigate such allegations :"shall be deemed to have abetted the offense of ragging and shall, on conviction, be punished as provided for in section 4",  In other words, the school principal, chancellor, or other head faces the same punishment as a student who has been accused and convicted under this law.

It was applied in 2013, and resulted in the suspension of six students from Rajiv Gandhi Medical College in Mumbai. The most notable case in which it has been applied is the Suicide of Payal Tadvi, in which three senior medical students were charged under this act as well as under the Scheduled Caste and the Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, and the Information Technology Act, 2000. The charge-sheet filed by the Mumbai Police alleges that the ragging in this case consisted of harassment, humiliation, and discrimination, which directly led to her suicide. Since 2018, at the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, the university which supervises the Topiwala National Medical College where Payal Tadvi studied, six of seven accusations of ragging could not proven.  In 2010, 18 students at the Seth GS Medical College were arrested and charged with ragging under the Act.

In 2015, L.K. Kshirsagar, principle of the Maharashtra Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, was arrested and charged under Section 7 of the Act, for failing to investigate and neglecting his duties under the law, in a case involving three students who had been accused of ragging the previous year.

In June 2019, after the suicide of Payal Tadvi, there were calls to strengthen the anti-ragging laws to check anti-caste bias. The law itself does not mention caste-based discrimination or other specific forms of bias.

Central Government and Supreme Court Legislation

The Indian Supreme Court has taken a strong stand to prevent ragging. In 2006, the court directed the H.R.D. Ministry of the Govt. of India to form a panel which will suggest guidelines to control ragging.

The Ministry of Human Resources Development (MHRD), following a directive by the Supreme Court, appointed a seven-member panel headed by former CBI director Dr. R. K. Raghavan to recommend anti-ragging measures. The Raghavan Committee report, submitted to the court in May 2007, includes a proposal to include ragging as a special section under the Indian Penal Code. The Supreme Court of India interim order (based on the recommendations) dated 16 May 2007 makes it obligatory for academic institutions to file official First Information Reports with the police in any instance of a complaint of ragging. This would ensure that all cases would be formally investigated under the criminal justice system, and not by the academic institutions' own ad-hoc bodies.

Welcoming the Supreme Court's judgment on ragging, Dr. Raghavan said, "there are finally signs that the recommendations to prevent ragging in colleges will be taken seriously".

In 2007, the Supreme Court directed that all the higher educational institutions should include information about all the ragging incidents in their brochures/prospectus of admission.

2009 UGC Regulation

In 2009, in the wake of Aman Kachroo's death, the University Grants Commission (UGC) passed UGC regulation on curbing ragging in higher educational institutions. These regulation mandate every college responsibilities to curb ragging, including strict pre-emptive measures, like lodging freshers in a separate hostel, surprise raids at night by the anti-ragging squad and submission of affidavits by all senior students and their parents taking oath not to indulge in ragging.

Subsequently, UGC has made few amendments to the Regulation. As per these,

 It is no longer required to get the verification of the affidavit done by an oath commissioner.
 The definition of ragging is updated to read: "Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background."

Anti-ragging movement in India
With the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is emerging a spontaneous anti-ragging movement in India. Several voluntary organisations have emerged, who conduct drives for public awareness and arrange for support to victims.

Online groups like Coalition to Uproot Ragging from Education (CURE), Stopragging, No Ragging Foundation became the major anti-ragging groups on the Internet. Among them, the No Ragging Foundation has transformed into a complete NGO and got registered as Society Against Violence in Education (SAVE) which is India's first registered anti-ragging nonprofit organisation (NGO).

The Indian media has exposed ragging incidents and the indifference of many concerned institutions towards curbing the act. The Supreme Court of India has directed, in its interim judgement, that action may be taken against negligent institutions.

In Sri Lanka

Ragging is widely prevalent in Sri Lanka.

There is no record to suggest that ragging is an indigenous phenomenon or was present in the ancient Sri Lankan educational institutions such as Mahavihara or Abhayagiri Vihara. It is widely considered to have been introduced during the post-World War II era. Sri Lankan soldiers returning from war re-entered the college educational system and brought with them the tradition and techniques of military style ragging. These techniques were used in the military as a mechanism of breaking down an individual so that success was achieved through team effort rather than personal goals or motivation. As fewer military persons entered the universities, ragging devolved into a violent and hazardous exercise that has been largely utilized for political purposes and thuggery.

Ragging continues in most government universities and several private institutions with some efforts being made to contain the problem although there is hesitation from administrations to get involved. These efforts have been largely hindered by students themselves who consider ragging as a rite of passage. The creation of 'safe spaces' and travelling in larger groups are just some techniques employed by a growing movement of students trying to combat ragging.

Traditionally, ragging would entail seniors mocking or jeering at freshers within a dedicated period of time – usually the first few months of an undergraduate's university life. This period is known as the 'ragging period'. In Sri Lanka, several variations of ragging can be observed.

Adverse consequences

Ragging has been frequently associated with a broad spectrum of physical, behavioral, emotional and social problems among victims and is attributed to the increased risk of suicide and drop-outs among students attending Sri Lankan universities. Ragging at private universities and higher education institutes are at a minimum as compared to government universities which has prompted many students with financial means to enroll in private establishments. Ragging is not merely a sociolegal problem and has a certain psychological basis too. Many senior students state they do not wish to rag juniors but succumb to peer pressure. On the other hand, although some new students or freshers enjoyed being ragged by their seniors, other students despised it. Following their ragging they did not even wish to talk to the senior students who subjected them to "inhumane mental and physical torture".

Major incidents

In 1974, ragging of trainee mathematics teachers at the then Vidyalankara University (now University of Kelaniya) prompted Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike's Government to appoint V. W. Kularatne Commission to probe the incident. As a result, 12 undergraduates were expelled and four officials were penalized for their failure to take appropriate action. This was the first major step taken against university ragging by a Sri Lankan government.
In 1975, the University of Peradeniya reported the first ragging-related death when a 22-year-old female student of the Faculty of Agriculture, Rupa Rathnaseeli became paralyzed as a result of jumping from the second floor of the hostel Ramanathan Hall to escape the physical ragging carried out by her seniors. It was reported that she was about to be sexually penetrated by a foreign object as part of the ragging initiation – she jumped out of the hostel building to escape the abuse. Rupa Rathnaseeli committed suicide in 2002.
Prasanga Niroshana, a student from Hakmana, died as a result of undisclosed injuries he sustained from ragging at the School of Agriculture, Angunakolapallassa.
In 1997, 21-year-old S. Varapragash, an engineering student of University of Peradeniya, died from kidney failure following severe ragging by senior students. The main accused Balendran Prasad Sadeeskaran fled and was sentenced to death in absentia.
In 1997, Kelum Thushara Wijetunge, a first-year student at the Hardy Technical institute in Ampara, died from kidney failure after he was forced to do tough exercises and drink excessive quantities of liquor.
In 2002, Samantha Vithanage, a third-year management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign, was killed at a meeting while in a discussion on ragging after being surrounded by a mob of 200, being struck with shards of glass, & then having a computer monitor dropped on his head— resulting in his death 2 days later.
In 2006, Prof. Chandima Wijebandara, the vice-chancellor of University of Sri Jayewardenepura, resigned from his post as a result of students failing to comply with his orders to eliminate ragging from the university.
In 2014, the body of a student, D. K. Nishantha, was found hanging from a tree within the premises of the University of Peradeniya, in a shrubbery area located not far from the Marcus Fernando Boys' Hostel. According to police reports, the young man had been a witness to the sexual assault of his friend which took place in 2010, perpetrated by several other students residing in the dorm. Police stated that D. K. Nishantha had not attended the university since the time of the alleged sex abuse case. The death was later ruled a suicide.
In 2015, a 23-year-old student of the Sabaragamuwa University, Amali Chathurika committed suicide due to ragging
In 2019, Dilhan Wijesinghe a 23-year-old student of the University of Moratuwa committed suicide due to ragging. He was previously studying in the University of Jaffna where he was subjected to physical ragging and then received a transfer to the University of Moratuwa. Unfortunately the ragging at the University of Moratuwa was more severe and he could no longer tolerate the ragging and committed suicide.
In 2022, Nuwan Lakshitha Devasurendra a 24-year-old student of the University of Peradeniya committed suicide . According to the police, the student committed suicide by jumping off the Peradeniya Bridge into Mahaweli River, was found near Hakkinda Islands (2km from the bridge). A postmortem has yet to be performed.

Legal framework

The human rights of citizens of Sri Lanka are protected in terms of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka which is the supreme law in the country. According to this Constitution, any citizen can produce a petition to the Supreme Court in terms of the article 126 of the Constitution in case of a human right violation or a case closer to the infringement. The Constitution further highlights ruthless, brutal or contemptuous treatment to any party by another as a violation of human rights. University students are also considered as citizens and are subjugated to the Common Law that prevails in the country. Accordingly, the constitutional constrains specified above are equally applicable to university students. Any form of civil or criminal offence executed by them are liable to be punished and in an instance of violation of such rights committed by university students, they shall be produced before the relevant court and subject to suitable punishment that followed by the trial. After the series of ragging-related incidents happened in 1997, Prohibition of Ragging and Other Forms of Violence in Educational Institutions Act, No. 20 of 1998 was passed in the Sri Lankan parliament. As specified in the detailed note of the Act, it is identified as an Act to eliminate ragging and other forms of violent and cruel inhuman and degrading treatment from educational institutions. The Act specifies the relevant Higher Educational Institutions coming under the Act and that includes all the Higher Educational Institutions established under the Universities Act No. 16 of 1978.

Anti-ragging movement

Unlike in India, there is no official anti-ragging movement in Sri Lanka. But with the situation of ragging worsening yearly, there is a spontaneously emerging anti-ragging movement in each and every faculty of the universities that ragging exists.  In the case of University of Peradeniya, the largest university in Sri Lanka, anti-ragging movement emerged in the year 1996. Prior to that, there was no movement against ragging, but certain individuals managed escape from the ragging. In the meantime, anti-ragging movements started to appear in all other universities. Several faculties in several universities have become rag-free due to these movements, strengthened laws as well as practical difficulties in conducting ragging such as not providing accommodation facilities to the first-year students.  Internal clashes have erupted several times due to the friction between ragging and anti-ragging movements, best example being Samantha Vithanage, a third-year management student at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura, who pioneered an anti-ragging campaign that was killed at a meeting while in a discussion about ragging. The higher education minister at the time, S. B. Dissanayake, stressed that firm action will be taken against those who are found guilty of such activities in future and would be expelled from the university. In December 2011, he claimed that the levels of ragging has gone down drastically in the recent times and "only Peradeniya and Ruhuna are still affected by this 'malaise.

See also
 Bullying
 Hazing
 Dedovshchina, a Russian practice similar to hazing or ragging
 Gaslighting
 List of hazing deaths in the United States

References

External links

 Ragging in Bangladesh
 Ragging in India- Menace
 Indian Government launch Anti Ragging website
 Ragging in USA

Abuse
Education issues
Youth rights
Youth


text:
Samantha Mahurin (* 21. Juni 1999) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin und insbesondere durch ihre Rollen als Kind bekannt.

Leben
Samantha Mahurin wurde in Central Coast (Kalifornien, USA) geboren und begann mit dem Schauspiel im Alter von 4 Jahren. Mit 13 Jahren legte sie eine Pause vom professionellen Schauspiel ein, nahm aber an verschiedenen Schultheaterstücken, Chören und Tanzgruppen teil.

Mahurin wurde bekannt durch ihre Rolle Jess Borden in Prestige – Die Meister der Magie.

Filmografie
 2004–2005: Schatten der Leidenschaft (The Young and the Restless, Fernsehserie)
 2005–2006: Zeit der Sehnsucht (Days of Our Lives, Fernsehserie)
 2006: Prestige – Die Meister der Magie (The Prestige, Spielfilm)

Weblinks

 About Samantha Mahurin (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Kinderdarsteller
Geboren 1999
Frau


text:
Deion Mikesell (born 7 January 1997) is an American professional rugby union player. He played as a winger for the Houston Sabercats in Major League Rugby (MLR).

He previously signed with Clermont Auvergne on a developmental contract and also represented America with the United States national rugby union team internationally.

References

1997 births
Living people
American rugby union players
Rugby union wings
Lindenwood University alumni
Houston SaberCats players
United States international rugby union players
US Carcassonne players


text:
Le HMS Prince est un vaisseau de ligne de  rang de classe London armé de 98 canons en service dans la Royal Navy. Lancé le  à Woolwich, il combat à la bataille de Trafalgar et est détruit en 1837.

Conception et construction

Service actif
Après la Bataille de Trafalgar, en 1805, il remorqua le navire espagnol Santisima Trinidad, mais celui-ci sombra lors d'une tempête, causant la mort de 300 marins.

Notes et références

Navire de ligne de deuxième rang de la Royal Navy
Trois-mâts
Bateau lancé en 1788
Navire construit à Woolwich
Navire démoli en 1837


text:
Leslie Irlyn Poste (1918–1996) was a librarian in the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program at the end of World War II, and was active in the preservation, conservation and restitution of books, scrolls, manuscripts and reports accumulated by the German government from the occupied countries.

Early life
Having studied at Wayne State University, Poste received his bachelor's degree in Library Science from Columbia University.

Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives Program
"Like so many Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program officers, Leslie Poste's military career began with his induction as a private soldier because his vision problems nixed his application to Officers' Candidate School. By 1943 he had just earned his Master's degree in Library Science and was serving as an acting librarian at Columbia College when the Army called him. With their usual placement skills they put Poste into a General Service Engineers Regiment like mine. His regiment landed in Bristol, England, and built the same sort of temporary encampments our regiment had constructed. During a cold and miserable winter, Poste was nearly buried alive when a ditch his unit was digging collapsed upon them. The accident sent him to a hospital near Oxford for thirty days, during which time he started a war-time library of paperback books. At the end of his stay the hospital wanted to keep him because he could type and spell medical terms. Still in need of physical therapy for a crushed knee he wanted to stay, but the army sent him back to his regiment. They needed typists too, but could not keep him for long. His librarian's training had finally been spotted and he became the first enlisted man to join the Library Branch of Special Services in London. From then on Poste rose through the Army's staff school programs which needed libraries for their instruction. After two and half years in the Army he won his commission as a first lieutenant in June 1945. Poste remained in England until he was sent to Heidelberg 15 October 1945 to become a MFA&A officer with the Seventh Army. On arriving, he was interviewed by my boss, Captain James Rorimer. Jim never failed to be impressive on first meeting and Poste was awed by his stories of MFA&A's preservation missions on behalf of looted art. On the other hand, virtually nothing had been done about looted libraries: "It's up to you," Rorimer said and then inquired if Poste could drive a car. He could not. The same afternoon he received a half hour's instruction. Thus prepared, Lt. Leslie Poste set out to rescue some of the finest libraries of Europe."

Offenbach Archival Depot
Lt. Poste was assigned to work at the Offenbach Archival Depot in 1945. His job was to scour the countryside for locations of books stored by the Germans in remote locations to avoid destruction by Allied bombing. The original collecting point in 1945 was the Rothschild Library in Frankfurt, but the overwhelming numbers required them to find a new location in the I. G. Farben building in Offenbach. This five-story building was soon renamed the Offenbach Archival Depot. General Eisenhower issued an order in September 1945 that all trained librarians who were officers in the Western Theatre of Operations were to report to him for possible duty in the MFA&A. Lt. Posté was selected from the other librarians for this duty, and ended up driving over a thousand miles a week in an open jeep around Hesse and Wuerttemberg-Baden, who helped select and set up the Collecting Point at Offenbach. Cataloging was streamlined under Librarian Leslie I. Posté, and some 300 books a day eventually increased to where millions of books could be returned to their libraries.

"As one of the founders of the Offenbach Archival Depot (or Collecting Point), he was an instrumental figure in the restitution of books and archives in Europe following World War II. Before the Offenbach collecting point was established, library collections from Hungen, Bavaria, Hirzenhain and other repositories were stored at the Rothschild Library in Frankfurt for sorting and cataloguing. Poste recognized that the system in use at the Rothschild Library was inefficient, and suggested the relocation of operations to the I.G. Farben building in Offenbach. By establishing the Offenbach Archival Depot, all of the collections found in repositories were restituted through a single, large, and secure facility."

"In late February 1946, my colleague First Lieutenant Leslie I. Poste, a Library and Archives specialist, drove me through a blinding snowstorm to Offenbach. En route, Lt. Poste briefed me on the Offenbach Collection Point's origins, his role in selecting a building within the I.G. Farben complex on the Main River, and his concern that restitution operations be expedited in accordance with military regulations. Since its establishment in July 1945, the operation had yet to restitute any materials. Lt. Poste also reviewed the operations of Hitler's Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR) and its educational branch the Institut zur Erforschung der Judenfrage (Institute for Study of the Jewish Question). The ERR, backed by German military forces, had traced Jewish, Masonic, Socialist, and other anti-Nazi cultural objects throughout Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe and had deposited them in many places, especially in Frankfurt am Main in the Rothschild Library, Hungen and Hirzenhain in Hesse, and all over Bavaria. The ERR targets ranged from occupied Ukraine to the French-Spanish border and from Greece to the British Isle of Man. The ERR even raided Italy, an axis power. After Kristallnacht, the ERR collected items to save and use them for Nazism. Lt. Poste also described the U.S. combat and occupation operations to protect and restitute the looted collections. He and other Museums Fine Arts and Archives personnel felt the collections at the Rothschild Library and other places should be moved to a single large, secure facility. The IG Farben Building at Offenbach was their site of choice."

Post War activities
Upon his return from Europe in 1947, he taught at both the University of Kentucky and the University of Denver before earning his Ph.D. at the University of Chicago's Graduate School in 1958.
From 1958 until 1978, he was a professor of Library and Information Science at SUNY-Geneseo.
Following his retirement from the university, Poste was an antiquarian bookseller until his death in 1996.

References

Publications
 Posté, Leslie Irlyn, June 1958, revised August 1964, "The Development of US Protection of Libraries and Archives in Europe During World War II." Fort Gordon, GA: US Army Civil Affairs School. "Prepared ... as [the author's] doctoral dissertation at the Graduate Library School, University of Chicago." 329 pages. OCLC: 1152347.
 Posté, Leslie. 1948. "Books Go Home". Library Journal. December 1, 1948, page 1704.
 Posté, Leslie. 1947. "US Information Centers." Military Government Weekly Information Bulletin. Issue Number 100, July 7, 1947. Pages 4–6.
 Martin, James F., Leslie I Poste, and Paul Kruse. 1954. A brief history of the University of Denver Press: a paper. "August 9, 1954." "Paper presented to Mr. Leslie I. Poste and Mr. Paul Kruse, The University of Denver, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the courses Research methods in librarianship and Literature of subject fields." Copies of the University of Denver Press 1948, 1950, 1952 book lists inserted at end.
 Tagung der Bibliotheksdirektoren der Amerikanisch Besetzten Zone, Stuttgart, 1946, and Leslie Irlyn Poste. 1946. Protokoll. 10 pages.
 Spahn, Raymond J., and Leslie I. Poste. 1949. "The Germans Hail America: Some Aspects of Communication Media in Occupied Germany". Modern Language Journal. 33 (6): 417-426. .
 Poste, Leslie I., and A. Noblecourt. 1959. "Review of Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict". The Library Quarterly. 29 (3): 212-213.
 Poste, Leslie I. 1969. ":Kriegs- und Nachkriegsschicksale der Niedersächsischen Landesbibliothek in Hannover (1939-1950)". The Library Quarterly. 39 (2): 200-200.

Bibliography
 Farmer, Walter Ings. 2000. The Safekeepers: A Memoir of Arts at the End of World War II. Walter de Gruyter. .

1918 births
1996 deaths
American librarians
Antiquarian booksellers
Monuments men
State University of New York at Geneseo faculty
University of Chicago alumni
University of Denver faculty
University of Kentucky faculty
Columbia University School of Library Service alumni
Columbia University librarians
Wayne State University alumni


text:
Fullerenen zijn geheel uit koolstof bestaande moleculen, in de vorm van een holle bol, ellipsoïde of buis. Bolvormige fullerenen worden in de wandelgangen buckyballen (buckyballs) genoemd en cilindrische fullerenen buckybuizen (buckytubes) of (koolstof) nanobuizen (nanotubes).

De klasse moleculen is genoemd naar Richard Buckminster Fuller, een bekend architect die de geodetische koepel beroemd heeft gemaakt. Buckminsterfullereen (rechts) heeft een daarmee vergelijkbare vorm.

Fullerenen lijken qua structuur op grafiet, dat bestaat uit een laag van verbonden zeshoekige ringen, maar fullerenen bevatten naast de zeshoekige ook vijfhoekige (of soms zevenhoekige) ringen die voorkomen dat de laag vlak is. Vijfhoeken kunnen niet aangrenzend zijn. Het kleinste fullereen zonder aangrenzende vijfhoeken is C60, buckminsterfullereen.

C60 heeft als structuur een afgeknotte icosaëder, wat lijkt op een moderne voetbal die is opgebouwd uit twintig zeshoeken en twaalf vijfhoeken, met een koolstofatoom op de hoeken van elke zeshoek en een koolstofverbinding langs elke zijde. De ionisatie-energie van C60, dat is de energie die nodig is om één elektron van C60 te verwijderen, bedraagt 7,55 eV. C60 heeft bijzondere elektronische en mechanische eigenschappen die de aanzet hebben gevormd tot veel onderzoek. Als C60 door middel van een ion of foton energie opneemt kan het in trilling gebracht, geïoniseerd of gefragmenteerd worden. Een voorbeeld van fragmentatie is de herhaaldelijke verdamping van een C2-molecuul, waardoor er C60-2n-moleculen ontstaan.

Een gepolymeriseerde enkelwandige nanobuis is een stof die bestaat uit gepolymeriseerde fullerenen waarin koolstofatomen van de ene buckybuis gebonden zijn met koolstofatomen in een andere nanobuis.

Tot het eind van de twintigste eeuw waren grafiet en diamant de enige bekende allotropen (verschijningsvormen) van koolstof. Harold Kroto, van de Universiteit van Sussex, James Heath, Sean O'Brien, Robert Curl en Richard Smalley, van Rice University, ontdekten C60 en andere fullerenen. Kroto, Curl, en Smalley ontvingen in 1996 de Nobelprijs in de scheikunde voor hun rol hierbij. De aanwezigheid van C60 en andere fullerenen is later ook aangetoond buiten een laboratoriumomgeving (bijvoorbeeld in kaarsroet). Sinds 1991 is het betrekkelijk eenvoudig geworden om grammen fullerenen te produceren dankzij de technieken ontwikkeld door Donald Huffman en Wolfgang Krätschmer. Aan het begin van de eenentwintigste eeuw, zijn de chemische en fysische eigenschappen van fullerenen nog steeds het onderwerp van veel onderzoek, zowel in het fundamentele als het toegepaste onderzoek. In april 2003 werd onderzoek gepubliceerd naar medische toepassingen van fullerenen: ze kunnen mogelijk specifieke antibiotica binden om resistente bacteriën mee aan te pakken en zelfs kankercellen aanvallen, zoals melanomen.

Fullerenen zijn weinig reactief, doordat de grafietachtige bindingen zeer stabiel zijn. Ze zijn slecht oplosbaar. Onderzoekers hebben fullerenen reactiever kunnen maken door actieve groepen aan hun oppervlak te binden. Toch is het mogelijk om functionele groepen te koppelen aan een fullereen door middel van de diels-alderreactie. Fullerenen kunnen gehydrogeneerd worden. De producten kunnen tot 50 waterstofatomen bevatten, С60Н60 tot en met С60Н50 zijn producten van de hydrogenatie.

Andere atomen kunnen worden 'opgesloten' binnen in fullerenen, en recent bewijs voor een meteorietinslag aan het eind van het Perm was gevonden door edelgassen te onderzoeken die op deze wijze waren bewaard gebleven.

Ook wordt steeds meer onderzoek gedaan naar supergeleiding van fullerenen.

Een gebruikelijke synthesemethode van fullerenen is het voeren van een sterke stroom door twee zich dicht bij elkaar bevindende elektrodes in een inerte omgeving. De resulterende boog van koolstofplasma koelt af tot een roetachtig residu waaruit veel fullerenen kunnen worden geïsoleerd.

Fullerenen met C60 en C70 zijn ook in het heelal aangetoond.

Externe links
 Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology
 Richard E. Smalley – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018.
 Mogelijke medische toepassingen van fullerenen

Koolstof
Supramoleculaire chemie


text:
Persons Unknown ist eine US-amerikanische Dramaserie, die von einer Gruppe von Fremden handelt, welche entführt und in ein verlassenes Dorf eingesperrt werden. Ihre Erstausstrahlung fand am 7. Juni 2010 auf NBC statt.

Handlung
Die Sieben, sich untereinander Fremden, Janet Cooper, Joe Tucker, Moira Doherty, Sergeant Graham McNair, Tori Fairchild, Bill Blackham und Charlie Morse erwachen in einem Hotel, ohne zu wissen, wie sie dorthin gekommen sind. Das Hotel befindet sich in einer Stadt, deren Optik stark an die 1950er Jahre erinnert. Jedoch ist die Stadt komplett mit Kameras und Mikrofonen ausgestattet. Die Entführer, welche das "Projekt" The Programm nennen, setzen die Gefangenen in den folgenden Wochen erheblichem psychischem Druck und körperlicher Belastung aus. Im Laufe der Serie scheint es, dass Joe Tucker ein Mitglied der Entführer ist. Allerdings ist unklar, welche Motive, welchen Nutzen die Entführer haben und wer sie überhaupt sind.

In der letzten Folge, in der der Tod aller Teilnehmer, außer Joe, inszeniert wird, erwachen alle Teilnehmer in demselben Hotel wie beim ersten Mal, allerdings befindet sich dieses auf einem Containerschiff. Der Manager dieses Hotels begrüßt sie zu "Level 2". Man sieht außerdem, wie Joe und Mark Renbe in ein zweites Hotel gehen, in dem Tori die Hotelmanagerin ist. Tori und Kat Damatto werden in der letzten Szene gefangen in einem Käfig gezeigt.

Besetzung

Hauptbesetzung

Nebenbesetzung

Ausstrahlung und Produktion
Drehbeginn der ersten 13 Episoden war im Oktober 2008, nachdem Fox Television diese im September 2008 angekündigt hatte. Im Juli 2009 erwarb NBC die Ausstrahlungsrechte.

Die erste Folge der Serie wurde am 7. Juni 2010 ausgestrahlt und von 4,29 Millionen Zuschauern gesehen. Das Serienfinale wurde am 28. August 2010 gesendet und erreichte 2,85 Millionen Zuschauer. Jedoch hatten einige Folgen der Serie weniger als 2 Millionen Zuschauer.

Episodenliste

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehserie (Vereinigte Staaten)
Fernsehserie der 2010er Jahre
Mystery-Fernsehserie
Fernsehserie (National Broadcasting Company)


text:
Инема — река в России, протекает по Лодейнопольскому району Ленинградской области и Олонецкому району Карелии. Устье реки находится в 9,1 км по левому берегу реки Мегреги. Длина реки составляет 22 км.

Данные водного реестра
По данным государственного водного реестра России относится к Балтийскому бассейновому округу, водохозяйственный участок реки — Водные объекты бассейна оз. Ладожское без рр. Волхов, Свирь и Сясь, речной подбассейн реки — Нева и реки бассейна Ладожского озера (без подбассейна Свирь и Волхов, российская часть бассейнов). Относится к речному бассейну реки Нева (включая бассейны рек Онежского и Ладожского озера).

Примечания

Притоки Мегреги
Реки Лодейнопольского района
Реки Олонецкого района


text:
Zeniško-dobojski kanton (bosansko Zeničko-dobojski kanton) je eden od desetih kantonov Federacije Bosne in Hercegovine v Bosni in Hercegovini.

Kanton na jugozahodu in zahodu meji na Osrednjebosanski kanton, na jugu na Kanton Sarajevo, na severovzhodu in vzhodu na Tuzelski kanton ter na severu in vzhodu na Republiko Srbsko. S površino 3343,3 km², ki predstavlja 12,81 % površine Federacije in 6,72 % ozemlja Bosne in Hercegovine, je to tretji največji kanton v Federaciji. S 364 433 prebivalci po podatkih popisa 2013 je tudi tretji najbolj naseljen od kantonov.

H kantonu spadajo mesti Zenica in Visoko ter občine Breza, Doboj-Jug, Kakanj, Maglaj, Olovo, Tešanj, Usora, Vareš, Zavidovići in Žepče.

Kantoni Bosne in Hercegovine


text:
Turner County kan syfta på flera olika countyn i USA

 Turner County, Georgia
 Turner County, South Dakota


text:
Церква Покрови Пресвятої Богородиці — парафія і храм Борщівського благочиння Тернопільської єпархії Православної церкви України в селі Кривче Чортківського району Тернопільської області.

Історія церкви
Перший дерев'яний храм збудовано у 1699 році. Будівництво нового кам'яного розпочали у 1850 році з благословення намісника тодішнього деканату високопреподобного Іуліана Скопченського. Храм збудовано за пожертви парафіян. Будівництво тривало 6 років. У 1856 році відбулося освячення.

На внутрішній розпис церкви, яку малював художник Микола Створжинський, у 1875 році найбільше пожертвував Іван Бойко.

Парохи
 о. Даниїл Загайко,
 о. Іван Лушпинський,
 о. Богдан Назаревич (до 1960),
 о. Андрій Ментух (1960—1985),
 о. Володимир Качан (з 1985).

Джерела

Церкви Чортківського району
Кривче
Кривче
засновані в Україні 1856
Культові споруди, побудовані 1856


text:
Paul Francis Tompkins  (nacido el 12 de septiembre de 1968)  es un comediante, actor y escritor estadounidense. Es conocido por su trabajo en televisión en programas como Mr. Show with Bob and David, Real Time with Bill Maher y Best Week Ever, más tarde rebautizado como Best Week Ever con Paul F. Tompkins.

Es conocido por sus numerosas apariciones en podcasts, incluidas sus más de 200 apariciones en Comedy Bang!Bang! También ha sido el presentador del programa de entrevistas de Fusion Channel No, You Shut Up!, The Dead Authors Podcast, la serie online de entrevistas Made Man Speakeasy con Paul F. Tompkins, la cadena Earwolf el podcast Spontaneanation con Paul F. Tompkins, y The Pod F. Tompkast, que fue clasificado n.1 por la revista Rolling Stone en su lista de "Los 10 mejores podcasts de comedia del momento en 2011".

También es miembro principal del elenco del podcast Superego y fue un actor habitual en el podcast Thrilling Adventure Hour, que terminó en 2015. Tompkins fue la voz del Sr.Peanutbutter, un labrador amarillo antropomórfico, en la serie animada de Netflix BoJack Horseman de 2014 a 2020. También ha aparecido en películas dramáticas como There Will Be Blood y The Informant!. En 2021, tuvo un papel recurrente en la comedia de situación Rutherford Falls .

En diciembre de 2014, Paste nombró su Twitter como una de "Las 75 mejores cuentas de Twitter de 2014", alcanzando el puesto 70.

Nacimiento
Paul Francis Tompkins nació el 12 de septiembre de 1968 en Mount Airy, Filadelfia, Pensilvania . Tiene dos hermanos (uno mayor y otro menor) y tres hermanas (todas mayores).

Carrera profesional

Inicio
En 1986, Tompkins actuó por primera vez en comedia a los 17 años en The Comedy Works en Filadelfia (un club que ahora se encuentra en Bristol, Pensilvania), donde actuó como la mitad de un dúo de sketches con Rick Roman. Tompkins asistió a la Universidad de Temple; sin embargo, abandonó  y se fue a Los Ángeles, California, en 1994.

Tompkins conoció al actor Jay Johnston en Los Ángeles a través de su amigo común, actor y director Adam McKay.  McKay y Tompkins se habían hecho amigos en Filadelfia, donde ambos habían comenzado a realizar stand-up al mismo tiempo.  McKay más tarde se mudó a Chicago y conoció a Johnston; Johnston se mudó a Los Ángeles casi al mismo tiempo que Tompkins y McKay los presentaron.  Tompkins y Johnston crearon un programa de comedia en vivo llamado "The Skates" que fue visto por Bob Odenkirk y David Cross y ayudó a que los contrataran para trabajar en Mr. Show con Bob y David en 1996.

Actuación cómica en vivo
La carrera de comedia de Tompkins ha incluido stand-up, sketch comedia y una variedad de otras actuaciones en vivo.

Las representaciones de comedia stand-up de Tompkins tienen un estilo narrativo y observacional. Sus programas a menudo consisten en riffs extendidos y anécdotas largas. Tompkins trata temas de lo extraño y lo absurdo   —como una perorata sobre el maní quebradizo,   una discusión sobre pastel versus pastel,  y monedas elongadas —además a contar historias sobre sus propias experiencias de vida y su familia. Su estilo cómico ha sido descrito como comedia alternativa;    Tompkins ha declarado que no le molesta la etiqueta y que le gusta el término.

Tompkins es conocido por su estilo de vestir durante sus presentaciones de comedia en vivo, actuando siempre con traje y corbata, a veces con camisa a rayas y con pajarita;   Su apariencia ha sido descrita por algunos en la prensa como "elegante".     Tompkins ha descrito su aspecto como" petimetre" y "justo a este lado de Cedric the Entertainer ".

Tompkins tiene su sede en Los Ángeles y actúa regularmente en la ciudad. Desde 2002 ha realizado un espectáculo mensual llamado The Paul F. Tompkins Show en Largo, un club nocturno y cabaret de Los Ángeles. Su programa ha contado con invitados como Fiona Apple, Jack Black, Dave Foley, Zach Galifianakis, Ed Helms, Aimee Mann y Weird Al Yankovic .  Desde sus inicios en 2005, Tompkins ha participado en Thrilling Adventure Hour, una producción escenificada al estilo de la radio antigua que también se lleva a cabo mensualmente en Largo. El programa comenzó a publicarse en podcasts en enero de 2011; en octubre de ese mismo año, los podcasts del programa se trasladaron a la red de podcasts Nerdist Industries creada por Chris Hardwick. Tompkins es miembro del Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre (UCB) de Los Ángeles.  Su álbum de comedia "Impersonal" fue grabado en vivo en el UCB Theatre.  También se presenta mensualmente en el espectáculo "Autores muertos" en el UCB Theatre en apoyo de la organización sin fines de lucro 826LA ; Tompkins interpreta el papel de HG Wells, quien actúa como presentador del programa.

Tompkins ha realizado giras por Estados Unidos y Canadá  y prefiere actuar en lugares independientes, en lugar de en clubes de comedia convencionales.   A partir de 2009 se embarcó en su gira "Tompkins 300";    Tompkins se había estado preparando para su especial de Comedy Central de una hora, Deberías haberme dicho en el teatro Laughing Skull Lounge en Atlanta, Georgia, un pequeño teatro con capacidad para 74 personas.    Para llenar los asientos para la grabación de su especial, Tompkins requirió alrededor de 280 personas en la audiencia durante el transcurso de cuatro noches para la grabación de su programa.    Tompkins decidió anunciar en Twitter que necesitaba 300 personas para llenar los asientos cada noche;    Bob Kerr, un comediante canadiense, vio la publicación de Twitter y preguntó si a Tompkins le gustaría actuar en Toronto .    Tompkins le advirtió a Kerr que si lograba que 300 personas declararan que definitivamente verían su programa, vendría a Toronto.    Luego, Kerr inició un grupo de Facebook llamado "Quiero ver a Paul F. Tompkins en Toronto" y logró que 300 personas se unieran.    En octubre de ese mismo año, Tompkins actuó en el teatro Rivoli de Toronto,   el mismo teatro en el que comenzó la compañía de sketches de comedia The Kids in the Hall.   Posteriormente se iniciaron grupos de Facebook en otras ciudades de América del Norte  y en 2010 afirmó que había dejado de promocionar sus programas en la radio.  En 2011 dijo que los grupos de Facebook 300 se habían convertido en su principal método para reservar programas de comedia.

Tompkins escribió y actuó en su programa individual, Driven to Drink, que se emitió en HBO en 1998.   Apareció en 6 episodios de Late Night with Conan O'Brien entre 1998 y 2008, así como en dos episodios de Conan en 2011 y 2012. Ha grabado tres álbumes de comedia: Impersonal en 2007,    Freak Wharf en 2009 y Laboring Under Delusions en 2012.  Sus apariciones en stand-up en la cadena Comedy Central incluyen ser presentado en episodios de Comedy Central Presents en 2003 y 2007,  presentando un episodio de Live at Gotham en 2009,  actuando en New York Stand Up Show de John Oliver en 2010,  y la grabación de dos especiales de comedia originales de una hora: You Should Have Told Me que se emitió en 2010   y Paul F. Tompkins: Laboring Under Delusions en 2012.    También apareció en la transmisión en vivo de RiffTrax de House on Haunted Hill .

Actuar y escribir
Tompkins escribió y actuó en Mr. Show con Bob y David de 1995 a 1998; Los escritores del programa, incluido Tompkins, fueron nominados para un premio Emmy en 1998 por "Escritura sobresaliente para un programa musical o de variedades".

El trabajo de Tompkins con los creadores de Mr. Show, Bob Odenkirk y David Cross, también lo llevó a su papel recurrente en la serie de televisión Tenacious D.   Tompkins interpretó el personaje de un gerente de un club nocturno que es engañado para que lea las ridículas presentaciones de Tenacious D durante sus presentaciones de micrófono abierto.  Revivió el papel en la película Tenacious D de la banda cómica en The Pick of Destiny estrenada en 2006.

Adam McKay, amigo de toda la vida, consultó a Tompkins sobre el guion de Talladega Nights .  Tompkins también interpretó al MC de una exposición de gatos en Anchorman de McKay : The Legend of Ron Burgundy .

Tompkins ha aparecido en programas de televisión como NewsRadio, Frasier, Weeds, The Sarah Silverman Program, Pushing Daisies, Community y Curb Your Enthusiasm .     Tompkins interpretó el papel de Prescott en la película de Paul Thomas Anderson There Will Be Blood (2007);   Anderson había elegido previamente a Tompkins para un pequeño papel en la película Magnolia de 1999 después de ver a Tompkins actuar en Largo .    Tompkins también interpretó al agente del FBI Anthony D'Angelo en The Informant! De Steven Soderbergh. (2009).  Tiene un papel recurrente en la serie de televisión canadiense The LA Complex como una versión ficticia de sí mismo. También apareció en el video musical de la canción de Nick Lowe "Stoplight Roses" y en la canción de Ted Leo and the Pharmacists "Bottled In Cork". Tompkins escribió para Real Time with Bill Maher en 2003 y 2009, además de ser corresponsal del programa en la primera temporada del programa.   En 2011, se le pidió a Tompkins que escribiera resúmenes humorísticos de episodios de American Idol para el blog en línea Vulture de la revista New York .

Tompkins ha expresado en entrevistas que no le gusta escribir (particularmente escribir para otros), prefiriendo actuar frente a una cámara.

Actor de voz
Tompkins ha realizado trabajos de voz para muchas series de televisión animadas, incluidas Dr. Katz, terapeuta profesional, King of the Hill y Bob's Burgers, en las que da voz al personaje recurrente Randy. Prestó su voz a un personaje en un episodio no emitido de 2007 de Aqua Teen Hunger Force titulado "Boston" que se suponía que era el episodio de estreno de la quinta temporada del programa, pero Turner Broadcasting System lo retiró para evitar una mayor controversia en torno a 2007. Susto de bomba de Boston.  Tompkins apareció más tarde en un episodio durante la séptima temporada del programa. También fue la voz de uno de los matones en la película animada por computadora de 2010 de Walt Disney Animation Studios , Tangled . Tompkins era la voz de Benton Criswell, un personaje de la serie Super Adventure Team de MTV que presentaba marionetas al estilo de la serie británica Thunderbirds de la década de 1960; el papel fue acreditado bajo el nombre artístico de Francis Mt. Pleasant. Era la voz de una marioneta en los anuncios del Ford Focus.  Tompkins interpretó al Sr. Peanutbutter en la serie animada original de Netflix de 2014 BoJack Horseman. Tompkins le da voz al personaje recurrente, Gladstone Gander, en la serie de reinicios de DuckTales. En 2020 prestó su voz al Dr. Migleemo, un terapeuta a bordo del USS Cerritos en la serie animada de CBS All Access Star Trek: Lower Decks.

Comentario político y social
Tompkins ha aparecido en varios programas de televisión dedicados a discutir sobre política, cultura popular y actualidad ; sin embargo, dice que no se considera un cómico político.

Tompkins fue colaborador del segmento "Entretenimiento semanal de la gente estadounidense" de The Daily Show en 1998.   En 2003 fue escritor y corresponsal de Real Time con Bill Maher en la primera temporada del programa   y volvió a escribir para el programa en 2009. Apareció en Tough Crowd con Colin Quinn en 2004.  En 2004 también se convirtió en analista de cultura pop en Best Week Ever de VH1 ;   en 2008, el programa fue remodelado y relanzado como la Mejor Semana de la historia con Paul F. Tompkins con Tompkins como anfitrión.    De 2006 a 2008 fue un invitado habitual en Countdown con Keith Olbermann .    En 2008 apareció en Root of All Evil de Lewis Black   y participó en un panel sobre Larry King Live en un episodio titulado "Política y humor".

Tompkins ha aparecido en documentales como Heckler (2007) de Jamie Kennedy y Super High Me (2007) de Doug Benson. También apareció en The Bitter Buddha (2013), un documental sobre la carrera del actor y comediante Eddie Pepitone .

Más tarde, Tompkins se convirtió en el presentador de un programa de debate llamado No, You Shut Up! por The Jim Henson Company bajo su lema Henson Alternative.

Podcasts, webcasts y radio
En 2010, Tompkins lanzó su podcast llamado The Pod F. Tompkast .   El podcast fue una mezcla de Tompkins discutiendo varios temas, clips de su show en vivo en Largo y segmentos donde Tompkins expresa una variedad de celebridades hablando entre sí.     La comediante Jen Kirkman fue colaboradora habitual del programa.    El podcast terminó en 2012.

El programa de comedia Thrilling Adventure Hour en Largo comenzó a emitirse en podcasts en enero de 2011; en octubre de ese mismo año, los podcasts del programa se trasladaron a la red de podcasts Nerdist Industries creada por Chris Hardwick .  El espectáculo terminó en 2015.

Dead Authors, un espectáculo en vivo que presenta Tompkins en el UCB Theatre de Los Ángeles, también comenzó a emitirse en podcast en septiembre de 2011

En mayo de 2012, Tompkins inició una serie web semanal llamada Speakeasy . Presentada por el sitio de Break Media MadeMan.com, la serie presenta a Tompkins entrevistando a varios invitados de la industria del entretenimiento, como Ty Burrell, Nathan Fillion, Zach Galifianakis, Chris Hardwick, Oscar Nunez, Weird Al Yankovic y Alison Brie.    Las entrevistas se llevan a cabo como conversaciones casuales entre Tompkins y sus invitados con cócteles en varios bares del área de Los Ángeles.

Tompkins ha aparecido más de 200 veces como invitado, y ocasionalmente como anfitrión invitado, en Comedy Bang! ¡Estallido! (anteriormente Comedy Death-Ray Radio ),    un podcast de audio semanal presentado por Scott Aukerman, un comediante que también escribió para Mr. Show con Bob y David .   El formato del programa mezcla la conversación entre el anfitrión y los invitados y, por lo general, incluye juegos de improvisación. Algunos invitados interpretan personajes o se hacen pasar por ciertas celebridades, generalmente durante la totalidad del episodio; Paul F. Tompkins se ha hecho pasar por celebridades como el rapero Ice-T, el compositor Andrew Lloyd Webber y Buddy Valastro de la serie de telerrealidad Cake Boss .

Además de Aukerman's Comedy Bang! ¡Estallido!, Tompkins ha aparecido en los podcasts de otros comediantes como WTF con Marc Maron,  Never Not Funny de Jimmy Pardo,  Podcast de Ronna y Beverly de Jessica Chaffin y Jamie Denbo  y el Superego podcast con Jeremy Carter, Matt Gourley y Mark McConville.  Tompkins también ha sido un invitado habitual en el programa de radio y podcast The Best Show en WFMU con Tom Scharpling .

En 2015, Tompkins creó su propio podcast en la red de podcast Earwolf llamado Spontaneanation con Paul F. Tompkins . Este podcast es similar al Pod F. Tompkast ; sin embargo, Spontaneanation es totalmente improvisado y en el momento, a diferencia del Tompkast, que fue muy producido. Spontaneanation comienza con un monólogo improvisado, acompañado al piano por Eban Schletter, muy parecido al Pod F. Tompkast . El siguiente segmento es una entrevista con uno de los amigos famosos de Tompkins. El segmento final es una larga historia improvisada interpretada por Paul e improvisadores invitados, basada en ideas discutidas en el segmento de la entrevista. El podcast finalizó en 2019.

Desde 2019, Tompkins ha sido co-anfitrión, con Nicole Parker, The Neighborhood Listen en Stitcher Premium. Junto con Tawny Newsome, también presenta The Pod Directive, el podcast oficial de Star Trek, que se lanzó en septiembre de 2020.

En marzo de 2020, durante la pandemia de COVID-19, Paul inició un podcast semanal con su esposa, Janie Haddad Tompkins, llamado Stay F. Homekins .  La primera temporada duró 41 episodios durante el resto de 2020, y la segunda temporada comenzó en enero de 2021.

Vida personal
Tompkins está casado con la actriz Janie Haddad Tompkins.

En 2017, Tompkins declaró en Twitter que una vez fue católico, pero luego se convirtió en ateo.

Filmografía

Película

Televisivo

Discografía

 2007 - Impersonal (CD; lanzado en AST Records )
 2007 - Comedy Death-Ray (compilación publicada en Comedy Central Records )
 2009 - Freak Wharf (CD) (Publicado en AST Records )
 2010 - Señor, me has engañado dos veces (EP; lanzado en AST Records )
 2010 - Deberías haberme dicho (DVD; lanzado en AST Records )
 2012 - Laboring Under Delusions (DVD; lanzado en Comedy Central Records )
 2012 - Laboring Under Delusions: Live in Brooklyn (CD; lanzado en AST Records )

Apariciones en podcast y radio
Tompkins es conocido por sus muchas apariciones en podcasts, además de albergar algunas de las suyas. A menudo se le conoce como el alcalde de podcasts.

Alumnado de la Universidad del Temple
Excatólicos
Guionistas de televisión de Estados Unidos
Podcasters de Estados Unidos
Ateos de Estados Unidos
Actores masculinos de Estados Unidos del siglo XXI
Actores masculinos de Estados Unidos del siglo XX
Wikipedia:Páginas con traducciones sin revisar


text:
Rachesa reventador is een vlinder uit de familie nachtpauwogen (Saturniidae), onderfamilie Ceratocampinae.

De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Lemaire in 1975.

Nachtpauwogen


text:
Yama (jap. , -gun) ist ein Landkreis im Nordwesten der japanischen Präfektur Fukushima, in der ehemaligen Provinz Iwashiro. Er hat eine Fläche von 986,76 km², auf der  Einwohner leben (Stand: ).

Der Landkreis Yama besteht heute nur noch aus vier Gemeinden: Inawashiro, Bandai, Kitashiobara und Nishi-Aizu, das von den übrigen drei durch die Stadt Kitakata getrennt ist. Bis 2006 gehörten auch die Dörfer (Mura) Atsushio-Kanō () und Takasato () sowie die Kleinstädte (Machi) Shiokawa () und Yamato () zum Kreis, bevor sie mit Kitakata fusionierten.

Bezirk in Japan
Geographie (Präfektur Fukushima)


text:
Pione carpenteri är en svampdjursart som först beskrevs av Hancock 1867.  Pione carpenteri ingår i släktet Pione och familjen borrsvampar. Utöver nominatformen finns också underarten P. c. gracilis.

Källor

Borrsvampar
carpenteri


text:
John of Whithorn (died 1209) was the medieval Bishop of Galloway. His first appearance as bishop-elect is at the coronation of Richard, Cœur de Lion as King of the English at Westminster Abbey on 3 September 1189. He was consecrated at Pipewell Abbey, Northamptonshire, on Sunday 17 September 1189.

The consecration was performed by Archbishop of Dublin, the Archbishop of Trier, and the Bishop of Annaghdown, and took place despite the fact that there was a formal vacancy in the Archbishopric of York.  Geoffrey Plantagenet was Archbishop-elect of York at the time, and John in fact ordained him as a priest, despite the opposition of the Archbishop of Canterbury, who wished to use the opportunity to force York to make obedience to Canterbury as Primate.

During his ten-year episcopate he appeared often in England as a suffragan of the Archbishop of York, for instance, accompanying the archbishop to a church council held by King Richard in 1191. In Scotland, he witnessed one charter of Alan of Galloway and was appointed a judge-delegate by the papacy in a patronage-related dispute in the diocese of Glasgow. He was believed to have become a canon at Holyrood Abbey in 1206. The Chronicle of Melrose reported his death under the year 1209.

Notes

References
 Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
 Keith, Robert, An Historical Catalogue of the Scottish Bishops: Down to the Year 1688, (London, 1924)
 Oram, Richard, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000)
 Watt, D. E. R., Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae Medii Aevi ad annum 1638, 2nd Draft, (St Andrews, 1969)

12th-century births
Year of birth unknown
1209 deaths

12th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops

13th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops
Augustinian canons
Bishops of Galloway (pre-Reformation)


text:
Atom Tickets is a company based in Santa Monica, California that sells movie tickets and services through its app and website.

History
Established in 2014, Atom Tickets' Series A funding was led by Lionsgate. It was started by three partners, Matthew Bakal (currently co-founder and chairman), Ameesh Paleja (co-founder), and Geoff Shaevitz (co-founder). Paleja says that the idea for Atom Tickets came about because he and his friends, "were frustrated with the experience of coordinating a night out at the movies with friends. Between planning the group and picking the movie, the theater, and the show time, plans often fall apart." On February 1, 2016, they announced a completed Series B round of financing from investors that include The Walt Disney Company, 20th Century Fox and Lionsgate. On May 21, 2018, Dwayne Johnson and Dany Garcia joined as investors and advisers.

Services
Atom Tickets allows users to buy movie tickets through their app or at their website.  In addition to ticket sales, some theaters offer advanced concession sales through the service.

In March 2019, Atom Tickets launched Atom Movie Access, a movie subscription service for cinemas that allows exhibitors to create their own customized movie subscription plan.

References

2014 establishments
Film websites
Ticket sales companies
IOS software
Android (operating system) software
American companies established in 2000
Internet properties established in 2000
2000 establishments in California


text:
161315 de Shalit este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
161315 de Shalit este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  în cadrul programului Wise de David L. Polishook. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,54 ua, o excentricitate de 0,24 și o înclinație de 4,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 161001-162000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2003
Centura de asteroizi


text:
Biografia

Sulla gioventù e di Ziani e sui suoi studi non si conosce nulla. La sua prima attività musicale a noi nota è quella di organista presso la Chiesa di San Salvatore di Venezia, presso il quale il 19 marzo 1639 diventò diacono e poco dopo, il 22 dicembre 1640, fu ordinato sacerdote. Sempre al 1640 risale il suo primo lavoro sopravvissuto, l'op. 2, ossia una raccolta di 24 mottetti.

Nel carnevale del 1654 debuttò come compositore d'opere con La guerriera spartana al Teatro Sant'Apollinare di Venezia. Dal 15 maggio 1657 al 21 giugno 1659 fu maestro di cappella della Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore di Bergamo, succedendo a Maurizio Cazzati.

Dal 1660 iniziò il suo legame con gli Asburgo: in quell'anno dedicò la sua op.6 all'arciduca Ferdinando Carlo del Tirolo, nel 1662 fu a Innsbruck e nel 1663 diventò vice-maestro di cappella presso la corte asburgica a Vienna.

Tra il dicembre del 1666 e il gennaio 1667 fu a Dresda a rappresentare alcuni suoi lavori teatrali e sacri per la celebrazione del matrimonio tra l'elettore di sassionia Giovanni Giorgio III e la principessa Anna Sofia di Danimarca.

Il 20 gennaio 1669 fu nominato primo organista, succedendo a Francesco Cavalli, della Basilica di San Marco di Venezia e agli inizi del 1676, con la morte di Cavalli, cercò inutilmente di diventarvi direttore della cappella, carica alla quale egli ambiva molto. Fu probabilmente questa delusione che nel 1677 lo portò a Napoli, città nella quale era già stato quattro anni prima e dove mise in scena diverse sue opere.

La buona reputazione che qui riscosse fece sì che gli venne offertò un posto d'insegnante al Conservatorio di Sant'Onofrio a Porta Capuana, la carica di organista onorario di corte e nel 1680 il posto di maestro della Cappella Reale. Questa prestigiosa posizione gli diede l'opportunità di far rivivere nel palcoscenico i suoi vecchi drammi, che già aveva rappresentato in passato a Venezia e a Vienna.

Considerazioni sull'artista
Ziani appartiene a quei compositori veneziani, che portarono l'opera al di là delle alpi e soprattutto a Vienna. Nei suoi primi lavori teatrali egli segue in genere la linea di Monteverdi-Cavalli, mentre in quelli successivi adottano lo stile più marcato di Antonio Cesti. I libretti che usa presentano elementi sia seri che buffi e raramente adottano soggetti eroici o storici, i quali inizieranno ad essere più diffusi sul finir del secolo.

Gli oratori di Ziani presentano caratteristiche simili alle opere dello stesso, ma in questi si denota maggior enfasi all'ampiezza degli elementi musicali, come l'uso del contrappunto.

Le sue sonate da chiesa si avvicinano a quelle di Giovanni Legrenzi e Massimiliano Neri. Esse sono a tre o quattro movimenti, si aprono con una fuga e si chiudono con una giga fugata.

Elevata importanza ha la corrispondenza che tenne Ziani con l'amico Marco Faustini, impresario veneziano, la quale documenta il complesso processo di preparazione di un'opera negli anni 1665-6. In queste lettere veniva messa in risalto soprattutto la velocità in cui questi lavori teatrali venivano composti: per esempio, Ziani dichiarò di aver musicato l'Annibale in Capua in soli cinque giorni.

Composizioni

Drammi per musica
La guerriera spartana (di Bartolomeo Castoreo, 1654, Teatro Sant'Apollinare di Venezia)
Eupatria (di Giovanni Faustini, 1655, Teatro Sant'Apollinare di Venezia)
Le fortune di Rodope e Damira (di Aurelio Aureli, 1657, Teatro Sant'Apollinare di Venezia)
L'incostanza trionfante overo il Theseo (di Francesco Maria Piccioli, dopo Plutarco, 1658, Teatro San Cassiano di Venezia)
Antigona delusa da Alceste (di Aurelio Aureli, 1660, Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo di Venezia)
Annibale in Capua (di Nicolò Beregan, 1661, Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo di Venezia)
Gli scherzi di Fortuna subordinato al Pirro (di Aurelio Aureli, 1662, Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo di Venezia)
Le fatiche d'Ercole per Deianira (di Aurelio Aureli, 1662, Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo di Venezia)
L'amor guerriero (di Cristoforo Ivanovich, 1663, Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo di Venezia)
La ricreazione burlesca (1663, Vienna)
Circe (di Cristoforo Ivanovich, 1665, Vienna)
Cloridea (di Antonio Draghi, 1665, Vienna)
Doriclea (di Giovanni Faustini, 1666, Venezia)
L'onore trionfante (di Domenico Federici, 1666, Vienna)
Alcide (di Giovanni Faustini, 1667, Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo di Venezia)
Semiramide (di Matteo Noris, dopo Giovanni Andrea Moniglia, 1670, Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo di Venezia)
Ippolita reina delle amazzoni (di Carlo Maria Maggi, 1670, Milano; composto in collaborazione con Lodovico Busca, Atto Primo e Pietro Simone Agostini, Atto Secondo)
Heraclio (di Nicolò Beregan, 1671, Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo di Venezia)
Attila (di Matteo Noris, 1672, Teatro Santi Giovanni e Paolo di Venezia)
Marcello in Siracusa (di Giovanni Cincinelli, 1673, Teatro San Bartolomeo di Napoli)
Chi tal nasce tal vive overo l'Alessandro Bala (di Andrea Perrucci, 1678, Napoli)
Candaule (di Adriano Morselli, 1679, Venezia)
Enea in Cartagine (di Michel Angelo Catania, 1680, Palermo)
L'innocenza risorta overo Etio (di Adriano Morselli, 1683, Venezia)

Altri generi teatrali
Oronisbe (componimento drammatico di Antonio Draghi, 1663, Vienna)
La congiura del vizio contro la virtù (scherzo musicale, di Donato Cupeda, 1663, Vienna)
L'invidia conculcata dalla Virtù, Merito, Valore della S.C. Mta di Leopoldo imperatore (componimento drammatico di Antonio Draghi, 1664, Vienna)
Elice (introduzione ad un regio balletto di Domenico Federici, 1666, Vienna)
Galatea (favola pastorale di Antonio Draghi, 1667, Vienna)

Oratori
Le lagrime della Vergine nel Sepolcro (di Aurelio Amalteo, 1662, Vienna)
Santa Caterina (1662, Vienna)
Oratorio di San Pietro piangente (di Pietro Guadagni, 1664, Vienna)
Oratorio dell'incredulitа di San Tomaso (1665, Vienna)
Gli affetti pietosi per il Sepolcro di Cristo (di Domenico Federici, 1666, Vienna)
L'Assalone punito (di Padre Lepori, 1667, Vienna)
Lagrime della pietа nel sepolcro di Cristo (1667, Vienna)
Il cuore umano all'incanto (di Pier Matteo Petrucci, 1681, Napoli)

Bibliografia
Saskia Maria Woyke, Pietro Andrea Ziani, Varietas und Artifizialität im Musiktheater des Seicento, Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang GmbH, 2008. ISBN 978-3-631-57861-2 br.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
 http://operadata.stanford.edu/?q=pietro+andrea+ziani&search_field=composer&utf8=%E2%9C%93

Compositori barocchi
Organisti classici
Musicisti della basilica di San Marco a Venezia


text:
Termenul Iad, Infern sau Inferno poate să însemne:

Iad (religie) locul unde după moarte sufletele păcătoase vor fi pedepsite.

Infernul (Dante) din opera literară a lui Dante Alighieri Divina comedie

Iad sau infern poate fi considerat un incendiu mare

Inferno se numește un computer program (hardware)

Inferno o pistă de schi din Elveția

Inferno Punkband o formație de muzică rock

Vezi și
Cheile Iadului (Snake)
Valea Iadului
Hades (loc)
 Poarta Iadului, numele Craterului Darvaza din Turkmenistan care arde de peste 40 de ani
 Poarta lui Pluto, un străvechi sit de pelerinaj despre care oamenii din Antichitate credeau că reprezintă intrarea în iad, aflat în străvechiul oraș antic Hierapolis, aflat în prezent în partea de sud-vest a Turciei
Diyu

Omofone
Yad Vashem

Note


text:
Un code pénal est un recueil organisé de textes juridiques dans le champ du droit pénal. En tant que nom propre, le Code pénal désigne, dans le contexte d'un système juridique, le recueil (généralement unique) prévu à cet effet par la loi.

Afrique
 Maroc : Code pénal marocain
 Tunisie : Code pénal (Tunisie)

Amériques
 Canada : Code criminel (Canada)
 Colombie : Code pénal (Colombie)
 États-Unis (fédéral) : Titre 18 du Code des États-Unis
 Brésil :
 Mexique : Code pénal fédéral du Mexique
 Argentine : Code pénal (Argentine)

Asie
 Iran : Code pénal iranien
 Japon : Code pénal japonais de 1907
 Liban : Code pénal (Liban)
 Syrie : Code pénal syrien

Europe
 Albanie : Code pénal (Albanie)
 Allemagne : Code pénal (Allemagne)
 Autriche : Code pénal (Autriche)
 Belgique : Code pénal (Belgique)
 Biélorussie : Code pénal (Biélorussie)
 Espagne : Code pénal
 Italie : Code pénal (Italie)
 Luxembourg :
 Pays-Bas :
 Pologne : Code pénal (Pologne)
 Portugal :
 Roumanie :
 Russie : Code pénal (Russie)
 Serbie : Code pénal (Serbie)
 Suède : Code pénal (Suède)
 Suisse : Code pénal suisse
 Turquie : Code pénal (Turquie)
 Vatican : Code pénal (Vatican)

France

Codes en vigueur
 Code pénal depuis 1994
 Procédure : Code de procédure pénale entré en vigueur le  sur le territoire métropolitain et le  dans les départements et territoires d'outre-mer

Codes historiques
 Code pénal de 1791 (de 1791 à 1810), Code pénal de 1810 (de 1811 à 1994)
 Procédure : Code des délits et des peines (de 1795 à 1808), Code d'instruction criminelle (France) (de 1808 à 1958)

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Codification (droit)
  et

Droit pénal
Code juridique