text:
CTB v. News Group Newspapers is an English legal case between Manchester United player Ryan Giggs, given the pseudonym CTB, and defendants News Group Newspapers Limited and model Imogen Thomas.

On 14 April 2011, Mr Justice Eady granted first a temporary injunction at the High Court in London, preventing the naming of the footballer in the media, then extending it on 21 April 2011. The injunction was initially intended to prevent details of the case – an alleged extra-marital relationship between Giggs and Thomas – from being published in The Sun. The ruling of the court was based on Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees the "Right to respect for private and family life."

Following the publication of details of the gagging order on Twitter, naming Giggs as the footballer involved, there was widespread discussion in the UK and international media on the issue of how court injunctions can be enforced in the age of social media websites.

On 23 May 2011, Justice Eady rejected News Group Newspapers' application to lift the injunction, despite pressure from the public and government. Later the same day, Liberal Democrat MP John Hemming used parliamentary privilege to name Ryan Giggs as CTB.

Background
On 14 April 2011, The Sun published a story entitled "Footie star's affair with Big Brother'''s Imogen Thomas". It claimed that "a Premier League star" had met Thomas at luxury hotels during a "six-month fling", but did not name the footballer involved.

According to The Sunday Times, the first mention on Twitter of the alleged relationship between Giggs and Thomas may have been posted at 10:02 PM BST by James Webley on 14 April 2011, the day of the initial granting of the injunction. Webley is a UK citizen from Guildford with the Twitter username "@unknownj". Webley denied being the  source of the leak, and pointed to a web page written by a man named Michael Wheeler that he had read on the same day, which he said strongly hinted that Giggs was the person involved.

On 8 May 2011, an account on social networking site Twitter was created under the name "Billy Jones", and posted the alleged details of several of the anonymised privacy injunctions that had been mentioned in the media. This included the claim that the married footballer known as CTB had been involved in a seven-month extra-marital relationship with model Imogen Thomas. While Thomas could be named in the UK media, the identity of CTB could not. On the same date, messages saying that the identity of claimant CTB was Manchester United player Ryan Giggs were posted on Twitter and subsequently reported in a number of non-UK media sources.  The allegations were repeatedly reposted online by other users, in a similar response to that of the Twitter Joke Trial the year before.

In delivering his ruling on the case on 16 May 2011, Eady argued: "It will rarely be the case that the privacy rights of an individual or of his family will have to yield in priority to what has been described in the House of Lords as 'tittle-tattle about the activities of footballers' wives and girlfriends.'" He also argued that a balance had to be struck between Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees the right to privacy, and Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees the right to freedom of expression. Eady denied in the ruling that he was "introducing a law of privacy by the back door", which had been a common criticism of his decisions in the UK media, and stated that the principles involved in the ruling were "readily apparent from the terms of the Human Rights Act, and indeed from the European Convention itself." The Human Rights Act 1998 had been passed by the UK government, and incorporated the terms of the Convention into UK law.

The ruling also suggested that Imogen Thomas had attempted to blackmail the footballer for £50,000 and £100,000, a claim she strongly denied. Following a failed attempt by The Sun to lift the injunction on 16 May 2011, Thomas commented: "Yet again my name and reputation have been trashed while the man I had a relationship with is able to hide. What's more I can't even defend myself because I have been gagged. If this is the way privacy injunctions are supposed to work there is something seriously wrong with the law." Eady said that he could not "come to any final conclusion" on whether there had been an attempt at blackmail.

It was stated in the ruling that Imogen Thomas had "at some stage engaged the services of Mr Max Clifford", the well-known UK publicist, and that the purpose of meetings Thomas had arranged with the footballer had been "that The Sun was ready to take advantage of these prearranged meetings in order to be able to put forward the claim that it was The Sun which had found him 'romping with a busty Big Brother babe'".

Legal action after posts on Twitter

Using London-based law firm Schillings as an advisor, action has been undertaken by the footballer against Twitter in an attempt to obtain information on some of the users involved in naming Giggs. The action is known as CTB v. Twitter Inc., Persons Unknown. A blogger for Forbes magazine remarked: "Giggs has not heard of the Streisand effect", observing that mentions of his name had significantly increased after the case against Twitter had been reported in the news. According to measurement company Experian Hitwise, traffic on Twitter in the UK rose by 22% after the action was reported. Peter Preston, former editor of The Guardian, compared the CTB situation to the Spycatcher affair of the 1980s, in which Peter Wright's book had been openly on sale in Australia and other countries, despite being banned in the UK.

The headquarters of Twitter are in San Francisco, and legal experts pointed out the difficulties in suing in a United States court, where First Amendment protection applies to freedom of speech. London-based lawyer James Quartermaine commented: "Twitter will probably just ignore it and consider it to be offensive to their First Amendment rights. It's probably an attempt to try and show that actions have consequences in cyberspace." On 21 May 2011, lawyers at Schillings denied that they were suing Twitter, and said that they had made an application "to obtain limited information concerning the unlawful use of Twitter by a small number of individuals who may have breached a court order."

Sunday Herald article
On 22 May 2011, the Sunday Herald, a Scottish newspaper, published a thinly-disguised photograph of Ryan Giggs on its front page, with the word "CENSORED" covering his eyes. The paper added in its editorial column, "Today we identify the footballer whose name has been linked to a court superinjunction by thousands of postings on Twitter. Why? Because we believe it is unsustainable that the law can be used to prevent newspapers from publishing information that readers can access on the internet at the click of a mouse." The Sunday Herald also stated: "We should point out immediately that we are not accusing the footballer concerned of any misdeed. Whether the allegations against him are true or not has no relevance to this debate. The issue is one of freedom of information and of a growing argument in favour of more restrictive privacy laws."

Giggs' lawyers had not applied for an interdict (injunction) at the Court of Session in Edinburgh. This meant that the London High Court ruling had no force in Scotland, unless copies of the Sunday Herald were sold in England or Wales. Sunday Herald editor Richard Walker indicated to the BBC that the Herald was not sold in England or Wales, and added that the footballer's name and photo were exclusive to the print edition and had not been posted on the newspaper's website. Dominic Grieve, the Attorney General for England and Wales, said that no legal action was planned against the Sunday Herald.

Naming in Parliament and subsequent events
On 23 May 2011, Eady refused a fresh application from The Sun to lift the injunction and allow CTB to be named. He argued that "the court's duty remains to try and protect the claimant, and particularly his family, from intrusion and harassment so long as it can." The Sun had argued that the injunction was "futile" given the level of knowledge of the footballer's name.

The same afternoon, Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament John Hemming spoke in the House of Commons and used parliamentary privilege to name Ryan Giggs as the footballer CTB.Hansard, HC Deb 23 May 2011, col 638  A second attempt by The Sun to overturn the injunction later in the day was rejected by Mr Justice Tugendhat, who argued "this is not about secrecy, this is about intrusion."

On 15 December 2011, Mr Justice Eady accepted that Thomas had not attempted to blackmail the footballer known as CTB, and suggested "There is no longer any point in maintaining the anonymity." The injunction preventing the naming of CTB remained in place.

On 21 February 2012, Ryan Giggs consented in the High Court to being named as the claimant known as CTB. Hugh Tomlinson QC, acting for Giggs, said that his client was claiming damages from The Sun for the subsequent re-publication of information in other newspapers and on the Internet. For The Sun's owners News Group Newspapers, Richard Spearman QC said: "We didn't identify him. We didn't intend to identify him. On the damages for publication, it is dead in the water, this case." On 2 March 2012, Mr Justice Tugendhat refused to grant relief to Giggs, ending the claim for damages.

Reactions
In response to criticism of previous super-injunctions in the UK media, a report by a committee of judges headed by Master of the Rolls Lord Neuberger was published on 20 May 2011. It recommended that super-injunctions "can only be granted when they are strictly necessary".Super-Injunctions, Anonymised Injunctions and Open Justice  Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, Master of the Rolls, www.judiciary.gov.uk, 20 May 2011 Kenneth Clarke, the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice, also indicated that the law on privacy in the UK will be reviewed in the light of controversies over privacy injunctions. Lord Judge, the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, commented that modern technology was "out of control", and called for measures to prevent court injunctions from being breached on the web.

David Cameron, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said on ITV1's Daybreak on 23 May 2011: "It is rather unsustainable, this situation, where newspapers can't print something that clearly everybody else is talking about, but there's a difficulty here because the law is the law and the judges must interpret what the law is. What I've said in the past is, the danger is that judgments are effectively writing a new law which is what parliament is meant to do."  He added that the law should be reviewed to "catch up with how people consume media today".

Alex Salmond, the First Minister of Scotland, commented: "The law essentially is a practical thing. It looks to me like the English law, English injunctions, look increasingly impractical in the modern world."

Member of Parliament John Hemming, who named Ryan Giggs in the House of Commons, described the affair as "a joke", and commented: "The judges' application of privacy law, which is ill conceived to start with, is now close to breaking point, under pressure from the biggest act of civil disobedience seen for many years."

Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales commented in an interview with The Independent: "This only became a story because the footballer is pursuing legal action against Twitter. In the UK, I think the system is going to have to change. People are going to realise that it is an infringement of the right to free speech. People are going to get sick of the rich and powerful being able to suppress things they do not want to get out."

Lord Wakeham, the chairman of the Press Complaints Commission between 1995 and 2001, described the situation surrounding privacy injunctions as "a shambles", and proposed that Parliament should amend the law so that judges would be able to grant injunctions only where issues "impact on public authorities and the State".

Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, expressed concern about the use of Twitter to break court injunctions, arguing that the site was "not a place for reasoned discussion".

Tony Wang, the head of Twitter in Europe, said that people who do "bad things" on the site would need to defend themselves under the laws of their own jurisdiction in the event of controversy, and that the site would hand over information about users to the authorities when it was legally required to do so.

In The Sunday Times on 29 May 2011, Ryan Giggs' barrister Hugh Tomlinson QC commented: "I advise my clients that an injunction will not be effective. There have been too many examples of people breaking injunctions, getting round them by releasing material on to the Internet." He also suggested creating a statutory tort of privacy.

 See also
 2011 British privacy injunctions controversy
 Ferdinand v Mirror Group Newspapers Mosley v News Group Newspapers Limited Privacy in English law
 Scots law

References

External links
 Could Twitter become a threat to the justice system? Chris Summers, BBC News. 25 May 2011.
 Gossip frenzy! And the law is left looking an ass David Randall and Andrew McCorkell, The Independent. 15 May 2011.
 Sex, lies and super-injunctions Duncan Lamont, Channel 4 News. 28 April 2011.
 Sky News – Giggs Named In Commons As Footballer Identified On Twitter In Context Of Injunctions YouTube. 23 May 2011.
 South Tyneside Council 'gets Twitter data' in blog case, BBC News. 30 May 2011.
 Super-injunctions: Modern technology is beyond control, not out of control Shane Richmond, The Daily Telegraph''. 20 May 2011.
 Twitter's super-injunction surge Rory Cellan-Jones, BBC News. 23 May 2011.
 Why super-injunctions don't happen in US Tom Geoghegan, BBC News. 10 May 2011.

Human rights case law
High Court of Justice cases
2011 in British law
2011 in case law
Censorship in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom free speech case law
Twitter controversies
The Sun (United Kingdom)
English privacy case law
Internet censorship


text:
Michael Timm (born 13 November 1962 in Hagenow, Bezirk Schwerin) is a retired East German amateur boxer. He is best known for winning the gold medal at the 1985 European Championships in Budapest, Hungary in the Men's Light Middleweight division.

External links
 Profile

1962 births
Living people
People from Hagenow
People from Bezirk Schwerin
German male boxers
Sportspeople from Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
Light-middleweight boxers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Breakout é o segundo álbum de estúdio da cantora, compositora e atriz norte-americana Miley Cyrus, lançado com o selo da Hollywood Records no dia 22 de julho de 2008. É o primeiro álbum de Cyrus a não ter nenhuma ligação com a franquia Hannah Montana, já que Meet Miley Cyrus, seu álbum de estreia, foi lançado em conjunto com o álbum Hannah Montana 2. Nos Estados Unidos, estreou no 1.º lugar da parada musical oficial norte-americana, a Billboard 200, vendendo 371 mil cópias na primeira semana. Breakout possui gêneros musicais variados, mas é evidentemente influenciado pelo pop rock, com algumas influências do teen pop e do dance-pop. Trabalharam como produtores musicais do álbum Antonina Armato, Scott Cutler, John Fields, Tim James, Anne Preven e Matthew Wilder, e nas composições, trabalharam principalmente Miley Cyrus, a vocalista, Antonina Armato e Tim James. Liricalmente, Breakout fala sobre as diversões e as tristezas amorosas da fase de transição da adolescência para a vida adulta.

Em geral, o álbum teve um excelente êxito comercial, alcançando sucesso considerável em países da América e da Europa. Em 17 de outubro de 2008 o álbum foi certificado com disco de platina pela Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) por vendas acima de um milhão de cópias nos Estados Unidos. Ele recebeu certificações em vários países ao redor do mundo, como a Austrália (Platina), a Espanha (Ouro) e o Reino Unido (Platina).

Foram lançados três singles oficiais e um single promocional para promover as vendas do álbum. O primeiro single oficial, "7 Things", alcançou a 9ª posição da Billboard Hot 100 e a 13.ª posição da Canadian Hot 100, além de alcançar várias posições no Top 30 dos charts de diversos países. "Fly on the Wall" alcançou a 84.ª posição da Billboard Hot 100 e a 16ª posição do UK Singles Chart. O único single promocional do álbum, "Breakout", alcançou a 56.ª posição da Billboard Hot 100.

Detalhes

No ano de 2007, Miley Cyrus iniciou seu trabalho musical próprio, ou seja, ela lançou seu primeiro álbum no qual o nome de seu alter-ego, Hannah Montana, não foi usado.  No entanto, esse álbum foi lançado em conjunto com um álbum desse mesmo alter-ego, e portanto, não poderia ser descrito como um álbum "próprio" da cantora. Apenas com o lançamento de Breakout, seu segundo álbum de estúdio, Cyrus conseguiu lançar sua carreira musical sem ser tão ligada a Hannah Montana. Ela acreditava que esse era seu "álbum da liberdade", onde ela iria "mostrar a todos do que é feita Miley Cyrus." Cyrus ainda explicou o título do álbum, dizendo que ele falava de "se afastar da Hannah, mas com apenas um pouco de mudança." Além desse motivo, ela decidiu que o título do álbum seria esse após gravar a canção "Breakout", que era "uma das [suas] canções favoritas".

Cyrus acreditava que, comparado a seus álbuns anteriores, Breakout era mais "adulto e um pouco mais criativo." Ela teve como objetivo incorporar um som mais influenciado pelo rock, dizendo que "as composições são definitivamente diferentes... as letras significam mais do que as do meu último par de discos". De acordo com ela, o álbum documenta, com profundidade, os eventos que ocorreram em sua vida no período de um ano. A maioria das canções do álbum foram escritas enquanto Cyrus viajava com a Best of Both Worlds Tour, entre outubro de 2007 e janeiro de 2008. Ela declarou que, "através de cada música, o ouvinte pode descobrir algo sobre ela e sobre si mesmo."

Ao se conectar com seus fãs através de Breakout, ela alegou que queria que "as meninas tivessem a sensação de serem capazes de se sentir fortalecidas e fazer rock", passando a dizer que, "ouvindo estas músicas, espero que eles [os fãs] possam ter uma razão para dançar e apenas sorrir e se divertir. Este CD é totalmente apropriado na idade, especialmente para mim."

Desenvolvimento

"Breakout" foi escrita por Ted Bruner, em colaboração com Trey Vittetoe e Gina Schock, do Go-Go's. Ela foi gravada primeiramente pela cantora pop norte-americana Katy Perry, para seu álbum de estúdio intitulado One of the Boys, no entanto, não foi incluída no álbum e por isso, foi passada para Cyrus, que gravou a canção novamente e cuja versão conta com a participação de Perry como backing vocal. Assim como a maioria das músicas de Breakout, Cyrus escreveu "7 Things" enquanto viaja na Best of Both Worlds Tour, refletindo sobre suas numerosas emoções por um ex-namorado. Ela alegou que o uso da palavra "ódio" foi feito para demonstrar o quão furiosa ela estava na época. Originalmente, "7 Things" era mais "suave e agradável", mas Cyrus disse que ela "enlouqueceu" durante o processo de gravação e deu a música um som mais pesado. Ela ainda gravou um cover da canção "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun", da cantora norte-americana Cyndi Lauper, lançada no álbum "She's So Unusual", de 1983. Cyrus quis que seu cover fosse totalmente diferente dos que já tinham sido feitos para essa canção, para que ele fosse distinguido dos demais. Ela descreveu o processo como "quase [ter] que reaprender a canção." Sobre o produto final, ela disse: "Quando você ouvir a música, vai ser, tipo, você não está mesmo certo do que é. É algo completamente novo."

"Full Circle" foi co-escrita por Cyrus, Scott Cutler e Anne Preven, e fala sobre seu relacionamento com Nick Jonas, dos Jonas Brothers. "É sobre duas pessoas. Elas sempre voltam a ficar juntas, não importa o que dizem as pessoas más, que tentam mantê-los separados", disse Cyrus sobre o conceito da música. "Fly on the Wall" foi escrita por Cyrus com o auxílio de Antonina Armato, Tim James e Devrim Karaoglu. Ela foi destinada para a mídia, e fala sobre "como eles acham que sabem tudo [sobre ela], quando eles não sabem. Eles queriam ser uma mosca na minha parede e ver [ela] 24/7." Cyrus explicou que ela falava sobre sua tentativa de escapar dos paparazzis, mas que eles sempre aparecem, e "não vão embora, como pequenas e chatas moscas." Cyrus, Armato, James e Aaron Dudley co-escreveram "Wake Up America", uma canção que fala sobre o ambientalismo. A canção foi dirigida para "as pessoas no banco de trás, as crianças da geração de hoje"; ela disse que, no futuro, eles seriam aqueles que "levariam [a] terra para o que ela irá ser." "É a única que você tem, então você tem que cuidar dela. E se você não fizer isso, vai haver [consequências], talvez não para você, naquele momento, ou para sua geração, mas para seus filhos e os filhos deles... Cada geração tem um ciclo que vai continuar pelo resto da eternidade", ela concluiu.

Cyrus também gravou um cover da canção "Four Walls", da cantora norte-americana Cheyenne Kimball, presente no álbum de 2006 intitulado "The Day Has Come", para Breakout, e o intitulou de "These Four Walls". A décima-segunda e última faixa do álbum é uma versão remixada do hit "See You Again", intitulada como "Rock Mafia Remix" ou "The 2008 Remix"; "See You Again" foi originalmente lançada no álbum Meet Miley Cyrus, 2º disco do álbum Hannah Montana 2/Meet Miley Cyrus.

Existem ainda duas faixas bônus inéditas presentes na Platinum Edition do álbum, cujos títulos são "Hovering" (com participação especial do meio-irmão de Cyrus, Trace) e "Someday". Também existem dois remixes da canção "7 Things" na edição japonesa do álbum.

Estrutura musical e composição

No geral, Breakout é predominante do pop rock, mas explora uma variedade de outros gêneros musicais. A faixa-título e inicial do álbum, "Breakout", é uma canção pertencente ao dance-pop que começa com uma rápida batida, composta por um chiming de guitarra elétrica e bateria que mais tarde evolui para "a pulada da armadilha e os teclados shimmer"; "batidas estáticas" envolvem o todo. A letra da canção fala sobre "uma chamada só pra garotas para a diversão" que anedota sobre os sentimentos da idade e o desejo de se ver livre da escola. Os refrões uptempo de "7 Things" são influenciados pelo pop punk. A canção é "um período de três ritmos", transitando da "sensível canção sobre término com descuidados versos ao punk-pop no refrão de duplo tempo." A letra de "7 Things" cita 7 características que Cyrus odeia e que ela ama em seu ex-namorado. "The Driveway" é uma power ballad cuja letra fala sobre um término de relacionamento, insistindo que "nada fere como perder quando você sabe que realmente já foi." O cover de "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun", de Cyndi Lauper, substitui o sutil reggae corrente na versão original por um som mais conduzido pelo rock, que inclui batidas de pop-punk e cordas. A letra de "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" discute principalmente o "desejo de se soltar com seus amigos", tocando em detalhes da vida de uma estrela infantil sobrecarregada. "Full Circle" é composta por um pop rock com vários hooks e, em um dos ganchos, Cyrus termina com várias palavras com "Oh, oh, oh!". A letra fala sobre não desistir de um relacionamento.

"Fly on the Wall" se destaca como uma canção electropop que também está comprometida com uma série de hooks, que "gritam" o título da canção, enquanto a instrumentação depende de guitarras elétricas. Ao contrário de outras canções de Breakout, "Fly on the Wall" tem a voz de Cyrus processada para soar de um modo diferente. A letra da canção incita "o ouvinte a ir para o lado de fora de seu santuário interno." O alvo da mensagem tem sido interpretado de forma diferente por críticos contemporâneos - um ex-namorado e os meios de comunicação tem sido mais comumente referidos. "Bottom of the Ocean" é uma balada contemporânea que contém um som com influências da música minimalista. O "pano de fundo" para a canção sobre "sentir-se mal" possui características das ondas do oceano. A faixa "Wake Up America" tem um "pano de fundo riff-rock atrevido" enquanto também possui em seu conteúdo lírico preocupações com o meio ambiente, onde Cyrus pede principalmente para o público dar a Terra "um pouco de atenção". No primeiro verso, ela admite que "não sabe exatamente o que está acontecendo com o aquecimento global, mas acredita que há algo que todos nós devemos fazer sobre isso". "These Four Walls" é uma power ballad acentuada por elementos country pop e vocais vibrantes e letra que fala sobre uma narrativa interior. "Simple Song" tem um som "mau humorado" e é liricamente sobre momentos da idade em que uma pessoa diz "não posso dizer qual caminho é para cima, qual é para baixo", e elas sentem a necessidade de se alienarem. Em "Goodbye", a performance vocal de Cyrus é mais "descansada" e com mais "som natural de acompanhamento", enquanto que nas letras ela se pega lembrando das "coisas simples... até que [ela chora]". "See You Again (Rock Mafia Remix)" é uma canção dance-pop, que funde vocais sensuais com batidas techno. A faixa fala sobre uma grande paixão a primeira vista entre um casal.

Recepção da crítica

Breakout recebeu, em geral, críticas positivas, obtendo uma média geral de 66 em 100 no Metacritic, baseado em críticas recolhidas. Heather Phares, do Allmusic, comentou que o título do disco expressa seu "propósito muito bem", embora a música não seja drasticamente diferente das de Hannah Montana, acrescentando, "são apenas um punhado de canções que realmente saíram do molde de Hannah Montana". Apesar de não estar impressionada com o "nada [sendo] deixado ao acaso", ela concluiu: "Mesmo que essas músicas sejam muito mais derivadas do pop estabelecido pelas divas Avril Lavigne e Britney Spears, elas fornecem pistas sobre o tipo de 'empresa' que Cyrus pretende manter. E ao mesmo tempo que Breakout não é um avanço tanto quanto poderia ser, ele ainda leva Miley a uma identidade e carreira longes da Hannah". Kerri Mason, da Billboard, escreveu: "Embora ainda seja apropriado para menores, "Breakout" também é para as crianças grandes" e elogiou Cyrus por ser uma "pop star nata".

Singles

"7 Things" foi o primeiro single de Breakout. Estreou na Rádio Disney em 1 de maio de 2008, com uma estreia completa no Elvis Duran no dia seguinte. O videoclipe foi exibido pela ABC e pelo Disney Channel em 20 de junho de 2008. "7 Things debutou no número #84 da Billboard Hot 100. Duas semanas depois que o single foi lançado no iTunes, subiu sessenta posições, da #70 a #9. Essa se tornou a melhor posição de um single de Cyrus na Billboard Hot 100 até "The Climb". O remix da Rock Mafia de "See You Again" foi lançado no Reino Unido como o primeiro single do álbum no país e segundo no geral em 11 de agosto de 2008. Sua melhor posição no UK Singles Chart foi a décima primeira, permanecendo onze semanas na parada musical. Esse single tornou-se o seu primeiro top vinte na região. "Fly on the Wall" começou a ser tocada na Rádio Disney em 9 de agosto de 2008, sendo posteriormente enviada as rádios mainstream em 4 de novembro de 2008. "Fly On The Wall" alcançou a posição #16 no UK Singles Chart e estreou no Canadian Hot 100 no número 73. "Wake Up America" seria lançada como o quarto single do álbum em algum momento em 2009, porém, os planos não se concretizaram por motivos desconhecidos.

Alinhamento de faixas

Paradas musicais

Certificações

Histórico de lançamento

Álbuns de Miley Cyrus
Álbuns de música pop
Álbuns de 2008
Álbuns lançados pela Hollywood Records
Álbuns produzidos por John Fields


text:
Okraj Krdžali () je eden izmed 28 okrajev v Bolgariji.

Leta 2011 je okraj imel 152.808 prebivalcev na 3.209 km² površine. Glavno mesto okraja je Krdžali.

Upravna delitev
Okraj Krdžali je razdeljen na 7 občin.

Mesta
Ardino, Džebel, Krdžali, Krumovgrad, Momčilgrad

Demografska slika
Razvoj prebivalstva

Sklici in opombe

Zunanje povezave

 Spletni portal

Upravna delitev Bolgarije


text:
Robert Sandford may refer to:

Robert Sandford (died 1459/1460) for Appleby in 1413 and a Baron of the Exchequer 1417-1418
Robert Sandford (died 1403/1404), MP for Westmorland 1388
Robert Sandford (1692–1777), MP for Boyle and Newcastle (Parliament of Ireland constituency)
Robert Sandford (1722–1793), MP for Athy and Roscommon Borough (Parliament of Ireland constituency)
Robert Sandford (explorer) (fl.18thC), explorer of the Province of Carolina and early colonist of Surinam


text:
Текачево () е село в Словения, Савински регион, община Рогашка Слатина.Според Националната статистическа служба на Република Словения през 2002 г. селото има 243 жители.

Източници

Селища в община Рогашка Слатина


text:
Saint-Ciergues  es una población y comuna francesa, en la región de Champaña-Ardenas, departamento de Alto Marne, en el distrito de Langres y cantón de Langres.

Demografía

Enlaces externos
 INSEE
 Elecciones municipales de 2008

Saint Ciergues


text:
Лека Душмани — албанский феодал, один из основателей Лежской лиги (1444).

Биография
Представитель рода Душмани, которая владела областью Задрима в современном округе Шкодер. В венецианских документах он упоминается со своим родственником Дамианом как господа Пулты в 1446 году.

Лека Душмани присоединился к Лежской лиге, созданной Скандербегом, его дядей по материнской линии, после съезда в Леже 2 марта 1444 года. Кроме него, в состав лиги вошли Лека Захария, Пётр Спани, Андрей Топиа, Георгий Арианити, Теодор корона Музаки, Стефан Черноевич, Георгий Стреши Балшич. Георгий Кастриоти (Скандербег) был избран руководителем и главнокомандующим антиосманской лиги.

Потомками Лека Душмани были Антонио, Софоклис и Виктор Дусманисы.

Источники
 Noli, Fan Stilian (1947), George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405—1468), International Universities Press, OCLC 732882
 Božić, Ivan (1979), Nemirno pomorje XV veka (in Serbian), Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, OCLC 5845972

Дворянство Албании


text:
Pochod pro život (angl. March for Life) je pojmenování protestních akcí proti interrupcím, které mají charakter protestních a modlitebních pochodů. Akce tohoto typu se vyskytují v mnoha zemích a patří k akcím protipotratového hnutí. Ty největší "národní" pochody pro život se přitom odehrávají obvykle k nějakému datu (případně v určitý den v týdnu blízký určitému datu), které se ovšem v různých zemích liší.

Obecně lze říci, že národní pochody pro život se často vážou k výročí uzákonění propotratových zákonů či podobných událostí. To je i příklad amerického pochodu pro život March for Life, který se každoročně koná ve Washingtonu u příležitosti výročí vynesení rozsudku v procesu Roe vs. Wade. V mnoha zemích se největší pochody odehrávají okolo 25. března, na který připadá Den nenarozených dětí (v ČR tomu bude poprvé jinak v roce 2017).

Jednotlivé země

Česká republika

V České republice se hlavní pochod pro život uskutečňuje v Praze a pořádá ho Hnutí Pro život ČR. V roce 2016 se XVI. ročníku účastnilo přes 4000 (dle organizátorů 7000) osob. V roce 2017 akce získala podporu prezidenta republiky, Magistrátu hl. m. Prahy a České biskupské konference.

Francie
Největším francouzským pochodem pro život je pařížský, který se od roku 2005 odehrává každoročně koncem ledna u příležitosti výročí zlegalizování interrupcí ve Francii.Počet účastníků se pohybuje v řádu tisíců až desetitisíců, pořadatelé jej označují za největší evropský pochod pro život.

Španělsko
29. března 2009 proběhly velké manifestace za právo na život ve Španělsku. Pochodu pro život v Madridu se zúčastnilo 100 000 lidí, dalších 400 000 lidí podpořilo obdobné akce v dalších španělských městech. Tyto události byly reakcí na záměr socialistického premiéra Zapatera rapidně rozšířit možnost potratů, což by zanechalo nenarozené děti zcela bez ochrany. Proto se madridský Pochod svým charakterem blížil spíše běžné demonstraci. Protestující vyzvali premiéra, aby se zaměřil spíše na pomoc těhotným ženám, aby nemusely o potratu vůbec uvažovat, namísto jejich rozšiřování. Na akci byl také předčítán Madridský manifest - prohlášení, které podepsalo 300 španělských odborníků, vědců a lékařů, a který konstatuje, že "z vědeckého hlediska lidský život začíná početím, a proto má být také od chvíle početí respektován a chráněn". Protesty zorganizovaly španělské pro-life organizace Derecho a vivir (právo na život)a Hazte Oír. Mottem madridského Pochodu bylo heslo: "Neexistuje právo zabíjet - existuje právo na život."

Polsko

Nejznámějším polským pochodem tohoto typu je varšavský Pochod pro život a rodinu, který vykazuje stovky až tisíce účastníků a zdůrazňuje nejen odmítání interrupcí, ale i registrovaného partnerství a manželství homosexuálů. Existují ale i další pravidelné akce významného rozsahu, jako je například poznaňský Pochod pro život.

Spojené státy americké
Jedním z pochodů pro život je americký národní March for Life, který se každoročně koná ve Washingtonu u příležitosti výročí vynesení rozsudku v procesu Roe vs. Wade, který v USA vedl ke zrušení protiinterrupčních zákonů (stalo se tak 22. ledna 1973). Počet účastníků kolísá mezi 100-200 tisíci, což jej též pravidelně řadí mezi nejmasovější demonstrace ve Washingtonu D.C. vůbec. Hlavním tématem jsou interrupce, nicméně čím dál častěji se jako vedlejší téma objevuje i otázka euthanasie, jejíž aktuálnost zdůraznil případ Terri Schiavo.

Mimo národní akce existují významné pochody tohoto typu na úrovni jednotlivých států či velkoměst, z nichž některé vykazují opakovaně návštěvnost v řádu tisíců až desetitisíců účastníků (např. v San Franciscu).

Kanada
V Kanadě se pochod pro život koná každoročně 14. května, neboť v tento den kanadský parlament odhlasoval přijetí zákona legalizujícího potraty (14. května 1969). V roce 2009, v den čtyřicátého výročí přijetí zákona, zaznamenali pořadatelé rekordní účast - přes 12 000 lidí v hlavním městě Ottawě a okolo 4000 účastníků lokálních pochodů v dalších kanadských městech.

Reference

Hnutí pro-life


text:
Ка або Сехен — давньоєгипетський додинастичний фараон.

Життєпис
Його ім'я перекладається як «Двійник» або «Харчування», за іншими джерелами — «Бик». Пам'ятники х його іменем були знайдені у царських некрополях в Абідосі й у Тархані. Написи чорнилами на циліндричних вазах з його погребального комплексу означають продукти оподаткування царським казначейством Верхнього та Нижнього Єгипту. Такі написи надають свідчення для раннього розподілу Єгипту на дві половини з адміністративною метою. В Умм ель-Кааб міститься його гробниця під номером B7-B9.

За правління Ka почали розвиватись перші державні установи. Численні глиняні посудини, датовані часом його правління, свідчать про розвиток торгівлі. Імовірно за Ка єгиптяни почали будувати перші зрошувальні штучні канали.

Пам'ятники правління
 1 — 41 пам'ятники знайдені в Абідосі, Умм ель-Кааб, у гробнице В7, Фліндерс Пітрі. Зберігаються в музеях: Ашмола (Оксфорд), ВМ, Бристоля, Глазго, Кембриджа, Берліна, ММА, UCL, Единбурга, Брюсселя й Манчестера;
 42 пам'ятник знайдений в Абідосі, Умм ель-Кааб, у гробниці В 11. Знайдений Пітрі;
 43 пам'ятник знайдений в Абідосі, Умм ель-Кааб, на схід від гробниць B7/B9. Зберігається в Абідосі. Знайдений німецькою експедицією 1982 року;
 44 пам'ятник, Абідос, Умм ель-Кааб, у гробниці В 15. Знайдений Пітрі;
 45 пам'ятник, Абідос, Умм ель-Кааб, у гробниці В 19 та спуску між гробницями В 7/В10. Знайдений німецькою експедицією 1982 року;
 46 пам'ятник, Абідос, Умм ель-Кааб, невідомо. Знайдений Пітрі;
 47 пам'ятник, Кафр-Тархан, у гробниці 261. Знайдений Пітрі, Вейнрайтом, Гардінером;
 48 — 49 пам'ятники, Хелуан, у гробницях 1627 Н 2 і 1651 Н 2. Автори знахідок Саад, Гелван (1941–1945);
 50 пам'ятник невідомого походження зберігається у колекції Kofler-Truniger;
 51 пам'ятник, Східна дельта, Телль Абрахім-Авад;
 52 пам'ятник, Східна дельта, Телль Хассан-Давуд, гробниця 1008;
 53 пам'ятник, Абідос, Умм ель-Кааб (?);
 54 пам'ятник, Абідос, Умм ель-Кааб, у гробниці U-j/8. Зберігається в Абідосі;
 55 пам'ятник, Абідос, Умм ель-Кааб, у гробниці В 1. Зберігається в Абідосі;
 56 пам'ятник, Абідос, Умм ель-Кааб, у гробниці В 2. Зберігається в Абідосі;
 57 пам'ятник, Абідос, Умм ель-Кааб (?);
 58 пам'ятник, Ізраїль, Тель-Лод.

См.також
 Список керівників держав 4 тисячоліття до н.е.

Література
 Ludwig David Morenz: Bild-Buchstaben und symbolische Zeichen: Die Herausbildung der Schrift der hohen Kultur Altägyptens. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 205, Fribourg 2004, ISBN 3-7278-1486-1
 [http://issuu.com/tomaz136/docs/early_dynastic_egypt Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt] : Strategy, Society and Security. Routledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1
 Michael Allan Hoffman: Egypt before the pharaohs: The prehistoric foundations of Egyptian Civilization. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1980, ISBN 0-7100-0495-8
 Henri Asselberghs: Chaos en beheersing: Documenten uit Aeneolithisch Egypten — Documenta et monumenta orientis antiqui 8 -. Brill, Leiden 1961
 KAPLONY, Peter, Sechs Kônigsnamen der I. Dynastie in neuer Deutung, Orientalia Suecana, Uppsala 7 (1958), 1959, 54-69.
 Flinders Petrie: The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty. Part I. London 1900.
 Schneider, Leben und Tod im alten Ägypten. Meiserterwerke aus dem Reichsmuseum für Altertümer in Leiden. Gustav-Lübcke-Museum, 27, n° 13
 KAISER, Werner und Gьnter DREYER, Umm el-Qaab. Nachuntersuchungen im frьhzeitlichen Kцnigsfriedhof. 2. Vorbericht, MDAIK 38 (1982), 211–269 (fig., pl.).
 KAISER, Werner, Zum Siegel mit frьhen Kцnigsnamen von Umm el-Qaab, MDAIK 43 (1987), 115–119. (fig.).
 Petrie, William Matthew Flinders: Tarkhan I and Memphis V / by W. M. Flinders Petrie, G. A. Wainwright and A. H. Gardiner. — London: British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1913. — VII, 39 S. : 81 Taf. ; 4є. — (BSAE / ERA ; 19th year 1913, [Nr. 23])
 SAAD, Zaki Youssef, Royal Excavations at Helwan (1945–1947), Le Caire, 1951 (petit 4to, X + 55 p., fig., pl., frontispice, pl., cartes) = CASAE 14.
 SAAD, Zaki Y., The Royal Excavations at Helwan, Bulletin de l'Institut Fouad Ier du Désert, Héliopolis 1 (1951), 151–156, (fig.).
 SAAD, Zaki Y., The Excavations at Helwan. Art and Civilization in the First and Second Egyptian Dynasties. Edited, and with a foreword, by J. Frank Autry, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, [1969] (12.7 x 19.2 cm; [XVI] + 207 p., 15 fig. 123 ill. on 115 p., 1 map, frontispiece and ill. on jacket)
 Petrie, William Matthew Flinders: Abydos. — London: Egypt Exploration Fund, 1902–1904. — Pt. 1-3 ; 4º. — (EEF ; 22. 24. [25])

Додинастичні фараони
4-те тисячоліття до н. е.


text:
El municipio de Pineville Lanagan (en inglés: Pineville Lanagan Township) es un municipio ubicado en el condado de McDonald en el estado estadounidense de Misuri. En el año 2010 tenía una población de 734 habitantes y una densidad poblacional de 32,15 personas por km².

Geografía
El municipio de Pineville Lanagan se encuentra ubicado en las coordenadas . Según la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, el municipio tiene una superficie total de 22.83 km², de la cual 22,83 km² corresponden a tierra firme y (0 %) 0 km² es agua.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2010, había 734 personas residiendo en el municipio de Pineville Lanagan. La densidad de población era de 32,15 hab./km². De los 734 habitantes, el municipio de Pineville Lanagan estaba compuesto por el 83,38 % blancos, el 0,41 % eran afroamericanos, el 4,22 % eran amerindios, el 0,27 % eran isleños del Pacífico, el 3,41 % eran de otras razas y el 8,31 % eran de una mezcla de razas. Del total de la población el 8,58 % eran hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Municipios de Misuri
Localidades del condado de McDonald


text:
IC 4955 — галактика типу RN (відзеркалююча туманність) у сузір'ї Лисичка.

Цей об'єкт міститься в оригінальній редакції індексного каталогу.

Посилання
 IC 4955 в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі
 IC 4955  в оригінальному новому загальному каталозі
 Перевірена інформація про IC 4955
 IC 4955 в базі SIMBAD
 IC 4955 в базі Vizier
 IC 4955 в базі NASA Extragalactic  Database
 Бази даних про об'єкти NGC/IC

IC 4955
IC 4955
IC 4955


text:
Rafael Nebot i Font (Riudoms, 1665 - Viena, 6 de setembre de 1733), fou un membre d'una nissaga de militars catalans coneguts per la seva participació en la Guerra de Successió donant suport a l'arxiduc Carles d'Àustria.

Nasqué a Riudoms a la casa que avui és coneguda com a Cal Gallissà, on encara es conserva un escut d'armes de pedra a la façana. Era coronel del Regiment de cavalleria Rafael Nebot, destinat amb l'exèrcit del tinent general José de Salazar al setge de Dénia, que era atacada pels aliats. José de Salazar rebé l'ordre de dur el seu exèrcit, a Barcelona tret del regiment de cavalleria de Nebot i dos esquadrons comandats per Luis de Zúñiga. Nebot es passà a la causa austriacista, posant el seu regiment a favor de la causa austriacista i capturant les tropes de Luis de Zúñiga i participà amb el general Joan Baptista Basset i Ramos en la campanya que suma Xàtiva, Oliva, Gandia i València al bàndol maulet. El 1706 ocupà Utiel, el 1707 feu una incursió al Rosselló i el 1708 participà en la defensa de l'Empordà contra les forces borbòniques.

El 1713 fou nomenat general i participà en els intents desesperats de defensar Tarragona, Barcelona i Cardona. Intentant impedir l'avanç dels borbònics que acabaven de prendre Tarragona, fou derrotat en el Combat de Torredembarra. Posteriorment, s'endinsà cap a l'interior del país en l'Expedició del Braç Militar amb el diputat militar Antoni de Berenguer i de Novell amb uns quatre-cents cavalls i dos o tres-cents miquelets, amb la intenció de desviar l'atenció del Setge de Barcelona i coordinar els esforços amb Manuel Desvalls i de Vergós, el governador del Castell de Cardona., derrotant els francesos l'11 d'agost a la Batalla de Caldes, i el 20 d'agost a Vilassar i Teià i posteriorment, amb la immediatesa de la presa de Vic per part de Bracamonte, que Berenguer hagué d'abandonar Manresa. Fou culpat, amb Berenguer, del fracàs de l'expedició i enviat a Viena per ser jutjat per l'emperador.

Perduda la guerra, se li van confiscar totes les propietats i s'exilià a Viena, on arribà a ser tinent general de cavalleria i l'emperador el nomenà comte de Nebot. Morí a Viena el 6 de setembre de 1733.

Vegeu també
 Germans Nebot
 Cavall dels Nebot

Referències

Militars catalans de la Guerra de Successió Espanyola
Austriacistes catalans
Riudomencs
Morts a Viena
Militars del Baix Camp


text:
Михайло Мартинович Яровий (19 вересня 1909, Чигирин — 28 травня 1978, Жданов) — Герой Соціалістичної Праці.

Біографія
Народився 19 вересня 1909 року в місті Чигирині (тепер Черкаська область) в селянській родині. Закінчив 4 класи школи.

Плавав матросом на пароплавах «Георгій Димитров» і «Волго-Дон», на теплоході «Місцевком».

У роки радянсько-німецької війни на теплоході «Анатолій Сєров» брав участь в перевезенні боєприпасів захисникам Одеси, Севастополя, Північного Кавказу.

З 1945 по 1970 рік — боцман азовських суден «Дон», «Черкаси», «Пролетарськ», «Чорногорськ».

Помер 28 травня 1978 року. Похований у Маріуполі на Кіровському кладовищі.

Нагороди
Герой Соціалістичної Праці з 1966 року. Нагороджений орденом Леніна, медалями.

Джерела
 rudocs.exdat.com

Уродженці Чигирина
Українські мореплавці
Поховані в Маріуполі


text:
Interstate 16 (I-16), also known as Jim Gillis Historic Savannah Parkway, is an east–west Interstate Highway located entirely within the US state of Georgia. It carries the hidden designation of State Route 404 (SR 404) for its entire length. I-16 travels from downtown Macon, at an interchange with I-75 and SR 540 to downtown Savannah at Montgomery Street (exit 167B). It also passes through or near the communities of Dublin, Metter, and Pooler. I-16's unsigned designation of SR 404 has a spur that is signed in Savannah.

The westernmost segment in Macon is part of the Fall Line Freeway, a highway that connects Columbus and Augusta. This segment may also be incorporated into the proposed eastern extension of I-14, which is currently entirely within Central Texas and may be extended to Augusta.

All of I-16 is included as part of the National Highway System, a system of routes determined to be the most important for the nation's economy, mobility, and defense.

Route description

Bibb County

I-16 begins at an interchange with I-75/SR 540, just northwest of downtown Macon, in Bibb County. Here, it begins a concurrency with SR 540. The Interstate and SR 540 proceed southeast, traveling just east of the downtown area. They cross over the Ocmulgee River and then have an interchange with US 23/US 129/SR 49 (Spring Street/North Avenue). Then, they have a partial interchange with SR 22 (2nd Street) that is only accessible from the westbound lanes. Almost immediately is an interchange with US 80/SR 87 (Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard/Coliseum Drive). At this intersection, SR 540 departs the concurrency to the north-northeast. Within the eastern part of this interchange, the highway travels under a railroad bridge that carries railroad tracks of Norfolk Southern Railway. In the east-central part of Macon, I-16 travels through Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park but without direct access. Visitors need to first exit at the US 80/SR 87 exit. On the southern edge of the national monument, it crosses over Walnut Creek. It then travels on a bridge over some railroad tracks of CSX and Boggy Branch. After leaving Macon, I-16 curves to the south-southeast and has an interchange with US 23/U.S. Route 129 Alternate (US 129 Alt.)/SR 87 (Ocmulgee East Boulevard). In the interchange, the highway crosses over Swift Creek. It crosses over Stone Creek before entering Twiggs County.

Twiggs, Bleckley, and Laurens counties
I-16 curves back to the southeast and has an interchange with Sgoda Road. It crosses over Flat Creek and then has an interchange with Jeffersonville and Bullard roads. It curves to the east-southeast and crosses over Savage and Turvin creeks. It then curves back to the southeast. The highway has an interchange with SR 96. Almost immediately, it crosses over Richland Creek. It then has an interchange with SR 358. I-16 curves to the east-southeast and enters Bleckley County just before it has an interchange with SR 112 just south of Allentown. It then crosses over Rocky Creek just before entering Laurens County. The Interstate curves back to the southeast and crosses under SR 278 before it travels south of Montrose. It crosses over Bay Branch just before an interchange with SR 26. It then enters the southwestern part of Dudley. There, it has an interchange with SR 338. I-16 curves back to the east-southeast and crosses over Little Rocky Creek just before a rest area. Just to the west-northwest of a crossing of Turkey Creek, the westbound lanes have a rest area. These two rest areas are the only ones along the entire length of I-16. On the southwestern edge of Dublin, the highway has an interchange with SR 257. On the southern edge of the city are interchanges with US 319/US 441/SR 31 and SR 19 (Martin Luther King Jr. Drive). It then crosses over the Oconee River. It has an interchange with SR 199 (Old River Road) just before a crossing of Pughes Creek. Southeast of that is a crossing of Red Hill Creek. Just south of Rockledge, the highway crosses over Mercer Creek. On the eastern edge of the creek, it enters Treutlen County.

Treutlen County
I-16 curves to the east-northeast and crosses over some railroad tracks of CSX before an interchange with SR 29. It immediately curves back to the east-southeast. It crosses over Red Bluff Creek. Then is an interchange with SR 15/SR 78. The highway travels south of Sand Hill Lake before curving to the east-northeast. It crosses over Pendleton Creek and travels under a bridge that carries SR 86. Then, it begins to curve to the southeast. It has an interchange with US 221/SR 56. It crosses over Reedy Creek and curves to the east-southeast. It has an interchange with SR 297. At the overpass for SR 297, the highway enters Emanuel County.

Emanuel County
After the SR 297 interchange, I-16 heads more to the southeast. It curves to a nearly due east direction and crosses over the Ohoopee River. Just after crossing over some railroad tracks of Norfolk Southern Railway, it enters the city limits of Oak Park. It curves to the southeast and has an interchange with US 1/SR 4/SR 46. After this interchange, the highway begins to parallel SR 46. It curves to the east-southeast and crosses over Jacks Creek. Then, it enters Candler County.

Candler County
I-16 has an interchange with SR 57 (Aline Road). It crosses over Wolfe Creek and then heads to the east-northeast. It crosses over the Canoochee River and curves to a nearly due east direction. It crosses over Sams Creek before entering Metter. As soon as it enters Metter, it passes the Metter Municipal Airport. Right after the airport is an interchange with SR 23/SR 121. On the southeastern edge of Metter, I-16 travels under a bridge that carries SR 129. It crosses over 15 Mile Creek and then curves to the southeast. It crosses over Tenmile Creek and has an interchange with Pulaski–Excelsior Road just before entering Bulloch County.

Bulloch County
The Interstate curves to the east-southeast and has an interchange with US 25/US 301/SR 73 and SR 555 (Savannah River Parkway). Then, it crosses over Lotts and Little Lotts creeks. It then travels northeast of Nevils. It briefly curves to the east-southeast, where it has an interchange with SR 67, and then curves back to the southeast. It crosses over DeLoach Branch and then curves to the east-southeast. It crosses over Luke Branch and then Boggy Branch before curving to a nearly due east direction. It has an interchange with Ash Branch Church Road. After a crossing of Ash Branch, the highway curves to the east-southeast. It has an interchange with SR 119 just before entering Bryan County.

Bryan, Effingham, and Chatham counties

Almost immediately, the highway crosses over Black Creek. It then curves to the southeast and has an interchange with US 280/SR 30 southwest of Blitchton. It crosses over some railroad tracks of Georgia Central Railway and then crosses over the Ogeechee River, which marks the Effingham County line. It has an interchange with Old River Road south of Meldrim and then enters Chatham County. The first city in the county that I-16 enters is Bloomingdale. There, it has an interchange with SR 17 Conn. (Bloomingdale Road) and the future western terminus of Jimmy DeLoach Parkway. It crosses over the Little Ogeechee River. It very briefly travels along the Bloomingdale–Pooler city line before entering Pooler proper. It has an interchange with Pooler Parkway. It crosses over the Savannah–Ogeechee Canal just before an interchange with I-95. Here, I-16 begins traveling along the southern edge of the city limits of Pooler. Right after the I-95 interchange, the highway crosses over the Hardin Canal. At an interchange with SR 307 (Dean Forest Road), I-16 begins traveling along the Savannah–Garden City line. It briefly enters the city limits of Savannah before traveling along the Savannah–Garden City line again. It has an interchange with the Chatham Parkway. It then reenters Savannah and curves to the east-southeast. It crosses over some railroad tracks of CSX just before an interchange with I-516/US 17/US 80/SR 21/SR 25/SR 26 (W.F. Lynes Parkway). Here, US 17 begins a concurrency with I-16. It crosses over the Springfield Canal just before a partial interchange with the former eastern terminus of SR 204 (West 37th Street). This interchange is only accessible from the eastbound lanes. I-16/US 17 curves to the northeast. At the next interchange, US 17 splits off, where State Route 404 Spur (SR 404 Spur) begins. This interchange also provides access to Gwinnett Street. The highway has an interchange with Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard. The westbound access for this highway is at the eastern terminus. I-16 curves to the north-northeast and reaches its eastern terminus, an interchange with Montgomery Street in downtown Savannah. The construction of this interrupted sections of Berrien Street, West Jones Street, and West Charlton Street.

Miscellaneous notes
I-16 serves as a hurricane evacuation route for Savannah and other coastal areas. The road is designed for contraflow travel with railroad-type gates to block most entrance and exit ramps for the normally eastbound lanes. During hurricane evacuation, I-16 is converted into westbound traffic from Savannah to west of US 441 in Dublin (exit 51), a total of .

History

The first part of I-16 opened October 11, 1966, to traffic between US 319 (exit 51) in Dublin to SR 29 (exit 67) near Rockledge. In 1968, the segment between US 280 to downtown Savannah was completed and opened. By the early 1970s, I-16 was completed from downtown Macon at I-75 to Jeffersonville Road near Danville. It was also extended from Dublin to Allentown. In 1973, the connection between Macon to Dublin was completed. The last part of the I-16 opened on September 22, 1978, placing it in Emanuel, Candler, and Bulloch counties and completing the connection between downtown Macon and Savannah.

Until 2000, the state of Georgia used the sequential interchange numbering system on all of its Interstate Highways. The first exit on each highway would begin with the number "1" and increase numerically with each exit. In 2000, the Georgia Department of Transportation switched to a mileage-based exit system, in which the exit number corresponded to the nearest milepost.

In 2001, the Georgia General Assembly passed a resolution to designate the Earl T. Shinhoster Interchange at the interchange with Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard in Savannah in honor of Earl Shinhoster, who was a Black civil rights activist. This interchange is located in the economic and cultural center for Black Savannah.

In 2003, the Georgia General Assembly passed a resolution to designate I-16 in honor of James L. Gillis Sr., a Democrat who served as a state representative, state senator, and director of the Georgia Department of Transportation, as the Jim Gillis Historic Savannah Parkway. Gillis's sons, Hugh and James Jr., also served as Democratic state legislators. Hugh was a state representative from 1941 to 1953 and a state senator from 1953 to 1955 and from 1963 to 2005. James Jr. was a state senator from 1945 to 1946.

In 1999, Hurricane Floyd hit Georgia's coast. As a result, the eastbound I-16 lanes from Savannah to US 1 (exit 90) were opened to westbound traffic. This marked the first time I-16 was turned into a one-way Interstate. This contraflow traffic method has been used since, including in 2016 in evacuation efforts from Hurricane Matthew and 2017 for Hurricane Irma.

On July 15, 2021, a truck, with its dump trailer raised, struck the overpass bridge of SR 86 near exit 78, causing the bridge deck to shift . While no injuries were reported, the resulting damage prompted GDOT to close both directions of I-16 from exit 71 to exit 78 while the damaged bridge was being demolished. Both directions of I-16 were reopened within 48 hours of the incident. The reconstructed overpass was opened to traffic in late July 2022.

Future

I-95 interchange
Due to high congestion during rush hour in Savannah and many deadly car accidents, the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) has undertaken a new construction project at the interchange of I-95 and I-16 (exit 157 on I-16), along with other I-16 improvements. The project includes:

 The widening of I-16 from two lanes in each direction to three lanes between the junctions with I-95 and I-516 (exit 164).
 The construction of a turbine interchange (whirlpool interchange) at the junction of I-16 and I-95, in which two existing loop ramps, from I-16 westbound to I-95 southbound, and from I-95 southbound to I-16 eastbound, will be replaced with turbine configuration ramps.
 The construction of a two-lane emergency median cross-over for westbound I-16 traffic between Dean Forest Road/SR 307 (exit 160) and I-95, to be used to assist in hurricane evacuations from Savannah.
 The creation of a collector–distributor road on I-95 northbound to separate through traffic from cars exiting onto and entering from I-16.
 The reconstruction of six bridges, replacement of four bridges, and the construction of three new bridges near the area.
 The addition of new interchange lighting and Intelligent Transportation System technology to provide real-time driving conditions to travelers.

The project, upon completion, is expected to result in a 32% decrease in I-16 congestion by 2030. Despite concerns from residents, no new noise barriers will be built along I-16 during the construction. A noise study concluded that barriers would not be necessary since traffic noise were not predicted to be over 66 dB(A).

The project is expected to cost around $295 million. Construction, which will be completed by Savannah Mobility Contractors JV, will begin in the second half of 2019 and will be completed in 2022.

I-75 interchange

The interchange of I-75 and I-16 is also undergoing construction, split into six phases, with the first three phases being worked on simultaneously and set to be completed by the end of 2021:

 Phase 1: A collector–distributor road is being built on I-16 eastbound between the I-75 junction and Spring Street (exit 1A), including new bridges over the Ocmulgee River and Spring Street. The Spring Street loop ramp has been temporarily closed and replaced with a temporary left turn onto I-16 westbound. Also, the bridge over the Ocmulgee River on Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard is being reconstructed and widened in this phase.
 Phase 2: Construction includes improvements on I-75 between Hardeman Avenue (exit 164) and I-16 (exit 165) and the shifting of exit ramps from I-75 in each direction to I-16. Later in this phase, access to Spring Street for traffic coming from southbound I-75 via I-16 will be temporarily closed to allow for completion of the collector–distributor system.
 Phase 3: A new collector–distributor road is being built along I-75 north through the I-16 interchange, along with a new westbound collector–distributor road from Spring Street along I-16 over the Ocmulgee River and portions of other ramps.
Construction on Phase 1 is being completed by C.W. Matthews at a cost of $63 million, while construction on Phase 2 and Phase 3 is being completed by E.R. Snell Company for $156 million.

Three additional phases are included in the project, which ultimately are intended to help improve access to and from downtown Macon and Gray Highway via the currently-underutilized Second Street bridge, reducing congestion on Spring Street and North Avenue:

 Phase 4: Bids for a construction contract are scheduled to occur in 2021. Second Street will be widened and ramps from and to eastbound I-16 will be constructed. Construction from Phase 1 and Phase 2 will be completed, along with the collector–distributor road through the I-75 interchange along eastbound I-16 to the Coliseum Drive/Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard exit. Access from I-75 southbound via I-16 to Spring Street will be reopened at the conclusion of this phase.
 Phase 5: Bids for a construction contract are scheduled to occur in 2021. During this phase, the Spring Street loop ramp will be reopened and the temporary left turn lane on northbound Spring Street to I-16 westbound will be closed permanently. Also, Phase 3 construction will be completed, and a connection to the north-to-east ramp from Phase 2 will be built. This phase also includes the completion of the westbound collector–distributor road from Phase 3, along with a new ramp from Second Street to westbound I-16.
 Phase 6: Bids for a construction contract are scheduled to occur in 2023. A  tunnel will be built for the Norfolk Southern Railroad under I-75. All remaining construction will be completed in this phase.

Also as a part of this project, GDOT has spent $12 million in the Pleasant Hill neighborhood to help mitigate the effect of the construction and new highway ramps. The construction, which was completed in the summer of 2018, included the creation of two new parks and the transformation of Penniman House, the childhood home of musician Little Richard, into a community resource center.

Effect of construction on Port of Savannah traffic
According to GDOT, with the expansion of I-16 at its interchanges with I-75, I-95, and I-516, the estimated increase in gross state product (GSP) would be $9.1 million at a cost of $1.95 million. In addition, employment would increase annually by 2,426, and the return on investment (ROI) would be 4.7.

Exit list

Auxiliary routes

Spur route

State Route 404 Spur (SR 404 Spur) is a  spur route that travels from I-16 exit 166 northward along US 17 to the South Carolina state line. As its number suggests, it is a spur from SR 404, the unsigned route that is designated along the full length of I-16. However, SR 404 Spur is actually a signed highway. Near the northern end is the Talmadge Memorial Bridge.

Interstate 516

Interstate 516 (I-516) is a  auxiliary route from SR 21 (Augusta Road) in Garden City to DeRenne Avenue in Savannah. It is also known as W.F. Lynes Parkway and has an unsigned designation of State Route 421 (SR 421).

See also

References

External links

 I-16 at the Interstate Guide

16
16
Interstate 16
Transportation in Bibb County, Georgia
Transportation in Twiggs County, Georgia
Transportation in Bleckley County, Georgia
Transportation in Laurens County, Georgia
Transportation in Treutlen County, Georgia
Transportation in Emanuel County, Georgia
Transportation in Candler County, Georgia
Transportation in Bulloch County, Georgia
Transportation in Bryan County, Georgia
Transportation in Effingham County, Georgia
Transportation in Chatham County, Georgia
Interstate 16
1966 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)


text:
Aquesta és una llista dels túnels de ferrocarrils metropolitans més llargs del món, els túnels són continus, és a dir sense interrupcions.

Referències

Xarxes de metro
Túnels
Tunels de metro més llargs del mon


text:
«Give Me Love» —en español: «Dame amor»— es una canción folk e indie pop interpretada por el cantautor británico Ed Sheeran, incluida en su primer álbum de estudio +, de 2011. El cantante la compuso con ayuda de Jake Gosling y Chris Leonard, mientras que el primero de ambos también la produjo. La discográfica Warner Music Group la lanzó como sexto y último sencillo de + el 21 de noviembre de 2012.

Para promocionarlo, Sheeran publicó un videoclip dirigido por Emil Nava el 9 de noviembre de 2012 en su cuenta de VEVO en YouTube. Gracias a ello, logró buenas posiciones en Australia y Nueva Zelanda, además de recibir discos de platino por sus ventas.

Descripción

«Give Me Love» es una canción acústica que mezcla los géneros folk e indie pop. El cantante la compuso con ayuda de Jake Gosling y Chris Leonard, mientras que el primero de estos dos también la produjo. La versión original perteneciente a + cuenta con una duración de ocho minutos con cuarenta y seis segundos, mientras que la versión lanzada como sencillo tiene una duración de cinco minutos con veintitrés segundos. De acuerdo con la partitura publicada por Sony/ATV Music Publishing en el sitio web Musicnotes, la canción tiene un tempo lento de 58 pulsaciones por minuto y está compuesta en la tonalidad de do mayor. El registro vocal de Sheeran se extiende desde la nota sol#3 hasta la si#5.

Recibimiento comercial

Comercialmente, «Give Me Love» tuvo una recepción media. En el Reino Unido alcanzó la posición dieciocho, mientras que en Irlanda la once. Su mejor posición se dio en Australia, donde logró la novena. Además, recibió dos discos de platino por vender 140 000 copias. Por su parte, en Nueva Zelanda llegó hasta el décimo segundo lugar del NZ Top 40 Singles Chart. También obtuvo un disco de platino, esta vez por la venta de diez mil copias. A pesar de que en Canadá ubicó una de las diez últimas posiciones de su conteo semanal, la CRIA le dio un disco de oro por vender cinco mil ejemplares digitales. En otros países como Alemania, Bélgica y los Países Bajos, no contó con posiciones destacadas o certificaciones. Gracias a su demanda radial, alcanzó la vigésima posición de la lista Rock Songs de Billboard, y la trigésima sexta en la lista Rádiós Top 40 de Hungría.

Vídeo musical

El videoclip de «Give Me Love» fue dirigido por el británico Emil Nava, y publicado el 9 de noviembre de 2012 en su cuenta de VEVO en YouTube. La trama del vídeo gira en torno a una noche de una chica (interpretada por Isabel Lucas), quien está sola en su departamento. De repente, siente una extraña comezón en su espalda que resulta ser el brote de unas alas blancas. Ella comienza a crear un arco y unas flechas para salir a la calle a dispararle a todas las personas que se encuentra, similar a cupido. Luego de unir a distintas parejas en toda la ciudad, se clava una flecha a sí misma, pero dado que se encuentra sola, la flecha acaba matándola. Al cabo de unas horas, la policía llega a su departamento para examinar la escena. Sin embargo, la chica revive y la flecha surte efecto luego de que un agente la tocase.

Formatos y remezclas

 Descarga digital

Posicionamiento en listas

Semanales

Certificaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de Ed Sheeran (en inglés).

Canciones de 2011
Sencillos de 2012
Canciones en inglés
Baladas
Baladas pop
Canciones de folk


text:
Miles Davis, Vol. 3 (BLP 5040) is the sixth studio album by musician Miles Davis. It was released in 1954, as a 10 inch LP album. It consists of the third and last of three sessions recorded for Blue Note Records. Several years later, Davis would once again record at Blue Note, but as a sideman on Cannonball Adderley's Somethin' Else (BLP 1595).

The  six tracks were recorded at Rudy Van Gelder's Studio, Hackensack, New Jersey, on March 6, 1954. For the session he used exactly the same quartet he would again record with seven days later for side 2 of the Miles Davis Quartet LP (PRLP 161), released by Prestige. Davis says in his autobiography that these were his first recording sessions after successfully quitting his heroin habit, and that he arranged them both quickly as he needed money fast, and both Blue Note's Alfred Lion and Prestige's Bob Weinstock had given him a fair chance earlier when his reputation was in decline. This was also the first of several sessions Davis would record with the young Horace Silver, whom he liked for his funky style of playing.

After the 10" LP format was discontinued, the tracks would all reappear on the 12" album version of Miles Davis Volume 2 (BLP 1502), alongside tracks from Davis' first two Blue Note sessions. In the CD era all six tracks would be reassigned to the CD version of Miles Davis Volume 1.

Track listing

Personnel
 Miles Davis – trumpet
 Horace Silver – piano
 Percy Heath – bass
 Art Blakey – drums

References

1954 albums
Miles Davis albums
Blue Note Records albums
Albums produced by Alfred Lion
Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio


text:
Samuel Judy (August 19, 1773 – January 12, 1838) was a Swiss-born American pioneer, military leader and legislator.

Born in the canton of Basel, Switzerland, Judy and his family moved to Maryland and then to Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory. Judy became a colonel in the Illinois Militia taking part in expeditions against the Native Americans; he was also one of the first settlers in Madison County, Illinois in the Goshen Settlement. In 1814–1815, Judy served in the Illinois Territorial Council of the Illinois Territorial Legislature. He also served as county commissioner for Madison County, Illinois. Judy died in Madison County, Illinois. His son Thomas Judy served in the Illinois General Assembly.

Samuel Judy was also a slave holder. There are bills of sale in the Madison County Recorder's Office recording his purchase of slaves in 1816.

Notes

1773 births
1838 deaths
People from Madison County, Illinois
People from Kaskaskia, Illinois
County commissioners in Illinois
Members of the Illinois Territorial Legislature
19th-century American politicians
Swiss emigrants to the United States


text:
Ivan Žugčić (born 22 May 1958) is a retired Croatian football defender.

References

External links

1958 births
Living people
Association football defenders
Yugoslav footballers
VfL Bochum players
SG Wattenscheid 09 players
2. Bundesliga players
Bundesliga players
Yugoslav expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in West Germany
Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in West Germany


text:
Als Hungerturm wird vor allem in Berlin und im Ruhrgebiet eine rundum verglaste, mehrstöckige Vitrine bezeichnet, die in Kneipen seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts traditionell auf dem Tresen zu finden ist und kleine, deftige Speisen wie Rollmöpse, Salzgurken, Schmalzbrote, Soleier, Buletten und Mettwürstchen für die Gäste enthält. Die scherzhafte Bezeichnung geht auf die Hungertürme – Gefängnisbauten von Burgen oder an Stadtmauern – zurück.

Manche Hungertürme waren wie ein Eisschrank aufgebaut. In ein Fach, das auf die Vitrine aufgesetzt wurde, wurde Eis eingefüllt. Das geschmolzene Eiswasser wurde durch dünne Rohrleitungen in die Theke abgeleitet und kühlte dabei die ausgestellten Speisen. Der Maler Heinrich Zille zeichnete in seinen Berliner Kneipenszenen mehrfach derartige Vitrinen.

Hungertürme verschiedener Ausführungen sind in zahlreichen Ausstellungen und Museen als Exponate ausgestellt. Im Panoptikum, das Karl Valentin am 21. Oktober 1934 eröffnete, wurde beispielsweise ein derartiger Hungerturm ausgestellt.

Weblinks

 Begriffe des Berlinerischen
 Ausstellung zur Köpenicker Gaststättengeschichte mit Bildern eines restaurierten Hungerturms

Einzelnachweise

Esskultur
Gastronomie als Thema
Essen und Trinken (Berlin)
Gastronomiemöbel


text:
3975 Верді (3975 Verdi) — астероїд головного поясу, відкритий 19 жовтня 1982 року.

Тіссеранів параметр щодо Юпітера — 3,286.

Примітки

Див. також
 Список астероїдів (3901-4000)

Посилання

 Інформація про малі планети на сайті minorplanetcenter.net

Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1982
Головний пояс астероїдів


text:
A Vigília dos Príncipes refere-se a ocasiões em que membros da família real britânica "ficaram de guarda" durante o velório do chefe de estado britânico como parte do cerimonial de um funeral. Isso ocorreu pela primeira vez com a morte do rei Jorge V em 1936, passando pela rainha Elizabeth, a rainha-mãe, em 2002, e três vezes para a rainha Elizabeth II em 2022. Durante as duas primeiras dessas ocasiões, apenas membros masculinos da família real britânica se juntaram à vigília. Em 2022, no entanto, a princesa Ana, Princesa Real participou ao lado de seus três irmãos de vigílias para sua mãe, a rainha Elizabeth II.

Jorge V
O rei Eduardo VIII, o príncipe Jorge, duque de York, o príncipe Henrique, duque de Gloucester e o príncipe Jorge, duque de Kent, tomaram conta do estado de repouso de seu pai Jorge V em 27 de janeiro de 1936. A vigília ocorreu depois que o Westminster Hall foi fechado ao público durante a noite.

Nenhum registro fotográfico deste evento é conhecido e a exibição pública da vigília foi proibida, embora uma pintura a óleo feita mais tarde por Frank Beresford fosse a pintura oficial da jazida do rei; foi exibido pela primeira vez na exposição da Royal Academy de 1936 em Burlington House. A pintura, chamada The Princes' Vigil: 12h15, 28 de janeiro de 1936, foi posteriormente comprada pela viúva de Jorge V, a rainha Maria, para dar ao filho Eduardo VIII em seu aniversário. Na pintura, o Rei é retratado vestindo o uniforme dos Guardas Granadeiros, dos quais ele era o Coronel-em-Chefe, o Duque de Gloucester usa o uniforme de gala completo do 10º Royal Hussars (o regimento em que serviu), enquanto o Duque de Kent está no uniforme do Cerimonial Day Dress da Royal Navy. O duque de York não é visto totalmente na pintura, embora no final do catafalco em frente ao rei haja uma figura em uniforme completo da guarda de infantaria; neste momento, o Duque de York serviu como Coronel do Regimento da Guarda Escocesa.

Elizabeth, a rainha-mãe
Às 16:40 UTC de 8 de abril de 2002, o príncipe de Gales, André, duque de York, Eduardo, conde de Wessex e o visconde Linley, fizeram guarda no estado de repouso de sua avó, a rainha Elizabeth, a rainha-mãe. Os quatro substituíram a guarda da Royal Company of Archers, e foram eles próprios substituídos pelos Yeomen of the Guard após sua vigília de 20 minutos. Tanto o príncipe de Gales quanto o duque de York usavam uniforme naval, enquanto o conde de Wessex e o visconde Linley usavam roupa preta de manhã; o Conde de Wessex serviu na Marinha Real, mas optou por sair antes de completar o treinamento básico, enquanto Lord Linley nunca serviu nas forças. Presentes durante a Troca da Guarda estavam os dois filhos do Príncipe de Gales, o príncipe William de Gales e o príncipe Harry de Gales.

Elizabeth II

A Rainha Elizabeth II teve quatro filhos: Rei Charles III; Ana, Princesa Real; o príncipe André, Duque de York; e o príncipe Eduardo, Conde de Wessex, bem como quatro netos e quatro netas. O plano oficial para o funeral da rainha, a Operação London Bridge, exigia que os filhos da rainha ficassem de vigília sobre o caixão de sua mãe, bem como que os netos e netas fizessem o mesmo. Durante o retorno do caixão da Rainha da Escócia para Londres, um "descanso" de 24 horas foi realizado na Catedral de St Giles em Edimburgo, durante o qual uma guarda permanente foi fornecida pelo Royal Company of Archers, guarda-costas do rei para a Escócia. Às 19h40 BST de 12 de setembro de 2022, o destacamento de quatro membros da Royal Company se juntou ao rei, a princesa real, o duque de York e o conde de Wessex, que ficaram de vigília sobre o caixão por dez minutos. A princesa Ana, Princesa Real, fez história como a primeira mulher a participar da cerimônia.

Como parte do estado de repouso da falecida rainha em Londres, às 19h30 BST de 16 de setembro de 2022, seus quatro filhos ficaram em vigília pela segunda vez. Todos estavam em uniforme militar, com o Rei e o Duque de York ambos vestindo trajes cerimoniais da Marinha Real, a Princesa Real vestindo o uniforme completo dos Blues and Royals, dos quais ela é a Coronel do Regimento, e o Conde de Wessex de uniforme de gala do Royal Wessex Yeomanry, o regimento da Reserva do Exército do qual ele é Coronel Honorário Real.

No dia seguinte, seus oito netos, o Príncipe de Gales, o Duque de Sussex, Peter Phillips, Zara Tindall, a princesa Beatrice, a princesa Eugênia, Lady Luísa e Jaime, Visconde Severn, fizeram sua própria vigília sobre o caixão da avó. A pedido do Rei, tanto o Príncipe de Gales quanto o Duque de Sussex estavam no uniforme militar Blues and Royals enquanto Peter Phillips e o visconde Severn usavam ternos pretos com medalhas e as mulheres usavam vestidos formais escuros.

Ao contrário da vigília que ocorreu em 2002, a família real não dispensou nenhum dos guardas que estavam em posição de sentido no caixão da rainha. A cada vigília, a família real tomava os lados do caixão, enquanto os guardas de plantão permaneciam nos cantos. Cada vigília durava 15 minutos ou menos, enquanto a Troca da Guarda ocorria a cada vinte minutos. Além disso, os membros da família real estavam um passo acima dos guardas.

Referências

Família real britânica
Funerais de Estado no Reino Unido


text:
Fernando Afonso Geraldes Caldeira (Borralha, 7 de novembro de 1841 — Lisboa, 2 de abril de 1894) foi um escritor português do século XIX., autor de A Mosca: monólogo em verso .  Encontram-se textos da sua autoria na revista Ilustração Popular  (1884) e também, publicados a título póstumo, no periódico O Azeitonense   (1919-1920).

Obras
 1877: A varina
 1879: Os missionários
 1880: Fló-Fló
 1880: A mantilha de renda
 1884: A chilena
 1884: As nadadoras
 1892: A madrugada

Escritores de Portugal
Naturais de Águeda


text:
El desfiladero de los Gaitanes es un cañón excavado por el río Guadalhorce en la provincia de Málaga, comunidad autónoma de Andalucía, España, entre los términos municipales de Ardales, Antequera y Álora. Cuenta con acceso desde el norte por los embalses del Guadalhorce y desde el sur, por la aldea de El Chorro. En los tramos más angostos, tan solo tiene 10 metros de anchura y alcanza más de 400 metros de altura.

El desfiladero fue declarado paraje natural por la Ley 2/1989, de 18 de julio.

Historia
La construcción de un canal de agua desde los embalses del norte hasta El Chorro, para aprovechar aquí el desnivel en una central hidroeléctrica, llevó aparejado un camino de mantenimiento de dicho canal, conocido como "Los balconcillos" y posteriormente como Caminito del Rey, porque la obra fue inaugurada por el rey Alfonso XIII el 21 de mayo de 1921. Este camino de más de 3 kilómetros de longitud tiene una parte vertiginosa, de barras de acero y plataformas de hormigón clavadas en la pared vertical y un puente sobre el mismo desfiladero sobre el canal de agua.

El camino rehabilitado se abrió al público el 28 de marzo de 2015 y fue elegido por Lonely Planet como uno de los mejores sitios para visitar en ese mismo año. Hasta la llegada del AVE, el desfiladero era el único acceso ferroviario a Málaga capital desde el interior de España, con un largo túnel excavado en la pared este del desfiladero. En la actualidad, existe otro túnel de 1 kilómetro, más al este, bajo la sierra de Huma, para el acceso ferroviario del AVE.

Geología
El paraje natural Desfiladero de los Gaitanes comprende tres unidades principales: el propio desfiladero, la sierra de Huma al este y el macizo del Almorchón al oeste. La litología de estas dos sierras muestra una clara discordancia erosiva entre los conglomerados y calcarenitas horizontales del Mioceno (Macizo del Almorchón) y los estratos verticales de calizas jurásicas que dominan la sierra de Huma.

La génesis del desfiladero es postalpina, al ir abriendo el río Guadalhorce un paso a través de las calizas y dolomías emergidas. El relieve está karstificado, contabilizándose varias cavidades de gran interés geológico y arqueológico colgadas sobre el cauce del río.

Los desniveles son muy acusados. En los relieves que conforman el desfiladero se presentan alturas de 300 metros, casi en vertical, y anchuras que en el tajo llegan a ser de tan sólo 10 metros. Asimismo, en el conjunto del paraje natural se observa un amplio rango de altitudes, desde 200 metros en el límite sur, a la salida del desfiladero, hasta los 1192 metros del pico de la sierra de Huma.

Clima
De acuerdo con la clasificación de Köppen, en las provincia de Málaga predomina el clima templado cálido mediterráneo (Csa), caracterizado por una estación estival seca y cálida y temperaturas invernales generalmente suaves. En el interior de la provincia, el clima exhibe ciertos rasgos continentales, que se hacen más evidentes en la depresión de Antequera y en parte de la depresión de Ronda. Las precipitaciones medias en esta zona presentan valores en torno a los 500 mm anuales, y las temperaturas, especialmente en verano, pueden superar los 40 °C. La media anual ronda los 15-16 °C. En invierno, los vientos que penetran por los valles desde el mar atemperan las condiciones en zonas puntuales del interior de la provincia, como la vertiente sur y oeste del paraje natural Desfiladero de los Gaitanes, en donde las medias del mes más frío no suelen bajar de los 9 °C. En cualquier caso, en los pisos superiores de este paraje natural (Sierra de Huma y lomas al norte de ésta) se observa cómo las temperaturas medias bajan sensiblemente, al tiempo que las precipitaciones anuales llegan a alcanzar valores en torno a 650 mm.

Hidrología
El río Guadalhorce atraviesa el paraje natural de norte a sur, a través del paso abierto en las calizas, conformando la espectacular garganta que da nombre e identidad al espacio. En su paso por el desfiladero tributan al río una red de arroyos estacionales y ramblas que encauzan las aguas de la sierra de Huma, por el este, y en menor medida las del macizo del Almorchón, al oeste.

Entre las infraestructuras de regulación que afectan al Guadalhorce destaca el sistema de embalses Guadalhorce-Guadalteba, con tres presas ubicadas en la confluencia de este río y sus afluentes Guadalteba y Turón. Estos embalses están situados junto al límite norte del paraje natural Desfiladero de los Gaitanes. Aguas abajo, en el interior del espacio protegido, el agua vuelve a ser represada en el embalse del Gaitanejo, justo antes del inicio del tajo.

Flora y fauna

Flora

El paraje natural Desfiladero de los Gaitanes representa un mosaico de diferentes formaciones, asociadas a medios diversos. Buena parte del espacio presenta una cubierta vegetal alejada de la etapa clímax, que se corresponde con encinares basófilos termo y mesomediterráneos. Los incendios y la actividad humana en sus diversas formas, así como las condiciones limitantes que caracterizan los suelos, han motivado que la vegetación potencial se encuentre degradada y apenas circunscrita a unas pocas zonas aisladas. La mayor parte de la superficie está cubierta por pinares y sabinares, que con las actuales condiciones del sustrato constituyen la única cubierta arbórea posible en gran parte del territorio. Las repoblaciones de pino carrasco (Pinus halepensis) ocupan las áreas más extensas. El pino se acompaña de albaidales (Anthyllis cytisoides) y matorrales más xerófilos con esparto (Stipa tenacissima), romero (Rosmarinus officinalis), mejorana (Thymus mastichina) y pegamoscas (Ononis natrix). Al sureste del espacio se aprecia una pequeña área en la que este matorral se acompaña con manchas dispersas de algarrobo (Ceratonia siliqua).

En la parte central del espacio, asentado sobre la roca caliza, aparece el sabinar de sabina suave o caudada (Juniperus phoenicea subsp. turbinata). Ocupa las laderas de la sierra de Huma y superficies relativamente extensas al norte de esta, habiéndose extendido a suelos que en su actual estado de degradación hacen difícil la recolonización por parte del encinar. Esta comunidad, que tiene un marcado carácter paraclimácico y relíctico, representa por el tamaño de algunos de sus ejemplares un ejemplo único dentro del contexto andaluz. Debe citarse, además, su relación con las poblaciones de sabina suave presentes en medios costeros del mediterráneo andaluz, lo que evidencia ambientes paleocosteros en el paraje natural.

Entre los elementos más destacables del espacio se cuentan algunas especies que crecen en los litosoles calcáreos o sobre la misma roca, como Rupicapnos africana subsp. decipiens, y en menor grado Cytisus malacitanus subsp. moleroi; ambas son taxones endémicos del mediterráneo occidental, limitados a unas pocas zonas restringidas. En estos medios se presentan también comunidades de terófitos rupícolas.

En relación con la influencia humana en la vegetación, cabe destacar al menos otros dos aspectos de interés. Por un lado es reseñable la presencia de eucaliptales en las márgenes del río Guadalhorce, al norte del paraje natural, ocupando el espacio propio del bosque de ribera autóctono (fresnedas de Fraxinus angustifolia, que dan paso a Salix atrocinerea y Tamarix africana en los suelos gleycos en torno al cauce).

Fauna
En las zonas más altas del Desfiladero habitan cabras monteses, y en las zonas más bajas junto al agua, se pueden encontrar animales más pequeños como el mirlo o el vencejo. También se pueden encontrar mamíferos como lirones o ginetas. En las partes medias de La Garganta se pueden observar halcones, el cernícalo vulgar y el azor, así como diferentes rapaces de medio tamaño. En la cumbre, las grandes rapaces como el águilas o el buitre leonado tienen a sus crías y por ello es feudo de nidificación.

Rodajes cinematográficos
El paraje ha sido escenario de algunos largometrajes:
Escenas del drama histórico ambientado en el  El puente de San Luis Rey, se rodaron en el desfiladero de los Gaitanes en el año 2004.
Algunas escenas del largometraje El coronel Von Ryan fueron rodadas en el desfiladero de los Gaitanes en 1965.

Véase también
Condado de los Gaitanes
Espacios naturales protegidos de Andalucía

Referencias

Bibliografía
 BOJA: Decreto 222/2013, de 5 de noviembre, por el que declaran las Zonas Especiales de Conservación Torcal de Antequera (ES0000032), Los Reales de Sierra Bermeja (ES6170004), Sierra Crestellina (ES6170005) y Desfiladero de los Gaitanes (ES6170003), se amplía el ámbito territorial del Paraje Natural Torcal de Antequera y se aprueba el Plan de Ordenación de los Recursos Naturales de los Parajes Naturales Torcal de Antequera, Los Reales de Sierra Bermeja, Sierra Crestellina y Desfiladero de los Gaitanes.

Enlaces externos

 Descripción de la ruta y track GPS en Wikiloc del Caminito del Rey
 Ventana del Visitante de los Espacios Naturales Protegidos de Andalucía
 Paraje Natural Desfiladero de los Gaitanes
 Croquis de escalada gigapixel del Desfiladero de los Gaitanes en CartoWall

Gaitanes
Accidentes geográficos de Andalucía
Espacios naturales de la provincia de Málaga
Parajes naturales de Andalucía
Geografía de la provincia de Málaga
Cordillera Penibética
Guadalhorce
Álora
Áreas protegidas de España establecidas en 1989
Zonas especiales de conservación de Andalucía


text:
Ливањски дивљи коњи су коњи који живе на висоравни Кругу, на предјелу од Коричина до Борове главе.

Они нису изворни дивљи коњи, него су потомци подивљалих домаћих коња који су служили у пољопривреди. Након што их је у тој улози потисла механизација прије педесет година 20. вијека, остављени су да живе дивље, јер више није било потребе за њима.

Будући да скоро пола вијека није постојала организована брига државе о њима, дневно прелазе десетине километара да би се нахранили и напојили. Упркос неповољним временским условима, бројним звијерима из оближњих шума, преживјели су захваљујући богатим пашњацима. Бригу о овим коњима покушава водити планинарско еколошко друштво Борова Глава и град Ливно.

Процјене из априла 2011. године говоре о скупини од 196 јединки. Према подацима из 2013. године, скупина је бројала 286 одраслих и 48 младих јединки. Подаци из 2015. године броје укупно 418 коња, од чега су 65 жријебад.

Референце

Спољашње везе

Коњи
Град Ливно


text:
Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) tilhører arten Betacoronavirus 1 i slægten Betacoronavirus; den kan inficere mennesker og kvæg.
Den inficerende coronavirus er en indkapslet, enkeltstrenget (single-stranded) RNA-virus med positiv sense, der kommer ind i værtscellen ved at binde til receptoren .

OC43 er en af syv kendte coronavirus der kan inficere mennesker: HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, den originale SARS-CoV (eller SARS-CoV-1) og SARS-CoV-2.
Sammen med  og  (medlemmer af Alphacoronavirus-slægten) og Betacoronavirus HCoV-HKU1, er det en af de virus der er ansvarlige for forkølelse.
Virusset har − som andre coronavirus fra slægten Betacoronavirus, subgenus Embecovirus − yderligere et kortere peplomer eller   Hemagglutinin esterase (HE).

Analyse af det molekylære ur mellem menneskets OC43-virus og koens coronavirus (BCoV) viser et påfaldende årstalssammenfald for virussernes seneste fælles stamfar og 1889-1890-pandemien.
Den pandemi har ellers har været forklaret som en influenza-pandemi.

Noter og referencer
Noter

Referencer

Se også
 Virusklassifikation – Definition af termer (virus)
 Forkølelse

Eksterne henvisninger

  Wikispecies har taksonomi med forbindelse til Human coronavirus OC43
 "Coronaviruses" fra Micro.msb.le.ac.uk
 "Betacoronavirus" fra Viralzone.expasy.org
 'Taxon identifiers'. Engelsk hjælpeside til 'taksonindentifikatorer'

Coronaviridae


text:
Samson Morpurgo, ou Samson ben Joshua Moses Morpurgo, né en 1681 à Gradisca d'Isonzo dans le comté de Gorizia ou Frioul autrichien (actuel Frioul-Vénétie Julienne, en Italie), mort en 1740, est un médecin, rabbin et liturgiste italien.

Biographie

Samson naît à Gradisca d'Isonzo, petite communauté près de l'actuelle frontière slovène mais qui était alors une possession des Habsbourg, et se retrouve tout jeune à étudier avec Jacob Haï Gentili, le rabbin de la communauté voisine de Gorizia, et son fils, Menassé.

À sept ans, le jeune Samson part à Venise, emmené par son père Josue-Moseh (Josué-Moïse) Morpurgo, pour y poursuivre sa première éducation. Vers 12 ou 13 ans, il l'approfondit à la yeshiva de  (1610–1694), ainsi qu'auprès de son précédent maître Menassé Gentili qui avait entre-temps déménagé à Venise.

Il étudie ensuite à l'Université de Padoue et obtient en 1700, le diplôme de docteur en médecine et en philosophie. À partir de ce moment, il se consacre à l'étude du Talmud, voyageant entre Padoue, Venise, Gorizia et Mantoue où il étudie avec Leone Briel, un érudit de qualité, grand rabbin de Mantoue.

Samson Morpurgo publie en 1704 à Venise son Eẓ ha-Daat, un commentaire philosophique sur le livre de Jedaiah Bedersi : Beḥinat ha-Olam. Mais à la fin de cet ouvrage, est imprimée une satire sur les cabalistes, ce qui vaut à Morpurgo d'être persécuté par les rabbins de Padoue.

À la même époque, il poursuit son étude du Talmud et des écrits rabbiniques. En 1709, il obtient le diplôme de rabbin, délivré par Leon Briel qui sera l'auteur de la préface au Shemesh Ẓedaḳah de Morpurgo, une collection de responsa.

Il est appelé ensuite à Ancône auprès du kabbaliste  (ou Piamita) (Lehavah) qui l'associe à son rabbinat cette même année en le nommant membre du Beth Din.

Il devient ensuite son gendre en épousant sa fille Rebecca, et à la mort de celle-ci en 1716, sa sœur Judith. Après la mort de Fiametta en 1721, il est le seul rabbin d'Ancône et le reste pendant dix-neuf ans, jusqu'à sa mort.

Samson Morpurgo est considéré comme un rabbin éminent ; les érudits de sa génération se tournent vers lui pour trancher dans les affaires délicates de halakha, dont notamment le kabbaliste Benjamin ha-Kohen de Reggio. Ses objections à certains décrets rabbiniques se trouvent dans De Rossi, Bibliotheca Antichristiana, . Son approbation est insérée par le grand kabbaliste et prédicateur  de Ferrare en 1716 dans son Pahad Yiẓaḳ, i. 35b, s.v. Il correspond aussi avec Abraham Segre et  au sujet de Moïse Hayyim Luzzatto et avec Luzzatto lui-même.

En tant que médecin, Morpurgo est apprécié par tous pour sa profonde compassion, en particulier envers les pauvres qui souffrent qu'ils soient juifs ou chrétiens. Il s'avère particulièrement habile et dévoué lors d'une longue épidémie de grippe à Ancône en 1730 alors qu'il était interdit aux Juifs de soigner les chrétiens. En reconnaissance de ses services, il reçoit en 1731 les témoignages publics de gratitude du l'archevêque Lambertini d'Ancône, le futur pape Benoît XIV, lui-même versé en médecine.

Il laisse un certain nombre de travaux sur les quatre parties du Shulḥan Arouk. Ces écrits sont publiés avec une préface et des notes par son fils Moïse Ḥayyim Schabbethaï Morpurgo en 1743 dont Confutazioni alle Saette del Gionata del Benetelli (Venise, 1703–04), une polémique contre un prêtre catholique, Luigi Maria Benetelli, qui avait écrit Le Saette di Gionata scagliate a favor degli Ebrei (1703), un ouvrage plein de haine des Juifs et de leur religion ou Ez-ha Daat (1704), un commentaire philosophique sur le Behinat Olam de Yedaya Bedersi.

Morpurgo est également l'auteur de la prière commençant par «  », à réciter par les personnes visitant un cimetière.

Samson Morpurgo meurt subitement, en sortant de la synagogue, le premier jour de la Pâque en . Un grand nombre d'élégies lui sont alors dédiées, dont l'oraison funèbre (« Darke Shalom ») du rabbin Lampronti de Ferrare, où il mentionne aussi son approbation à la responsa « Shemesh Ẓedaḳah » de Morpurgo. Le Or Boker (Venise, 1741) contient une prière qui est dite sur sa tombe à la date anniversaire de sa mort.

Œuvres
Les œuvres de Samson Morpurgo, souvent posthumes, sont indiquées ici par ordre de première publication connue.
  Eẓ ha-Daat : daʻat ṭov ṿa-raʻ : ṿe-hu tosefet be'ur li-Veḥinat ʻolam she-ḥiber Yedaʻyah ha-Penini ha-Bederśi : uvi-śefat ha-yeriʻah meḳom ma'amaraṿ be-sifre ha-ḳadmonim (en collab.), 1704 - עץ הדעת : דעת טוב ורע : והוא תוספת ביאור לבחינת עולם שחיבר ידעיה הפניני הבדרשי : ובשפת היריעה מקום מאמריו בספרי הקדמונים
  Or Boker, 1741.
  Shemesh tsedaḳah : ...bi-she'elot u-teshuvot, Venise, 1743. - שמש צדקה : ... חדמה גנוז׳היתה באוצרו של
  Sefer Shemesh tsedaḳah'', 1743 ; réédité, 1986. - ספר שמש צדקה
  1743, שמשון בן יהושע משה מורפורגו
  1743, שמש צדקה חלק ב

Références

Bibliographie et sources
  ; – .
 .
   (article en hébreu).
 .

Liens externes

Personnalité de la culture juive
Médecin italien du XVIIIe siècle
Rabbin italien
Rabbin du XVIIIe siècle
Naissance en 1681
Décès en avril 1740
Essayiste italien
Polémiste
Samson
Naissance à Gradisca d'Isonzo


text:
Aldo Rossano Graziati (January 5, 1905 in Scorzè, Italy - November 14, 1953 in Pianiga, Italy) was an Italian cinematographer.

Biography
Known also as G. R. Aldo (Graziati Rossano Aldo, his full name written in reverse) or Aldò (to the French, as he worked many years in Paris), he distinguished himself with his refined technique and unique tonal sensitivity, especially with the lighting effects characteristic of the black and white of neorealism.

He moved to France in 1923, where he worked many years as choreographer, scenic photographer and operator. During the German occupation he moved to Nizza, where he met Michelangelo Antonioni whom invited him to return to Italy.

In 1946 he went for an interview by Luchino Visconti. Two years later, he entrusted him with the role of cinematographer for his film, "La terra trema".

He died prematurely between Padoa and Venice due to an automobile accident. He was producing the film Senso, his first and only film in colour, at the time. The community theatre in Scorzé, his birthplace, was named after him in commemoration.

Filmography
 1954 - Senso
 1954 - Via Padova 46
 1953 - Station Terminus
 1953 - La Provinciale
 1952 - Tre storie proibite
 1952 - Umberto D.
 1951 - Othello
 1951 - Miracle in Milan
 1951 - Tomorrow Is Another Day
 1950 - Domani è troppo tardi
 1950 - Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei
 1949 - Heaven over the Marshes
 1948 - The Earth Will Tremble
 1948 - La Chartreuse de Parme
 1947 - Couleur de Venise

Awards
Won 1955 Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists for Best Cinematography - (Senso)
Won 1950 Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists for Best Cinematography - (Heaven Over the Marshes and Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei)

External links

References

1905 births
1953 deaths
Film people from the Metropolitan City of Venice
Italian cinematographers


text:
Michael (Mike) McCusker (23 juni 1966) is een Amerikaans filmmonteur. Hij is vooral bekend van zijn samenwerkingen met regisseur James Mangold.

Biografie
Michael McCusker groeide op in New Canaan (Connecticut). Hij behaalde een bachelor in filmstudies aan Emerson College. Na zijn studies verhuisde hij naar Hollywood om er aan de slag te gaan in de filmindustrie.

McCusker is getrouwd met filmproducente Deirdre Morrison, die hij leerde kennen tijdens de productie van The Day After Tomorrow (2004).

Carrière
McCusker begon zijn filmcarrière als productieassistent. Zo assisteerde hij producenten van de animatieserie The Simpsons (1989–1991) en de anthologieserie Fallen Angels (1995).

Nadien sloot hij zich aan bij de Motion Picture Editors Guild en werd hij onder de hoede van David Brenner een assistent-monteur. Hij assisteerde bij de montage van onder meer Independence Day (1996), What Dreams May Come (1998) en The Patriot (2000).

In 2001 werkte hij voor eerst samen met regisseur James Mangold. Hij assisteerde toen bij de montage van diens romantische komedie Kate & Leopold. Twee jaar later werkte hij als assistent-monteur ook mee aan Mangolds psychologische thriller Identity. Sindsdien is hij de vaste monteur van de regisseur. Zo monteerde hij onder meer Walk the Line (2005), 3:10 to Yuma (2007) en Logan (2017) voor de regisseur.

Voor Walk the Line ontving McCusker in 2006 een Oscarnominatie en een Eddie Award. In 2020 won hij samen met collega Andrew Buckland de Oscar voor beste montage voor de film Ford v Ferrari (2019).

Filmografie
Als monteur
 Sax's Final Orbit (1997)
 Kings (1998)
 Walk the Line (2005)
 Walkout (2006)
 3:10 to Yuma (2007)
 Australia (2008)
 Hesher (2010)
 Knight and Day (2010)
 The Amazing Spider-Man (2012)
 The Wolverine (2013)
 Get On Up (2014)
 13 Hours (2016)
 The Girl on the Train (2016)
 Logan (2017)
 The Greatest Showman (2017)
 Deadpool 2 (2018)
 Ford v Ferrari (2019)
 Unhinged (2020)

Externe link

Amerikaans editor


text:
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Jehol (), also known in Chinese as Rehe or Jinzhou, is a diocese in the Ecclesiastical province of Shenyang in China, covering part of the former Rehe Province. Both Jehol and Rehe are forms of the former Chinese name of the city of Chengde; Jinzhou refers to the State of Jin that formerly occupied part of the diocese.

The diocese lost an important part of its territory in 2018, when the entire city of Chengde was taken out to form the Diocese of Chengde, a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Beijing. Now, only the Liaoning part of the diocese remains, along with a very small part of Hebei.

History
 December 21, 1883: Established as Apostolic Vicariate of Eastern Mongolia 東蒙古 from the Apostolic Vicariate of Mongolia 蒙古
 December 3, 1924: Renamed as Apostolic Vicariate of Jehol 熱河
 April 11, 1946: Promoted as Diocese of Jehol 熱河

Leadership
 Bishops of Jehol 熱河 (Roman rite)
 Bishop Joseph Julian Oste, C.I.C.M. (April 9, 1948 – January 19, 1971)
 Bishop Louis Janssens, C.I.C.M. (April 11, 1946 – January 9, 1948)
 Vicars Apostolic of Jehol 熱河 (Roman rite)
 Bishop Louis Janssens, C.I.C.M. (February 4, 1942 – April 11, 1946)
 Bishop Conrad Abels, C.I.C.M. (July 5, 1897 – 1942)
 Vicars Apostolic of Eastern Mongolia 東蒙古
 Bishop Théodore-Herman Rutjes, C.I.C.M. (December 11, 1883 – August 4, 1896 [died])

References

Citations

Bibliography

 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy

Jehol
Jehol
Jehol
Christianity in Liaoning