text:
L'habitat ibérique de Castellet de Bernabé est un site archéologique non loin de Liria (province de Valence, Espagne) qui appartient à la Culture Ibérique, plus concrètement à la tribu Édétanienne. Exceptionnellement bien conservés, les vestiges ont fait l'objet d'une publication exhaustive puis finalement d'un projet de consolidation et de mise en valeur. La Mairie de Liria y organise des visites guidées.

Le contexte naturel
En raison d'une position côtière et d'un arrière-pays montagneux, la région de Valencia constitue de longue date la voie de passage des différents courants culturels qui depuis la préhistoire traversent régulièrement la Péninsule Ibérique. La colonisation grecque et phénicienne des premiers siècles du dernier millénaire avant notre ère a teinté les communautés indigènes de traditions culturelles orientalisantes qui sont à l'origine de la Culture Ibérique. Mais malgré l'intensification de ces contacts méditerranéens, les autochtones ont tout de même conservé une économie axée sur l'agriculture et l'élevage à laquelle ce littoral lagunaire, plus intensément fréquenté, se prêtait cependant mal.

De ce fait, les sites de la Culture ibérique constituent deux groupes assez différents en fonction de leur situation géographique. Il y a d'une part ceux qui occupent une position côtière, dont l'économie devait certainement intégrer une forte composante commerciale alimentée par les contacts maritimes, et d'autre part, les communautés de l'arrière-pays dont l'économie s'appuyait principalement sur la céréaliculture, la viticulture et l'oléiculture, ainsi qu'un élevage où ovins et caprinés occupaient les premières places. Le site de Castellet de Bernabé fait partie de ce deuxième groupe. Vers le milieu du  s. av. J.-C. ses occupants ont choisi une vallée encaissée de l'arrière-pays, à basse pluviométrie, apte à leur économie agricole.

Histoire d'un projet

Connu de longue date en raison de son aspect perché sur un sommet calcaire, Castellet de Bernabé était considéré comme un ancien « château », ce qui lui a valu son toponyme. Les premières mentions du mur d'enceinte qui entoure l'habitat datent de l'époque des campagnes d'inventaire du Patrimoine Historique réalisées par le Servicio de Investigación Prehistórica dans les années 1940 et régulièrement publiées dans les « Labores » du Musée de Préhistoire de Valencia.

Le programme de recherche à long terme débuta par une campagne de sauvetage en 1984, en raison des fouilles clandestines dont le site faisait l'objet depuis quelques années et qui permettaient de constater un état de conservation remarquable des éléments d'architecture domestique comme murs enduits, parements de briques crues, voire poutrages calcinés, adobes et pans de toiture effondrés pêle-mêle. À la suite de ces découvertes inédites dans le cadre de la Culture ibérique, dont les éléments mobiliers polarisaient alors tout l'intérêt des chercheurs, une campagne de fouilles d'un à deux mois s'est déroulée à Castellet de Bernabé pratiquement tous les étés de 1985 à 1998, jusqu'au dégagement complet de l'habitat et son chemin d'accès sur le versant ouest de la colline.

Un habitat à rue axiale

L'étude des structures découvertes a permis de conclure que la construction du site s'est inspirée du plan à rue axiale, dont la tradition est bien attestée au Bas Aragon et dans la région de Valencia depuis l'âge du bronze moyen. L´habitat de quelque , de forme pseudo-rectangulaire, est perché sur une colline peu élevée dont la crête calcaire a d'abord servi de carrière, fournissant les plus gros blocs de l'enceinte. Par la suite, la plateforme sommitale résultante a été aménagée en deux rangées d'habitations se faisant face de part et d'autre d'une rue axiale fermée au sud en cul de sac. Sur le côté nord, à l'opposé, la rue s'ouvre sur une place triangulaire ou rayonne une troisième volée de cases ; là, sur la pente ouest, en contrebas de la rue, un corridor d'accès abrite la porte de l'enceinte. Au-delà, une voie charretière dallée où subsistent des ornières a été aménagée à flanc de colline. De nombreux parements, vestiges des terrasses et contreforts destinés à éviter l'érosion de cette voie d'accès, sont visibles sur ce versant.

La circulation

Les bâtisseurs de Castellet de Bernabé semblent avoir conçu l'aménagement des espaces en fonction de la circulation des véhicules. C'est du moins ce que semblent indiquer d'une part cette voie dallée de , puis, dans le secteur de la porte, la présence de bornes de protection devant les crapaudines ainsi qu'une ornière artificielle destinée à guider les roues sur ce passage étroit. Au-delà du corridor, une largeur de  a été réservée aux véhicules, à l'occasion aux dépens des structures adossés aux façades, dont les angles ont été adoucis, lorsqu'elles n'ont pas simplement été retirées pour ne pas envahir l'espace dévolu à la circulation.
Les roues des charrettes ont concassé, voire broyé, une bonne partie du substrat calcaire qui tient lieu de sol dans la rue, ce qui permet de suivre sans mal leur itinéraire à l'intérieur de l'habitat, jusqu'au début de la rue axiale. Après quelques mètres ce laminage s'interrompt, le rocher émerge et envahit progressivement la chaussée dont la largeur a doublé, atteignant  ; dans cette partie du site la crête calcaire de la colline, plus proéminente, arbore des formes polies et une surface lustrée par les passages des occupants. La voie carrossable a fait place à un espace de vie.

Urbanisme et fonction des espaces

L'architecture, le mobilier et les aménagements permettent de distinguer trois secteurs différenciés au cours de la phase la plus récente de l'occupation de l'habitat, qui est aussi celle qui se conserve le mieux, puisque le site est resté sur pied après son abandon. Dans l'angle nord une enfilade de cinq cases adossées à la courtine Est, communiquant avec l'extérieur au moyen d'une porte à deux battants, a été reconnue comme une maison de maître, certainement les quartiers occupés par la famille propriétaire de ces murs. Du nord au sud, s'alignent une case cuisine-séjour spacieuse, aux multiples foyers, une chapelle à niche et foyer rituel, un moulin aménagé, un espace de stockage et une habitation, flanquée vers l'extérieur par une plateforme de chargement et de déchargement en adobes de forme cubique ou les charrettes devaient décharger leur contenu. Au-delà du mur de façade aveugle, seulement percé d'une étroite porte, la place triangulaire occupe le centre d'un secteur de l'habitat dévolu aux activités de production. La plupart des cases y sont occupées par des aménagements qui les encombrent de façon contraignante, figeant définitivement leurs activités dans un éventail fonctionnel limité. L'huilerie et ses bassins, le grenier et ses trois meules, l'espace de stockage à amphores, la forge, le four. Dans ce secteur, une seule case, la plus spacieuse, abrite des activités domestiques, ce qui pourrait être le signe d'un statut particulier de ses occupants.

De part et d'autre de la rue axiale s'alignent les espaces de vie d'une douzaine de familles de clients dont les habitations alternent avec des espaces de stockage et des structures collectives. Certaines activités ne sont représentées qu'une fois, tel le grenier, pourvu de meules circulaires, le four, le chai au sol jonché de pépins de raisin carbonisés et finalement, une étable. Dans ce contexte, c'est la rue, d'une largeur de , qui fait figure de théâtre de la vie quotidienne. La plupart des activités diurnes devaient s'y dérouler. Au bout de la rue, une citerne de  dont la couverture effondrée a été recueillie au fond, devait résoudre le problème de l'approvisionnement en eau pendant une bonne partie de l'année.

Finalement, à l'extrême nord de la rue, une place triangulaire établit une transition avant le corridor du portail d'entrée. Les différentes cases s'alignant vers le nord et le sud semblent toutes dévolues à des activités de transformation, que ce soit l'huilerie, la forge, la cave ou le grenier (qui a fourni trois meules).

Aristocratie et clientèle

Telle est la configuration du site de Castellet de Bernabé ; au moment de sa destruction vers 200 av. J.-C., qui constitue l'époque la plus riche en documentation archéologique, le site abritait une communauté représentée par une famille aristocratique propriétaire et les familles d'une douzaine de clients chargés de la mise en valeur agricole de ce domaine.

Outre ces données historiques et économiques, de nombreux indices permettent une connaissance plus directe de la communauté qui occupait les lieux. Les métiers à tisser, les foyers culinaires, les céramiques de cuisine, les moulins permettent de discriminer les activités non seulement en fonction du genre mais aussi du statut social des occupants. Ainsi, les mobiliers permettent-ils de proposer qu'une matrone était responsable de la gestion des ressources de la communauté, le tissage constituant l'activité par excellence des autres femmes de l'aristocratie, face à une gent masculine occupée hors les murs, aux armes et aux travaux des champs. Des céramiques campaniennes permettent de dater le sac du site et son abandon vers 200 av. J.-C. donc au moment de la deuxième guerre punique. Autant dire qu'en de telles circonstances les hommes étaient sans doute fréquemment sollicités pour accomplir les obligations militaires associées à leur statut de clients.

Un projet pilote
La richesse du registre archéologique de Castellet de Bernabé a rapidement convaincu les responsables de la Generalitat que le site se prêtait tout particulièrement à la mise en place d'une opération pilote reposant sur la création d'itinéraires, de récits historiques, de visite de monument. Les autorités municipales consultées ont tout de suite offert leur collaboration à l'équipe de techniciens chargés de la mise en place du projet. Celle-ci a envisagé deux perspectives complémentaires préalables à la mise en place des actions prévues dans le projet. D'une part une étude de marché des parties prenantes cibles et de l'offre existante dans la région dans un rayon géographique d'une vingtaine de km, d'autre part la programmation d'un ensemble d'activités directement liées au proche environnement du site archéologique. Ces deux études commandées à la faculté d'économie de l'université de Valence et à l'université polytechnique de Valence respectivement ont confirmé la direction proposée par les responsables du projet. L'étude de marché a détaillé les enjeux régionaux d'un tourisme rural auquel les responsables du gouvernement, polarisés par la côte et la saison estivale, ont cependant un certain mal à croire. Un second résultat fait état de l'existence d'un certain nombre de haras dans l'arrière pays de Valencia et de la bonne place tenue par les activités équestres dans l'éventail des propositions ludiques auxquelles sont occupés les loisirs. De son côté le projet proposé par l'université polytechnique de Valence considère la possibilité de tracer un itinéraire de découverte de  partant de Bodegas, (un hameau non loin des vestiges) et aboutissant au Castellet de Bernabé. Cette initiative propose également d'intégrer à cet itinéraire les différents éléments dont font état la Convention européenne du paysage et les bonnes pratiques de gestion du patrimoine et de la nature. Vu le résultat de l'étude de marché, ce sentier de découverte a prévu l'aménagement d'une piste destinée aux randonnées à cheval. Une station d'accueil a été prévue à Bodegas, qui demandera des investissements de la part de la mairie (à suivre...).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Helena Bonet,  Pierre Guérin et Consuelo Mata, Urbanisme i Habitatge Ibèrics al Pais Valencia, in: Cota Zero, 10, 1994, ,
 Matías Calvo, Pere Guillén, Elena Grau, Pierre Guérin, Tumbas infantiles en el Castellet de Bernabé (Liria, Valencia) ; Inhumaciones infantiles en el ámbito mediterráneo español (siglos  a.E. al  d.E.), in: Cuadernos de Prehistoria y Arqueología Castellonenses, 14, 1989, ,
 Pierre Guérin, Hogares, molinos, telares... El Castellet de Bernabé y sus ocupantes, in: Arqueología Espacial, 21, 1999,  ,
 Pierre Guérin (dir.), El poblado del Castellet de Bernabé y el Horizonte Ibérico Pleno Edetano, in: Serie de Trabajos Varios del S.I.P., 101, Diputación Provincial de Valencia, 2003
 Consuelo Mata Parreño et Helena Bonet Rosado, Testimonios de apicultura en época ibérica, in: Verdolay: Revista del Museo Arqueológico de Murcia, 7, 1995,
 Enrique Pla Ballester, Las Actividades del S.I.P, in: Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina, , 1945
 Luis Silgo Gauche, Pierre Guérin, Inscripción ibérica sobre plomo de Castellet de Bernabé (Llíria, Valencia), in: Revista d'Arqueologia de Ponent, 6, 1996, ,

Liens externes
  Guide de visite
  Visites guidées (Office du Tourisme de Liria)
  Collection du Castellet de Bernabé au Musée de Préhistoire de Valencia

Monument dans la province de Valence
Site archéologique en Espagne
Site archéologique dans la Communauté valencienne
Llíria


text:
Langfang (廊坊) é uma cidade-prefeitura da província de Hebei, na China. De acordo com o censo de 2020, tem cerca de 5,464,087 mil habitantes. Localiza-se no nordeste do país. No início do século XX era apenas uma pequena aldeia, tendo o seu desenvolvimento acelerado a partir da década de 50 desse século.

Cidades de Hebei

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Cyanarctia dama is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1894. It is found in Mexico and Guatemala.

References

Arctiini
Moths described in 1894


text:
Andrea Barata Ribeiro é uma produtora de cinema brasileira. Ela é mais conhecida por produzir o filme Cidade de Deus de 2002, indicado ao Óscar.

É sócia fundadora da O2 Filmes.

Pessoas vivas
Produtores de cinema do Brasil


text:
Nyirati Klára (Baja, 1964. november 18.) magyar-orosz-angol szakos középiskolai tanár, politikus, 2019 óta Baja Megye Jogú Város polgármestere.

Élete
Születése óta Baján él. Itt érettségizett 1983-ban a III. Béla gimnáziumban, majd 1987-ben Szegeden a Juhász Gyula Tanárképző Főiskolán szerzett tanári diplomát magyar-orosz szakon. A diploma megszerzése után a bajai Bányai Júlia Szakképző Iskolában kezdett el tanítani. 1995-ben Pécsen szerzett egyetemi diplomát a Janus Pannonius Tudományegyetemen, angol nyelv és irodalom szakon. 2011-től a bajai Szent László ÁMK-ban tanított. A Budapesti Műszaki Egyetemen 2015-ben közoktatási vezető diplomát szerzett. 2019 óta politikus, Baja Megye Jogú Város polgármestere.

Politikai pályafutás
1990-ben a Fidesz bajai alapszervezetének egyik alapító tagja volt, de a párt elhíresült 1993-as székház botránya miatt, kiábrándultságból kilépett. Évtizedekig nem foglalkozott a politikával. A 2018-as országgyűlési választások eredménye utáni csalódottságból, azonnal belépett a Momentum Mozgalomba, hogy aktívan támogassa egy új, tiszta politikai generáció megerősödését és térhódítását. Pár hónap után a bajai Momentum elnöke lett.

A mozgalom révén újra bekapcsolódott az ország politikai életébe. A 2018 végén egy budapesti tüntetésen az RTL Klub a tömegben őt is megkérdezte, ahol néhány mondatos interjút adott. Az adás utáni napokban egy közösségi oldal bajai kormánypárti hírportálján kíméletlen lejárató cikk jelent meg a "renitens" tanárnőről. A becsmérlő írás – rövid részlet az írásból: "… inkább való a belpesti értelmiség füvezős–migránssimogatós–melegbáros mocskába a tanárnő, mint egy békés kisváros iskolájának a katedrájára." – arra ösztönözte, hogy induljon a 2019-es önkormányzati választáson. Az ellenzéki összefogás megválasztotta Baja polgármester jelöltjének, amit az októberi választáson megnyert. 2020 tavaszán a MÖSZ (Magyar Önkormányzatok Szövetsége) elnökségi tagjának választották.

Polgármesterként elért eredményei
Nyirati Klára polgármestersége alatt, az ő kezdeményezésére (is) megvalósult, nem szokványos önkormányzati eredmények:

 Létrejött az önkormányzat által megszervezett és finanszírozott hétvégi állatorvosi ügyelet, és létrejött a Kutya-Macska Otthon a korábbi gyepmesteri telep helyett.
 Mindenki számára ingyenessé vált a városi tömegközlekedés.
 Megépült a KRESZ-park, ahol a kiskorú gyermekek megismerhetik és gyakorolhatják a helyes közlekedés szabályait.
 Az itt élő bunyevácok tél búcsúztató ünnepe a Maszkajárás –a Busójárás mintájára - városi nagy rendezvény lett.  Ezzel Baja és Mohács egymást kiegészítve, érdekesebb és sokoldalúbb turisztikai látványosságot kínál a térségbe látogatóknak.
 A város szélén álló ipari park évtizedeken át kihasználatlanul állt. Egy megújult marketing stratégia révén, két év alatt benépesült. Így egy új park kijelölése vált szükségszerűvé.
 A pandémia Baja számára is ismeretlen, súlyos anyagi kihívást jelentett. A korlátozások bevezetése után pár nappal megszerveztek egy 90 főből álló önkéntes csapatot, akik a rászorulóknak –főként az idősek és betegek- napi rendszerességgel segítettek a megszokott életvitelük fenntartásában.
 Baja megyejogú város 10 körzetének képviselői önálló anyagi keretet kaptak (5 millió forint), a körzetükben felmerülő kisebb igények és problémák megoldására.
 A fiatalok szabad idejének kulturált eltöltésének érdekében megalakult egy ifjúsági klub, Fészek Klub néven.
 Létrejött a város önálló kulturális intézménye, a Bácskai Művelődési Központ.
 A 10 millió fa alapítvánnyal közösen az eddigieknél lényegesen nagyobb mértékű "zöldítés" indult:  miyawaki erdő és közösségi tündérkert telepítése, faültetési akciók folyamatos szervezése.
 A polgármesteri kommunikáció gyökeres fordulatot vett. Hetente két alkalommal van fogadóórája. A város további sorsát befolyásoló, valós problémákról és lehetőségekről rendszeresen megkérdeznek minden bajait, írásos konzultáció vagy Facebook szavazás révén. Rendszeresen, személyesen találkozik a választókkal a város 10 körzetében a "Teázz a polgármesterrel!" elnevezésű program keretében, ahol átlagosan 5-10 polgár szokott részt venni.

Jegyzetek

1964-ben született személyek
Baja polgármesterei
Élő személyek
Fidesz-tagok


text:
Victoria Cove, Newfoundland is situated on the west side of Gander Bay, near the town of Gander.

Victoria Cove was originally called Little House Cove and was visited since the mid-19th century by fishermen who would do woods work in the winter. Permanent settlement did not begin until 1894 and the first settler is believed to have been Richard Bursey. Other family names that came to Victoria Cove in the 19th century, mostly from Fogo and Change Islands, were:
 Bursey
 Gillingham
 Hodder
 King
 Mercer
 Oake
 Porter
 Reccord
 Torraville
 Webb

John Wesley Webb, one of the first settlers in Victoria Cove is said to have chosen the name Victoria Cove in 1896 to honour the Queen.

In 1898 the first school-chapel was built, and a real church building was started in 1903 but was destroyed by fire. A Church of England church was built by 1910.

Victoria Cove was first recorded in the 1911 Census with a population of 140. The first business was opened by Esau Record in 1920. The population decreased as the Labrador and local fishery decreased. Population was 250 in 1956.

Until the 1930s Victoria Cove was a fishing community, fishing primarily on the Labrador. Cutting lumber increased when Horwood Lumber Co. had a major lumber mill in Dog Bay, a nearby community.

References

See also
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
 Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador

Populated coastal places in Canada
Populated places in Newfoundland and Labrador


text:
Robert Reininger (born 20 January 1958) is a former professional tennis player from Austria.

Biography
Reininger, a right-handed player from Linz, was the Austrian junior champion in 1975. He followed it up with a national Under 21s title in 1976, then in 1979 was Austria's Indoor and Outdoor Championships in both singles and doubles.

The top ranked player in Austria in 1979 and 1981, Reininger appeared in seven ties for the Austria Davis Cup team. This included a tie against Great Britain in Bristol and a match against Ilie Năstase in Bucharest.

His only title on the Grand Prix tennis circuit was in the doubles at the Sofia Open in 1980. An unseeded pairing, he partnered with Hartmut Kirchhübel to win the tournament. As a singles player his best performances came in his home event, the Grand Prix tournament held in Linz. He made the quarter-finals twice, in 1981 and 1982.

He now runs an insurance company in Linz.

Grand Prix career finals

Doubles: 1 (1–0)

See also
List of Austria Davis Cup team representatives

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
Austrian male tennis players
Sportspeople from Linz


text:
Sypniewo (gromada w powiecie makowskim)
 Sypniewo (gromada w powiecie sępoleńskim)
 Sypniewo (gromada w powiecie wałeckim)

także:
 Górki-Sypniewo (gromada) (powiat łomżyński)


text:
Il distretto di Echallens è stato un distretto del Canton Vaud, in Svizzera. Confinava con i distretti di Yverdon a nord, di Moudon a est, di Oron a sud-est, di Losanna a sud, di Cossonay a ovest e di Orbe a nord-ovest. Il capoluogo era Echallens.

In seguito alla riforma territoriale entrata in vigore nel 2008 il distretto è stato soppresso e i suoi comuni sono entrati a far parte del distretto del Gros-de-Vaud.

Amministrativamente era diviso in 3 circoli e 29 comuni:

Bottens
 Bottens
 Bretigny-sur-Morrens
 Cugy
 Dommartin
 Froideville
 Malapalud
 Morrens
 Poliez-le-Grand
 Poliez-Pittet
 Villars-Tiercelin

Echallens
 Assens
 Bioley-Orjulaz
 Echallens
 Eclagnens
 Etagnières
 Goumoens-la-Ville
 Goumoens-le-Jux
 Oulens-sous-Echallens
 Saint-Barthélemy
 Villars-le-Terroir

Vuarrens
 Bercher
 Essertines-sur-Yverdon
 Fey
 Naz
 Pailly
 Penthéréaz
 Rueyres
 Sugnens
 Vuarrens

Altri progetti

Echallens
Echallens


text:
Jersey City Reservoir No. 3 is a decommissioned reservoir atop Bergen Hill in the Heights of Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, situated on approximately   just south of Pershing Field. It was built between 1871 and 1874 as part of the city's waterworks system designed to provide potable water to the city, including Ellis Island. Its perimeter wall is in the Egyptian Revival style and pump stations are in the Romanesque Revival style. The reservoir provided drinking water until the 1980s, when it was drained and abandoned for a larger reservoir at the Boonton Gorge.  Since that time, a mini-ecosystem has taken root behind the thick, 20-foot tall stone walls: trees, wildflowers, swans, great blue heron, peregrine falcons, and at the center a 6-acre (2.4 ha) lake. This urban wildlife preserve hosts numerous animal and plant species not otherwise found in an urban environment. It was listed on the state and the federal registers of historic places in 2012. Nearby Reservoir No. 1 was located on either side of Summit Avenue and has been demolished.

The Jersey City Reservoir Preservation Alliance, started in 2002, runs the maintenance and supervision programs necessary to keep the park open to the public every Saturday from May–October. The Alliance also runs summertime programming in arts, music, and recreation to bring new and returning community members to the space. The reservoir is also available for educational visits. The Alliance received the Ted Conrad "Preservationist of the Year" Award in 2005.

Plans to make changes to the wildlife area by the city have been met with resistance from preservationists.

See also

Hackensack Water Company Complex
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey
Jersey City Reservoir Preservation Alliance

References

External links
 Gallery: A Day in the Life: Jersey City Reservoir #3 in Jersey City
Jersey City reservoir Alliance
THE JERSEY CITY WATER WORKS PIPELINE, 1851-1873

Reservoirs in New Jersey
Buildings and structures in Jersey City, New Jersey
Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Egyptian Revival architecture in the United States
Buildings and structures completed in 1874
Romanesque Revival architecture in New Jersey
Tourist attractions in Jersey City, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Hudson County, New Jersey
Bodies of water of Hudson County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Parks in Hudson County, New Jersey


text:
Lincoln Business College was a business college located in Lincoln, Nebraska.  It was founded in 1884, and by 1925 had merged with the Nebraska School of Business to become the Lincoln School of Commerce.  It later became Hamilton College, Kaplan University, and its ultimate successor is now the Lincoln branch of Purdue University Global.

History

The school was founded in 1884 by F.F. Roose.  Its original location was in an office building at the corner of Eleventh and O Streets.  It subsequently moved to the Oliver Building at Thirteenth and P streets, where it remained for 16 years.  On 1914, it moved to a new building on the northwest corner of Fourteenth and P Streets.  E.C. Bigger was president of the college in the 1910s.

By 1925, the Lincoln Business College and Nebraska School of Business (a former location of Brown's Business College) were merged and became the Lincoln School of Commerce.  The school's old building on 14th Street was still standing as of 2010 and was occupied by a printing business.

Later history

In April 1997, many years after the school relocated to K Street in the 1960s, the Lincoln School of Commerce was acquired by Educational Medical, Inc.  Educational Medical (renamed as Quest Education Corporation) was acquired by Kaplan, Inc., in 2000, and in 2004 the school was renamed the Lincoln campus of Iowa-based Hamilton College.  In October 2007, all of the Hamilton campuses were merged into Kaplan University.

Athletics
The Lincoln School of Commerce competed in college athletics as part of the National Junior College Athletic Association. Following the name change to Hamilton College, the school's teams were known as the Hamilton Aliens.

Notable alumni
 Samuel Roy McKelvie (1901), Governor of Nebraska (1919-1923)
 Theodore C. Diers, Wyoming state representative and senator

References

Defunct private universities and colleges in Nebraska
Educational institutions established in 1884
1884 establishments in Nebraska
Schools in Lincoln, Nebraska


text:
Bunești este un sat în comuna Cotmeana din județul Argeș, Muntenia, România.

Bunești, Cotmeana


text:
Корниці — село в гміні Петровіце-Вельке Рациборського повіту Сілезького воєводства

Корниці — село, адміністративна частина міста Літомишль


text:
Te-tsun Yü (1908–1986) was a Chinese botanist, specialising in Spermatophytes and Phanerogams, particularly in the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China, which have the most diverse flora in China.

Education
Yu was taught by Hu Xiansu.

Career
Yu was a co-founder of the Kunming Institute of Botany. He worked as editor of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae and director of the Institute of Botany at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

He was a prolific collector of plant specimens in Yunnan, making expeditions into the largely unexplored mountains in the north west of the province. Thousands of specimens he collected were exported to Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts and Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh who funded the expeditions in 1937.

In 1979 he toured the United States as part of a delegation from the Botanical Society of the People's Republic of China in reciprocal arrangements with the Botanical Society of America. This collaboration led to the Flora of China Project which started shortly after Yu's death and was first published in 1994.

He compiled "The Botanical Gardens of China" (Published: 1983 by Science Press, Beijing, ) which contains many colour photographs and maps of each botanical garden.

References

External links
 http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/index.html Flora of China Project

20th-century Chinese botanists
Chinese gardeners
Chinese taxonomists
Beijing Normal University alumni
1908 births
1986 deaths
Biologists from Beijing
Members of the Jiusan Society


text:
Lollapalooza es un festival musical de los Estados Unidos que originalmente ofrecía bandas de rock alternativo, indie y punk rock; también hay actuaciones cómicas y de danza. Concebido en 1991 por Perry Farrell, cantante de Jane's Addiction, Lollapalooza se realizó anualmente hasta 1997 y fue revivido en 2003. El festival encapsula la cultura joven de los años 1990. "Generación Lollapalooza" es a veces sinónimo de "Generación X". El Lollapalooza inaugural estuvo de gira por Estados Unidos y Canadá desde mediados de julio hasta finales de agosto de 1991. El cartel inaugural del Lollapalooza estaba compuesto por artistas del rock alternativo (como Siouxsie and the Banshees, que fueron los segundos artistas principales detrás de Jane's Addiction), música industrial (como Nine Inch Nails) y rap (Ice-T rapeó y usó la plataforma para lanzar Body Count, su banda de heavy metal). El estreno en Phoenix, Arizona, el 18 de julio de 1991, fue cubierto por un reportaje en MTV, que finalizó con este comentario "Lollapalooza podría ser la gira del verano"; la gira terminó en Seattle en agosto. 28 de 1991.

La primera aparición oficial de Lollapalooza fuera de Estados Unidos fue en 2011 en Santiago, Chile, siendo el primer país en Latinoamérica en recibir dicho evento mundial, sumándose una versión brasileña desde 2012. Existe una versión argentina anual en Buenos Aires desde 2014. Se anunció que el primer Festival Lollapalooza se llevaría a cabo en Europa en septiembre de 2015 en Berlín, en el histórico Aeropuerto de Tempelhof. En julio de 2015, se confirmó una nueva versión para septiembre de 2016 en Bogotá, Colombia en la plaza de eventos del Parque Metropolitano Simón Bolívar. Sin embargo, fue cancelado en julio de 2016.

Farrell vendió la marca Lollapalooza al Capital Sports & Entertainment, el cual ha manejado el Austin City Limits Music Festival. Esta empresa resucitó a Lollapalooza como un festival de dos días en el año 2005, en el Grant Park de Chicago. Con una gran variedad de participantes (70 actos en cinco escenarios), el festival fue generalmente un éxito pero no es comparable al éxito del festival viajero, atrayendo alrededor de 30 000 personas.

El 19 de noviembre de 2010, Farrell anunció que el evento se realizaría por primera vez en veinte años fuera de Estados Unidos. La ciudad elegida fue Santiago, en Chile, donde el festival se realizó los días 2 y 3 de abril de 2011. En Chicago, Estados Unidos, se realizó del 5 al 7 de agosto del mismo año. El 4 de abril de 2011, luego de una exitosa versión con más de 100.000 personas en Chile, Farrell y la productora Lotus anunciaron que se realizaría otra versión del festival en Chile en abril de 2012.

En julio de 2011 se confirmó lo dicho al terminar la versión chilena, confirmando que desde 2011 se realizaría una versión anual en Chile, siendo la siguiente los días 31 de marzo y 1 de abril de 2012, además de una versión brasileña en São Paulo los días 7 y 8 de abril del mismo año.

En 2012 se confirma una nueva edición en Tel Aviv en Israel, la cual se realizó el 20, 21 y 22 de agosto de 2013 en el Yarkon Park, además de agregar un tercer día en Brasil, los días 29, 30 y 31 de marzo de 2013, y el 6 y 7 de abril en Santiago de Chile. Cabe destacar que esta versión, a pesar de contar con un día menos, tuvo una cantidad de artistas mayor que la de Brasil.

Lollapalooza Chile

2011
Lollapalooza Chile 2011 fue la primera edición del festival en Chile y la primera fuera de Estados Unidos. Se realizó el sábado 2 y domingo 3 de abril de 2011. Entre los artistas que se presentaron se cuentan:

 Claro Stage - sábado: The Killers, The National, James (banda), Los Bunkers; domingo: Kanye West, 30 Seconds to Mars, The Flaming Lips, 311 (banda), Mala Rodríguez.
 Coca Cola Zero Stage - sábado: Francisca Valenzuela, Deftones, Cypress Hill, Steel Pulse, Ben Harper; domingo: Jane's Addiction, Chico Trujillo, Todos tus Muertos, Sublime with Rome, Quique Neira.
 Escenario LG (Movistar Arena) - sábado: Fatboy Slim, Empire of the Sun (banda), Perry Etty v/s Chris Cox, Joachim Garraud, Zeta Bosio, Latin Bitman, DJ Raff, New Kids on the Noise, Ital; domingo: Armin Van Buuren, Boys Noize, Fischerspooner, Ghostland Observatory, Toy Selektah, Javiera Mena, Matanza.
 Tech Stage (Teatro La Cúpula) - sábado: Cansei de Ser Sexy, Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros, Datarock, Bomba Estéreo, Astro, Ana Tijoux, Dënver, Devil Presley; domingo: Cold War Kids, The Ganjas, Cat Power, Fother Muckers, The Drums, Cómo Asesinar a Felipes, Devendra Banhart, Mundano.
 Kidzapalooza - sábado: Achú, TBD, Los Pulentos, Magic Twins, Power Peralta; domingo: Los Pulentos, Achú y Los Plumabits, Fractal y Joe Vasconcellos, Cuchara.
Headliners en negrita.

2012
Lollapalooza Chile 2012 se realizó el sábado 31 de marzo y domingo 1 de abril de 2012. Entre los artistas que se presentaron se cuentan:
 Claro-LG Stage - sábado: Pedro Piedra, Gentleman, Thievery Corporation, Cage the Elephant, Bjork; domingo: Bbs Paranoicos, Foster the People, Band of Horses, Joan Jett & the Blackhearts, Foo Fighters.
 Coca Cola Stage - sábado: Gustavo Cordera, Gogol Bordello, Los Jaivas, Oxbit, Arctic Monkeys; domingo: Camila Moreno, Friendly Fires, TV on the Radio, MGMT.
 Alternative Stage - sábado: Adanowsky, Plebe Rude, Hoppo!, Los Tetas, Electrodomésticos, Crosses; domingo: Alex Anwandter, Juana Fe, Systema Solar, Morodo, Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas, Peaches.
 Perry's Stage (Movistar Arena) - sábado: El sueño de la casa propia, Adriánigual, Ritmo Machine, Surtek Collective, Bassnectar, Calvin Harris; domingo: Mawashi, PerryEtty vs Chris Cox, The Crystal Method, Tinie Tempah, Skrillex, Above & Beyond.
 Huntcha Stage (Teatro La Cúpula) - sábado: Dion, Beat Calavera, Pulenta, La Mala Senda, Föllakzoid, Silvestre; domingo: Soul & senses, Yael Meyer, Gush, We Are the Grand, Fernando Milagros, Jiminelson.
 Kidzapalooza - sábado: Mosquitas Muertas, Inti Illimani Histórico, MC Billeta, 31 minutos; domingo: Newen Afrobeat, Anitchie, Mazapán, 31 minutos

2013
Lollapalooza Chile 2013 se realizó el sábado 6 de abril y domingo 7 de abril de 2013. Entre los artistas que se presentaron se cuentan:
 Claro Stage - sábado: Gepe, Hot Chip, Two Door Cinema Club, The Hives, Pearl Jam; domingo: Perrosky, Gary Clark, Jr., Tomahawk, A Perfect Circle, The Black Keys.
 Coca Cola Stage - sábado: Banda Conmoción, Chancho en Piedra, Of Monsters and Men, Kaiser Chiefs, Queens of the Stone Age; domingo: De Saloon, Manuel García, deadmau5, Franz Ferdinand, Keane.
 PlayStation Stage - sábado: Carla Morrison, Dread Mar-I, Alabama Shakes, The Temper Trap, Passion Pit, Puscifer; domingo: Russian Red, Toro y Moi, Marcelo D2, Los Tres, Bad Brains, Foals.
 LG Optimus Stage - sábado: Mecánico, DJ Marky, Crystal Castles, Zeds Dead, Major Lazer, Kaskade; domingo: Daniel Klauser, Poncho, Porter Robinson, NAS, Steve Aoki.

2014
Lollapalooza Chile 2014 se realizó el sábado 29 de marzo y domingo 30 de marzo de 2014. Entre los artistas que se presentaron se cuentan:
 Claro Stage - sábado: Joe Vasconcellos, Café Tacuba, Imagine Dragons, Phoenix, Red Hot Chili Peppers; domingo: Hoppo!, Portugal. The Man, The Voidz, Pixies, Soundgarden.
 Coca Cola Stage - sábado: Movimiento Original, Lucybell, Cage the Elephant, Ellie Goulding, Nine Inch Nails; domingo: We Are The Grand, Ana Tijoux, Johnny Marr, Vampire Weekend, Arcade Fire.
 PlayStation Stage - sábado: Santobando, Nano Stern, Capital Cities, Jake Bugg, AFI, Francisca Valenzuela, The Wailers; domingo: Red Oblivion, Natalia Lafourcade, Inti-Illimani, Savages, Lorde, Jovanotti, New Order.
 LG-G2 Stage - sábado: Fat Pablo, Lance Herbstrong, Flume, Baauer, Wolfgang Gartner, The Bloody Beetroots, Zedd; domingo: Alejandro Vivanco, Sanfuentes, PerryEtty vs Joachim Garraud, Flux Pavilion, Krewella, Kid Cudi, Axwell.

2015
Lollapalooza Chile 2015 se realizó el sábado 14 de marzo y domingo 15 de marzo de 2015. Entre los artistas que se presentaron se cuentan:
Jack White, Kings of Leon, Calvin Harris, Skrillex, Robert Plant, The Smashing Pumpkins, Foster the People, Alt-J, Kasabian, Interpol, Bastille, Major Lazer, Nicky Romero, Damian Marley, Cypress Hill, The Kooks, The Specials, St. Vincent, Rudimental, Dillon Francis, Molotov, SBTRKT, NOFX, DJ Snake, Carnage, Astro, Coffeehouse, Chet Faker, RVSB, Kill the Noise, entre otros.

Jorge González canceló su participación debido a su estado de salud tras un infarto cerebrovascular el 8 de febrero de 2015. NOFX canceló su participación debido a problemas familiares de Fat Mike y fue sustituido por The Last Internationale.

2016
Lollapalooza Chile 2016 se realizó el sábado 19 de marzo y domingo 20 de marzo de 2016. Entre los artistas que se presentaron se cuentan:
Eminem, Florence + The Machine, Jack Ü, Mumford & Sons, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, Brandon Flowers, Tame Impala, Zedd, Kaskade, Die Antwoord, Alabama Shakes, Of Monsters and Men, Bad Religion, Jungle, Odesza, Twenty One Pilots, Ghost, Halsey, Albert Hammond, Jr., Walk the Moon, RL Grime, Zeds Dead, Flosstradamus, Marina & the Diamonds, Duke Dumont, Eagles of Death Metal, Candlebox, A-Trak, Gepe, Javiera Mena, Babasónicos, Movimiento Original, Gramatik, Matthew Koma, Seeed, The Joy Formidable, Bitman & Roban, Ases Falsos, Vintage Trouble, Föllakzoid, Tinariwen, Jiminelson, Aguaturbia, Tiano Bless, Jack Novak, Magaly Fields, Oddó, La Guacha, DJ Who, Tunacola, The Suicide Bitches, Kuervos del Sur, Rootz Hi-Fi & M8cky Banton, Telebit, Planeta No, Julius Popper y Stone Giant.

2017

Lollapalooza Chile 2017 se realizó el sábado 1 de abril y domingo 2 de abril de 2017. Entre los artistas que se presentaron se cuentan: Metallica, The Strokes, The Weeknd, The XX, Flume, Martin Garrix, Duran Duran, Two Door Cinema Club, Rancid, The 1975, G-Eazy, Tove Lo, Melanie Martinez, Cage the Elephant, MØ, Marshmello, Nervo, Oliver Heldens, Catfish and the Bottlemen, Glass Animals, Vance Joy, Jimmy Eat World, Tchami, Don Diablo, Tegan and Sara, Lucybell, Alex Anwandter, Bomba Estereo, Griz, Gondwana, Kygo, Weichafe, Silversun Pickups, Borgore, La Pozze Latina, Alok, Dj Who, We Are The Grand, Villa Cariño, Zaturno ft. McPiri, Mad Professor, (Me Llamo) Sebastián, López, Liricistas, Newen Afrobeat, Rootz Hifi & M8cky Banton, Prehistóricos, Crisalida, Roman & Castro, Mariel Mariel, Temple Agents, Dr. Vena, Chicago Toys, Paz Court, Boraj, 8Monkis, Rey Puesto, Enrique Icka, Tus Amigos Nuevos, Vives y Forero, Rod Valdes, Amahiro.

2018
Lollapalooza Chile 2018 se realizó el viernes 16, sábado 17 y domingo 18 de marzo de 2018. Entre los artistas que se presentaron se cuentan: Pearl Jam, The Killers, Red Hot Chili Peppers, LCD Soundsystem, Lana del Rey, Imagine Dragons, Chance the Rapper, Wiz Khalifa, DJ Snake, Kygo, Hardwell, The National, Liam Gallagher, Khalid, Galantis, David Byrne, Royal Blood, Mon Laferte, Yellow Claw, Dillon Francis, Anderson Paak & The Free Nationals, Aurora, Mac Miller, DVBBS, Milky Chance, Mac DeMarco, Spoon, The Neighbourhood, Metronomy, Volbeat, Camila Cabello, Zara Larsson, Alan Walker, Alison Wonderland, Chancho En Piedra, NGTHMRE, What So Not, Cheat Codes, Los Jaivas, Oh Wonder, Kaleo, Bajofondo, Deorro, Thomas Jack, Shiba San, Latin Bitman, Sinergia, Anita Dinamita, Louis The Child, Quique Neira & Tiano Bless, Las Pelotas, Movimiento Original, Alain Johannes Trío, Pedropiedra, Moral Distraída, Fernando Milagros, Zoé, Tash Sultana, Matanza, Whethan, De Kiruza, Cordillera, Como Asesinar A Felipes, Vicente Sanfuentes, Kuervos del Sur, Damas Gratis, Santaferia, Boom Boom Kid, El Búho, Rootz HiFi, The Ganjas, Amilcar, Ego Kill Talent, Shoot The Radio, Roman & Castro, DJ Caso, Maxi Vargas, Ceaese, Mkrni, Spiral Vortex, Mitú, Camileazy, Kapitol, Jordan Ferrer, Ribo, Tentempiés, DJ Mel, Hedo, Alex June, Rubio, Hausi Kuta, DJ Nea, Tumu Tapu, Fuglar, Zsanchos, 31 minutos, Laguna y el Río, Deep Roy, Los Fi, School Of Rock, Olhaberry el Mago del Fin Del Mundo, El Barco Volador, The Alive, Los Frutanes.

2019
Lollapalooza Chile 2019 se realizó el viernes 29, sábado 30 y domingo 31 de marzo de 2019. Entre los artistas que se presentaron se cuentan: Kendrick Lamar, Twenty One Pilots, Arctic Monkeys, Lenny Kravitz, Post Malone, Sam Smith, Tiësto, The 1975, Interpol, Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Steve Aoki, Macklemore, Juanes Odesza, Greta Van Fleet, Years & Years, Vicentico, Ziggy Marley, Rosalía, Foals, St. Vincent, Zhu, Don Diablo, Snow Patrol, Caeteno Moreno Zega & Tom Veloso, Bring Me the Horizon, KSHMR, Portugal. The Man, Paulo Londra, Rüfüs Du Sol, Jorja Smith, Fisher, Gepe, Clairo, Kungs, Rl Crime, Proteje & The Indiggnatio, Troye Sivan, Ana Tijoux, Los Tres, Loud Luxury, GTA, Green Valley, Américo, Nicola Cruz, Monsieur Periné, The Fever 333, Booka Shade,Valentino Khan, Jain, Francisca Valenzuela, Joe Vasconcellos, Dj Who, Parcels, Lany, Kamasi Washington, Paloma Mami, Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra, Hippie Sabotaje, Ases Falsos, C. Tangana, A. Chal, Nova Materia, Mc Kevinho, Satori, Chancha Vía Circulito, DJ Raff, Pillanes, La Vela Puerga, Khea, La Floripondio, Seun Kuti, Kidd Keo, Rubio, The Inspector Cluzo, Jet Lag, Zaturno, Fiskales Ad-Hok, Alemán, Frank's White Canvas, Rootz Hi-Fi, Bad Gyal, Caramelos De Cianuro, DrefQuila, Bronko Yotte, Playa Gótica., Newen Afrobeat, Adelaida, Sita Abellán, Fernanda Arrau, Melanie Ribbe, Elkin Robinson, Alika, Tomasa del Real, Natalia Contesse, Omar Valera, Cigarbox Man, ILe, Amanitas, Kaleema, Humboldt, Gianluca, Fantasna, Julio Victoria, Keko Yoma, Sistek, Kingo Roots & Ras Kadhu, Compadre, Entrópica, Red Rabbit, DJ Tressor, Drunvaloop, Isa Rojas, Pol Del Sur, Polimá Westcoast, Flak, Goldenrat, Jefe Indio, Los Pulentos, Sinergia Kids Game, Ángel Parra Y Los Retornados, Sophi Lira, Subhira, Los Frutantes, Fundación Orquestas Juveniles E Infantiles, Danzante.

2021
La versión lollapalooza de 2020 y 2021 se iba a realizar los días 27, 28 y 29 de marzo de 2020 pero debido a la Pandemia de enfermedad por Coronavirus se postergó para los días viernes 27, sábado 28 y domingo 29 de noviembre del mismo año ante la emergencia sanitaria. Sin embargo se volvió a postergar el evento para el año 2021 para los días 26, 27 y 28 de noviembre, pero volvió a postergarse.

Finalmente, pudo llevarse a cabo para los días 18, 19 y 20 de marzo de 2022. en el Parque Bicentenario de Cerrillos.

2023
La versión 2023 se llevará a cabo los días 17, 18 y 19 de marzo de 2023 por segunda vez en el Parque Bicentenario de Cerrillos.

Lollapalooza Argentina

Lollapalooza Argentina se lleva a cabo en el Hipódromo de San Isidro, en las afueras de la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Es popularmente conocido como "el Lolla"

2014

El festival internacional de rock y pop Lollapalooza se realizó en Buenos Aires los días 1 y 2 de abril de 2014.

El 2 de noviembre de 2013 se había anunciado el lineup de artistas que formarían parte de esta primera edición, al tiempo que habían puesto a la venta los Early Birds, siendo esta la única vez en que estuvieron en venta las entradas al mismo tiempo que se anunciaban las bandas.
Bandas locales e internacionales fueron parte del evento que comenzó pasado el mediodía y se extendió hasta la medianoche.

Los organizadores estimaron que en total más de 130.000 personas concurrieron al predio, durante los dos días del festival.

Para el festival, se montaron cuatro escenarios Main Stage 1, Main Stage 2, Alternative y Perry's Stage que alternaron estilos y convocaron a públicos variados.

Martes 1 de abril y miércoles 2 de abril de 2014.
 Main Stage 1 - martes: Intrépidos Navegantes, Onda Vaga, Capital Cities, The Voidz, Phoenix, Arcade Fire; miércoles: La Armada Cósmica, Airbag, Jovanotti, Ellie Goulding, Pixies, Red Hot Chili Peppers.
 Main Stage 2 - martes: Walter Domínguez, Sig Ragga, Juana Molina, Cage the Elephant, Imagine Dragons, Nine Inch Nails; miércoles: La Bomba de Tiempo, Él Mató a un Policía Motorizado, Johnny Marr, Vampire Weekend, Soundgarden.
 Alternative - martes: Alde, Naçao Zumbi, Portugal. The Man, Jake Bugg, Lorde, New Order; miércoles: Detonantes, Savages, Pez, AFI, Illya Kuryaki & The Valderramas.
 Perry's Stage - martes: Franco V, Dietrich, Nairobi, Flume, Flux Pavillon, Wolfgang Gartner, Kid Cudi, Zedd; miércoles: Búlgara, RVSB, Dj Paul, Perry Etty & Joachim Garraud, Baauer, Krewella, The Bloody Beetrots, Axwell.

2015
La segunda edición del Lollapalooza Argentina se llevó a cabo los días 21 y 22 de marzo de 2015. Tocaron artistas de renombre a nivel mundial como, Pharrell Williams, Calvin Harris, Robert Plant, The Smashing Pumpkins, Foster the People, Kasabian, Skrillex, Cypress Hill, entre otros.

Asistieron más de 140.000 personas entre los dos días.

En cuanto a los Sideshows se llevaron a cabo los días 21 y 23 de marzo. El primero de los tres de esta segunda edición del festival fue Skrillex, que se presentó en el Salón Frers de La Rural, con Kill The Noise como artista invitado. El segundo día de se presentaron las bandas Kasabian, The Kooks y Alt-J. Los dos primeros tocaron de manera conjunta, nuevamente en el complejo de La Rural, mientras que Alt-J se apoderò de la noche en Niceto Club.

 Artistas:
Jack White, Pharrell Williams, Calvin Harris, Robert Plant, The Smashing Pumpkins, Foster the People, Kasabian, Skrillex, Cypress Hill, Interpol, The Kooks, Bastille, Alt-J, Major Lazer, Rudimental, Pedro Aznar, Nicky Romero, Damian Marley, SBTRKT, St. Vincent, NOFX, DJ Snake, Fitz and The Tantrums, The Chainsmokers, Dillon Francis, Kongos, Carnage, Chet Faker, Molotov, Kill the Noise, Ed Motta, Dancing Mood, Maxi Trusso, Ritmo Machine, Poncho, Miss Bolivia, Three Days Grace, Leiva, Big Gigantic, Quique Neira, Orquesta Típica Fernández Fierro, Chancha Via Circuito, Zero Kill, Francisca y Los Exploradores, Tommy Drueta, Jvlian, Sambara, Hipnótica, Boom Pam, Despertar Antoles.

2016
Viernes 18 y sábado 19 de marzo de 2016.

Artistas: Eminem, Florence + The Machine, Jack Ü, Mumford & Sons, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, Brandon Flowers, Tame Impala, Zedd, Kaskade, Die Antwoord, Alabama Shakes, Of Monsters and Men, Babasónicos, Illya Kuryaki & The Valderramas, Marina & the Diamonds, Odesza, Twenty One Pilots, Halsey, Bad Religion, Jungle, Albert Hammond Jr, Ghost, Walk the Moon, Flosstradamus, RL Grime, Zeds Dead, A-Trak, Carajo, Eruca Sativa, Eagles of Death Metal, Sig Ragga, Duke Dumont, The Joy Formidable, Meteoros, Rosario Ortega, Victoria Bernardi, Seeed, Gramatik, Vintage Trouble, Matthew Koma, Jack Novak, Leo García, El Kuelgue, Los Espíritus, Zuker, Festa Bros, Villa Diamante, Juan Ingaramo, Solimano Live, Eric Mandarina, Frane y la Faktor Band, y Stone Giant.

2017
Viernes 31 de marzo y sábado 1 de abril de 2017.

Artistas: Metallica, The Chainsmokers, The Strokes, The Weeknd, The XX, Flume, Martin Garrix, Two Door Cinema Club, Rancid, Duran Duran, The 1975, G-Eazy, Tove Lo, Melanie Martinez, León Gieco, Lisandro Aristimuño, MØ, Cage the Elephant, Marshmello, Glass Animals, Oliver Heldens, Catfish and the Bottlemen, Nervo, Tegan and Sara, Turf, Poncho, Tchami, Don Diablo, Criolo, Palo Pandolfo, Vance Joy, Mad Professor, Nicola Cruz, Campo, Griz, Silversun Pickups, Alok, Borgore, La Yegros, Sara Hebe, El Plan de la Mariposa, Deny, Bestia Bebé, Huevo, Bándalos Chinos, DJ Paul, Malevo, Fianru, Un Planeta, Usted Señálemelo, La Máquina Camaleón y Joystick.

2018
Viernes 16 de marzo, sábado 17 de marzo y domingo (Cancelado) 18 de marzo de 2018.

Artistas: Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Killers, Imagine Dragons, Lana del Rey, LCD Soundsystem, Chance the Rapper, Wiz Khalifa, DJ Snake, Kygo, Hardwell, Liam Gallagher, The National, Khalid, David Byrne, Galantis, Royal Blood, Las Pelotas, Bajofondo, Damas Gratis, Yellow Claw, DVBBS, Dillon Francis, Aurora, Mac Miller, Anderson. Paak & The Free Nationals, Mac DeMarco, Metronomy, Milky Chance, Dante Spinetta, Emmanuel Horvilleur, Camila Cabello, Spoon, The Neighbourhood, Volbeat, Zara Larsson, Mon Laferte, Zoé, Miranda!, Los Espíritus, Alan Walker, Alison Wonderland, Oh Wonder, Deorro, Cheat Codes, Marilina Bertoldi, Clubz, Bambi, Barco, Indios, Octafonic, Leo Garcia + Benito Cerati, Militantes del Climax, Nightmre, What So Not, Oriana, Nathy Peluso, Jesse Baez, Tash Sultana, Mitú, Kaleo, Satélite 23, Jakob Ogawa, Luca Bocci, Thomas Jack, Shiba San, Louis the Child, Ela Minus, Dj Who, Whethan, Aloe, Isla de Caras, Halpe, El jardin de ordoñez, Valdes, El Zar, Nene Almíbar, Programa y Pyura, Oriana Sabatini

2019
Viernes 29, sábado 30 y domingo 31 de marzo de 2019.

Artistas: Kendrick Lamar, La Mona Jiménez,
Arctic Monkeys, Twenty One Pilots, Lenny Kravitz, Post Malone, Sam Smith, Tiësto, The 1975, Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Steve Aoki, Macklemore, Fito Páez, Paulo Londra, Caetano Moreno Zeca & Tom Veloso, Jorge Drexler, Interpol, Odesza, Greta Van Fleet, Vicentico, Years & Years, Rosalía, La Mona Jiménez, Zhu, Snow Patrol, Foals, St. Vincent, Juana Molina, Kshmr, Don Diablo, Troye Sivan, Bring Me The Horizon, Lali, Jorja Smith, Cazzu, Khea, Portugal. The Man, Rüfüs Du Sol, Los Hermanos, RL Grime, Fisher, Kungs, Valentino Khan, Kamasi Washington, Clairo, Lany, C. Tangana, Wos, Seven Kayne, C.R.O, Neo Pistea, Perotá Chingó, Jain, Alex Anwandter, Escalandrum, Bad Gyal, Parcels, Gryffin, GTA, Bhavi, Loud Luxury, Ama Lou, The Fever 333, Hippie Sabotage, Bambi, Perras On The Beach, Omar Varela & Mykka, Dak1llah, Lelé, Salvapantallas, Lucho Ssj, Dano, Jetlag, Metro Live, Conociendo Rusia, Barbi Recanati, Sita Abellán, La Grande, Catnapp, Mexican Jihad & Tayhana, CA7RIEL, Coral Casino, Telescopios, Julio Victoria, Tomi Morano, 1915, Gativideo, Candelaria Zamar, Naomi Preizler, Agrupación Capitán, Alfonsina, Yataians, Batalla de los Gallos.

2020-2021
Originalmente el Lollapalooza 2020 se iba a realizar entre el 27 y 29 de marzo de 2020, pero debido a la Pandemia por enfermedad de Coronavirus se decidió postergar para los días 27, 28 y 29 de noviembre de 2021 . Sin embargo en octubre de 2021, se volvió a postergar el evento para el año 2022. Los artistas que integraron la nómina para el evento de 2020 incluían a Guns and Roses, Travis Scott, The Strokes, Lana del Rey, Martin Garrix, Gwen Stefani, Kacey Musgraves, Jaden Smith, Armin Van Buuren, Vampire Weekend, Cage the Elephant, Hayley Kiyoko, James Blake, Duki, Ratones Paranoicos, Alan Walker, Ilennium, entre otros.

2022

Luego de los aplazamientos que tuvo el evento en los dos años previos, se anunció que el Lollapalooza Argentina 2022 se realizaría entre el 18, 19 y 20 marzo de 2022 en el hipódromo de San Isidro. Entre los artistas anunciados para presentarse en el evento se encuentran Miley Cyrus, A$AP Rocky, The Strokes, Doja Cat, Lola Indigo, Machine Gun Kelly, Foo Fighters, Martin Garrix, Alan Walker, J-Hope, entre otros.

2023
El 28 de junio de 2022 fue anunciado que la edición del 2023 se realizará el 17, 18 y 19 de marzo de 2023, nuevamente en el Hipódromo de San Isidro. Desde el 5 de julio se pueden comprar las entradas a precio Early Bird. El 11 de octubre se conoció el lineup oficial, que tiene como headliners a Drake, Twenty One Pilots, Tame Impala y Billie Eilish.

En la cultura popular

Los Simpson
En Los Simpson de 1996, apareció un episodio llamado Homerpalooza, Homer lleva a Bart y a Lisa a un alternativo festival de música llamado Hullabalooza, en él salen caricaturas de Cypress Hill, Peter Frampton, The Smashing Pumpkins y Sonic Youth.

South Park
En South Park, en el episodio llamado Timmy 2000, Timmy se une a la banda de "Los Señores del Inframundo" y que participa en una competencia de bandas, donde ganan y se les permite actuar en el festival de música Lalapalalapaza.

Daria
En la serie Daria, en el capítulo de la primera temporada de 1997 Peripecias del camino todos los jóvenes de Lawndale se van en grupos a ver el festival Alternapalooza, aunque por diversos motivos no llegan a destino.

Hajime no Ippo (anime)
En el comienzo del capítulo 71 de la primera temporada, Takamura dice: "Lallullu Apallullu oza", pero Yagi Haruhiko le corrige diciendo: "En realidad es 'Lollapalooza' y significa 'puñetazo que hace temblar el suelo'". El capítulo 72 tiene como título: "Lollapalooza".

Danny Phantom
En el capítulo doble llamado "Reality Trip" (Viaje a la realidad) capítulos 37 y 38 (o 17 y 18 de la segunda Temporada), Danny, Sam y Tucker planean un viaje de verano entre los 3, y el lugar escogido por Sam es un festival llamado "Gothapalloza" (porque el personaje de Samantha es gótico).

Steven Universe
En el capítulo titulado Steven & The Stevens (Steven Y Los Stevens en español) habrá un concierto en la playa llamado Beachapalloza en donde tocara el papá de Steven Universe.

Artistas con más participaciones

Chicago (a partir de 2005):

 6:  Cold War Kids (2006, 07, 09, 11 y 15)
 5:  The Black Keys (2005, 07, 08, 10 y 12)
 5:  Manchester Orchestra (2006, 08, 09, 11 y 14)
 4:  The Verve Pipe (2010(2)-2012(2))
 4:  Spoon (2005-07-10-14)
 4:  Cage the Elephant (2007-09-11-14)
 4:  Hot Chip (2006-10-13-15)
 4:  Arctic Monkeys (2009-11-14-18)
 2:  Lady Gaga (2007 y 2010)

Santiago (a partir de 2011):

 3:  Cage the Elephant (2012, 2014 y 2017)
 2:  Foo Fighters (2012 y 2022)
 2:  Red Hot Chili Peppers (2014 y 2018)
 2:  Pearl Jam (2013 y 2018)
 2:  The Killers (2011 y 2018)
 2:  Flume (2014 y 2017)
 2:  Los Jaivas
 2:  Lucybell (2014 y 2017)
 2:  Alex Anwandter (2012 y 2017)
 2:  Two Door Cinema Club (2013 y 2017)
 2:  Francisca Valenzuela (2011 y 2014)
 2:  Javiera Mena (2011 y 2016)
 2:  Marina Diamandis (2016 y 2022)

São Paulo (a partir de 2012):

 3:  Cage the Elephant (2012, 2014 y 2017)
 2:  Foster the People (2012 y 2015)
 2:  Steve Aoki (2013 y 2015)
 2:  Alabama Shakes (2013 y 2016)
 2:  Pearl Jam (2013 y 2018)
 2:  Flume (2014 y 2017)
 2:  Red Hot Chili Peppers (2014 y 2018)
 2:  The Chainsmokers (2015 y 2017)

 Buenos Aires (a partir de 2014):

 3:  Twenty One Pilots (2016, 2019 y 2023)
 2:  Cage the Elephant (2014 y 2017)
 2:  Illya Kuryaki & The Valderramas (2014 y 2017)
 2:  Imagine Dragons (2014 y 2018)
 2:  Red Hot Chili Peppers (2014 y 2018)
 2:  Juana Molina (2014 y 2019)
 2:  Portugal. The Man (2014 y 2019)
 2:  The Chainsmokers (2015 y 2017)
 2:  Odesza (2016 y 2019)
 2:  The 1975 (2017 y 2019)
 2:  The Strokes (2017 y 2022)

Véase también
 Evolutionpalooza!

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Lollapalooza en Santiago de Chile 2011
 (en inglés) 2010 Chicago Lollapalooza
 (en inglés) Lollapalooza en 1992

Festivales de rock de Estados Unidos
Festivales de rock de Chile
Lollapalooza_Argentina


text:
Greatest Hits Volume One is the first greatest hits album by American country music artist Toby Keith. It was released on October 20, 1998 by Mercury Records and was his final album for the label, where he had been from the start of his career in 1993 to 1998. It features singles from his first four studio albums, as well as the newly recorded tracks "Getcha Some", and "If a Man Answers". Both of these tracks were released as singles, in 1998 and 1999, respectively. While "Getcha Some" peaked at #18 on the Hot Country Songs charts, "If a Man Answers" reached #44 on the same chart, becoming the first single of Keith's career to miss the Top 40. It is Keith's only compilation album not to feature singles in chronological order.

In April 2003, the album was certified Double Platinum by the RIAA.

Track listing

Personnel on New Tracks
Adapted from liner notes.

Mike Brignardello - bass guitar
Mark Casstevens - acoustic guitar
Dan Dugmore - steel guitar
Paul Franklin - steel guitar
Kenny Greenberg - electric guitar
Owen Hale - drums
Roger Hawkins - drums
David Hood - bass guitar
Clayton Ivey - piano
Toby Keith - lead vocals
Will McFarland - electric guitar
Terry McMillan - harmonica, percussion
Steve Nathan - keyboards, organ
Brent Rowan - electric guitar
John Wesley Ryles - background vocals
Dennis Wilson - background vocals
Curtis Young - background vocals

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1998 greatest hits albums
Toby Keith compilation albums
Mercury Records compilation albums
Albums produced by Toby Keith
Albums produced by Harold Shedd


text:
Haptolana belizana är en kräftdjursart som beskrevs av Botosanenau och Thomas M. Iliffe 1997. Haptolana belizana ingår i släktet Haptolana och familjen Cirolanidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Gråsuggor och tånglöss
belizana


text:
The Shagya Arabian is a horse breed which was developed in the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the 19th century at the Bábolna, Mezőhegyes, Radautz, Piber, and Topolcianky studs.  Today it is most often seen in the Czech Republic, Austria, Romania, the former Yugoslavian countries, Poland, Germany, and Hungary, but has been exported to other nations and is bred around the world.  A purebred Shagya Arabian today has bloodlines that can be traced in all lines to the stud books of Rădăuți, Babolna, and Topolcianky.  The breed is considered by some to be a subtype of Arabian horse, but due to the presence of a small amount of non-Arabian breeding others consider it to be an Anglo-Arabian or a partbred Arabian.

Origin

One of the major founding sires was Shagya, a gray Arabian (or, some say part-Arabian) stallion with some ancestors of the Kehilan and Siglavy strains. Born in Syria in 1810, he was taller than the average Arabian of the time, standing  at the withers. His weigh is 530 kg.
He was mostly used for crossbreeding at Babolna, bred few pure-blooded or asil Arabian mares, and thus has no pure Arabian descendants today. Many of the Arabian stallions standing at Babolna and other studs were crossbred with mares who already possessed a great deal of Arabian influence due to the long Turkish occupation of Eastern Europe. Some Thoroughbreds and Lipizzans were also used. In all cases, meticulous pedigree records were kept.

Originally, these predominantly, but not asil Arabian horses were referred to by the generic term Araberrasse (Arab "race" or breed, indicating predominantly Arabian ancestry) but this was changed after the second World War to Shagya by hippologist Dr. Gramazky because he was worried the non-purebred descendants of Shagya would be mixed up with the purebred Arabian horses that were also produced in Hungary. At the time, this name was chosen since Shagya was in virtually every pedigree as an ancestor, though many other Arabian bloodlines are also a part of the Shagya breed.

Bloodlines

While Shagyas are not considered "pure" or asil Arabians, they have a closed stud book and have special status within the World Arabian Horse Organization (WAHO).  In 1978, WAHO stated that Shagya Arabians that have been bred pure after the system of Babolna and Topolcianky may be termed "purebred Shagya Arabians", and the Shagya breeders' organisation is under WAHO patronage as associate members, allowed to use the WAHO emblem.  However, WAHO also was clear that "purebred" in this case means that the horses have been bred pure among themselves and are not to be confused with the term "purebred Arabian". Some aficionados note that the meticulous recordkeeping of the Hungarian studs actually has produced horses with longer and more complete pedigrees than some horses accepted as purebred Arabians by mainstream registries.  However, despite this argument, Shagyas remain a distinct bloodline group and are generally not accepted as pure-blooded Arabians.

Traits
The Shagya Arabian exhibits traits similar to the asil or purebred Arabian horse, with high carried tail, sound bone and excellent endurance.  However, due to the small influx of non-Arabian breeding and the breeding goals of the Hungarian studs, Shagyas tend to be taller, less refined, and bigger-boned than purebred Arabians; the modern Shagya is usually at least 15 hands tall and commonly 16 hands, whereas the breed standard for the Arabian ranges from 14.1 to 15.1 hands, with some individuals over and under that height.

Uses
This breed is recognized as a riding horse, and is also driven in harness.  It was a hardy cavalry horse and is now popular in sport horse disciplines such as dressage, eventing and endurance riding.  The 2006 FEI Endurance World Champion was a Shagya gelding bred at Babolna.

See also
Arabian horse
Gidran

References

External links

 http://www.performanceshagyaregistry.org - Performance Shagya-Arabian Registry
http://www.Shagyas.com - Shagya breed information portal
http://www.shagya-araber.info/indexe.htm - International Shagya Society
http://www.shagyaregistry.com - American Shagya Arabian Verband
http://www.shagya.net - North American Shagya Arabian Society
https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123714/http://www.horsequest.com/bredshow/shagya/shagya.htm  Shagya Horse Breed Spotlight

Horse breeds
Part-Arabian breeds of horses and ponies


text:
La varianza di genere, o non conformità di genere, è il comportamento o l'espressione di genere di un individuo che non corrisponde alle norme di genere maschili o femminili. Le persone che mostrano varianza di genere possono essere chiamate non-binarie e possono includere anche le persone transgender, ma in generale il termine si distingue dall'incongruenza di genere.

Note

LGBT
Sessualità LGBT


text:
Myosin-Ie (Myo1e) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYO1E gene.

Myosin-Ie is a long tailed myosin. It contains an N-terminal motor domain, an IQ motif, a TH1 domain containing a plecstrin homology (PH) domain, a proline rich TH2 domain, and an SH3 domain.

The MYO1E gene was included in several genetic signatures for cancer prognosis.

References

Further reading

External links


text:
Macropsyllidae  — семейство блох. Австралия. 2 рода
. Паразиты грызунов и сумчатых млекопитающих. Карл Йордан (Jordan, 1950) рассматривал эту группу в качестве подсемейства в составе Ctenopsyllidae, в то время как Смит (Smit, 1982) включал их в состав семейства Hystrichopsyllidae (также в ранге подсемейства). В 1953 году Хопкинс и Мириам Ротшильд (Hopkins & Rothschild, 1953) повысили их до статуса отдельного семейства.

Примечания

Литература
 Lewis R. E. (1974). Notes on the Geographical Distribution and Host Preferences in the Order Siphonaptera. Part 5. Ancistropsyllidae, Chimaeropsyllidae, Ischnopsyllidae, Leptopsyllidae and Macropsyllidae — J. Med. Entomol. — 1974. Vol.11, N 4. P.525-40.
 Smit, F. G. A. M. (1973). The male of Stephanopsylla thomasi (Siphonaptera: Macropsyllidae). — Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam) — 33: 215-217
 Macropsylla novaehollandiae (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae), a new species of flea from Tasmania. — Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington — 104: 663-671 (2002).

Ссылки
 Macropsyllidae — Encyclopedia of Life
   Macropsyllidae — Catalogueoflife.org
 Macropsyllidae — Discoverlife.org
 Macropsyllidae — Globalspecies.org
 Family Macropsyllidae (Австралия)
 Macropsyllidae (Австралия)
Блохи
Семейства насекомых
Насекомые Австралии


text:
Edward "Teddy" Campbell Sutherland (born 28 March 2000) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Spanish club Cartagena.

Professional career
Sutherland was born in London, England and moved to Spain with his family to Cartagena, Spain at the age of four. He soon after joined the youth academy of FC Cartagena, and at 11 had a stint with Villarreal CF.

Sutherland returned to Cartagena in 2016, being assigned to affiliate club EF Ciudad Jardín. He made his senior – and first team – debut on 14 May 2017, coming on as a late substitute for Germán Sáenz in a 0–0 Segunda División B home draw against Recreativo de Huelva.

Sutherland was assigned to the reserves in Tercera División for the 2017–18 season, and featured regularly for the side before agreeing to a three-year contract with Getafe CF in July 2018; at the latter side, he appeared exclusively for the Juvenil squad. On 16 July 2019, he moved to another reserve team, Elche CF Ilicitano also in the fourth tier.

Sutherland returned to Cartagena on 18 September 2020, being initially assigned to the B-team. He made his professional debut with the Efesé the following 22 March, replacing Elady Zorrilla late into a 0–2 away loss to Albacete Balompié.

On 2 September 2021, Sutherland moved to Atlético Madrid on loan for one year, and was assigned to the B-team in Tercera División RFEF.

References

External links

2000 births
Living people
Footballers from Greater London
English footballers
Association football wingers
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Tercera Federación players
FC Cartagena footballers
FC Cartagena B players
Atlético Madrid B players
Elche CF Ilicitano footballers
English emigrants to Spain
Spanish footballers
Footballers from the Region of Murcia
Sportspeople from Cartagena, Spain


text:
Turku ( ; ; , ) is a city and former capital on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper (Varsinais-Suomi) and the former Turku and Pori Province (Turun ja Porin lääni; 1634–1997). The region was originally called Suomi (Finland), which later became the name for the whole country. As of 31 March 2021, the population of Turku was 194,244 making it the sixth largest city in Finland after Helsinki, Espoo, Tampere, Vantaa and Oulu. There were 281,108 inhabitants living in the Turku Central Locality, ranking it as the third largest urban area in Finland after the Capital Region area and Tampere Central Locality. The city is officially bilingual as  percent of its population identify Swedish as a mother-tongue.

It is unknown when Turku gained city rights. The Pope Gregory IX first mentioned the town Aboa in his Bulla in 1229 and the year is now used as the foundation year of Turku. Turku is the oldest city in Finland, and served as the most important city of the eastern part of the Kingdom of Sweden (modern-day Finland). After the Finnish war, Finland became an autonomous grand duchy of the Russian Empire in 1809, and Turku was made the capital of the grand duchy. However, Turku lost its status as capital only after three years in 1812, when Tsar Alexander I of Russia decided to move the capital to Helsinki. It was only after the last great fire in 1827 that most governmental institutions were moved to Helsinki along with the Royal Academy of Turku (Turun Akatemia) founded in 1640, which then became the University of Helsinki, thus consolidating Helsinki's position as the new capital. Turku continued to be the most populous city in Finland until the end of the 1840s, and it remains the regional capital and an important business and cultural center and port.

Because of its long history, it has been the site of many important events, and has extensively influenced Finnish history as the former capital city. Along with Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia, Turku was designated the European Capital of Culture for 2011. In 1996, it was declared the "Christmas City" of Finland. Also, Turku has been officially declared the Food Capital of Finland, because it holds a number of Finland's oldest, highest quality restaurants alongside a historically famous fish market, held twice a year. Turku's canteen and café culture has often been compared to French food culture, which is why Turku has also been perceived as "Paris of Finland"; this is also the reason for the Swedish saying: "Varför Paris, vi har ju Åbo!" ("Why Paris, we have Turku!")

Due to its location, Turku is a notable commercial and passenger seaport with over three million passengers traveling through the Port of Turku each year to Stockholm and Mariehamn.

Names and etymology

The Finnish name Turku originates from an Old East Slavic word, tǔrgǔ, meaning "market place". The word turku still means "market place" in some Finnish dialects.

The Swedish name Åbo may be a simple combination of å ("river; creek; large stream") and bo ("dwelling"). There is however an old legal term called "" (meaning roughly "right to live at"), which gave citizens (called "åbo") the inheritable right to live at land owned by the crown (å meant at or on in old Swedish, now på).

In Finnish, the genitive of Turku is Turun, meaning "of Turku". The Finnish names of organizations and institutes of Turku often begin with this word, as in Turun yliopisto for the University of Turku.

History
Turku has a long history as Finland's largest city and occasionally as the administrative center of the country, but for the last two hundred years has been surpassed by Helsinki. The city's identity stems from its status as the oldest city in Finland and the country's first capital. Originally, the word "Finland" referred only to the area around Turku (hence the title, "Finland Proper" for the region).

Early history
Archaeological findings in the area date back to the Stone Age and the area was densely populated in the Iron Age. The ancient cemeteries have been found in the region from the entire period from 550 to 1150. A few of the cemeteries were only in use in the beginning of the migration period, a few only from the Viking Age and a few only from the 12th century. In addition to cemeteries, remains of houses and villages from the end of the Iron Age, as well as ancient fotresses, have been found in the area. The oldest known road, Hämeen härkätie, connected to region and the Old Castle of Lieto to Tavastia in the 9th century at the latest. Early literary sources such as Al-Idrisi's world map from 1154 mentions Turku.

Swedish era

According to the permission granted by Pope Gregory IX in 1229, the episcopal seat was moved from Nousiainen to Koroinen, which is located near the current center of Turku. There is nothing to suggest that the actual city of Turku still existed at this point; however, the city was not founded on uninhabited land, but there were fields and probably also a peasant village. Since no reliable document has survived about the year of the city's founding, it has also been speculated that the city was founded by the joint initiative of the king, the bishop and the  founded in 1249 in the 1280s or 1290s.

Turku Cathedral was consecrated in 1300. During the Middle Ages, Turku was the seat of the Bishop of Turku (a title later upgraded to Archbishop of Turku), covering then the eastern half of the Kingdom of Sweden (most of the present-day Finland) until the 17th century. Even if Turku had no official capital status, it was for a long time the most important city in Finland as part of the trade and shipping of the Hanseatic League. In the 14th century, two-thirds of the city's burghers were German, but gradually the proportion of domestic burghers increased. In addition to the ecclesiastical authority, the only lawspeakers in Finland operated in Turku, and from the 15th century to the 16th century, the court exercising the country's highest judicial power, the , met in the city.

At the beginning of the 16th century, in connection with the disputes of the Kalmar Union, the Danes destroyed the city twice, in 1509 under the leadership of Admiral Otte Rud and in 1522 under the leadership of Admiral Søren Norby, until Erik Fleming's troops expelled the Danes from Finland in 1523. After the beginning of peace, Gustav Vasa, who had just become king, thoroughly got to know different parts of his kingdom, the center of the king's first visit to Finland being Turku Castle, where he lived during his visit. The new king also brought with him the religious reformation, and the first to preach the new doctrine was Petrus Särkilahti. Särkilahti's student Mikael Agricola, who is known as the father of Finnish literary language, continued the religious reform first as the headmaster of the cathedral school and later as the Bishop of Turku. Duke John (later John III), the son of Gustav Vasa, received the title of Duke of Finland and ruled his territory from Turku Castle before becoming next king of Sweden after his brother, Eric XIV.

In the aftermath of the War against Sigismund, the city was the site of the Åbo Bloodbath. After that, the 17th century began as more peaceful period for Turku, when the focus was mainly on emphasizing Turku's position as the center of a wide area by establishing numerous new administrative and school institutions. In 1640, the first university in Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, was founded in Turku by order of Queen Christina. This project was also supported by Count Per Brahe, the Governor General of Finland, and Isaacus Rothovius, the Bishop of Turku. Turku was also the meeting place for the States of Finland in 1676.

Russian era

After the Finnish War, Sweden ceded Finland to Imperial Russia at the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809. There was no resistance of any kind in Turku when the Russians marched into the city in October 1809 in connection with the Finnish War. Despite the occupation, life in Turku continued peacefully. The Court of Appeal of Turku continued its session when the Russians arrived, and later in the spring Jacob Tengström, the Archbishop of Turku and Finland, and the teaching staff of the Turku Academy swore an oath of loyalty to the their new ruler.

Turku became briefly the official capital, but soon lost the status to Helsinki, as Emperor Alexander I felt that Turku was too far from Russia and too aligned with Sweden to serve as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland. The change officially took place in 1812. The government offices that remained in Turku were finally moved to the new capital after the Great Fire of Turku, which destroyed a large portion of the city in 1827. After the fire, a new and safer city plan was drawn up by German architect Carl Ludvig Engel, who had also designed the new capital, Helsinki. The new city plan, based on a regular grid plan, was more spacious and fire-safe than before, and after the reconstruction, Turku was one of the most unified architecture in Europe. Turku remained the largest city in Finland for another twenty years.

In the middle of the 19th century, Turku was, after Helsinki, the most important craft city in Finland, but the Industrial Revolution with steam and electric machines was experienced in Turku only around 1900. The First World War provided a boost to the city's industry, as the export difficulties affected the wood industry, which Turku didn't have much of, and it was easy to get much-needed raw materials from neutral Sweden.

After independence

In 1918, a new university, the Åbo Akademi – the only Swedish-language university in Finland – was founded in Turku. Two years later, the Finnish-language University of Turku was founded alongside it. These two universities are the second and third to be founded in Finland, both by private donations.

In the 20th century, Turku was called "Finland's gateway to the West" by historians such as . The city enjoyed good connections with other Western European countries and cities, especially since the 1940s with Stockholm across the Gulf of Bothnia. In the 1960s, Turku became the first Western city to sign a twinning agreement with Leningrad in the Soviet Union, leading to greater inter-cultural exchange and providing a new meaning to the city's 'gateway' function. After the fall of communism in Russia, many prominent Soviets came to Turku to study Western business practices, among them Vladimir Putin, then Leningrad's deputy mayor.

As for architecture in the city, both the body of architectural styles as well as the prevalent way of living have experienced significant changes in the 20th century. While having survived relatively intact throughout the years of war 1939–1945, the city faced increasing changes in the 1950s and 1960s due to rising demands for apartments, the eagerness to rebuild, and most of all the new development of infrastructure (especially increased automobile traffic). The wooden one- to two-story houses that were the dominant mode of building in the city were mostly demolished in the 1950s and 1960s to both enable more efficient building and to ease vehicle traffic. This resulted in the destruction of buildings that were, in later decades, seen as beautiful and worth saving. Some individual buildings remain controversial to this day when it comes to their demolition in the decades after the war. For example, the building of  that stood on corner of the Market Square was torn down to make way for a large, multistory apartment building in 1959. The building was significant both for its location and history: having stood on one of the most valuable lots in the city center since 1878, the building had, for example, served as the first main building of the University of Turku. Other buildings whose demolition was seen as scandalous, either already at the time of action or proved to be so in later years, include  (subject of the very first photograph ever taken in Finland) and the building of Old Hotel Börs which was built in jugendstil in 1909 by .

Geography

Located at the mouth of the Aura river in the southwestern corner of Finland, Turku covers an area of  of land, spread over both banks of the river. The eastern side, where the Turku Cathedral is located, is popularly referred to as täl pual jokke ("this side of the river"), while the western side, where the Turku Castle is located, is referred to as tois pual jokke ("the other side of the river"). The city center is located close to the river mouth, on both sides of the river, though development has recently been expanding westward.

There are ten bridges over the Aura river in Turku. The oldest of the current bridges is , which was constructed in 1904. The newest bridge is  ('library bridge'), a pedestrian-only bridge built in 2013. The Föri, a small ferry that transports pedestrians and bicycles across the river without payment, is a well known feature of the city.

With a population of approximately 200,000, the Turku Region (LAU 1) is the third largest urban region in Finland, after Greater Helsinki and the area around Tampere. The region includes, in addition to the city itself the following municipalities: Askainen, Kaarina, Lemu, Lieto, Masku, Merimasku, Mynämäki, Naantali, Nousiainen, Paimio, Piikkiö, Raisio, Rusko, Rymättylä, Sauvo, Vahto, and Velkua.

A more exclusive definition for the urban area is the city region of Turku with a population around 235,000 consisting of four major municipalities Kaarina, Raisio, Naantali, and Turku.

Administrative subdivisions

The city is divided into 78 districts and nine wards that do not function as local government units. There are, however, some projects that are based on the district divisions, particularly in the eastern part of the city, where unemployment is high in certain areas. The largest populated districts are Varissuo and Runosmäki. By area, however, Kakskerta and Paattinen, formed from former municipalities that were annexed to the city proper in the mid-20th century, constitute the largest districts.

As many of the small neighbouring municipalities from the north and south of the city were annexed during the mid-20th century, Turku is today shaped like an elongated pear. The city centre and most of the suburban areas lie in the middle, separated from the less densely populated northern rural areas by the Turku bypass, that forms part of European route E18. Islands such as Ruissalo, Hirvensalo and Kakskerta, forming the southern part of the city, are also sparsely populated and mostly contain summer residences, with the exception of some districts in Hirvensalo which are currently growing into upper-middle-class suburbs.

Climate

Situated by the Baltic Sea and sheltered by the islands of the Archipelago Sea, Turku has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). Like much of southern Finland, the city experiences warm summers, with temperatures ranging up to 30 °C (86 °F), and relatively cold winters with frequent snowfall. The warmest month of the year is July, with an average temperature of , whereas the coldest month is February. The average year-round temperature is . Winter usually starts in early December, and spring in late March.

Precipitation in Turku averages  a year. The rainiest month of the year is August, when the city receives on average  of rainfall. In April, the driest month of the year, the figure is only . The average air pressure at sea level is , with little variance throughout the year.

Operational since 1955, the city's weather station is located at an altitude of  at Turku Airport. The weather in the city itself is affected by the proximity of the sea, so the wintertime temperatures are often milder than those measured at the airport. The moderating impact of the sea helps oak maple and ash trees, which are quite rare elsewhere in Finland, to thrive by the areas along the shoreline and in the archipelago.

Demographics

At the end of 2021, the Turku region (including the economic districts of Turku and Åboland) had a population of 337,588, out of which 195,137 people lived in the city of Turku. This makes the Turku region Finland's third largest, after Helsinki and Tampere, being home to 6% of Finland's population. The city's population density is 794.4 inhabitants per square kilometre. The median age in the city is 42.1, lower than the national average of 43.6.

13.2% of Turku's population has a foreign-background. The largest groups are from Russia, Iraq and former Yugoslavia.

Economy

The business district in the city's economy is centred on the Port of Turku and other service-oriented industries. The city is also a renowned high tech centre – the Turku Science Park area in Kupittaa hosts over 300 companies  from the fields of biotechnology and information technology, as well as several institutions of higher learning that work closely with the business sector. This cooperative element is seen as a particularly important factor with regards to the city's expected future economic development, as outlined in the Turku Strategy that is published annually by the city council.
At least the following major Finnish companies have their corporate headquarters in Turku: HKScan and Hesburger. Other major companies which have operations in Turku include Bayer, Fläkt Woods, Meyer Werft, Orion Corporation and Wärtsilä.

, over 280,000 people were registered as being without employment in Finland. This put June's numbers at 10.0 percent of the population, 0.8 percentage points higher than June 2014. Men's unemployment rate was 10.5 percent and women's 9.4 percent.

Culture

Cultural venues in Turku include several theatres, cinemas, and art galleries, and a city philharmonic orchestra. The city's cultural centre organises a number of regular events, most notably the Medieval Market in July each year. Turku is also the official Christmas city of Finland, and 'Christmas Peace' in Finland is declared on every 24 December from the Brinkkala Hall balcony. The Turku music festival and the rock festival Ruisrock (held on the island of Ruissalo) are among the oldest of its kind in the Nordic countries. The city also hosts another rock festival, Down by the Laituri, and one of the largest electronic music festivals in Northern Europe, UMF (Uuden Musiikin Festivaali, "New Music Festival"), in addition to a vibrant nightlife, centred on the Market Square.

There are also numerous museums, such as the  and the Wäinö Aaltonen Museum of Art. The Åbo Akademi University maintains the Sibelius Museum, which is the only museum in Finland specialising in the field of music. Apart from these, there are also several historical museums that display the city's medieval period, such as the Turku Castle, which has been a functional historical museum since 1881, and the Aboa Vetus museum, built in the late 1990s over the 14th century archaeological site; countless excavations have been carried out in the city each year in order to gain more clarity on the city's birth history. The Luostarinmäki handicrafts museum, converted from residential buildings that survived the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, was the first Scandinavian venue to receive the "Golden Apple" tourism award.

Considered to be the most important religious building in Finland, the Turku Cathedral has borne witness to many important events in the nation's history and has become one of the city's most recognizable symbols with the Turku Castle. The cathedral is situated in the heart of Turku next to the Old Great Square, by the Aura River. Its presence extends beyond the local precinct by having the sound of its bells chiming at noon broadcast on national radio. It is also central to Finland's annual Christmas celebrations. It is also known as resting place for many remarkable bishops and captains of war as well as one Queen of Sweden, Catherine Månsdotter.

Turku was the European Capital of Culture in 2011, and the city council has approved numerous projects to boost the city's image in preparation for that status.

The Declaration of Christmas Peace has been a tradition in Finland from the Middle Ages every year, except in 1939 due to the Winter War. The declaration takes place on the Old Great Square of Turku, Finland's official 'Christmas City', at noon on Christmas Eve. The declaration ceremony begins with the hymn Jumala ompi linnamme (Martin Luther's Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott) and continues with the Declaration of Christmas Peace read from a parchment roll in Finnish and Swedish.

City rivalry with Tampere
Turku ostensibly has a long-standing mutual feud with the city of Tampere, the capital of Pirkanmaa and the third largest city of Finland, and they tend to compete for the title of being the "second grand city of Finland" after Helsinki. This hostility is largely expressed in jokes in one city about the other; prominent targets are the traditional Tampere food, mustamakkara, the state of the Aura River in Turku, and the regional accents. Like Turku, Tampere is well known as a food destination because of its food culture. Since 1997, students at Tampere have made annual excursions to Turku to jump on the market square, doing their part to undo the post-glacial rebound and push the city back into the Baltic Sea.

Sports

The city has two football teams playing at the top national level, the Veikkausliiga: FC Inter and TPS. TPS is one of the oldest football clubs in Finland. Both teams play their home matches at Veritas Stadion in the district of Kupittaa.

HC TPS of Turku is one of the most successful teams in Finnish ice hockey history. It plays in the Finnish top league, SM-liiga. HC TPS has won the national championship 11 times, the latest being from season 2009–2010. Gatorade Center, formerly named HK Arena, located in the Artukainen district, is used as the venue for HC TPS games.

The Paavo Nurmi Marathon is an annual sporting event in Turku, named after the world-famous runner Paavo Nurmi, who was born and raised in the city.

Finland's most successful tennis player, Jarkko Nieminen, was born and lives in the neighbouring county of Masku

Turku is also home to the Eagles Rugby Football Club (turkurugby.fi) who are part of the championship division of Suomen Rugbyliitto (SRL). They play games and train at Impivaara Jalkapallonhalli and Kuppitaanpuisto.

Turku Titans is a lacrosse club based in Turku with a relevantly successful history with three silver medals and one gold medal in the national lacrosse league in Finland. The Titans women's team has also had a successful history. The FIL U19 2012 World Lacrosse Championships were also held in the city.

Government and politics

Being both a regional and provincial capital, Turku is an important administrative centre, hosting the seat of the Archbishop of Finland and a Court of Appeal. Minna Arve has been the mayor of Turku since 2017. Since August 2021 her role as the mayor has been an elected office instead of a hired position.

The city council of Turku has 67 seats. Following the 2021 municipal election, the council seats are allocated in the following way: National Coalition Party 16 seats, Social Democrats 13, Left Alliance 11, Green League 10, True Finns 9, Centre Party 3, Swedish People's Party 3, Movement Now 1, and Christian Democrats 1. The current chair of the city board is Sini Ruohonen from National Coalition Party.

Results of the 2019 Finnish parliamentary election in Turku:

National Coalition Party   20.5%
Social Democratic Party   17.1%
Left Alliance   16.8%
True Finns   15.7%
Green League   13.8%
Swedish People's Party   5.5%
Centre Party   4.7%
Movement Now   1.9%
Christian Democrats   1.6%

Transport

For a city of its size, Turku has a moderate public transport network of bus routes, which is comparable to the bus network of similar-sized Tampere. The bus network is managed and supervised by the Turku City Region's Public Transport Committee (FÖLI) (, ), and is operated mainly by private companies. Bus traffic to and in the neighbouring municipalities of Kaarina, Lieto, Naantali, Raisio and Rusko are also handled by FÖLI. The bus rates are the same when traveling within these municipalities.

Rail traffic to and from Turku is handled by the Finnish national carrier, VR. The number of services has fallen and only the railways towards Tampere and Helsinki are now in use. The railway stations currently used for passenger traffic are the Turku Central railway station in Pohjola, and two smaller stations in Kupittaa and the Port of Turku.

There is no local rail traffic at the moment, as the city's popular tram services were discontinued in 1972, and the various local railway lines to neighbouring towns and municipalities were all abolished during the late 20th century.  However, there are plans for a light rail system in the Turku region in the near future. This system would more ably serve major suburbs of the city such as Varissuo and Runosmäki, as well as the neighbouring cities.

The State of Finland has announced plans to support Espoo with 30% of full expenses on a new metro rail, the Regional Council of Southwest Finland is going to use this as a test case for a new light rail network in Turku.

The Turku Bus Station and the Turku Central railway station are currently located in different places. The City of Turku is planning to combine these two in a new greater station complex in the near future. This new travel center will consist of a hotel and several shopping estates. This center will connect all public transportation from commuter trains to long-distance buses.

Turku's most significant highways for traffic are Highway 1 leading to Helsinki; Highway 10 leading to Hämeenlinna; Highway 9 leading to Tampere, Jyväskylä, Kuopio and Joensuu; Highway 8 leading to Pori, Vaasa and Oulu; and the Turku Ring Road, which protrudes circumferentially from Turku.

Turku Airport is located  to the north of the city centre, partly in the neighbouring municipality of Rusko. The airport is served by six passenger airlines, including airBaltic and SAS Scandinavian, and one cargo airline.

There are also daily ferry services from the Port of Turku to Sweden and Åland, operated by Silja Line and Viking Line. These are something of a Finnish cultural tradition (see ruotsinlaiva), and people often travel long distances across Finland to Turku just to take a cruise across the Gulf of Bothnia.

The Archipelago Sea boat traffic is handled by, among others, SS Ukkopekka, an old steamship that cruises on the route Turku-Naantali-Turku.

Turku is the only city in Finland to have three long-distance railway stations: Turku Central, Port of Turku, and Kupittaa.

Education

Turku has a longer educational history than any other Finnish city – the first school in the city, the Cathedral School, was founded along with Turku Cathedral in the late 13th century. The first university in Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku (now University of Helsinki), was established in the city in 1640. In 1820, the first school in Finland conforming to the Bell-Lancaster method was founded in Turku with the aim of making primary education more inclusive to the lower classes.

Turku is home to about 35,000 higher education students. There are two universities and several "polytechnics" in the town.

The Finnish University of Turku is the second largest university in Finland (18,000 students), as measured by student enrollment, and one of the oldest as well, having been founded in 1920. Åbo Akademi, founded 1918 as the second university of Finland, is one of Finland's  two Swedish-language universities. Turku School of Economics merged with The University of Turku in 2010, and Åbo handelshögskola, its Swedish counterpart, with Åbo Akademi 1980. The central hospital of Turku, Turku University Hospital, is affiliated with the university and it is used as a teaching hospital.

Turku University of Applied Sciences is the second largest polytechnic in Finland after Metropolia University of Applied Sciences. Also Novia University of Applied Sciences and Diaconia University of Applied Sciences have campuses in the town.

Turku is one of only two cities in Finland to have an established international school (the other city being Helsinki). Turku International School, located in the eastern district of Varissuo, has been operating since 2003. By an agreement signed between the city of Turku and the University of Turku, Turun normaalikoulu takes care of the teaching in the international school.

Media

The most widely read newspaper of Turku, and the area around it, is the daily regional morning newspaper Turun Sanomat, with a readership of over 70% of the population every day. Åbo Underrättelser, a Swedish language newspaper published in Turku, is the oldest newspaper in Finland, having been published since 1824. The free-of-charge Turkulainen newspaper is also among the most popular newspapers, together with the local edition of Metro International and the national evening tabloid Ilta-Sanomat. There are also a number of local newspapers such as Kulmakunta (for the eastern suburbs of Turku, including Varissuo and Lauste), and Rannikkoseutu (for the area around the neighbouring cities of Raisio and Naantali).

The first Finnish newspaper Tidningar Utgifne Af et Sällskap i Åbo, in Swedish, was started in Turku in 1771, as well as the first Finnish-language newspaper Suomenkieliset Tieto-Sanomat which was started in 1775.

The newspaper Turun Sanomat also operates a regional television station, called Turku TV. The Finnish national broadcaster Yleisradio screens local news, daily from Monday to Friday, for the Southwest Finland (including the regions of Southwest Finland and Satakunta) residents. All Finnish national TV channels are viewable and national radio channels audible in the Turku area. In addition, a number of local radio stations, e.g. Auran Aallot, Radio Sata and Radio Robin Hood are operational. Local public service radio stations are Yle Turun Radio in Finnish language (the regional version of Yle Radio Suomi) and Yle Vega Åboland in Swedish language (the regional version of Yle Vega).

Notable people

Rauno Aaltonen, rally driver
Teemu Brunila, singer, songwriter, musician and producer
Antti Buri, racing driver
Darude, dance musician, artist of the hit song Sandstorm
Alex Federley, political cartoonist and illustrator
Marcus Forss, football player, member of Finland's UEFA Euro 2020 squad
Johan Gadolin, chemist, physicist and mineralogist
Janne Henriksson, football goalkeeper
Utti Hietala, bodybuilder
Vera Hjelt, Member of Parliament and social reformer
Lukáš Hrádecký, football goalkeeper, member of Finland's UEFA Euro 2020 squad
Kaapo Kakko, hockey player
Katja Kallio (born 1968), novelist, journalist, columnist and screenwriter
Joni Kauko, football player, member of Finland's UEFA Euro 2020 squad
Miikka Kiprusoff, former professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Calgary Flames and San Jose Sharks during his NHL career
Mauno Koivisto, 9th president of Finland
Saku and Mikko Koivu, ice hockey playing brothers playing respectively in Montréal and Anaheim Ducks and Minnesota Wild as an alternate captain and captain
Christina Krook (1742–1806), educator
Joalin Loukamaa, a member of global pop group Now United
Agnes Lundell (1878–1936), Finland's first female lawyer
Erik Johan Löfgren, portrait painter
Baron C. G. E. Mannerheim, military leader and statesman
Marjatta Metsovaara, textile artist
Niklas Moisander, former captain of Finnish national football team
Michael Monroe, rock musician, the vocalist of Hanoi Rocks
Paavo Nurmi, The Flying Finn, 9 time Olympic Champion in long-distance running
Joni Ortio, professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for HC Vityaz of the KHL
Elli Pikkujämsä, defender for KIF Örebro DFF and the Finland women's national football team
Rasmus Ristolainen, hockey player currently with the Philadelphia Flyers of the NHL
Johannes Rojola, developer of My Summer Car
Seppo Ruohonen (1946-2020), opera singer
Jiri "Linkzr" Masalin, Professional Overwatch player for the team Houston Outlaws and two time player for Finland in the Overwatch World Cup
Joona "Fragi" Laine, Former professional Overwatch player for the Philadelphia Fusion, and briefly for the Guangzhou Charge
Aleksi "Zuppeh" Kunti, former professional Overwatch player for the Florida Mayhem and team Gigantti
Joonas "Zappis" Alakurti, retired professional Overwatch player for the Florida Mayhem and team Gigantti
Jarno Saarinen, 1972 Grand Prix motorcycle racing world champion
Matti Salminen, bass singer
Henri Sigfridsson, classical pianist
Tabe Slioor, socialite, reporter and photojournalist
Herman Spöring Jr., explorer and botanist
Niilo Sevänen, vocalist and bass guitarist of Insomnium
Elsa Sylvestersson, ballet dancer and choreographer
Jere Uronen, football player, member of Finland's UEFA Euro 2020 squad
Jonne Valtonen, composer
Tony Vidgren, ice hockey player

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Turku is twinned with:

 Aarhus, Denmark (1946)
 Bergen, Norway (1946)
 Bratislava, Slovakia (1976)
 Cologne, Germany (1967)
 Constanța, Romania (1958)
 Florence, Italy (1992)
 Gdańsk, Poland (1958)
 Gothenburg, Sweden (1946)
 Kharkiv, Ukraine (2022)
 Rostock, Germany (1958)

 Szeged, Hungary (1971)
 Tartu, Estonia (2008)
 Varna, Bulgaria (1963)

In March 2022, Turku suspended the agreement with Saint Petersburg, Russia (twinning since 1953) due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Co-operation agreements
Turku has co-operation agreements with:
 Tallinn, Estonia
 Tianjin, China

Gallery

See also

 Archipelago Sea
 Bishop Henry
 Christmas Peace
 Great Fire of Turku
 King's Road
 Medieval Market of Turku
 Pori
 Posankka
 Royal Academy of Turku
 The Tomten in Åbo Castle
 Turku Cemetery
 Turku sub-region

Other medieval cities and towns of Finland
 Naantali
 Porvoo
 Rauma
 Ulvila
 Vyborg (now in Russia)

References

Sources
 Turku  at EuroWeather.

Bibliography
 Anttonen, Martti (ed) (1992). Täällä Suomen synnyinmuistot. Jyväskylä: Varsinais-Suomen maakuntaliitto.
 Knuuti, Heikki et al. (1986). Kotikaupunkini Suomen Turku. Keuruu: Otava Publishing.
 Virmavirta, Jarmo (2004). Finland's City of Turku. Keuruu: Otava Publishing.
 Turun kaupunki (2007). Muutoksen suunnat 3/2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.

Notes

External links

 The city's official website at Etusivu.
 The website of the tourist organisation Turku TouRing at Turkutouring.fi.
 Turku – Finland's official Christmas City

Cities and towns in Finland
Grand Duchy of Finland
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Former capitals of Finland
Populated places established in the 13th century
Medieval Finnish towns