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Famiglia
La famiglia Banting, di origine britannica, si era insediata in Canada a partire dal 1842, quando John Banting, partito da Ballyfirm, Irlanda del Nord, vi si era trasferito. Suo figlio, William Banting era un agricoltore e a 25 anni sposò la figlia del gestore del mulino, Margaret Grant. Dalla loro unione nacquero sei figli: Nelson, Thompson, Keneth, Alfred (che morì in tenera età) Esther e, poco dopo aver acquistato la fattoria di Simocoe country, nei pressi di Alliston, Ontario, Frederick. I Banting erano grandi lavoratori e assidui frequentatori della chiesa Metodista. William era un uomo tollerante, taciturno, ma ben voluto, al punto da essere spesso chiamato per risolvere controversie tra vicini, mentre Maggie era una madre affettuosa e, nonostante lavorasse molto, trovava sempre del tempo da dedicare alla lettura insieme al marito.

Infanzia
L'infanzia di Fred fu caratterizzata dalla solitudine poiché non aveva amici della sua età e i fratelli erano tutti molto più grandi. Gli animali della fattoria furono, quindi,  il suo unico svago fino ai 7 anni, quando iniziò a frequentare la scuola. A causa della sua timidezza incontrò difficoltà nella socializzazione, infatti, non strinse rapporti di amicizia e la prepotenza di alcuni suoi compagni lo terrorizzava. Aveva grossi problemi con lo spelling al punto da avere pessimi voti anche nelle altre materie. A differenza del 90% degli appartenenti alla sua classe sociale continuò gli studi dopo la terza media. Era abitudine della famiglia Banting regalare 1500$ e un cavallo al compimento dei 21 anni. Mentre i fratelli spesero quei soldi per sistemarsi definitivamente all'interno della fattoria, Fred li usò per la sua istruzione. Con il passaggio al liceo avvenne un profondo cambiamento in Fred: iniziò a praticare vari sport, tra i quali il football e il baseball, si arruolò nelle milizie volontarie e conobbe la sua prima ragazza, Isabel Knight. L'insufficienza sia in Francese sia in English composition ostacolarono il raggiungimento del diploma, tuttavia al terzo tentativo riuscì a superare l'esame. La sua carriera universitaria fu orientata all'insegnamento, ma anche la medicina sembrava essere un'opportunità da non sottovalutare.

Studi universitari
Si iscrisse al General arts course presso il Victoria College di Toronto dove visse in compagnia del cugino Fred Hipwell. Un esame di Francese che non riusciva a superare gli impedì di passare il primo anno, così decise di indirizzarsi verso la facoltà di medicina. Era necessario, però, che terminasse il primo anno ottenendo la senior matriculation. Trascorse l'estate del 1912 a lavorare e i suoi guadagni insieme al regalo del padre gli servirono per mantenersi agli studi. In questo periodo conobbe Edith Roach figlia di un ministro metodista. Nel settembre del 1912 entrò nella facoltà di medicina e il cugino Fred decise di seguirlo (anche se non è chiaro se fu lui a influenzare il cugino o viceversa). Tentò più volte di essere ammesso nell'esercito Canadese, ma la sua richiesta fu sempre rifiutata per un problema agli occhi. Al terzo tentativo fu richiamato e presto promosso a tenente. In quel periodo l'università di medicina condensò il quinto anno di studi all'interno del quarto in modo da poter preparare più velocemente i medici da mandare in guerra. Si laureò, quindi, il 9 dicembre 1917. Subito C.L. Starr lo volle come assistente per i suoi studi sulla sutura dei nervi e con lui rimase per tredici mesi. Nel tempo libero studiava per aumentare le sue credenziali ed essere ammesso come membro nei college di fisiologia o chirurgia. Verso la fine di giugno 1918 fu mandato in Francia per aiutare nelle retrovie ad assistere i feriti che dovevano essere rimandati in patria. Fu trasferito, poi, in prima linea, dove fu ferito da una scheggia che si infilò nell'avambraccio. Fu portato in Scozia e si riprese dopo nove settimane.

Ritorno in Canada
Nel febbraio del 1919 fu richiamato in Canada al Christine Street Hospital per sei mesi, passati i quali si trasferì al Sick Children's di Toronto per terminare l'apprendistato in Ortopedia. Nel frattempo Edith, nel 1918, si era laureata al Victoria College vincendo la medaglia d'oro in lingua moderna, tuttavia la possibilità di sposarsi sembrava ancora molto remota e il loro rapporto si stava deteriorando. Dopo centinaia di interventi eseguiti e assistiti gli fu tolta la possibilità di rimanere a Toronto a causa dell'ingente numero di chirurghi. Decise, sotto il consiglio di Starr, che LONDON (Ontario) sarebbe stato un ottimo luogo dove cominciare a lavorare. Comprò da un venditore di scarpe locale una grande casa in mattoni, che sembrava perfetta per la sua futura famiglia, anche se per il momento ci viveva da solo e la usava come studio medico. I profitti si fecero attendere a lungo, fino ad ottobre del 1920 i ricavati erano quasi pari a zero e per arrotondare faceva il dimostratore di anatomia e chirurgia alla Western University, dove conobbe Miller, con cui cominciò a lavorare su esperimenti neurologici sui gatti. Le sue spese rimanevano comunque superiori alle entrate e poco dopo Edith lo lasciò riconsegnandogli il suo anello di fidanzamento. Avendo più tempo libero a disposizione decise di dedicarsi alla pittura, tentando anche di vendere i suoi quadri.

La svolta
La data della svolta fu il 1º novembre 1920 quando Banting dovette sostenere una lezione sulla funzione del pancreas alla Western University. Il giorno prima studiò molto e la sua attenzione cadde su un articolo di Moses Barron che trattava della scoperta di gruppi di cellule differenti da quelle acinose presenti nel pancreas. Banting ebbe un'idea geniale, cioè quella di tentare di isolare il prodotto di quelle cellule (isole del Langerhans) facendo prima atrofizzare quelle esterne che producevano il succo pancreatico che distruggeva l'Insulina, ormone ancora sconosciuto. Riuscì a parlare con J.R. MacLeod, il maggiore esperto in quel campo che gli avrebbe messo a disposizione un laboratorio per la ricerca. Prima di passare al nuovo impiego lavorò un altro anno nel suo studio di London e finalmente aumentarono gli introiti. A settembre si trasferì a Toronto, dove cominciò la sperimentazione con la collaborazione di due assistenti di Macleod: Clark Noble e Charles Herbert Best.

La scoperta dell'insulina
Il 17 maggio del 1921 iniziarono gli studi da parte di Banting, Macleod e Best basandosi sulle ricerche del medico e scienziato rumeno Nicolae Paulescu. Gli esperimenti consistevano nel legare il dotto pancreatico di un cane e aspettare che le cellule acinose degenerassero per poi estrarre il prodotto delle isole di Langerhans e testare su un altro cane, pancreasectomizzato, questo estratto. Gli studi si perpetuarono causando la morte di un numero nettamente maggiore di cani di quanti Macleod avesse inizialmente previsto. C'era una vivace discussione in atto sulla qualità dei laboratori, in quanto parecchie mosche infestavano la sala operatoria causando infezione a molti cani e di conseguenza la loro morte, inoltre la temperatura era altissima e rendeva l'aria irrespirabile. Nonostante i problemi, poco dopo cominciarono ad arrivare i primi esiti positivi, tuttavia la raccolta dei dati era molto confusa. Infatti né Banting né Best erano ricercatori professionisti, quindi non erano in grado di ordinare i dati ottenuti in modo tale che potessero dimostrare i risultati effettivi osservati. I primi cani a riportare dei risultati furono il 406 e il 408 che però morirono dopo poco. Il 92 sopravvisse per 20 giorni. Il nome che assegnarono all'estratto fu "isletin". I cani erano sempre più irreperibili e i fondi scarseggiavano, Banting decise di tentare di recuperare l'estratto dal pancreas fetale dei vitelli. L'idea funzionò e così si ottennero riserve "infinite" di ormone da prendere al mattatoio. L'attività dell'ormone era permessa dal fatto che il pancreas fetale non produce succo pancreatico. Visti gli ottimi risultati della ricerca, l'équipe si arricchì di altri due membri; uno dei quali fu Collip, esperto biochimico che riuscì ad isolare l'ormone in una soluzione alcolica e a testarlo sui conigli. Furono organizzati vari congressi mondiali ai quali tutti i maggiori medici diabetologi del mondo parteciparono. L'11 gennaio 1922 vi fu la prima sperimentazione umana su un ragazzo di nome Leonard Thompson. Il primo tentativo non produsse risultati apprezzabili. Il secondo, il 23 dello stesso mese sancì la scoperta della cura per il diabete abbassando il suo tasso glicemico ad un livello fisiologico. Collip cominciò ad isolare l'ormone in quantità maggiore, Best studiava l'impatto dell'ormone sulla respirazione dei diabetici e Noble, insieme a Campbell e Fletcher, fu aggiunto per effettuare dei test clinici. Il 3 maggio del 1922 ad un meeting dell'American Association of Physicians a Washington Macleod presentò per la prima volta l'ormone scoperto con il nome di insulina.
Dopo il successo Banting fu messo da parte fino a metà marzo del 1922 quando Collip non fu più in grado di produrre insulina attiva. Dopo due mesi di sperimentazioni, Banting e Best riuscirono a produrre nuovamente insulina attiva. Verso la metà del 1922 Banting si aprì uno studio privato al 160 Bloor Street West e cominciò il trattamento di pazienti diabetici. Allo stesso tempo cominciò a lavorare alla Christine Street Clinic. Il suo primo paziente curato con la nuova insulina fu Joe Glichrist. La quantità di insulina rimaneva però sempre limitata, nella primavera del 1922 accettarono un'offerta della Eli Lilly and Lamy di Indianapolis per collaborare alla produzione di insulina. Alla fine di giugno gli venne proposto, in collaborazione con Campbell e Fletcher, di condurre una clinica con 32 posti letto al Toronto General Hospital prendendo uno stipendio elevato ma non potendo più assistere pazienti privati. Accettò l'incarico e passò l'attività privata a Fred Hipwell. Una volta scoperta l'insulina, bisognava capire come dosarla e così iniziò a trattare Elizabeth Hughels con una dieta ipercalorica e misurando la quantità di insulina in base ai cibi assunti. I risultati furono incredibili: passò dal peso di 18 kg a 34 kg in poche settimane. Quando mostrò i risultati, i colleghi rimasero sbigottiti e iniziarono a rendersi conto che la "starving-diet" di Allen aveva fatto il suo tempo.

Premio Nobel
Nel 1923 Banting ricevette il Premio Nobel in Fisiologia e Medicina insieme a Macleod. Divise la sua parte con Best, che a suo dire lo meritava di più rispetto a Macleod. Quest'ultimo, a sua volta, divise la sua parte con Collip. Banting guadagnò moltissima stima come primo canadese ad ottenere fama mondiale per un lavoro scientifico. Nel 1934 Re Giorgio V lo fece cavaliere diventando Sir Frederick Banting.

Banting Research Foundation
Dopo la sua scoperta dell'insulina, nel 1923 il Parlamento canadese organizzò la Banting Research Foundation per consentirgli di continuare le ricerche. Iniziò a lavorare come Primo professore della ricerca medica. Indirizzò i suoi studi sulla corticale del surrene e cominciò a condurre esperimenti su cani corticosurrenolectomizzati, tentando di ottenere estratti privi di adrenalina. Gli innumerevoli esperimenti non portarono a risultati soddisfacenti. Qualsiasi tentativo rimase vano. Spostò allora la sua attenzione sullo studio dei tessuti tumorali, ma anche questa volta non riuscì a giungere ad alcuna conclusione.Nonostante gli insuccessi nella ricerca questi furono gli anni più belli della sua vita.

Gli ultimi studi e la morte prematura
Con lo scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale nel 1939 Banting decise di impegnarsi insieme a Bill Franks nello studio dei "black-out" dei piloti soggetti a grossa forza G. Iniziarono a lavorare per la RCAMC ed ebbe un ruolo importante nella produzione di tute-G usate per proteggere i piloti della RAF. Il 21 febbraio del 1941 era a bordo di un Lockheed Hudson bomber che doveva affrontare la traversata Atlantica per raggiungere l'Inghilterra ma il motivo del viaggio ancora non è chiaro. Si suppone che dovesse incontrare le controparti e convincerle ad usare le armi biologiche solo come ultima spiaggia in caso di invasione tedesca dell'Inghilterra. Un'altra ipotesi fu la costante richiesta di Banting di lavorare in prima linea; richiesta che più volte non era stata accolta dagli ufficiali canadesi che lo reputavano più utile nelle retrovie. L'aereo cadde, Banting sopravvisse all'impatto ma la clavicola sinistra gli aveva bucato un polmone, riuscì ad uscire dall'aereo e fare pochi passi nella neve prima di crollare a terra esanime.

Frederick Grant Banting è sepolto nel Mount Pleasant Cemetery di Toronto.

Curiosità
Gli fu attribuita una Military Cross per il valore dimostrato in guerra.

Si dice che, in memoria della sua enorme forza di volontà, prima di morire fu in grado di curare le ferite del pilota.

Dal primo matrimonio ebbe un figlio, William Banting. William lavorò per la Canadian Broadcasting Corporation mantenendo sempre una certa distanza dall'eredità del padre. Morì nel 1998.

La fattoria Banting fu donata dal lontano nipote Edward nel 1994 alla Ontario Historical Society.

Onorificenze

Note

Bibliografia
Michael Bliss, Banting A Biography, University of Toronto press, Toronto, 1992

Voci correlate
Storia del diabete
Insulina
Pancreas
Charles Herbert Best

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Medici canadesi
Professori dell'Università di Toronto
Morti per incidente aereo
Commendatori dell'Ordine dell'Impero Britannico


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Jealousy is the third studio album by Japanese heavy metal band X Japan, then known as simply X. The album was released on July 1, 1991, by Sony, as the band's second major label release. Jealousy is the band's best-selling album, having sold more than one million copies, it topped the Oricon chart and stayed on the chart for 50 weeks. The album's singles would also reach the top three on the chart. It is their last album under the name "X", before changing to "X Japan", and the last to feature Taiji on bass, who would be replaced by Heath.

Overview

After releasing their second album Blue Blood in 1989, which reached number six on the Oricon chart and charted for more than 100 weeks, selling over half of a million copies, X Japan received the "Grand Prix New Artist of the Year" award at the 4th Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1990. Sony told the band they could go anywhere they wanted, so Yoshiki visited Paris and London, while the other members chose Los Angeles. When deciding where to record their next album, Yoshiki was outvoted.

X left Japan on November 24, 1990, to begin recording Jealousy in LA.<ref name="jealousy_booklet_notes">Stated in Jealousy'''s CD booklet, July 1, 1991.</ref> When members arrived back in their home country in June, 500 members of the Japan Self-Defence Forces were at the airport to control the crowd. The album was released in July 1991 and debuted at number one, selling over 600,000 copies. On August 24, the band performed their first concert at Japan's largest indoor concert venue, the Tokyo Dome. This was part of the Violence in Jealousy Tour which lasted to the end of the year, when once again Yoshiki collapsed, this time after the October 24 Yokohama Arena gig. The X with Orchestra concert at NHK Hall on December 8, saw the band perform backed by an orchestra.

The band began 1992 with sold-out concerts at the Tokyo Dome on January 5–7, titled Tokyo Dome 3 Days: On the Verge of Destruction. Just days later, on January 31, it was announced that bassist Taiji had left the group. On August 24, 1992, X held a press conference in New York at Rockefeller Center, where Heath was announced as their new bassist. Around this time, the band's success in Japan made an international breakthrough appear likely, leading to an American record contract with Atlantic Records and the renaming of the band from X to X Japan, in order to distinguish from the American punk group X. (An American album release would never happen). Their first show with Heath was at the October 1992 Extasy Summit at Osaka-jō Hall.

A special edition of Jealousy, that included a second disc of instrumental versions of some songs, was released on February 14, 2007, and reached number 31 on the charts. A remastered version that reached number 241 was released on March 19, 2008.

CompositionJealousy is X Japan's most diverse in terms of songwriting credits. Besides Yoshiki who composed and wrote four songs, hide composed and wrote the lyrics for "Miscast", "Love Replica" and "Joker", Taiji composed two songs, "Desperate Angel" and "Voiceless Screaming", for which Toshi wrote the lyrics, while Pata contributed his only song in the band's catalogue (excluding Dahlia's "Wriggle" which he wrote with Heath). "Voiceless Screaming" was written during a period when Yoshiki's health condition worsened and they needed more songs. The lyrics express Toshi's feelings about the previous loss of his voice.

The song structure of "Silent Jealousy" is comparable to "Kurenai", opening with a calm intro, performed on a single instrument, followed by a speed metal composition with symphonic elements. It also includes a short excerpt of Tchaikovsky's "Swan Lake" during the piano-driven bridge. The album's only other speed metal tune "Stab Me in the Back", is one of X's oldest songs, having been written mostly in English with a few Japanese lines in 1986. An entirely English version was first recorded for the 1987 Victor Records sampler Skull Thrash Zone Volume I, which was the band's first material with guitarist Pata. This album version's lyrics were rewritten once again.

ReleaseJealousy was released on July 1, 1991, by major label Sony. In the third counting week of July it reached number one on the Oricon chart, with sales of 612,920 copies. By the end of the year it had sold 828,000 copies, and was the 12th best-selling album of the year. As it charted for 50 weeks, it was certified million by the RIAJ, and in 1992, with 285,430 copies sold, it was the 62nd best-selling album. In 2007 Oricon counted 1.113 million copies sold. A remastered edition was released on February 14, 2007, which included a bonus CD with instrumental versions of some songs. This edition charted at number thirty-one. A Blu-spec CD2 version of Jealousy remastered by Bob Ludwig was released on July 27, 2016.

The first single "Silent Jealousy" preceded the album's release. It reached number three on the fourth counting week of September 1991, with sales of 78,360 copies. In the upcoming weeks, it was at number five and nine respectively, with sales of 52,470, and 23,040 copies. It charted for 18 weeks. In 1991, with 234,950 copies sold, it was the 58th best-selling single of the year and was certified Gold by the RIAJ.

In October the single "Standing Sex" was released, though the title song wasn't included on the album. It and "The Last Song" released in 1998, are the band's only two singles not to appear on any of their studio albums. It reached number four on the charts, and charted for 16 weeks. In 1991, with 187,160 copies sold, it was the 87th best-selling single of the year.

The single "Say Anything" was released in December. It reached number three during the second counting week of December 1991, with sales of 78,510 copies. In the upcoming two weeks, it was at number three and eleven respectively, with sales of 65,340, and 39,750 copies. It charted for 25 weeks. In 1992, with 537,790 copies sold, it was the 33rd best-selling single of the year and  certified Platinum by the RIAJ.

ReceptionJealousy is generally positively received. Alexey Eremenko, of Allmusic, said that "it's a nice document of pre-grunge heavy music, sporting thin production, twin guitars, and glam rock aplomb, but having more to it than just being a Winger imitation". Although it goes "through a good deal of quasi-epics and Yngwie Malmsteen-inspired neo-classical leads on the album, only to lapse back again into a hard 'n' heavy frenzy", he criticized this because of how important lyrics and guitar leads are, a song "Desperate Angel" which "could be a huge metal hymn", instead "becomes an annoyingly memorable heavy pop hit". Eremenko, who gave the album a three and a half out of five stars rating, concluded that the remarkable thing about the album is that "for all its hair metal backbone, it's a pretty diverse record", and although "it's quite ballad-heavy", "the slower songs neither bog it down nor sound the same, thanks to good piano and acoustic guitar work as well as clever arrangements".Jealousy was named number 7 on Bounces 2009 list of 54 Standard Japanese Rock Albums.

Legacy
"Silent Jealousy" was covered by the Australian metal band Lord as a bonus track on the Japanese version of their 2007 album Ascendence, with vocals performed by Hideaki Niwa. Finnish power metal band Sonata Arctica also covered part of the song during one of the concerts on their Japanese tour. It also served as wrestler Chris Jericho's one night entrance song for his return to Japan.

"Miscast" was performed live by hide during some of his solo concerts, a studio version was completed after his death and put on the 2002 compilation Cafe Le Psyence: hide Lemoned Compilation. The song was also covered live by Dir en grey on May 4, 2008, at the "hide memorial summit". Taiji's later band, Taiji with Heavens, has also performed "Miscast" live.

Taiji's band D.T.R reworked "Voiceless Screaming" for the acoustic version of their 1994 debut album, Dirty Trashroad ~ Acoustic, where it was titled simply "Voiceless". Taiji with Heavens also covered it, releasing it for free on their website as "Voiceless Screaming ~from Heavens". Toshi also performed a solo cover of the song at two shows in 2013.

"Say Anything" was covered by the pop group Globe, of which Yoshiki was briefly a member, on their 2002 album Global Trance 2. It was also used as the theme song for the TV drama Lullaby Keiji''.

Track listing

Personnel

X
 Vocals: Toshi
 Guitar: hide
 Guitar: Pata
 Bass: Taiji
 Drums, piano: Yoshiki

Additional musicians
 Synthesizer: Steve Croes
 Harmonica: Stanley Behrens
 Background vocals on "Desperate Angel": Roger Love, Gene Miller, Warren Ham
 Voice: Angel Figueroa, Laura McBroom ("Joker"), Sylviane Le Chevalier ("Love Replica")
 Concertmaster: Bruce Dukov
 Conductor, arranger (strings): David Campbell

Production
 Producer, arranger: X
 Co-producer: Naoshi Tsuda, Roger Love (vocal)
 Executive producer: Hiroshi Inagaki
 Engineer: Joe Tortorici, Kenji Nakai, Stanley Salters
 Assistant engineer: Bob Lacivita, Dave Levy, Duane Seykora, Gregg McConnell, Jeff Alden, Jeff Rach, Jiro Ogawa, John Paterno, Motonobu Mantani, Scott Jochim, Tracy Chisholm
 Recorded by: Mitsuyasu Abe, Tetsuhiro Miyajima
 Mixed By, Engineer: Bruce Miller, Paul Winger, Rich Breen
 Mixed, Recorded: Gremlin
 Mastered by: Teppei Kasai
 Creative director: Shigeo Gotoh
 Art direction, Design: Hiroshi Ooki
 Front cover concept: Screaming Mad George, Yoshiki
 Mask and make up: Screaming Mad George
 Photographer: Takashi Matsuda, Bruno

References

X Japan albums
1991 albums
Albums arranged by David Campbell (composer)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Иван Петрович Кузнецов - советский хозяйственный, государственный и политический деятель.

Биография
Родился в 1900 году. Член ВКП(б) с 1925 года.

С 1922 года - на хозяйственной, общественной и политической работе. В 1922-1955 гг. — секретарь волостного, уездного комитета РКСМ в Вологодской губернии, на профсоюзной работе, заместитель заведующего Организационным отделом уездного комитета ВКП(б), в Московском областном комитете Союза металлистов, начальник Отдела кадров, машиностроения Воронежского сельскохозяйственного института, начальник Политического отдела совхоза имени А. И. Микояна, начальник Политического управления Народного комиссариата пищевой, рыбной промышленности СССР, ответственный контролёр Комиссии партийного контроля при ЦК ВКП(б), уполномоченный Комиссии партийного контроля при ЦК ВКП(б) по Саратовской области, председатель Исполнительного комитета Тамбовского областного Совета (3.1945 - 12.1948), председатель Исполнительного комитета Воронежского областного Совета (1 - 11.1950), заместитель министра рыбной промышленности СССР.

Избирался депутатом Верховного Совета СССР 2-го и 3-го созыва.

Ссылки
 Кузнецов
 Тамб. обл.

Председатели Тамбовского облисполкома
Председатели Воронежского облисполкома
Заместители министров СССР
члены КПСС
Депутаты Верховного Совета СССР 2-го созыва
Депутаты Верховного Совета СССР 3-го созыва


text:
Ходзьо́ Ясуто́кі (; 1183―1242) — японський державний і політичний діяч, 3-й сіккен сьоґунату Камакура (1224—1242). Син Ходзьо Йосітокі. Дитяче ім'я — Конґо (金剛), прізвисько — Ематаро.

У 1218 році Ходзьо Ясутокі був призначений сьоґуном на посаду голови самурайського відомства самурайдокоро. У 1221 році він вперше отримав чиновницький титул заступника голови ремонтного відомства Імператорського дому (修理亮), після чого обіймав титули і посади заступника голови міністерства Цивільних справ (式部少丞), голови провінцій Суруґа і Мусасі, а також тимчасового управителя Лівого району столиці Кіото.

Зі спалахом смути Дзьокю 1221 року, Ясутокі разом зі своїм дядьком Ходзьо Токіфусою очолив війська сьоґунату, розбив сили роялістів і зайняв столицю Кіото. Після цього він обіймав посаду Рокухарського інспектора (1221—1224) і здійснював нагляд за Імператорським двором.

У 1224 році, по смерті батька, Ясутокі повернувся до Камакури і зайняв пост сьоґунського радника сіккена. Оскільки урядування його попередників сприймалося самураями як намагання роду Ходзьо встановити диктатуру в сьоґунаті, він повів курс на лібералізацію управління урядом. У 1225 році, з метою підвищення свого авторитету серед ґокенінів, Ясутокі запровадив інститут контрасигнаторів ренсьо (連署) і радників хьодзьо-сю (評定衆), а у 1232 році видав першу збірку самурайського права «Список покарань», яка стала взірцем для майбутніх законодавців Японії. Втім, дотримуючись м'якого курсу щодо самурайства, Ясутокі проводив сувору політику щодо столичних аристократів і Імператора.

У 1242 році Ясутокі захворів і прийняв чернечий постриг, обравши собі монаше ім'я Кан'а (観阿). Але не одужавши, помер. Ще за життя Ясутокі здобув славу вправного вояка і талановитого політика, а після своє смерті вважався взірцем самурая і державного мужа.

Примітки

Джерела та література
 Рубель В. А. Японська цивілізація: традиційне суспільство і державність. — Київ: «Аквілон-Прес», 1997.

Політики Японії
Ходзьо


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Christine Jacobs-Wagner is a microbial molecular biologist.  She is the William H. Fleming, MD Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology at Yale University and Professor of Microbial Pathogenesis, HHMI investigator, and director of the Microbial Sciences Institute at Yale Medical School. Jacobs-Wagner's research has shown that bacterial cells have a great deal of substructure, including analogs of microfilaments, and that proteins are directed by regulatory processes to locate to specific places within the bacterial cell. She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2015 and has received a number of scientific awards.

Early life and education
Christine Jacobs-Wagner grew up in Belgium in a town near Liege. She thought of becoming a cyclist or a badminton Olympian, but was undecided about a career through high school.  Christine Jacobs-Wagner received her BS degree in biochemistry from the University of Liege.  She also received her MS in 1991 and her PhD in 1996 from the University of Liege in Belgium in the field of biochemistry.  She then went to work with Lucy Shapiro at Stanford Medical School on a fellowship from the European Molecular Biology Organization. where she studied Caulobacter, a bacterium with a flagellum on one end and a stalk on the other end, beginning her fascination with how bacterial cells can become asymmetrical. From 2004 to 2019, she taught and conducted research as a professor at Yale University.

Academic career
As of 2018, Jacobs-Wagner holds an endowed chair in Yale Medical School and is director of their Microbial Institute.

Research
Christine Jacobs-Wagner's major breakthrough has been the discovery that the tiny cells of bacteria such as Caulobacter, Escherichia coli, and Borrelia are not simply bags of biochemicals but instead program the locations of their protein components via their regulatory systems. She also discovered the protein crescentin, which forms bacterial intermediate filaments, structures once thought to occur only in eukaryotic cells. The current focus of her laboratory's work is to discover regulation of the times and places for critical components of the DNA replication and cell division processes so that proliferation control can be understood.

Awards and recognition
 National Academy of Sciences (2015)
 Eli Lilly Award American Society of Microbiology (2011)
 WALS lecture National Institute of Health (2009)
 Elizabeth McCoy Lecture
 Finalist, Blatvanik Award for Young Scientists New York Academy of Sciences (2008)
 Women in Cell Biology WICB Junior and Senior Award by American Society of Cell Biology (2007)
 Pew Scholarship Award in the Biomedical Sciences PEW Charitable Trust (2003)
 Grand Prize Winner of the Young Scientist Award GE & Science (1997)

Selected works
MT Cabeen, C Jacobs-Wagner 2005   "Bacterial Cell Shape" Nature Reviews Microbiology 3 (8):601-610.
O. Sliusarenko, J Heinritz, T Emonet, and C Jacobs-Wagner 2011  "High-throughput, suppixel precision analysis of bacterial morphogenesis and spatio-temporal dynamics."  Molecular Microbiology 80 (3):612-627.
N Ausmees, JR Kuhn, and C Jacobs-Wagner (2003) "The bacterial cytoskeleton: an intermediate filament-like function in cell shape" Cell 115 (6): 705-713.
PM Llopis, AF Jackson, O Sliusarenko, I Surovtsev,  J Heinritz, T Emonet...C Jacobs-Wagner (2010)   "Spatial organization of the flow of genetic information in bacteria" Nature 466 (7302):77-81.
G Laloux and C Jacobs-Wagner (2014) "How do bacteria localize proteins to the cell pole? J Cell Science 127: 11-19. doi:10.1242/jcs.138328
M Cabeen and C Jacobs-Wagner (2010) "The bacterial cytoskeleton" Annu Rev Genetics 44: 365-382.

References

American microbiologists
American biochemists
American women biochemists
Yale University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics
21st-century American women


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Boljevac est un toponyme qui peut désigner :
Boljevac, une ville et une municipalité de Serbie situées dans le district de Zaječar ;
Boljevac, un village de Serbie situé sur le territoire de la Ville de Kruševac, district de Rasina.


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Matsugen is the name of several Japanese restaurants owned by the Matsushita brothers located in Tokyo, Hawaii, and New York City).  The New York Matsugen is co-owned by the Matsushita brothers and Jean-Georges, and received three stars from the New York Times.

It has 15 bars and restaurants in Tokyo, including Matsugen.

Hawaii branch
In 2007 the Matsushita brothers opened a new Matsugen in Hawaii. The head soba chef at the Hawaii Matsugen, Shingo Chibana, can be seen every day making the soba in the middle of the restaurant.  Masashi Matsushita is based at this restaurant, but visits the New York and Tokyo locations regularly to update menus and work with the kitchen staff.

Matsugen in Hawaii was on the Food and Wine 2008 "Go List".

New York City branch

In 2000, Jean-Georges met with the Matsushita Brothers in Tokyo after dining at Matsugen.  This sparked an opportunity to open in New York, where there was a lack of soba-inspired restaurants.   Eight years later, in 2008, Matsugen in New York City was opened in partnership with Jean-Georges. Unlike the Matsugen in Tokyo, this Matsugen served more than just soba, bringing their father's experience in sushi to their own experience in soba The New York Matsugen also featured other traditional Japanese items including shabu-shabu and yakiniku.

The New York Matsugen took over Jean Georges' 66, a Chinese Restaurant that closed in April 2007.  The original space was designed by Richard Meier, with a new interior by Thomas Juul Hansen.  While the soba chef is not front and center in the New York Matsugen, the noodles are still made fresh each day and considered the highlight of the restaurants menu.

Takayuki Matsushita, the youngest brother, moved to New York to be the general manager of the New York Matsugen, along with five chefs from Tokyo. The Jean Georges Management Group coordinates all front of the house staff, who are trained in the Jean Georges style.  The menu, however, is completely controlled by the Matsushita family, allowing them to maintain true Japanese cuisine.

Time Out New York awarded Matsugen the "Best New Japanese Restaurant" Award for 2009.

Matsugen closed in 2011 because their contract with Jean-Georges had expired.

See also
 List of Japanese restaurants

References

External links
 The Official Website of the New York Matsugen
 official website of Matsugen
 Jean-Georges' Blog

Japanese-American culture in Honolulu
Japanese-American culture in New York City
Japanese restaurants in the United States
Restaurants established in 1999
1999 establishments in Japan
2005 establishments in Hawaii
2008 establishments in New York City
Restaurants in Manhattan
Restaurants in Tokyo
Tribeca


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Molly Luft (19 March 1944 – 24 November 2010) was a German prostitute, noted for her obesity and lurid make-up.

Life
She was born as Edda Blanck in Pomerania and grew up in a middle-class family in West Berlin. In 1967 she got married for the first time. In 1975 she began working as a prostitute. A year later she got divorced from her first husband and married Archibald, a U.S. Army Sergeant stationed in Germany; two children were born of that marriage. In 1983 she and her husband were convicted of sexual assault of their daughter and received a suspended sentence of three years; she got divorced soon after.

In the 1990s, Luft (weighing around 175 kg in her prime) began marketing herself as "Germany's Fattest Whore" and became an icon of German trash culture. She appeared in various talk shows on German TV until she got her own late-night talk on OKB, Im Puff bei Molly Luft (At Molly Luft's Brothel). In 1999, she appeared in the music video to the single "Michi Beck in Hell" by Die Fantastischen Vier.

Luft ran a brothel in the Schöneberg district for many years, famed for its low prices. In 2004, after an alleged 90,000 customers, she announced her retirement from the business, sold her brothel and opened a corner bar in Berlin-Kreuzberg. However, her new line of business proved unprofitable, and after she was diagnosed with colon cancer she gave up the bar as well.

In 2007, she returned to prostitution and started a small brothel in the Tiergarten district, but closed shop again after a few months and moved to a retirement home in Berlin-Köpenick, where she died in November 2010, aged 66.

References

External links

 "Noch einen für mich" - Article by Thomas Feix in die tageszeitung, September 2005.
 Nachruf: Edda Blanck-Kurtzer - Obit in Der Tagesspiegel, 10 November 2010.

1944 births
2010 deaths
German prostitutes
German brothel owners and madams
Businesspeople from Berlin


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Patronyme

 Cammy Myler (1968- ), lugeuse américaine ;

 Stephen Myler (1984- ), joueur de rugby à XIII et rugby à XV anglais ;

 Richard Myler (1990- ), joueur de rugby à XIII anglais.


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Jan Turkowski (ur. 1951 w Łomży, zm. 20 czerwca 2003) – polski samorządowiec, prezydent Łomży w latach 1994–2002.

Życiorys
Syn Maksymiliana. W 1994 został wybrany na radnego Rady Miejskiej, a następnie powołany na prezydenta Łomży. Urząd ten sprawował przez dwie pełne kadencje. W bezpośrednich wyborach w 2002 bez powodzenia ubiegał się o reelekcję, uzyskując jednocześnie mandat radnego z ramienia Komitetu Wyborczego Wyborców "Samorządowe Porozumienie Łomży".

Zmarł w 2003 na zawał serca.

Odznaczony Srebrnym Krzyżem Zasługi (1997) oraz Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (2001).

Przypisy

Odznaczeni Srebrnym Krzyżem Zasługi (III Rzeczpospolita)
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (III Rzeczpospolita)
Radni Łomży
Prezydenci Łomży
Urodzeni w 1951
Zmarli w 2003
Ludzie urodzeni w Łomży


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Die Bahnstrecke Swampscott–Marblehead war eine Eisenbahnstrecke in Massachusetts (Vereinigte Staaten). Die Strecke ist 7,10 Kilometer lang und band die Stadt Marblehead an die Hauptstrecke Boston–Portsmouth an. Die Strecke ist stillgelegt und abgebaut.

Geschichte

Bereits 1839 hatte die Stadt Marblehead einen Eisenbahnanschluss an die Hauptstrecke der Eastern Railroad erhalten, jedoch in Richtung Salem, sodass die Fahrgäste aus Richtung Boston dort umsteigen mussten. Eine direktere Strecke war wünschenswert, da der Verkehr nach Marblehead immer mehr zunahm. Außerdem konnte man so mehrere Siedlungen entlang der Küste anbinden, die vorher nicht per Bahn erreichbar waren. Am 21. Oktober 1873 wurde die Strecke eröffnet. Die zahlreichen Personenzüge fuhren zumeist nach Boston durch, zum Teil über den Saugus Branch. Die Strecke bekam später Konkurrenz durch Straßenbahnlinien, die nach Marblehead führten, was zu einem leichten Rückgang der Zugzahlen führte. Die Weltwirtschaftskrise und der Umstieg vieler Menschen auf ein eigenes Automobil führten 1959 zur Einstellung des Personenverkehrs auf der Strecke nach Marblehead. Der Güterverkehr war nie besonders stark und endete zwei Jahre später, was zur Stilllegung der Strecke führte. Sie wurde abgebaut und dient heute größtenteils dem Marblehead Rail-Trail, einem Rad- und Wanderweg.

Streckenbeschreibung

Die Strecke zweigt am Bahnhof Swampscott aus der Hauptstrecke von Boston ab und führt zunächst in Richtung Osten. Das durchfahrene Gebiet ist durchgängig besiedelt. Daher wurden entlang der kurzen Strecke vier Zwischenstationen eingerichtet, die als Haltepunkte im Wesentlichen dem Personenverkehr dienten. Nahe dem Haltepunkt Phillips Beach am Bahnübergang Humphrey Street biegt die Strecke in Richtung Nordosten ab und führt parallel zur Küste nach Marblehead. Eine Straßenbahnstrecke der Bay State Street Railway verlief parallel zur Bahnstrecke und überquerte sie auf der Humphrey Street und vor dem Endbahnhof Marblehead auf der Pleasant Street. Kurz vor dem Endbahnhof mündet die Strecke in einem Gleisdreieck in die von Castle Hill kommende ältere Strecke ein.

Quellen und weiterführende Informationen
Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Ronald D. Karr: The Rail Lines of Southern New England. Branch Line Press, Pepperell, MA 1995. ISBN 0-942147-02-2.

Weblinks
 Stationsverzeichnis mit Streckenmeilen (englisch)

Bahnstrecke in Massachusetts
Bahnstrecke SwampscottMarblehead


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Abel Moumé Etia, souvent désigné par ses initiales MEA, né le  à Yabassi et décédé le  à Douala, est un ingénieur météorologue, haut fonctionnaire et écrivain camerounais. Il est le premier ingénieur camerounais de la météorologie et un pionnier dans le domaine des prévisions météorologiques et l'hydrométéorologie au Cameroun.

Au sein de la fonction publique, il est le plus gradé dans le cadre de la météorologie nationale du Cameroun, depuis de la création du Cadre Météo pendant la période coloniale française, jusqu'à l'accession du pays à l'indépendance en 1960. Après l'indépendance, il a l'indice le plus élevé de son administration, lors du Reclassement des Cadres du Cameroun (RCC).

Parallèlement à sa carrière d'ingénieur et haut fonctionnaire, il est également écrivain, auteur de plusieurs ouvrages comme Le Foulbé du Nord-Cameroun, paru en 1948.

Abel Moumé Etia est titulaire de plusieurs distinctions honorifiques dont celle de Commandeur de l'Ordre de la valeur, pour services éminents rendus à l'État du Cameroun.

Biographie

Origines et famille
Abel Moumé Etia, de son nom complet, Abel Etia Moumé Etia est né le 16 avril 1919 à Yabassi dans le Nkam. Son père y est alors en poste comme Chef de Subdivision administrative de Yabassi. Il est le fils d'Isaac Moumé Etia, premier écrivain camerounais d'expression française et de Christine Mouna Ntonè Ekwalla Eyoum Ebelè, Princesse de la Chefferie supérieure de Deïdo, fille du Prince Ntonè Ekwalla Eyoum Ebelè, petite-fille du Prince Fritz Ekwalla Eyoum Ebelè, et arrière petite-fille de Deïdo Ier Eyum-Ebele Charley Dido, Roi de Bonebela de 1804 à 1876.

Abel Moumé Etia est également le frère de Léopold Moumé Etia, syndicaliste, homme politique et écrivain camerounais. Il est marié à Géraldine Eitel Hélène Ndôndôki Ekamè Mobi, Assistante de service social et institutrice, de Bonambappè, Bonabéri, Douala.

Originaire de Bonatanga, Bonatéki, Deïdo, Douala, la famille Moumé Etia est une famille aristocrate et protestante, issue de la noblesse Douala et de l'élite intellectuelledu Cameroun.

Études et début de la carrière administrative (1934 – 1962)

École Primaire Supérieure d'administration de Yaoundé
Après des études primaires aux termes desquelles, il obtient son certificat d'études primaires (CEPE), le 18 août 1934 à Douala, Abel Moumé Etia est admis sur concours, le 1er septembre 1934, à l'École Primaire Supérieure d'administration de Yaoundé, dont le but est de former en trois ans, les agents pour les différents corps de l'Administration camerounaise. Il y obtiendra son diplôme le 27 mai 1937. Parmi les élèves de son école, on compte notamment Ahmadou Ahidjo, premier Président de la République du Cameroun, Félix Sabal-Lecco, ministre sous le gouvernement d'Ahmadou Ahidjo, Albert Kotto Ekambi, docteur en médecine, Epoupa Mooh Samuel et Etimè Din Evert...

Les élèves de l'École Primaire Supérieure d'administration de Yaoundé ayant été reçus à un concours sélectif, sont tous logés à l'internat, nourris et habillés gratuitement, et disposent de blanchisseurs payés par l'État français. Ils sont des privilégiés, car ils vont servir dans l'administration publique française à la fin de leur formation. Leurs déplacements en période de vacances scolaires vers le domicile, sont également pris en charge par le budget de l'État.

À sa sortie de l'école, Abel Moumé Etia est nommé fonctionnaire à compter du 1er juin 1937, confirmé par arrêté du haut-commissaire de la République française au Cameroun. Il est intégré dans les cadres de l'administration coloniale française et affecté au sein du corps des Écrivains-interprètes.

Pendant la période coloniale, que ce soit en Afrique occidentale française (A.O.F.) ou en Afrique équatoriale française (A.E.F.), il existe deux types de cadres au sein de l'administration française: le cadre africain, constitué exclusivement des corps du personnel autochtone, et le cadre général, composé des corps du personnel européen. Le cadre africain est placé sous l'autorité du Gouverneur général de l'A.O.F. ou de l'A.E.F., tandis que le cadre général se trouve sous la tutelle directe du ministre des colonies du Gouvernement français.

Le corps des écrivains-interprètes est quant à lui composé de fonctionnaires africains parmi les plus instruits et qui, ayant suivi une formation professionnelle de trois ans, après leurs études générales, occupent les postes les plus hauts gradés réservées aux africains dans leurs professions respectives au sein de l'Administration.

Début dans l'Administration et découverte de la Météorologie
Abel Moumé Etia commence donc sa carrière administrative, le  juin 1937, comme stagiaire agréé dans le cadre local des Écrivains-interprètes. À l'issue de ce stage, il sera confirmé dans le poste d'Écrivain-interprète de  classe.

De 1937 à 1939, il servira à Tibati dans la région de l'Est et à Batouri, dans la région de l'Adamaoua, où il accompagnera le projet de création de l'aérodrome de Batouri, décidé par l'arrêté du 21 mai 1938, portant création des aéroports frontaliers de Batouri, Garoua, Yaoundé et Douala.

Le 22 octobre 1939, son père Isaac Moumé Etia décède, ce qui provoque son affection à Douala, et un congé administratif de dix jours, décidé par le Gouverneur Richard Brunot, nouveau Haut-commissaire de la République française au Cameroun.

Le 3 novembre 1939, il quitte le corps des Écrivains-interprètes, et est nommé à la station principale de la météorologie de Douala, par décision du Haut-commissaire de la République française au Cameroun, en tant qu'Aide - météorologue, auprès de l'ingénieur météorologue français, qui dirige la station. Il occupe ce poste pendant huit ans. Il découvre ainsi la météorologie, "sa destinée divine" selon ses propres mots.

C'est à l'époque coloniale que fut créée au Cameroun, une Direction de la Météorologie Nationale, qui est longtemps dirigée par des ingénieurs français, nommés par le gouvernement français. Ce n'est qu'après l'indépendance que des ingénieurs camerounais sont formés, et des Camerounais nommés par décrets présidentiels à la Direction de la Météorologie Nationale.

Le , Abel Moumé Etia est nommé Chargé de l'expédition des affaires courantes de la climatologie et adjoint à l'ingénieur français qui est le Chef de la section "Climatologie et Recherches", à la station météorologique de Douala. Il occupe ce poste pendant sept ans. Plus tard, un statut de Cadre Météo, est créé pour le personnel non européen.

Le 7 juin 1954, il accède au statut de Cadre, par décision du Chef de Service de la Météorologie. Devenu cadre, Abel Moumé Etia est ensuite promu, chef de la station principale de Yoko en remplacement d'un ingénieur météorologue français. Il occupera cette fonction pendant trois ans et contribuera à la formation de plusieurs agents locaux de la météorologie.

Le 18 septembre 1957, il est de nouveau affecté à Douala en tant que Chef du bureau de la Climatologie et recherches en remplacement d'un ingénieur français. Abel Moumé Etia occupe ce poste jusqu'à l'indépendance. En 1960, lors du Reclassement des Cadres du Cameroun (RCC) après l'indépendance, il a l'indice le plus élevé de son administration.

Ingénieur et Haut fonctionnaire (1962 -1978)

École de la météorologie du Fort de Saint-Cyr (France)

Dans le but de préparer les indépendances des pays africains, les Nations unies mettent en place, un vaste programme de formation des futures élites africaines post indépendances, avec l'octroi de bourses pour les plus méritants. L'objectif  étant qu'ils remplacent les cadres européens dans tous les domaines: la médecine, la pharmacie, la météorologie…

Lauréat d'une bourse de l'UNESCO, Abel Moumé Etia part pour la France. À son arrivée, il est admis à l'École de la météorologie au Fort de Saint-Cyr à Paris, d'où il sort avec le diplôme d'Ingénieur des travaux météorologiques.

Son parcours académique qui l'a conduit tour à tour à  Paris, Lyon et Genève, est notamment marqué par un stage pratique de fin d'études de cinq mois et demi, à la station météorologique de l'Aéroport de Lyon-Bron et un voyage d'étude au siège de l'Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM) à Genève. Il a acquis durant cette période, une meilleure connaissance de l'élaboration des normes internationales qui permettent la standardisation des mesures météorologiques.

Retour au Cameroun
Son diplôme d'ingénieur en poche, Abel Moumé Etia rentre au Cameroun, pour se mettre au service de son pays. Il réintègre la Direction de la Météorologie Nationale du Cameroun à Douala, provisoirement au poste d'Ingénieur prévisionniste principal, dans l'attente du décret de régularisation de son nouveau statut. La Direction de la Météorologie Nationale du Cameroun est sous la tutelle du ministère des Transports.

Le , il est nommé Chef de la station météorologique de Garoua, par décision du Ministre des Transports, des mines et des Postes et Télécommunications, Salomon Tandeng Muna. La ville de Garoua était éminemment stratégique pour le gouvernement, le ministère des Transports, la météorologie et l'avion civile camerounaise, dans la mesure où il y avait un projet de construction d'un aéroport international, voulu par le Président de la République Ahmadou Ahidjo et celui du barrage de Lagdo, sur le cours de la Bénoué. Abel Moumé Etia y était à la fois en tant que représentant de la Direction de la Météorologie Nationale et de l'Agence pour la Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar (ASECNA).

Le , il est nommé, Chef de secteur météorologique de tout le Grand Nord-Cameroun, par décision administrative  du 28/08/1971, amplifiée au Ministère des Transports et des PTT et à la Direction de l'ASECNA à Paris.

Le , il revient à Douala et est nommé Chef de service hydrométéorologie, par arrêté /CAB/PR du 30/9/72, du Président de la République du Cameroun.

Le , il est nommé Chef de service du Poste pluviométrique de Douala, par décision administrative /D/MINT/MET/AD, du 18/4/73.

La Retraite
Abel Moumé Etia est mis à la retraite à compter du , après quarante et un ans de bons et loyaux services, au sein de la fonction publique camerounaise.

En 1979, il est rappelé à la demande expresse du Président de République du Cameroun, Ahmadou Ahidjo, pour une mission spéciale, consacrée à la préparation de l'arrivée à Douala, du Président de la République française, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, le 8 février 1979. Avec les équipes de l'ASECNA, il a dirigé la cellule chargée de transmettre le DOSSIER MÉTÉO aux autorités françaises, afin de préparer l'atterrissage dans de bonnes conditions, à l'aéroport international de Douala, de l'avion supersonique Concorde.

Malgré son statut de retraité, il occupe la fonction honorifique de Chef de la station pluviométrique de Douala - Deïdo (code: 1050016000), fonction qu'il occupait déjà depuis la  décision administrative /D/MINT/MET/AD du 18/4/1973. À sa demande, un pluviomètre a été installé dans sa propriété et jusqu'aux dernières années de sa vie, il effectue des relevés météorologiques tous les matins, calcule le volume d'eau recueilli par le pluviomètre, et expédie une fois par mois, dans des fiches pluviométriques, les données obtenues, à la Direction Nationale de la Météorologie.

Écrivain

Œuvre littéraire
Abel Moumé Etia a parcouru le Cameroun du Nord au Sud, d'Est en Ouest, durant sa carrière au sein de la haute fonction publique camerounaise. Il a ainsi acquit une parfaite connaissance des différentes ethnies, et des spécificités locales propres à chaque région. Cette expérience a nourri son œuvre littéraire, et ses ouvrages s'apparentent pour certains, à des essais anthropologiques, comme Le foulbé du Nord-Cameroun  (1948), ou des récits de voyages avec La randonnée de Ekoki ewolo (1950). Il a aussi écrit des romans, des nouvelles et en tant que scientifique et météorologue, un livre de mathématiques et des précis de géographie.

Publications

Personnelles
 1948: Le Foulbé du Nord-Cameroun , Bergerac (France), impr. H.Trillaud, 1948, (BnF Catalogue général)
 1948: La Pitié: sermon, Cahors (France), impr. A.Couesland, 1948, (BnF Catalogue général)
 1949: Kalat'a misongi nya bwambo ba duala, (Livre de mathématiques en langue Douala), Bergerac (France), Impr. H.Trillaud, 1949, (BnF Catalogue général)
 1949: Ebayed'a mundi ma Wase natèna o 1937 - Dongo la Boso , (Précis de Géographie en langue Douala  partie), Cahors (France), impr. de A. Coueslant, 1949, (BnF Catalogue général)
 1950: La randonnée de Ekoki ewolo , Douala (Cameroun) S.l., chez l'auteur, 1950, (BnF Catalogue général)
 1952: Ebayed' a Mundi mwa Wase natèna o 1937: Dongo di londe maba , (Précis de Géographie en langue Douala  partie), Cahors (France), impr. de A. Coueslant, 1952, (BnF Catalogue général)
 1964: Le Berceau de mon âme , Bergerac (France), impr. générale du Sud-Ouest, 1964, (BnF Catalogue général)
 Le congé de longue durée (Manuscrit non publié - à paraître)

En co-écriture avec Léopold Moumé Etia
 1940: Notice biographique d'Isaac Moumé Etia, Douala (Cameroun): imprimerie catholique, 1940, (Bibliothèque du DEFAP)
 1940: Les Faux pas, Douala (Cameroun), imprimerie catholique, 1940, (Bibliothèque du DEFAP)
 1940: Les sites historiques de Douala Tome I, Douala (Cameroun), imprimerie catholique, 1940, (Bibliothèque du DEFAP)
 1940: Esprits Légers (Les crédules superstitieux), Douala (Cameroun), imprimerie catholique, 1940, (Bibliothèque du DEFAP)

Décorations
Le , Abel Moumé Etia est élevé au grade de Commandeur de l'Ordre de la valeur, par décret du Président de la République du Cameroun, pour services éminents rendus à l'État du Cameroun. L'Ordre de la valeur est la plus haute distinction honorifique camerounaise. Il est également récipiendaire de l'Ordre du Mérite camerounais.

Ordre de la Valeur
  (2001)
  (1990)
  (1974)

Ordre du mérite
  (1975)
  (1974)

Obsèques
Abel Moumé Etia est décédé le 27 octobre 2004 à Douala, des suites d'une longue maladie. Sa cérémonie d'obsèques fut marquée par un temps religieux, traditionnel et protocolaire.

 Au niveau traditionnel: plusieurs dignitaires, notables et chefs supérieurs étaient présents, dont Sa Majesté René Douala Manga Bell, Roi des Bell et Sa Majesté Gaston Claude Emmanuel Essaka Ekwalla Essaka dit De Gaulle, Roi des Deïdo, qui a prononcé une allocution.

 Au niveau officiel et protocolaire: Abel Moumé Etia reçut des honneurs officiels et protocolaires le jour de son enterrement, en présence du représentant du Premier ministre du Cameroun, marqués par un piquet d'honneur de militaires, en raison de son grade de Commandeur de l'ordre de la Valeur de État du Cameroun.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Douala
 Yabassi
 Liste d'écrivains camerounais
 Ahmadou Ahidjo

Liens externes

 Bibliothèque du Congrès

Ingénieur camerounais
Écrivain camerounais
Personnalité camerounaise du XXe siècle
Ordre honorifique du Cameroun
Titulaire de l'ordre de la Valeur
Récipiendaire de l'Ordre du Mérite camerounais
Décès à Douala
Naissance au Cameroun français
Naissance au Cameroun
Naissance en avril 1919
Décès en octobre 2004
Décès à 85 ans
Météorologue camerounais


text:
Anna Christie – amerykański dramat filmowy z 1930 roku, zrealizowany w erze Pre-Code.

O filmie
Film jest adaptacją sztuki teatralnej Anna Christie, którą napisał Eugene O'Neill. Obraz wyreżyserował Clarence Brown, a rolę tytułową zagrała Greta Garbo, wcielając się w postać prostytutki rozdartej między oczekiwaniami ojca a własnymi potrzebami. Była to jej pierwsza rola w filmie dźwiękowym, dlatego produkcję reklamowano hasłem: "Garbo mówi!". Studio MGM dosyć długo opóźniało debiut aktorki w takim filmie, szkoląc w tym czasie jej angielski, co dodatkowo roztaczało wokół niej większą aurę tajemniczości, z jakiej słynęła. Poza tym jej pierwszy film mówiony był niepewnym przedsięwzięciem – kariery wielu gwiazd kina niemego podupadły wraz z nadejściem nowej epoki filmu dźwiękowego. Ku zaskoczeniu MGM Anna Christie okazała się wielkim sukcesem: był to najbardziej dochodowy film 1930 roku, przynosząc zysk w wysokości 1,5 miliona dolarów. Krytycy filmowi ocenili film bardzo pozytywnie, a niski i dość szorstki głos Grety Garbo wywołał sensację. Obraz otrzymał także 3 nominacje do Oscara, w tym dla Grety Garbo jako najlepszej aktorki pierwszoplanowej.

Oprócz angielskiej nakręcono także niemiecką wersję Anny Christie, z nową obsadą (jedynie Greta Garbo pojawia się w obu wersjach). Anna Christie w wersji niemieckiej swoją premierę miała w 1931 roku. Garbo podobała się bardziej wersja niemiecka.

Obsada
 Greta Garbo jako Anna Christie
 Charles Bickford jako Matt Burke
 George F. Marion jako Chris Christofferson
 Marie Dressler jako Marthy Owens
 James T. Mack jako Johnny the Harp
 Lee Phelps jako Larry

Oceny

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Amerykańskie dramaty filmowe
Amerykańskie filmy czarno-białe
Filmy wytwórni Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Amerykańskie filmy z 1930 roku
Filmowe adaptacje sztuk scenicznych
Filmy w reżyserii Clarence'a Browna


text:
Dobrinj is a village and municipality in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in northwestern Croatia, on the island of Krk. There are 2,078 inhabitants in the municipality, with 91% Croats.

Geography
Dobrinj and the municipality of the same name are located on the northeast side of the island of Krk. The place is located at an elevation of about 200 meters above Soline bay.

The municipality of Dobrinj comprises three cadastral communities: Dobrinj, Soline and Sužan, with 20 settlements, covering an area of 55 km2.

In relief, this area can be divided into a low zone (mainly around Soline Bay) and a high zone (Dobrinj, Karst, Gabonjin ...).

The Dobrinj municipality also covers much of the eastern coast of the island of Krk, facing Crikvenica and Vinodol on the mainland, with which it has always been closely connected. The coast is full of inlets, but apart from the reefs and cliffs, there is only one islet - Veli Skoljić. On the coast, the shallow bay of Soline, almost forming lakes, stands out, with low coastlines and three settlements: Klimno, Soline and Cizici. Other significantly smaller bays are Stipanja (which is the largest municipal settlement of Silo), Petrina, Veterna, Murvenica, Jazbina, Lončarica and Slivanjska.

Geologically, limestone and dolomite rocks dominate the area. Due to the faster erosion of dolomite, over millions of years, a layer of loose soil has been created that enabled the development of lush vegetation. Only in the principally limestone extreme northeastern part of the Košćera. In addition to limestones and dolomites, flysch zones occur, which, unlike porous limestone, are watertight. A river stream called Veli Potok has developed on one of these flysch zones.

Population
According to the 2001 census, Dobrinj municipality had 1,970 inhabitants, distributed in 20 settlements:
 Čižići - 92
 Dobrinj - 122
 Dolovo - 0
 Gabonjin - 177
 Gostinjac - 81
 Hlapa - 62
 Klanice - 42
 Klimno - 115
 Kras - 184
 Polje - 295
 Rasopasno - 85
 Rudine - 5
 Soline - 43
 Sužan - 76
 Sveti Ivan Dobrinjski - 34
 Sveti Vid Dobrinjski - 81
 Šilo - 381
 Tribulje - 56
 Žestilac - 8
 Županje - 32

Ethnic/National Composition, 2001.
 Croats - 1,799 (91.32)
 Bosniaks - 20 (1.02)
 Serbs - 16 (0.81)
 Germans - 9 (0.46)
 Montenegrins - 4
 Hungarians - 3
 Italians - 3
 Albanians - 1
 Czechs - 1
 Poles - 1
 Slovaks - 1
 Slovenians - 1
 others - 62 (3.15)
 undefined - 39 (1.98)
 unknown - 10 (0.51)

Administration
Chief: Neven Komadina (PGS)

Deputy Chief: Zoran Kirinčić (PGS)

Council President: Alen Šamanić (PGS)

Municipal Council:

 Marinko Galanto, Tomislav Saftić, Dubravko Fanuko, Darko Strčić, Ivancica Dunato (PGS)
 Zdenko Kirincic, Robert Justinic, Ratko Turcic (HSLS)
 Miljenko Variola, Nenad Brusic (HDZ)
 Marino Samanic (HNS)
 Emil Grskovic (Independent)

History and population trends
There are many Roman sites in the municipality, mainly on the shores of the Soline bay and in the Gostinjac area, and it is assumed that saltworks existed in the Melina area at that time. In more recent explorations, carried out at St. Peter's Bay on the northwestern side of Soline Bay, remains of Roman pottery and ancient ports have been found. However, there are several sites indicating an Illyrian presence - the Zagrajini fort near Karst, Gradišće near Dobrinj, and Dobrinj, which itself was created at the site of the previous Illyrian settlement.

The history of Dobrinj is inextricably linked to the history of the entire island of Krk, of which it is an integral part. Dobrinj, along with Baška, Vrbnik and Omisalj, is one of the oldest "kaštelas" (early medieval city centers), which were founded sometime in the 7th century, i.e. at the time of the Croats' migration to the present homeland. These castles, along with the already existing town of Krk, were most probably erected at the place where the Illyrians lived until then, as evidenced by the numerous Illyrian sites, as well as the very position on the hill overlooking the surroundings. The antiquity of these castles is also indicated by the archaic forms of Old Croatian, ie Old Caucasian speech, in Dobrinj - Čokavica. However, unlike other castles, Dobrinj was not located directly by the sea and never had ramparts, which may be the reason that it was repeatedly killed throughout history (in the 16th and early 17th centuries) pillaged by pirates and Uskok.

The name Dobrinj was first mentioned in the Grant Certificate of the famous Dragoslav, written in Croatian and Glagolitic on January 1, 1100. In it, Dobrinj and neighboring Vrbnik are referred to as church ("plavian") and municipal ("komun") units with a judge, municipal clerk, and secretary. This grant is an important witness to the cultural, communal and educational development of the contemporary population of Dobrinj and the island of Krk. Somewhere in the 11th century, Krk princes, later called the Frankopans, appeared. Their origins are still unclear but probably originated from a more powerful native (Croatian) nobility. There was a theory for a while that they were of Roman origin, but it was rejected. From then until 1480, the princes of Krk were the rulers of the whole island, including Dobrinj, which was directly governed by judges, but also by the so-called "the princes on behalf of the prince". In the second half of the 15th century, Ivan VII Frankopan, Prince of Krk, settled to the western parts of the island Vlachs and Morlachs (originally Romanians who later split into Istro-Romanians) to have more manpower. These were settled in and around the areas of Dubašnica and Poljica and also in the lands between the castles of Dobrinj and Omišalj. They formed a community in the island until 1875, when the last speaker of the Istro-Romanian dialect of Krk passed away.

During the Middle Ages, Dobrinj was one of the most important centers of verbiage.  The HAZU archive preserves the Baptist Registers of Baptism that were written in 1559 and which are the oldest registry books in Croatia. These registers were written in Glagolitic script until 1850 when they were written in Latin.

The most important industry during the Middle Ages was certainly the saltworks in the Soline bay below Dobrinj; salt was much sought after and appreciated at the time. After conquering the island, the Venetians close the salt pans, but their remains are clearly visible today.

In 1480, the Venetian Republic occupied the entire island of Krk and ruled it until the collapse of the Venetian Republic in 1797, after which the ownership of Krk changed hands several times between the Austrian and French, and eventually to the Austrian government. The Austrian government was in charge of Krk until the downfall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, at the end of the First World War in 1918. The following few years were very uncertain for all the inhabitants of the island as the Kingdom of Italy laid claims on the entire eastern Adriatic coast.

The twilight of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was the peak of both the village and municipality Dobrinj. The town of Dobrinj had 608 inhabitants in 1898, 390 in 1931 and only 216 in 1970. The area of the municipality reached the largest population in 1910 of 4,046, and a dozen years later of 4,033. Since then, the population has been steadily declining. After World War II the population was 3,319,  in World War (1948) and 2,273 in 1971. The reason for this decline is the two world wars, but also the difficult economic situation on the island that drove its people into the new world, most notably America, but also in the fast-growing cities in a coastal area (Rijeka, Crikvenica ...) where many found jobs and livelihoods.

The time of the Kingdom of Serbia and Montenegro was a time of difficult life and large emigration. The whole island was a marginal and rather forgotten part of the monarchy. After World War II, the island became part of the Socialist Republic of Croatia within Yugoslavia. The difficult economic situation changed only around 1980 with the opening of the Rijeka airport and the mainland - Krk bridge, thereby removing the island from isolation, which was a prerequisite for economic development, especially tourism. Tourism is still underdeveloped in Dobrinj but has brought liveliness and interrupted almost the entire migration of population from the island and from Dobrinj.

Although the town Dobrinj has never reached a population of 1,000 in its history, it has been called "the city" since ancient times. Residents of the surrounding villages would say they were going to "Grad" (meaning city in Croatian) when they went to Dobrinj. Its inhabitants were called "gradars" and the inhabitants of the surrounding villages "vonskaras", ie "villagers". Dobrinj itself is divided into Dolinja, the older quarter, and Gorinja, a newer town.

Economy
Of the larger economic entities, only a construction company in Šilo operates in the municipality.

There are about 30 artisans in the Dobrinj municipality. Nevertheless, a large part of the locals work outside their municipality.

Although it has significant tourism resources, such as: a preserved environment and rich cultural and historical heritage, the Dobrinj municipality does not have a developed tourist offerings. The most important tourist destination is the town of Silo, which is the seat of the local tourist board. The only accommodation capacities are in apartments and rooms for rent, except in Šilo mostly in Čižići, Soline and Klimno. In recent years, there has been a growing demand for coastal-style inland remodeled homes.

Particularly great potential for tourism development exists in the Soline bay. One of the resources of this bay is the healing mud at the Meline site. The Sulinj peninsula, which closes the Soline bay, is mentioned as probably the first golf course on the island of Krk.

An important prerequisite for tourism, good transport links, is the existing one: the municipality is a 20-minute drive away from any tourist center on the island and from the Krk Bridge that connects the island to the mainland. In the neighboring municipality of Omisalj is the Rijeka Airport.

Formerly of great economic importance were shipbuilding, fishing, and agriculture.

Today, sheep and olive growing as sole agricultural industries of importance. The big problem for sheepdogs in the last ten years has been caused by bears and wild boars. Bears do not live permanently on the island of Krk, but come for the winter hibernation, flooding the Vinodol Channel. Sometimes they destroy whole flocks of sheep. In addition to causing considerable damage to agriculture, wild boar herds also pose a risk to people moving through the forest and even in the villages at night.

Olive growing in the municipality of Dobrinj has not been restored and developed as in some other municipalities on the island of Krk, for example Punat, Krk. Despite the municipality subsidizing the purchase of olive seedlings, the number of renewed or new olive trees has not yet reached its former numbers, for this region. The largest issue in the renovation of the olive groves is the great fragmentation of the estates and unresolved property and legal relations. However, there is an olive oil production plant in Polje for the production of olive oil.

The once intensively cultivated "Dobrinj field" stretching from Dobrinj, along Potok, all the way to the Soline Bay, is now almost completely neglected.

Monuments and Sights

Church of St. Vid
The Church of St. Vid dates from 1100.

Church of St. Stjepan
The Parish Church of St. Stjepan was first mentioned in the 1100 AD, in the "Glorious Dragoslav" grant. According to the Glagolitic inscription, it was expanded in 1510. It is dominated by elements of the Baroque and late Gothic works. Initially a single nave, the parish church in the 18th century, it became a triple nave by the merging a series of side chapels, which over the centuries were built into a one nave church. Above its entrance, there is a canopy of the unique name "cergan", and from there it overlooks much of Kvarner. There was a bell tower next to the church, but in 1720 it was destroyed by lightning and a new one was built. The new one was not built in the same place, but in a nearby old cemetery, from where it still dominates the whole area today. This bell tower suffered devastation, by the Germans during the occupation of 1944, but was rebuilt after the war.

Ethnographic Museum near Place

Ethnographic Collection of the Island of Krk
The Ethnographic Collection of the Island of Krk is a diligently collected archive by the Barbalić family.

Infeld Gallery
One of the largest art collectors in the world, Peter Infeld of Vienna, bought and renovated an old, large house in the heart of Dobrinj, on the Placa, where more than 400 m2 of exhibitions of famous artists are held.

Sacred Collection Museum
A museum with a collection of sacred objects is located above the square near the church of St. Anthony.

Biserujka Cave

The Biserujka Cave is located a few kilometers north of Dobrinj, near the village of Rudine. Although it is just over 100 meters long, it is very interesting and rich in stalactites and stalagmites and, as part of the tourist offer of the island of Krk, is today one of the most visited caves in Croatia.

Education

The first school in Dobrinj was opened by Antun Kirinčić in 1841 in a private house. This was the beginning of education in Dobrinj. For many years there was only a four-year school in "Grad", so after the 4th grade of elementary school students were forced to continue their education in neighboring Vrbnik or Malinska. That was until the construction of a new, modern school in 2007, which gave the Dobrinj and the entire municipality education the best material conditions for further development.

Dialect
In all the settlements in the Dobrinj municipality there is a special form of the Chakavian dialect, which is also called "chokavka". In some places where most of the Chakavian and Stokavian speeches have the sound a', a o sound appears. Thus, for example, Dobinj villages Gostinjac, Žestilac, Rasopasno  are called Gostinjoc, Žestiloc, Rosopasno by the native population.

The reason is the replacement of the short Old Croatian half-voice by the voice of [23]:
 čo < čə
 zomi < vəzəmi "uzmi" (meaning to take)
 petok < petək

In words with a once long half-tone, a: stablo, dan (but: donos "danas") appears. There is a similar relation in Omisalj, but there a short half voice gives e''. [24] Similar differences appear in the Kajkavian speeches in Prigorje and in the speeches of most of Slovenia.

Culture
Throughout its medieval history, Dobrinj was one of the most powerful centers of Glagoliticism in Croatia.
The "Ive Jelenović" Cultural and Artistic Society within which the "Zvon" mixed choir of this folklore group operates
Dobrinj Cultural Society
Carnival associations "Optimists" and "Kataroška"

Sports
 Sport fishing association "Čikavica" from Šilo
 Sport fishing association "Vela sten" from Čižić

Notable People
 Ive Jelenović (from St. Vid) - ethnologist, philologist, toponomist, proofreader, screenwriter and co-author of the first documentary film on the island of Krk from 1938. Particularly important in the preserving and promoting of folk culture and tradition, especially folk songs and dance.
 Ivan Črnčić (from Polje) priest, secretary of the Bishop of Krk, director of the renowned Croatian Institute of St. Jerome in Rome, the first member of JAZU, today HAZU, from the island of Krk. Writer, Slavist, philologist, historian; opened his second full-time school in Dobrinjina in his native Polje. He was the first to prepare a reading and edition of the grant of the famous Dragoslav.
 Petar Strčić (from Karst), member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, director of its Archive, scientific and archival advisor, prominent Croatian historian, editor-in-chief of several collections, author of several mostly historical books, president of the Society for Croatian History, Chakavian Parliament, university professor.
 Dinko Sučić (from Dobrinj) is a doctor, professor at the Faculty of Medicine in Zagreb, a scientist and expert in internal medicine, one of the first experts in leukemia.
 Priest Bonaventura Duda, Baptized by Roko, (from Karst), Franciscan, Biblical, University Professor, Translator, Polyglot, Writer and Poet.
 Vinko Fulgencije Fugošić (from Gostinjac) was an academic painter, art historian, restorer and travel writer; apart from the Diocese of Krk, he also distinguished himself in the restoration of Vatican art.
 Branko Turčić (from Čižić) is a retired journalist, writer, the only writer on Čokavica

References

External links

Dobrinj (in English)

Krk
Municipalities of Croatia
Populated places in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County
Resorts in Croatia


text:
Antes de la quema es una película española de 2019 dirigida por Fernando Colomo. Está protagonizada por Salva Reina, Manuela Velasco, Maggie Civantos, Joaquín Núñez y Manuel Manquiña. Su estreno en España está previsto para el 7 de junio de 2019, antes pudo verse durante el Festival de Cine de Málaga, en la cuál fue galardonada con el Premio del Público y Maggie Civantos con la Biznaga de Plata a Mejor Actriz Secundaria.

Argumento
Quique es un gaditano de 30 años como cualquier otro: simpático y gracioso, sin trabajo actual y con una gran afición al Carnaval. Sin embargo, Quique es el compositor de una de las chirigotas que más éxito está teniendo en la ciudad andaluza. El hombre comienza a ser conocido en su Cádiz natal, aunque sigue sin contar con los fondos necesarios para mantener a una familia ya rota, con una hermana que se encuentra en prisión por traficar con drogas y una madre anciana que padece alzhéimer. Para ello, decide compatibilzar su actividad como chirigotero con un nuevo trabajo: traficante de drogas.

Reparto

 Salva Reina como Quique.
 Manuela Velasco como Rosario.
 Maggie Civantos como Meme.
 Joaquín Núñez como El Tuti.
 Manuel Manquiña como El Gallego.
 María Alfonsa Rosso como Asun.

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Películas ambientadas en Cádiz
Películas sobre narcotráfico


text:
SN 1963J – supernowa typu Ia odkryta 24 maja 1963 roku w galaktyce NGC 3913. Jej maksymalna jasność wynosiła 13,30.

Przypisy

Supernowe zaobserwowane w 1963 roku


text:
Arbetarnas bildningsförbund, förkortat ABF (finska: Työväen sivistysliitto, TSL) är en socialdemokratisk folkbildningsorganisation i Finland. Organisationen grundades 1919 och har sitt säte i Helsingfors.

Arbetarnas bildningsförbund grundades på initiativ av Väinö Voionmaa med uppgift att sprida social upplysning bland arbetarbefolkningen och tillfredsställa dess kulturella behov. ABF var arbetarrörelsens enda bildningsorganisation fram till 1950- och 1960-talen, då Demokratiska förbundet för Finlands folk (DFFF) bröt sig ut. Det är tvåspråkigt och har svenskspråkig kursverksamhet.

ABF upprätthåller landets största studiecentral, som bedriver studiecirkel-, kurs- och föreläsningsverksamhet i samarbete med 35 medlemsorganisationer, med Finlands socialdemokratiska parti och Finlands Fackförbunds Centralorganisation (FFC) i spetsen, samt tjänstgör som läromedelsförläggare.

Källor

Folkbildningsorganisationer i Finland
Finlands Socialdemokratiska Parti


text:
Wei Chun-heng (, born June 6, 1994) is a Taiwanese competitive archer. He won a bronze medal in the men's team recurve at the 2015 Asian Championships, and also competed as a member of Chinese Taipei's archery squad at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

Wei was selected to compete for the Taiwanese squad at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, shooting both in individual and team recurve tournaments. First, Wei amassed a total of 679 points out of a maximum 720 to lead the Taiwanese trio for the ninth seed heading to the knockout stage, along with his team's score of 1,995 collected from the classification round. Entering the men's team recurve as the seventh-seeded squad, Wei and his compatriots Kao Hao-wen and Yu Guan-lin succumbed unexpectedly to a tough 2–6 defeat from the unheralded Indonesians in their elimination round match. Rebounding from his team's premature exit, Wei quickly dispatched Fiji's experienced Olympian Rob Elder in straight sets to book the round of 32 spot in the men's individual recurve, before he dropped the match in a grueling 5–6 shoot-off to Thailand's Witthaya Thamwong.

References

External links

1994 births
Living people
Taiwanese male archers
Sportspeople from Taoyuan City
Olympic archers of Taiwan
Archers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Universiade medalists in archery
Asian Games medalists in archery
Archers at the 2018 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for Chinese Taipei
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games
Universiade silver medalists for Chinese Taipei
Medalists at the 2015 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2017 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 2019 Summer Universiade
Archers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in archery
Olympic silver medalists for Taiwan
World Archery Championships medalists
20th-century Taiwanese people
21st-century Taiwanese people


text:
Die Kapelle St. Antonius bei Hohentengen am Hochrhein ist ein Bauwerk aus dem 16. Jahrhundert. Sie steht am Rheinufer gegenüber dem Schweizer Ort Kaiserstuhl oberhalb der Burg Rotwasserstelz.

Beschreibung
Die Kapelle steht traufseitig an der Hangkante oberhalb des Rheins und befand sich ursprünglich an einer wichtigen Straßenkreuzung. An ihrer südöstlichen Ecke führt ein alter Hohlweg bergab. Das etwa 8 Meter lange und 6,10 Meter breite Bauwerk besitzt eine 3/8-Apsis mit abgewalmtem Dach und an der Westseite einen Giebel. Das spitzbogige Eingangsportal auf dieser Seite der Kapelle trägt die eingemeißelte Jahresangabe 1599. Am östlichen Ende der Nord- und der Südwand hat die Kapelle zwei spitzbogige Maßwerkfenster, in der Ostwand befindet sich ein etwas kleineres Fenster. In der Höhe der Fenster ist auf der südöstlichen Seite der Apsis eine Sonnenuhr aufgemalt. An der Südwand sind weitere Malereireste auf einem etwa dreieinhalb Meter langen Streifen unter dem Dachüberstand erhalten geblieben.

Laut einer an dem Bauwerk angebrachten Informationstafel geht der Bau der Kapelle, die vermutlich einen Vorgängerbau ersetzte oder aus diesem hervorging, auf eine Stiftung der Patrizierfamilie Erzli aus Kaiserstuhl zurück. Ein neben der Kapelle stehendes Kreuz, 2002 nach der alten Vorlage erneuert, erinnert an den Spitalmeister Arbogast Walder aus Kaiserstuhl.

Die 1997 renovierte Kapelle gilt, auch wegen ihrer Lage, als eine der schönsten des Erzbistums Freiburg.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Hohentengen am Hochrhein
Hohentengen
Hohentengen
Erbaut in den 1590er Jahren
Kirchengebäude in Europa
Hohentengen
Kulturdenkmal im Landkreis Waldshut


text:
Catherine Hill Bay is a coastal bay and village on the southern peninsula forming Lake Macquarie, south of the Pacific Ocean entrance channel at Swansea in New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the City of Lake Macquarie local government area. The village is the oldest continuous settlement in the City of Lake Macquarie.  The Aboriginal people in this area, the Awabakal were the first people of this land.

A surf club is sited overlooking the beach that is quite popular for recreation.

Mining
The settlement was first made after land was purchased on 1 April 1865. The town of Cowper was created, to serve as a base for coal mining by the New Wallsend Company in 1873 with the first shipment on 17 December of that year. The name Catherine Hill was adopted to commemorate the schooner Catherine Hill that had run aground in 1867.

Later, the Wallarah Coal Company mined and shipped coal from the area including its nearby Crangan Bay mine. This was taken over by the Coal and Allied Group.

A railway originally was used to transport the coal to the wharf; later, trucks and automated loading belt systems were used.

Rutile was mined from the beach sands during the 1960s.

Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 162 people in Catherine Hill Bay. 89.3% of people were born in Australia and 93.5% of people spoke only English at home.

Development
Proposals for rezoning and redevelopment of the area for housing were opposed by LMCC and residents as the land was zoned for conservation. Environmentalists contended that the heathlands around the village contained a large variety of wildflowers, some dwarfed into unusual forms from the exposed coastal conditions. On 1 September 2009, a court ruled the development agreement illegal.

However, a new Housing Development of 550 houses was approved by the State Government in 2010. This new subdivision, called Beaches Catherine Hill Bay is outside the visual catchment of the heritage village.

Heritage listings
Catherine Hill Bay has been placed on the State Heritage Register as a Heritage Township:
 No. 208 Radar Station RAAF
 Catherine Hill Bay Cultural Precinct

References

External links
 History of Catherine Hill Bay (Lake Macquarie City Library)

Suburbs of Lake Macquarie
Bays of New South Wales
Coastal towns in New South Wales
Mining towns in New South Wales


text:
Pennsylvania Route 249 (PA 249) is a  state highway located in Tioga County, Pennsylvania.  The southern terminus is at PA 287 in Middlebury Township.  The northern terminus is at New York State Route 36 (NY 36) at the New York state line north of Knoxville.

Route description

PA 249 begins at an intersection with PA 287 in the community of Middlebury Center in Middlebury Township, heading northwest on a two-lane undivided road. The route passes through a mix of farmland and forested hills, turning west and running through Kenneyville. The road continues through agricultural areas with some homes, crossing into Chatham Township and passing through Shortsville. PA 249 winds west-northwest through a mix of farmland and woodland with occasional residential development, going through the community of Little Marsh. The road heads into more forested areas and continues west before turning northwest into a mix of farms and woods, entering Westfield Township. The route heads north through more rural areas with occasional homes, crossing the Cowanesque River and reaching an intersection with PA 49 in Phillips. Here, PA 249 turns northeast to form a concurrency with PA 49 on East Main Street, heading through farmland and woodland with some residences. The road briefly passes through Brookfield Township before heading into Deerfield Township. PA 249 splits from PA 49 to the west of the borough of Knoxville by heading north on an unnamed road, running to the west of Troups Creek. The road turns to the northwest and heads through more agricultural and wooded areas with some homes. PA 249 heads back into Brookfield Township as Troups Creek Road and passes through Austinburg before reaching its northern terminus at the New York border. At this point, the road continues into that state as NY 36.

History
The portion of PA 249 from PA 49 in Knoxville to the New York state line near Austinburg was originally designated as PA 149 from 1928 until 1946, when it was replaced by an extended PA 249.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

Pennsylvania Highways: PA 249

249
Transportation in Tioga County, Pennsylvania


text:
Raków – dawna wieś, od 1977 w granicach miasta Piotrków Trybunalski. Leży w północnej części miasta, wzdłuż ulicy Życzliwej. Do 1977 część miejscowości Raków-Kolonia. Przez Raków przepływa struga Rakówka.

Historia
Obecny Raków był dawniej częścią miejscowości Raków-Kolonia. Od 1867 w gminie Uszczyn w powiecie piotrkowskim w guberni piotrkowskiej. Od 1919 w woj. łódzkim. Tam 19 października 1933 utworzono gromadę o nazwie Kolonja Raków w gminie Uszczyn, składającej się z samej kolonii Raków.

Podczas II wojny światowej miejscowość włączono do Generalnego Gubernatorstwa (dystrykt radomski, powiat Petrikau), nadal w gminie Uszczyn. W 1943 roku liczba mieszkańców Dorfgemeinde Raków kol. wynosiła 135.

Po wojnie ponownie w województwie łódzkim i powiecie piotrkowskim, nadal jako składowa gromady Raków, jednej z 13 gromad gminy Uszczyn. 21 września 1953 gminę Uszczyn przemianowano na Poniatów. W związku z reorganizacją administracji wiejskiej jesienią 1954, miejscowość weszła w skład nowej gromady Raków, a po jej zniesieniu 31 grudnia 1959 – do gromady Poniatów.

Od 1 stycznia 1973 w nowo utworzonej gminie Piotrków Trybunalski w powiecie piotrkowskim, jako część sołectwa Raków-Kolonia. W latach 1975–1977 miejscowość należała administracyjnie do województwa piotrkowskiego.

1 lutego 1977 gminę Piotrków Trybunalski zniesiono, a część Rakowa-Kolonii (430 ha) włączono do Piotrkowa Trybunalskiego.

Przypisy

Dzielnice i osiedla Piotrkowa Trybunalskiego


text:
Buell Patrick Abbott (Pasadena, 18 de gener de 1912 – 1984) va ser un golfista professional estatunidenc.

Biografia
Abbott nasqué en Pasadena, Califòrnia. En 1936, guanyà el U.S. Amateur Public Links, derrotant a Claude Rippy 4 & 3. En 1938, perdria en el U.S. Amateur front Willie Turnesa 8 & 7. Perdria novament en el U.S. Amateur en 1941 front a Bud Ward 4 & 3. En 1942 guanyà el Western Amateur com també el Southern California Amateur, ambdós de nou, i el Southern California Open en 1935.

Victòries Amateur
 1936 U.S. Amateur Public Links
 1938 Southern California Amateur
 1941 Southern California Amateur
 1942 Western Amateur

Victòries Professionals
 1935 Southern California Open (com a amateur)
 1949 Tennessee Open
 1954 Tennessee Open
 1955 Tennessee Open
 1962 Tennessee Open
 1969 Tennessee PGA Senior Championship
 1971 Tennessee PGA Senior Championship
 1974 Tennessee PGA Senior Championship

Referències

Enllaços externs
 Perfil al Saló de la Fam de Tennessee Golf

Golfistes estatunidencs
Esportistes californianes
Persones de Pasadena (Califòrnia)


text:
Ottelia muricata är en dybladsväxtart som först beskrevs av Charles Henry Wright, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av James Edgar Dandy. Ottelia muricata ingår i släktet Ottelia och familjen dybladsväxter. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Dybladsväxter
muricata


text:
Praia da Varandinha é uma praia situada no sudoeste da Ilha da Boa Vista, em Cabo Verde.

É considerada uma praia paradisíaca, sendo entrecortada por rochedos que dividem o seu extenso areal em areais de dimensão menor. É também reconhecida pelas boas condições que oferece para a prática de desportos náuticos, como o surfe.

Entre as as formações rochosas que ostenta junto ao areal, destaca-se uma gruta natural, com vista para o mar, conhecida como Bracona.

A inexistência de ligação rodoviária torna difícil o acesso a esta praia, promovendo o seu isolamento e contribuindo para a sua atmosfera selvagem quase intocada.

Boa Vista (Cabo Verde)
Praias de Cabo Verde


text:
Anthaxia longipes es una especie de escarabajo del género Anthaxia, familia Buprestidae. Fue descrita científicamente por Bílý & Kubáň en 2009.

Referencias

longipes