text:
El glicerol és un compost orgànic també anomenat glicerina. És un líquid viscós, incolor i inodor que s'utilitza àmpliament en fórmules farmacèutiques. Té tres grups hidroxil hirofílics que són els responsables de la seva solubilitat en l'aigua i de la seva natura higroscòpica. La subestructura de glicerol és un component central de diversos lípids. Té un gust dolç i baixa toxicitat.

Síntesi i producció
El glicerol forma l'estructura central dels triacilglicèrids i es pot produir per la saponificació de greixos animals. També és un subproducte de la producció del biodièsel via transesterificació. Aproximadament es produeixen 950.000 tones per any als EUA i Europa, però la producció augmentarà quan el decret 2003/30/EC de la Unió Europea es posi en funcionament, ja que requereix el reemplaçament del 5,75% dels combustibles derivats del petroli per biocarburants a tots els països membres de la unió el 2010.

Indústria alimentària
S'utilitza com a humectant, solvent i dulcificant, i fins i tot, es pot utilitzar com a conservant. També s'utilitza com a farciment en productes comercials baixos en greixos, i com a agent espessidor en licors. El glicerol i l'aigua s'utilitzen per a conservar certs tipus de fulles. Quant a un substitut del sucre, té aproximadament 27 calories per cada cullerada i és un 60% tan dolç com la sucrosa. Tot i que té la mateixa energia que el sucre, no n'eleva els nivells en sang, i tampoc alimenta els bacteris que formen plaques i causen caries. Com a additiu, el glicerol és anomenat E422. Un altre ús és la manufactura de mono i diglicèrids que s'utilitzen com a emulsionadors, així com poliglicerol per a les mantegues i margarines.

Categorització
El glicerol és actualment categoritzat per l'Associació Dietètica Americana com un carbohidrat. La descripció de U.S. FDA de carbohidrat inclou tots els macronutrients calòrics menys les proteïnes i greixos. La glicerina té una densitat calòrica similar a la del sucre, però un índex glucèmic més baix i diferent rutes metabòliques en el cos, així que alguns dietistes accepten la glicerina com un endolcidor compatible amb les dietes baixes en carbohidrats.

Química orgànica
En la síntesi orgànica, el glicerol s'utilitza com un component proquiral fàcilment disponible. Fins i tot si el glicerol no té substitucions, és simètric i els carbonis 1 i 3 són intercanviables, si un d'ells forma un éster o un enllaç éter, ja no es poden intercanviar. La formació de més enllaços i la lisi pot portar a productes que solament substitueixen el carboni 3. Degut a aquestes circumstàncies, per a mantenir tant la plena descripció com les normes d'enumeració de la química, els carbonis són anomenats sn-1, sn-2 i sn-3 (de l'anglès "sterospecifical numbering")

Propietats físiques
Com també passa amb l'etilè i el propilè, el glicerol dissolt en aigua desfà els ponts d'hidrogen que lliguen les diverses molècules d'aigua i evita que la barreja formi una estructura cristal·lina estable llevat que la temperatura sigui significativament baixa. La mínima temperatura de congelació és de l'ordre de -36 °F / -37.8 °C, que correspon a un 60-70% de glicerol en aigua, com es mostra en la següent taula. Per tant, el glicerol té propietats anticongelants.

Tanmateix, el glicerol és més difícil de manipular en forma pura degut a la seva elevada viscositat. El glicerol es comporta com un xarop, no pas degut al seu relativament alt pes molecular, sinó per la unió dels hidrògens, ja que en pot formar 3, fent-lo resistent a fluir.

Espumes i polímers
El glicerol és una de les matèries primeres principals per a la fabricació d'espumes flexibles basades en el poliol, i en menor mesura, per a espumes rígides de poliuretà.

Nitroglicerina
El glicerol s'utilitza per a produir nitroglicerina, o 1,2,3-trinitropropà (GNT, glicerol-trinitrate), és un component essencial de la pólvora i diversos explosius com la dinamita, la gelignita i propulsors com la cordita.

Usos en laboratoris d'investigació
És un component comú en els solvents per a agents enzimàtics emmagatzemats a temperatures inferiors als 0 graus Celsius degut a la disminució de la temperatura de congelació en les solucions amb una alta concentració de glicerol. També es dissol en aigua per reduir el dany produït pels cristalls de gel en els organismes emmagatzemats en solucions congelades, com ara bacteris, nematodes i mosques de la fruita. En electroforesis, les mostres són carregades en un gel d'agar barrejat amb buffers que bàsicament consisteixen en glicerol. Quan les mostres són injectades als pouets, el glicerol causa que la solució s'enfonsi a través cap al fons del pou. També s'utilitza per als fabricants de membranes de diàlisi.

Usos farmacèutics i de cura personal
S'utilitza en preparacions mèdiques i farmacèutiques, bàsicament com a manera per a incrementar la suavitat, aportant lubricació i com a humectant. Es troba en xarops per la tos, pasta de dents, espuma d'afaitar, productes per la pell, pel cabell....
Utilitzat com a laxant quan s'introdueix en el recte en formes de petits volums o supositoris irrita la mucosa i indueix un efecte hiperosmòtic. També és un component del sabó de glicerol, que s'utilitza per a les persones amb pell molt sensible i fàcilment irritable perquè preveu que la pell s'assequi degut a les seves propietats humidificants (extrau humitat cap a fora de la pell i alenteix l'excessiva deshidratació i evaporació). El glicerol pur o quasi pur és efectiu en el tractament per a cremades, mossegades, talls, rascades, durícies... Pot ser utilitzat oralment per a eliminar halitosis, ja que és un desencant en contacte amb els bacteris. La mateixa propietat s'utilitza per a malalties periodontals, ja que penetra ràpidament el biofilm i elimina les colònies bacterianes.

Usos químics i energètics alternatius
Una gran part de la investigació està destinada a intentar fer productes de valor afegit a partir del glicerol cru (que normalment conté un 20% d'aigua i un residu catalitzador de l'esterificació) obtingut de la producció de biodièsel, com una alternativa a la incineració:
 Producció de gas hidrogen

 Acetat de glicerina (com a un additiu de carburant)

 Conversió a propilè glicol

 Conversió a acroleïna

 Conversió a etanol

 Conversió a epiclorohidrina

Metabolisme
El glicerol és un precursor per a la síntesi de triacilglicerols i fosfolípids en el fetge i el teixit adipós. Quan el cos utilitza les reserves de greix acumulades, el glicerol i els àcids grassos són alliberats al torrent sanguini. El glicerol pot ser convertit a glucosa pel fetge i subministra energia per al metabolisme cel·lular. Abans que el glicerol pugui entrar la ruta de la glicòlisi o gluconeogènesi (depenent de les condicions fisiològiques), ha de ser convertit a l'intermediari gliceraldehid-3-fosfat amb els següents passos:

L'enzim glicerol-cinasa és present únicament en el fetge. En el teixit adipós, el glicerol-3-fosfat s'obté de la dihidroxiacetona fosfat (DHAP) amb l'enzim glicerol-3-fosfat deshidrogenasa.

Referències
 U.S. Health.gov dietary guidelines

Enllaços externs

 Glycerol on BioChemInfo.org
 Absolute alcohol using glycerol
 Computational Chemistry Wiki
 Physical Property of glycerol

Alcohols
Additius alimentaris
Cosmètics


text:
Joyful est le premier album de Ayọ, sorti en juin 2005.

Cet album est certifié double disque de platine en France, platine en Allemagne, or en Italie et en Grèce.

Liste des titres
 Down on My Knees
 Without You
 Letter by Letter
 How Many Times?
 And It's Supposed to Be Love
 Watching You
 Only You
 Help is Coming
 These Days
 Life Is Real
 What Is Love?
 Neva Been
 Welcome Into My World [Bonus Track]
 Complain [Bonus Track]
 Down On My Knees [Matthias Reulecke Remix] [Bonus Track]
 Life Is Real [B.M. Bacchus & Joe Claussel Remix] [Bonus Track]

Les Bonus Tracks / Chansons bonus ne sont pas disponibles sur toutes les versions de l'album.

Album nommé au prix Constantin
Premier album musical sorti en 2006
Album numéro un en France

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Alejandro Mariñelarena Mutiloa is a former Grand Prix motorcycle racer from Spain. He was forced to retire from racing after a serious crash on Circuit Paul Ricard.

Career statistics

By season

Races by year
(key)

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Spanish motorcycle racers
Moto2 World Championship riders


text:
Stipa echinata är en gräsart som beskrevs av Vickery, S.W.L.Jacobs och Joy Everett. Stipa echinata ingår i släktet fjädergrässläktet, och familjen gräs. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Fjädergrässläktet
echinata


text:
Northgate – jednostka osadnicza w Stanach Zjednoczonych, w stanie Ohio, w hrabstwie Hamilton
 Northgate (Południowa Afryka)

Miejscowości w Anglii:
 Northgate – miejscowość w hrabstwie Lincolnshire
 Northgate – miejscowość w hrabstwie Somerset
 Northgate – miejscowość w hrabstwie West Sussex

Miejscowości w Australii:
 Northgate – miejscowość w Australii Południowej
 Northgate – miejscowość w Queensland


text:
Porina constrictospora är en lavart som beskrevs av P. M. McCarthy & Kantvilas. Porina constrictospora ingår i släktet Porina och familjen Porinaceae.   Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Sporsäcksvampar
constrictospora


text:
L'Erath County Courthouse est un palais de justice américain situé à Stephenville, au Texas. Recorded Texas Historic Landmark depuis 1963, elle est inscrite au Registre national des lieux historiques depuis le . C'est en outre une propriété contributrice au district historique de Stephenville Downtown depuis le .

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Palais de justice au Texas
Palais de justice inscrit au Registre national des lieux historiques
Recorded Texas Historic Landmark
Registre national des lieux historiques au Texas
Registre national des lieux historiques en 1977
Propriété contributrice à un district historique au Texas
Stephenville (Texas)


text:
Jabkanec (l.mn. jabkance) – placek ziemniaczany nadziewany twarogiem, charakterystyczny dla kuchni okolic Czeskiej Trzebowej.

Ziemniaki należy ugotować w łupinach, a następnie dopiero obrać i utrzeć z dodatkiem soli. Uzyskane ciasto następnie rozwałkować, wyciąć kręgi szklanką lub gankiem, napełnić słodkim twarogiem i skleić podobnie jak polskie pierogi. Po upieczeniu gotowe jabkance wkłada się do misy, dodaje masła i posypuje cukrem. W nowszych wersjach spotyka się jabkance smażone na patelniach teflonowych bez tłuszczu.

Nazwa dania pochodzi od lokalnej, archaicznej nazwy ziemniaków w rejonie Czeskiej Trzebowej – ziemne jabłka. W listopadzie odbywa się w mieście tradycyjny festyn Jabkancová pouť, związany z obchodami dnia św. Katarzyny.

Bibliografia
 Tradiční výrobky a gastronomii Pardubického kraje, Destínačni společnost Výhodní Čechy, Pardubice, 2010 (folder turystyczny)
 KAM po Česku – dostęp 20.2.2012
 Przepis i zdjęcia – dostęp 20.2.2012

Pierogi
Placki
Kuchnia czeska
Potrawy z ziemniaków
Kraj pardubicki
Potrawy z serów


text:
Il distretto di Iguain è uno degli otto distretti della provincia di Huanta, in Perù. Si trova nella regione di Ayacucho e si estende su una superficie di 74,85 chilometri quadrati.
Istituito il 27 dicembre 1926, ha per capitale la città di Macachacra; nel censimento del 2005 contava 3.034 abitanti.

Collegamenti esterni
 Sito dell'Istituto nazionale di statistica e informatica del Perù


text:
Татул Норайрович Манасеря́н (, 14 апреля 1960, Ереван) — армянский научный и политический деятель.

 1984 — окончил экономический факультет Киевского государственного университета. Экономист. Доктор экономических наук, профессор.
 С 1983 — преподает в университетах Армении и зарубежных стран.
 1984—1989 — работал в Армянском филиале НИИ планирования и нормативов Госплана СССР руководителем научной группы.
 1989—1990 — главный советник председателя Торгово-промышленной палаты Армении.
 1990—1991 — генеральный директор фонда им. А. Сахарова.
 1991—1992 — директор представительства канадской компании «Арментрейд».
 1992—1997 — председатель Калифорнийской консалтинговой компании «Арментрейд Калифорния».
 1993—1997 — профессор Редлендского университета Южной Калифорнии.
 1997—1998 — руководитель учебного центра Армянского агентства развития.
 1998—1999 — председатель экономической комиссии политсовета президента Армении.
 1999—2000 — председатель Армянского союза развития туризма.
 2000—2001 — советник министра иностранных дел Армении и начальник отдела международных организаций.
 2001—2002 — начальник международного отдела управления по чрезвычайным ситуациям при правительстве Армении.
 2002—2003 — научный руководитель центра стратегических и национальных исследований.
 2003 — учредитель исследовательского центра «Альтернатива».
 2003—2007 — был депутатом парламента. Член постоянной комиссии по финансово-кредитным, бюджетным и экономическим вопросам. Беспартийный.
 Автор 10 монографий и свыше 500 научных статей.

Ссылки
 Биография

Экономисты Армении
Экономисты по алфавиту
Депутаты Национального собрания Армении
Публицисты Армении
Педагоги Армении


text:
Minervina és un cràter amb coordenades planetocèntriques de 18.7 ° de latitud nord i 201.45 ° de longitud est, sobre la superfície de l'asteroide del cinturó principal (4) Vesta. Fa 18.34 km de diàmetre. El nom adoptat com a oficial per la UAI el cinc de febrer de 2014. fa referència a Minervina, augusta romana.

Referències

Cràters de (4) Vesta

Articles amb coordenades sense coordenades a Wikidata


text:
Prince Semyon Semyonovich Abamelek-Lazarev (also Abamelik-Lazaryan; Russian: Семён Семёнович Абамелек-Лазарев; 24 November 1857 in Moscow – 2 October 1916 in Kislovodsk) was a Russian millionaire of Armenian origin noted for his contributions to archaeology and geology.

His father Prince Simeon Abamelik was a Major General of the Russian army and an amateur painter. He married his first cousin Elizaveta Lazareva, the last of her family and the heiress to an enormous fortune. She was the granddaughter of Manuc Bei and the grand-niece of Count Ivan Lazarev (a court banker to Catherine the Great). Prince Semyon inherited her steel mills in the Urals, her surname and the right to manage the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages.

After attending the Saint-Petersburg University, Abamelik-Lazarev joined Vasily Polenov and Adrian Prakhov in their 1881 tour across the Middle East. He took part in excavating the site of Palmyra and discovered the so-called "Palmyrene tariff" — a large slab with an inscription in Greek and Aramaic listing ancient customs rules. He also financed the excavations at Jerash. A patron and member of the Russian Geographical Society, he published two lavishly decorated volumes about Palmyra (1884) and Jerash (1897).

In 1897, Prince Abamelik married Princess Moina (Maria) Demidova (1877 — 1955), a daughter of the 2nd Prince of San Donato. Soon they bought a villa on the Janiculum which has been known since then as Villa Abamelek. Semyon died suddenly in 1916 and was buried in the Lazarev family sepulchre at the Smolensky Cemetery in St Petersburg.

Prince Abamelek is also remembered as a patron of aviation. In 1912, he established the Romanov Cup for the first aviator who would fly from Saint Petersburg to Moscow and back within 24 hours. The Abamelek Cup was awarded in 1913 for the first flight from Odessa to Saint Petersburg.

His widow continued to live at the Villa di Pratolino near Florence until her death in 1955. The Villa Abamelek was given by the Italian government to the Soviet embassy in 1948. It serves as the official residence of the Russian ambassador to Italy.

References

External links

Armenian people from the Russian Empire
Heads of schools in the Russian Empire
Archaeologists from the Russian Empire
1857 births
1916 deaths
Semyon Semyonovich
Privy Councillor (Russian Empire)
Businesspeople from the Russian Empire
Aviation history of Russia


text:
Der Briloner Stadtwald, auch Briloner Stadtforst genannt, ist mit 7.750 Hektar einer der größten Wälder in kommunalem Besitz in Deutschland. Er liegt in Brilon am nordöstlichen Rand des Sauerlandes in Höhenlagen zwischen 400 und . Seine südöstliche Flanke bildet die Landesgrenze mit Hessen.

Geschichte
Bei der Gründung der Stadt Brilon im Jahre 1220 durch Erzbischof Engelbert I. von Köln wurde die Stadt mit einer Gemeinen Mark "geringeren Umfangs" ausgestattet. Diese Mark teilte sich auf in eine stadtnahe Ackerflur und den entfernter gelegenen Wald. Die Nutzung der Waldmark stand in bestimmtem Umfang den einzelnen freien Bürgern zu.

Um die ursprüngliche Mark der Stadt lagen die Marken von Düggelter, Keffelke, Lederke, Alme, Hoppecke, die Bürsche und die Mark des Borberges. Als es zu Beginn des 14. Jahrhunderts aus verschiedenen Gründen zu einer Landflucht aus den umliegenden Dörfern kam, fielen diese bis auf Alme und Hoppecke wüst. Die Einwohner, insbesondere auch der Adel, zogen in die Stadt und brachten ihre Rechte mit. Auch hatten Briloner Bürger bereits dort Besitz erworben, und die Stadt kaufte von kirchlichen Stiftungen und weltlichen Grundherren Markenrechte auf. Seit dem 16. Jahrhundert begann die Stadt systematisch frei werdende Flächen und Waldungen aufzukaufen. Umgekehrt wurde den Bürgern verboten, ihren Besitz an Auswärtige zu verkaufen. Im Jahr 1530 reichte das Gebiet der Stadt über die heutigen Grenzen hinaus. Der Markenwald wurde gegen Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts direkt in städtischen Besitz überführt.

Die Nutzung der Briloner Wälder durch die Bürger verlief bis zum Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts vielfältig. Die ausgedehnten Buchenbestände deckten den Bedarf an Brennholz. Ebenso boten die lichten Eichenbestände Gras und Früchte für die Waldweide von Rindern und Schweinen und lieferten Gerbrinde für die Lohgerberei.

Seit dem Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts begann die Entwicklung hin zu einem rationell betriebenen Forstbetrieb. Das großherzoglich-hessische Oberforstkollegium von Hessen-Darmstadt erließ 1811 ein Regulativ über die Bewirtschaftung der Kommunalwaldung Brilon. Dabei sollten die Erlöse der Stadtkasse zugutekommen. Die preußische Verwaltung knüpfte daran an und bestimmte die Einstellung eigener Forstleute oder die Übertragung der Bewirtschaftung auf die staatliche Forstbehörde. Im Jahr 1827 wurden im Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg, zu dem Brilon gehörte, vier Forstverwaltungsbezirke gegründet.

Tatsächlich war eine verbesserte Nutzung der Wälder nötig. Die Übernutzung hatte den Wald teilweise zum Verschwinden gebracht. Nach dem Bericht des Bürgermeisters Nikolaus Hesse habe insbesondere die Hude dazu geführt, dass rund um die Stadt 4000 bis 5000 Morgen Heide- und Ödland entstanden seien. Da die Bürger den Geldwert des Waldes nicht erkannt hätten, seien die stadtfernen Bereiche ohne eine rationelle Waldwirtschaft in einem beklagenswerten Zustand gewesen. Während der Revolution von 1848 führten insbesondere der Streit um die Begrenzung der Hude zu Unruhen in der Stadt. So hatte die Stadt die kommunale Schafherde aufgelöst, und die städtischen Forstbeamten hatten sich durch ihr energisches Durchgreifen gegen Forstfrevel unbeliebt gemacht.

In der Folge setzte sich die rationelle forstwirtschaftliche Nutzung durch. Bis 1973 gehörte Brilon dem Forstamtsverband an. Danach wurde der Wald vom staatlichen Regionalforstamt verwaltet, bis er 1994 wieder in Eigenregie der Stadt Brilon überging. Auch heute noch trägt der Wald durch seine Bewirtschaftung zum Stadthaushalt bei. Daneben dient er zur Erholung, dem Naturschutz und ähnlichen Aufgaben. Es existieren 4,5 Revierförstereien mit etwa 20 Beschäftigten.

In der Nacht vom 18. zum 19. Januar 2007 zerstörte der Orkan Kyrill mit Windstärken von teilweise über 200 km/h im Stadtgebiet Brilon etwa 1.000 ha Wald. 500.000 m³ Holz wurden umgeworfen und zerbrochen. Das entspricht der Holzmenge, die sonst in zehn Jahren geerntet wird.

Bürgerwaldprojekt

Im Zuge der Wiederaufforstung wurde auf dem Poppenberg im Briloner Ortsteil Petersborn ein Bürgerwald angelegt. Der nach dem Bürgerwald-Konzept angelegte Wald soll zum einen über die traditionelle nachhaltige Bewirtschaftung eine Einnahmequelle der Stadt bleiben, verstärkt Brennstoffe für  Beheizungsalternativen liefern und als Rohstofflieferant für die Industrie ausgebaut werden, andererseits auch zum Sport- und Freizeitangebot für die Bürger weiter entwickelt werden.

Der Eingang zum Bürgerwald ist das Kyrill-Tor, ein 20 Meter hohes Mahnmal aus 14 massiven, geschälten, sonst unbehandelten Fichtenstämmen, die schräg nach oben zeigen und sich in der Art eines Tipi kreuzen. Es soll an die Zerstörungskraft des Sturmes erinnern, aber auch an Neuanfang und Wiederaufbau mahnen.

Ehrenamtlich pflanzten etwa 4.000 Menschen aus 9 Nationen, 18 Schulen, 64 Klassen, 15 Kindergärten und 53 Vereine und Firmen etwa 50.000 neue Pflanzen von 30 Baumarten, darunter Espe, Berg-Ahorn, Douglasie, Eibe, Elsbeere, Faulbaum, Ginkgobaum, auf dem Gelände. Das Bürgerwaldkonzept wird auf den gesamten Briloner Stadtwald ausgedehnt.

Reviere
Der Briloner Stadtwald ist in fünf Reviere aufgeteilt, die das Stadtgebiet umschließen:
 Niederwald-Wünnenbecke ()
 Scharfenberg-Altenbüren ()
 Schellhorn-Borberg ()
 Dreis-Hammerkopf ()
 Madfeld ()

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Der Briloner Stadtwald, auf brilon.de
 Forst Brilon, auf forst-brilon.de
 Briloner Bürgerwald, auf briloner-buergerwald.com

Geographie (Brilon)
Waldgebiet in Nordrhein-Westfalen


text:
Marceau Fourcade est un rameur français né le  à Bône, aujourd'hui Annaba (Algérie).

Biographie

Marceau Fourcade a participé à l'épreuve de deux avec barreur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1936 à Berlin avec comme partenaires Georges Tapie et Noël Vandernotte. Ils ont remporté la médaille de bronze. Il se marie dans sa ville de naissance le 28 juin 1947.

Liens externes

Références

Rameur français (aviron)
Rameur (aviron) aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1936
Naissance en janvier 1905
Naissance à Annaba
Médaillé de bronze olympique français
Date de décès non renseignée (XXe siècle)


text:
Menudo, also known as ginamay or ginagmay (Cebuano: "[chopped into] smaller pieces"), is a traditional stew from the Philippines made with pork and sliced liver in tomato sauce with carrots and potatoes. Unlike the Mexican dish of the same name, it does not use tripe or red chili sauce.

Description
The dish is made with garlic, onions, tomatoes, pork, liver (pork or beef), diced potatoes, raisins, diced carrots, green bell peppers, soy sauce, vinegar or calamansi, and tomato sauce, and seasoned with salt and pepper.

It is one of the most common offerings in carinderias or karinderyas (small eateries that offer budget-friendly meals to local residents) and is also commonly served in potlucks or buffets due to the inexpensive ingredients used in the dish.

Waknatoy

Waknatoy, also called Marikina menudo, is a Filipino pork stew with pickles. It is a variant of the Filipino menudo stew originating from Marikina. It is made with cubed pork and pork liver with sausages (typically Chorizo de Bilbao), red and green bell peppers, tomatoes, garlic, onions, and distinctively, pickle relish, cooked in a tomato-based sauce with salt, pepper, fish sauce, and bay leaves. Waknatoy does not traditionally include other vegetables like potatoes and carrots, like menudo, but they can be included.

See also
 Afritada
 Everlasting
 List of pork dishes
 List of stews
 Mechado

References

Philippine cuisine
Pork dishes
Meat stews
Tomato dishes
Offal dishes
Sausage dishes
Pickles
Potato dishes


text:
David Cunliffe (born 1963) was leader of the New Zealand Labour Party from 2013 to 2014.

David Cunliffe may also refer to:

David Cunliffe (producer and director) (1935–2022), British producer and director
David Cunliffe-Lister, 2nd Earl of Swinton (1937–2006), English nobleman and politician
Sir David Ellis Cunliffe, 9th Baronet (born 1957), English nobleman (Cunliffe baronets) and businessman

See also
Cunliffe (surname)


text:
El Giro de Padania (oficialmente: Giro di Padania), fue una carrera ciclista profesional por etapas que se disputa en Italia, a principios del mes de septiembre. Tuvo la peculiaridad de que fue creada por el partido político de la Liga Norte para impulsar una autonomía especial para el norte de Italia, a la que ellos llaman Padania.

Creada en 2011 formó parte del UCI Europe Tour, dentro de la categoría 2.1 en las dos ediciones en las que se corrió.

Palmarés

Palmarés por países

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial
 Giro de Padania (cqranking.com)
 Padania impulsa el ciclismo de los grandes (Marca)

Padania
Padania
Padania
Deporte en Italia en 2011


text:
Tigisi in Mauretania (łac. Tigistanus in Mauretania) – stolica starożytnej diecezji w prowincji rzymskiej Mauretanii Caesariensis. Współcześnie w Algierii, obecnie katolickie biskupstwo tytularne. Od 11 lutego 2006 na stolicy tytularnej Tigisi w Mauretanii zasiada biskup pomocniczy łomżyński Tadeusz Bronakowski.

Biskupi

Linki zewnętrzne

Tytularne stolice biskupie Kościoła katolickiego w dzisiejszej Algierii


text:
Jelena Čanković (; 1995. augusztus 13. –) szerb női válogatott labdarúgó. A Chelsea középpályása.

Pályafutása
Zimonyban kezdte pályafutását a Perspektiva junior csapatában, ahol fiúk mellett edződött unokatestvérével, Jovana Damnjanović-csal.
16 évesen a Spartak Subotica gárdájához került, ahol hamar vezéregyéniséggé nőtte ki magát és 50 meccsen szerzett 35 góljával, három bajnoki címhez és két kupagyőzelemhez segítette együttesét. Játékával a Barcelona érdeklődését is felkeltette, így 2013-ban a gránátvörösök mezébe öltözött egy szezon erejéig. Szabadkai visszatérését követően megszerezte negyedik bajnoki címét, majd a Ferencvároshoz szerződött. A 2015–2016-os idényben fontos szerepet vállalt csapata bajnoki elsőségében, melynek eredményeképp az Év játékosának is megválasztották Magyarországon.

Két év elteltével 2017-ben új kihívást keresve írt alá a Elitettanban érdekelt Växjö DFF gárdájához, akikkel első helyen végeztek az idény végén. Első élvonalbeli szezonját klubja egyik legjobbjaként a bajnokság legtöbb asszisztjával zárta, mellyel ismét az európai élcsapatok célpontjává vált. Végül a Rosengård ajánlatát elfogadva tette át székhelyét Malmöbe és hároméves szerződése alatt két alkalommal emelhette magasba a bajnoki trófeát, utolsó évében pedig kupagyőzelmet is ünnepelhetett társaival.

2022. augusztus 26-án a Women's Super League bajnokához, a Chelsea-hez kötötte le magát három esztendőre.

Sikerei

Klubcsapatokban
 Szerb bajnok (4):
 Spartak Subotica (4): 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15
 Szerb kupagyőztes (2):
 Spartak Subotica (2): 2012, 2013
 Spanyol bajnok (1):
 Barcelona (1): 2013–14
 Magyar bajnok (2):
 Ferencváros (2): 2014–15, 2015–16
 Magyar kupagyőztes (3):
 Ferencváros (3): 2014–15, 2014–16, 2016–17
 Svéd bajnok (2):
 FC Rosengård (2): 2019, 2021
 Svéd kupagyőztes (1):
 FC Rosengård (1): 2021–22
 Svéd másodosztályú bajnok (1):
 Växjö DFF (1): 2017

Statisztikái

A válogatottban
2022. június 24-el bezárólag

Jegyzetek

Források

Élő személyek
1995-ben született személyek
Szerb női labdarúgók
Labdarúgó-középpályások
Az FC Barcelona női labdarúgói
Az FC Rosengård labdarúgói
A Ferencváros női labdarúgói
A Chelsea női labdarúgói


text:
De Royal Vauxhall Tavern (RVT) is een homobar aan de Kennington Lane in de Londense wijk Lambeth. De zaak geldt als een van de oudste en bekendste homo-uitgaansgelegenheden van het Verenigd Koninkrijk.

Geschiedenis
De Royal Vauxhall Tavern bevindt zich in een pand met markante gedeeltelijk ronde gevel dat tussen 1860 en 1862 werd gebouwd als onderdeel van de vernieuwing van de Vauxhall Gardens. In de jaren zeventig van de 20e eeuw werd de belendende bebouwing gesloopt waardoor het oorspronkelijke hoekpand vrij kwam te staan. Het achterliggende terrein werd daarbij omgevormd tot de New Spring Gardens.

Sinds eind 19e eeuw vonden er in de Royal Vauxhall Tavern cabaret- en travestie-optredens plaats, vanuit de traditie van alternatief vermaak waar de Vauxhall Gardens al sinds het begin bekend om stonden. Veel bekende travestie-artiesten begonnen hun carrière in de RVT of hebben er later opgetreden. Vanwege het aanvankelijke heimelijke karakter is niet precies bekend wanneer de zaak een homo-uitgaansgelegenheid werd, maar in de jaren vijftig was de RVT inmiddels wel als zodanig bekend komen te staan en in de jaren zestig ook openlijk, waarmee het een ontmoetingsplaats en een boegbeeld voor de homogemeenschap werd.

Begin jaren tachtig vond een grote interieurverbouwing plaats waarbij de oorspronkelijke indeling met drie gescheiden ruimtes en een grote gebogen bar (die de kromming van de voorgevel volgde) werden verwijderd en vervangen door een grote open ruimte met een kleinere bar tegen de zuidelijke wand en een groter podium tegen de achterwand. Tegen de gebogen buitenmuur kwamen zitplaatsen en tafels rondom de gietijzeren pilaren.

In september 2015 werd de Royal Vauxhall Tavern erkend als nationaal erfgoed met de "Grade II"-status, niet alleen om architectonische redenen, maar ook vanwege het belang voor de lhbt-gemeenschap. Het was daarmee de eerste homo-uitgaansgelegenheid die de monumentenstatus verwierf, wat van extra belang was gezien de reeks van bekende homozaken die in voorgaande jaren hun deuren hadden gesloten.

Externe link
 Homepage van de Royal Vauxhall Tavern

Homohoreca
Cultuur in Londen


text:
Емілієва дорога є однією з римських доріг, збудована за наказом консула Марка Емілія Лепіда (). Для сполучення міст Ріміні та П'яченца. Зараз класифікована як дорога державного значення (strada statale) з деномінацією (SS 9) і продовжена до Мілана.

Історія

Ця транспортна артерія побудована між 189 i 187 до н. е.
У цей період колонія Плачентія (сучасна П'яченца) повертається до рук бойї які, хоча й були переможені, однак відмовлялися підписати мир з Римом.
Тоді Рим вирішує сконструювати дорогу воєнного призначення до Плачентії для швидкого переміщення військових сил до територій бойїв. Через кілька століть Емілієва дорога була продовжена від П'яченци до Мілана.

Вона пролягає через такі великі міста, закладені чи відбудовані римлянами, як: Чезена (Cesena), Форлімпополі (Forlimpopoli), Форлі (Forlì), Фаенца (Faenza), Імола (Imola), Клатерна (Claterna) (місто зникло в VI ст. н.е. у результаті греко-готської війни), Болонья (Bologna), Модена (Modena), Реджо-Емілія (Reggio Emilia), Сант'Іларіо д'Енца (Sant'Ilario d'Enza), Парма (Parma), Фіденца (Fidenza), і П'яченца (Piacenza). Давньоримська вулиця Емілія проходила також через важливе, на той час, місто Лаус Помпея (Laus Pompeia), сучасний Старий Лоді (Lodi Vecchio), що розташований близько 5 км на захід від Лоді (Lodi) (шлях вулиці було змінено у XII столітті, для того, щоб дорога проходила через нове місто Лоді, що було відбудоване на місці зруйнованої Лаус Помпея).

Саме у Форлі під час проведення реставраційних робіт знайшли рештки давньоримської дороги.

Емілієва дорога з'єднана з такими важливими римськими дорогами: Фламінієва дорога (via Flaminia), консулська дорога з Риму до Ріміні (колонія заснована в 268 році до н. е.; і Постумієва дорога (via Postumia), що вела з П'яченци до Аквілеї (Aquileia), останній важливий центр Венето на давньому кордоні з італійським півостровом.

Сьогодні Емілієва дорога є важливою артерією Емілії-Романьї, регіон, який був названий на її честь. Паралельно їй побудовані Сонячна автострада (автострада А1) та залізниця Мілан-Болонья.

Бібліографія
 Saltini Antonio, Salomoni M. Teresa, Rossi Cescati StefanoVia Emilia. Percorsi inconsueti fra i comuni dell'antica strada consolare, Edagricole, Bologna 2003, ISBN 88-506-4958-4

Посилання
 Comunicazioni stradali attraverso i tempi: Milano-Piacenza-Bologna

Давньоримські дороги


text:
Berryville è una località degli Stati Uniti d'America, capoluogo assieme a Eureka Springs della contea di Carroll, nello Stato dell'Arkansas.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Comuni dell'Arkansas


text:
Nicola Fabrizi (* 4. April 1804 in Sassi bei Modena; † 31. März 1885 in Rom) war ein italienischer Freiheitskämpfer, Revolutionär und einer der Protagonisten des Risorgimento, der italienischen Einigungsbewegung zwischen 1820 und 1870.

Geburtsort
Laut offiziellen Angaben wurde er am 4. April 1804 in Modena geboren. Sehr wahrscheinlich ist jedoch, dass er bereits am 31. März 1804 in dem kleinen Dorf Sassi in der Gemeinde Molazzana in der Provinz Lucca zur Welt kam und dann von seinem Vater, der nach Modena gegangen war, um dort seine Studien abzuschließen, dorthin gebracht und dort gemeldet wurde. In Sassi waren die Urgroßeltern und Großeltern Fabrizi geboren, aufgewachsen und gestorben, und auch seine Eltern waren in Sassi geboren und hatten dort lange Zeit gelebt, bis sie nach Modena zogen.

Leben
Fabrizi wurde als junger Mann Mitglied im Geheimbund der Carbonari, nahm an Ciro Menottis gescheitertem Aufstand im Januar 1831 in Modena teil und wurde deshalb am 3. Februar 1831 mit seinen Brüdern Luigi (1812–1865) und Paolo (1805–1859) verhaftet.  Nach seiner Freilassung ging er im Mai 1832 nach Marseille, wo er mit dem Gedankengut Giuseppe Mazzinis und des von diesem begründeten Geheimbunds Junges Italien (Giovine Italia) bekannt wurde und sich dieser Bewegung anschloss.  Er half Mazzini, die fehlgeschlagene Invasion Savoyens (1. Februar 1834) zu organisieren.  Danach floh er nach Spanien, wo er an den Kämpfen gegen die Carlisten teilnahm und 1837 für Tapferkeit im Feld ausgezeichnet wurde.

1837 ging Fabrizi zunächst nach Korfu, dann nach Malta, wo er 1839 die Legione Italica gründete, von der er hoffte, dass sie in Süditalien und besonders in Sizilien eine Guerillabewegung werden und Volksaufstände herbeiführen würde. 1844 versuchte er vergeblich, Mazzini von dessen Unterstützung für die katastrophal fehlgeschlagene Meuterei der Brüder Attilio und Emilio Bandiera abzuhalten, aber er unterstützte Francesco Crispi bei der Vorbereitung der Sizilianischen Revolution vom Januar 1848. Im Jahre 1849 zeichnete er sich mit einer Abteilung Freiwilliger aus Sizilien bei der Verteidigung der Repubblica di San Marco (Venedig) gegen die Österreicher aus. Danach ging er nach Rom, wo er im Frühsommer an der Verteidigung der Stadt gegen die französischen und spanischen Interventionstruppen teilnahm.  Nach der endgültigen Niederschlagung der Römischen Republik am 3. Juli 1849 kehrte er nach Malta zurück.  Dort beschaffte er Waffen und Vorräte, die er nach Sizilien bringen ließ, wo er Crispi bei der Vorbereitung der Revolution von 1860 unterstützte.  Auch den Raid Carlo Pisacanes auf Ponza und Sapri im Jahre 1857, mit dem dieser einen Aufstand in Süditalien zu provozieren versuchte, unterstützte er aktiv.

1860 beteiligte Fabrizi sich an Garibaldis Zug der Tausend auf Sizilien. Während Garibaldi am 11. Mai 1860 im Westen der Insel bei Marsala landete, ging Fabrizi mit seinem Leuten am 2. Juni 1860 an der Ostküste bei Pozzillo an Land und eroberte den südlichen Teil der Insel. Er vereinigte sich mit Garibaldi und kämpfte mit ihm bei Palermo und Milazzo. Als Garibaldi sich zum Diktator von Sizilien machte, ernannte er Fabrizi zum General, zum Kriegsminister seiner provisorischen Regierung und zum Gouverneur von Messina. Nach den Plebisziten im Königreich beider Sizilien, die dessen Anschluss an das neue, geeinte Italien besiegelten, ging Fabrizi wieder nach Malta, wurde aber schon bald zurückgerufen, um Enrico Cialdini, dem frisch ernannten Herzog von Gaeta und Statthalter von Neapel, bei der Unterwerfung der so genannten "Briganten" zu helfen. Im Krieg von 1866 mit Österreich, dem Dritten Italienischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg, kämpfte Fabrizi mit Garibaldis 2. Italienischen Freiwilligenregiment (2º Reggimento Volontari Italiani) im Trentino. Als Garibaldi 1867 gegen den Kirchenstaat zog, war Fabrizi Vizechef des Generalstabs und nahm am 3. November 1867 an der Schlacht bei Mentana teil, in der ein Heer des Kirchenstaats unter General Hermann Kanzler und französische Hilfstruppen unter General Balthazar de Polhès Garibaldis Freischärler besiegten.

Fabrizi war im neuen Königreich Italien von 1861 bis 1865 Mitglied der Abgeordnetenkammer des italienischen Parlaments für Modena. Er setzte sich für eine Einigung der Linken ein und bemühte sich ab 1878 um die Ernennung Crispis zum Ministerpräsidenten.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Nicola Fabrizi auf chieracostui.com (ital.)
 Nicola Fabrizi auf britannica.com (engl.)
 Nicola Fabrizi, un "puro" del Risorgimento auf giornaledibarga.it (ital.)

Einzelnachweise

Revolutionär
Person (Risorgimento)
Militärperson (Königreich Italien)
Italiener
Geboren 1804
Gestorben 1885
Mann


text:
Малороссийская коллегия или Коллегия Малороссийская — правительственный орган военного и гражданского управления, центральное учреждение Российской империи, образованное в 1722 году в Глухове вместо должности воеводы при гетмане и Малороссийского приказа.

Периоды работы:
 16 (27) мая 1722 — 29 сентября 1727, (22 августа 1728);
 10 ноября 1764 — 20 (31) августа 1786.

История
В период с 1717 года по 1721 год в России была проведена реформа исполнительных органов управления отраслями в государстве, в результате которой параллельно системе приказов были созданы 12 коллегий — предшественники будущих министерств. В отличие от приказов состав, функции и сферы деятельности каждой коллегии были строго регламентированы и разграничены, а в самой коллегии отношения строились на принципе коллегиальности принятия решений по вопросам подведомственным той или иной коллегии.

Малороссийская коллегия или Коллегия Малороссийская была создана при Петре I, его указом 16 (27) мая 1722 года, вместо должности воеводы при гетмане и Малороссийского приказа. Она осуществляла управление землями совместно с Генеральной войсковой канцелярией в Малороссии (Левобережная Украина), входившими в состав Российской империи, вместо выборного гетмана.

Коллегия состояла из президента — бригадира С. Л. Вельяминова, шести членов (штаб-офицеров полков Русской армии, расквартированных на Малороссии) и прокурора из капитанов или капитан-поручиков гвардии, сменяемых ежегодно, кроме президента. Имела двойное подчинение по делам:
 военным — главнокомандующему войсками на Юге России;
 гражданским — сенату, в составе которого тогда же была учреждена контора для малороссийских дел.

Гетману и генеральной старшине (лица занимавшие высшие должности (уряды) в Войске Малороссийском) предписано было никаких указов и универсалов по важным делам без подписи коллегии к полковникам и сотникам (в полки и в сотни) не посылать. Коллегия была также апелляционной инстанцией по делам судебным.

Образование Малороссийской коллегии мотивировано было жалобами малороссиян на местные власти и необходимостью принятия мер, дабы «малороссийский народ ни от кого как неправедными судами, так и от старшины налогами утесняем не был». Население, много терпевшее от своего руководства, ненавидело его за несправедливости, кумовство, мздоимство, искало защиты и стало обращаться с жалобами в коллегию; так в 1722 году казаки Стародубского полка били челом государю, чтобы он пожаловал им командира полка (полковника) «из великороссийских персон».

Малороссийская коллегия рассматривала жалобы на генеральный суд, полковые и ратушные суды, дела о захвате казачьей и крестьянской земли и имущества старшиной, побегах стрельцов, солдат, черкасов (казаков) и крепостных крестьян, закрепощении черкасов (казаков) и отягощении их налогами, наблюдала за своевременным направлением хлебных и денежных сборов, подымщины, мытных и подушных налогов в царскую казну, о сборе налогов и недоимок, злоупотреблениях сборщиков налогов, о поставке продовольствия для армии и флота, расквартировании войск (за распределением военного постоя), раздавала жалованье сердюкам и компанейцам а также наблюдала за деятельностью генеральной войсковой канцелярии. Вела дела о кожевенном, шелковом и селитренном производствах, руднях, наборе рабочей силы, о судостроении, постройке мостов через реку Днепр, магазинов и мельниц, ремонте дорог, мостов и плотин, а также о ярмарках и торговле солью, о разведении шленских овец, винограда и картофеля на Юге России.

Тщетно гетман Скоропадский представлял Петру Великому, что такое вторжение во внутреннее управление Малороссии противоречит договорам, торжественно утверждённым многими московскими государями и самим Петром; столь же напрасны были жалобы Полуботка. Только Пётр II, возвещая указом 12 мая 1727 года о скором восстановлении гетманского достоинства, отменил все новые сборы, установленные Малороссийской коллегией, а с утверждением гетманом Даниила Апостола (1728 год) коллегия прекратила своё существование (была ликвидирована по указу Верховного тайного совета, от 22 августа 1728 года) и была восстановлена власть гетмана.

В 1764 году Екатерина II восстановила в Глухове, на прежних основаниях, Малороссийскую коллегию из 4 великороссиян, из генералов и штаб-офицеров местных гарнизонов, и 4 малороссиян, из казачьей генеральной старшины, во главе (под председательством) генерал-губернатора края графа Румянцева, которые были обязаны решать все дела по малороссийским правам (договора гетмана Б. Хмельницкого), но без взяток.

При распространении в 1781 году на Малороссию общего положения о губерниях Малороссийская коллегия временно была сохранена, с формулировкой «для окончания нерешённых дел». Окончательное упразднение её последовало в 1786 году. Архив коллегии был в конце XVIII столетия перевезён в Чернигов, где сильно пострадал от небрежного хранения; в 1880 году он передан для научной разработки Харьковскому университету.

Состав
В состав Малороссийской коллегии входили:
 общеколлежская канцелярия, во главе с секретарем состояла из нотария, актуария, регистратора, толмача (переводчика) и более 10 канцеляристов, подканцеляристов и копиистов;
 6 контор по отраслям, каждую из которых курировал один из членов коллегии, отраслевые конторы представляли собой те же канцелярии, но в уменьшенном виде. Так крепостная контора, ведавшая сбором пошлин с судных дел и составлением крепостных актов на недвижимые имения, царским указом от 3 июня 1726 года была ликвидирована.
При воссоздании Малороссийской коллегии прокурор определён в чине подполковника. Вместо контор коллегия Малой России была разделена на экспедиции, к которым Высочайшим указом, от 17 ноября 1767 года, была добавлена еще особая экспедиция для надзора за иностранными колонистами (европейскими беженцами). Общеколлежская канцелярия возглавлялась уже двумя секретарями. Кроме того, для охраны, при Малороссийской коллегии состояли вахмистр, капрал, два десятка солдат и вольнонаёмные сторожа.

Президент Малороссийской коллегии граф П. А. Румянцев образовал в составе Малороссийской коллегии Генеральную Малороссийскую архива, для охраны и упорядочивания архивных материалов Коллегии, Генеральной войсковой канцелярии, Генерального войскового суда и Генеральной артиллерии.

См. также
 Гетманские столицы
 Экспедиция малороссийских дел
 Великороссийский приказ
 Записка о непорядках в Малороссии

Примечания

Литература

 Записка члена Малороссийской Коллегии, Григория Николаевича Теплова, составленная в царствование Императрицы Елисаветы Петровны: «О непорядках, которые происходят от злоупотребления прав и обыкновений, грамотами подтвержденных Малороссии» // Записки о Южной Руси. Т. 2. , 1857 год.
 П. А. Румянцев, «Записка о усмотренных в Малой России недостатках, о исправлении которых в Малороссийской коллегии трактовать должно», «Чтения в обществе Нестора Летописца», V, отд. III, стр. 101.
 Полное собрание законов Российской империи, СПб.

 Н. А. Воскресенский, Законодательные акты Петра I. ; , 1945 год. Т. I
 Государственные учреждения России в XVIII веке. (Законодательные материалы): Справочное пособие / Сост. А. В. Чернов. М., 1960 год.
 Большая советская энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1969—1978.
 История Украинской ССР. Киев, 1983 год. Т. 3.
 Центральный государственный архив древних актов СССР: Путеводитель. М., 1991. Т. 1
 Российская государственность в терминах. IX — начало XX века. — М.: Крафт+. А. Р. Андреев. 2001 год.
 Очерки истории архивного дела в Украине: пособие /Под общей редакцией И. Б. Матяш и К. И. Климовой. — К., 2002 год.
 Юридическая энциклопедия. 2015 год.
 Фонд № 53 «Первая Малороссийская коллегия», Центральный государственный исторический архив Украины (ЦГИАУ)

Ссылки
 Архивный фонд.

Военное управление
Появились в 1722 году в России
Исчезли в 1727 году
Появились в 1764 году в России
Исчезли в 1786 году


text:
Orzechów (gromada) (powiat radomszczański)
 Orzechów Nowy (gromada) (powiat włodawski)


text:
Microlipophrys dalmatinus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de naakte slijmvissen (Blenniidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1883 door Steindachner & Kolombatovic.

Naakte slijmvissen


text:
Treštenica Gornja ist eine Ortschaft in der Gemeinde Banovići, Föderation Bosnien und Herzegowina, Bosnien und Herzegowina.

Bevölkerung
Zur Volkszählung 1991 hatte Treštenica Gornja 488 Einwohner. Davon bezeichneten sich 319 als Serben (65,4 %) und 155 als Bosniaken (31,8 %).

Quellen

Ort im Kanton Tuzla
Banovići


text:
Nattviol,  är en ört i familjen orkidéer.

Beskrivning
Nattviol blommar i . Blomman har en behaglig och ganska stark doft, en bensenoid. Den doftar särskilt starkt nattetid.

Blomkronan är vit och har en smal vit läpp och en ovanligt lång sporre.

Den uppträder ofta i grupper och förekommer där till och med ymnigt.

Pollineringen utförs av nattaktiva fjärilar, som lockas av doften. Den vita färgen gör att blomman lättare syns i nattens svaga ljus. Sporrens långa smala form är utformad så att den passar dessa fjärilars långa sugrör.

Kromosomtal 2n = 42.

Nattviol är fridlyst i hela Sverige.

Synonymer

 Conopsidium platantherum Wallr., 1840
 Conopsidium stenantherum Wallr.,  1840
 Gymnadenia bifolia (L.) G.Mey., 1836
 Gymnadenia bifolia var. tenuiflora G.Mey., 1836
 Habenaria bifolia (L.) R.Br., 1813
 Habenaria fornicata Bab., 1836
 Lysias bifolia (L.) Salisb., 1812
 Orchis alba Lam., 1795
 Orchis bifolia L., 1753 Basionym
 Orchis bifolia var. brachyglossa Wallr., 1822
 Orchis bifolia var. latissima Tinant, 1836
 Orchis bifolia var. major Besser, 1809
 Orchis bifolia var. trifolia Gaudin, 1829
 Orchis bifolia var. trifoliata Tinant, 1836
 Orchis bifolia var. virens Tinant, 1836
 Orchis ochroleuca Ten., 1826
 Orchis paucifolia Gaterau, 1789
 Orchis platanthera (Wallr.) E.H.L.Krause, 1905
 Orchis stenanthera (Wallr.) E.H.L.Krause, 1905
 Platanthera bifolia f. angustifolia Potonié, 1906
 Platanthera bifolia f. apetiolata Verm., 1949
 Platanthera bifolia f. brachyglossa (Wallr.) Soó, 1928
 Platanthera bifolia var. brachyphylla Verm., 1949
 Platanthera bifolia f. bracteata Cortesi, 1904
 Platanthera bifolia f. brevicalcarata Verm., 1949
 Platanthera bifolia var. carducciana (Goiran) Hallier & Wohlf., 1905
 Platanthera bifolia var. conferta Peterm., 1846
 Platanthera bifolia f. densiflora (Drejer) Soó, 1928
 Platanthera bifolia f. densispicata Verm., 1949
 Platanthera bifolia ssp. graciliflora Bisse, 1963
 Platanthera bifolia f. grandiflora Hartm. ex Soó, 1928
 Platanthera bifolia f.humilior Zapal., 1906
 Platanthera bifolia f. latiflora (Drejer) Asch. & Graebn., 1907
 Platanthera bifolia ssp. latiflora (Drejer) Løjtnant, 1978
 Platanthera bifolia var. latiflora (Drejer) E.G.Camus, 1892
 Platanthera bifolia var. laxa Peterm., 1846
 Platanthera bifolia lusus quadrifolia (Peterm.) Soó, 1928
 Platanthera bifolia lusus trifolia (Gaudin) Soó, 1928
 Platanthera bifolia f. major Zapal., 1906
 Platanthera bifolia var. microglossa Zapal., 1906
 Platanthera bifolia f. multifoliolata Verm., 1949
 Platanthera bifolia f. nudicaulis Beck, 1890
 Platanthera bifolia var. obtusifolia Schur, 1866
 Platanthera bifolia f. pervia (Peterm.) Soó, 1928
 Platanthera bifolia var. pervia (Peterm.) Asch. & Graebn., 1907
  Platanthera bifolia var. quadrifolia Peterm., 1846
 Platanthera bifolia f. rotundata Verm., 1949
 Platanthera bifolia var. simonkaiana Soó, 1927
 Platanthera bifolia var. spathulata Vuyck ex Verm., 1949
 Platanthera bifolia var. tenuiflora (G.Mey.) Thell., 1914
 Platanthera bifolia f. trifoliata (Thielens) Paucă & Nyár., 1972
 Platanthera brachyglossa (Wallr.) Rchb., 1831
 Platanthera carducciana Goiran, 1883
 Platanthera chlorantha f. lancifolia (Rohlena) Soó, 1928
 Platanthera chlorantha var. wankelii (Rchb.) Nyman, 1882
 Platanthera lancifolia (Rohlena) A.W.Hill, 1926
 Platanthera major (Besser) Linding., 1928
 Platanthera montana var. lancifolia Rohlena, 1904 publ. 1905
 Platanthera pervia Peterm., 1846
 Platanthera satyrioides Rchb.f., 1851
 Platanthera schuriana Fuss, 1868
 Platanthera solstitialis Boenn. ex Drejer, 1842
 Platanthera solstitialis var. brachyglossa (Wallr.) Nyman, 1882
 Platanthera solstitialis var. densiflora Drejer, 1842
 Platanthera solstitialis var. latiflora Drejer, 1842
 Platanthera solstitialis var. patula Drejer, 1842
 Platanthera solstitialis var. pervia (Peterm.) Rchb.f., 1851
 Platanthera solstitialis var. trifoliata Thielens, 1894
 Platanthera virescens K.Koch, 1849
 Platanthera viricimaculata Kraenzl., 1899
 Platanthera wankelii Rchb., 1842
 Platanthera subalpina Brügger, 1994-1885 publ. 1886
 Sieberia bifolia (L.) Spreng., 1817
 Satyrium bifolium (L. Wahlenb., 1826

Underarter
 Ängsnattviol ssp. bifolia (L.) Rich.. Dess sporre är 2 cm lång.
 Skogsnattviol ssp. latiflora (Drejer) Løjtnant. Dess sporre är 3 cm lång.
Grönvit nattviol är en närstående art.

Habitat
Nattviol finns i nästan hela Europa, och i Marocko.

På senare år har den ökat i Götaland, men fridlysningen består.

I södra Norge når nattviol upp till

Utbredningskartor
 Norden
 Norra halvklotet
 Gränslinjer finns inlagda för Platanthera metabifolia, Platanthera freyii och Plathantera extremiorientalis.

Biotop
Nattviol växer framförallt på inägor med något fuktig mark; mer sällan på torrare skogsmark.

Etymologi
 Släktnamnet Platanthera kommer av grekiska πλατύς (platos) = bred plus ανθέρα (anthera) = ståndare
 Artepitetet bifolia är latin av bi = 2 och folium = blad, och betyder alltså tvåbladig och syftar på att varje planta har 2 näringsblad, men inte fler.

Bygdemål

Bilder

Noter

Externa länkar
Den virtuella floran - Nattviol

IPNI • International Plant Names Index

Orkidéer
Orkidéer i Sverige
Na Växtindex
Fridlysta växter i Sverige


text:
Mahmúd Kendúz (El Harrach, 1953. február 24. – ) algériai válogatott labdarúgó.

Pályafutása

Klubcsapatban
1975 és 1984 között a Hussein Dey csapatában játszott. Az 1984–85-ös szezonban Franciaországban az FC Martigues játékosa volt. 1985 és 1987 között az El Biar együttesében játszott.

A válogatottban
1977 és 1986 között 69 alkalommal szerepelt az algériai válogatottban és 4 gólt szerzett. Részt vett az 1980. évi nyári olimpiai játékokon, az 1982-es és az 1986-os világbajnokságon, az 1980-as, az 1984-es és az 1986-os afrikai nemzetek kupáján.

Sikerei, díjai
Algéria
Afrikai nemzetek kupája döntős (1): 1980

Jegyzetek

Források

1953-ban született személyek
Élő személyek
Algériai labdarúgók
Labdarúgóhátvédek
A Martigues labdarúgói
Az 1982-es világbajnokság labdarúgói
Az 1986-os világbajnokság labdarúgói
Algériai olimpikonok


text:
The Huế chemical attacks occurred on 3 June 1963, when soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) poured liquid chemicals from tear gas grenades onto the heads of praying Buddhists in Huế, South Vietnam. The Buddhists were protesting against religious discrimination by the regime of the Roman Catholic President Ngô Đình Diệm. The attacks caused 67 people to be hospitalised for blistering of the skin and respiratory ailments.

The protests were part of the Buddhist crisis, during which the Buddhist majority in South Vietnam campaigned for religious equality after nine people were killed by government forces while defying a ban that prevented them from flying the Buddhist flag on Vesak. The incident prompted the United States to privately threaten to withdraw support for Diệm's government and when the Americans finally reduced aid a few months later, the army took it as a green light for a coup. An inquiry determined that the chemical used in the attack was a liquid component from old French tear gas grenades that had never functioned properly. The findings exonerated the ARVN soldiers from charges that they had used poison or mustard gas. The outcry over the attack had already forced Diệm to appoint a panel of three cabinet ministers to meet with Buddhist leaders for negotiations regarding religious equality. The talks led to the signing of the Joint Communique, but the policy changes it provided were not implemented and widespread protests continued, leading to the assassination of Diệm in a military coup.

Background

In a country where demographic surveys estimated the Buddhist majority to be between 70 and 90 percent, President Ngô Đình Diệm's policies generated claims of religious bias. A member of the Roman Catholic minority in Vietnam, he pursued pro-Catholic policies that antagonized many Buddhists. Specifically, historians regard the government as being biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as in the allocation of land, business favors, and tax concessions.

Diệm's family also seized businesses belonging to Buddhists in order to enrich themselves. Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam converted to Catholicism in the belief that their military prospects depended on it. Forgetting that he was talking to a Buddhist, Diệm once told a high-ranking officer, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." The distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel Vietcong guerrillas resulted in weapons only being given to Catholics. Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies, and in some areas, forced conversions, looting, shelling and demolition of Buddhist pagodas occurred. Some Buddhist villages converted en masse to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diệm's regime.

The Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, and the "private" status that was imposed on Buddhism by the French colonial authorities, which required official permission to conduct public Buddhist activities and restricted the construction of Buddhist temples, was not repealed by Diệm. Furthermore, the land owned by the Catholic Church was exempt from redistribution under land reform programs. Catholics were de facto exempt from the corvée labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform and the government disproportionately allocated funding to Catholic majority villages. Under Diệm, the Roman Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions in property acquisition, and in 1959, he dedicated the country to the Virgin Mary. The Vatican flag was regularly flown at major public events in South Vietnam.

On 7 May 1963, government officials invoked a rarely enforced 1958 law known as Decree Number 10 to prohibit the display of religious flags, forbidding Buddhists from flying their flag on Vesak, the birthday of Gautama Buddha. The application of the law caused indignation among Buddhists in the lead-up to the most important religious festival of the year, as Catholics had been allowed to display Vatican flags a week earlier at a celebration for Diệm's elder brother, Archbishop Ngô Đình Thục. On 8 May, in Huế, a crowd of Buddhists protested against the ban on the Buddhist flag. The police and army broke up the protest by opening fire and throwing grenades at the demonstrators, leaving nine dead.

Diệm's denial of governmental responsibility for the incident, and instead blaming members of the Viet Cong insurgency, led to growing discontent among the Buddhist majority. The incident spurred a protest movement by Buddhists against the religious discrimination of Diệm's Roman Catholic-dominated regime. The dispute came to be known as the Buddhist crisis, and it provoked widespread and large-scale civil disobedience throughout South Vietnam, persisting throughout May. The objective of the protests was to have Decree Number 10 repealed, and to force the implementation of religious equality. At the time, the United States, the main backer of South Vietnam in the Cold War, had 16,000 military advisers in the country to assist the Army of the Republic of Vietnam in the war against the Vietcong insurgency, which sought to reunify Vietnam under communist rule. Washington wanted the dispute with the Buddhists to be resolved quickly so that it would not dampen public morale and detract from the fight against the Vietcong.

Incident
On 3 June, Buddhists held another series of protests across the country. In the morning, attention focused on the capital Saigon, where approximately 500 Buddhist laypeople, mostly youths, protested in front of the Government Delegate's office while 300 troops stood by. The crowd and a government official equipped with a loudspeaker exchanged taunts and accusations. When the official claimed that Vietcong were among the crowd and attempting to cause trouble, the troops aimed their firearms at the protestors.

When the crowd responded by taunting the soldiers as "stupid killers", the troops fixed bayonets to their guns and put on gas masks before charging at the protestors and throwing tear gas grenades at them. Some of the demonstrators ran away, while others remained stationary and began praying. Deaths and injuries were averted when a Buddhist leader urged the protestors to either retreat to a pagoda and receive medical treatment for the tear gas or to go home. When the entrance to the pagoda was blocked with barbed wire, some protestors simply sat on the ground and continued praying. After a standoff lasting almost three hours, troops wearing gas masks forcibly dispersed the crowd. The situation was worse in Huế, where Diệm had banned demonstrations and ordered his forces to arrest those who engaged in civil disobedience. At 13:00, some 1,500 protestors attempted to march towards the Từ Đàm Pagoda in Huế for a rally, having gathered at the Bến Ngư Bridge near the Perfume River. A confrontation ensued when the protestors attempted to cross the bridge. Six waves of ARVN tear gas and attack dogs failed to disperse the crowd.

Government officials stood on trucks, using loudspeakers to call out above the noise, urging the Buddhists—primarily high school and university students who had arrived on bicycles—to disperse. The announcements were met by jeers when the government spokesperson blamed the unrest on the Vietcong. At 18:30, the military personnel at the scene dispersed the crowd by emptying vials of brownish-red liquid on the heads of praying protestors, resulting in 67 Buddhists being hospitalized for chemical injuries. Of these, 40 suffered second-degree burns. The symptoms consisted of severe blistering of the skin and respiratory ailments. The crowd responded angrily to the apparent use of poison gas, and the incident became a public relations disaster for Diệm. Demonstrations also happened in Quang Tri and Nha Trang, also on the central coast area.

Reaction and investigation
By midnight, tensions were high as a curfew and martial law were enacted. Rumors circulated that three people had died, and Newsweek reported that police had lobbed blister gas into the crowd. Reports citing reliable sources claimed that Diệm was planning a military showdown against the Buddhists. The day after the attacks, Diệm installed a new mayor in Da Nang, the largest city in central Vietnam, in a move that was seen as a response to the ongoing protests. Meanwhile, those involved in the protests who had not been taken to hospital retreated into the pagoda and continued to fast. Government authorities responded by placing barbed wire around the compound and cutting off water and electricity. The police prevented anybody from leaving or entering the temple.

US consul John Helble suspected that the ARVN troops had used tear gas, and in a report to the US Embassy, Saigon, he noted that "possibly another type of gas which caused skin blisters" was used. Helble reported that the substance, although unidentified, had raised concerns by the US State Department that poison gas was used because the symptoms were not consistent with standard tear gas.

If this were the case, Helble concluded that the United States should tell Diệm that his regime must condemn the actions of the troops and punish the culprits. If Diệm refused, the United States should threaten to publicly condemn and distance itself from Saigon. With the US also decrying the use of troops against civilian protests, the South Vietnamese government complained that unlike their Saigon counterparts, the Huế police were not trained in riot control. Diệm's authorities requested that the Americans airlift 350 military personnel from Vũng Tàu in the far south to quell the protests in Huế, but the Americans refused. William Trueheart, who was in charge of the US Embassy, Saigon while Ambassador Frederick Nolting was on holiday, confronted Secretary of State Nguyễn Đình Thuận about the allegations of blister gas usage the next day. Thuận appeared to be astounded and asked Trueheart what blister gas was. Trueheart explained that the symptoms of the victims were consistent with those of mustard gas and passed on the US threat to denounce the regime for the chemical attacks. The day after the attacks, there had been press reports that the US Air Force had been used to transport troops of the Airborne Division to Huế, but this was denied two days later by a State Department spokesperson who said that no US aircraft or personnel had been involved in the transport of any Vietnamese servicemen or policemen.

Thuan started an inquiry into the usage of chemical weapons on the protestors. The investigation exonerated the Diệm regime of the most serious allegations of using poison or mustard gas. Before the president was deposed in November, the inquiry's report declared that only tear gas was used, and that the liquid components of the grenades were poured onto the protestors after they had failed to vaporize as they were designed to. A further commission chaired by General Trần Văn Đôn prior to February 1964 concluded that the tear gas was left behind by French colonial forces in the 1950s. The tear gas used came in glass containers in the form of a liquid that was transformed into gaseous vapor upon activation by acid. The injuries were attributed to the acid failing to activate the liquid into gaseous form. United States Army chemists in Maryland confirmed that the tear gas had come from canisters dating back to French World War I stocks. During World War I, France had used tear gas containing a mixture of chloroacetone and ethyl bromoacetate against German troops at Ypres on the Western Front, which was known to strongly irritate mucous membranes.

Chloroacetone turns brown-orange when exposed to light, while ethyl bromoacetate is a yellow liquid at tropical outdoor temperatures. Both have similar colors to the liquid used on the demonstrators. Some varieties of French tear gas contained phosgene oxime or hydrogen cyanide. These two chemicals can be fatal, but none of the protestors in this incident died.

Repercussions
Diệm responded to the controversy of the chemicals by agreeing to formal talks with the Buddhist leaders. He appointed a three-member Interministerial Committee, which comprised Vice President Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ as chairman, Thuan and Interior Minister Bui Van Luong. The first meeting with Buddhist leaders took place two days after the attacks and one of the issues discussed was the temple siege in Hue, and the cessation of protests if religious equality was implemented. Diệm appeared to soften his line, at least in public, in an address on 7 June when he said that some of the tensions were due to his officials lacking "sufficient comprehension and sensitivity" although there was no direct admission of fault regarding any of the violence in Hue since the start of the Buddhist crisis in May. Despite continuing protests, including public self-immolations by monks such as Thich Quang Duc, a Joint Communique resulting from the discussions was signed in mid-June, which promised to end the Buddhist crisis.

The Joint Communique was not implemented and the situation continued to deteriorate, particularly after the Ngô family ordered South Vietnam's Special Forces to attack Buddhist pagodas across the country on 21 August. The U.S. condemned the raids, and began to cut aid to the Special Forces, which was effectively a private Ngô family army, in addition to other government programs that were closely identified with the ruling clan. Regarding such gestures as a green light, and safe in the knowledge that the US would not intervene in Diệm's defense, the army staged a successful coup in November, resulting in the assassination of the president. The removal of Diệm resulted in a period of political instability, as a series of military juntas deposed one another. This led to a deterioration in the military situation as the communist Vietcong made substantial gains against the ARVN, prompting the US to deploy hundreds of thousands of combat troops in 1965, escalating the Vietnam War.

Notes

References

1963 in Vietnam
Buddhist crisis
Chemical weapons attacks
Conflicts in 1963
History of Huế


text:
Se denomina radiación térmica o radiación calorífica a la radiación emitida por un cuerpo debido a su temperatura. Esta radiación es radiación electromagnética que se genera por el movimiento térmico de las partículas cargadas que hay en la materia. Todos los cuerpos (salvo uno cuya temperatura fuese de cero absoluto) emiten debido a este efecto radiación electromagnética, siendo su intensidad dependiente de la temperatura y de la longitud de onda considerada. La radiación térmica es uno de los mecanismos fundamentales de la transferencia térmica.

Los cuerpos negros en equilibrio termodinámico emiten radiación térmica. La ley de radiación térmica de Planck describe el espectro de radiación de los cuerpos negros, que depende solo de su temperatura y no de su composición. La ley de Wien da la frecuencia de radiación emitida más probable y la ley de Stefan-Boltzmann da el total de energía emitida por unidad de tiempo y superficie emisora.

A temperatura ambiente los cuerpos emiten en su mayoría radiación infrarroja. A temperaturas más altas, en cambio,  la radiación térmica abarca frecuencias en la región visible del espectro y es posible determinar la temperatura de un cuerpo de acuerdo a su color. La relación entre la temperatura de un cuerpo y el espectro de frecuencias de su radiación emitida se utiliza en los pirómetros.

Características

La radiación térmica o calorífica consiste en la emisión de ondas electromagnéticas por toda la materia a temperatura mayor que el cero absoluto. Representa la conversión de energía térmica en energía electromagnética. La energía térmica equivale a la energía cinética de los átomos presentes en la materia, que se mueven e interactúan entre ellos. Al estar los átomos compuestos de partículas con carga eléctrica —protones y electrones— su movimiento conlleva una aceleración de las cargas y la generación de campos electromagnéticos y emisión de fotones que transportan la energía fuera del objeto a través de su superficie.

Las características de la radiación térmica dependen de las propiedades de la superficie del objeto de donde emana, como su temperatura, y de su capacidad para absorber y emitir radiación, tal como expresa la ley de Kirchhoff. La radiación no es monocromática, sino que incluye un rango continuo de energías, conocido como espectro característico. La ley de Kirchhoff conlleva que la absorción y emisión sean iguales a una misma longitud de onda. Es decir, aquellos objetos con una capacidad alta para absorber la radiación son también buenos emisores, y viceversa.

Cuando el objeto irradiador se encuentra en equilibrio termodinámico y la superficie presenta una absortividad máxima a todas las longitudes de onda, se denomina un cuerpo negro. Un cuerpo negro es también un emisor perfecto. La radiación térmica emitida por un cuerpo negro se llama radiación de cuerpo negro. La proporción de la emisión de un cuerpo en relación con la de un cuerpo negro se conoce como la emisividad.

La distribución espectral de la radiación de un cuerpo depende de su temperatura; la relación viene dada por la ley de Planck. La longitud de onda a la que el cuerpo emite a una potencia máxima es inversamente proporcional a la temperatura del cuerpo. Esta relación, conocida como ley del desplazamiento de Wien, es la responsable del color con que los seres humanos perciben los objetos a temperatura elevada, como el sol. A temperaturas relativamente más bajas, el pico de emisión se desplaza hacia longitudes de onda más largas, en los rangos infrarrojo y microondas del espectro electromagnético, indetectables a simple vista. Incluso en el caso de las lámparas incandescentes, el pico de emisión se sitúa en el infrarrojo, y solo una pequeña porción de la energía emitida está en el espectro visible, por lo que se las considera fuentes poco eficientes de luz.
La energía total de radiación emitida a todas las longitudes de onda aumenta con la temperatura T como T4. Es decir, cuando un objeto dobla su temperatura, irradia con una potencia 16 veces mayor por unidad de superficie.

Transferencia térmica
La radiación térmica es uno de los mecanismos principales de transferencia de calor, además de la conducción y de la convección. El intercambio de energía por radiación térmica viene dado por la siguiente ecuación:

donde  representa la componente de absorción,  la reflexión y  la transmisión. Una superficie perfectamente opaca no transmite la radiación incidente ( y ). Por otro lado, un reflector perfecto refleja toda la radiación incidente, es decir,  y . Para objetos reales, ,  y  varían con la longitud de onda.

A temperatura ambiente, una persona pierde una cantidad considerable de energía debido a la emisión térmica en el infrarrojo. La emisividad de la piel humana casi llega a la unidad. Con una superficie de alrededor de dos metros cuadrados y una temperatura de unos 307 K, el ser humano medio irradia continuamente unos mil vatios. Parte de esta pérdida se compensa por la absorción de la energía que emiten otros objetos circundantes; en una habitación con paredes, techo, etc. a 296 K, la pérdida neta se reduce a unos cien vatios. Estos cálculos pueden variar si existen variables que alteran la conductividad térmica —por ejemplo, el uso de ropa—.

El cálculo de la transferencia de calor por radiación entre objetos o el medio ambiente en general pasa por la solución de un sistema de ecuaciones algebraicas. Para realizar los cálculos para diferentes condiciones y superficies, se usan factores de forma para describir la configuración geométrica del problema. Estos cálculos son importantes en el diseño de dispositivos para captar la energía solar térmica, de hornos y calentadores y para el trazado de rayos en la síntesis de imágenes por ordenador, entre otras aplicaciones.

Efectos de superficie

Las superficies blancas y de colores claros absorben menos luz y por lo tanto se calientan menos; sin embargo, el color de una superficie no suele influir mucho en la transferencia de calor entre objetos a temperaturas ambientes normales y sus alrededores, puesto que la mayoría de los objetos presentan una emisividad alta en el infrarrojo lejano, que es la componente espectral predominante de la radiación térmica. Este no es el caso de las superficies metálicas reflectivas, que presentan una emisividad baja tanto en el espectro visible como en el infrarrojo. El aislamiento térmico de multicapas, usado en aeronáutica, es un ejemplo práctico de este efecto.

El efecto invernadero es una consecuencia de la alta transmisividad de ciertos materiales —como el vidrio, o la atmósfera terrestre— para la luz visible emitida por el sol y la mayor opacidad a longitudes de onda en el  infrarrojo emitidas  por objetos a temperatura ambiente o por la tierra en conjunto; esta diferencia causa una acumulación del calor.

Véase también
 Calor

 Equilibrio térmico de la Tierra

Notas

Referencias

Espectro electromagnético
Radiación


text:
La Font Township is an inactive township in New Madrid County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

La Font Township was established in 1899, and named after Robert Lafont, a local judge.

References

Townships in Missouri
Townships in New Madrid County, Missouri


text:
Kendo Nagasaki is a professional wrestling stage name, used as a gimmick of that of a Japanese Samurai warrior with a mysterious past and even supernatural powers of hypnosis. The name derives from the modern martial art of Japanese fencing (Kendo), and Nagasaki is the name of a city on the south-western coast of Kyūshū, site of the second use of the atomic bomb, as well as an ancient family name in Japan.

Although the masked British version portrayed by Peter Thornley remains a household name in his home country, most American and Japanese wrestling fans primarily associate the name "Kendo Nagasaki" and related imagery with the face-painted version portrayed by Kazuo Sakurada.  The success of both Thornley and Sakurada has spawned an assortment of other wrestlers with characters inspired by – or simply impersonating – the gimmick.

Peter Thornley

The original and best-known use of the gimmick is by the British wrestler who made his name in ITV's World of Sport. He started professional wrestling in November 1964, and became a household name in Britain after his television debut in 1971. He also toured Japan in 1968 (under the alternative ring name Mr Guillotine) and North America in 1972, wrestling for Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling where he held the promotion's North American title and Don Owen's Pacific Northwest Wrestling. Back home in Britain, he achieved even greater fame due to his 1975–1977 feud with the tag team of future mutual arch enemies Big Daddy and Giant Haystacks, as well as his December 1977 televised voluntary unmasking ceremony.

After retiring in 1978, he briefly came back in 1981 before returning more permanently in 1986 as lead heel of All Star Wrestling during their brief two years of TV coverage.  This triggered a second period of major success continuing even after the end of wrestling on ITV until Nagasaki retired again in 1993. Since that time, he has made further comebacks with All Star Wrestling in 2000-2001 and LDN Wrestling in 2008.

Kazuo Sakurada

A Japanese wrestler named Kazuo Sakurada also used a variation of the gimmick in the United States during the early 1980s. Before adopting the gimmick, Sakurada, like Thornley, had wrestled for Stampede and held the North American title there.  This version of Nagasaki would wrestle in the American Wrestling Association, Florida Championship Wrestling (where he was managed by J. J. Dillon),. World Wrestling Council in Puerto Rico and Continental Wrestling Federation and in Japan for New Japan Pro-Wrestling, where he formed the "Ninja Express" team alongside Mr. Pogo, before going on to wrestle on WCW television, changing his ring name to The Dragonmaster and joining the J-Tex Corporation stable.

Like Thornley, Sakurada wore a Kendo men to the ring.  Unlike the British original, Sakurada wore face paint instead of a mask and carried a kendo stick rather than a sword.  Sakurada also used Asian mist as part of his repertoire. Sakurada died in Chiba, Japan on January 12, 2020.

Related characters

Kendo Nagasaki II
A year after Thornley's original retirement in 1978, a lighter wrestler named Kendo Nagasaki II (played by Nick Heywood) briefly wrestled for Joint Promotions.

King Kendo (Bill Clarke)
Also in the late 1970s, wrestler "Big" Bill Clarke (also one half of the Lincolnshire Poachers tag team with "brother" Ron) appeared on shows by UK independent promoter Sandor Kovaks as a version of Kendo Nagasaki modelled directly on Thornley's character.  Following considerable legal action by Thornley, Clarke was later renamed as King Kendo but retained the Kendo helmet, sword, cape and striped mask.  In this guise, Clarke would later wrestle Thornley in a series of loser-lose-mask battles of the Kendos for Wrestling Enterprises of Birkenhead circa 1981.  Still as King Kendo, Clarke would later join Joint Promotions as a journeyman heel, teaming with Giant Haystacks in the main event at the Royal Albert Hall, making several appearances on television and frequently wrestling in tag matches against Big Daddy, including teaming with King Kong Kirk on the night Kirk died in the ring in 1987.  Clarke and Thornley were scheduled to have a fresh feud in All Star Wrestling in 1993 with the authentic Nagasaki's manager Lloyd Ryan defecting to King Kendo's side,  but this was abandoned when Thornley retired for the second time, with Clarke also retiring soon after.  Clarke died on 10 October 2018.

King Kendo (Dale Preston)
Following Clarke's retirement, another wrestler Dale Preston (real name Dale Broughton) took over the role of King Kendo, wearing Clarke's original costume and still managed by Ryan.  During the mid-1990s, this version of King Kendo was frequently in the main event of All Star shows pitted in reenactments of successful feuds in which Thornley's Kendo had been involved, such as against Giant Haystacks.  Since 2012, Preston has revived the character for the Norwich-based World Association of Wrestling (WAW) in which he was for some time a major heel.  Preston as King Kendo also won the RQW Tag Team Championship as half of the tag team 4K with Karl Kramer in December 2013.  By the late 2010s, Preston's Kendo had evolved into a blue eye character due to his mentoring of young protegé "Kid Kendo".   King Kendo also held the WAW World Heavyweight championhip before curiously losing it to his own alter ego Dale Broughton in 2018 (possibly with a substitute under the mask.)

Kendo the Samurai
In the early 1990s, Jim Cornette's Smokey Mountain Wrestling featured a masked samurai character named Kendo the Samurai managed by Daryl Van Horne.  This was initially portrayed by Tim Horner but was later played by other wrestlers including Scott Antol and Brian Logan.

Kendo Kashin
In 1996, Japanese wrestler Tokimitsu Ishizawa became the masked Kendo Kashin while wrestling for the CWA in Germany and Austria.  He would later take the gimmick back home to Japan where he has achieved considerable success, including various championships, as the character.

Kendo Nakazaki
In 2008, the original Tiger Mask, Satoru Sayama, introduced to his Real Japan Pro Wrestling promotion a wrestler named Kendo Nakazaki. Nakazaki's real name is unknown; he wears a mask and a Union Jack flag on his chest but is most likely a Japanese student of Sayama's.

References

Faux Japanese professional wrestlers
Professional wrestling gimmicks


text:
Нер () — река в Польше, правый приток Варты, протекает по территории Лодзинского и Великопольского воеводств в центральной части страны.

Длина реки составляет 126 км, площадь водосборного бассейна — 1,9 тыс. км². Средний расход воды в нижнем течении около Домбе с 1951 по 1990 года — 10 м³/с.

Нер начинается на высоте около 205 м над уровнем моря близ села Виснёва-Гура у юго-восточной окраины Лодзи. В верхней половине течёт преимущественно на северо-запад, далее поворачивает на север, а затем на запад, ниже Домбе около устья преобладающим направлением течения вновь становится северо-запад. Напротив Добрува сливается со средним течением Варты на высоте 92 м над уровнем моря.

Основные притоки (от устья): Гнида (правый), Белдувка (правый), Пися (левый, впадает около Бусины), Пися (левый, впадает около Малыни), Добжинка (левый).

Крупнейшие населённые пункты на реке (от истока): Жгув, Лодзь, Константынув-Лудзки, Поддембице, Домбе.

Примечания

Литература
 Lesiński A., Zanieczyszczenie Neru, [w:] «Na sieradzkich szlakach», nr 1/1998, s. 5-7
 Bieżanowski W., Łódka i inne rzeki łódzkie, Towarzystwo Opieki nad Zabytkami Oddział w Łodzi, Łódź ZORA 2001

Притоки Варты
Реки Лодзинского воеводства
Реки Великопольского воеводства
География Лодзи


text:
Mollakendi is a town (belde) in Elazığ District, Elazığ Province, Turkey. Its population is 2,214 (2021).

References

Towns in Turkey
Populated places in Elazığ Province
Elazığ District


text:
Karl Wittgenstein () a fost un antrepenor și industriaș austriac născut în Germania, care a făcut avere din industria siderurgică, devenind în anii 1890 unul dintre cei mai bogați oameni din lume. El este tatăl filosofului Ludwig Wittgenstein și al pianistului Paul Wittgenstein.

Biografie

Bunicul lui Karl Wittgenstein, Moses Meyer, aparține unei comunități evreiești din Germania - el vine din Laasphe, din fostul district Wittgenstein (actualmente Renania de Nord-Westfalia). El s-a mutat la Korbach înainte de 1802, unde a deschis un mare magazin de en-gros și a devenit comerciant.

În 1808, în urma decretului de asimilare și cetățenie promulgat în regatul Westfalia, modelat pe constituția franceză, Moses Meyer adoptă ca nume de familie numele orașului natal, Wittgenstein. El este cunoscut pentru un timp ca "Moses Meyer Wittgenstein". Meyer a avut printre alții, un fiu, Hermann Christian (n. 12 septembrie 1802 - d. 1878), care a mutat afacerea tatplui la Gohlis la sfârșitul anilor 1830. După convertirea sa la protestantismul luteran, Heinrich Christian s-a căsătorit în 1839 cu Fanny Figdor (1814-1890), dintr-o familie de bancheri vienezi, de asemenea evrei convertiți.

Karl s-a născut în 1847. El este al șaselea dintre cei unsprezece copii pe care i-au avut Hermann și Fanny. Trei ani mai târziu, familia s-a mutat la Vösendorf, districtul Mödling, Austria. Aici s-au născut ultimii patru copii. Familia s-a mutat la Viena în 1860, unde Hermann a lucrat în domeniul imobiliar.

Karl a primit o educație clasică costisitoare, dar s-a răzvrătit și la vârsta de șaptesprezece ani a fugit în America, unde timp de doi ani și-a câștigat existența servind în restaurante și dând lecții de vioară și germană. La întoarcerea la Viena, s-a înscris la Universitatea Tehnică din Viena, unde a obținut o diplomă de inginer.  Prin intermediul lui Paul Kupelwieser (1843-1919), care s-a căsătorit cu Bertha Wittgenstein, o soră a tatălui său, Karl se angajează la uzinele siderurgice din Teplitz. Acest mare complex industrial, fondat de Albert Salomon von Rothschild, este condus de Paul și de fratele său Karl Kupelwieser, și va deveni "Prager Eisenindustrie-Gesellschaft" situat în Boemia de Nord, fiind în acea perioadă principalul bazin siderurgic al Imperiului austro-ungar.

Karl a devenit director în 1877, iar câțiva ani mai târziu, acționar majoritar. Profitând de poziția și cunoștințele sale, a făcut avere în industria siderurgică. A fondat mai întâi "Böhmische Montangesellschaft" și apoi în 1886 "Prager Eisenindustrie-Gesellschaft". Între anii 1887 și 1890, cartelul a absorbit alte societăți siderurgice. A fost apropiat de milionarul american Andrew Carnegie, de la care importă metodele de management ale producției industriale și managementul resurselor umane.

În 1897, el a achizitionat un pachet majoritar în consorțiul metalurgic Österreichisch-Alpine Montangesellschaft (ÖAMG), reorganizează și eficientizează munca provocând proteste violente ale forței de muncă și o anchetă guvernamentală asupra unui posibil "acord privind prețul oțelului" (în contextul unei situații oligopoliste, prețul oțelului poate fi convenit între trusturile industriale, în afara legilor pieței). Ca urmare, Karl se retrage din afacere la vârsta de 52 de ani și începe un tur al lumii.

La întoarcere, el își vinde toate acțiunile în diferitele companii și filiale pe care le deține: evaluate la câteva sute de milioane de coroane, această avere este apoi plasată sub formă de obligațiuni de stat care produc rente viagere, dar și în Elveția, în Țările de Jos în "Trustul Wittgenstein".

Copii
Karl s-a căsătorit cu Leopoldine Maria Josefa Kalmus, cunoscută de prieteni ca Poldi, în 1873. Ei au avut următorii copii:
 Hermine "Mining" (n. 1 decembrie 1874, Teplitz - d. 11 februarie 1950, Viena) necăsătorită
 Dora (n./d. 1876, Viena)
 Johannes "Hans" (n. 1877, Viena - d. 1902, Chesapeake Bay, posibil suicid), muzician
 Konrad "Kurt" (n. 1 mai 1878, Viena  - d. octombrie/noiembrie 1918, suicid)
 Helene "Lenka" (n. 23 august 1879, Viena - d. aprilie 1956, Viena) căsătorită cu dr. Max Salzer
 Rudolf "Rudi" (n. 27 iunie 1881, Viena - d. 2 mai 1904, Berlin, suicid)
 Margaret "Gretl" (n. 19 septembrie 1882, Viena - d. 27 septembrie 1958, Viena) căsătorită cu Jerome Stonborough în 1904, divorțată în 1923
 Paul (n. 11 mai 1887, Viena - 3 martie 1961, New York), pianist
 Ludwig "Lucki" (n. 26 aprilie 1889, Viena - d. 29 aprilie 1951, Cambridge), filosof

Note

Nașteri în 1847
Decese în 1913
Oameni din Leipzig
Protestanți germani
Oameni de afaceri germani
Oameni de afaceri austrieci
Nașteri pe 8 aprilie
Decese pe 20 ianuarie


text:
Silvia Quevedo (ur. 6 maja 1959) – peruwiańska siatkarka. Reprezentantka kraju na igrzyskach olimpijskich w Montrealu.

Przypisy

Urodzeni w 1959
Peruwiańskie siatkarki
Uczestnicy Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 1976
Peruwiańscy olimpijczycy


text:
La torre della televisione di Pyongyang (in hangŭl 평양TV타워, in hanja 平壤TV타워 - traslitterato P'yŏngyang TV T'awŏ oppure Pyeongyang TV Tawo) è una torre in calcestruzzo armato per radio-telediffusione situata a Pyongyang, in Corea del Nord. Si trova nel parco Kaeson, nel distretto di Moranbong, a nord dello stadio Kim Il-sung.

Storia

La struttura fu inaugurata nel 1967 allo scopo di potenziare le trasmissioni radiotelevisive nella zona.

L'aspetto dell'edificio si ispira alla coeva (e ben più alta) torre radio di Ostankino, sita a Mosca.

Caratteristiche tecniche
La torre di Pyongyang dispone di varie antenne ed apparecchiature tecniche, sistemate su piattaforme circolari site all'altezza di 34.5 m, 65 m, 67.5 m e 85 m. All'altezza di 94 m si trova un belvedere aperto ai visitatori, che ospita anche un ristorante. L'antenna che si trova sulla sommità dell'edificio è alta 50 m.

Programmi radiotelevisivi
La torre ripete segnali radiotelevisivi esclusivamente di tipo analogico.

Radio (FM)

Televisione (PAL)

Viene utilizzato il sistema canali VHF dell'Europa orientale.

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Torri di trasmissione della Corea del Nord
Architetture di Pyongyang


text:
Kvibille – miejscowość (tätort) w Szwecji, w regionie administracyjnym (län) Halland (gmina Halmstad).

Miejscowość położona jest w prowincji historycznej (landskap) Halland, ok. 15 km na północ od centrum Halmstad. Na zachód od Kvibille przebiega trasa E6/E20.

Miejscowa mleczarnia (Kvibille mejeri), należąca do koncernu Arla Foods, znana jest z produkcji wysokiej jakości serów.

W 2010 r. Kvibille liczyło 925 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Miejscowości w gminie Halmstad


text:
"Signal 30" is the fifth episode of the fifth season of the American television drama series Mad Men and the 57th episode of the series overall. It was written by series creator and executive producer Matthew Weiner and writer Frank Pierson, and directed by main cast member John Slattery. It originally aired on the AMC channel in the United States on April 15, 2012.

The episode takes place between July 1966 and August 1966, with references to the 1966 World Cup Final, the Charles Whitman shooting rampage, and the crash of Braniff Flight 250. Business and pleasure converge on each other at both a dinner party thrown by the Campbells and a misguided whorehouse visit intended to woo a client. Pete discovers that Ken is writing science fiction under a pseudonym, which angers Roger Sterling. Pete's emasculation continues after a routine office meeting ends in fisticuffs.

The episode's title is derived from the infamous 1959 driving safety film of the same name, which Pete Campbell is required to watch as part of his driver's education class.  The film, shown widely to high school students across the country during the 1960s, was produced by the Ohio State Highway Patrol and takes its name from the police radio code used by that agency for a fatal traffic accident.

"Signal 30" received 2.69 million viewers and a 1.0 in the coveted 18-49 demographic. It was met with rave reviews, with many commentators calling it the best episode of the season so far. Critics commended John Slattery for his directing work. Matthew Weiner and his Academy Award-winning co-writer Frank Pierson were also praised for the symbolism of the leaking tap and the character study of Pete Campbell.

Plot
Pete is being kept awake by a leaking tap in the kitchen. He eventually goes to fix it, doing so effectively and with self-satisfaction. He is later shown attending a driver's education class, where he flirts with a teenage girl about to go off to college.

Ken Cosgrove has continued his writing and runs into Peggy while meeting with a publisher over lunch. He is secretive about his work and attempts to politely get rid of her. Peggy is unsettled by this, until Ken later explains his actions in the office. Following a drunken celebration at a bar with other expatriates over England's 1966 World Cup victory, Lane excitedly tells the other SCDP partners that he has arranged a lunch meeting with a fellow Englishman, Edwin Baker, over possible representation for Jaguar Cars in America.

The Campbells throw a dinner party for the Cosgroves and the Drapers at their home. As the night progresses, Ken's writing career is accidentally brought up in conversation by his wife, leading to a retelling of one of his stories. The guests are unsure of how to react to the science fiction plot, apart from Don, who asks questions about the character.  When Don learns of Ken's writing success he is supportive of it; in contrast, Pete denigrates it.  Afterwards, the wives retreat to the kitchen, where the tap Pete previously "fixed" bursts, spraying water everywhere. Pete rushes away to get his toolbox, but by the time he returns, Don has already fixed it, explaining that Pete's previous fix was merely a coincidence.

Pete returns to his driver's ed class to find that a new student, Hanson (nicknamed "handsome"), has the attention of the girl Pete previously flirted with.

Roger advises Lane about how to ensnare a client at dinner. Roger informs Lane to find the man's source of regret, and make it relatable to himself, forming a "conspiracy" of feeling between the pair. Pryce's dinner does not go smoothly; the Jaguar representative appears to have no regrets in his life, and Lane is forced to plan another lunch to try again at confirming the new business. Upon hearing of this failure, Pete tactfully tells Lane to maintain a friendly relationship with the target, and to let Accounts take the business from there. Roger compliments Pete's letting Lane down softly and taking the task off his hands, forming a renewed alliance with Pete. At the dinner meeting, Edwin, the Jaguar representative, assures Don, Roger, and Pete they have his business, but he wants to have some fun. The executives quickly learn what kind of fun Edwin has in mind and they visit a local brothel, where Edwin, Roger, and Pete all cheat on their wives, leaving Don at the bar. Don later shares a cab with Pete on the way home in which the latter, drunk, criticizes Don as hypocritical for judging Pete's adulterous actions. Don explains he is not judging; he merely didn't know Pete was miserable. Pete replies sarcastically that he has everything, and Don warns him not to throw it away.

The next day, Roger calls Ken into his office and bluntly tells Ken to stop writing in his spare time, as he should not be diverting any attention from his job. Roger attempts to create a bond between them, stating they are both "unappreciated authors" (referencing the autobiography Roger was dictating in Season 4), but Ken has none of it.

Later that day, Lane storms into a partners' meeting, shouting at Pete about how Edwin's wife has found out about Edwin's adultery and is devastated; Edwin has withdrawn his business as a result. Lane blames Pete's methods for losing the account, and Pete responds by citing Lane's redundant role at the firm and challenging his sexuality. To the surprise and shock of the other partners, Lane responds by challenging Pete to a fistfight. Pete and Lane exchange blows until Lane wins, leaving a bloodied Pete on the office floor. Bruised, shaken, and humiliated, Pete retreats to his office. Joan goes to comfort Lane, only Lane misinterprets her affection as romantic and kisses her. Joan, startled, stands and opens the door, but does not leave. She instead stays with Lane and forgives his blunder, claiming that he'd done to Pete what everyone in the office had wanted to do for some time.

Peggy, excitedly, tells Ken about Lane's beating up Pete. Ken takes pleasure in this, and then tells Peggy about his conversation with Roger. Ken suspects Pete informed Roger, after learning about his publishing deal during the dinner party.

Later, Pete talks about his despair at the day's events with Don in the elevator, wondering how the fight occurred, when he thought they were all friends. Close to tears, he blurts out that he has nothing. Don doesn't respond.

The episode ends with Ken writing about a character whose situation reflects Pete's. Pete is shown back in his driver's ed class, watching helplessly as Hanson effortlessly seduces the girl Pete had his eyes on, while the dripping sound of the leaky tap replays in his mind.

Production
Creator Matthew Weiner co-wrote the episode with 86-year-old veteran screenwriter and Academy Award winner (for Dog Day Afternoon) Frank Pierson. Pierson offered Weiner his writing services back in 2009, leading him to serve as a consulting producer on the third season. About Pierson, Weiner said, "He's now in the writer's room. Arguably one of the greatest living writers. It means you're doing something right." Cast member John Slattery, who portrays Roger Sterling on the series, directed the episode, the third time he has directed for the series.

Weiner stated that the episode was about the question -- "What do you want?" and "Do you ever get a chance to have it?", as well as the "tentative nature of business friendships". He used Lane's friendship with the Jaguar executive and the dinner at Pete Campbell's house as examples. Vincent Kartheiser reasoned that Pete invited them over to show off his wife, home, and success. Jon Hamm elaborated on Don's reluctance to go as his desire to keep his relationship separate from the poisonous influence of Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce.

Jon Hamm pointed to Don's bad history with whorehouses as to his reluctance to take part in the festivities, while noting that "Pete has no such problem." Of Pete's scene with the prostitute, Weiner said, "You see what his fantasy is. You see his powerlessness" and that Pete is "trying to keep his life exciting". Due to the desperation and unhappiness inherent in Pete Campbell's character as demonstrated in this episode, Weiner called it "probably the saddest episode we've ever had."

The fight scene, according to Jared Harris, was Lane discovering what Pete really thought of him. Harris saw the boxing match as "a mix of so many different styles" with Lane carrying an "old school and traditional" stance. Harris saw it as Lane getting a chance to "fight for his dignity".

Reception

Ratings
"Signal 30" was watched by 2.69 million viewers and obtained a 1.0 adults 18-49 rating, a slight drop from the previous episode.

Critical reception
The episode opened to laudatory reviews from the television critic community, with much praise reserved for John Slattery's direction and the acting work of Vincent Kartheiser. Emily St. James of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A, her highest grade for the season so far, calling it "transfixing and incredible" and "season five's first instant classic". She praised the symbol of the dripping tap as well as the editing choices that suggested "the way that time passes, so that it almost seems as if you've lost yourself in the mists of your own life". Alan Sepinwall, writing for HitFix, exalted Slattery's "strong command of the comedic moments", and recognized that "most of the carnage" of the episode "comes out of failed attempts by Pete, Lane and Ken to be more than they are by building bridges from one world to another."

Meredith Blake, reviewer for the Los Angeles Times, said that the episode was a sort of masculine companion piece to the fourth season episode "The Beautiful Girls", as "Signal 30" focuses on "collective identity crisis of the agency's male population". Paste magazine writer Bonnie Stiernberg called Pete Campbell "one of the most complex, underrated characters on TV today" and called the dripping sink "more like a fucking geyser in reality, and if he doesn't do something to plug it up soon, he's going to drown." Jordan Bartel of the Chicago Tribune called the episode "a classic" and saw a possible Emmy nomination for Vincent Kartheiser, but felt the kitchen sink symbolism and ending voiceover was a little heavyhanded. Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post praised Lane's character and Slattery's direction during the fight sequence, singling out Don, Bert, and Roger's reactions as "absolute comedy gold". She also compared the Pete character to former U.S. President Richard Nixon because: "there's a sense with Pete that there's always a chip on his shoulder and he'll eternally feel misunderstood and undervalued. He'll always inspire a mixture of pity and exasperation, because he's smart and insightful, but he can be a piece of work."

References

External links
"Signal 30" at AMC

2012 American television episodes
Mad Men (season 5) episodes