text:
Els axiomes de Hilbert són un conjunt de 20 (originalment 21) hipòtesis proposades per David Hilbert el 1899 com el fonament per a un tractament modern de la geometria euclidiana. Altres axiomatitazacions modernes ben conegudes de la geometria euclidiana són les degudes a Alfred Tarski i a George Birkhoff.

Els axiomes
El sistema axiomàtic de Hilbert es compon de nou nocions primitives: tres termes primitius
 punt, línia recta, pla,
i sis relacions primitives:
 Ordre, una relació ternària entre punts;
 Pertinença, tres relacions binàries, una d'elles entre punts i rectes, una altra entre punts i plans, i una altra entre rectes i plans;
 Congruència, dues relacions binàries, una entre segment lineal i una altra entre angles, denotades per .

Noteu que els segments i els angles (així com els triangles) no són nocions primitives, sinó que es defineixen en termes de punts i rectes utilitzant les relacions d'ordre i pertinença. Tots els punts, rectes i plans en els subseqüents axiomes són diferents llevat que s'indiqui el contrari.

I. Incidència
Dos punts diferents  i  determinen una única recta . Denotem  o . En lloc de "determinen", es pot dir: " és a ", " és un punt de  ","  passa per  i  ","  uneix  amb  ", etc. Si  és a  i al mateix temps en una altra recta , es diu també "Les rectes  i  tenen el punt  en comú ", etc.
Dos punts qualsevol d'una recta la determinen per complet, és a dir, si  i , on en general , aleshores  al seu torn.
Tres punts ,  i  no situats en una mateixa recta determinen un pla . Es denota , i es diu ",  i  jeuen en  ", etc.
Tres punts qualssevol ,  i  del pla  no situats en una mateixa recta determinen per complet a .
Si dos punts ,  de la recta  jeuen en el pla , llavors tot punt de  rau en . En aquest cas es diu "la recta  rau en el pla ", etc.
Si dos plans ,  tenen un punt  en comú, llavors tenen almenys un altre punt  en comú.
A cada recta hi ha almenys dos punts, en cada pla hi ha almenys tres punts no situats en la mateixa recta, i hi ha almenys quatre punts no situats en un mateix pla.

II. Ordre
Si un punt  està entre els punts  i , també està llavors entre  i , i hi ha una recta que conté a tots tres.
Si  i  són dos punts d'una recta, hi ha almenys un altre punt  entre  i , i almenys un punt  de manera que  està entre  i .
Donats tres punts en una recta, només un d'ells està entre els altres dos.
Donada una parella de punts  i , es pot parlar llavors del segment . Els punts del segment  són tots aquells que estan entre  i . Aquests dos són els extrems del segment.
 Axioma de Pasch: Siguin ,  i  tres punts no situats en la mateixa recta i sigui  una recta continguda en el pla , que no passa per cap dels tres punts esmentats. Llavors, si  passa per algun punt del segment , aleshores passa també per algun punt o bé del segment  o bé del segment .

Pot provar llavors que donades una recta  i un punt  en ella, pot dividir la recta en dues , disjunts entre si, que emanen de , com que la seva unió constitueix tota la recta a excepció de . De la mateixa manera, donats un pla  i una recta  al, poden distingir-se en ell dos parts disjuntes, els costats de  respecte a , on de nou la seva unió constitueix tot el pla a excepció de .

III. Paral·leles
En un pla  es pot trobar una única recta  que passi per un punt donat , el qual no pertany a una recta donada , de manera que  i  no tinguin cap punt en comú. Està recta es diu la paral·lela a  que passa per .

IV. Congruència
Es defineix un angle com una parella de semiraigs  jaient en un pla  que emanen del mateix punt . Es demostra que es pot dividir llavors el pla en dues regions: l'interior i l'exterior de , on  i  són els costats de l'angle i  seu vèrtex. El segment entre dos punts qualssevol de l'interior està contingut per complet en aquesta regió. Això no es compleix per a una parella de punts qualssevol a l'exterior.

Un triangle queda definit per tres segments de la forma ,  i . Aquests segments són els costats del triangle, i els tres punts ,  i  són el seu vèrtexs. El triangle divideix el pla definit pels seus tres vèrtexs en interior i exterior, amb les mateixes propietats que en cas dels angulos. A l'angle definit pels dos semirayos que surten de  i que passen per  i  respectivament se li denota per , i el seu interior conté tots els punts de l'interior del triangle .
Si ,  són dos punts de la recta , i  és un punt sobre la recta  (sigui aquesta igual a  o no), s'ha de, d'una banda qualsevol de  a la recta , hi ha un únic  tal que el segment  és congruent amb el segment , i el denotem per . Tot segment és congruent amb si mateix.

Si un segment  és congruent amb el segment  i també amb el segment , llavors aquests dos últims són congruents entre si (la congruència entre segments és transitiva).
Siguin  i  dos segments de la mateixa recta sense punts en comú a excepció de , i siguin més  i  dos segments de la recta  (sigui aquesta igual o no a ) sense més punts en comú que . Llavors, si  i , s'ha de .
Sigui un angle  al pla  i sigui una recta  al pla . Suposem que en el pla , s'escull un dels costats respecte a . Sigui un semirayo  de  que emana d'un punt  d'aquesta recta. Llavors, en el pla  hi ha un únic semirayo  que surt de  de manera que  és congruent amb , i de manera que tots els punts de l'interior de  són al costat escollit de . Es denota per . Tot angle és congruent amb si mateix.
Si l'angle  és congruent amb l'angle  i amb l'angle , llavors aquests dos són congruents entre si.
Si donats dos triangles  i  es té , , , aleshores es té al seu torn  i .

V. Continuïtat
Axioma d'Arquimedes. Sigui  un punt qualsevol d'una recta, situat entre els punts arbitraris  i  d'aquesta. Prenguin els punts , ,... de tal manera que  estigui entre  i ,  estigui entre  i , etc. Suposem a més que els segments , , ,... són tots congruents entre si. Llavors, en aquesta sèrie hi ha sempre un cert  tal que  està entre  i .

Axioma de completesa
Al sistema de punts, rectes i plans, no poden afegir altres elements de manera que el sistema resultant formi una geometria nova, obeint tots els axiomes dels cinc grups. En altres paraules, els elements de la geometria formen un sistema que no és susceptible d'extensió, prengué els cinc grups d'axiomes com a vàlids.

Axioma 21
Hilbert va introduir un axioma més que diu:

 II.4. Teorema de Pasch. Poden escollir quatre punts qualssevol , ,  i  d'una recta de manera que  estigui entre  i  i entre  i , i que  estigui entre  i  i entre  i .

Referències

Bibliografia
 .

Axiomes de la geometria


text:
Greek music in Israel is very popular and Greek musicians often visit Israel while on world tours. Popular Greek singers who have performed in Israel include Manolis Angelopoulos, Eleftheria Arvanitaki, George Dalaras, Haris Alexiou, Glykeria, Nikos Vertis and Natassa Theodoridou. In December 2012 Natasa Theodoridou performed some of her songs in Tel Aviv Performing Arts Center in Hebrew. In 2007 during the interview of Shimon Peres by Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation on George Dalaras concert in Israel, President Shimon Peres stated: "In Israel we love the Greek Music. For us Greece is a country but also a melody".

History
Greek-style bouzouki music became increasingly popular in the early 1960s. Aris San, a non-Jewish Greek singer who moved to Israel and became an Israeli citizen, was the driving spirit behind this trend. One of Aris San's hit songs was "Sigal" (lyrics by Yovav Katz). Aris San, who worked at the Zorba club in Jaffa, owned and opened by Shlomo Bachramov wrote songs for Aliza Azikri (Bahayim hakol over, Yesh ahava ata omer), that effectively broke down the barriers between Israeli song and the world of Greek and Mizrahi music. The songs of the iconic Greek singer Stelios Kazantzidis were translated into Hebrew and performed by the country's leading singers.

Many of the songs of Stelios Kazantzidis have been translated into Hebrew and performed by Israeli singers. Yaron Enosh, an Israeli Radio broadcaster who often plays Greek music on his programs, described the singer's ability to combine joy with sorrow: "This is the task of music: to touch the entire range of feelings...Kazantzidis could do this; he played on all the strings." To the Greek Jews who immigrated to Israel, Kazantzidis was "the voice of the world they left behind, for good or for bad." According to the operator of Radio Agapi, a station that plays Greek music 24 hours a day, "Kazantzidis was the voice of the people, of the weary, the exploited, the betrayed. And the voice of the refugee and the emigre, too."

Greek music day
A special broadcasting day of Greek classical and modern music was organised on 12 June 2013 by the Israel Broadcasting Authority, in cooperation with the Embassy of Greece in Tel Aviv. The program started with an hourly show, presented by Ambassador Lampridis and the Director of the Radio Station Arie Yass with an emphasis on the roots and the historical evolution of modern Greek music. During the whole day, Kol Ha Musica broadcast works of modern Greek composers including Hatzidakis, Theodorakis, Spanoudakis, Remboutsika, Karaidrou, Mikroutsikos and Markopoulos. The programme also included Sephardi music from Thessaloniki and Rhodes. Israeli Radio show "Yaron Enosh" is almost completely dedicated to Greece, the Greek culture, music, philosophy and history and has an audience of approximately 800,000 Israeli listeners. In Israel there are 12 internet radio stations that broadcast exclusively Greek music.

See also
 Jewish music
 Music of Israel
 Mizrahi music, which is partially influenced influenced by Greek music, as well as other cultures.

References

Israeli music
Israel
Greece–Israel relations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Marian Sobolewski (zm. 1922) – franciszkanin
 Marian Sobolewski (1884-1941) – polityk
 Marian Sobolewski (1940-2020) – generał brygady Wojska Polskiego


text:
Der 28. APEC-Gipfel () fand in der Zeit vom 19. bis zum 20. November 2016 in Peru, Lima statt. Gastgeber war Perus Präsident Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. Der Gipfel fand zum zweiten Mal in Peru statt, zuletzt wurde er ebenda in der Zeit vom 22. bis zum 23. November 2008 ausgetragen; damals war der Gastgeber des Gipfels, an dem 21 Staats- und Regierungschefs teilnahmen, der ehemalige Staatspräsident von Peru, Ollanta Humala.

Themen und Ziele
Beim Gipfel wurden zuvorderst vier Kernthemen besprochen, diese waren:
 Humankapital
 Mittelstandsförderung
 Nahrungsmittelmärkte
 Wirtschaftsintegration

Die APEC will eine gemeinsame Freihandelszone erschaffen und durch den Abbau von Zöllen und weiteren Barrieren den Handel unter den Mitgliedern stärken.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website des Gipfels in Peru

Einzelnachweise

Internationale Wirtschaftsorganisation


text:
Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 2014 bylo historicky 20. mistrovstvím pořádaným asociací FIFA. Závěrečný turnaj, kam se mužské fotbalové národní týmy probojovaly z kvalifikace, se konal od 12. června do 13. července 2014 v Brazílii.

Podruhé v historii se stala hostující zemí Brazílie, když první turnaj hostila v roce 1950. Volba dějiště proběhla v roce 2007 poté, co FIFA oznámila, že finálový turnaj bude – poprvé od roku 1978 a celkem popáté – probíhat v Jižní Americe. Osm čtyřčlenných základních skupin bylo rozehráno 12. června.

Mistrovství zahrnovalo 64 zápasů hraných ve 12 městech na nových či modernizovaných stadionech. Poprvé byla na této události použita technologie na brankovou čáru pro kontrolu uznání branky, stejně jako speciální mizící sprej při rozehrání volných kopů.

Na šampionát se kvalifikovaly všechny týmy, které mistrovství světa od roku 1930 vyhrály – Argentina, Brazílie, Anglie, Francie, Německo, Itálie, Španělsko a Uruguay. Obhájce titulu Španělsko v předcházejícím jihoafrickém finále v roce 2010 zdolalo Nizozemsko 1:0. Na brazilském šampionátu však nepostoupilo ze základní fáze. Na všech sedmi předchozích světových šampionátech, které se uskutečnily v Americe, se mistrem světa pokaždé stalo jihoamerické družstvo. Avšak poprvé v historii vyhrálo šampionát mužstvo z Evropy, kterým bylo Německo, když ve finále zdolalo Argentinu poměrem 1:0 po prodloužení.

Před mistrovstvím došlo k rozsáhlé rekonstrukci, nebo přímo ke zbourání a znovupostavení, mnoha stadionů napříč celou zemí, celkově stálo 11,6 miliardy dolarů. Mistrovství provázela řada kontroverzních situací. Demonstranti proti mistrovství a policisté se střetli téměř ve všech městech, které jej hostilo. Během stavebních prací na stadionech umírali dělníci, a o budoucnosti některých staveb panují pochybnosti.

Kvalifikace

Závěrečného turnaje se zúčastnilo 32 národních týmů. O 31 míst se bojovalo v kvalifikaci a pouze Brazílie měla účast jako pořádající země zajištěnou předem. Hlavní los kvalifikace proběhl 30. července 2011 v Rio de Janeiru. Kvalifikace se konala od června 2011 do listopadu 2013.

Seznam kvalifikovaných týmů

Stadiony

Soupisky

Zápasy
Los základních skupin proběhl 6. prosince 2013.

Všechny časy zápasů jsou v SELČ.

Skupina A

|}

{{Fotbalbox
  | datum = 12. června 2014
  | čas = 22:00
|tým1='  | skóre = 3 : 1
  | report = Zpráva
|tým2=
|branky1= Neymar Oscar
|branky2= Marcelo
  | stadion = Arena de São Paulo, São Paulo
  | diváci = 62 103
  | rozhodčí =  Júiči Nišimura
}}

 Skupina B

|}

 Skupina C

|}

 Skupina E

|}

 Skupina G

|}

 Skupina H

|}

 Vyřazovací fáze

 Pavouk

 Osmifinále

 Čtvrtfinále

 Semifinále

 O 3. místo

 Vítěz

 Statistiky a hodnocení hráčů

 Střelci

6 gólů

5 gólů

4 góly

3 góly

2 góly

1 gól

vlastní góly
  Sead Kolašinac
  Marcelo
  John Boye
  Noel Valladares
  Joseph Yobo

 Asistence

4 asistence

3 asistence

2 asistence

1 asistence

 Ocenění

 Vybrané statistiky

 celkový počet gólů: 171
 průměrný počet gólů na zápas: 2,67
 počet zahraných / proměněných penalt (úspěšnost): 13 / 12 (92,31 %)
 proměněné: Xabi Alonso, Karim Benzema, Edinson Cavani, Sufján Fighúlí, Klaas-Jan Huntelaar, Mile Jedinak, Thomas Müller, Neymar, Robin van Persie, James Rodríguez, Juan Cuadrado, Georgios Samaras
 neproměněné: Karim Benzema
 dva góly v zápase: Karim Benzema, Toni Kroos, Mario Mandžukić, Jackson Martínez, Lionel Messi, Ahmed Musa, Neymar (2), Robin van Persie, Arjen Robben, James Rodríguez, André Schürrle, Luis Suárez, Enner Valencia
 hattrick v zápase: Thomas Müller, Xherdan Shaqiri
 nejvíce vstřelených gólů: Německo (18)
 nejméně vstřelených gólů: Honduras, Írán, Kamerun (1)
 nejvíce obdržených branek: Brazílie (14)
 nejméně obdržených branek: Kostarika (2)
 nejvíce vstřelených gólů v zápase: Brazílie–Německo 1:7
 nejvíce čistých kont brankářů: Jasper Cillessen, Sergio Romero (4)
 nejrychlejší gól po zahájení zápasu: 1. minuta (0:30 min), Clint Dempsey v utkání USA–Ghana
 nejzazší gól po zahájení zápasu (bez prodloužení): 95. minuta (90+5), Silvestre Varela v utkání Portugalsko–USA
 nejzazší gól po zahájení zápasu (s prodloužením): 121. minuta (120+1), Abdal Múmin Džabú v utkání Alžírsko–Německo
 nejkratší doba mezi dvěma góly vstřelenými jedním týmem v zápasu: 2 minuty (1:06 min), Olivier Giroud a Blaise Matuidi za Francii proti Švýcarsku
 nejstarší střelec gólu: Noel Valladares ve věku 37 let, 1 měsíce a 12 dní; vlastní gól za Honduras proti Francii
 nejmladší střelec gólu: Divock Origi ve věku 19 let, 2 měsíců a 4 dní; gól za Belgii proti Rusku
 první žlutá karta na turnaji: Neymar: Brazílie proti Chorvatsku
 první červená karta na turnaji: Maximiliano Pereira: Uruguay proti Kostarice
 celkový počet žlutých karet: 187
 průměr žlutých karet na zápas: 2,92
 celkový počet červených karet: 10
 průměr červených karet na zápas: 0,16
 nejvíce udělených karet v zápasu: Kostarika–Řecko (9, z toho 1 červená a 8 žlutých)

 Maskot
Oficiálním maskotem pro mistrovství světa ve fotbalu 2014 byl pásovec v barvách brazilské trikolóry, tedy v modré, zelené a žluté barvě. Tento druh je endemit v Brazílii a je zapsán do červený seznam IUCN. Pelé navrhl, aby se jmenoval Pelezinho, ale narazil na odpor mezinárodní federace FIFA. Nakonec jméno vybrali fanoušci a maskot se tak jmenoval Fuleco. Jeho jméno bylo odvozeno od slov Futebol ("fotbal") a ECOLOGIA ("ekologie").

 Technologie na brankovou čáru
FIFA na mistrovství světa 2014 poprvé použila technologie pro správné uznání branky. Jednalo o technologii Hawk-Eye (jestřábí oko) a GoalRef.

 Míč
3. prosince 2013 byl představen nový oficiální míč šampionátu, který se jmenuje Brazuca''. Název byl přijat 2. září 2013 na základě divácké ankety a vznikl složením výrazů Brazílie a bazuka. Míč byl vyroben ze 70 procent polyuretanu a 30 procent přírodní kůže, nenasákne vodou a jeho povrch byl pokryt drobnými výčnělky, které měly zajišťovat stabilitu v letu. Skládal se ze šesti bílých segmentů, klikaté švy v zelené, žluté a tmavomodré barvě měly symbolizovat meandry Amazonky. Obvod míče byl 69 cm a váha 437 gramů.

Trenéři dle jednotlivých zemí

Kritika a kontroverze

Světový pohár FIFA v roce 2014 byl předmětem různých kontroverzí, včetně demonstrací, z nichž se většina konala ještě před zahájením turnaje. Demonstranti byli nespokojeni s objemem veřejných prostředků vynaložených na turnaj, který stál 14 miliard dolarů. Demonstranti a policisté se střetli téměř ve všech městech, které hostily mistrovství. V prvním týdnu mistrovství se událo více než 20 protestů v různých městech a zatčeno bylo 180 lidí.

Během zahajovací hry byly zraněné dvě reportérky CNN, zasažené byly do zápěstí a do ruky slznou bombou během přenosu, při kterém na jejich používání při demonstracích upozorňovaly. Brazilská prezidentka Dilma Rousseffová a prezident FIFA Sepp Blatter byli hlasitě vypískaní, když přednášeli své projevy na zahájení turnaje.

Kromě toho se vyskytly problémy s bezpečností, včetně osmi úmrtí dělníků a požáru během výstavby Arena Pantanal, trhlin v konstrukci stadionů, nestabilního provizorního schodiště na stadionu Maracanã. Jeden člověk zemřel po zhroucení monorailu v Sao Paulo a dva lidé po zhroucení mostu postaveného pro mistrovství na autobus a auta v Belo Horizonte. Kritizován byl také způsob, jakým se během zápasů zacházelo se zraněním hlavy. Uruguayský obránce Álvaro Pereira utržel ránu do hlavy a byl v bezvědomí, lékař ho ale navrátil do zápasu. Ve finále turnaje německý záložník Christoph Kramer dostal úder do hlavy, vrátil se do zápasu, ale byl dezorientovaný a zmatený a v 31. minutě zkolaboval.

Brazílie byla v roce 2015 na pokraji největší ekonomické recese v historii, což vyvolávalo otázky o tom, zda byla země dostatečně ekonomicky připravena pro mistrovství světa ve fotbale a dva roky poté na letní olympijské hry.

Galerie
<center>

</center>

Odkazy

Poznámky

Reference

Související články
 Die Mannschaft (film o německém triumfu)

Externí odkazy

  Zpravodajství z mistrovství světa 2014
  Video - stadiony mistrovství světa 2014
  2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil ™ - soupisky týmů , FIFA.com

2014
Fotbal v roce 2014
Sport v Riu de Janeiru
Sport v Brasílii
Sport v São Paulu
Sport ve Fortaleze
Sport v Belo Horizonte
Sport v Portu Alegre
Sport v Salvadoru (Brazílie)
Sport v Recife
Sport v Cuiabá
Sport v Manausu
Sport v Natalu
Sport v Curitibě
Fotbalové události v Brazílii
Sport v Brazílii v roce 2014


text:
Драмчевската афера от март 1905 година е големият провал на ВМОРО в Османската империя, в резултат на който следват много разкрития и арести на дейци на организацията.

На 22 март 1905 година четата на Цено Куртев е нападната от засада от турски аскер край кочанското село Драмче. Убити са войводата, седемнадесетте четници и селския куриер, а архивите на четата са заловени. До 23 април 1905 година е разчетен шифъра на писмата и до 27 април продължават арестите на разкрити дейци на ВМОРО в областта. Сред арестуваните са Хаджи Лазар Серафимов от Тетово, изпълняващ длъжността директор на кочанската прогимназия, както и жителите на Кочани поп Теодосий, Станчо Коцев, Тодор Наков, дякон Григор Трендов, Мите Цеков, Йордан Георгиев - Шишко, Сандо Пикалеца и Александър Бобчев. Арестувани са още Симеон Вълков от Търкане, Дамян от Панталей, Димко Евтимов от Щип и учител в Кочани. Десетина души са осъдени и затворени в Куршумли хан в Скопие, Симеон Велков умира в затвора, а Хаджи Лазар Серафимов се побърква в затвора. Всичките арестанти от аферата са освободени след Младотурската революция от юли 1908 година.

Бележки

Афери на ВМОРО
История на Кочани


text:
Tetartostylus är ett släkte av insekter. Tetartostylus ingår i familjen dvärgstritar.

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:

Källor

Dvärgstritar
Tetartostylus


text:
The 1915 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires was the final that decided the champion of the 10th. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in Racing Club Stadium in Avellaneda, Racing Club beat Tiro Federal (that played its first final) 2–1, winning its third consecutive Copa de Honor trophy.

Qualified teams

Note

Overview

The 1915 edition was contested by 30 clubs, 22 within Buenos Aires Province, and 8 from Liga Rosarina de Football. Playing in a single-elimination tournament, Racing beat Estudiantes de La Plata (5–0 in Avellaneda), Hispano Argentino (3–0 also in Avellaneda), Quilmes (1–0 after extra time). In the Buenos Aires' semifinal, Racing beat San Isidro 1–0 at Estadio G.E.B.A., qualifying to play the semifinal vs the Rosario representatives that had played another elimination stage. In the national semifinal, Racing defeated Central Córdoba (2–0 at GER).

On the other hand, Tiro Federal beat Newell's Old Boys (3–1 at Parque Independencia), Club Gimnasia y Esgrima (R) (3–3 and 3–2, both as visitor) qualifying for the semifinal vs the winner of Buenos Aires zone. In the national semifinal, Tiro Federal beat Boca Juniors (4–0, at GER).

The final was held in Racing Stadium, on October 10, 1915. Racing beat Tiro Federal 2–1, with goals by Alberto Ohaco and Alberto Marcovecchio, winning its third consecutive Copa de Honor trophy.

Match details

References

m
1915 in Argentine football
Football in Avellaneda


text:
Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium commonly found in soil, food, and marine sponges. The specific name, cereus, meaning "waxy" in Latin, refers to the appearance of colonies grown on blood agar. Some strains are harmful to humans and cause foodborne illness due to their spore-forming nature, while other strains can be beneficial as probiotics for animals, and even exhibit mutualism with certain plants. B. cereus bacteria may be anaerobes or facultative anaerobes, and like other members of the genus Bacillus, can produce protective endospores. They have a wide range of virulence factors, including phospholipase C, cereulide, sphingomyelinase, metalloproteases, and cytotoxin K, many of which are regulated via quorum sensing. B. cereus strains exhibit flagellar motility.

The Bacillus cereus group comprises seven closely related species: B. cereus sensu stricto (referred to herein as B. cereus), B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, and B. cytotoxicus; or as six species in a Bacillus cereus sensu lato: B. weihenstephanensis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. anthracis. A phylogenomic analysis combined with average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis revealed that the B. anthracis species also includes strains annotated as B. cereus and B. thuringiensis.

History
Colonies of B. cereus were originally isolated from a gelatine plate left exposed to the air in a cow shed in 1887. In the 2010s, examination of warning letters issued by the US Food and Drug Administration issued to pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities addressing facility microbial contamination revealed that the most common contaminant was B. cereus.

Several new enzymes have been discovered in B. cereus, such as AlkC and AlkD, both of which are involved in DNA repair.

Microbiology

B. cereus is a rod-shaped bacterium with a Gram-positive cell envelope. Depending on the strain, it may be anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Most strains are mesophilic, having an optimal temperature between 25 °C and 37 °C, and neutralophilic, preferring neutral pH, but some have been found to grow in environments with much more extreme conditions.

These bacteria are both spore-forming and biofilm-forming, presenting a large challenge to the food industry due to their contamination capability. Biofilms of B. cereus most commonly form on air-liquid interfaces or on hard surfaces such as glass. B. cereus display flagellar motility, which has been shown to aid in biofilm formation via an increased ability to reach surfaces suitable for biofilm formation, to spread the biofilm over a larger surface area, and to recruit planktonic, or single, free-living bacteria. Biofilm formation may also occur while in spore form due to varying adhesion ability of spores.

Their flagella are peritrichous, meaning there are many flagella located all around the cell body that can bundle together at a single location on the cell to propel it. This flagellar property also allows the cell to change directions of movement depending on where on the cell the flagellum filaments come together to generate movement.

Some studies and observations have shown that silica particles the size of a few nanometers have been deposited in a spore coat layer in the extracytoplasmic region of the Bacillus cereus spore. The layer was first discovered by the use of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), however the images taken did not have resolution high enough to determine the precise location of the silica. Some investigators hypothesize that the layer helps different spores from sticking together. It has also been shown to provide some resistance to acidic environments. The silica coat is related to the permeability of the cell's inner membrane. Strong mineral acids are able to break down spore permeability barriers and kill the spore. However, when the spore has a silica coating, it may reduce the permeability of the membrane and provide resistance to many acids.

Metabolism
Bacillus cereus has mechanisms for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, making it a facultative anaerobe. Its aerobic pathway consists of three terminal oxidases: cytochrome aa3, cytochrome caa3, and cytochrome bd, the use of each dependent on the amount of oxygen present in the environment. The B. cereus genome encodes genes for metabolic enzymes including NADH dehydrogenases, succinate dehydrogenase, complex III, and cytochrome c oxidase, as well as others. Bacillus cereus can metabolize several different compounds to create energy, including carbohydrates, proteins, peptides, and amino acids.

The Embden-Meyerhof pathway is the predominant pathway used by Bacillus cereus to catabolize glucose at every stage of the cell's development, according to estimates of a radiorespirometric method of glucose catabolism. This is true at times of germinative phases, as well as sporogenic phases. At the filamentous, granular, forespore, and transitional stages, the Embden-Meyerhof pathway was responsible for the catabolism of 98% of the cell's glucose. The remainder of the glucose was catabolized by the hexose monophosphate oxidative pathway.

Analysis of the core genome of B. cereus reveals a limited presence of enzymes meant for breakdown of polysaccharides and a prevalence of proteases and amino acid degradation and transport pathways, indicating that their preferred diet consists of proteins and their breakdown products.

An isolate of a bacterium found to produce PHBs was identified as B. cereus through analysis of 16S rRNA sequences as well as similarity of morphological and biochemical characteristics. PHBs may be produced when there is excess carbon or limited essential nutrients present in the environment, and they are later broken down by the microbe as a fuel source under starvation conditions. This indicates the potential role of B. cereus in producing biodegradable plastic substitutes. PHB production was highest when provided with glucose as a carbon source.

Genomics
The genome of B. cereus has been characterized and shown to contain over 5 million bp of DNA. Out of these, more than 5500 protein-encoding genes have been identified, of which the top categories of genes with known functions include: metabolic processes, processing of proteins, virulence factors, response to stress, and defense mechanisms. Many of the genes categorized as virulence factors, stress responses, and defense mechanisms encode factors in antibiotic resistance. There are approximately 600 genes which are common in 99% of the taxa of B. cereus sensu lato, which constitutes around 1% of all genes in the pan-genome. Due to the prevalence of horizontal gene transfer among bacteria, the pan-genome of B. cereus is continually expanding. The GC content of its DNA across all strains is approximately 35%.

Following exposure to non-lethal acid shock at pH 5.4-5.5, the arginine deiminase gene in B. cereus, arcA, shows substantial up-regulation. This gene is part of the arcABC operon which is induced by low-pH environments in Listeria monocytogenes, and is associated with growth and survival in acidic environments. This suggests that this gene is also important for survival of B. cereus in acidic environments.

The activation of virulence factors has been shown to be transcriptionally regulated via quorum-sensing in B. cereus. The activation of many virulence factors secreted is dependent on the activity of the Phospholipase C regulator (PlcR), a transcriptional regulator which is most active at the beginning of the stationary phase of growth. A small peptide called PapR acts as the effector in the quorum-sensing pathway, and when reimported into the cell, it interacts with PlcR to activate transcription of these virulence genes. When point mutations were introduced into the plcR gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, it was observed that the mutated bacteria lost their hemolytic and phospholipase activity.

The flagella of B. cereus are encoded by 2 to 5 fla genes, depending on the strain.

Identification
For the isolation and enumeration of B. cereus, there are two standardized methods by International Organization for Standardization (ISO): ISO 7932 and ISO 21871. Because of B. cereus ability to produce lecithinase and its inability to ferment mannitol, there are some proper selective media for its isolation and identification such as mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin (MYP) and polymyxin-pyruvate-egg yolk-mannitol-bromothymol blue agar (PEMBA). B. cereus colonies on MYP have a violet-red background and are surrounded by a zone of egg-yolk precipitate.

Below is a list of differential techniques and results that can help to identify B. cereus from other bacteria and Bacillus species.
 Anaerobic growth: Positive
 Voges Proskauer test: Positive
 Acid produced from
 -glucose: Positive
 -arabinose: Negative
 -xylose: Negative
 -mannitol: Negative
 Starch hydrolysis: Positive
 Nitrate reduction: Positive
 Degradation of tyrosine: Positive
 Growth at
 above 50 °C: Negative
 Use of citrate: Positive

The Central Public Health Laboratory in the United Kingdom tests for motility, hemolysis, rhizoid growth, susceptibility to γ-phage, and fermentation of ammonium salt-based glucose but no mannitol, arabinose, or xylose.

Growth
The optimal growth temperature range for B. cereus is 30-40 °C. At , a population of B. cereus can double in as little as 20 minutes or as long as 3 hours, depending on the food product.

Ecology
Like most Bacilli, the most common ecosystem of Bacillus cereus is the soil. In concert with Arbuscular mycorrhiza (and Rhizobium leguminosarum in clover), they can up-regulate plant growth in heavy metal soils by decreasing heavy metal concentrations via bioaccumulation and biotransformation in addition to increasing phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium uptake in certain plants. B. cereus was also shown to aid in survival of earthworms in heavy metal soils resulting from the use of metal-based fungicides, showing increases in biomass, reproduction and reproductive viability, and a decrease in metal content of tissues in those inoculated with the bacterium. These results suggest strong possibilities for its application in ecological bioremediation. Evidence of bioremediation potential by Bacillus cereus was also found in the aquatic ecosystem, where organic nitrogen and phosphorus wastes polluting a eutrophic lake were broken down in the presence of B. cereus.

In a study measuring the ability of B. cereus to degrade keratin in chicken feathers, bacteria were found to sufficiently biodegrade keratin via hydrolytic mechanisms. These results indicate its potential to degrade keratinous waste from the poultry industry for potential recycling of the byproducts.

B. cereus competes with Gram-negative bacteria species such as Salmonella and Campylobacter in the gut; its presence reduces the number of Gram-negative bacteria, specifically via antibiotic activity via enzymes such as cereins that impede their quorum sensing ability and exhibit bactericidal activity. In food animals such as chickens, rabbits and pigs, some harmless strains of B. cereus are used as a probiotic feed additive to reduce Salmonella in the animals' intestines and cecum. This improves the animals' growth, as well as food safety for humans who eat them. In addition, B. cereus create and release enzymes that aid in the digestion of materials that are typically difficult to digest, such as woody plant matter, in the guts of other organisms.

The strain  is a biofungicide. A study by Figueroa-López et al. showed that the presence of this strain reduced Fusarium verticillioides growth. B25 shows promise for reduction of mycotoxin concentrations in grains.

Pathogenesis
B. cereus is responsible for a minority of foodborne illnesses (2–5%), causing severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Bacillus foodborne illnesses occur due to survival of the bacterial endospores when infected food is not, or is inadequately, cooked. Cooking temperatures less than or equal to  allow some B. cereus spores to survive. This problem is compounded when food is then improperly refrigerated, allowing the endospores to germinate. Cooked foods not meant for either immediate consumption or rapid cooling and refrigeration should be kept at temperatures below  or above . Germination and growth generally occur between 10 °C and 50 °C, though some strains can grow at low temperatures, and Bacillus cytotoxicus strains have been shown to grow at temperatures up to . Bacterial growth results in production of enterotoxins, one of which is highly resistant to heat and acids (pH levels between 2 and 11); ingestion leads to two types of illness: diarrheal and emetic (vomiting) syndrome. The enterotoxins produced by B. cereus have beta-hemolytic activity.
 The diarrheal type is associated with a wide range of foods, has an 8-to-16-hour incubation time, and is associated with diarrhea and gastrointestinal pain. Also known as the 'long-incubation' form of B. cereus food poisoning, it might be difficult to differentiate from poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringens. Enterotoxin can be inactivated after heating at  for 5 minutes, but whether its presence in food causes the symptom is unclear, since it degrades in stomach enzymes; its subsequent production by surviving B. cereus spores within the small intestine may be the cause of illness.
 The 'emetic' form commonly results from rice which is cooked at a time and temperature insufficient to kill any spores present, then improperly refrigerated. The remaining spores can produce a toxin, cereulide, which is not inactivated by later reheating. This form leads to nausea and vomiting 1–5 hours after consumption. Distinguishing from other short-term bacterial foodborne intoxications, such as by Staphylococcus aureus, can be difficult. Emetic toxin can withstand  for 90 minutes.

The diarrhetic syndromes observed in patients are thought to stem from the three toxins: hemolysin BL (Hbl), nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), and cytotoxin K (CytK). The nhe/hbl/cytK genes are located on the chromosome of the bacteria. Transcription of these genes is controlled by PlcR. These genes occur in the taxonomically related B. thuringiensis and B. anthracis, as well. These enterotoxins are all produced in the small intestine of the host, thus thwarting digestion by host endogenous enzymes. The Hbl and Nhe toxins are pore-forming toxins closely related to ClyA of E. coli. The proteins exhibit a conformation known as a "beta-barrel" that can insert into cellular membranes due to a hydrophobic exterior, thus creating pores with hydrophilic interiors. The effect is loss of cellular membrane potential and eventually cell death.

Previously, it was thought that the timing of the toxin production was responsible for the two different courses of disease, but it has since been found that the emetic syndrome is caused by the toxin cereulide, which is found only in emetic strains and is not part of the "standard toolbox" of B. cereus. Cereulide is a cyclic polypeptide containing three repeats of four amino acids: -oxy-—-—-oxy-—- (similar to valinomycin produced by Streptomyces griseus) produced by nonribosomal peptide synthesis. Cereulide is believed to bind to 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) serotonin receptors, activating them and leading to increased afferent vagus nerve stimulation. It was shown independently by two research groups to be encoded on multiple plasmids: pCERE01 or pBCE4810. Plasmid pBCE4810 shares homology with the B. anthracis virulence plasmid pXO1, which encodes the anthrax toxin. Periodontal isolates of B. cereus also possess distinct pXO1-like plasmids. Like most of cyclic peptides containing nonproteogenic amino acids, cereulide is resistant to heat, proteolysis, and acid conditions.

B. cereus is also known to cause difficult-to-eradicate chronic skin infections, though less aggressive than necrotizing fasciitis. B. cereus can also cause keratitis.

While often associated with gastrointestinal illness, B. cereus is also associated with illnesses such as fulminant bacterial infection, central nervous system involvement, respiratory tract infection, and endophthalmitis. Endophthalmitis is the most common form of extra-gastrointestinal pathogenesis, which is an infection of the eye that may cause permanent vision loss. Infections typically cause a corneal ring abscess, followed by other symptoms such as pain, proptosis, and retinal hemorrhage. While different from B. anthracis, B. cereus contains some toxin genes originally found in B. anthracis that are attributed to anthrax-like respiratory tract infections.

A case study was published in 2019 of a catheter-related bloodstream infection of B. cereus in a 91-year-old male previously being treated with hemodialysis via PermCath for end-stage renal disease. He presented with chills, tachypnea, and high-grade fever, his white blood cell count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly elevated, and CT imaging revealed a thoracic aortic aneurysm. He was successfully treated for the aneurysm with intravenous vancomycin, oral fluoroquinolones, and PermCath removal. Another case study of B. cereus infection was published in 2021 of a 30 year old woman with lupus who was diagnosed with infective endocarditis after receiving a catheter. The blood samples were positive for B. cereus and the patient was subsequently treated with vancomycin. PCR was also used to verify toxins that the isolate produces.

Diagnosis

In case of foodborne illness, the diagnosis of B. cereus can be confirmed by the isolation of more than 100,000 B. cereus organisms per gram from epidemiologically-implicated food, but such testing is often not done because the illness is relatively harmless and usually self-limiting.

Prognosis
Most emetic patients recover within 6 to 24 hours, but in some cases, the toxin can be fatal via fulminant hepatic failure. In 2014, 23 newborns in the UK receiving total parenteral nutrition contaminated with B. cereus developed sepsis, with three of the infants later dying as a result of infection.

Prevention
While B. cereus vegetative cells are killed during normal cooking, spores are more resistant. Viable spores in food can become vegetative cells in the intestines and produce a range of diarrheal enterotoxins, so elimination of spores is desirable. In wet heat (poaching, simmering, boiling, braising, stewing, pot roasting, steaming), spores require more than 5 minutes at  at the coldest spot to be destroyed. In dry heat (grilling, broiling, baking, roasting, searing, sautéing),  for 1 hour kills all spores on the exposed surface. This process of eliminating spores is very important, as spores of B. cereus are particularly resistant, even after pasteurization or exposure to gamma rays.

B. cereus and other members of Bacillus are not easily killed by alcohol; they have been known to colonize distilled liquors and alcohol-soaked swabs and pads in numbers sufficient to cause infection.

A study of an isolate of Bacillus cereus that was isolated from the stomach of a sheep was shown to be able to break down β-cypermethrin, or β-CY, which has been known to be an antimicrobial agent. This strain, known as GW-01, can break down β-CY at a significant rate when the bacterial cells are in high concentrations relative to the antimicrobial agent. It has also been noted that the ability to break down β-CY is inducible. However, as the concentration of β-CY increases, the rate of β-CY degradation decreases. This suggests that the agent also functions as a toxin against the GW-01 strain. This is significant as it shows that in the right concentrations, β-CY can be used as an antimicrobial agent against Bacillus cereus.

Diseases in aquatic animals
Bacillus cereus groups, notably B. cereus (Bc) and  B. thuringiensis (Bt), are also pathogenic to multiple aquatic organisms including Chinese softshell turtle ( Pelodiscus sinensis ), causing infection characterized by gross lesions such as hepatic congestion and enlarged spleen, which causes high mortality.

Bacteriophages
Bacteria of the B. cereus group are infected by bacteriophages belonging to the family Tectiviridae. This family includes tailless phages that have a lipid membrane or vesicle beneath the icosahedral protein shell and that are formed of approximately equal amounts of virus-encoded proteins and lipids derived from the host cell's plasma membrane. Upon infection, the lipid membrane becomes a tail-like structure used in genome delivery. The genome is composed of about 15-kilobase, linear, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with long, inverted terminal-repeat sequences (100 base pairs). GIL01, Bam35, GIL16, AP50, and Wip1 are examples of temperate tectiviruses infecting the B. cereus group.

See also
 Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis

References

External links

 Bacillus cereus genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID
 Type strain of Bacillus cereus at BacDive – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

cereus
Foodborne illnesses
Bacteria described in 1887


text:
De Heusden Koers is een eendaagse Belgische wielerwedstrijd die plaatsvindt in maart in Heusden. De renners leggen enkele rondes af door de omgeving, om uiteindelijk in plaatselijke rondes te strijden voor de zege. De wedstrijd werd voor het eerst verreden in 1929.

Lijst van winnaars

Heusden Koers


text:
Carlos Somigliana (Buenos Aires, 17 de mayo de 1932-Buenos Aires, 29 de enero de 1987) fue un destacado dramaturgo argentino, que también desempeñó un importante papel en el equipo de la fiscalía en el célebre Juicio a las Juntas de 1985, por el que se enjuiciaron a los jerarcas militares de la última dictadura argentina.

Biografía
Realizó sus estudios secundarios en el Colegio Nacional Buenos Aires.

En 1958 se mudó por razones laborales a Ushuaia, comenzando a trabajar en el Juzgado Federal. Allí se vinculó por primera vez con un grupo de teatro y escribío su primera obra, Amarillo. De regreso a Buenos Aires, la obra fue puesta en escena el 22 de abril de 1965, con la actuación de Alba Mujica y un joven Rodolfo Bebán en el rol protagónico. Cinco meses después estrenó su segunda obra, Amor de ciudad grande.

Por la misma época comenzaban a estrenar sus primeras obras quienes luego serían reconocidos como la Generación del 60: Ricardo Halac, Roberto Cossa, Osvaldo Dragún, Germán Rozenmacher, Griselda Gambaro, Sergio De Cecco, Ricardo Talesnik y Rodolfo Walsh.

El teatro de Somigliana, en su conjunto, es una dramaturgia del desgarramiento, que elude la demostración de tesis previas -como sucedía con el teatro social de años anteriores- y a la que no le interesa traducir escénicamente importantes y trascendentes ideas -al uso de un teatro culto y pretendidamente universal-. Es una dramaturgia visceral y vivencial, que busca develar una verdad, que muestra más que demuestra; y muestra una inarmonía radical entre la visión del mundo y el mundo mismo.

Escribió esporádicamente para el cine y la televisión. Escribió el guion del film Asesinato en el Senado de la Nación, y fue coguionista del film El arreglo. Escribió también varios guiones televisivos, entre los que se encuentran varios para el mítico ciclo Cosa juzgada.

A partir de 1981 fue uno de los protagonistas de Teatro Abierto, una reacción cultural contra la dictadura militar. El movimiento, de amplia influencia en la población, fue organizado por Osvaldo Dragún junto a otros hombres y mujeres de teatro como Roberto Cossa, Jorge Rivera López, Luis Brandoni, Pepe Soriano, y el propio Somigliana, apoyados por Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, recién elegido Premio Nobel de la Paz, y Ernesto Sabato. Participó activamente en el ciclo y aportó dos textos insoslayables: El nuevo mundo y Oficial 1°.  El ciclo se repitió en 1982, 1983 (con el lema de "ganar la calle") y en 1984 (el "teatrazo").

En 1986 fundó junto con Roberto Cossa, Pepe Bove, Rubens Correa, Osvaldo Dragún y Raúl Serrano el Teatro de la Campana en el sótano del histórico Teatro del Pueblo. Participó del filme documental País cerrado, teatro abierto estrenado en 1990.

Murió abruptamente el 29 de enero de 1987, a los 54 años.

Vida privada
La ética fue también el eje de su comportamiento. Se ganó la vida como empleado de la Justicia y colaboró con el fiscal Julio Strassera, al igual que sus tres hijos, especialmente Carlos "Maco" Somigliana (hijo), en el juicio a las juntas militares. Escribió parte del alegato final del juicio, lo que otorgó dimensión poética al clamor popular encerrado en la expresión Nunca Más.

Somigliana fue muy querido por sus colegas y por el público. Permanentemente generoso con elencos desconocidos, y referente de artistas consagrados. Pedro Espinosa describe su personalidad con estas palabras:

Mantuvo una fuerte amistad con su colega Roberto Cossa.
La prematura muerte de Somigliana privó a la dramaturgia de su país y al mundo del teatro de un exponente de singular brillo y originalidad notable.

Su obra

Teatro
 La democracia en el tocador (1984)
 Historia de una estatua (1983)
 Oficial 1° (1982)
 El nuevo mundo (1981)
 El exalumno (1978)
 El avión negro (1970) -escrita con Germán Rozenmacher, Roberto Cossa y Ricardo Talesnik-
 De la navegación (1969)
 Homenaje al pueblo de Buenos Aires (1967)
 La bolsa de agua caliente (1966)
 Amor de ciudad grande (1959)
 Amarillo (1959)

Guiones cinematográficos

 El arreglo (1983)
 Asesinato en el Senado de la Nación (1984)

Guiones de televisión
 Cosa juzgada, Canal 11 (1970/1971)
 Historias del medio pelo, Canal 13 (1973)
 La noche de los grandes, Canal 13 (1975)
 Hombres en pugna, ATC(1980)
 Cuentos para ver, ATC (1984)

Fundación Carlos Somigliana (SOMI)
En 1990 varios de los amigos de Somigliana crearon la Fundación Carlos Somigliana (SOMI) para ejercer la dirección artística del Teatro del Pueblo y dar apoyo al autor teatral argentino.

Es una entidad sin fines de lucro y en 2006 se encontraba presidida por Roberto Cossa.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Perla Zayas de Lima: Carlos Somigliana. Teatro histórico, teatro político. Editorial Fray Mocho, Buenos Aires 1995, ISBN 987-9059-05-0.

Enlaces externos
 "Carlos Somigliana: Entre el desencanto y la esperanza", por Pedro Espinosa, Teatro del Pueblo
 Fundación Carlos Somigliana (SOMI)

Nacidos en Buenos Aires
Fallecidos en Buenos Aires
Dramaturgos de Argentina
Guionistas de cine de Argentina
Guionistas de televisión de Argentina


text:
Francisco de Paula Donoso Vergara (1807–1888) was a Chilean lawyer and politician.

References

1807 births
1888 deaths
Vergara family
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile
Members of the Senate of Chile
People from Santiago
19th-century Chilean lawyers


text:
Noelia is the eponymous debut album by Puerto Rican singer Noelia. The album was released in 1999 and peaked at No. 7 on Billboard'''s Top Latin Albums chart.

The album produced the hit single "Tú", which was written by popular songwriter Estéfano. The song peaked at No. 5 on Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks chart. The album certified gold in several countries and sold over 800,000 copies worldwide.

Track listing
 "Tú" (Estéfano) – 4:51
 "Demasiado Amor" (Donato, Estéfano) – 5:08
 "Candela" (Estéfano) – 3:54
 "Te Amo" (Estéfano) – 4:40
 "Yo No Lo Entiendo" (Estéfano) – 4:21
 "Te Odio" (Gandía, Rodolfo) – 4:26
 "Hombres" (Estéfano) – 3:58
 "Morir De Amor" (Acevedo, Marzello, Estéfano) – 4:22
 "Júrame" (Quiroga, Gisela) – 3:59
 "Toco La Luz" (Fuster, Mendo) – 4:15

Singles
 "Tú" (1999) No. 1 (4:40)
 "Demasiado Amor" (1999) No. 3 (4:51)
 "Toco La Luz" (1999) No. 1 (4:04)
 "Candela" (1999) No. 1 (3:55)
 "Te Amo" (2000) No. 4 (4:29)
 "Te Odio" (2000) No. 2 (4:17)

Charts

Certifications and sales

References

External links
[ Noelia] page on Billboard''
[ Noelia] page on Allmusic

1999 debut albums
Noelia albums
Fonovisa Records albums


text:
Попытка военного переворота в Азербайджане (1994) () —  попытка государственного переворота в Азербайджане под руководством на тот момент премьер-министра Сурета Гусейнова.

Предыстория
Полковник, командир 709-й войсковой части, полномочный представитель президента по Карабаху, Сурет Гусейнов впервые организовал мятеж в 1993 году, накануне визита президента Абульфаза Эльчибея в Соединенное Королевство 30 июня для подписания нефтяных контрактов. Второй раз Гусейнов организовал мятеж сразу после нефтяных контрактов, подписанных 20 сентября 1994 года под руководством Гейдара Алиева «Контракта века". В интервью газете The Washington Post в 1999 году Гейдар Алиев сказал, что восстание было организовано Россией, чтобы помешать нефтяным проектам Азербайджана.

После подписания Бишкекского протокола об окончании карабахской войны в 1994 году разногласия между Гейдаром Алиевым и Суретом Гусейновым, а также братьями Джавадовыми по поводу прекращения войны, нефтяных контрактов и управления экономикой стали углубляться. Поскольку иностранные нефтяные компании, МВФ и Всемирный банк не инвестировали в страны с активными военными операциями, они хотели, чтобы соглашение о прекращении огня было подписано. В правительстве существовала оппозиция Гейдару Алиеву по поводу прекращения огня. Ведущими фигурами этой оппозиции были Шамси Гусейнов и Афияддин Джалилов. Одним из условий инвестирования МВФ была либерализация цен на энергоносители и основные продукты питания на внутреннем рынке. В августе 1994 года Сурет Гусейнов опубликовал в газете «Республика» альтернативный пакет экономической политики кабинета министров и выступил против либерализации цен. Протестуя против этого, Гейдар Алиев заявил тогда по телевидению: «Премьер-министр не должен выступать против президента». С тех пор напряжённость между президентом и премьер-министром усилилась.

После подписания контракта века в Азербайджане произошло несколько чрезвычайных ситуаций. В ночь с 21 на 22 сентября четверо обвиняемых в государственных преступлениях были похищены из следственного изолятора Министерства национальной безопасности. Вечером 29 сентября на пороге своего дома были убиты заместитель спикера Милли Меджлиса Афияддин Джалилов и начальник Особого управления при президенте Шамси Рагимов.

Начало и подавление мятежа
Базирующиеся в Гяндже вооруженные формирования, созданного Суретом Гусейновым, 2 октября захватили исполнительную власть, правоохранительные органы и государственные объекты в Гяндже и попытались продолжить это в других регионах. Находившийся в то время в США Гейдар Алиев отменил свой визит и немедленно вернулся в Баку. Брат Ровшана Джавадова, Махир Джавадов и восемь подконтрольных ему вооруженных людей ворвались в административное здание республиканской прокуратуры. К нему также присоединились командир ОПОНа Эльчин Амирасланов и его вооруженная группа из пяти человек. Хотя генеральный прокурор был схвачен повстанцами, позже его отпустили. Главное требование Джавадова - отставка руководства страны.

Вскоре после начала восстания Гейдар Алиев обратился к народу. 4 октября в Баку было объявлено чрезвычайное положение. 4—5 октября тысячи людей собрались перед зданием президента, чтобы выразить поддержку правительству. Появление Ровшана Джавадова на митинге и его поддержка Гейдара Алиева отпугнули повстанцев. Группа Махира Джавадова направляется в штаб ОПОНа в 8-километровом поселке Баку (штаб групп, подчиненных его брату Ровшану Джавадову). После восстания Гейдар Алиев еще больше укрепил свои позиции в правительстве.

Сурет Гусейнов был отстранен от Милли Меджлиса 6 октября 1994 года, а 7 октября - с должности премьер-министра. Буквально через неделю парламент постановил возбудить против бывшего премьер-министра уголовное дело, согласиться на его арест и рекомендовать лишить его звания Национального героя Азербайджана. 30 октября Гусейнов был лишён звания «Национальный Герой Азербайджана». Вскоре он был задержан в России в 1997 году и доставлен в Азербайджан, а в феврале 1999 года был приговорен к пожизненному заключению. Сурет Гусейнов был помилован в марте 2004 года указом президента Ильхама Алиева.

После восстания начались аресты, и многие азербайджанские военные офицеры и генералы, в общей сложности более 800 человек, были арестованы по различным обвинениям.

Примечания

Государственные перевороты в Азербайджане
1994 год в Азербайджане
Конфликты 1994 года
Октябрь 1994 года
Восстания в Азербайджане


text:
EUC Syd, med hovedkontor i Sønderborg, har erhvervsuddannelser, akademiuddannelser, HTX (teknisk gymnasium), IB (International Baccalaureate) samt efteruddannelser og AMU-kurser.

Der er afdelinger i Aabenraa, Haderslev, Tønder og Sønderborg.

Erhvervsuddannelse
På EUC Syd tilbydes følgende erhvervsuddannelser:

Højere Teknisk Gymnasium
På EUC Syd kan man tage en HTX i de fire byer: Aabenraa, Sønderborg, Haderslev og Sønderborg.

Følgende studieretninger tilbydes:

På HTX er følgende fag obligatoriske uanset studieretning:

 Biologi på C-niveau
 Dansk på A-niveau
 Engelsk på B-niveau
 Fysik på B-niveau
 Idéhistorie på B-niveau
 Kemi på B-niveau
 Kommunikation/it eller informatik på C-niveau
 Matematik på B-niveau
 Samfundsfag på C-niveau
 Teknikfag på A-niveau
 Teknologi på B-niveau

International Baccalaureate
I Sønderborg på EUC Syd kan man tage et IB Diploma. Man kan tage Pre-IB og IB.

Efteruddannelse
Følgende efteruddannelser tilbydes på EUC Syd:

Kilder og henvisninger

 EUC Syds hjemmeside

Uddannelsesinstitutioner i Danmark
Tekniske gymnasier i Danmark
Gymnasiale uddannelser
Gymnasier i Danmark
Erhvervsuddannelse i Danmark
Erhvervsuddannelser i Danmark
Teknisk gymnasium i Danmark
International Baccalaureate schools in Denmark
International Baccalaureate


text:
Steynsdorp, officially eMlondozi, is a settlement in Gert Sibande District Municipality in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa.

It was founded in 1885 and became the centre of the New Paarl goldfield but was abandoned when the Witwatersrand goldfields were discovered.

At first called Painter's Camp, it was named Steynsburg in 1886, after Commandant J P Steyn of Lydenburg. The name was then altered to Steynsdorp to avoid confusion with Steynsburg in the Cape, now Eastern Cape.

References

Populated places in the Albert Luthuli Local Municipality
Populated places established in 1885


text:
Guillermo Capetillo  (Mexikóváros, 1958. április 30. –) mexikói színész és énekes.

Élete
1958. április 30-án született Mexikóvárosban. Testvére,  Eduardo Capetillo szintén színész és énekes.

Filmográfia

Telenovellák
 Lo imperdonalbe (Veronica aranya) (2015) .... Padre Juan
 Amores verdaderos (Rabok és szeretők) (2012-2013) .... Nelson Brizz
 Cuando me enamoro (Időtlen szerelem)  (2010-2011) ....  Antonio Iriondo
 Soy tu dueña (A csábítás földjén, Riválisok) (2010) .... Rogelio Villalba
 Mañana es para siempre (Mindörökké szerelem) (2008-2009) .... Aníbal Elizalde Rivera / Jerónimo Elizalde
 Pablo y Andrea (2005) .... Juan Carlos Saavedra
 Misión S.O.S. (2004-2005) .... Salvador Martínez
 Tres mujeres (1999-2000) .... Manuel Toscano
 Una luz en el camino (1998) .... Rodrigo
 Pueblo chico, infierno grande (1997) .... Hermilo Jaimez
 Atrapada (1991-1992) .... Ángel Montero
 Rosa salvaje (1987-1988) .... Ricardo Linares / Rogelio Linares
 Los cuervos  (1986) .... Andrés Albán
 La fiera (1983) .... Víctor Alfonso Martínez Bustamante
 Colorina (1980) .... José Miguel Redes
 Los ricos también lloran (1979-1980) .... Alberto "Beto" López / Alberto "Beto" Salvatierra

Filmek
 Si nos dejan  (1999)
 Quisiera ser hombre  (1988)
 La mafia tiembla  (1986)
 Ases del contrabando  (1985)
 El hijo de Pedro Navaja  (1984)
 Novia, esposa y amante  (1981)
 Frontera  (1980)
 La Sotana del Reo  (1979)

Források

Mexikói színészek
1958-ban született személyek
Élő személyek


text:
The Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests (NT0132) is an ecoregion of tropical moist broad leaf forest in the Amazon biome.

Location
The Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests ecoregion is named for the Japurá, Solimões, and Negro rivers.
Almost all of the ecoregion is in the central northern part of the Brazilian Amazon basin, with a small portion in Colombia.
It has an area of .
Conservation units include the Jaú National Park and the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve.

The ecoregion lies on the lowland plateau in the interfluvial between the Rio Negro and the Solimões River.
In Colombia the region skirts the foothills of the Guiana Shield to the northwest, and contains the lower Vaupés River basin and the land south of the Guainía River, the name of the upper Rio Negro in Colombia.
The region is then bounded by the Rio Negro along the border with Venezuela and into Brazil to its confluence with the Solimões at Manaus.
The southern border is defined by the Japurá River from the border with Colombia to the point where it meets the Solimões at Tefé, then by the Solimões to the Rio Negro.

The Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests adjoin the Caquetá moist forests to the west, and the Negro–Branco moist forests to the north.
To the east it adjoins the Uatuma–Trombetas moist forests.
To the south it adjoins the Monte Alegre várzea, Purus várzea, and Solimões–Japurá moist forests.
The ecoregion contains large areas of the distinct campinarana ecoregion, which has white sand soils that are periodically subject to shallow flooding, and hold broad-leaf meadows, dwarf shrubs and shrublands.

Physical

Terrain
The lowland plateau that holds the Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests ecoregion emerged as soft sediments about 2.5 million years ago.
The terrain is mainly non-flooded terra firme on wide plains cut by steep-sided valleys of tributaries of the larger rivers.
The region has elevations that are mostly well below , dropping to  at Manaus.

Hydrology
The Japurá and Solimões are whitewater rivers, carrying large amounts of suspended solids, while the Rio Negro and most of the smaller rivers in the region are blackwater rivers.
Each year heavy rainfall within the ecoregion and higher up in the Andes causes flooding along the banks of all the larger rivers and many of the smaller rivers.
Near Tefé and Manaus the flood water may rise .
Flooding lasts for one or two months on the upper reaches of the smaller rivers, but may extend for as much as ten months near Manaus.
The wide floodplains of the Japurá and Solimões rivers hold the várzea forests of the Purus várzea ecoregion.
The blackwater Rio Negro and rivers of the interior of the ecoregion flood Igapó forests, with lower diversity of tree species and less fertile soil.

Climate
The Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests ecoregion has a hot and humid climate with average monthly temperature from .
Average annual rainfall is , with a well-defined rainy season.

Ecology

Flora
The Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests ecoregion has medium endemism, but the holds many rare or endangered flora.
The ecoregion is in the Neotropical realm and the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome.
There are many rivers and flooded areas, but the most of the vegetation is terra firme forest, not subject to flooding.
The ecoregion is part of the Río Negro-Juruá Moist Forests, a global ecoregion, the other parts being the Negro–Branco, Solimões–Japurá and Caquetá moist forests.
The reasonably intact global ecoregion has high annual rainfall, diverse soils and varied terrain, resulting in a high level of biodiversity.
It has not been studied in great depth by scientists.

Most of the Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests ecoregion is covered by terra firme forests growing on poor soil.
These forests typically have a  canopy, either open or closed with emergent trees up to .
Common families of trees are Fabaceae, Sapotaceae, Rubiaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Lauraceae and Annonaceae.
There are many palms in the understory and canopy of the different types of forest.
In the terra firme areas the most common palms are miriti and carana in the genus Mauritia.
Other terra firme trees include Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), sucupira (Bowdichia virgilioides) and rubber (Hevea spruceana).

Trees in igapó forests along the Jaú River in the west include Elvasia calophylla, Swartzia laevicarpa, Pouteria elegans, Aldina latifolia, Swartzia polyphylla, Ouratea hexasperma, Mollia speciosa, Leopoldiana pulchra, Inga puntata and Heterostemon mimosoides.
Trees along the Tarumã Mirim River to the east include Vismia amazonica, Unonopsis guatterioides, Pentaclethra macroloba, Macrolobium suaveolens, Eschweilera parvifolia, Caraipa grandiflora, Aspidosperma nitidum and Mabea nitida.
Timber trees on the upper margins of the várzea include Ceiba pentandra, Manilkara amazonica, and Virola surinamensis.

Fauna
The Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests contain diverse fauna.

181 species of mammals have been recorded, including South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), jaguar (Panthera onca), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), red-faced spider monkey (Ateles paniscus), red-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas), common squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), and several gracile capuchin monkeys (Cebus species). There are many small rodents, anteaters, opossums, and over 100 bat species.

506 species of birds have been reported. Common birds include macaws (Ara species), cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), herons of the Egretta and Ardea genera, tinamous (Crypturellus species) and parrots (Amazona and Piona species).

There are many species of reptiles and amphibians, including the omnipresent green iguana (Iguana iguana) and tegus lizards (Tupinambis species).

Snakes include boa constrictor (Boa constrictor) and the venomous fer-de-lance (Bothrops asper), palm pit-vipers (Bothriechis species), coral snakes (Micrurus species) and bushmasters (Lachesis muta).

The rivers are home to fish of all sizes, turtles, Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis), and Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis).

Status
The region holds the south half of the Puinawai Natural Reserve in Colombia.
Protected areas in Brazil include the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve in the Purus várzea ecoregion, the Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve and the Jaú National Park.
The forest is largely undisturbed and relatively stable, but there are high levels of mining, logging, agriculture, hunting and fishing along the rivers.
There are no roads in the region except for very close to Manaus, but the rivers carry much boat traffic.
Urban development in the Manaus region causes deforestation and pollution.
In the border region between Colombia and Brazil large stretches of river bank are being destroyed by gold miners.
There is unregulated logging of timber along the river banks.

References

Bibliography

Amazon biome
Amazon rainforest
Upper Amazon
Ecoregions of Brazil
Ecoregions of Colombia
Neotropical tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests


text:
– wieś w północnej Japonii, na wyspie Honsiu, w prefekturze Akita, w powiecie Minamiakita. Ma powierzchnię 170,11 km2 . W 2020 r. mieszkało w niej 3 014 osób, w 834 gospodarstwach domowych (w 2010 r. 3 218 osób, w 804 gospodarstwach domowych).

Historia
Pierwotnie laguna Hachirō-gata zajmowała obszar 12 na 27 km i miała 82 km obwodu, będąc drugim pod względem wielkości zbiornikiem wodnym Japonii. Po 1954 roku profesor Ph. Jansen i inżynier A. Volker przeprowadzili studium wykonalności osuszenia laguny. Prace rozpoczęły się w 1957 roku i trwały 20 lat. W marcu 1977 roku, kosztem 85,2 miliarda dolarów, lagunę pokryto 17 203 hektarami żyznej gleby. Pierwsi ludzie osiedlili się na osuszonych częściach już w 1964 roku.

Geografia
Ōgata położona jest w północno-wschodniej części prefektury na jeziorze Hachirō-gata, gdzie zajmuje powierzchnię 170,11 km2 . Przechodzą tędy 3 drogi: 42, 54, 298.

Demografia

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Prefektura Akita
Miejscowości w Japonii


text:
10-й полк радіаційного, хімічного і біологічного захисту (10-й полк РХБЗ) — формування спеціальних військ у складі 41-ї загальновійськової армії Центрального військового округу. Розтащований у селі Топчиха Алтайського краю.

Умовне йменування — військова частина 55121 (в/ч 55121).

Історія
1960-го року з Бердська переводиться 6-й окремий батальйон хімічного захисту замість розформованого Сибірського вищого військового авіаційного училища льотчиків з 808-м навчальним авіаційним полком й 924-м батальйоном аеродромного базування 808-го НАП.

6-й окремий батальйон хімічного захисту 1976 року розгорнутий у 29-й Сибірський полк хімічного захисту, що 26 квітня 1986 року був повністю відмобілізований й висунутий під командування підполковника Віктора Лелюха на місце аварії Чорнобильської АЕС.

У 1988 році на базі полку сформована 11-та бригада радіоактивного, хімічного й бактеріологічного захисту, що проіснувала у Топчихі до 2007 року до її розформування. На її основі була сформована 349-та база зберігання озброєння й сил радіоактивного, хімічного й бактеріологічного захисту (349 БЗОіС РХБЗ,  в/ч 54730), та 254-й окремий батальйон РХБЗ 41-ї загальновійськової армії. 349-та БЗОіС РХБЗ продовжувала існувати, а 254-й Б РХБЗ у 2013 році переведено у місто Катеринбург.

2014 року на основі 349-ї БЗОіС РХБЗ сформовано 10-й полк РХБЗ, в/ч 55121.

Склад
Типовий полк:
 управління,
 1-й батальйон РХБЗ (рота РХБЗ, рота спеціальної обробки),
 2-й батальйон РХБЗ (рота РХБЗ, рота спеціальної обробки),
 вогнеметний батальйон (1-ша й 2-га вогнеметні роти, важка вогнеметна рота на ТОС-1А «Солнцепьок»),
 батальйон аерозольної протидії,
 рота РХБ розвідки,
 взвод зв'язку,
 взвод матеріального забезпечення,
 технічний взвод,
 медпункт.

Озброєння
На озброєнні:
 3 од. ТОС-1А «Солнцепьок»,
 РПО-А «Шмєль»,
 РПО ПДМ-А «Приз»,
 машини радіаційної і хімічної розвідки РХМ-4-01,
 розвідувальні хімічні машини РХМ-6,
 машини теплової обробки озброєння і військової техніки ТМС-65У,
 машини спеціальної обробки озброєння і спеціальної техніки АРС-14КМ,
 машини постановки димових завіс ТДА-2К.

У 2018 полк отримав нові 3 установки ТОС-1А «Солнцепьок».

Джерела
 Центральный военный округ (ЦВО)полк радіаційного, хімічного і бактеріологічного захисту

Примітки

Полки РХБЗ Росії
41-ша загальновійськова армія
Військові формування Алтайського краю


text:
John Beverley Nichols, né le  à , Bristol et mort le  à Kingston upon Thames, est un poète, journaliste, compositeur, dramaturge, essayiste et auteur britannique de roman policier et d'ouvrages de littérature d'enfance et de jeunesse. Il signe ses œuvres Beverley Nichols.

Biographie
Après ses études au Marlborough College et au prestigieux Balliol College, il entre à l'université d'Oxford et devient éditeur du  et président de l'Oxford Union. Il défend des positions politiques libérales de gauche. Très beau dans sa jeunesse, il est fameux auprès des photographes de son temps, qui le payent pour le faire poser. Son chemin croise celui de  dans le monde du théâtre. Des années plus tard, ils rivalisent dans les colonnes de critique théâtrale de divers journaux.

À 22 ans, il publie un premier roman, Prelude (1920), amorçant ainsi une carrière littéraire marquée par l'éclectisme. En effet, entre ce premier roman et son unique recueil de poésie, Twilight, paru en 1982, il signe de nombreux essais sur la politique, la religion, le statut de la femme, les chats, en plus de rédiger une autobiographie en plusieurs volumes, dont Mon père, ce monstre... (1972) où la haine qu'il affiche à l'égard de son père fut cause de scandale. Il publie aussi des romans de littérature enfantine et de jeunesse, une demi-douzaine de pièces de théâtre, dont une écrite directement en français, quelques revues musicales pour lesquelles il compose parfois la musique et une biographie de Somerset Maugham centrée sur l'époque du mariage et du divorce de l'écrivain.

Il a également fait paraître des best-sellers sur le jardinage, les fleurs et un document sur la restauration de Merry Hall, manoir georgien du Surrey où il réside entre 1946 et 1956 avec son compagnon de longue date et amant, Cyril Butcher.

Dans les années 1950, il se lance dans le roman policier avec la série des whodunits bien ficelés du jardinier Horatio Green. Petit homme doux et rondouillard, cet ancien détective à la retraite est doué d'un sens olfactif très développé qui lui est fort utile quand, incapable de résister à l'appel du mystère, il décide de se mettre sur les traces d'un assassin.

Il joue au cinéma le rôle de Richard Wells dans le film Glamour en 1931. Il a eu une brève liaison dans les années 1930 avec le poète Siegfried Sassoon. Malgré sa liaison de quarante ans avec Cyril Butcher, il mène une vie sexuelle empreinte de promiscuité avec des rencontres multiples de passage. Il s'implique dans les années 1950-1960 pour la défense des Noirs américains. Il anime des émissions de radio sur le jardinage qui le font connaître du grand public.

L'influence d'Oscar Wilde sur sa production littéraire a été évoquée.

Beverley Nichols est mort à 85 ans de complications à la suite d'une chute.

Œuvre

Romans

Série policière Horatio Green
 No Man's Street (1954)
 The Moonflower ou The Moonflower Murder (1955)
 Death to Slow Music (1956)
 The Rich Die Hard (1957)
 Murder by Request (1960)

Autres romans non-policiers
 Prelude (1920)
 Patchwork (1921)
 Self (1922)
 Crazy Pavements (1927)
 Evensong (1932)
 Revue (1939)
 Laughter on the Stairs (1953)
 Sunlight on the Dawn (1956)

Littérature d'enfance et de jeunesse
 The Tree That Sat Down (1945)
 The Stream That Stood Still (1948)
 The Mountain of Magic (1950)
 The Wickedest Witch in the World (1971)

Nouvelles

Recueil de nouvelles
 Men Do Not Weep (1942)

Nouvelles isolées
 The Trouble with Women (1927)
 The Pantomime Horse (1935)
 Flowers of Frost (1936)
 Men Do Not Weep (1941)

Autobiographie
 Twenty-Five: Being a Young Man's Candid Recollections of His Elders and Betters (1926)
 All I Could Never Be (1949)
 The Sweet and Twenties (1958)
 Father Figure (1972)
 Down the Kitchen Sink (1974)
 The Unforgiving Minute: some confessions from the childhood to the outbreak of the Second World War (1978)

Biographie
 A Case of Human Bondage (1966)

Théâtre
 Cochran's 1930 (1930)
 The Stag (1933)
 Avalanche (1931)
 When the Crash Comes (1933)
 Evensong (1933), adaptation scénique de son propre roman
 Mesmer (1935)
 Shadow of the Vine: a play in three acts (1949)
 Lady's Guide (1950)
 La Plume de ma tante (1953)

Poésie
 Twilight: First and Probably Last Poems (1982)

Essais

Sur la politique
 Cry Havoc! (1933), essai romancé
 News of England (1938)
 Verdict on India (1944)
 Uncle Samsom (1950)

Sur la religion
 The Fool Hath Said (1936)
 A Pilgrim's Progress (1952)

Sur le statut de la femme
 Women and Children Last (1931)
 Yours Sincerely (1947), en collaboration avec Monica Dickens

Sur les chats
 Cat Book (1955)
 Beverley Nichols' Cats A.B.C. (1960)
 Beverley Nichols' Cats X.Y.Z. (1961)

Sur les voyages
 Puck at Brighton (1933)
 No Place Like Home (1936)
 Verdict on India (1944)
 The Sun in My Eyes (1969)

Ouvrages sur le jardinage et la restauration
 Are They the Same at Home?: Being a Series of Bouquets Diffidently Distributed (1929)
 Down the Garden Path (1932)
 A Thatched Roof (1933)
 A Village in a Valley (1934)
 How Does Your Garden Grow? (1935)
 Green Grows the City: the Story of a London Garden (1939)
 Merry Hall (1951)
 Garden Open Today (1963)
 Forty Favourite Flowers (1964)
 The Art of Flower Arrangement (1967)
 Garden Open Tomorrow (1968)
 The Gift of a Garden (1972)
 The Romantic Garden (1980)

Autres ouvrages
 The Star-Spangled Manner (1928)
 For Adults Only (1932)
 A Stream and Its Source: introducing an argument in favor of Dexter fine tailored clothes (1932)
 The Making of a Man (1934)
 The Living and the Death: an essay on Indian Art (1944)
 The Queen's Coronation Day (1953)

Compositions musicales
 Picnic (1927), revue
 Many Happy Returns (1928), revue
 Floodlight (1937), revue
 Song on the Wind (1948), opérette

Sources
 .
 .

Notes et références

Liens externes

  Biographie et bibliographie
  Biographie et bibliographie

Écrivain britannique du XXe siècle
Dramaturge anglais du XXe siècle
Auteur britannique de littérature d'enfance et de jeunesse
Auteur britannique de roman policier
Auteur de la collection Le Masque
Histoire des LGBT au Royaume-Uni
Étudiant de Balliol College
Naissance en septembre 1898
Naissance à Bristol (Royaume-Uni)
Décès en septembre 1983
Décès à Kingston upon Thames
Décès à 85 ans
Romancier britannique du XXe siècle
Essayiste britannique


text:
Orgulho e Preconceito  pode referir-se a:

Orgulho e Preconceito — romance de Jane  Austen publicado pela primeira vez em 1813

Filmes
Orgulho e Preconceito (1940)
Orgulho e Preconceito (2005)

Séries de televisão
Pride and Prejudice (1938)
Pride and Prejudice (1952)
Pride and Prejudice (1958)
Pride and Prejudice (1967)
Pride and Prejudice (1980)
Pride and Prejudice (1995)
Pride and Prejudice (2014)

Desambiguações de cinema
Desambiguações de televisão


text:
Geoffrey Downes (born 25 August 1952) is an English keyboardist who gained fame as a member of the new wave group the Buggles with Trevor Horn, the progressive rock band Yes, and the supergroup Asia.

Born in Stockport, Downes moved to London to pursue a music career. In 1977, he formed the Buggles with Horn and enjoyed success with their first album The Age of Plastic (1980) which included the worldwide hit single "Video Killed the Radio Star". In May 1980, Downes joined Yes with Horn and recorded Drama (1980). After Yes disbanded in 1981, Downes helped Trevor Horn to produce a second Buggles album, Adventures in Modern Recording (1981) although he was only primarily involved for half of it, and co-founded Asia with ex-Yes fellow musician Steve Howe. He left Asia in 1986, rejoined in 1990, and has been a part of the line-up since then; he released several solo albums and produced for several artists, including Mike Oldfield and the Thompson Twins.

In 2006, Downes reunited the original Asia line-up and rejoined Yes in 2011; he is currently a member of both groups. Since 1998, he has reunited with Horn on special occasions to perform songs from the Buggles. Downes entered the Guinness Book of Records for performing with a record 28 keyboards on stage in a single performance.

Early life
Downes was born at Stepping Hill Hospital in Stockport, Cheshire, the son of musical parents. His father was a church organist and his mother a pianist. He also took up the keyboards and played in a succession of local bands. He attended Stockport Grammar School before studying at Leeds College of Music. After graduating he moved to London, where he played sessions and composed advertising jingles.

Career

Early career, The Buggles, and Yes (1975–1981)
In the mid-1970s, Downes was a member of She's French, playing a Fender Rhodes electric piano and a Hammond organ. The band also included Jamie West-Oram on guitar and Hoagy Davies, the son of Rupert Davies, on Minimoog synthesizer. He played keyboards for a theatre production of The Wombles in 1975. He played in Gary Boyle's band in 1977.

In 1976, Downes met Trevor Horn while auditioning for pop singer Tina Charles' backing band, for which Horn produced a single called Don't come back in 1977, which was published under the name "Fallen Angel and the Tina Charles Band". Then they formed the short-lived Chromium, with Anne Dudley and Hans Zimmer and recorded an album Star to Star in 1978.  Then they continued to work together, eventually forming the Buggles, recording a worldwide hit single "Video Killed the Radio Star" in 1979. It was Island Records' first number 1 in the UK, and the video of the song subsequently became the first ever to be played at the launch of MTV on August 1, 1981.

The success of the Buggles led to Downes and Horn joining Yes for the Drama album and the associated tour in 1980. Downes was the first member of the band to have completed a music degree.

Asia and other projects (1981–2006)
Yes split at the beginning of 1981, and Downes subsequently joined forces with guitarist Steve Howe (from Yes), bassist/vocalist John Wetton (from King Crimson) and drummer Carl Palmer (from Emerson, Lake & Palmer) to form Asia. Despite being out of the band between 1989 and 1990, Downes is the longest-serving member of the band and the only one to appear on every album released by them. Asia was an immediate worldwide success upon the recording of "Heat of the Moment" and the release of their self-titled debut album in 1982; the album remained at number 1 on the Billboard album charts for a record 9 successive weeks.

In 1989, Downes was involved in the remake of Deep Purple's 1972 song "Smoke on the Water" to raise funds for the Spitak earthquake victims. In 2009, Downes along with Tony Iommi, Ian Gillan and the former Wimbledon tennis champion Pat Cash, went to Armenia, and were presented with state medals from the President of Armenia for their efforts in the Rock Aid Armenia project.

In addition to recording and touring with Asia through more than three decades, Downes has also recorded a number of solo albums and collaborated with many other artists such as former bandmate John Wetton, former Deep Purple Glenn Hughes and Trapeze for a tour that produced the live album Welcome to the Real World, Ride the Tiger with Greg Lake, and a brief appearance on Kate Bush's "Sat in Your Lap". In 2005, he joined Yes drummer Alan White's eponymous band, White, on their debut album.

Downes has continued to release sporadic solo albums over the years, mainly under the name The New Dance Orchestra. They include the critically acclaimed 1986 double album The Light Programme, in addition to Vox Humana (1992), Shadows & Reflections (2003), along with a few others. He performed a sold out one-man show in 2003 at St Cyprian's Church in London, which was recorded using ambisonics technology.

He has also worked extensively as a producer with such acts as Mike Oldfield, Thompson Twins and GTR. As a songwriter, he has written for Agnetha Fältskog of ABBA. He is also credited as a co-writer on Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe album (made up of former members of Yes in 1989); he is credited due to Howe re-using some musical ideas from Asia.

In recent years, Downes has teamed up with Wetton in a separate project under the name Icon. They have released three studio albums: Icon (2005), Icon II: Rubicon (2006), and Icon 3 (2009) and live album from their 2005 tour.

Reformed Asia, projects, and return to Yes (2006–present)

In 2006, Downes reunited with the original members of Asia for a series of tours that continued into 2008, releasing a new album of studio material, Phoenix (2008), with more shows performed through Spring 2009. Later in 2009, the original Asia toured the US supporting Yes, with him and guitarist Steve Howe doing double duty performing with both bands nightly.

In the autumn of 2009 the band went into the studio again to record another album. The Asia album Omega was released in April 2010, the band has embarked on a six-week US tour through August and September. A song, "Extraordinary Life" from their previous album, Phoenix (2008), was chosen as the trailer for US's biggest reality TV show America's Got Talent. Since 2011, Downes shares his time between YES and Asia, touring and recording with both bands.

In 2012, Downes teamed up with Chris Braide under the name DBA (Downes Braide Association). The result was an album, Pictures of You, released summer 2012 on Plane Groovy Records. Since then, they have released three more studio recordings (Suburban Ghosts in 2015, Skyscraper Souls in 2017 and Halcyon Hymns in 2021), and a live album (Live in England in 2019).

While active with the original Asia, he has also finished three albums with Wetton on their side project Icon, and recorded a live DVD in 2009 to promote the release of their third studio album. The project included guitarist Dave Kilminster, Pete Riley, and Hugh McDowell. In addition, Downes is also working on television, film and production music for a London West End film production company, Original Production Music Ltd.

He released a further New Dance Orchestra (NDO) album in 2010 entitled Electronica with vocals from Anne-Marie Helder. It features Downes' orchestral style of keyboard playing.

On 28 September 2010, he reunited with Bruce Woolley and Trevor Horn as the band the Buggles, performing "The Lost Gig" to raise funds for the Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability.

On 22 March 2011, he performed at the Roundhouse, London with Trevor Horn and Producers, along with Spandau Ballet and Alison Moyet to raise funds for a music charity for underprivileged children. The event raised over half a million pounds on the night.

On 31 March 2011, he was confirmed as participating in the recording of the new Yes album Fly from Here (2011), reuniting with them formally for the first time since 1980 and rejoining the band for an upcoming tour. In May 2011, he rejoined Yes as the full-time keyboard player. In 2012, the band appointed a replacement vocalist, Jon Davison. The new Yes album, Heaven & Earth was released in July 2014.

Downes has also worked with Asia on a 30th Anniversary album, XXX, released in 2012. Downes co-composed 7 of the 9 original compositions on the album with Wetton, and the remaining two with Wetton and Howe.

Influences and style
In an interview conducted December 2006, Downes said the three players who had inspired him were Rick Wakeman (Yes), Keith Emerson (Emerson, Lake & Palmer) and especially Dave Sinclair (Caravan). In the same interview, he identified his favourite Asia tracks as "Only Time Will Tell", "Wildest Dreams", "Open Your Eyes" and "Voice of America". In an August 2015 interview, Downes said his favourite British band is King Crimson, with Journey, Kansas and Foreigner as his favourite American bands.

Asked on Twitter in 2018 which album in his career he is most proud of, Downes replied, "Drama - no doubt."

Personal life
Downes has been married three times and divorced twice. He has two daughters, Christina and Alexandra (died 2013), from his first wife, Norwegian former model , who was Miss Norway in 1973.

Downes lives in South Wales with his third and current wife Martine and step-son Louis. He is a supporter of the football club Cardiff City.

Discography

Solo
 The Light Program (the New Dance Orchestra) (1987, Geffen)
 Vox Humana (the New Dance Orchestra) (1992, JIMCO/Blueprint Records)
 Evolution (1996, Blueprint Records)
 The World Service (the New Dance Orchestra) (1999, Blueprint Records)
 Shadows & Reflections (2003, Voiceprint Records)
 The Bridge (the New Dance Orchestra) (2006, Blueprint Records)
 Electronica (New Dance Orchestra ft Anne-Marie Helder) (2010)

Chromium
 Star to Star (1979)

The Buggles

Yes
 Studio albums
 Drama (1980)
 Fly from Here (2011)
 Heaven & Earth (2014)
 The Quest (2021)

 Live albums
 The Word is Live (tracks taken from the 1980 tour) (2005)
 Like It Is: Yes at the Bristol Hippodrome (2014)
 Like It Is: Yes at the Mesa Arts Center (2015)
 Topographic Drama - Live Across America (2017)
 Yes 50 Live (2019)
 The Royal Affair Tour: Live from Las Vegas (2020)

Asia

Trapeze
 Welcome to the Real World (live, 1993)

With John Wetton
 Studio albums
 Wetton Downes (1996, demo)
 Wetton Downes (2001) (re-released and remastered in 2017 as Icon Zero)
 Icon (2005)
 Icon: Heat of the Moment 05 (2005, EP)
 Icon II: Rubicon (2006)
 Icon 3 (2009)

 Live albums
 Icon Acoustic TV Broadcast (2006, Frontiers Records)
 Icon Live - Never in a Million Years (2006, Frontiers Records)
 Icon: Heat of the Rising Sun (2012)
 Icon: Urban Psalm Live (2017)

With Glenn Hughes
 The Work Tapes (1998, demo)

White
 White (2006)

Downes Braide Association (DBA)
 Studio albums
 Pictures of You (2012)
 Suburban Ghosts (2015)
 Skyscraper Souls (2017)
 Halcyon Hymns (2021)

 Live albums
 Live in England (2019)

Deckchair Poets/Zorbonauts/Zebras Don't Smoke
 Deckchair Poets – Who Needs Pyjamas? (2013)
 Deckchair Poets – Searchin' for a Lemon Squeezer (2015)
 Deckchair Poets – A Bit of Pottery (2019)
 Zorbonauts – Tall Tails (2019)
 Deckchair Poets – Always Piste at Christmas (2019)
 Zorbonauts – The Unobserved Beaver (2020)
 Zebras Don't Smoke – Don't Mention the Swedes (2020)
 Deckchair Poets – The Crop Circlers' Guide to Abstract Expressionism (2021)
 Zorbonauts – Armed Slobbery (2021)
 Deckchair Poets – Be My Pillow (2022)
 Zebras Don't Smoke – Inflatable Noise (2022)

With Greg Lake
 Ride the Tiger (2015)

Other appearances
 5000 Volts – 5000 Volts (1976)
 John Howard – "I Can Breathe Again" / "You Take My Breath Away" (single, 1978)
 John Howard – "Don't Shine Your Light" / "Baby Go Now" (double A-side, 1979)
 Kate Bush – The Dreaming (1982)
 Agnetha Faltskog – Eyes of a Woman (1985)
 GTR – GTR (1986) (producer)
 Thompson Twins – "Nothing in Common" (single, 1986) (producer)
 Mike Oldfield – Islands (1987) (co-producer)
 Rock Aid Armenia – The Earthquake Album (1990)
 Max Bacon – The Higher You Climb (1995)
 various artists – Encores, Legends, and Paradox, A Tribute to the Music of ELP (1999)
 Steve Howe – Portraits of Bob Dylan (1999)
 Squeezebox – Drowning in Shallow Water (2003)
 John Wetton – Rock of Faith (2003)
 Isotope and Gary Boyle – Live at the BBC (2004), archival release
 Starwood – If It Ain't Broke, Break It! (2004)
 Steve Thorne – Emotional Creatures: Part One (2005)
 various artists – Back Against the Wall (2005)
 various artists – Return to the Dark Side of the Moon (2006)
 various artists – Led Box: The Ultimate Tribute to Led Zeppelin (2008)
 various artists – Abbey Road: A Tribute to The Beatles (2009)
 Steve Howe – Homebrew 4 (2009)
 Jerusalem – Escalator (2009)
 John Wetton – Raised in Captivity (2011)
 Producers – Made In Basing Street (2012)
 The Prog Collective – The Prog Collective (2012)
 Nektar – A Spoonful of Time (2012)
 The Prog Collective – Epilogue (2013)
 various artists – Light My Fire: A Classic Rock Salute to The Doors (2014)
 Billy Idol – Kings & Queens of the Underground (2014)
 Jerusalem – Black Horses (2014)
 DuskMachine – DuskMachine (2014)
 Billy Sherwood – Citizen (2015)
 Jerusalem – Cooler Than Antarctica (2016)
 various artists – Action Moves People United (2016)
 Chrysta Bell – We Dissolve (2017)
 Sonic Elements – Yesterday and Today – A 50th Anniversary Tribute to Yes (2018)
 David Cross and Peter Banks – Crossover (2020)
 various artists – A Tribute to Keith Emerson & Greg Lake (2020)
 The Prog Collective – Worlds on Hold (2020)
 various artists – Still Wish You Were Here: A Tribute to Pink Floyd (2021)
 The Prog Collective – Songs We were Taught (2022)

References

Further reading

External links

Downes official website
Downes discography
Asia on Classic Rock Central; 1983 audio interview clips with John Wetton, Geoff Downes and Steve Howe

1952 births
Living people
Alumni of Leeds College of Music
Asia (band) members
English new wave musicians
English rock keyboardists
English songwriters
English record producers
English session musicians
Geffen Records artists
Keytarists
Musicians from Cheshire
People educated at Stockport Grammar School
People from Stockport
Progressive rock keyboardists
The Buggles members
Trapeze (band) members
Yes (band) members


text:
Barbara Hund é uma jogadora de xadrez da Suíça, com diversas participações nas Olimpíadas de xadrez. Barbara participou das edições de 1978 a 1988 pela Alemanha tendo conquistado a medalha individual de prata em 1978 e a de bronze em 1980 além da medalha de bronze por equipes em 1978. A partir da 1992 passou a defender a Suíça, conquistando duas medalhas de bronze individuais em 1994 e 2004.

Ver também

Gerhard Hund

Jogadores de xadrez da Alemanha
Competidores das Olimpíadas de xadrez
Jogadores de xadrez da Suíça
Grandes Mestras de xadrez


text:
Pulau Bojo är en ö i Indonesien.   Den ligger i provinsen Sumatera Utara, i den västra delen av landet,  km nordväst om huvudstaden Jakarta. Arean är  kvadratkilometer.

Terrängen på Pulau Bojo är platt. Öns högsta punkt är  meter över havet. Den sträcker sig 4,7 kilometer i nord-sydlig riktning, och 3,7 kilometer i öst-västlig riktning.

Tropiskt regnskogsklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juni, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är april, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är november, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är januari, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Öar i Sumatera Utara
Öar i Indonesien större än 10 kvadratkilometer


text:
Quercus langbianensis és una espècie de roure que pertany a la família de les fagàcies i està dins del subgènere Cyclobalanopsis, del gènere Quercus.

Descripció
Quercus langbianensis és un arbre perennifoli que creix als 15 metres d'altura. L'escorça és aspra, amb punts. Les branques són de color marró tomentós quan és jove, escassament peludes amb l'edat. Les fulles fan 7-14 x 2,5-4 cm, el·líptic-lanceolades a oblanceolades, coriàcies, glabres a banda i banda, el marge té nombroses petites dents obtuses senceres, ondulades i amb prop de l'àpex, àpex acuminat a caudat poc; cuneïforme base o obliqua, verds i brillants, sense pèl amunt; a sota glaucs, 7-13 parells de nervis secundaris, terciaris venes evident abaxialment; pecíol d'1,5-2 cm, sense pèl. Els pecíols de 2-3 cm, glabres, limbe de la fulla de color verd, el·líptic-lanceolades a oblanceolades, (9 -) 11-17 x 3-5 cm, coriàcies, glabres, la base cuneïforme a obliqua, marge sencer o poques vegades apical amb dues o tres dents. L'àpex és acuminat a poc caudat. La vena mitjana de la cara superior de la fulla està alçada, les venes secundàries entre 8 a 12 en cada costat del nervi central. Les venes terciàries són evidents a la cara inferior de la fulla. La infructescència de 2 cm. aproximadament. Superficialment, les cúpules són en forma de bol, de 8 mm x 2-2,5 cm aproximadament, tancats 1/2 o 2/3 de la nou. A fora i a dins de la gla tomentós vermellós i una paret de 3 mm de gruix aproximadament. Les bràctees estan formades per 5 a 7 anells, amb un marge sencer. Les glans són subgloboses d'1,7 cm aproximadament, serícees i de color marró pàl·lid. Les cicatrius d'1 cm de diàmetre aproximadament, convexes. Els seus estils són persistents de 2 mm de diàmetre aproximadament. Les glans maduren cap al setembre.

Distribució i hàbitat
Quercus langbianensis creix al sud-est de la província xinesa de Yunnan i al Vietnam, als densos boscos perennifolis de fulla ampla a les muntanyes, entre els 1400 i 2000 m.

Taxonomia
Quercus langbianensis va ser descrita per Hickel i A.Camus i publicat a Annales des sciences naturelles. Botanique. dixième série. 3: 382. 1921.

Etimologia
Quercus: nom genèric del llatí que designava igualment al roure i a l'alzina.

langbianensis: epítet

Referències

Enllaços externs
 Quercus camusiae a Flora of China
 Quercus camusiae a Tropicos.org
 Quercus camusiae a Imatges a Google

langbianensis


text:
Vernantois ist eine französische Gemeinde im Département Jura in der Region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Lons-le-Saunier und zum Kanton Lons-le-Saunier-2 und ist Mitglied des Gemeindeverbandes Val de Sorne, dessen Name sich auf das hier entspringende Flüsschen Sorne bezieht.
Sie grenzt im Norden an Montaigu, im Osten an Revigny und Saint-Maur, im Südosten an Alièze, im Südwesten an Courbette sowie im Westen an Moiron und Bornay.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Wirtschaft
Rebflächen in Vernantois sind Teil des Weinbaugebietes Côtes du Jura.

Weblinks

Ort in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Weinbauort in Frankreich


text:
La sua opera è spesso posta in relazione con la corrente del tardo surrealista sebbene, tuttavia, egli non abbia mai fatto parte del movimento; successivamente è stato accostato da Octavio Paz alla letteratura psichedelica, per i suoi testi ispirati ai suoi esperimenti con LSD e mescalina, precedenti all'esplosione di tale movimento negli anni sessanta.

Biografia

Michaux trascorre la sua infanzia in un'agiata famiglia di fabbricanti di cappelli, a Bruxelles, in via Defacqz nº 69. Dopo un periodo trascorso in un pensionato della regione di Anversa, prosegue i suoi studi presso il Collège Saint-Michel dove, tra i suoi compagni, figura il futuro poeta Geo Norge.

Adolescente angosciato, le sue prime esperienze letterarie sono segnate dalla lettura di Tolstoj e Dostoevskij. Anche se legge molto, nei suoi iniziali studi presso i Gesuiti non si orienta verso ambiti letterari, ma verso la medicina, che abbandonerà abbastanza presto per imbarcarsi come marinaio nella Marina militare. Naviga nel 1920 e 1921 ma è poi costretto a sbarcare quando la sua nave viene disarmata. All'incirca nella stessa epoca, a spingerlo a scrivere è la lettura di Lautréamont. Il risultato sarà il Cas de Folie Circulaire del 1922, un primo testo che già rende un'idea di ciò che sarà il suo stile. In seguito gli scritti si succedono (Les rêves et la jambe nel 1923, Qui je fus nel 1927) e gli stili si moltiplicano.
Nel 1928 si stabilisce a Parigi, dirigendovi anche la rivista "Hermès". Nel 1929 ricomincia a viaggiare. Dal 1955 si dedicò alla sperimentazione degli allucinogeni, in particolare della mescalina.

Opere
Tra i suoi scritti:

 Chi fui (Qui je fus, 1927);
 Un certo Piuma (Un certain Plume, 1930), trad. Alfredo Giuliani, Milano: Bompiani 1971;
 Ecuador (Ecuador. Journal de voyage, 1929), trad. Guido Neri e Jean Talon, Macerata: Quodlibet 2005;
 Un barbaro in Asia (Un barbare en Asie, 1933), trad. Diana Grange Fiori, Torino: Einaudi 1974; trad. di Alessandro Giarda, Milano, O barra O 2015;
 Tra centro e assenza (Entre centre et absence, 1936);
 Viaggio in gran Garabagne (Voyage en grande Garabagne, 1936), in Altrove, trad. e cura di Gianni Celati e Jean Talon, Macerata: Quodlibet 2005;
 Nel paese della Magia (Au pays de la Magie, 1941), in Altrove, trad. e cura di Gianni Celati e Jean Talon, Macerata: Quodlibet 2005;
 Esorcismi (Épreuves, exorcismes, 1944);
 Qui Poddéma (Ici Poddéma, 1946), in Altrove, trad. Guido Neri e Jean Talon, Macerata: Quodlibet 2005;
 Altrove (Ailleurs, 1948), trad. Liliana Magrini e Carla Vasio, nota introduttiva di Claudio Rugafiori, Milano: Rizzoli, 1966; trad. Guido Neri e Jean Talon, Macerata: Quodlibet 2005;
 Poesia per potere (Poésie pour pouvoir, 1949);
 Passaggi (Passages, 1950), trad. Milano: Adelphi, 2012;
 Miserabile miracolo (Miserable miracle, 1956), trad. Enrico Filippini, Valerio Riva e Claudio Rugafiori, Milano: Feltrinelli, 1967;
 L'infinito turbolento (L'infini turbulent, 1957), in Miserabile miracolo, trad. Enrico Filippini, Valerio Riva e Claudio Rugafiori, Milano: Feltrinelli, 1967;
 Conoscenza dagli abissi (Connaissance par les gouffres, 1961), a cura di Jean Talon, trad. Mario Diacono, introduzione di Emanuele Trevi, Macerata, Quodlibet 2006;
 Venti e polvere (Vents et poussières, 1963);
 Le grandi prove dello spirito e le innumerevoli piccole (Les grandes épreuves de l'esprit et les innombrables petites, 1966);
 Lo spazio interiore (L'espace du dedans. Pages choisies 1927-59, 1966), trad. Ivos Margoni, Torino: Einaudi, 1968;
 Modi di un risvegliato (Façons d'éveillé, 1969);
 Modi di un addormentato (Façons d'Endormi, 1969);
 Trave angolare (Poteaux d'angle, 1971), a cura di Diana Grange Fiori, Padova: Liviana, 1988 (supplemento di «In forma di parole»);
 Momenti (Moments, 1973);
 Braccio rotto (Bras cassé, 1973);
 Giorni di silenzio (Jours de silence, 1978);
 Brecce (antologia personale), a cura di Diana Grange Fiori, Milano, Adelphi 1984 (Biblioteca Adelphi n. 145);
 Sulla via dei segni, a cura di Lucetta Frisa, Genova: Graphos, 1998;

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
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Aforisti belgi
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text:
Габриэл Дави Гомес Сара (; родился 26 июня 1999, Жоинвили) — бразильский футболист, полузащитник клуба «Норвич Сити».

Биография
Уроженец Жоинвили, Габриэл Сара начал тренироваться в футбольной академии клуба «Сан-Паулу» в возрасте 13 лет. В основном составе «Сан-Паулу» дебютировал 3 декабря 2017 года в матче бразильской Серии A против «Баии». 13 сентября 2020 года забил свои первые голы в составе «Сан-Паулу», сделав «дубль» в матче Серии A против «Сантоса». К концу 2020 года стал одним из ключевых игроков основного состава «трёхцветных». В декабре 2020 года «Сан-Паулу» продлил с ним контракт до 2024 года, опция выкупа контракта при этом была увеличена с 50 до 80 млн евро.

Титулы и достижения
  Чемпион штата Сан-Паулу (1): 2021

Примечания

Ссылки
 Профиль футболиста на официальном сайте «Сан-Паулу»
 Профиль футболиста на сайте oGol.com.br

Футболисты Бразилии
Игроки ФК «Сан-Паулу»
Игроки ФК «Норвич Сити»