text:
The Men's 50 kilometre classical competition at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2023 was held on 5 March 2023.

Results
The race was started at 12:00.

References

Men's 50 kilometre classical


text:
Antidepresivele triciclice (prescurtate ATC) sunt o clasă de medicamente utilizate în general ca antidepresive, fiind o opțiune de tratament de a doua intenție după ISRS. Au fost descoperite începând cu anii 1950 și utilizate începând cu finalul acestei decade. Denumirea lor provine de la faptul că sunt compuși ciclici formați din 3 cicluri; clasa antidepresivelor tetraciclice este analoagă (compușii conțin 4 cicluri). Deși sunt uneori utilizate pentru tulburările depresive, ATC au fost înlocuite în practica clinică de antidepresive moderne, mai sigure în caz de supradoză și mai bine tolerate, precum ISRS și IRSN.

Note

Vezi și
 Inhibitor selectiv al recaptării de serotonină
 Inhibitor al recaptării de noradrenalină
 Inhibitor al recaptării de serotonină și noradrenalină
 Antidepresiv

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Charles Petzold (* 2. Februar 1953 in New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA) ist ein US-amerikanischer Programmierer und Autor zahlreicher Bücher zu verschiedenen Themen der Programmierung unter Microsoft Windows.

Leben
Im Jahre 1975 erwarb Petzold den Master of Science in Mathematik am Stevens Institute of Technology.

Aus Interesse an elektronischer Musik baute er ab 1977 eigene Musikinstrumente aus CMOS-Elektronikbausteinen. 1979 fing er schließlich an, einen digitalen Synthesizer auf Basis des Mikroprozessors Zilog Z80 zu entwickeln. Das dadurch erlangte Wissen in Digitaltechnik und Assemblersprache legte den Grundstein für sein Buch Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software.

Nachdem er 1984 einen IBM Personal Computer für 5.000 $ gekauft hatte, beschloss er – zur Kompensation des hohen Anschaffungspreises des Computers – Artikel für die Fachzeitschrift PC Magazine zu schreiben. Der erste Artikel handelte vom Kommandointerpreter des Betriebssystems MS-DOS und wurde mit 800 $ vergütet.

Das PC Magazine bat wenig später seine New Yorker Autoren, an einer Rundschau über die 1984 am Markt erhältlichen Drucker mitzuwirken. Petzold zeigte der Redaktion ein paar kleine Programme, die er zu dem Thema geschrieben hatte. Die Resonanz auf seine Mitarbeit war so gut, dass er das Schreiben von Fachartikeln und Entwickeln von Hilfsprogrammen bald hauptberuflich ausüben konnte.

Ab Dezember 1986 schrieb er auch für das neu gegründete Microsoft Systems Journal eine Anleitung zum Erstellen eines Windows-Programms, die als erster Fachartikel über Windows-Programmierung überhaupt gilt. Petzold erwähnte in Anwesenheit von Microsoft-Mitarbeitern mehrfach, dass ihm das Thema viel Freude bereitet habe. Im Januar 1987 erhielt er daraufhin vom Verlag Microsoft Press seinen Vertrag für das Buch Programming Windows, in der deutschen Übersetzung Windows-Programmierung. Es erschien 1988 und gilt seitdem als Standardwerk zur Windows-Programmierschnittstelle, in Fachkreisen wird es schlicht als der Petzold referenziert.

Bibliographie
 Programming Windows (Microsoft Press, 1988)
 Teile der MS-DOS Encyclopedia (Microsoft Press, 1988)
 Programming the OS/2 Presentation Manager (Microsoft Press, 1989)
 Teile des Buches Extending DOS (Addison-Wesley, 1990)
 Programming Windows: The Microsoft Guide to Writing Applications for Windows 3 (2nd edition, Microsoft Press, 1990)
 Programming Windows: The Microsoft Guide to Writing Applications for Windows 3.1 (3rd edition, Microsoft Press, 1992)
 OS/2 Presentation Manager Programming (Ziff-Davis Press, 1994)
 Programming Windows 95 (4th edition, Microsoft Press, 1996)
 Programming Windows (5th edition, Microsoft Press, 1998)
 Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software (Microsoft Press, 1999)
 Programming Microsoft Windows with C# (Microsoft Press, 2001)
 Programming Microsoft Windows with Microsoft Visual Basic .NET (Microsoft Press, 2002)
 Programming in the Key of C# (Microsoft Press, 2003)
 Programming Microsoft Windows Forms (Microsoft Press, 2005)
 Applications = Code + Markup: A Guide to the Microsoft Windows Presentation Foundation (Microsoft Press, 2006)
 3D Programming for Windows – Three-Dimensional Graphics Programming for the Windows Presentation Foundation (Microsoft Press, 2007)
 The Annotated Turing: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine (Wiley, 2008)
 Programming Windows Phone 7 – Microsoft Silverlight Edition (Microsoft Press, 2011)
 Programming Windows Phone 7 – Microsoft XNA Framework Edition (Microsoft Press, 2011)
 Programming Windows, Sixth Edition – Writing Windows 8 Apps with C# and XAML (Microsoft Press, 2013)
Außerdem war und ist er für verschiedene Fachzeitschriften als Gastautor tätig, darunter das PC Magazine und das MSDN-Magazine.

Verschiedenes
 Petzold trägt das Microsoft-Windows-Logo als Tätowierung auf dem rechten Oberarm.
 Er wurde von Microsoft als Most Valuable Professional und als einer von sieben "Windows-Pionieren" ausgezeichnet.
 Bei einem Programmierwettbewerb unter dem Motto "Storm the Gates" während einer Presseveranstaltung zur Einführung von QuickBASIC 2.0 im Jahre 1986 belegte Petzold den zweiten Platz hinter Bill Gates. Aufgabenstellung war eine Multitasking-Simulation unter MS-DOS. Gates setzte QuickBASIC 2.0 ein, während die übrigen Teilnehmer ihre Programmiersprache frei wählen konnten. Gates gewann, weil QuickBASIC eine Grafikbibliothek enthielt und damit für die Aufgabenstellung dem von Petzold verwendeten Microsoft C überlegen war.

Einzelnachweise

Informatiker
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1953
Mann


text:
Schinus johnstonii är en sumakväxtart som beskrevs av Fred Alexander Barkley. Schinus johnstonii ingår i släktet Schinus och familjen sumakväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Sumakväxter
johnstonii


text:
Gerard J. Arpey (born 26 July 1958) is the former chairman, president, and chief executive officer (CEO) of AMR Corporation, parent company to American Airlines.

Biography

Education
Arpey received a Bachelor of Business Administration degree in 1980 and an MBA in 1982, both from the University of Texas at Austin. He also holds an FAA Multi-Engine Instrument Pilot Rating and is an avid private pilot.

Career
Gerard J. Arpey was elected chairman of AMR Corporation and American Airlines, Inc. in May 2004. Arpey had been president and chief executive officer of AMR and American, since April 2003, when he was first elected a member of the board of directors of both companies. Prior to that, he had served as president and chief operating officer of AMR and American since April 2002.

Arpey led a global organization that included American Airlines, American Eagle and AmericanConnection, serving approximately 250 cities in 40 countries and territories around the world. During Arpey's tenure the combined network offered, on average, more than 3,400 flights a day with nearly 900 aircraft.

Before his appointment as president and COO, Arpey served as American's executive vice president of operations, senior vice president of finance and planning, as well as its chief financial officer and senior vice president of planning.

As executive vice president of operations, Arpey was responsible for American's worldwide flight operations, including Maintenance and Engineering, Flight Department, Operations Planning, Purchasing, Corporate Real Estate, AA Cargo and American Eagle.

As the company's chief finance and planning executive, Arpey directed the corporation's strategic planning activities, including its scheduling, fleet planning and airline partnership activities. As chief financial officer, he was responsible for the corporation's finance functions including the Financial Planning, Treasury, Accounting, Corporate Development, and Investor Relations groups.

Arpey joined American Airlines in 1982 as a financial analyst. He held numerous management positions during his career at American, including managing director of Airline Profitability Analysis, managing director of Financial Analysis and Fleet Planning, and managing director of Financial Planning. He became a corporate officer in 1989, when he was elected vice president of Financial Planning and Analysis.

Arpey announced his retirement on November 29, 2011, coinciding with the bankruptcy filing of American Airlines parent AMR. He was succeeded by Thomas W. Horton. Some airline industry analysts suggested that Arpey did long-term damage to AMR by not filing for Chapter 11 protection earlier on, something he refused to implement on moral grounds as the process of bankruptcy was intended for the purpose of decreasing pension and other financial obligations made to employees. Arpey declined requests by both the AMR board and Horton to stay on in some management capacity because of his unwillingness to work under a bankruptcy scenario. As per his contract, Arpey did not receive any severance upon retirement.

On December 1, 2011, Arpey joined Emerald Creek Group, LLC as a partner. Arpey is a member of the board of directors of S. C. Johnson & Son. He is also a member of The Business Council and involved in a variety of civic organizations.

September 11, 2001
Arpey was executive vice president of operations at the time of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in which American Airlines lost two planes. Arpey made the decision to ground all American Airlines flights in Northeast US and then across the US before the FAA.

References

External links
Gerard Arpey's Executive Bio on aa.com
August 2004 interview with St. Louis Commerce Magazine

1958 births
Living people
American Airlines people
American airline chief executives
American Lutherans
McCombs School of Business alumni
American chief operating officers


text:
Lucius Aurelius Verus (15. prosince 130 – leden nebo únor 169), rodným jménem Lucius Ceionius Commodus, běžně známý jako Lucius Verus, byl od roku 161 až do své smrti římským císařem a spoluvládcem Marka Aurelia.

Život

Adopce a mládí
Lucius Verus se narodil 15. prosince 130 jako syn Lucia Aelia Caesara, jehož si císař Hadrianus zvolil za svého nástupce, a jeho manželky Avidie. Verovo rodné jméno znělo stejně jako otcovo Lucius Ceionius Commodus. Když byl jeho otec v roce 136 adoptován Hadrianem, obdržel Verus jméno Lucius Aelius Commodus. 1. ledna 138 však Lucius Aelius Caesar zemřel, načež Hadrianus ustanovil svým následníkem senátora Tita Arria Antonina. V únoru 138 byl Antoninus Hadrianem adoptován a v souladu s předchozím ujednáním musel Antoninus adoptovat Vera a Marka Aurelia. Hadrianus si dále vymínil, aby Antoninus zasnoubil svoji dceru Faustinu s Verem, jemuž bylo tehdy sedm let. V průběhu dospívání se Verus vzdělával podobně jako jeho starší bratr Marcus v latinské a řecké rétorice pod dohledem řady učitelů, včetně Marka Cornelia Frontona, který byl oběma mladíkům velice příznivě nakloněn. Podle tvrzení v Historii Augustě vynikal Verus jako mimořádně nadaný student, přičemž se oddával psaní poezie a později se věnoval řečnictví.

Nabytí císařské hodnosti
Po Hadrianově skonu v červenci 138 se Titus Arrius Antoninus, známý spíše pod jménem Antoninus Pius, ujal vlády. Ačkoli po formální stránce příslušela Verovi pozice císařského prince obdobně jako jeho bratrovi, ve skutečnosti náleželo staršímu Markovi přednostní postavení. Verovo zasnoubení s Faustinou bylo brzy zrušeno, neboť Faustina se měla podle Antoninovy vůle stát budoucí chotí Marka. Verova politická kariéra začala v roce 153, kdy byl ustaven quaestorem. Třebaže nesplňoval zákonnou podmínku věku a nezastával úřad praetora, byl již v následujícím roce pověřen vykonáváním konzulátu. V roce 161 působil Verus opět jako konzul a jeho kolegou v úřadě byl Marcus. Po smrti Antonina 7. března téhož roku se Marcus Aurelius stal novým císařem. Nikdy dříve nebyla vláda v římské říši sdílena dvěma muži, nicméně Marcus vzápětí po svém ustavení povýšil do stejné hodnosti i Vera, jenž se od tohoto okamžiku jmenoval Lucius Aurelius Verus.

V čele státu tedy stanuli dva císařové, ovšem jejich moc a autorita nebyly identické, jelikož Markovi patřila vedoucí role při řízení říše. Naproti tomu Verus mohl jako mladší a fyzicky zdatnější jedinec snadněji zabezpečit nutnou vojenskou obranu říše. Soudržnost mezi císaři byla ještě upevněna v roce 164 uzavřením sňatku mezi Verem a Lucillou, Markovou dcerou. Z manželství vzešla dcera, která se i s matkou v roce 182 zapletla do nezdařeného spiknutí proti svému strýci, císaři Commodovi.

Parthské tažení

Změnou na císařském trůně v Římě se parthskému velkokráli Vologaisovi IV. naskytla příležitost ke vpádu do Arménie, nacházející se tehdy v římské sféře vlivu. Vologaisés zde v roce 161 dosadil za vládce svého příbuzného z dynastie Arsakovců. Parthské vojsko potom úspěšně odrazilo římský protiútok a proniklo až do Kappadokie. V reakci na to svěřil Marcus velení nad legiemi v Sýrii Verovi, jenž po několikaměsíční cestě, při níž učinil řadu zastávek v řeckých a maloasijských městech, dorazil v roce 163 do Antiochie, v níž zřídil svůj hlavní stan. Před přímým řízením vojenských operací dával však císař přednost rozmařilému životu ve východní metropoli. Verus trávil takřka veškerý svůj čas obklopen suitou herců a hudebníků, účastnil se hojných hostin a uspokojoval své smysly mnoha rozličnými požitky a potěšeními. Přesto byl podle Cassia Diona schopen plnit nezbytné úkoly týkající se dodávání a distribuce zásob a posil legiím, jejichž velení delegoval na zkušené vojevůdce. Císařovo nepříliš vojácké chování tudíž nepřivodilo Římanům žádnou újmu při vedení válečných akcí, protože morálka a bojeschopnost vojska setrvaly na vysoké úrovni.

Nedlouho poté, co Verus přicestoval do Sýrie, dobyl Statius Priscus, jeden z jeho generálů, zpět strategicky důležitou Arménii, na jejíž trůn byl posléze nastolen král nakloněný Římanům. Verovi bylo proto přiznáno čestné přízvisko Armeniacus. V roce 165 si Avidius Cassius vynutil přechod přes řeku Eufrat, čímž Římané postoupili do severní Mezopotámie a obsadili Osroénu a města Dúra Európos a Nisibis (dnešní Nusaybin). Ještě v témže roce Cassius obsadil a strašlivě vydrancoval Seleukii a zmocnil se taktéž Ktésifóntu, parthského hlavního města. Po tomto úspěchu byl Verus obdařen titulem Parthicus Maximus. V následujícím roce vpadli Římané hlouběji na východ do Médie, načež velkokrál požádal o mír. Navzdory římskému vítězství byla východní hranice impéria ponechána beze změn.

Římští vojáci, stahující se z parthské říše, onemocněli v Seleukii jistým druhem nákazy, již při zpátečním pochodu rozšířili na římské území. Tato epidemie, nazývána také antoninovský mor (ve skutečnosti se jednalo zřejmě o epidemii neštovic), se záhy vyvinula v jednu z nejhorších morových ran starověku. Po svém návratu do Říma oslavil Verus 12. října 166 velkolepý triumf, v jehož procesí jel rovněž Marcus společně se svými syny a neprovdanými dcerami, což bylo zcela neobvyklé. Všichni členové císařské dynastie byli navíc oděni v triumfální šat.

Životní styl
Verus byl vzdělaný člověk, aktivně se podílející na rozhodování o vojenských a politických záležitostech. Jeho charakter byl velmi barvitý a patřil prý k jedněm z nejpohlednějších císařů. Ačkoli byl Markovým rovnocenným spoluvládcem, už od svého mládí zastával nepříliš snadnou pozici Markova mladšího partnera. Ať už z důvodu opravdového respektu, nebo z oddané bratrské lásky, zacházel Marcus s Verem se značnou ohleduplností a prokazoval mu nejvyšší úctu. Kromě toho vytrvale ignoroval nebo odmítal jakkoli kritizovat pochybné chování a přátelské styky svého mladšího bratra. Po příchodu z Orientu projevoval Verus menší poslušnost vůči Markovi a jevil i nižší zájem o státní povinnosti. Během pobytu v Sýrii totiž přivykl velice prostopášnému a pohodlnému životnímu stylu, v němž hodlal pokračovat i v Římě, jenž neopustil v dalších dvou letech. Nepřetržitě doprovázen herci a svými oblíbenci, zřídil si ve vlastním domě krčmu, v níž ve společnosti přátel holdoval po celé noci alkoholu a vybraným pokrmům a utrácel nezměrné finanční částky v hazardních hrách. Pokud ho toto počínání omrzelo, navštěvoval v přestrojení za pocestného hostince a veřejné domy. Tyto aktivity si zpestřoval přihlížením soubojům gladiátorů v Cirku, ovšem největší zalíbení nacházel v závodech vozů tažených koňmi. Zatímco Verus nadále zanedbával své oficiální úkoly, vypukl na severních hranicích říše nový vážný konflikt.

Smrt a zbožštění
Nájezdy barbarských kmenů, soustředěné především do provincií při Dunaji, které vešly ve známost jako markomanské války, přiměly Marka, aby přesvědčil senát o nezbytnosti přítomnosti obou císařů na bojišti. Na jaře 168 vyrazili Marcus a Verus z Říma, odkud se přesunuli do města Aquileia v severní Itálii. Když na počátku roku 169 propukla epidemie i mezi vojáky podunajských legií, rozhodli se císařové k návratu do Říma. Verus však v průběhu cesty náhlé onemocněl a po několika dnech zemřel ve městečku Altinum. Pozdější prameny na základě mínění některých Verových současníků zpochybňovaly skutečnost, že jeho smrt nastala přirozeným způsobem. Podezření ulpívalo obzvláště na jeho švagrové Faustině a na jeho manželce Lucille, jež měly údajně podnítit jeho zavraždění. Vyskytly se i určité zvěsti, podle nichž nechal Vera otrávit sám Marcus. Pro tato obvinění ale neexistují žádné pádné důkazy, třebaže Verova nemoc vykazovala symptomy otravy jídlem. Pravděpodobnějším se zdá být, že se Verus zařadil k četným obětem antoninovského moru, k čemuž se přiklání i většina moderních historiků. Podle jiných údajů mohl podlehnout mrtvici.

I přes jisté drobné rozpory pociťoval Marcus upřímný zármutek nad ztrátou svého adoptivního bratra, který stál vždy loajálně po jeho boku. Poté, co přivezl Verovy ostatky do Říma, uspořádal hry na počest zesnulého, jehož popel byl uložen do Hadriánova mauzolea. Senát prohlásil Vera bohem, takže byl uctíván jako Divus Verus. Po smrti Marka byli oba sourozenci označováni jako Divi fratres ("božští bratři").

Reference

Literatura
 BURIAN, Jan. Římské impérium : vrchol a proměny antické civilizace. Praha : Svoboda, 1997.
 GRANT, Michael. Římští císařové. Praha : BB art, 2002.
 ZAMAROVSKÝ, Vojtěch. Dějiny psané Římem. Bratislava : Perfekt, 2005.
 Portréty světovládců I (Od Hadriana po Alexandra Severa). Praha : Svoboda, 1982

Související články
 Marcus Aurelius
 Parthská říše
 Antoninovský mor

Externí odkazy

 Lucius Verus (De Imperatoribus Romanis)
 Lucius Verus and the Parthians (UNRV History)

Římští císaři
Adoptivní císaři
Narození ve 2. století
Úmrtí ve 2. století
Muži
Narození 15. prosince
Narození v roce 130


text:
José Manuel Rivera Galván (ur. 16 czerwca 1986 w Guadalajarze) – meksykański piłkarz występujący na pozycji ofensywnego pomocnika lub napastnika, obecnie bez klubu.

Kariera klubowa
Rivera pochodzi z miasta Guadalajara i jest wychowankiem akademii juniorskiej tamtejszego zespołu Club Atlas, skąd po kilku sezonach przeniósł się do ekipy CF Pachuca. Nie potrafił się jednak przebić do seniorskiej drużyny, wobec czego postanowił wyjechać do Europy, gdzie przez kilka kolejnych tygodni przebywał na testach w klubach z niższych lig holenderskich, francuskich i niemieckich. W sierpniu 2006 za pośrednictwem swojego agenta jako wolny zawodnik podpisał umowę ze słowackim Spartakiem Trnawa, w którego barwach 12 sierpnia 2006 w wygranym 1:0 spotkaniu z Interem Bratysława zadebiutował w Corgoň Liga. Premierowego gola w najwyższej klasie rozgrywkowej strzelił natomiast 27 sierpnia w przegranej 1:2 konfrontacji z Artmedią Bratysława, z rzutu karnego. W barwach Spartaka występował przez pół roku, częściej niż w pierwszym zespole grając jednak w trzecioligowych rezerwach (6 meczów/4 gole).

Wiosną 2007 Rivera przeszedł do węgierskiego Budapest Honvéd FC z siedzibą w stołecznym Budapeszcie. W Nemzeti Bajnokság I zadebiutował 24 lutego 2007 w przegranym 2:4 meczu z Újpestem i był to zarazem jego jedyny występ w tym zespole. W sezonie 2006/2007 wywalczył z Honvédem krajowy puchar – Magyar Kupa, lecz pełnił wyłącznie rolę głębokiego rezerwowego. Po upływie sześciu miesięcy powrócił do ojczyzny, na zasadzie wypożyczenia przenosząc się do drużyny Jaguares de Chiapas z miasta Tuxtla Gutiérrez; w meksykańskiej Primera División zadebiutował 4 sierpnia 2007 w zremisowanym 1:1 pojedynku z Atlante. Nie potrafił sobie jednak wywalczyć miejsca w pierwszym składzie i w styczniu 2008 został wypożyczony po raz kolejny, tym razem na okres roku do Deportivo Toluca. W jego barwach nie rozegrał z kolei żadnego meczu, sporadycznie wybiegając na boisko tylko w drugoligowych rezerwach klubu – Atlético Mexiquense. Po powrocie do Honvédu również występował wyłącznie w rezerwach grających w trzeciej lidze węgierskiej (8 meczów/11 goli).

W lipcu 2009 Rivera po raz kolejny wrócił do Meksyku, zostając zawodnikiem trzecioligowej ekipy Murciélagos de Guamúchil. Tam w roli podstawowego piłkarza spędził półtora roku, nie odnosząc większych sukcesów, po czym wyjechał do Finlandii, podpisując umowę z drużyną Rovaniemen Palloseura z siedzibą w mieście Rovaniemi. W Veikkausliidze zadebiutował 6 maja 2011 w wygranym 1:0 meczu z Jaro, natomiast premierowego gola w lidze fińskiej zdobył już trzy dni później w zremisowanej 3:3 konfrontacji z Mariehamn. Od razu wywalczył sobie pewne miejsce w wyjściowej jedenastce, zostając najlepszym strzelcem zespołu, lecz na koniec sezonu 2011 spadł z RoPS do drugiej ligi. Tam spędził rok, pomagając swojemu klubowi w szybkim powrocie do najwyższej klasy rozgrywkowej na koniec sezonu 2012.

Wiosną 2013 Rivera przeszedł do amerykańskiego zespołu Chivas USA, prowadzonego przez swojego rodaka José Luisa Sáncheza Solę. W Major League Soccer zadebiutował 27 kwietnia 2013 w zremisowanej 2:2 konfrontacji z San Jose Earthquakes, lecz nie potrafił na stałe przebić się do wyjściowego składu i pełnił niemal wyłącznie rolę rezerwowego. W barwach Chivas spędził rok, nie odnosząc osiągnięć zarówno z pierwszym zespołem, jak i z rezerwami (9 meczów/6 goli).

Bibliografia

 Statystyki na MedioTiempo

Meksykańscy piłkarze
Piłkarze Atlas FC
Piłkarze CF Pachuca
Piłkarze Spartaka Trnawa
Piłkarze Budapest Honvéd FC
Piłkarze Chiapas FC
Piłkarze Deportivo Toluca FC
Piłkarze Rovaniemen Palloseura
Piłkarze CD Chivas USA
Urodzeni w 1986
Ludzie urodzeni w Guadalajarze


text:
Diseño electrónico es el arte de crear, transformar o resolver un problema, dentro del campo de la electrónica. El Diseño Electrónico estimula el funcionamiento, la creatividad e ingenio del diseñador electrónico. El Diseño y Desarrollo Electrónico involucra tres ramas fundamentales de la tecnología: el hardware (todo lo que tiene que ver con tarjetas electrónicas, circuitos impresos o PCB, componentes electrónicos y accesorios), el firmware (son las instrucciones o programas de muy bajo nivel que por lo general están en los microprocesadores, microcontroladores o sistemas embebidos a los que el usuario común no puede acceder ni alterar), y el software (programas residentes en dispositivos tales como computadoras, teléfonos inteligentes, tabletas, etc.).

En el diseño electrónico, a grandes rasgos; el hardware cumple funciones tales como obedecer las órdenes del firmware, censar, monitorear y almacenar información, transmitir las señales eléctricas para las comunicaciones con otros dispositivos, etc.; el firmware se encarga de obedecer las órdenes del software, tomar decisiones de prioridad de acuerdo a las jerarquías que se hayan programado para dar órdenes al hardware, enviar la información censada por el hardware al software de manera que éste la pueda reconocer e interpretar del mismo modo, también se encarga de llevar/traducir las órdenes del software al hardware, etc.; y el software es el que muestra la interfaz de usuario, lleva a cabo las tareas de procesamiento macro como por ejemplo analizar la información y tomar decisiones, controlar procesos, actualizar protocolos, etc. Por lo general el software se encuentra instalado en computadoras o servidores o sistemas compatibles que incluso tienen acceso a Internet para enviar información o actualizar a los usuarios.

Dependiendo del producto, muchos dispositivos electrónicos pueden constar solamente de hardware o hardware y firmware únicamente. Es factible también encontrar diseños electrónicos donde el firmware es el encargado de la interfaz de usuario.  Un PLC, por ejemplo es un dispositivo electrónico que consta de hardware y firmware, muchos PLCs poseen una pantalla para interactuar con un usuario o tienen el puerto/conexión para ser conectados a una pantalla u otros periféricos. En cambio, un teléfono móvil inteligente o smartphone consta de hardware (su tarjeta electrónica, sus periféricos como pantalla touch, batería, jack de audio, conector USB, etc.), firmware (procesadores de arquitectura tipo ARM) y software (p. ej. Android, iOS, etc.).

Los diseñadores electrónicos son los creadores y productores de la tecnología moderna: son en gran parte los responsables por muchos productos que amamos y usamos a diario como teléfonos inteligentes, computadoras, reproductores de audio, etc. Las decisiones tomadas por los equipos de diseño electrónico afectan nuestra vida diaria, desde las características que un nuevo producto tendrá, cuánto costará, hasta cuánto tiempo tendrá de vida útil o vida en el mercado.

Si bien en la mayoría de casos un solo diseñador electrónico no es suficiente para crear un nuevo producto, se conforman equipos de diseño electrónico, donde algunos de ellos están especializados entre otras en estas áreas: electrónica analógica, electrónica digital, diseño de componentes electrónicos, ingeniería de componentes, diseño de circuitos impresos PCB, comunicaciones (alámbricas e inalámbricas), diseño en sistemas embebidos, ensamble electrónico, desarrollo de software, diseño industrial, etc.

A menudo, cuando se diseña un producto por completo, éste no sólo concierne a los diseñadores electrónicos, sino que éstos tienen que tratar también con diseñadores industriales, diseñadores mecánicos, diseñadores gráficos, ingenieros de software y web, ingenieros eléctricos, físicos, químicos, etc. dependiendo de la naturaleza del producto.

Un diseñador electrónico debe poseer conocimientos en estas áreas, que a su vez son parte de las anteriormente mencionadas y de las tres grandes áreas del diseño electrónico Hardware, Firmware y Software: manejo de herramientas CAD/CAM, simuladores; protocolos de comunicaciones ( USB, RS232, RS485, RS422, Bluetooth, Wifi, MiWi, RF convencional, ZigBee/XBee, GSM, GPS, BacNet, HART, etc.); configuración y programación de sistemas embebidos de arquitecturas de 8, 16 y 32 bits; desarrollos de aplicaciones en lenguajes de programación como: C, C++ o C#, Java, Python, PHP y Android entre los más relevantes. Además, un diseñador electrónico debe estar al tanto de los estándares de la industria electrónica, como por ejemplo IPC en la fabricación de PCB o las nuevas versiones de los protocolos de comunicaciones.

Ciclos de Diseño Electrónico

Los ciclos de creación en el diseño electrónico van desde la idea inicial hasta la producción final en línea. Algunos de los ciclos más importantes son: requerimientos iniciales, desarrollo de prototipos (ciclo que puede ser iterativo hasta que se obtenga un prototipo aprobado), ciclos de test, certificación y producción final.

Referencias
 Plan de estudios para Diseño Electrónico
 Guía paso a paso del diseño de un producto electrónico
 Información sobre educación y programas de entrenamiento en Diseño Electrónico
 Revista de tecnología que habla sobre los procesadores de teléfonos inteligentes 6]

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 http://www.gdl.cinvestav.mx/diseno/
 http://www.industrologic.com/
 http://study.com/articles/Electronic_Design_Education_and_Training_Program_Information.html

Automatización de diseño electrónico
Diseño


text:
El Ourense Fútbol Sala es un equipo español de fútbol sala en Orense; capital de la provincia del mismo nombre en la comunidad autónoma de Galicia. El club participó en nueve temporadas de división de honor, la última fue la 2001/2002.

El club fue fundado en 1981 y su estadio es Pazo dos Deportes Paco Paz con capacidad de 6,000 personas.

Desde la temporada 2009-2010 el club solo compite en categorías inferiores.

Palmarés y triunfos
 Campeón de Primera Nacional "A" 1992/1993
 Campeón de división de plata 1998/1999
 Campeón Copa Xunta de Galicia 1996/1997, 1999/2000, 2000/2001

Véase también
 Primera Nacional "A"
 Liga Nacional de Fútbol Sala
 UEFA

Deporte en Orense
Equipos de fútbol sala de Galicia


text:
Paraeuchaeta trunculosa is een eenoogkreeftjessoort uit de familie van de Euchaetidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1909 door Pesta.

Euchaetidae


text:
Thomas Wright (d. 1624?), was a Roman Catholic controversialist, who was ordained priest in the reign of Queen Mary, and became one of the readers of divinity in the English College, Douai at the time of its foundation in 1569.

Life
It is said that he had previously taught theology and Hebrew at Milan, and had also been professor of divinity both in Spain and at Louvain. He graduated D.D., and was 'always regarded as one of the ablest divines and controvertists of his time.' In 1577 he was laboring upon the mission in Yorkshire, and was soon afterwards committed as a prisoner to York Castle, where he engaged in a conference with Dean Hutton and some other divines of the church of England. He was 'tossed about from prison to prison till 1585, when he was shipped off at Hull, and sent into banishment.' He took refuge at the English College of Douay, then temporarily removed to Rheims, was vice-president for some time, and was afterwards made dean of Courtray. In 1622 he was at Antwerp, where Marco Antonio de Dominis, Archbishop of Spalato, repeated before him the recantation of Protestantism formerly made to the pope's nuncio at Brussels. Wright died about 1624.

Wright has been very doubtfully credited with several religious tracts, which are said to have been published anonymously, but he has been much confused by bibliographers with other writers of the time of his name, and no list of his works can be given with confidence. It is probable that he was author of Certaine Articles discovering the Palpable Absurdities of the Protestants Religion (Antwerp, 1600), and The Substance of the Lord's Supper (1610, 12mo). The first of these was answered by Edward Bulkeley in An Apologie for the Religion established in the Church of England. Being an Answer to a Pamphlet by T. W[right] (1602).

Notes

Attribution

References
Thompson Cooper, "Wright, Thomas (d.1624?) (1900)", Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900, Volume 63
Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 91, 384
Records of the English Catholics, i. 447.

1624 deaths
Year of birth unknown
17th-century English people
English theologians


text:
Zondag met Lubach (niederländisch für "Sonntag mit Lubach") war eine satirische Fernsehsendung in den Niederlanden, welche von Arjen Lubach moderiert und wöchentlich auf NPO 3 ausgestrahlt wurde. Jeden Sonntag wurden in 30 Minuten die Neuigkeiten der letzten sieben Tage besprochen, auch in Form von investigativem Journalismus. Die Hauptautoren waren Tex de Wit und Pieter Jouke. Das Programm wurde im großen Raum des Bellevue-Theaters in Amsterdam aufgenommen. Die erste Folge lief am 4. November 2014, nach 13 Staffeln endete die Sendung am 28. März 2021. Schauten in der ersten Staffel noch durchschnittlich 337.000 Zuschauer, waren es in der letzten Staffel knapp 2,1 Millionen.

Im Jahr 2017 gewann die Sendung den Gouden Televizier-Ring, einen Fernsehpreis für die beste Sendung des Jahres, ausgegeben durch die Rundfunkanstalt AVROTROS.

Nennenswerte Sendungen

2017 erlangte die Sendung internationale Aufmerksamkeit mit dem viralen Video "America First – The Netherlands Second", welches den Videowettbewerb Every Second Counts verschiedener Comedyshows nach sich zog. In dem Video stellt Lubach die Niederlande dem damals neugewählten US-amerikanischen Präsidenten Donald Trump vor.

Auch innerhalb der Niederlande sorgten die Sendungen von Zondag met Lubach immer wieder für Aufsehen. So sorgte im Jahr 2015 eine Sendung über das Transatlantische Freihandelsabkommen zwischen der EU und den USA (TTIP) für eine landesweite Diskussion; die Ministerin für Außenhandel und Entwicklungszusammenarbeit, Lilianne Ploumen (PvdA), garantierte daraufhin gegenüber Zondag met Lubach schriftlich, dass das Abkommen niederländische Standards der Lebensmittelsicherheit und des Tierwohls nicht untergraben würde.

Die Sendung startete eine Petition, die forderte, Arjen Lubach zum "Pharao der Niederlande" zu krönen. Sie erreichte mehr als 50.000 Unterschriften, und wurde daher von der Zweiten Kammer beraten. Letztendlich wurde sie aber abgelehnt, weil das Parlament keine Titel verleihen könne und "Titel und Funktion des Pharao im Sinne des alten Ägypten […] den in unserem Land tief verwurzelten Normen und Werten [widersprächen]."

Geringer als vorhergesagte Wahlgewinne für die PVV von Geert Wilders bei den Parlamentswahlen 2017 werden auch einer kurz zuvor ausgestrahlten Sendung von Zondag met Lubach zugeschrieben.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 offizielle Webseite der Sendung

Fernsehsendung (Niederlande)
Fernsehsendung der 2010er Jahre
Fernsehsendung der 2020er Jahre
Investigativjournalismus


text:
Fritz Räcke (* 1882 in Magdeburg; † 1952 in Hürth) war der erste hauptamtliche Bürgermeister nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in Hürth.

Leben
Nachdem Räcke 1917 zunächst zum Polizeikommissar der Bürgermeistereien Hürth und Efferen berufen worden war, wurde er drei Jahre später als Nachfolger des zum Bürgermeister gewählten Werner Disse hauptamtlicher Erster Beigeordneter der Gemeinde Hürth. Beide wurden im März 1933 von den dann herrschenden Nationalsozialisten verhaftet und entlassen. 1945 wurde er von den Besatzungsmächten zum ersten hauptamtlichen Bürgermeister ernannt und wechselte nach Einführung der Doppelspitze  bis zum 31. August 1946 auf die Position des ersten Gemeindedirektors der Nachkriegszeit.

Seine Nachfolge trat für kurze Zeit (bis zur eigenen Pensionierung am 26. Januar 1947) der langjährige Bauamtsleiter Albert Lüttgenau an.  Fritz Räcke verstarb im Jahr 1952. Das Familiengrab auf dem alten Friedhof in Hermülheim wurde in die Liste der Denkmäler aufgenommen. Sein Sohn Otto Räcke war ebenfalls in Hürth ab 1953 bis 1973 Gemeindedirektor.

Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen
Am 22. Mai 1978 beschloss der Rat der Stadt Hürth, eine Straße nach ihm zu benennen.

Einzelnachweise

Bürgermeister (Hürth)
SPD-Mitglied
Deutscher
Gestorben 1952
Mann
Geboren 1882
Beigeordneter (Preußen)


text:
The crowdfunding exemption movement in the U.S. is the effort to exempt relatively small investment offerings (typically $1 million or less), sold to the general public in small blocks, from the registration and compliance requirements demanded of large public companies. Inspired by the growth of non-investment crowdfunding, advocates see such exemptions as a way to spur innovation, economic activity, and small-business job creation, but opponents see such changes as invitations to fraud that will target unsophisticated investors. The movement has seen success with the passage of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, which went into effect in 2016, and a growing number of state-level exemptions.

History
The first big push towards an equity crowdfunding exemption came in April 2010, when Paul Spinrad of Make magazine, Jenny Kassan of the Sustainable Economies Law Center (SELC), and Danae Ringelmann of Indiegogo launched the Crowdfunding Campaign to Change Crowdfunding Law to fund the legal work to draft a petition to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for a crowdfunding exemption. After the campaign met its funding goal, SELC interns Aroma Sharma and Kathleen Kenney researched and wrote the petition, which lists the names of all of its financial supporters in the first footnote. The SEC posted the petition as File No. 4-605 on July 1, 2010.

To limit abuse and protect investors, the SELC petition proposed a $100k cap on the entire offering, and a $100 cap on individual investments. Other crowdfunding exemption proposals followed the same two-cap strategy. The lobbying group Startup Exemption, led by Jason Best, Sherwood Neiss and Zak Cassady-Dorion, proposed crowdfunding exemption caps of $1m for the total offering and $10k or 10% of income for each individual investment to the SEC in December 2010, and in early 2011 to the Startup America initiative, which was launched by the White House to celebrate, inspire, and accelerate high-growth entrepreneurship throughout the nation.  Sherwood Neiss was asked to testify twice in Congress. His congressional testimony reviewed the pros and cons of crowdfunding.

Through 2011, with the assistance of the Small Business and Entrepreneurship Council and a newsworthy endorsement from Whoopi Goldberg, the Startup Exemption met with members of Congress, White House staff, and others to lobby for a crowdfunding exemption. The Startup Exemption's $1m/$10k caps were repeated in the White House's first crowdfunding exemption endorsement, on Sept 8, 2011, and in the first crowdfunding bill, the Entrepreneur Access to Capital Act introduced by Rep. Patrick McHenry (R-NC) on September 14, 2011. As his initial inspiration for H.R.2930, McHenry points to the website BuyaBeerCompany.com, which launched in Nov 2009 and gathered over 5 million pledges for a notional group purchase of the Pabst Brewing Company before being shut down by the SEC.

The White House endorsed the Entrepreneur Access to Capital Act on November 1, 2011 and it passed the House the following day with a vote of 407-17. In the Senate, two new crowdfunding bills followed: S.1791, with caps of $1m and $1k, and S.1970, with a total offering cap of $1m, and a tiered individual cap ranging from $500 to 1% of income to 2% of income, depending on the investor's annual income. Around the same time, academic proposals for a crowdfunding exemption included a project cap of $250–500k and an individual cap of the greater of $500 or 2% of income, proposed by Steven Bradford, and $250k total and $1000 individual per six months, proposed by Nikki D. Pope.

The Entrepreneur Access to Capital Act, H.R.2930, became part of the JOBS Act in March 2012. The JOBS Act went through a number of amendments; the most significant of these was when the Senate replaced the H.R.2930 section with a version of S.1970 that was modified by raising its tiered individual investment caps to $2000, 5%, and 10% of income. On April 5, 2012, President Barack Obama signed the JOBS Act into law. The signing ceremony, in the White House Rose Garden, was attended by many members of the "crowdfunding crowd" that collectively lobbied for the exemption.

Current status
Many states have enacted (or are in various stages of enacting/considering) their own intrastate crowdfunding exemption laws. As of July 2016, 31 states have intrastate crowdfunding exemptions in place and seven states are in various stages of enacting/considering sponsored legislation regarding such intrastate crowdfunding. To date only one state has reviewed, and rejected, an intrastate crowdfunding exemption. Based on available information to date, the remaining states do not appear to be investigating the possibility of enacting an intrastate crowdfunding exemption.

Advantages and disadvantages

Intrastate crowdfunding exemptions provide issuers of securities with several advantages over the federal crowdfunding exemption found in the JOBS Act, Title III. First, for those companies residing in one of the states where an exemption has been put into place, securities based crowdfunding campaigns can be run today, without the need for businesses to wait on the SEC's rule making process. Second, the overall cost of capital associated with raising money under the JOBS Act crowdfunding exemption is estimated to be approximately $39,000 for a $100,000 crowdfunding campaign. Most of this cost is a consequence of the requirements for the issuers to have certified or audited financial statements, go through a FINRA registered broker/dealer or funding portal, and produce expensive disclosure materials for investors. By contrast, a similar capital raise under an intrastate exemption is likely to be significantly cheaper for a similar campaign as a result of the absence of many of these requirements at the state level.

The intrastate crowdfunding exemptions also carry certain disadvantages for companies wishing to run a crowdfunding campaign. Principally, companies must be domiciled in the state in which they wish to run the campaign, and may not offer securities to any potential investors who are located outside of such state. This restriction significantly curtails the potential audience that a crowdfunding campaign might reach. In addition, although the SEC has recently provided guidance on how issuers may protect themselves from making 'accidental offers' to residents that are not located within the issuer's state, compliance with the SEC Rule 147 (the intrastate exemption) can still be a technically challenging and legally difficult prospect.

Operational platforms

Certain broad based and niche platforms are currently operating in the intrastate crowdfunding space as funding portals and crowdfunding consultants. Georgia was the first state to permit intrastate securities based crowdfunding through portals, and the first successful securities based crowdfunding transaction in the United States in over 80 years, was posted on the Georgia intrastate only platform SparkMarket in October 2013. The campaign—run by Georgia-based Bohemian Guitars—raised approximately $129,000. Georgia currently has several operational general and market niche platforms.

The first successful intrastate crowdfunding campaign pursuant to the Michigan Invests Locally Act (the MILE Act) was run by the Tecumseh Brewing Co., and was successfully closed at $175,000, in May 2014, on the multi-state platform Localstake.

Under the Illinois Intrastate Offering Exemption the Secretary of State has approved the application of VestLo as a registered crowdfunding portal effective August 2016. However, the site appears to be inactive as of May 2019.

New Jersey's first Crowdfunding Platform (www.CrowdFundingNJ.com) went live in April 2018; as of January 2020 the platform had five issuers. Intrastate Crowdfunding works well as a first step for companies raising funding—most investors at this level are local to the business anyway—think of as a Friends & Family II (FF2) round.

References

Crowdfunding


text:
The World Junior Wushu Championships (WJWC) is an international wushu competition organized by the International Wushu Federation (IWUF) for competitors below 18 years of age. There are three age groups for the Taolu events and there is also a Sanda category.

Editions
Source:

 2020 in Rabat, Morocco was cancelled.

Medals (2014 - 2022)

History

Taolu
Group A has existed since the first rendition of the championships. The age group was originally 16-18 but changed to 15-17 as a result of a vote in 2019. From 2006 to 2012, Group A athletes were required to compete using the IWUF second set of compulsory routines. In 2014 and 2016, this was changed to the IWUF third set of compulsory routines. In early 2018, Group A were allowed to do optional routines instead of compulsory routines, and would be judged without the Degree of Difficulty requirement.

Group A athletes who placed in the top six in the 2014 World Junior Wushu Championships were allowed to compete in the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing, China where Wushu was a demonstration sport. Wushu was also part of the 2014 Nanjing Sports Lab which was a promotional event for non-Olympic sports which also included sport climbing, skateboarding, and roller skating. Group A athletes who qualify would also be able to compete in the Wushu event at the 2022 Summer Youth Olympics in Dakar, Senegal, which has been postponed to 2026.

Group B has existed since the first rendition of the championships. The age group was originally 13-15 but changed to 12-14 as a result of a vote in 2019. Group B athletes have always been required to compete with the IWUF first set of compulsory routines.

Group C was introduced in 2008. The age group was originally 9-12 but changed to 7-11 as a result of a vote in 2019. Group C athletes have always been required to compete with the IWUF elementary routines.

Sanshou

See also
 Wushu (sport)
 World Wushu Championships
 International Wushu Federation
2014 Summer Youth Olympics

References

Wushu competitions
World Wushu Championships
Recurring sporting events established in 2006
World youth sports competitions


text:
Ocyptamus pola är en tvåvingeart som först beskrevs av Charles Howard Curran 1939.  Ocyptamus pola ingår i släktet Ocyptamus och familjen blomflugor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Blomflugor
pola


text:
Орсанко́ () — коммуна во Франции, находится в регионе Аквитания. Департамент — Атлантические Пиренеи. Входит в состав кантона Пеи-де-Бидаш, Амикюз и Остибар. Округ коммуны — Байонна.

Код INSEE коммуны — 64429.

География
Коммуна расположена приблизительно в 680 км к юго-западу от Парижа, в 180 км южнее Бордо, в 60 км к западу от По.

Климат
Климат тёплый океанический. Зима мягкая, средняя температура января — от +5°С до +13°С, температуры ниже −10 °C бывают редко. Снег выпадает около 15 дней в году с ноября по апрель. Максимальная температура летом порядка 20-30 °C, выше 35 °C бывает очень редко. Количество осадков высокое, порядка 1100 мм в год. Характерна безветренная погода, сильные ветры очень редки.

Население
Население коммуны на 2010 год составляло 98 человек.

Администрация

Экономика
В 2010 году среди 73 человек трудоспособного возраста (15-64 лет) 51 были экономически активными, 22 — неактивными (показатель активности — 69,9 %, в 1999 году было 52,3 %). Из 51 активных жителей работали 45 человек (25 мужчин и 20 женщин), безработных было 6 (5 мужчин и 1 женщина). Среди 22 неактивных 9 человек были учениками или студентами, 7 — пенсионерами, 6 были неактивными по другим причинам.

Достопримечательности
 Церковь Св. Мартина (XIX век)

Примечания

Ссылки

Коммуны департамента Атлантические Пиренеи


text:
Elizabeth Ellery Bailey ( Raymond; November 26, 1938 – August 19, 2022) was an American economist. She was the John C. Hower Professor of Business and Public Policy, at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Bailey studied deregulation, market competition and regulatory capture through her career and contributed to the deregulation of the airline industry in the United States in the late 1970s.

Bailey was the first woman to graduate with a PhD in economics from Princeton University and was considered a "pathbreaker for women in economics".

Early life
Bailey was born on November 26, 1938, in New York City to Henrietta Dana Raymond and Irving W. Raymond, both of whom were history professors. She was the second of five daughters in the family. She grew up in New York City, where she graduated from the Chapin School in 1956. She received her bachelor's degree from Radcliffe College, a master's degree from Stevens Institute of Technology and her Ph.D. from Princeton University, where she was the first woman to receive a doctoral degree in economics.

Career
Bailey started her career working as a computer programmer at Bell Laboratories. Bailey worked in technical programming at Bell Laboratories from 1960 to 1972, before transferring to the economic research section from 1972 to 1977. She was the first woman appointed a department head (the economic research section) at Bell Laboratories. During her time there, she was part of a group that studied monopolies and regulatory distortions, and even gave presentations on the topic to AT&T executives and advisors including William Baumol and Alfred E. Kahn, with whom she would later go on to collaborate.

In 1977, President Jimmy Carter named Bailey the first woman Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) commissioner. In 1981, she was named the first woman vice chairman of the agency by President Ronald Reagan. Between 1977 and 1983 she served on the Civil Aeronautics Board, where she oversaw the deregulation of the airline industry in the United States. Bailey studied deregulation and regulatory capture through her career and contributed to the passage of the Airline Deregulation Act, a 1978 United States federal regulation that freed airlines from government control in pricing, route planning, competition and market composition. Colleagues of the time including economist Kahn, noted her to have been the fiercest proponent of deregulation in the committee. Outside of the field of deregulations, during her time at the CAB, she also pushed for the rights of non-smokers to be guaranteed a smoke-free seat in airlines, not liking cigarette smoke herself.

From 1983 to 1990, Bailey was Dean of the Graduate School of Industrial Administration of Carnegie Mellon University. Bailey became the first woman dean to head a Top 10 graduate school with this appointment. Bailey joined The Wharton School in July 1991, having served from July 1990 to June 1991 as a professor of industrial administration at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), and as a visiting scholar at the Yale School of Organization and Management.  She had served as dean at CMU between 1983 and 1990. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1997.  She served on the Board of Directors of TIAA-CREF, Altria, and CSX Corporation, and was a trustee of The Brookings Institution and a member of the National Bureau of Economic Research. Bailey also served as the Vice Chairman of Bancroft NeuroHealth.

Bailey was noted to have opened opportunities for women in economics. An obituary in The Washington Post called Bailey a "pathbreaker for women in economics". She was the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in economics from Princeton University and was often among the lone women in various corporate boards. During her confirmation hearing in the late 1970s to become the Civil Aeronautics Board commissioner, she was asked by Ted Stevens, a senator from Alaska, about her "steel" to which she is noted to have remarked that she was "tougher" than she looked.

Bailey received the Carolyn Shaw Bell award from the American Economic Association in 2009. She was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1977 and held a chair at the National Bureau of Economic Research.

Personal life
Bailey was married to James Lawrence Bailey in a marriage that ended in a divorce. She had two sons, with one of them predeceasing her in 2018.

Bailey was suffering from Parkinson's disease and died on August 19, 2022, at her home in Reston, Virginia, aged 83.

Select published works

References

1938 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American businesswomen
American women economists
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Chapin School (Manhattan) alumni
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Economists from New York (state)
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Neurological disease deaths in Virginia
Princeton University alumni
Radcliffe College alumni
Scientists at Bell Labs
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Yale University faculty
Writers from New York City
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists


text:
SN 2007tt – supernowa typu Ia odkryta 5 listopada 2007 roku w galaktyce A011120-0012. Jej jasność pozostaje nieznana.

Przypisy

Supernowe zaobserwowane w 2007 roku


text:
«150 ро́ків Оде́ському націона́льному університе́ту і́мені І. І. Ме́чникова» — ювілейна монета номіналом 2 гривні, випущена Національним банком України. Присвячена одному з найстаріших вищих навчальних закладів України.

Монету введено в обіг 28 квітня 2015 року. Вона належить до серії «Вищі навчальні заклади України».

Опис та характеристики монети

Аверс

На аверсі монети розміщено: угорі малий Державний Герб України, під яким напис «УКРАЇНА»; стилізовану композицію, що символізує галузі науки та навчальний процес; у центрі номінал — «2/ГРИВНІ/2015» та внизу логотип Монетного двору Національного банку України.

Реверс

На реверсі монети на дзеркальному тлі зображено будівлю Одеського національного університету імені І. І. Мечникова та по колу розміщено напис «ОДЕСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ ІМЕНІ І. І. МЕЧНИКОВА», унизу на рельєфному тлі рік заснування університету «1865».

Автори

 Художники: Фандікова Наталія (аверс); Таран Володимир, Харук Олександр, Харук Сергій (реверс).
 Скульптори: Дем'яненко Анатолій, Атаманчук Володимир.

Вартість монети

Під час введення монети в обіг у 2015 році, Національний банк України реалізовував монету через свої філії за ціною 22 гривні.

Фактична приблизна вартість монети, з роками змінювалася так:

Див. також

 Список ювілейних та пам'ятних монет України з недорогоцінних металів
 Список ювілейних та пам'ятних монет України з дорогоцінних металів
 Одеський національний університет імені І. І. Мечникова

Примітки

Посилання
 Опис монети на сайті Національного банку України

Пам'ятні та ювілейні монети України
Вищі навчальні заклади України (серія монет)
Одеський національний університет


text:
Vanta 4 partecipazioni olimpiche consecutive, da  a .

Biografia
Atleta eclettico, è detentore del record messicano anche nel decathlon, specialità in cui ai Giochi panamericani 1995 di Mar del Plata, in Argentina, bronzo conquistato anche nei 400 metri piani ai Giochi panamericani 1999 di Winnipeg, in Canada.

Bronzo nei 400 metri ai Giochi centramericani e caraibici 1998 di Maracaibo, in Venezuela ed ai Campionati di atletica leggera dell'America centrale e dei Caraibi 2001 di Città del Guatemala. Invece un oro (Lisbona, in Portogallo nel 1998) e un bronzo (Huelva, in Spagna, nel 2004) ai Campionati ibero-americani di atletica leggera, sempre nella gara individuale. Sempre agli Ibero-americani vanta un altro oro (Medellin 1996 con la staffetta 4×100 metri) e due argenti (Medellin 1996 nel decathlon col primato nazionale e Mar del Plata 1994 ancora con la staffetta 4x100). Sempre a Mar del Plata, ma nel 1995, fu bronzo ancora con la staffetta, ai Giochi panamericani.

Record nazionali
 400 metri piani: 44"31 ( Siviglia, 25 agosto 1999) - Attuale detentore
 Decathlon: 7614 pt ( Medellin, 11 maggio 1996) - Attuale detentore

Palmarès

Note

Collegamenti esterni


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Tawwaj, Tawwaz or Tavvaz (Middle Persian: ; New Persian: ) was a medieval city in Fars (Pars) in modern Iran, located southwest of Shiraz.

Description
Tawwaj was located on or close to the Shapur River in the region of Fars, about  from the Persian Gulf coast. Its site has not been identified. It has been associated with the Taoke mentioned by the classical Greek historian Arrian, which was located on the bank of the Granis River and close to a Persian royal residence. However, it has also been associated with the Achaemenid site of Tamukkan; the finding of a ruined Achaemenid bastion near Borazjan supports this theory. According to the Middle Persian geography text Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr, the city (called ) was founded by the Kayanid queen Humay Chehrzad, a daughter of king Kay Bahman, who is identified with the fifth Achaemenid monarch Artaxerxes I ().

During the Sasanian and early Islamic period it served as an important commercial center. It was captured and garrisoned by an Arab Muslim army commanded by the brothers al-Hakam and Uthman ibn Abi al-As in . Tawwaj thereafter became Uthman's headquarters during his military campaigns against the Sasanians in Fars. A mosque was built in the town from that period, but had been completely ruined by the lifetime of the Persian geographer Hamdallah Mustawfi (1281–1349).

The 10th-century Persian geographer Istakhri describes Tawwaj as located in a lowland gorge with numerous date palms, a considerably hot climate and being close in size to the Fars town of Arrajan. It was major trade center, well known for its gold-embroidered, woven carpets. He reports that the town was populated by Arabs from Syria brought by the Buyid ruler Adud al-Dawla (). By the 12th century, most of the town fell into ruins, and by the 14th century it was in a total ruinous state.

References

Bibliography

Former populated places in Fars Province
Sasanian cities
Historical geography of Fars


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Events from the year 1987 in the United Kingdom.

The major political event of this year is the re-election of Margaret Thatcher in June's general election, making her the longest continuously-serving Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since Lord Liverpool in the early 19th century. The year is also marked by six disasters: the 1987 United Kingdom and Ireland cold wave, the sinking of the ferry , the Hungerford massacre, the "Great Storm", the Remembrance Day bombing and the King's Cross fire.

Incumbents
 Monarch – Elizabeth II
 Prime Minister – Margaret Thatcher (Conservative)
 Parliament
 49th (until 18 May)
 50th (starting 17 June)

Events

January
 January – 1987 United Kingdom and Ireland cold wave: Most of Britain is affected by heavy snow and sub-zero temperatures.
 1 January – Personal equity plans permitting tax-free investments in shares are introduced.
 2 January – Golliwogs in Enid Blyton books are replaced by the publisher with gnomes following complaints that golliwogs are offensive to Black people.
 4 January – Economists predict that unemployment will fall below the 3,000,000 mark by the end of this year.
 5 January – Harold Macmillan, Lord Stockton, former Prime Minister, is buried in the village of Horsted Keynes, having died on 29 December at the age of 92.
 7 January – Telford, the new town created in Shropshire some 20 years ago, is reported to have the highest unemployment rate in the West Midlands region, eclipsing the unemployment levels seen in the city of Birmingham and nearby towns including Wolverhampton, Brierley Hill, Wednesbury and Bilston, which have lost a large percentage of traditional heavy industry since the late-1970s, although Brierley Hill's unemployment crisis is beginning to ease with the ongoing development of the Merry Hill Shopping Centre, which already includes two retail parks and a large shopping mall and is set to expand even further by the end of the decade.
 13 January – Prince Edward leaves the Royal Marines just three months after joining.
 14 January – 1987 United Kingdom and Ireland cold wave: Heavy snow falls across Britain leaving houses, towns, roads, railways and motor vehicles stranded and blocked.
 15 January – Unemployment is reported to have fallen in December 1986 for the fifth month in succession.
 20 January
 Terry Waite, the special envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury in Lebanon, disappears in Beirut whilst negotiating for the release of hostages; he will himself remain a hostage until 1991.
 Police arrest 26 suspected football hooligans across Britain after a mass operation.
 30 January – The flotation of British Airways on the stock market begins.

February
 February – Ford launches a facelifted Sierra range which now includes a saloon model called the Sapphire.
 11 February
 British Airways is privatised and listed on the London Stock Exchange.
 Cynthia Payne is acquitted of controlling prostitutes in her London home.
 12 February – Edwina Currie sparks controversy by stating that "good Christians won't get AIDS".
 24 February – It is alleged that six Nazi war criminals are living in the UK.
 26 February
 Church of England's General Synod votes to allow the ordination of women.
 Rosie Barnes wins the Greenwich parliamentary seat for the Social Democratic Party (SDP) from Labour at a by-election.

March
 3 March – National Health Service prescription charges are increased from £2.20 to £2.40.
 6 March
 British Channel ferry  capsizes while leaving the harbour of Zeebrugge, Belgium, killing 193 on board.
 The value of the pound is at a five-year high.
 13 March – 25-year-old Matthew Taylor retains Truro for the Liberals at the by-election caused by the death of David Penhaligon three months ago.
 19 March – Winston Silcott is sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of PC Keith Blakelock in the Tottenham riots 17 months ago.
 23 March – 31 people are injured when a suspected Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) bomb explodes at a British army barracks in Rheindahlen, West Germany.
 27 March – Leader of the Opposition Neil Kinnock meets U.S President Ronald Reagan in Washington, D.C.
 29 March – Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher visits Moscow.
 30 March – Christie's auction house in London sells one of Vincent van Gogh's iconic Sunflowers paintings for £24,750,000.

April
 1 April – MPs vote against the restoration of the death penalty by 342–230.
 3 April – The jewellery of the late Duchess of Windsor is sold at auction for £31,000,000 six times the expected value.
 5 April – Arsenal win the Football League Cup for the first time in their history with a 2–1 win over Liverpool, earning them their first major trophy since 1979. Charlie Nicholas scores both of Arsenal's goals.
 9 April – The Broderip Ward, the first hospital ward dedicated to the treatment of people with HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom is opened by Diana, Princess of Wales at the Middlesex Hospital in London.
 16 April – Conservative MP Harvey Proctor appears in court charged with gross indecency.
 22 April – Former Prime Minister James Callaghan is appointed to the Order of the Garter. He will be retiring from Parliament at this year's general election.
 29 April – Chancellor Nigel Lawson promises that the UK will soon have an income tax rate of 25p in the pound.
 30 April – The House of Lords acting in a judicial capacity approves the sterilisation of a "mentally subnormal" 17-year-old female.

May
 4 May – Everton win the Football League First Division title for the ninth time in their history.
 8 May – Loughgall ambush: Soldiers of the SAS kill eight members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army at Loughgall, County Antrim.
 10 May – The church of St Mary-at-Hill in the City of London is damaged in a fire.
 11 May
 Margaret Thatcher calls a general election for Thursday, 11 June; with most of the opinion polls pointing towards her securing a third successive election victory for the Conservatives, with the Labour opposition expected to increase its share of votes and seat tally at its first general election under the leadership of Neil Kinnock.
 British Rail renames Second class travel as Standard class.
 14 May – Unemployment has fallen to 3,107,128.
 15 May – Family Law Reform Act removes remaining legal distinctions between children born to married and unmarried parents.
 16 May – Coventry City F.C. win the FA Cup for the first time in their history with a 3–2 win in the final over Tottenham Hotspur, who have won all of their previous seven FA Cup finals.
 25 May – Aldershot F.C. become the first team to win promotion through the new Football League playoffs, winning promotion from the Fourth Division with a 3–0 aggregate win over Wolverhampton Wanderers (who have a total of eight major trophies to their name, the most recent seven years ago). The Hampshire club have already condemned another side, Bolton Wanderers (four times FA Cup winners) to relegation to the Fourth Division for the first time in their history.

June
 3 June – The last MORI poll before the general election shows the Conservatives 11 points ahead of Labour with 43% of the vote, while the Liberal/SDP Alliance's support stands at 24% and their hopes of building on their result at the last general election look exceedingly slim.
 7 June – Chessington Zoo is renamed Chessington World of Adventures and made into a theme park by owner Madame Tussaud's.
 11 June – The 1987 general election sees Margaret Thatcher secure her third term in office as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Her parliamentary majority is reduced to 102 compared to the 144-seat majority gained at the election four years earlier, but will still not be exceeded by the Conservative Party as of 2019. High-profile casualties of the election include: the former SDP leader Roy Jenkins (once a Labour Home Secretary) and the Ulster Unionist Party's 75-year-old Enoch Powell (a former Conservative MP). Four ethnic minority candidates are successful: Diane Abbott, Paul Boateng, Bernie Grant and Keith Vaz. Among the MPs retiring from parliament is 75-year-old James Callaghan, the former Prime Minister.
 18 June – Unemployment has fallen below the 3,000,000 mark for the first time since 1981, after the biggest monthly fall in unemployment since records began in 1948; seeing more than 100,000 of the unemployed find work in May.
 19 June – Howard Kendall, manager of Football League champions Everton, resigns to take over of Athletic Club Bilbao in Spain. His successor at Everton is the club's assistant manager Colin Harvey.
 22 June – A riot takes place in Chapeltown, Leeds.
 25 June – A MORI poll shows support for the Conservative Party stands at almost 50% – the highest during Margaret Thatcher's time as leader.
 27 June – 25 years after the first James Bond film was released, the fifteenth, The Living Daylights, premieres in London, with the spy now being played by Timothy Dalton.
 30 June – Footballer Peter Beardsley, the 26-year-old England striker, becomes the most expensive player transferred between British clubs when he completes a £1,900,000 move from Newcastle United to Liverpool.

July
 12 July – £60,000,000 is stolen during the Knightsbridge Security Deposit robbery.
 16 July
 British Airways and British Caledonian agree a £237,000,000 merger.
 Unemployment is reported to be down to just over 2,900,000.
 22 July – Palestinian cartoonist Naji al-Ali is shot in London; his condition is described as "critical".
 24 July – Novelist and former Conservative MP Jeffrey Archer wins a libel case against the Daily Star newspaper over allegations that he was involved in a vice ring. In 2001 he will be convicted and imprisoned for perjury in connection with this case.
 27 July – Rick Astley's "Never Gonna Give You Up" is released, the first of eight of his singles to reach the Top 10 in the UK.
 29 July – The Channel Tunnel is given the go-ahead after Margaret Thatcher and François Mitterrand ratify the Treaty of Canterbury. It is expected to be open within six years and in fact opens in 1994.
 30 July – The Docklands Light Railway in London, the first driverless railway in Great Britain, is opened by The Queen; passenger service will begin a month later.
 31 July – The Attorney General institutes legal proceedings against The Daily Telegraph to prevent it publishing details from the book Spycatcher on security grounds.

August
 4 August – Just months after confessing to a further two murders, the Moors Murderer Ian Brady claims that he committed a further five murders.
 6 August – Dr. David Owen resigns as Leader of the Social Democratic Party after its members vote to merge with the Liberals.
 10 August – One person a day in Britain is now reported to be dying of AIDS.
 13 August
 First building of post-war design to be Listed: Bracken House in the City of London, designed by Sir Albert Richardson as the Financial Times headquarters (1955–9).
 Unemployment continues to fall, with the twelfth successive monthly fall bringing the national total to less than 2,900,000.
 19 August
 Hungerford massacre: Michael Ryan shoots dead fourteen people in the Berkshire town of Hungerford (with weapons including semi-automatic rifles) before taking his own life. 16 people are injured, some of them seriously. On 21 August the death toll rises to 16 when two more victims die in hospital from their injuries.
 The Order of the Garter is opened to women.
 27 August – Robert Maclennan replaces David Owen as Leader of the Social Democratic Party.
 29 August – Naji al-Ali dies in hospital more than five weeks after being shot.
 30 August – David Owen forms a breakaway faction of the SDP.

September
 7 September – Ford completes its takeover of the luxury sports car company Aston Martin.
 9 September – 25 Liverpool football fans are extradited to Belgium to face charges of manslaughter in connection with the Heysel Stadium disaster more than two years ago.
 11 September – The Government announces plans to abolish the Inner London Education Authority.
 22 September – The Government bans automatic weapons of the type used in the Hungerford massacre.
 23 September – An Australian court lifts the ban on the publication of Spycatcher.

October
 October – Construction work begins on the extension to the M40 motorway between Oxford and Birmingham. It is hoped that the motorway, providing an alternative route to the M6 and M1 from the Midlands to London as well as improving road links with the Midlands and the South Coast ports, will be fully operational by 1990.
 1 October – Swedish home product retailer IKEA opens its first British store at Warrington in Cheshire.
 9 October – Margaret Thatcher tells the Conservative Party Conference in Blackpool that she wants to continue as Prime Minister until 1994 and the age of 69, which would make her Britain's oldest Prime Minister since Harold Macmillan in 1963. She is already three months away from becoming Britain's longest-serving Prime Minister this century, exceeding the previous record set by H. H. Asquith of the Liberal Party more than 70 years ago, but will be forced by her party to resign in 1990.
 11 October – £1,000,000 Operation Deepscan in Loch Ness fails to locate the legendary Loch Ness Monster.
 15–16 October – Great storm: Hurricane force winds batter much of south-east England, killing 23 people and causing extensive damage to property. Two days after the end of the storm, some 250,000 homes in the region will still be without electricity.
 19 October
 Black Monday: Wall Street crash leads to £50,000,000,000 being wiped of the value of shares on the London stock exchange.
 Glanrhyd Bridge collapse: A train runs off the end of a bridge that has collapsed into the River Towy in Wales due to flooding, killing four people.
 23 October – Retired English jockey Lester Piggott is jailed for three years after being convicted of tax evasion.
 25 October – Peugeot begins production of its second car, the 405 four-door saloon at the Ryton plant near Coventry. The first customers are set to take delivery of their cars after Christmas. A French-built estate version will be launched next year.

November
 November – The first acid house raves are reported in the United Kingdom, many of them being in derelict buildings.
1 November – British Rail establishes a world speed record for diesel traction, 148.4 mph (238.9 km/h) with a test InterCity 125 formation between Darlington and York.
 2 November – Peter Brooke succeeds Norman Tebbit as Chairman of the Conservative Party.
 3 November – It is announced that unemployment in Britain fell quicker during October than in any other European country.
 5 November – London City Airport opens.
 8 November – Enniskillen bombing: Eleven people are killed by a Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb at a Remembrance Day service in Enniskillen.
 11 November – Customs officers in Southampton seize more than £50,000,000 worth of cocaine – the most expensive haul of the drug ever found in the UK.
 12 November – Unemployment has fallen to 2,700,000 (just under 10% of the workforce), the lowest level of unemployment recorded in Britain for over six years.
 17 November
 The Government announces that the Poll tax (community charge) to fund local government will be introduced in England and Wales in April 1990.
 Fireman Sam, a children's television series about a fireman voiced and narrated by John Alderton, debuts on BBC1.
 18 November – King's Cross fire: A fire on an escalator at King's Cross station on the London Underground kills 31 people.
 19 November – Conservative support has reached 50% in a MORI poll for the first time.
 24 November – The Government announces that eye tests will no longer be provided free of charge by the National Health Service.

December
 December – The British-built Peugeot 405 wins the European Car of the Year award, the first Peugeot to be given the title for nearly 20 years. British sales begin in the new year, several months after it was launched in France.
 9 December – The England cricket team's tour of Pakistan is nearly brought to a premature end when captain Mike Gatting and umpire Shakoor Rana row during a Test Match.
 15 December – Channel Tunnel construction is initiated, and it is expected to open in 1993 or early-1994 (in the event, it will be mid to late 1994).
 17 December – A year that has seen an excellent performance for the British economy ends with unemployment reported to have fallen below the 2,700,000 mark; having started the year in excess of 3,000,000.
 25 December – ITV enjoys a record breaking audience when more than 26,000,000 viewers tune in for the Christmas Day episode of Coronation Street, in which Hilda Ogden (Jean Alexander) makes her final appearance on the show after 23 years.
 29 December – The Kylie Minogue single "I Should Be So Lucky" is released by PWL. Australian Minogue, 19, of maternal Welsh heritage, is already hugely popular with British audiences for her role in the TV soap Neighbours which debuted on the BBC fourteen months ago.
 31 December – 31 British and Belgian people are recognised in the New Year Honours for heroism shown in the rescue operation at the Zeebrugge Disaster earlier in the year.

Undated
 Inflation remains low for the sixth year running, standing at 4.2% for 1987.
 Largest ever deficit to date on UK balance of payments.
 With overall unemployment falling below 3,000,000, youth unemployment is now below the 1,000,000 mark.
 Overall economy growth for the year reaches 5.5% – the highest since 1963.

Publications
 London Daily News, short-lived newspaper (24 February – 23 July)
 Iain M. Banks' novel Consider Phlebas.
 Iain Banks' novel Espedair Street.
 William Golding's novel Close Quarters, second of the To the Ends of the Earth trilogy.
 Paul Kennedy's historical study The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.
 Penelope Lively's novel Moon Tiger.
 Ian McEwan's novel The Child in Time.
 Terry Pratchett's Discworld novels Equal Rites and Mort.

Births
 6 January – Gemma Gibbons, judoka
 8 January – Freddie Stroma, actor
 9 January
Sam Bird, racing driver
Paolo Nutini, Scottish pop-rock singer-songwriter
 23 January – Michael Christie, Scottish field hockey defender
 27 January – Lily Donaldson, model
 28 January – Misha Crosby, actor
 30 January – Phil Lester, Youtuber and radio presenter
 31 January – Marcus Mumford, folk rock singer-songwriter (Mumford & Sons)
 7 February – Joe Cardle, footballer
 8 February – Chris Erskine, Scottish footballer
 9 February – Rose Leslie, Scottish actress
 14 February – Scott Dann, footballer
 15 February – Alex Rodman, footballer
 22 February – Shaun Batt, footballer
 27 February – Scott Davies, footballer
 4 March – Tamzin Merchant, actress
 6 March – Hannah Taylor-Gordon, actress
 12 March – Chris Stark, radio DJ
 27 March – Zaraah Abrahams, actress
 2 April
Marc Pugh, footballer
 Molly Smitten-Downes, singer-songwriter
 3 April – Benjamin Stone, actor
 11 April – Joss Stone, soul singer
 16 April – Aaron Lennon, English footballer
 21 April – Sophie Rundle, actress
 27 April – William Moseley, actor
 28 April – Bradley Johnson, footballer
 1 May – Matt Di Angelo, actor
 5 May – Jessie Cave, actress
 7 May – Mark Reynolds, footballer
 8 May – Mark Noble, footballer
 9 May – Dan Cole, rugby union player
 12 May – David Foley, English footballer
 15 May – Sir Andy Murray, Scottish tennis player
 20 May – Fra Fee, Northern Irish actor and singer
 28 May – Liam Shotton, footballer
 3 June – Michelle Keegan, actress
 4 June
 Mollie King, pop singer-songwriter
 Luisa Zissman, TV personality
 5 June – Charlie Clements, actor
 9 June – James Maynard, mathematician
 11 June – Dappy, rapper
 18 June – Moeen Ali, cricketer
 24 June
 Josh Lillis, footballer
 Nicholas Robinson-Baker, diver
 27 June
 Ed Westwick, actor
 India de Beaufort, actress
 1 July
 Scott Benton, politician
 John Hathaway, mixed martial artist
 6 July – Kate Nash, indie pop singer-songwriter
 7 July – Carly Telford, England footballer
 10 July – Amy Oliver, archer
 29 July – Alice Dellal, model
 1 August – Karen Carney, football player and journalist
 4 August
 Jon Lilygreen, Welsh singer
 Sam Underwood, English actor
 Phil Younghusband, British-Filipino footballer
 11 August
 Adam Thomas, philanthropist
 Jemima West, Anglo-French actress
 14 August
 James Buckley, actor
 Nikki Kidd, Scottish field hockey forward
 15 August – Sean McAllister, footballer
 24 August – Ollie Hancock, racing driver
 3 September – Chris Fountain, actor
 4 September – Mike O'Shea, cricketer
 11 September – Elizabeth Henstridge, actress
 15 September – Christian Cooke, actor
 16 September – Kyle Lafferty, Northern Irish footballer
 17 September – Augustus Prew, actor
 22 September – Tom Felton, actor
 24 September – Matthew Connolly, footballer
 27 September – Luke Campbell, boxer
 4 October – Daniel Anthony, actor
 9 October – Samantha Murray, tennis player
 10 November – Andrew Koji, actor
 14 November – Dimitri Leonidas, actor
 21 November – Aimee-Ffion Edwards, actress
 27 November – Lashana Lynch, actress
 28 November
 Karen Gillan, actress and director
 Chloe Madeley, journalist and model
 30 November – Dougie Poynter, pop rock bassist (McFly)
 20 December – Winston Marshall, musician (Mumford & Sons)
 21 December – Rachel Shenton, actress
 22 December – Lisa Andreas, English singer of Cypriot descent
 25 December – Jorgie Porter, actress
 28 December – Hannah Tointon, actress

Deaths
 22 January – Ann Parker Bowles, socialite (born 1918)
 2 February
 Alistair MacLean, novelist (heart attack) (born 1922)
 Ken Reid, comic artist and writer (born 1919)
 4 February – Wynford Vaughan-Thomas, Welsh radio broadcaster (born 1908)
 19 February – Hugh Carleton Greene, television executive and journalist, Director-General of the BBC (1960–1969) (born 1910)
 28 February
 Joan Greenwood, actress (born 1921)
 Tom Stephenson, rambler (born 1893)
 Stephen Tennant, aristocrat (born 1906)
 7 March – Evelyn Dove, singer (born 1902)
 28 March – Patrick Troughton, actor (born 1920)
 2 April – Trevor Hockey, footballer (heart attack) (born 1943)
 4 April – Richard Aaron, philosopher (born 1901)
 8 April – Terry Allen, boxer (born 1924)
 26 April – John Silkin, politician (born 1923)
 22 May – Keidrych Rhys, Welsh poet and editor (born 1915)
 24 May – Hermione Gingold, actress (born 1897)
 6 June – Fulton Mackay, Scottish actor (born 1922)
 22 June – John Hewitt, poet (born 1907)
 29 August – Naji al-Ali, cartoonist, assassinated in London (born c. 1938 in Mandatory Palestine)
 4 September – Bill Bowes, cricketer (born 1908)
 11 September – Hugh David, television director (born 1925)
 17 September – Harry Locke, actor (born 1913)
 25 September – Emlyn Williams, Welsh dramatist and actor (born 1905)
 2 October – Peter Medawar, immunologist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (born 1915 in Brazil)
 19 October – Jacqueline du Pré, cellist (born 1945)
 14 November – Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh, soldier and politician (born 1902)
 18 November – Colin Townsley, only firefighter killed in the King's Cross fire (born 1942)
 26 November – Duncan Sandys, politician, son-in-law of Winston Churchill (born 1908)
 22 December – Henry Cotton, golfer (born 1907)
 26 December – Melford Stevenson, judge (born 1902)

See also
 1987 in British music
 1987 in British television
 List of British films of 1987

References

Years of the 20th century in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom


text:
Biografia
Giovanni Buttafava nacque a Milano, e fu in tale città che iniziò ad avvicinarsi al mondo del cinema, dapprima come semplice appassionato; interessatosi alle opere del cinema dell'Unione Sovietica, divenne uno studioso del settore, recandosi anche a Mosca per studiare e assistere personalmente al movimento cinematografico sovietico degli anni 1960. Divenne uno dei massimi esperti italiani di film prodotti in URSS, rendendosi non solo autore di scritti sul tema, ma divenendo anche amico personale di alcuni registi del movimento, tra cui Otar Ioseliani. Parallelamente alla sua attività di critico e recensore di film, Buttafava si occupò di letteratura russa, sia come traduttore che come saggista. In particolare la sua opera di traduttore abbracciò numerosi periodi letterari ed egli rivolse la sua attenzione ad autori fondamentali come Bulgakov, Dostoevskij e Tolstoj. Pubblicò due monografie, una su Miklós Jancsó e una su Josef von Sternberg, e approfondì in special modo le poesie e le opere di Brodskij. Fondò, con Franco Quadri, l'annuario Il patalogo, che tratta di spettacolo, e fu per lungo tempo inviato de L'Espresso. Ebbe anche modo di lavorare nel cinema come attore, grazie al regista Nanni Moretti che lo volle per alcune piccole parti nei suoi film Bianca, La messa è finita e Palombella rossa. Morì per un attacco cardiaco a Roma. È stato cremato, e le sue ceneri sono state portate al Cimitero Maggiore di Milano, in una celletta.

Opere

Curatele
A metà strada dalla luna: racconti di giovani scrittori sovietici, Milano, Sugar, 1963
Antologia della letteratura russa, Milano, Fabbri, 1969 (con Milli Martinelli)
Michail Aleksandrovič Šolochov, Michail A. Solokov, Milano, Club degli editori, 1972
Aleksandr Isaevič Solženicyn, Aleksandr Solzenicyn, Torino, UTET, 1973
Iosif Brodskij, Fermata nel deserto, Milano, Mondadori, 1979
Ivan Sergeevič Turgenev, Padri e figli, Milano, Mondadori, 1980
Iosif Brodskij, Poesie 1972-1985, Milano, Adelphi, 1986
Marija Hmelik, La piccola Vera, Torino, Einaudi, 1990

Poesia
Tre raccolte, Spinea, Edizioni del Leone, 1990

Saggi
Il cinema dei soviet: 1918-34, morte e resurrezione del soggetto, Monza, Mariani, 1967
Poesia contemporanea: da Evtusenko a Brodskji, Milano, Dall'Oglio, 1967
Miklos Jancso, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1974
Josef von Sternberg, Firenze, La Nuova Italia, 1976
Per conoscere Majakovskij, Milano, Mondadori, 1977
Aldilà del disgelo: cinema sovietico degli anni Sessanta, Milano, Ubulibri, 1987
Doppiare o non doppiare, Il Patalogo 3, 1981 (da pag. 107 a pag. 123)

Traduzioni
Il'ja Grigor'evič Ėrenburg, L'uomo della Ceka, Milano, Sugar, 1963
Ivan Sergeevič Turgenev, Fumo, Milano, Rizzoli, 1964
Marlen Martynovič Chuciev; Gennadij Špalikov, La barriera di Il'íč, Torino, Einaudi, 1965
Miguel de Cervantes, Don Chisciotte della Mancia, Milano, Bietti, 1967 (con Ada Jachia Feliciani e Giovanna Maritano)
Michail Afanas'evič Bulgakov, I giorni del Turbin; Ivan Vasilevic; La corsa, Milano, Bompiani, 1968 (con Milli Martinelli)
Jurij Ivanovič Kuznecov, Capolavori fiamminghi e olandesi, Milano, Fabbri, 1970
Georgij Konstantinovič Žukov, Memorie e battaglie, Milano, Rizzoli, 1970 (con Lucio dal Santo e Bruno Meriggi)
Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Teatro scelto, Milano, Bietti, 1971 (con Pietro Monti)
José López Rubio, Lope de Vega, Milano, Mondadori, 1973
Aleksandr Petrovič Dovženko, Taccuini, Firenze, Sansoni, 1973
Evgenij Aleksandrovič Evtušenko,  Le betulle nane, Milano, Mondadori, 1974
Lev Nikolaevič Tolstoj, La morte di Ivan Il'ič, Milano, Garzanti, 1975
Paolo Bertetto (curatore), Teoria del cinema rivoluzionario: gli anni Venti in URSS, Milano, Feltrinelli, 1975 (con altri)
Evgenija Solomonovna Ginzburg, Viaggio nella vertigine, Milano, Mondadori, 1979
Vasilij Pavlovič Aksenov, L'ustione, Milano, Club degli editori, 1980 (con Sergio Rapetti)
Fëdor Dostoevskij, I demoni, Milano, Rizzoli, 1981
Culot, L'arte di annerire la pipa, Bergamo, Lucchetti, 1991 (anche curatela)

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Sepolti nel cimitero maggiore di Milano
Slavisti italiani
Traduttori dal russo


text:
Temnik () is a rural locality (a settlement) in Selenginsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 610 as of 2010. There are 10 streets.

Geography
Temnik is located 52 km southwest of Gusinoozyorsk (the district's administrative centre) by road. 5818-y km is the nearest rural locality.

References

Rural localities in Selenginsky District


text:
Alonso del Castillo, fallecido de edad avanzada en Granada en la primera década del siglo XVII, fue un médico y traductor morisco —«romanceador de letras arábigas»— implicado en el caso de los llamados libros plúmbeos del Sacromonte como uno de sus traductores principales y posiblemente también como autor material de la falsificación.

Hijo de un «Castillo el Viejo», morisco, hacia 1540 realizó estudios de medicina, valiéndose en su estudio de obras árabes como indica su diario conservado en la Biblioteca Nacional de España. El mismo manuscrito, con la signatura 7453, incluye la traslación de las inscripciones árabes de la Alhambra, traducidas por él de 1555 a 1564 por encargo del municipio granadino, y cincuenta y una cartas del sultán de Marruecos a Felipe II fechadas entre 1579 y 1587, con sus traducciones bien completas o fragmentarias y acompañadas de aclaraciones de algún término difícil, en las que entre otras cuestiones se trataba del rescate o cuando menos de la recuperación del cadáver del rey don Sebastián de Portugal.

Al estallar en 1568 la rebelión de los moriscos granadinos, teniendo cargo de traductor del Santo Oficio, se puso al servicio de la corona y trató de convencer a los sublevados de la inutilidad de su esfuerzo al defender una causa perdida, así como de lo equivocados que estaban poniendo sus esperanzas en la ayuda de los turcos y en pronósticos mal interpretados. Siguiendo las instrucciones de los agentes del Gobierno fingía para ello proclamas de los alfaquíes y morabitos, o dirigía cartas confidenciales a los responsables y personas influyentes de entre los insurrectos a los que insinuaba promesas de perdón para los inocentes que entre ellos se encontrasen.

En El Escorial, a donde se trasladó en 1573 por mandato de Felipe II, realizó un catálogo de los manuscritos y libros árabes, varios de ellos de medicina, que no dejó de practicar durante su estancia en el monasterio. A comienzos de 1575 estaba ya de vuelta en Granada, pues el 8 de enero fechó allí una carta dirigida a Pedro de Deza, en la que se ocupaba de la sublevación de los moriscos granadinos y del modo de reducirlos, tarea a la que se iba a dedicar a continuación.

En septiembre de ese año, en reconocimiento de sus servicios a la corona, se le concedió salvoconducto para que pudiera residir con su familia sin ser molestado en la casa con patio que le había sido otorgada en el Albaicín, tras las primeras expulsiones, «atento a lo que nos avia servido en la rebelión y lebantamiento de los moriscos». Además, el salvoconducto se hacía extensible a su hermano, García del Castillo, a condición de que aprendiese con él el oficio de romanceador de la lengua arábiga. Aun después de volver a Granada no dejó de trabajar al servicio de Felipe II como intérprete de su correspondencia con el sultán de Marruecos Ahmad al-Mansur, primero a las órdenes de Pedro de Castro y Quiñones, presidente de la Real Chancillería de Granada, y desde 1582 como traductor oficial. Al mismo tiempo se le encomendó la catalogación de los libros arábigos de la iglesia mayor de Córdoba. El traslado de Felipe II a Lisboa retrasó su viaje a Madrid, que finalmente emprendió en mayo de 1583. En noviembre hizo el viaje a Córdoba, donde no encontró ningún libro en árabe y, escribía en su diario, «solo declaré unos rétulos y losas que hay en la iglesia de Córdova, que son sepulturas de alcaydes moros, e otras cosas de poco momento, salbo que los señores canónigos me mostraron un estandarte antiguo que estaba guardado del tiempo del rey Almanzor, que fue el que edificó a Córdoba». De Córdoba regresó a Granada para reencontrarse con su familia. Allí permaneció hasta agosto de 1584 en que hizo un nuevo viaje a Madrid, donde residió hasta enero de 1585 para volver, ya definitivamente, a Granada. En esta última estancia en Madrid se alojó en Barajas, población cercana a la corte que contaba con una colonia de moriscos.

Al derribarse en 1588 la torre Turpiana fue hallada una caja pequeña de plomo con una imagen de la Virgen en tabla, un hueso, cenizas y un pergamino escrito en árabe, latín y castellano en el que se contenía lo que decía ser una profecía de san Juan Evangelista llevada allí por san Cecilio, quien la habría obtenido de Dionisio el Areopagita a su paso por Atenas y la había hecho enterrar con el hueso del protomártir san Esteban, las «lágrimas de la Virgen» y lo demás que contenía la caja para que no cayera en manos de los moros. El texto árabe se mandó traducir a José Fajardo, beneficiado de la catedral, que alegó alguna dificultad, por lo que acabó encomendándose la tarea a los moriscos Miguel de Luna y Castillo. En 1593, siendo ya arzobispo Pedro de Castro, el pergamino se envió a Sevilla para su examen por Benito Arias Montano, que informó al arzobispo por carta muy desfavorablemente. Arias Montano advertía que el pergamino carecía de antigüedad y había sido fabricado «como saben hacer los que descubren cosas nuevas que nunca fueron antiguas», además de estar escrito con pluma y no con caña en una letra latina muy moderna, a lo que habían de añadirse multitud de anacronismos e incongruencias del texto.

En febrero de 1595 buscadores de tesoros hallaron una lámina de plomo con extraños caracteres en una cueva del Sacromonte, llamado entonces monte Valparaíso. Se dio a leer a Luna y Castillo, que no supieron interpretarla. Isidoro García, jesuita, logró descifrar algunas palabras en las que se hacía mención a un Mesitón, mártir. Tal lectura animó al arzobispo a tomar la iniciativa, por ver si se podían hallar más reliquias semejantes, y pocos días más tarde se localizó una nueva lámina que hablaba de san Hiscio, discípulo de Santiago el Mayor, martirizado con sus compañeros en aquel sitio el segundo año del imperio de Nerón, cuyas cenizas también se encontrarían allí. Una tercera plancha, encontrada el 10 de abril, hablaba de san Tesifón, también martirizado en aquel lugar, del que la plancha informaba que antes de ser convertido al cristianismo por Santiago se llamaba Abenathar, árabe, y que había escrito un libro titulado Fundamento de la Iglesia, libro que también sería descubierto poco más tarde con toda otra serie de hallazgos encadenados ininterrumpidamente y con un contenido doctrinal progresivamente más desarrollado conforme iban apareciendo las planchas, hasta llegar a 1597.

De nuevo se les encargaron las traducciones a Luna y Castillo, aunque por no ser teólogos y ofrecer alguna dificultad su interpretación se pidieron también otras traducciones y exámenes. Arias Montano, a quien consultó directamente el arzobispo, manifestó ya en mayo de 1595 las serias objeciones que le planteaban las informaciones que se le habían hecho llegar. Del mismo modo Juan Bautista Pérez obispo de Segorbe, fallecido en 1597, emitió un detallado informe contrario a su autenticidad y el jesuita Ignacio de las Casas, morisco también él, escribió denunciando la impostura al nuncio en España y al papa Clemente VIII, pero el arzobispo, devoto de la Inmaculada Concepción, cuyo dogma proclamaban los libros, y halagado con la antigüedad y santidad de su diócesis, que los hallazgos retrotraían a tiempos apostólicos, se erigió en el gran defensor de los plomos, promoviendo para la preservación de las reliquias la fundación de una abadía y la convocatoria de una junta de teólogos que el 29 de abril de 1600 declaró su autenticidad.

El primero en señalar a Castillo y Luna como autores del fraude, en lo que habrían contado con la colaboración de otros moriscos como El Meriní, fue el cronista Luis del Mármol Carvajal en carta dirigida al obispo Pedro Castro, ya en 1594. Poco más tarde, otro traductor, Marcos Dobelio, envió un informe a la Inquisición romana en el que acusaba taxativamente a Castillo y Luna de ser «los autores de esta novedad». José Godoy Alcántara llegó también a la conclusión de que los autores del engaño habían de ser los mismos traductores, que a la vez que eran conocedores de la lengua arábiga con algunas nociones de teología, compartían «las amarguras, desesperaciones y esperanzas de sus secretos sectarios». Godoy agrupó el pergamino de la torre Turpiana y los diecinueve libros del monte Valparaíso en dos conjuntos, uno de carácter más legendario y menor contenido doctrinal, con más vulgar expresión, que atribuía a Luna, y otro más didáctico, con más profundos estudios teológicos, que tenía por obra de Castillo. Sin desmentirlo, Cabanelas y Caro Baroja apuntan a una participación más amplia y compleja, recuperando el papel de El Merini, respetado morisco, que algunos años antes de la rebelión de 1568, fecha en la que ya debía de haber muerto, anunció el hallazgo de grandes pronósticos cuando se derribase la torre de la iglesia mayor de Granada. Con él estaba en relación Castillo el Viejo, abuelo de Alonso del Castillo, y una parte de los papeles de El Merini, por mediación de su hija, pasaron a Luna. Otro morisco granadino llamado al-Haŷari parece haber tenido relación con los hallazgos antes de huir a Marruecos y en su relato mencionó a otros tres implicados, a dos de los cuales llamaba al-Ŷabbis, «el santo jeque», y al-Ukayhil, «intérprete oficial», a los que se ha querido relacionar con Castillo y Luna.

Menéndez Pelayo resume así las que habrían sido intenciones de los falsarios:

Desde otros puntos de vista, sin embargo, se ha defendido que las cuestiones religiosas y el criptomahometanismo apuntado por Menéndez Pelayo se situarían en un segundo plano en las intenciones de los urdidores de la trama, que, dejando a un lado la religión islámica, cuya causa tendrían por perdida, al reescribir la historia de los orígenes del cristianismo en la península estarían buscando que la población árabe fuese reconocida como nativa y que su adhesión al cristianismo, al que habrían proporcionado los primeros mártires granadinos, era tan antigua como el cristianismo peninsular mismo, para salvar con ello algunas de sus señas de identidad, como la lengua o los conocimientos médicos.
La ortodoxia de Castillo, y la sinceridad de su fe —como la de Miguel Luna— fue defendida por el arzobispo Pedro de Castro en una carta fechada en 1618, en la que aseguraba que había muerto tras recibir los sacramentos y cantando el credo, dejando en su testamento, en el que pedía ser enterrado en la parroquia de San Miguel del Albaicín, todas las mandas y misas preceptivas.

Notas

Bibliografía
 Álvarez de Morales, Camilo, «Los libros plúmbeos, las historias eclesiásticas y la abadía del Sacromonte de Granada la luz de estudios recientes», Chronica Nova, 30 (2003-2004), pp. 729-748.
 Barrios Aguilera, «Los moriscos Alonso del Castillo y Miguel de Luna ¿autores de los "libros plúmbeos" de Granada? », Andalucía en la historia, 34 (2011), pp. 44-49
 Cabanelas, Darío, «El morisco granadino Alonso del Castillo, intérprete de Felipe II», Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos. Sección Árabe-Islam. Vol. 5 (1956), pp. 19-42
 Cabanelas Rodríguez, Darío, El morisco granadino Alonso del Castillo, Granada, 1965.
 Cabanelas, Darío, «Arias Montano y los libros plúmbeos de Granada», Miscelánea de estudios árabes y hebraicos. Sección Árabe-Islam. Vol.18 (1969), pp.7-41.
 Caro Baroja, Julio, Las falsificaciones de la Historia (en relación con la de España), Barcelona, Seix Barral, 1992, ISBN 84-322-0663-6.
 Collado Ruiz, María José, «El médico romanceador Alonso del Castillo. Nuevos datos a partir de la capellanía fundada por el presbítero Luis de la Cueva», Sharq al-Andalus, 20 (2011-2013), pp. 469-482.
 García-Arenal, Mercedes y Rodríguez Mediano, Fernando, «Médico, traductor, inventor: Miguel de Luna, cristiano arábigo de Granada», Chronica Nova, 32 (2006), pp. 187-231.
 Godoy Alcántara, José, Historia crítica de los falsos cronicones, Madrid, ed. Tres catorce diecisiete, 1981, ISBN 84-85208-16-1 (facsímil de la primera edición, Real Academia de la Historia, 1868)
 Menéndez Pelayo, Marcelino, Historia de los heterodoxos españoles, Madrid, Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1986, ISBN 84-220-0568-9

Enlaces externos
 Rubiera Mata, María Jesús, «Alonso del Castillo», Diccionario biográfico español, Real Academia de la Historia.

Moriscos
Traductores del árabe al español
Médicos de España del siglo XVI
Nacidos en Granada


text:
The Kawasaki AR80K, also called Ninja 80RR in Malaysia, Micro Magnum in Thailand, is a motorcycle manufactured between 1992 and 1998, by Kawasaki Motorcycle & Engine Company, a division of Kawasaki Heavy Industries. It is a two-stroke engined motorcycle with a  displacement, 6-speed transmission and a top speed of . The bike was released in two different types, one is air-cooled, which was mainly sold in UK and Japan, and the other one is the liquid-cooled which were released mainly in South East Asian markets, although a model was also put on sale on South American countries (Argentina & Uruguay) as the AR-80 Magnum Liquid Cooled and  ultimately leading to another AR variant, the AR-100RR, the AR-100RR was also sold on Malaysia, contrary to popular belief that the AR was still in production up to the year model 2003, this is not true, as they are just simply left over from dealerships. While the air-cooled models were released in various countries worldwide. The Kawasaki KSR-80 II (only sold in Japan) also shares the same engine format.

See also
 Kawasaki Ninja series

References
 :ja:カワサキ・AR Previous post reference. Used translator to transfer in English.

AR80K
Motorcycles introduced in 1992
Two-stroke motorcycles
Standard motorcycles


text:
Thomas George Baker (ur. 6 kwietnia 1936 w Maerdy) – walijski piłkarz występujący na pozycji pomocnika.

Kariera klubowa
W swojej karierze Baker reprezentował barwy zespołów Plymouth Argyle, Shrewsbury Town oraz Barry Town.

Kariera reprezentacyjna
W 1958 roku Baker został powołany do reprezentacji Walii na mistrzostwa świata. Nie zagrał jednak na nich ani razu, a Walia odpadła z turnieju w ćwierćfinale. W drużynie narodowej nie rozegrał żadnego spotkania.

Bibliografia
 Profil na footballdatabase

Walijscy piłkarze
Piłkarze Plymouth Argyle F.C.
Piłkarze Shrewsbury Town F.C.
Uczestnicy Mistrzostw Świata w Piłce Nożnej 1958
Urodzeni w 1936