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The fall of Singapore, also known as the Battle of Singapore, took place in the South–East Asian theatre of the Pacific War. The Japanese Empire captured the British stronghold of Singapore, with fighting lasting from 8 to 15 February 1942. Singapore was the foremost British military base and economic port in South–East Asia and had been of great importance to British interwar defence strategy. The capture of Singapore resulted in the largest British surrender in its history.

Prior to the battle, Japanese General Tomoyuki Yamashita had advanced with about 30,000 men down the Malayan Peninsula in the Malayan campaign. The British erroneously considered the jungle terrain impassable, leading to a swift Japanese advance as Allied defences were quickly outflanked. The British Lieutenant-General, Arthur Percival, commanded 85,000 Allied troops at Singapore, although many units were under-strength and most units lacked experience. The British outnumbered the Japanese but much of the water for the island was drawn from reservoirs on the mainland. The British destroyed the causeway, forcing the Japanese into an improvised crossing of the Johore Strait. Singapore was considered so important that Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered Percival to fight to the last man.

The Japanese attacked the weakest part of the island defences and established a beachhead on 8 February. Percival had expected a crossing in the north and failed to reinforce the defenders in time. Communication and leadership failures beset the Allies and there were few defensive positions or reserves near the beachhead. The Japanese advance continued and the Allies began to run out of supplies. By 15 February, about a million civilians in the city were crammed into the remaining area held by Allied forces, 1 per cent of the island. Japanese aircraft continuously bombed the civilian water supply which was expected to fail within days. The Japanese were also almost at the end of their supplies and Yamashita wanted to avoid costly house-to-house fighting.

For the second time since the battle began, Yamashita demanded unconditional surrender and that afternoon, Percival capitulated. About 80,000 British, Indian, Australian and local troops became prisoners of war, joining the 50,000 taken in Malaya; many died of neglect, abuse or forced labour. Three days after the British surrender, the Japanese began the Sook Ching purge, killing thousands of civilians. The Japanese held Singapore until the end of the war. About 40,000, mostly conscripted, Indian soldiers joined the Indian National Army and fought with the Japanese in the Burma campaign. Churchill called it the worst disaster in British military history. The sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse soon after the Japanese landings on Malaya, the fall of Singapore and other defeats in 1942, severely undermined British prestige, which contributed to the end of British colonial rule in the region after the war.

Background

Outbreak of war

In the interwar years, Britain had established a naval base in Singapore after the Anglo-Japanese alliance had lapsed in 1923. As part of the Singapore strategy, the base formed a key part of British interwar defence planning for the region. Financial constraints had hampered construction efforts during the intervening period and shifting strategic circumstances had largely undermined the key premises behind the strategy by the time war had broken out in the Pacific. During 1940 and 1941, the Allies imposed a trade embargo on Japan in response to its campaigns in China and its occupation of French Indochina. The basic plan for taking Singapore was worked out in July 1940. Intelligence gained in late 1940–early 1941 did not alter that plan but confirmed it in the minds of Japanese decision makers. On 11 November 1940, the German raider Atlantis captured the British steamer Automedon in the Indian Ocean, carrying papers meant for Air Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, the British commander in the Far East. The papers included information about the weakness of the Singapore base. In December 1940, the Germans handed over copies of the papers to the Japanese. The Japanese had broken the British Army's codes and in January 1941, the Second Department (the intelligence-gathering arm) of the Imperial Army interpreted and read a message from Singapore to London complaining in much detail about the weak state of "Fortress Singapore", a message so frank in its admission of weakness that the Japanese at first suspected it was a British plant, believing that no officer would be so open in admitting weaknesses to his superiors. Only after cross-checking the message with the Automedon papers did the Japanese accept it to be genuine.

Japanese oil reserves were rapidly depleting due to its military operations in China and by industrial consumption. In the latter half of 1941, the Japanese began preparing to go to war to seize vital resources if peaceful efforts to buy them failed. Planners determined a broad scheme of manoeuvres that incorporated simultaneous attacks on the territories of Britain, The Netherlands and the United States. This would see landings in Malaya and Hong Kong as part of a general move south to secure Singapore, connected to Malaya by the Johor–Singapore Causeway and then an invasion of the oil-rich area of Borneo and Java in the Dutch East Indies. Attacks would be made against the American naval fleet at Pearl Harbor as well as landings in the Philippines and attacks on Guam, Wake Island and the Gilbert Islands. Following these attacks, a period of consolidation was planned, after which the Japanese planners intended to build up the defences of the captured territory by establishing a strong perimeter from the India–Burma frontier through to Wake Island and traversing Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, New Guinea and New Britain, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Marshall and Gilbert Islands. This perimeter would be used to block Allied attempts to regain the lost territory and defeat their will to fight.

Invasion of Malaya

The Japanese 25th Army invaded Malaya from Indochina, moving into northern Malaya and Thailand by amphibious assault on 8 December 1941. This was virtually simultaneous with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor which precipitated the United States' entry into the war. Thailand resisted landings on its territory for about 5 to 8 hours; it then signed a ceasefire and a Treaty of Friendship with Japan, later declaring war on the UK and the US. The Japanese then proceeded overland across the Thai–Malayan border to attack Malaya. At this time, the Japanese began bombing Singapore.

The 25th Army was resisted in northern Malaya by III Corps of the British Indian Army. Although the 25th Army was outnumbered by Commonwealth forces in Malaya and Singapore, they did not take the initiative with their forces while Japanese commanders concentrated theirs. The Japanese were superior in close air support, armour, co-ordination, tactics and experience. Conventional British military thinking was that the Japanese forces were inferior and characterised that the Malayan jungles as "impassable"; the Japanese were repeatedly able to use it to their advantage to outflank hastily established defensive lines. Prior to the Battle of Singapore the most resistance was met at the Battle of Muar which involved the 8th Australian Division and the 45th Indian Brigade. The British troops left in the city of Singapore were basically garrison troops.

At the start of the campaign, the Commonwealth forces had only 164 first-line aircraft in Malaya and Singapore and the only fighter type was the sub-standard Brewster 339E Buffalo. The Buffaloes were operated by one Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF), two Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), and two Royal Air Force (RAF) squadrons. The aircraft were, according to historian Peter Dennis, "not considered good enough for use in Europe" and major shortcomings included a slow rate of climb and the fuel system, which required the pilot to hand-pump fuel if flying above . The Imperial Japanese Army Air Force was more numerous and better trained than the second-hand assortment of untrained pilots and inferior Commonwealth equipment remaining in Malaya, Borneo and Singapore. Japanese fighters were superior to the Commonwealth fighters, which helped the Japanese to gain air supremacy. Although outnumbered and outclassed, the Buffalos were able to provide some resistance, with RAAF pilots alone managing to shoot down at least 20 Japanese aircraft before the few survivors were withdrawn.

Force Z, consisting of the battleship , the battlecruiser  and four destroyers, sailed north out of Singapore on 8 December to oppose expected Japanese landings along the coast of Malaya. Japanese land-based aircraft found and sank the two capital ships on 10 December, leaving the east coast of the Malayan Peninsula exposed and allowing the Japanese to continue their amphibious landings. Japanese forces quickly isolated, surrounded and forced the surrender of Indian units defending the coast. Despite their numerical inferiority, they advanced down the Malayan Peninsula, overwhelming the defences. The Japanese forces also used bicycle infantry and light tanks, allowing swift movement through the jungle. The Commonwealth having thought the terrain made them impractical, had no tanks and only a few armoured vehicles, which put them at a severe disadvantage.

Although more Commonwealth units—including some from the 8th Australian Division—joined the campaign, the Japanese prevented them from regrouping. The Japanese overran cities and advanced toward Singapore, which was an anchor for the operations of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM), the first Allied joint command of the Second World War. Singapore controlled the main shipping channel between the Indian and the Pacific Oceans. An ambush was sprung by the 2/30th Australian Battalion on the main road at the Gemenceh River near Gemas on 14 January, causing many Japanese casualties.

At Bakri, from 18 to 22 January, the Australian 2/19th and 2/29th battalions and the 45th Indian Brigade (Lieutenant Colonel Charles Anderson) repeatedly fought through Japanese positions before running out of ammunition near Parit Sulong. The survivors were forced to leave behind about 110 Australian and 40 Indian wounded, who were later beaten, tortured and murdered by Japanese troops during the Parit Sulong Massacre. Of over 3,000 men from these units only around 500 men escaped. For his leadership in the fighting withdrawal, Anderson was awarded the Victoria Cross. A determined counter-attack by the 5/11th Sikh Regiment (Lieutenant-Colonel John Parkin) in the area of Niyor, near Kluang, on 25 January and an ambush around the Nithsdale Estate by the 2/18th Australian Battalion on 26/27 January bought valuable time and permitted East Force, based on the 22nd Australian Brigade (Brigadier Harold Taylor), to withdraw from eastern Johor (formerly Johore). On 31 January, the last Commonwealth forces crossed the causeway linking Johor and Singapore and engineers blew it up.

Prelude

During the weeks preceding the invasion, Commonwealth forces suffered a number of both subdued and openly disruptive disagreements amongst its senior commanders, as well as pressure from Australian Prime Minister John Curtin. Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival, commander of the garrison, had 85,000 soldiers—the equivalent, on paper at least, of just over four divisions. Of this figure, 15,000 men were employed in supply, administrative, or other non-combatant roles. The remaining force was a mix of front-line and second-line troops. There were 49 infantry battalions—21 Indian, 13 British, six Australian, four Indian States Forces assigned to airfield defence, three Straits Settlements Volunteer Force, and two Malayan. In addition, there were two British machine-gun battalions, one Australian, and a British reconnaissance battalion. The newly arrived 18th Infantry Division (Major-General Merton Beckwith-Smith)—was at full strength but lacked experience and training. The rest of the force was of mixed quality, condition, training, equipment and morale. Lionel Wigmore, the Australian official historian of the Malayan campaign, wrote

Percival gave Major-General Gordon Bennett's two brigades from the 8th Australian Division responsibility for the western side of Singapore, including the prime invasion points in the northwest of the island. This was mostly mangrove swamp and jungle, broken by rivers and creeks. In the heart of the "Western Area" was RAF Tengah, Singapore's largest airfield at the time. The Australian 22nd Brigade, under Brigadier Harold Taylor, was assigned a  wide sector in the west, and the 27th Brigade, under Brigadier Duncan Maxwell, had responsibility for a  zone just west of the Causeway. The infantry positions were reinforced by the recently arrived Australian 2/4th Machine-Gun Battalion. Also under Bennett's command was the 44th Indian Infantry Brigade.

The III Indian Corps (Lieutenant-General Sir Lewis Heath) including the 11th Indian Infantry Division under Major-General Berthold Key with reinforcements from the 8th Indian Brigade, and the 18th Infantry Division—was assigned the north-eastern sector, known as the "Northern Area". This included the naval base at Sembawang. The "Southern Area", including the main urban areas in the south-east, was commanded by Major-General Frank Simmons. His forces consisted of elements of the 1st Malaya Infantry Brigade and the Straits Settlements Volunteer Force Brigade with the Indian 12th Infantry Brigade in reserve.

From 3 February, the Commonwealth forces were shelled by Japanese artillery, and air attacks on Singapore intensified over the next five days. The artillery and air bombardment strengthened, severely disrupting communications between Commonwealth units and their commanders and affecting preparations for the defence of the island. From aerial reconnaissance, scouts, infiltrators and observation from high ground across the straits (such as at Istana Bukit Serene and the Sultan of Johor's palace), Japanese commander General Tomoyuki Yamashita and his staff gained excellent knowledge of the Commonwealth positions. Yamashita and his officers stationed themselves at Istana Bukit Serene and the Johor state secretariat building—the Sultan Ibrahim Building—to plan for the invasion of Singapore. Although his military advisors judged that Istana Bukit Serene was an easy target, Yamashita was confident that the British Army would not attack the palace because it belonged to the Sultan of Johor. Yamashita's prediction was correct; despite being observed by Australian artillery, permission to engage the palace was denied by Gordon Bennett.

Most of Singapore's BL 15-inch Mk I naval guns could be traversed north and were used to engage the Japanese. The guns—which included the Johore Battery, with three  guns and one battery with two  guns—were supplied mostly with armour-piercing shells (AP) for anti-shipping use and few high explosive (HE) shells. Percival incorrectly guessed that the Japanese would land forces on the north-east side of Singapore, ignoring advice that the north-west was a more likely direction of attack (where the Straits of Johor were the narrowest and a series of river mouths provided cover for the launching of water craft). This was encouraged by the deliberate movement of Japanese troops in this sector to deceive the British. Much of the equipment and resources of the garrison had been incorrectly allocated to the north east sector, where the most complete and freshest formation—the 18th Infantry Division—was deployed, while the depleted 8th Australian Division sector with two of its three brigades had no serious fixed defensive works or obstacles. To compound matters, Percival had ordered the Australians to defend forward so as to cover the waterway, yet this meant they were immediately fully committed to any fighting, limiting their flexibility, whilst also reducing their defensive depth. The two Australian brigades were subsequently allocated a very wide frontage of over  and were separated by the Kranji River.

Yamashita had just over 30,000 men from three divisions: the Imperial Guards Division (Lieutenant-General Takuma Nishimura), the 5th Division (Lieutenant-General Takuro Matsui) and the Japanese 18th Division (Lieutenant-General Renya Mutaguchi). Also in support was a light tank brigade. In comparison, following the withdrawal, Percival had about 85,000 men at his disposal, although 15,000 were administrative personnel, while large numbers were semi-trained British, Indian and Australian reinforcements that had only recently arrived. Of those forces that had seen action during the previous fighting, the majority were under-strength and under-equipped.

In the days leading up to the Japanese attack, patrols from the Australian 22nd Brigade were sent across the Straits of Johor at night to gather intelligence. Three small patrols were sent on the evening of 6 February, one was spotted and withdrew after its leader was killed and their boat sunk and the other two managed to get ashore. Over the course of a day, they found large concentrations of troops, although they were unable to locate any landing craft. The Australians requested the shelling of these positions to disrupt the Japanese preparations but the patrol reports were later ignored by Malaya Command as being insignificant, based upon the belief that the real assault would come in the north-eastern sector, not the north-west.

Battle

Japanese landings

Blowing up the causeway had delayed the Japanese attack for over a week. Prior to the main assault, the Australians were subjected to an intense artillery bombardment. Over a period of 15 hours, starting at 23:00 on 8 February 1942, Yamashita's heavy guns fired a bombardment 88,000 shells (200 rounds per gun) along the straits, cutting telephone lines and isolating forward units. The British had the means to conduct counter-battery fire opposite the Australians that would have caused casualties and disruption among the Japanese assault troops. The bombardment of the Australians was not seen as a prelude to attack—Malaya Command believed that it would last several days and would later switch its focus to the north-east, despite its ferocity exceeding anything the Allies had experienced thus far in the campaign; no order was passed to the Commonwealth artillery units to bombard possible Japanese assembly areas.

Shortly before 20:30 on 8 February, the first wave of Japanese troops from the 5th Division and 18th Division began crossing the Johor Strait. The main weight of the Japanese force, about 13,000 men, from 16 assault battalions, with five in reserve, attacked the 22nd Australian Brigade. The assault was received by the 2/18th Battalion and the 2/20th Battalion. Each Japanese division had 150 barges and collapsible boats, sufficient for lifts of 4,000. During the first night 13,000 Japanese troops landed and were followed by another 10,000 after first light. The Australians numbered just 3,000 men and lacked any significant reserve.

As the landing craft closed on the Australian positions, machine gunners from the 2/4th Machine Gun Battalion, interspersed amongst the rifle companies, opened fire. Spotlights had been placed on the beaches by a British unit to illuminate an invasion force on the water but many had been damaged by the bombardment and no order was made to turn the others on. The initial wave was concentrated against the positions occupied by the 2/18th and 2/20th Battalions, around the Buloh River, as well as one company from the 2/19th Battalion. Over the course of an hour, intense fighting took place on the right flank of the 2/19th Battalion, until its positions were overrun, the Japanese then advanced inland concealed by the darkness and the vegetation. The resistance put up by the company from the 2/19th pushed the follow-on waves of Japanese craft to land around the mouth of Murai River, which resulted in them creating a gap between the 2/19th and 2/18th battalions. From there the Japanese launched two concerted attacks against the 2/18th, which were met with massed fire before they overwhelmed the Australians by weight of numbers. Urgent requests for fire support were made and throughout the night the 2/15th Field Regiment fired over 4,800 rounds.

Fierce fighting raged throughout the evening but due to the terrain and the darkness, the Japanese were able to disperse into the undergrowth, surround and overwhelm pockets of Australian resistance or bypass them exploiting gaps in the thinly spread Commonwealth lines due to the many rivers and creeks in the area. By midnight, the two Japanese divisions fired star shell to indicate to their commander that they had secured their initial objectives and by 01:00 they were well established. Over the course of two hours, the three Australian battalions that had been engaged sought to regroup, moving back east from the coast towards the centre of the island, which was completed mainly in good order. The 2/20th managed to concentrate three of its four companies around the Namazie Estate, although one was left behind; the 2/18th was only able to concentrate half its strength at Ama Keng, while the 2/19th also moved back three companies, leaving a fourth to defend Tengah airfield. Further fighting followed in the early morning of 9 February and the Australians were pushed back further, with the 2/18th being pushed out of Ama Keng and the 2/20th being forced to pull back to Bulim, west of Bukit Panjong. Bypassed elements tried to break out and fall back to the Tengah airfield to rejoin their units and suffered many casualties. Bennett attempted to reinforce the 22nd Brigade by moving the 2/29th Battalion from the 27th Brigade area to Tengah but before it could be used to recapture Ama Keng, the Japanese launched another attack around the airfield and the 2/29th was forced onto the defensive. The initial fighting cost the Australians many casualties, the 2/20th, losing 334 men killed and 214 wounded.

Air operations

The air campaign for Singapore began during the invasion of Malaya. Early on 8 December 1941, Singapore was bombed for the first time by long-range Japanese aircraft, such as the Mitsubishi G3M2 "Nell" and the Mitsubishi G4M1 "Betty", based in Japanese-occupied Indochina. The bombers struck the city centre as well as the Sembawang Naval Base and the northern airfields. For the rest of December there were false alerts and several infrequent and sporadic hit-and-run attacks on outlying military installations such as the Naval Base but no raids on Singapore City. The situation had become so desperate that one British soldier took to the middle of a road to fire his Vickers machine gun at any aircraft that passed. He could only say "The bloody bastards will never think of looking for me in the open, and I want to see a bloody plane brought down". The next recorded raid on the city occurred on the night of 29/30 December, and nightly raids ensued for over a week, accompanied by daylight raids from 12 January 1942. As the Japanese army advanced towards Singapore Island, the day and night raids increased in frequency and intensity, resulting in thousands of civilian casualties, up to the time of the British surrender.

In December 51 Hawker Hurricane Mk II fighters were sent to Singapore, with 24 pilots, the nuclei of five squadrons. They arrived on 3 January 1942, by which stage the Buffalo squadrons had been overwhelmed. No. 232 Squadron RAF was formed and No. 488 Squadron RNZAF, a Buffalo squadron, had converted to Hurricanes; 232 Squadron became operational on 20 January and destroyed three Nakajima Ki-43 "Oscars" that day, for the loss of three Hurricanes. Like the Buffalos the Hurricanes began to suffer severe losses in dogfights. From 27 to 30 January, another 48 Hurricanes arrived on the aircraft carrier . Operated by the four squadrons of No. 226 Group RAF, they flew from an airfield code-named P1, near Palembang, Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies, while a flight was maintained in Singapore. Many of the Hurricanes were destroyed on the ground by air raids. The lack of an effective air early warning system throughout the campaign meant that many Commonwealth aircraft were lost in this manner during Japanese attacks against airfields.

By the time of the invasion, only ten Hurricanes of 232 Squadron, based at RAF Kallang, remained to provide air cover for the Commonwealth forces on Singapore. The airfields at Tengah, Seletar and Sembawang were in range of Japanese artillery at Johor Bahru. RAF Kallang was the only operational airstrip left; the surviving squadrons and aircraft had withdrawn by January to reinforce the Dutch East Indies. On the morning of 9 February, dogfights took place over Sarimbun Beach and other western areas. In the first encounter, the last ten Hurricanes were scrambled from Kallang Airfield to intercept a Japanese formation of about 84 aircraft, flying from Johor to provide air cover for their invasion force. The Hurricanes shot down six Japanese aircraft and damaged 14 others for the loss of a Hurricane.

Air battles went on for the rest of the day and by nightfall it was clear that with the few aircraft Percival had left, Kallang could no longer be used as a base. With his assent, the remaining flyable Hurricanes were withdrawn to Sumatra. A squadron of Hurricane fighters took to the skies on 9 February but was then withdrawn to the Netherlands East Indies and after that no Commonwealth aircraft were seen again over Singapore; the Japanese had achieved air supremacy. That evening, three Fairmile B motor launches attacked and sank several Japanese landing craft in the Johor Strait around its western channel on the evening of 9 February. On the evening of 10 February, General Archibald Wavell, commander of ABDA, ordered the transfer of all remaining Commonwealth air force personnel to the Dutch East Indies. By this time, Kallang Airfield was, according to author Frank Owen, "so pitted with bomb craters that it was no longer usable".

Second day

Believing that further landings would occur in the northeast, Percival did not reinforce the 22nd Brigade until the morning of 9 February, sending two half-strength battalions from the 12th Indian Infantry Brigade. The Indians reached Bennett around noon. Shortly afterwards Percival allocated the composite 6th/15th Indian Infantry Brigade to reinforce the Australians from their position around the Singapore racecourse. Throughout the day, the 44th Indian Infantry Brigade, still holding its position on the coast, began to feel pressure on its exposed flank and after discussions between Percival and Bennett, it was decided that they would have to retire eastwards to maintain the southern part of the Commonwealth line. Bennett decided to form a secondary defensive line, known as the "Kranji-Jurong Switch Line" facing west between the two rivers, with its centre around Bulim, east of Tengah Airfield—which subsequently came under Japanese control—and just north of Jurong.

To the north, the 27th Australian Brigade had not been engaged during the Japanese assaults on the first day. Possessing only the 2/26th and 2/30th, following the transfer of the 2/29th Battalion to the 22nd Brigade, Maxwell sought to reorganise his force to deal with the threat posed to the western flank. Late on 9 February, the Imperial Guards began assaulting the positions held by the 27th Brigade, concentrating on those held by the 2/26th Battalion. During the initial assault, the Japanese suffered severe casualties from Australian mortars and machine-guns and from burning oil which had been sluiced into the water following the demolition of several oil tanks by the Australians. Some of the Guards reached the shore and maintained a tenuous beachhead; at the height of the assault, it is reported that the Guards commander, Nishimura, requested permission to cancel the attack due to the many casualties his troops had suffered from the fire but Yamashita ordered them to press on.

Communication problems caused further cracks in the Commonwealth defence. Maxwell knew that the 22nd Brigade was under increasing pressure but was unable to contact Taylor and was wary of encirclement. As parties of Japanese troops began to infiltrate the brigade's positions from the west, exploiting the gap formed by the Kranji River, the 2/26th Battalion was forced to withdraw to a position east of the Bukit Timah Road; this move precipitated a sympathetic move by the 2/30th away from the causeway. The authority for this withdrawal would later be the subject of debate, with Bennett stating that he had not given Maxwell authorisation to do so. The result was that the Allies lost control of the beaches adjoining the west side of the causeway, the high ground overlooking the causeway and the left flank of the 11th Indian Division was exposed. The Japanese were given a firm foothold to "build up their force unopposed".

Japanese breakthrough

The opening at Kranji made it possible for Imperial Guards armoured units to land there unopposed, after which they were able to begin ferrying across their artillery and armour. After finding his left flank exposed by the withdrawal of the 27th Brigade, the commander of the 11th Indian Infantry Division, Key, dispatched the 8th Indian Infantry Brigade from reserve, to retake the high ground to the south of the Causeway. Throughout 10 February further fighting took place around along the Jurong Line, as orders were formulated to establish a secondary defensive line to the west of the Reformatory Road, with troops not then employed in the Jurong Line; misinterpretation of these orders resulted in Taylor, the commander of the 22nd Brigade, prematurely withdrawing his troops to the east, where they were joined by a 200-strong ad hoc battalion of Australian reinforcements, known as X Battalion. The Jurong Line eventually collapsed after the 12th Indian Brigade was withdrawn by its commander, Brigadier Archie Paris, to the road junction near Bukit Panjang, after he lost contact with the 27th Brigade on his right; the commander of the 44th Indian Brigade, Ballantine, commanding the extreme left of the line, also misinterpreted the orders in the same manner that Taylor had and withdrew. On the evening of 10 February, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, cabled Wavell

In the early afternoon of 10 February, on learning of the collapse of the Jurong Line, Wavell ordered Percival to launch a counter-attack to retake it. This order was passed on to Bennett, who allocated X Battalion. Percival made plans of his own for the counter-attack, detailing a three-phased operation that involved the majority of the 22nd Brigade, and he subsequently passed this on to Bennett, who began implementing the plan, but forgot to call X Battalion back. The battalion, consisting of poorly trained and equipped replacements, advanced to an assembly area near Bukit Timah. In the early hours of 11 February, the Japanese, who had concentrated significant forces around the Tengah airfield and on the Jurong Road, began further offensive operations: the 5th Division aimed its advance towards Bukit Panjang, while the 18th Division struck out towards Bukit Timah. They fell upon X Battalion, which had camped in its assembly area while waiting to launch its counter-attack, and two-thirds of the battalion was killed or wounded. After brushing aside elements of the 6th/15th Indian Brigade, the Japanese again began attacking the 22nd Australian Brigade around the Reformatory Road.

Later on 11 February, with Japanese supplies running low, Yamashita attempted to bluff Percival, calling on him to "give up this meaningless and desperate resistance". The fighting strength of the 22nd Brigade—which had borne the brunt of the Japanese attacks—had been reduced to a few hundred men and the Japanese had captured the Bukit Timah area, including the main food and fuel depots of the garrison. Wavell told Percival that the garrison was to fight on to the end and that there should not be a general surrender in Singapore. With the vital water supply of the reservoirs in the centre of the island threatened, the 27th Australian Brigade was later ordered to recapture Bukit Panjang as a preliminary move in retaking Bukit Timah. The counter-attack was repulsed by the Imperial Guards and the 27th Australian Brigade was split in half on either side of the Bukit Timah Road with elements spread as far as the Pierce Reservoir.

The next day, as the situation worsened for the Commonwealth, they sought to consolidate their defences; during the night of 12/13 February, the order was given for a  perimeter to be established around Singapore City at the eastern end of the island. This was achieved by moving the defending forces from the beaches along the northern shore and from around Changi, with the 18th Infantry Division being tasked to maintain control of the vital reservoirs and effecting a link up with Simmons' Southern Area forces. The withdrawing troops received harassing attacks all the way back. Elsewhere, the 22nd Brigade continued to hold a position west of the Holland Road until late in the evening when it was pulled back to Holland Village.

On 13 February, Japanese engineers repaired the road over the causeway and more tanks were pushed across. With the Commonwealth still losing ground, senior officers advised Percival to surrender in the interest of minimising civilian casualties. Percival refused but tried to get authority from Wavell for greater discretion as to when resistance might cease. The Japanese captured the water reservoirs that supplied the town but did not cut off the supply. That day, military police executed Captain Patrick Heenan for espionage. An Air Liaison Officer with the British Indian Army, Heenan had been recruited by Japanese military intelligence and had used a radio to assist them in attacking Commonwealth airfields in northern Malaya. He had been arrested on 10 December and court-martialled in January. Heenan was shot at Keppel Harbour, on the southern side of Singapore and his body was thrown into the sea.

The Australians occupied a perimeter of their own to the north-west around Tanglin Barracks, in which they maintained an all round defence as a precaution. To their right, the 18th Division, the 11th Indian Division and the 2nd Malaya Brigade held the perimeter from the edge of the Farrar Road east to Kallang, while to their left, the 44th Indian Brigade and the 1st Malaya Brigade held the perimeter from Buona Vista to Pasir Panjang. For the most part, there was limited fighting around the perimeter, except around Pasir Panjang Ridge,  from Singapore Harbour, where the 1st Malaya Brigade—which consisted of a Malayan infantry battalion, two British infantry battalions and a force of Royal Engineers—fought a stubborn defensive action during the Battle of Pasir Panjang. The Japanese largely avoided attacking the Australian perimeter but in the northern area, the British 53rd Infantry Brigade was pushed back by a Japanese assault up the Thompson Road and had to fall back north of Braddell Road in the evening, joining the rest of the 18th Infantry Division in the line. They dug in and throughout the night fierce fighting raged on the northern front.

The following day, the remaining Commonwealth units fought on. Civilian casualties mounted as a million people crowded into the  area still held by the Commonwealth and bombing and artillery-fire increased. The civilian authorities began to fear that the water supply would give out; Percival was advised that large amounts of water were being lost due to damaged pipes and that the water supply was on the verge of collapse.

Alexandra Hospital massacre

On 14 February 1942, the Japanese renewed their assault on the western part of the Southern Area's defences near the area that the 1st Malayan Brigade had fought desperately to hold the previous day. At about 13:00, the Japanese broke through and advanced towards the Alexandra Barracks Hospital. A British lieutenant—acting as an envoy with a white flag—approached Japanese forces but was killed with a bayonet. After Japanese troops entered the hospital, they killed up to 50 soldiers, including some undergoing surgery. Doctors and nurses were also killed. The next day, about 200 male staff members and patients who had been assembled and bound the previous day, many of them walking wounded, were ordered to walk about  to an industrial area. Those who fell on the way were bayoneted. The men were forced into a series of small, badly ventilated rooms where they were held overnight without water. Some died during the night as a result of their treatment. The remainder were bayoneted the following morning. Several survivors were identified after the war, some of whom had survived by pretending to be dead. One survivor, Private Arthur Haines from the Wiltshire Regiment, wrote a four-page account of the massacre that was sold by his daughter by private auction in 2008.

Fall of Singapore

Throughout the night of 14/15 February, the Japanese continued to press against the Commonwealth perimeter, and though the line largely held, the military supply situation was rapidly deteriorating. The water system was badly damaged and supply was uncertain, rations were running low, petrol for military vehicles was all but exhausted, and there was little ammunition left for the field artillery and anti-aircraft guns, which were unable to disrupt the Japanese air attacks causing many casualties in the city centre. Little work had been done to build air raid shelters, and looting and desertion by Commonwealth troops further added to the chaos in the area. At 09:30, Percival held a conference at Fort Canning with his senior commanders. He proposed two options: an immediate counter-attack to regain the reservoirs and the military food depots around Bukit Timah, or surrender. After a full and frank exchange of views, all present agreed that no counter-attack was possible, and Percival opted for surrender. Post-war analysis has shown that a counter-attack might have succeeded. The Japanese were at the limit of their supply line and their artillery units were also running out of ammunition.

A delegation was selected to go to the Japanese headquarters. It consisted of a senior staff officer, the colonial secretary and an interpreter. The three set off in a motor car bearing a Union Jack and a white flag of truce toward the enemy lines to discuss a cessation of hostilities. They returned with orders that Percival himself proceed with staff officers to the Ford Motor Factory, where Yamashita would lay down the terms of surrender. A further requirement was that the Japanese Rising Sun Flag be hoisted over the Cathay Building, the tallest building in Singapore. Percival formally surrendered shortly after 17:15. Earlier that day, Percival had issued orders to destroy all secret and technical equipment, ciphers, codes, secret documents and heavy guns.

Under the terms of the surrender, hostilities were to cease at 20:30 that evening, all military forces in Singapore were to surrender unconditionally, all Commonwealth forces would remain in position and disarm themselves within an hour, and the British were allowed to maintain a force of 1,000 armed men to prevent looting until relieved by the Japanese. Yamashita also accepted full responsibility for the lives of the civilians in the city. Following the surrender, Bennett caused controversy when he decided to escape. After receiving news of the surrender, Bennett handed command of the 8th Australian Division to the divisional artillery commander, Brigadier Cecil Callaghan and—along with some of his staff officers—commandeered a small boat.

Bennett's party eventually made its way back to Australia while between 15,000 and 20,000 Australian soldiers were reportedly captured. Bennett blamed Percival and the Indian troops for the defeat but Callaghan reluctantly stated that Australian units had been affected, towards the end of the battle, by many desertions. The Kappe Report, compiled by Colonels J. H. Thyer and C. H. Kappe, concedes that at most only two-thirds of the Australian troops manned the final perimeter. Many British units were reported to have been similarly affected.

In analysing the campaign, Clifford Kinvig, a senior lecturer at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, blamed the commander of the 27th Infantry Brigade, Brigadier Duncan Maxwell, for his defeatist attitude and not properly defending the sector between the Causeway and the Kranji River. Elphick also claims that Australians made up the majority of stragglers. According to another source, Taylor cracked under the pressure. Thompson wrote that the 22nd Australian Brigade was "so heavily outnumbered that defeat was inevitable" and Costello states that Percival's insistence on concentrating the 22nd Australian Brigade at the water's edge had been a serious mistake. Yamashita, the Japanese commander, laid the blame on the British "underestimating Japanese military capabilities" and Percival's hesitancy in reinforcing the Australians on the western side of the island.

A classified wartime report by Wavell released in 1992 blamed the Australians for the loss of Singapore. According to John Coates, the report "lacked substance", for though there had undoubtedly been a lack of discipline in the final stages of the campaign—particularly among the poorly trained British, Indian and Australian reinforcements that were hurriedly dispatched as the crisis worsened—the 8th Australian Division had fought well and had gained the respect of the Japanese. At Gemas, Bakri and Jemaluang, "they achieved the few outstanding tactical successes" of the campaign in Malaya and although the Australians made up 13 per cent of the British Empire's ground forces, they suffered 73 per cent of its battle deaths. Coates argues that the real reason for the fall of Singapore was the failure of the Singapore strategy, to which Australian policy-makers had contributed in their acquiescence and the lack of military resources allocated to the fighting in Malaya.

Aftermath

Analysis

The Japanese had advanced  from Singora, Thailand, to the southern coast of Singapore at an average rate of  a day. While impressed with Japan's quick succession of victories, Adolf Hitler reportedly had mixed views regarding Singapore's fall, seeing it as a setback for the "white race" but ultimately something that was in Germany's military interests. Hitler reportedly forbade Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop from issuing a congratulatory communique. Churchill called the fall of Singapore to the Japanese "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history". Churchill's physician Lord Moran wrote

The loss of Singapore, along with other defeats in Southeast Asia in 1942, reduced British prestige in the region. According to author Alan Warren, the Fall of Singapore shattered "the British Empire's illusion of permanence... and strength", ultimately making "European empires in Asia unsustainable beyond the short term" and presaging the end of colonialism in the region in the post war period.

Casualties

Nearly 85,000 British, Indian and Commonwealth troops were captured, in addition to losses during the earlier fighting in Malaya. About 5,000 men were killed or wounded, a majority of whom were Australian. Japanese casualties during the fighting in Singapore amounted to 1,714 killed and 3,378 wounded. During the 70-day campaign in Malaya and Singapore, total Commonwealth casualties amounted to 8,708 killed or wounded and 130,000 captured (38,496 United Kingdom, 18,490 Australian of whom 1,789 were killed and 1,306 wounded, 67,340 Indian and 14,382 local volunteer troops), against 9,824 Japanese casualties.

Subsequent events

The Japanese occupation of Singapore started after the British surrender. Japanese newspapers triumphantly declared the victory as deciding the general situation of the war. The city was renamed Syonan-to ( ; literally: 'Southern Island gained in the age of Shōwa', or 'Light of the South'). The Japanese sought vengeance against the Chinese and anyone who held anti-Japanese sentiments. The Japanese authorities were suspicious of the Chinese because of the Second Sino-Japanese War, and murdered thousands of citizen "undesirables" (mostly ethnic Chinese) in the Sook Ching massacre. The other ethnic groups of Singapore—such as the Malays and Indians—were not spared. Residents suffered great hardships under Japanese rule over the following three-and-a-half years. Numerous British and Australian soldiers taken prisoner remained in Singapore's Changi Prison and many died in captivity. Thousands of others were transported by sea to other parts of Asia, including Japan, to be used as forced labour on projects such as the Siam–Burma Death Railway and Sandakan airfield in North Borneo. Many of those aboard the ships perished.

An Indian revolutionary, Rash Behari Bose, formed the pro-independence Indian National Army (INA) with the help of the Japanese, who were highly successful in recruiting Indian prisoners of war. In February 1942, out of approximately 40,000 Indian personnel in Singapore, about 30,000 joined the INA, of which about 7,000 fought Commonwealth forces in the Burma Campaign and in the northeast Indian regions of Kohima and Imphal; others became POW camp guards at Changi. An unknown number were taken to Japanese-occupied areas in the South Pacific as forced labour. Many of them suffered severe hardships and brutality similar to that experienced by other prisoners held by Japan during the war. About 6,000 survived until they could be liberated by Australian and US forces in 1943–1945, as the war in the Pacific turned in favour of the Allies.

Commando raids were carried out against Japanese shipping in Singapore Harbour in Operation Jaywick (1943) and Operation Rimau (1944) to varying success. British forces had planned to reconquer Singapore in Operation Mailfist in 1945, but the war ended before it could be carried out. The island was re-occupied in Operation Tiderace by British, Indian and Australian forces following the surrender of Japan in September. Yamashita was tried by a US military commission for war crimes but not for crimes committed by his troops in Malaya or Singapore. He was convicted and hanged in the Philippines on 23 February 1946.

Commemoration

Since 1998, Singapore has observed Total Defence Day on 15 February each year, marking the anniversary of the surrender of Singapore. The concept of Total Defence as a national defence strategy was first introduced in 1984, which serves as a significant reminder that only Singaporeans with a stake in the country can effectively defend Singapore from future threats. Yearly observances on that day include:
 Since 1967, a memorial service is held at the War Memorial Park to recognise civilians who had lost their lives during the Japanese occupation;
 Since 1998, sirens on the Public Warning System are sounded throughout the country (initially at 12.05 p.m.), with the Singapore Civil Defence Force broadcasting an Important Message Signal through the sirens as well as local radio stations; and Singaporean schools conducting emergency preparedness drills, including food and electricity rationing exercises; and
 Since 2015, the timing for the sounding of the sirens has been shifted to 6.20 p.m., corresponding with the actual time of the surrender of Singapore in 1942.

See also
 Malaya Command
 British Far East Command
 Japanese order of battle during the Malayan campaign
 Far East prisoners of war

Notes

Footnotes

References

Books

Journals

Newspapers

Further reading

External links

 Bicycle Blitzkrieg – The Japanese Conquest of Malaya and Singapore 1941–1942
 Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and the Second World War – the Far East
 The diary of one British POW, Frederick George Pye of the Royal Engineers

Battle of Singapore
Battle of Singapore
Battle of Singapore
Invasions by Japan
Battle of Singapore
World War II invasions
Conflicts in 1942
Battle of Singapore
World War II operations and battles of the Southeast Asia Theatre
Battles of World War II involving Australia
Battles and operations of World War II involving India
Battles of World War II involving Japan
Singapore
Military history of India during World War II
Indian National Army
Battle of Singapore
Battle of Singapore
Battle of Singapore
Battle of Singapore
February 1942 events
Battle of Singapore


text:
Harry Arthur Wade (* 12. März 1928 in Windsor, Ontario; † 18. Juli 2016) war ein kanadischer Basketballspieler.

Wade war Mitglied der kanadischen Basketball-Nationalmannschaft bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 1952, die die Vorrunde allerdings nicht überstand. Er kam dabei in allen sechs Spielen zum Einsatz.

Wade war Mitglied des Basketballteams der University of Western Ontario Mustangs.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
profile
http://basketball.ca/en/news-article/harry-wade-1928-2016

Basketballnationalspieler (Kanada)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1952
Kanadier
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2016
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
2010 Bangalore stadium bombing occurred on 17 April 2010 in M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India before a 2010 Indian Premier League match between the Royal Challengers Bangalore and Mumbai Indians. Two bombs exploded around a heavily packed Cricket stadium in which fifteen people were injured. A third bomb was defused outside the stadium. According to the Bangalore City Police, the blasts were caused by low-intensity crude bombs made of powergel which is used in quarrying and were triggered by timers. On 18 April, two more bombs were located near the stadium during search operations.

Yasin Bhatkal of the Indian Mujahideen is the prime accused in the case (among 14 others of whom 7 have been apprehended), another accused Mohammad Qateel Siddiqui – also of the Indian Mujahideen – was killed by inmates at the Yerawada Central Jail for his alleged involvement in the attack.

In July, 2018 a National Investigation Agency special court convicted and sentenced 3 of the 14 accused, Gowhar Aziz Khomani, Kamaal Hasan and Mohammad Kafeel Akhtar (all from Bihar), to seven years in jail after they pleaded guilty. They had conspired and facilitated the terrorists who then prepared and planted the explosives.

Background
Bengaluru is the information technology hub of India with more than 40% of the country's IT and software industry based there. Earlier in 2008, Bangalore had suffered serial blasts. India already suffered from a series of blasts in Jaipur, in May 2008.

The bombings
The stadium was filled with spectators watching a popular cricket tournament. An hour before the start of the match two bombs had exploded and a third bomb was found and defused outside the stadium. According to the witness there was a loud sound and people started running.

After the bomb blast police secured the area following which the Twenty20 cricket match between the home team Royal Challengers Bangalore and Mumbai Indians, started an hour late at (1700 IST).

Casualties
Initial reports indicated that ten people have been injured. The number of injured later increased to fifteen. Five security men were also among the injured.

Investigations
Preliminary investigations soon after the event showed that a timer device had been used for the bombings. The police commissioner of Bangalore Shankar Bidari said "It is a minor bomb blast, but investigations are in full swing to find out who is responsible".

Abdul Naseer Madani
In Aug 2010, People's Democratic Party chairman Abdul Naseer Madani's admitted involvement in the bombing. Karnataka home minister VS Acharya had said "We are likely to ask for extension Madani's custody. There is an indirect involvement in blast outside Chinnaswamy stadium blast. A clearer picture will emerge in a couple of days. More arrests are likely and inquiry may reveal more names." Madani was arrested on 17 August at Kollam in connection with the 2008 Bangalore serial blasts case.

Impacts
The Bangalore stadium blasts had necessitated the shifting of two Indian Premier League matches from Bangalore to Mumbai.

See also
 List of terrorist incidents, 2010
 Allegations of state terrorism committed by Pakistan

References

External links

 Incident Summary at the Global Terrorism Database

Terrorist incidents in India in 2010
2010s in Bangalore
Religiously motivated violence in India
Improvised explosive device bombings in India
History of Karnataka (1947–present)
Manmohan Singh administration
Crime in Bangalore
Islamic terrorism in India
Indian Mujahideen attacks


text:
Guglia ima više značenja:
 Guglia, Catanzaro
 Guglia, Verona


text:
Henry Lark Pratt (1805–1873) fou un pintor anglès que es va formar en la indústria de la porcellana.

Biografia

Pratt va néixer a la parròquia de Sant Pere de Derby el 16 de febrer de 1805 i quan tenia uns 12 anys va entrar com aprenent en el comerç de la porcellana a la Fàbrica de Derby. Va acabar la seva formació el 1824 i es va quedar a Derby fins a 1830. Des de 1831 fins al novembre de 1836 va treballar com a pintor per a la fabricació de ceràmica Mintons de Stoke-on-Trent (Staffordshire). Sis mesos de deixar la fàbrica, es va casar amb Margaret Windsor amb qui va tenir nou fills: el primer, l'any 1837, i els cinc primers naixeran a Stoke-on-Trent. Li van posar el nom de Henry Lark Pratt a un dels seus fills, nascut el 1839, que de vegades és confús, ja que també es va convertir en artista.

En el cens de 1841, Pratt ja figurava com a artista i el 1844 es va començar a interessar per la pintura a l'oli, quan llavors va ser contractat per esbossar les sales senyorials dels comtats propers. Li agradava la pintura i estava interessat en els paisatges i, sobretot, la vall de Dovedale, situada entre Derbyshire i Staffordshire. Alguns dels seus clients destacats van ser els ducs de Devonshire i la Reina Victòria, qui va reservar un servei de taula amb vistes del Castell de Windsor, que Pratt havia pintat.

El 1851 tornà a Derby, on amb les seves habilitats artístiques encara es guanyava la vida i podia mantenir la seva dona i els seus fills. Va morir el 3 de març de 1873 a Stoke-on-Trent.

El seu fill Henry Pratt Lark es va canviar el nom a Hinton, per evitar confusions amb el seu pare, però sense gaire èxit, ja que hi ha quadres seus signats com "H. L. Pratt". El 1867 Pratt fill va exhibir una pintura a la Royal Academy of Arts i, sis anys més tard, una altra de les seves pintures va ser acceptada per la Royal Society of British Artists. Va morir el 1875 als 36 anys.

Museus
El Derby Museum and Art Gallery, de la seva ciutat natal, i la galeria de Newcastle-under-Lyme tenen diverses pintures de Hanry Lark Pratt.

Referències

Persones de Derby
Pintors anglesos
Derby Museum and Art Gallery
Morts a Anglaterra


text:
The canyon mouse (Peromyscus crinitus) is a gray-brown mouse found in many states of the western United States and northern Mexico.  Its preferred habitat is arid, rocky desert. Vegetation has little or no effect on the distribution of canyon mice, it is instead associated with rocky substrate than any plant. Canyon mice forage in areas with shrub-like vegetation which can be used for protection against predators. It is the only species in the Peromyscus crinitus species group.

Canyon mice eat seeds, green vegetation, and insects. Small animals and insects make up a larger portion of diet when seeds and vegetation are rare. They breed in the spring and summer.  Females can produce multiple litters of between two and five young every year. Males do not mate with more than one female, and the homes ranges of females and males overlap. Canyon mice are nocturnal and are active through the year.  They usually nest among or below rocks in burrows.

The earliest fossils of canyon mice are from 100,000-130,000 years before present from the Los Angeles Basin.

References

Biotics Database. 2005. Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, NatureServe, and the network of Natural Heritage Programs and Conservation Data Centers.
Burt, W. H. and R. P. Grossenheider. A field guide to the mammals. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1980.
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Johnson, D. W., & Armstrong, D. M. (1987). Peromyscus crinitus. Mammalian Species, 287, 1–8.

Mammals of Mexico
Mammals of the United States
Fauna of the Western United States
Peromyscus
Mammals described in 1891
Taxa named by Clinton Hart Merriam


text:
Wapen van Utrecht (stad), het wapen van de stad Utrecht
Wapen van Utrecht (provincie), het wapen van de provincie Utrecht


text:
El Nuevo Consejo General o nuevo Parlamento de Andorra (en catalán, Nou Consell General) es la nueva sede parlamentaria del Consejo General de Andorra desde el año 2011, que sustituye a la sede histórica de la Casa de la Vall. Está situada cerca del edificio administrativo del Gobierno de Andorra.

Las sesiones ordinarias se celebran en el nuevo parlamento, mientras que las sesiones tradicionales (la sesión constitutiva o la sesión de Sant Tomàs) se llevan a cabo en la Casa de la Vall.

Historia
En 1996, durante la primera legislatura constitucional, se creó una comisión para diseñar una nueva sede para el Consejo General, situado entonces en la Casa de la Vall, cuyo espacio era ya demasiado pequeño para los grupos parlamentarios.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Edificios y estructuras de Andorra la Vieja
Política de Andorra la Vieja
Política de Andorra


text:
La Pacific Nations Cup del 2016 fue la 11.ª edición del torneo internacional de rugby que organiza la World Rugby. Tanto en este año como en el siguiente, sólo lo juegan los tres equipos originales de la competencia dado que también es el clasificatorio regional para Japón 2019.

Paralelamente la selección de rugby de Georgia realizó un tour por Oceanía para enfrentar a la selección que tuvo fecha libre del torneo.

Equipos participantes

 Selección de rugby de Fiyi (Flying Fijians)
 Selección de rugby de Samoa (Manu Samoa)
 Selección de rugby de Tonga (Ikale Tahi)

Posiciones

Nota: Se otorgan 4 puntos al equipo que gane un partido y 2 al que empatePuntos Bonus: 1 punto por convertir 4 tries o más en un partido y 1 al equipo que pierda por no más de 7 tantos de diferencia

Resultados

Primera fecha

Segunda fecha

Tercera fecha

Tour de Georgia

Véase también

 Americas Rugby Championship 2016
 Nations Cup 2016
 Pacific Challenge 2016
 Americas Pacific Challenge 2016
 Cup of Nations 2016
 North African Tri Nations 2016

Referencias

2016
Rugby en 2016


text:
Trélissac  es una población y comuna francesa, situada en la región de Aquitania, departamento de Dordoña, en el distrito de Périgueux y cantón de Périgueux-Nord-Est.

Demografía

Forma parte de la aglomeración urbana de Périgueux.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 INSEE
 Elecciones municipales de 2008

Trelissac


text:
Joshua Misiewicz (born June 25, 1988) is an American ice sled hockey player. He was a member of the gold medal-winning US team at the 2018 and 2022 Winter Paralympics. He was wounded in action while serving as a United States Marine Corps in the War in Afghanistan.

He played hockey for Saint Mary's University of Minnesota, Winona, Minnesota.

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
American amputees
American sledge hockey players
Paralympic sledge hockey players of the United States
Paralympic gold medalists for the United States
Para ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Para ice hockey players at the 2022 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Paralympics
Medalists at the 2022 Winter Paralympics
Ice hockey players from Illinois
People from Berwyn, Illinois
Paralympic medalists in sledge hockey
Saint Mary's University of Minnesota alumni
United States Marine Corps personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
United States Marines


text:
Lingüística:
 Antic macedoni, llengua relacionada d'una manera poc clara amb el grec antic
 Macedoni (grec), dialecte del grec modern
 Macedònic, llengua sud-eslava, l'oficial de Macedònia del Nord
 Biografies:
 Macedoni d'Antioquia, patriarca d'Antioquia al
 Macedoni de Tràcia o Macedoni I, patriarca de Constantinoble al segle V
 Macedoni II, patriarca de Constantinoble del segle V i començament del VI
 Macedoni Critòfag, asceta grec
 Macedoni Vicari d'Àfrica, vicari d'Àfrica al començament del segle V
 Macedoni de Tessalònica, poeta grec
 Filet i Lídia, Macedoni, Teoprepi, Crònides i Amfiloqui de Barcelona, figures llegendàries, creades per desdoblament dels sants màrtirs Filet, Lídia i companys màrtirs d'Il·líria


text:
Ellen Heber-Katz is an American immunologist/regeneration biologist who is professor at Lankenau Institute for Medical Research (LIMR). Her key discovery in mammalian regeneration  is the ability of the MRL mouse strain to regenerate wounds without scarring and fully restore damaged tissues. Her work on regeneration has been extended into National Cancer Institute (NCI)-funded studies of novel aspects of breast cancer causation. Her research interests include immunology, regenerative medicine and cancer.

Education and career
Heber-Katz received her B.A. in microbiology and immunology in 1969 and her M.S. in immunology in 1972 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, studying with Robert E. Click. Her M.S. thesis focused on the role of reducing agents as critical factors in cellular immune responses.  In 1976, she earned her Ph.D. in immunology from the University of Pennsylvania, studying with D.B. Wilson.

In her thesis work, she showed that single T-cell subsets could respond to both histocompatibility antigens and environmental antigens, establishing the unity of these two branches of the immune response. She pursued postdoctoral studies at the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) in the Laboratory of Immunology, under the immunologists E. Shevach, W.E. Paul and R. Schwartz, where she established the first functional evidence for the formation of a molecular complex between a T cell antigen and the MHC class Ia molecule, anticipating the crystal structure later determined for this fundamental molecular complex in T cell biology.

At NIAID, Heber-Katz also conducted experiments that illuminated the molecular details involved in controlling interactions between T-cells and macrophages. In the experiment termed the "A/5R experiment" confirmed the Determinant Selection Hypothesis, which concerned the spatial relationships between the histocompatibility I-A and I-E molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, the bound antigen and the recognition structure of the T-cell receptor, contributing to the fundamental understanding of how 'foreign' antigens activate the adaptive immune system in mammals.

In 1976, Heber-Katz was appointed as the Assistant Professor at the Wistar Institute. In her viral studies, she developed a T-cell vaccine for the herpes virus HSV-2 that could protect subjects against lethal infection in the total absence of an antibody response, proving for the first time that by themselves T-cells could protect against lethal viral infection. In her autoimmune studies, she developed the "V Region Disease Hypothesis" in showing that that the same T-cell receptor in mice and rats recognized different antigens to mediate different diseases.

In 1995, during her investigations into how autoimmune disease arises, Heber-Katz discovered that two of the mouse strains she was using (MRL/LPR and MRL/MPJ) had an unusual ability to heal in a regenerative amphibian-like fashion rather than through a fibrotic response. This was shown first for ear hole closure but was extended to many organ systems such as heart. Together with Dr. Robert Naviaux at the University of California at San Diego, an expert in mitochondrial physiology, Heber-Katz discovered that a key to non-scarring healing in the adult MRL mouse was activation of an embryonic metabolic pattern known as aerobic glycolysis, suggesting the types of molecules involved in this unusual healing response. In particular, hypoxia-inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) was identified as a critical molecule, based on the discovery that blocking its activity in MRL mice was sufficient to eliminate the regenerative response.

She has investigated therapeutic strategies to activate this regenerative healing response with Phillip Messersmith, a biomaterials chemist at the University of California at Berkeley. An initial milestone was the creation of time-release hydrogel formulations of a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that when delivered subdermally confers regenerative healing to a normal mouse. She has obtained evidence of regenerative healing of chronic wounds and osteoporosis in aged mice using this experimental therapeutic approach. With Dr. George Hajishengallis at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dentistry, the hydrogel drug formulation was shown to induce rapid and complete bone and soft tissue regrowth in a preclinical model of periodontal disease, characterized by tooth loss and jaw bone degeneration.

References

Living people
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Scientists from Philadelphia
Year of birth missing (living people)


text:
Trap God 3 is the eleventh studio album by American rapper Gucci Mane. It serves as the third installment in his Trap God series.
The album is the only one in the series to have been released during Gucci Mane's incarceration, on October 17, 2014, by 1017 Records and RBC Records. The mixtape features one lone guest appearance by Chicago rapper Chief Keef.

Track listing

References

2015 albums
Albums produced by Honorable C.N.O.T.E.
Gucci Mane albums
Sequel albums


text:
Huleanîțke (în ) este o comună în raionul Vradiivka, regiunea Mîkolaiiv, Ucraina, formată din satele Fîlîmonivka, Huleanîțke (reședința), Iosîpivka, Iuriivka, Kapitanka și Tarasivka.

Demografie

Conform recensământului din 2001, majoritatea populației comunei Huleanîțke era vorbitoare de ucraineană (%), existând în minoritate și vorbitori de română (%) și rusă (%).

Note

Huleanîțke, Vradiivka, Mîkolaiiv
Huleanîțke, Vradiivka, Mîkolaiiv
Huleanîțke, Vradiivka, Mîkolaiiv


text:
The first cabinet of Iuliu Maniu was the government of Romania from 10 November 1928 to 6 June 1930.

Ministers
The ministers of the cabinet were as follows:

President of the Council of Ministers:
Iuliu Maniu (10 November 1928 – 6 June 1930)
Minister of the Interior:
Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (10 November 1928 – 6 June 1930)
Minister of Foreign Affairs:
George G. Mironescu (10 November 1928 – 6 June 1930)
Minister of Finance:
Mihai Popovici (10 November 1928 – 15 October 1929)
(interim) Iuliu Maniu (15 – 26 October 1929)
(interim) Virgil Madgearu (26 October – 14 November 1929)
Virgil Madgearu (14 November 1929 – 6 June 1930)
Minister of Justice:
Grigore Iunian (10 November 1928 – 7 March 1930)
Voicu Nițescu (7 March – 6 June 1930)
Minister of Public Instruction:
Nicolae Costăchescu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
Minister of Religious Affairs and the Arts:
Aurel Vlad (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
Minister of Public Instruction and Religious Affairs:
Nicolae Costăchescu (14 November 1929 – 6 June 1930)
Minister of War:
Gen. Henri Cihoski (10 November 1928 – 5 April 1930)
(interim) Iuliu Maniu (5 – 14 April 1930)
Gen. Nicolae Condeescu (14 April 1930 – 6 June 1930)
Minister of Agriculture and Property:
Ion Mihalache (10 November 1928 – 6 June 1930)
Minister of Industry and Commerce:
Virgil Madgearu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
Aurel Vlad (14 November 1929 – 7 March 1930)
Eduard Mirto (7 March – 6 June 1930)
Ministry of Labour, Social Insurance and Cooperation
Ion Răducanu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
Minister of Public Health and Social Welfare:
Sever Dan (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
Minister of Labour, Health, and Social Security:
Ion Răducanu (14 November 1929 – 6 June 1930)
Minister of Public Works:
(interim) Pantelimon Halippa (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
Minister of Communications:
Gen. Nicolae Alevra  (10 November 1928 – 15 October 1929)
(interim) Voicu Nițescu (15 October – 14 November 1929)
Minister of Public Works and Communications:
(interim) Pantelimon Halippa (14 November 1929 – 6 June 1930)

Ministers of State:
Pantelimon Halippa (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
Sever Bocu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
Voicu Nițescu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)
Teofil Sauciuc-Săveanu (10 November 1928 – 14 November 1929)

References

Cabinets of Romania
Cabinets established in 1928
Cabinets disestablished in 1930
1928 establishments in Romania
1930 disestablishments in Romania


text:
Thomas Gold Alvord (* 20. Dezember 1810 in Onondaga, Onondaga County, New York; † 26. Oktober 1897 in Syracuse, New York) war ein US-amerikanischer Rechtsanwalt, Händler und Politiker. Infolge seines politischen Wirkens wurde er als "Old Salt" bekannt.

Werdegang
Seine Familie zog 1813 nach Lansingburgh im Rensselaer County. Er graduierte 1828 am Yale College. Danach studierte er Jura mit den späteren US-Abgeordneten Thomas A. Tomlinson und George A. Simmons in Keeseville, bekam 1832 seine Zulassung als Anwalt und fing dann in Salina an zu praktizieren. Er war 1846 als Baumholzhändler tätig.

Alvord begann seine politische Laufbahn als ein Demokrat, wechselte dann 1848 mit Samuel J. Tilden zur Free Soil Party und wurde dann 1858 wieder als Demokrat in die New York State Assembly gewählt. Nach dem Zwischenfall bei Fort Sumter 1861 wurde er ein Unionsdemokrat und hatte den Vorsitz bei der Union Convention in Syracuse. Er wurde für die Assembly nominiert, von den Republikanern bestätigt und ohne Gegenkandidaten gewählt. Für die Amtszeit von 1864 wurde er als Republikaner gewählt und blieb ab da ein Mitglied dieser Partei.

Er vertrat das Onondaga County in der New York State Assembly von 1844 bis 1853, 1858, 1861, 1864, von 1870 bis 1872 und noch einmal von 1875 bis 1882. Während dieser Zeit bekleidete er 1858, 1864 und 1879 den Posten als Speaker. Zwischen 1865 und 1866 hatte er das Amt des Vizegouverneurs von New York inne. Dann war er in den Jahren 1867 und 1894 als Delegierter bei der verfassungsgebenden Versammlung von New York tätig, wo er beide Male zum Vizepräsidenten gewählt wurde.

Er verstarb 1897 in Syracuse und wurde dort auf dem Oakwood Cemetery  beigesetzt.

Literatur
Zeitungsartikel über die Verfassungsgebende Versammlung von 1894 in der New York Times vom 8. Mai 1894
Todesanzeige in der New York Times vom 27. Oktober 1897

Weblinks

Vizegouverneur (New York)
Sprecher der New York State Assembly
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Politiker (19. Jahrhundert)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1810
Gestorben 1897
Mann


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es un futbolista japonés que se desempeña como defensa.

Trayectoria

Clubes

Estadística de carrera

J. League

Referencias

Personas de la prefectura de Chiba
Futbolistas de Japón
Futbolistas del Yokohama F. Marinos
Futbolistas del Thespakusatsu Gunma
Futbolistas del Mito HollyHock
Futbolistas del Tochigi Soccer Club
Futbolistas del Blaublitz Akita


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Missed Connections es una película estadounidense de comedia y romance de 2012, dirigida por Martin Snyder, que a su vez la escribió junto a Marnie Hanel, musicalizada por Dan Lubell, en la fotografía estuvo Paul E. McCarthy y los protagonistas son Jon Abrahams, Mickey Sumner y Waris Ahluwalia, entre otros. El filme fue realizado por Gables Entertainment y se estrenó el 19 de abril de 2012.

Sinopsis
El amor no es azar, es estrategia. Este largometraje trata acerca del esfuerzo que realiza la gente de Nueva York para hallar una pareja.

Referencias

Películas en inglés
Películas de 2012


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Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis (gr. "lagarto con pico de loro de Lujiatun") es una especie del género extinto Psittacosaurus  es un género de dinosaurios ceratopsianos psitacosáuridos, que vivió a mediados del período Cretácico, hace aproximadamente unos 129 a 122 millones de años, desde el Barremiense hasta el Aptiense, en lo que hoy es Asia. Ha sido la especie más recientemente descrita, nombrada en el 2006 por el paleontólogo chino Zhou Chang-Fu y 3 colegas. Es la especie más primitiva que se conoce, basada en cuatro cráneos de las capas bajas de la Formación de Yixian de la provincia de Liaoning, cerca del pueblo de Lujiatun, China. Esta capa ha sido datada diferentemente por varios autores, de 128 millones de años en la época Barremiana, a 125 en la Aptiana.

El cráneo tipo del P. lujiatunensis alcanza los 19 cm en longitud, mientras el cráneo conocido más grande es de 20,5 cm de largo, así que esta especie era similar en tamaño al P. mongoliensis y P. sibiricus. Hay una fossa en frente del ojo, como en el P. mongoliensis. Los huesos yugales sobresalen ampliamente hacia fuera, haciendo el cráneo más amplio que largo, al igual que en el P. sinensis. Yugales "erupcionados" son también hallados en el P. sibiricus. El P. lujiatunensis carece de los "cuernos" postorbitales vistos en esas dos especies. Total, se supone que esta especie exhibe varias características primitivas en comparación a otras especies del Psittacosaurus, la cual es consistente con su edad geológica más antigua.

Véase también
 Psittacosaurus

Referencias

Ceratopsia
Dinosaurios del Cretácico
Dinosaurios de Asia


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Jægersborg Kirke er en kirke i Jægersborg, beliggende Søndersøvej i Gentofte.

Kirkebygningen er bygget i nygotisk stil af Paul Staffeldt Matthiesen og stod færdig i 1941. Kirkens inventar er gennemgribende ændret i 1965 af Inger og Johannes Exner. Altertavlen er en cirkulær lyskomposition af Mogens Jørgensen.

Sognegården er tegnet af Ole Ramsgaard Thomsen og blev taget i brug i 1971.

Kirkens orgel er på 25 stemmer og er bygget af Marcussen & Søn i 1944. Orglet blev verdenskendt og regnes blandt de bedste orgler i Danmark fra den såkaldte orgelbevægelses-periode.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Jægersborg Kirke hos KortTilKirken.dk

Kilder

Kirker i Gentofte Kommune
Kirker i Helsingør Stift
Kirker i Københavns Amt
Kirke


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Typhloesus is een geslacht van uitgestorven raadselachtige bilaterale dieren uit de Bear Gulch-kalksteen. Er werd ooit gedacht dat het het eerste lichaamsfossiel van een conodont was, gebaseerd op wat de darminhoud bleek te zijn; Er wordt nu gedacht dat het een radula vertoont, waardoor het een weekdier zou zijn, hoewel verschillende soorten dieren onafhankelijk van elkaar radula-achtige kenmerken hebben ontwikkeld. Mark Purnell, van het Centrum voor Paleobiologie aan de Universiteit van Leicester, zei dat het niet definitief bekend was wat dit rare ding is.

Beschrijving
Het heeft een spoelvormig lichaam, met een maximale lengte van negen centimeter. Aan de achterkant of achterkant van het dier bevindt zich een staartvin, die werd ondersteund door twee sets orthogonale vinstralen. De buitenkant mist alle andere organen. De interne anatomie bestaat uit een voordarm en een middendarm. De darm mist een buik en een anus. Onder de middendarm bevindt zich een schijfvormig orgaan, voorlopig een ferrodiscus genoemd; het doel van dit orgaan is onbekend, maar het heeft een hoge ijzerconcentratie.

Paleo-ecologie
Het kan zowel een roofdier als een aaseter zijn geweest, omdat de fossielen soms conodonte tanden en wormtanden bevatten die zich in de middendarm van het dier bevinden.

Uitgestorven weekdieren


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Гулмурод Сали́мович Хали́мов (; 14 мая 1975, , Таджикская ССР, СССР — 8 сентября 2017, Дайр-эз-Заур, Сирия) — международный террорист, бывший таджикский военный деятель, полковник, бывший командир ОМОН МВД Таджикистана. В 2003—2014 годах в рамках американо-таджикского сотрудничества вместе с другими сотрудниками ОМОН проходил антитеррористические тренировочные курсы, организованные Государственным департаментом США, а также обучение в частной военной компании Blackwater. В 2015 году перешёл на сторону Исламского государства (ИГ).

Биография
Родился в Варзобском районе в 1975 году. Во время гражданской войны в Таджикистане на стороне НФТ, служил в президентской гвардии.

С 1997 года начал служить в ОМОН МВД Таджикистана рядовым бойцом, неоднократно отмечался государственными наградами, дослужился до звания полковника. Окончил Высшую академию МВД Таджикистана. В 2003 году проходил стажировку в России. Участвовал в операциях против вооружённых формирований оппозиции в Раштской долине в 2009 году и Хороге в 2012 году. Являлся профессиональным снайпером.

Будучи сотрудником ОМОН МВД Таджикистана, Халимов в 2003—2014 годах вместе с другими сотрудниками принимал участие в пяти антитеррористических тренировочных курсах на территории Таджикистана и США, организованных Государственным департаментом США в рамках Программы содействия борьбе с терроризмом и дипломатической безопасности. Эта информация сообщалась самим Халимовым на видеоролике, выпущенном ИГ, и была подтверждена Госдепом США. На этих курсах Халимов, по его собственным словам и по информации Госдепа, изучал предупреждение и предотвращение террористических атак. Много позже, на видеоролике, выпущенном ИГ, Халимов называл американцев «свиньями», обвинял их в уничтожении ислама и заявил, что он был в США три раза и видел, как американцы тренируют своих солдат, «чтобы они убивали мусульман». Госдеп США выразил обеспокоенность в связи с тем, что приобретённые Халимовым навыки могут быть применены против самих США. По мнению британского журналиста из Guardian, акцент на связях Халимова с США подливает масла в огонь распространённых в России конспирологических теорий, будто ИГ — детище США.

С 23 апреля 2015 года перестал появляться на работе. В мае 2015 года в социальных сетях появилось видео медиацентра «Фурат» с обращением Халимова на русском языке, который заявил, что перешёл на сторону ИГ. Он обвинил власти Таджикистана в очернении и притеснении мусульман. Также он призвал трудовых мигрантов в России не быть «рабами кафиров», а стать «рабами Аллаха», присоединяться к джихаду и переезжать в ИГ. Халимов пообещал вернуться в Таджикистан и установить там законы шариата. В июне 2015 года в интернете появилось фото раненого Халимова на кровати в гипсе и с повязкой на голове.

Генеральная прокуратура Таджикистана возбудила против него уголовное дело по трём статьям Уголовного кодекса: измена государству (статья 305), участие в преступном сообществе (часть 2 статьи 187) и незаконное участие в вооружённых конфликтах в других государствах (часть 2 статьи 401). В Таджикистане представители власти негативно оценили Халимова после его отъезда в ИГ. Его называли «предателем», «изменником, предавшим родину, детей и отца», психически нездоровым человеком. В заявлении прокуратуры говорилось, что Халимов изменил присяге офицера, «отрабатывает деньги заказчиков в видеоспектакле» и оправдывает преступления террористов, прикрывающихся исламом.

Сам Халимов отрицал, что он безумен. На просьбу своего родного брата Саидмурода Халимова (сотрудник Минюста в звании подполковника) вернуться и предстать перед законом Халимов ответил, что если его брат пойдёт против него и станет «неверным», то он отрежет брату голову.

Халимов был женат, имел восемь детей. СМИ сообщали, что его жена и некоторые дети также переехали на территории, контролируемые Исламским государством. Против его второй жены Хумайро Мировой (начальника пресс-центра Таможенной службы в звании капитана), которая уехала в Исламское государство, власти также возбудили уголовное дело.

В 2015 году на Халимова наложил санкции Госдепартамент США, в 2016 году — Совет Безопасности ООН. В августе 2016 года Госдеп США предложил награду в размере до 3 миллионов долларов за информацию о местонахождении Халимова.

В сентябре 2016 года иранское информационное агентство IRNA сообщило, что Халимов стал военным руководителем ИГ, министром войны, сменив ранее убитого Абу Умара аш-Шишани.

15 апреля 2017 года британская газета The Times со ссылкой на источник в военных кругах Ирака сообщила, что Халимов предположительно погиб в Мосуле в результате ракетного удара западной коалиции. В МВД Таджикистана заявили, что у них пока нет подтверждения этой информации.

8 сентября 2017 года Министерство обороны РФ заявило, что Халимов погиб при налёте российских ВКС в районе города Дайр-эз-Заур.

Примечания

Военные Таджикистана
Персоналии:Снайперы
Убитые члены организации «Исламское государство»


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Der Gerichtsbezirk Wieliczka war ein dem Bezirksgericht Wieliczka unterstehender Gerichtsbezirk im Kronland Galizien und Lodomerien. Er umfasste Gebiete im Westen Galiziens. Zentrum und Gerichtssitz des Gerichtsbezirks war die Stadt Wieliczka. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg musste Österreich den gesamten Gerichtsbezirk an Polen abtreten. Das Gebiet ist heute Teil der Woiwodschaft Kleinpolen.

Geschichte
Nachdem im Juni 1849 die allgemeinen Grundzüge der Gerichtsverfassung in den Kronländern durch Kaiser Franz Joseph I. genehmigt worden waren, legten die Ministerien des Inneren, der Finanz und der Justiz 1854 die neue Verwaltungs- und Justizeinteilung fest. Auf oberster Ebene wurden die beiden Verwaltungsgebiete Krakau (Westgalizien) und Lemberg (Ostgalizien) geschaffen, darunter folgten die Kreise und die Bezirke. Bei den Bezirkämtern handelte es sich vorerst um gemischte Behörden, denen Aufgaben der Politik, Verwaltung und Justiz zukamen. Die Bezirksgerichte waren dabei Teil der Bezirksämter und der Gerichtsbezirk deckungsgleich mit dem Verwaltungsbezirk.

Die Errichtung dieser gemischten Bezirksämter wurde schließlich per 29. September 1855 amtswirksam, wobei der Bezirk bzw. Gerichtsbezirk Wieliczka aus den Gemeinden Badeny, Biękowice, Bilczyce, Biskupice, Bodzanów, Chorągwica, Dziekanowice, Fałkowice, Gdów mit Grzybowa, Gorzków, Grabie, Grabówka mit Babiny, Grajów, Horn, Janowice, Janówka, Jawczyce, Jaworski, Kokotów mit Sledziejowice, Konopka mit Trapki und Daczyce, Koźmice Małe, Koźmice Wielkie, Krzyszkowice, Kunice, Łażany, Lednica mit Mierżączka, Mietniów, Niżowa, Nowa Wieś, Pawlikowice mit Faszyce, Przebieczany, Raciborsko mit Witkowice, Rożnowa, Sędzimir, Sieraków mit Zbyszówka, Siercza mit Klasne und Wolica, Stawkowice mit Brzezowa, Strumiany, Sułków, Sułów, Surówki mit Kawka, Sygneczów mit Sroszyce, Szczygłów, Tomaszkowice, Wieliczka mit Dąbrówka, Winiary mit Rudnik und Hucisko, Wola Dobranowska, Wola podlazanska mit Zabłocie, Zabawa mit Mała Wieś, Zborówek und Zymbrzeg mit Szczurów gebildet wurde. Im Gerichtsbezirk lebten dabei zu dieser Zeit 23.043 Menschen auf einer Fläche von 5.2 Quadratmeilen. In den Justizbereichen Verbrechen und Vergehen unterstand der Gerichtsbezirk dem Bezirksamt bzw. Bezirksgericht Wieliczka, zuständiger Gerichtshof erster Instanz wurde das Kreisgericht Tarnów. Daneben existierte noch eine Einteilung in Kreise, wobei der Bezirk Wieliczka gemeinsam mit den Bezirken Bochnia, Brzesko, Dobczyce, Niepołomice, Podgorze, Radłów, Wisnicz und dem Woynicz den Kreis Bochnia bildete.

Nachdem die Kreisämter Ende Oktober 1865 abgeschafft wurden und deren Kompetenzen auf die Bezirksämter übergingen, schuf man nach dem Österreichisch-Ungarischen Ausgleich 1867 auch die Einteilung des Landes in zwei Verwaltungsgebiete ab. Zudem kam es im Zuge der Trennung der politischen von der judikativen Verwaltung zur Schaffung von getrennten Verwaltungs- und Justizbehörden. Während die gerichtliche Einteilung weitgehend unberührt blieb und die "reinen" Bezirksgerichte per 28. Februar 1867 ihren Dienst aufnahmen, fasste man Gemeinden mehrerer Gerichtsbezirke zu Verwaltungsbezirken zusammen. Dadurch wurde der bisherige Bezirk Wieliczka zusammen mit dem Bezirk Podgórze sowie Teilen der bisherigen Bezirke Dobczyce, Skawina und Niepołomice zum politischen Bezirk Wieliczka zusammengeschlossen.

Im Gegensatz zu anderen Kronländern waren durch diese Bestimmungen Gerichtsbezirke auf mehrere politische Bezirke verteilt worden. Um diese Situation zu bereinigen, kam es 1878 zu einer umfassenden Gebietsreform der Gerichtsbezirke, wodurch der Gerichtsbezirk Wieliczka die Gemeinden Bielczyce, Dziekanowice, Falkowice, Gdów, Grzybowa ad Gdów, Hucisko, Kunice I. und II. Theil, Niżowa, Nowa Wieś, Rudnik, Sieraków, Winiary und Zbyszkówka ad Sieraków per 1. August 1878 an den Gerichtsbezirk Dobczyce abgeben musste. Im Gegenzug wurde der Gerichtsbezirk Wieliczka um die Gemeinden Suchoraba, Slomirog, Wegrzec wielki, Wegrzec maly, Zagorze, Zakrzow, Zakrzowiec und Ochmanow aus dem Gerichtsbezirk Niepołomice sowie die Gemeinden Berzanow, Czechowka, Kaim, Kawecin, Lyczanka, Ochojne dolne, Ochojne gorne, Podstolice, Przewoz, Rybitwy, Rzaka, Rzeszotary, Siepraw, Stokowice und Zakliczyn aus dem Gerichtsbezirk Podgórze erweitert. In der Folge bestand der Bezirk Wieliczka nur noch aus den Gerichtsbezirken Dobczyce, Podgórze, Skawina und Wieliczka.

Der Gerichtsbezirk Wieliczka bestand bei der Volkszählung 1900 nach den vorangegangenen Gebietsveränderungen und Gemeindezusammenlegungen aus den 65 Gemeinden bzw. 57 gleichnamigen Gutsgebieten Biękowice, Bierzanów, Biskupice, Bodzanów, Bogrucice, Brzegi, Bugak, Byszyce, Chorągwica, Czarnochowice, Czechówka, Dobranowice, Gorzków, Grabie, Grabówki, Grajów, Janówka, Janowice, Jawczyce, Klasno, Kokotów, Koźmice Małe, Koźmice Wielkie, Krzyszkowice, Łażany, Ledenica Górna, Ledenica Niemiecka, Lyczanka, Mała Wieś, Mietniów, Ochmanów, Ochojno, Pawlikowice, Podstolice, Przebieczany, Przewóz, Raciborsko, Rożnowa, Rybitwy, Rżąka, Rzeszotary, Siepraw, Siercza, Sławkowice, Śledziejowice, Słomiróg, Stojowice, Strumiany, Suchoraba, Sułków, Sułów, Surówki, Sygneczów, Szczygłów, Tomaszkowice, Trabki, Wegrzec Wielkie, Wieliczka, Wola Podlazanska, Zabawa, Zabłocie, Zagórze, Zakliczyn, Zakrzów und Zborówek. Hatte die Bevölkerung 1890 noch 35.565 Menschen umfasst, so lebten hier 1900 37.455 Menschen. Auf dem 223,49 km² großen Gebiet lebten dabei fast ausschließlich Menschen mit polnischer Umgangssprache und römisch-katholischem Glauben. Hinzu kamen größere jüdische Gemeinden in Wieliczka und Klasno.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Christian Andreas Steiner: Die territoriale Entwicklung der Verwaltung und der Gerichtsbarkeit in den Königreichen Galizien und Lodomerien von 1848 - 1918. Diplomarbeit Graz, 2012
 k. k. Statistische Zentralkommission (Hrsg.): Special-Orts-Repertorium der im österreichischen Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder. Neubearbeitung auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. December 1890. Wien 1893
 k. k. Statistische Zentralkommission (Hrsg.): Gemeindelexikon der im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder. Bearbeitet auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1900. XII. Galizien, Wien 1907

Wieliczka
Gmina Wieliczka


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I cinque disperati duri a morire (The Last Grenade) è un film britannico del 1970 diretto da Gordon Flemyng.

Trama

Collegamenti esterni

Film sulla guerra fredda


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Dolichestola nigricornis är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Stefan von Breuning 1942. Dolichestola nigricornis ingår i släktet Dolichestola och familjen långhorningar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Långhorningar
nigricornis


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Arlene Limas (9 de febrero de 1966) es una deportista estadounidense que compitió en taekwondo. Ganó una medalla de oro en el Campeonato Mundial de Taekwondo de 1991, y una medalla de oro en el Campeonato Panamericano de Taekwondo de 1990.

Palmarés internacional

Referencias

Practicantes de taekwondo de Estados Unidos
Campeones mundiales de taekwondo


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Metophthalmus septemstriatus es una especie de coleóptero de la familia Latridiidae.

Distribución geográfica
Habita en Oregon (Estados Unidos).

Referencias

Septemstriatus
Coleópteros de Estados Unidos


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L'École Centrale de Marseille è un'università pubblica con sede a Marsiglia, la seconda città della Francia per numero di abitanti.

Nasce ufficialmente nel 2006 e affonda le proprie radici nella Scuola degli Ingegneri di Marsiglia (École d'ingénieurs de Marseille), fondata nel 1890.

Al suo interno vengono erogati corsi di ingegneria di durata triennale, che dal 1º settembre 2018 sono accreditati per rilasciare un diploma di ingegnere, legalmente riconosciuto a livello nazionale..

Appartiene al sistema delle Central Grande École, unitamente a quelle di Parigi, Lione, Lille, Nantes e Beijing, che a loro volta sono membri della rete interuniversitaria Top Industrial Managers for Europe.

È uno dei 50 soggetti di diritto pubblico francesi ad essere qualificato come ente pubblico a carattere scientifico, culturale e professionale (établissement public à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel, EPSCP), fatto che secondo il Codice dell'Educazione conferisce la personalità giuridica, la facoltà di creare fondazioni universitarie titolari e beneficiarie della donazione di immobili, e un'ampia autonomia didattica, amministrativa, gestionale, finanziaria e patrimoniale.

L'ammissione avviene in base ad un test selettivo, per il quale gli studenti frequentano un corso pubblico e intensivo di matematica e fisica durante gli ultimi due o tre anni del liceo, noto come prépa.

La rete degli ex studenti conta 14.000 membri.

Storia

XIX secolo
Agli inizi del XIX secolo la Camera di commercio di Marsiglia rilevò che la fiorente industria regionale aveva l'esigenza di un elevato numero di nuovi ingegneri meccanici. In un primo tempo, ricevette le sovvenzioni per fondare una Scuola di Arti e mestieri a Aix-en-Provence nel 1943, in grado di coprire e necessità occupazionali della città marittima.

Si decise di creare un corso di formazione per ingegneri da occuparsi nelle attività portuali, secondo gli interessi economici rappresentati dalla Camera di Commercio, e sotto la supervisione del corpo tecnico interministeriale degli Ingegneri dei ponti, delle acque e delle foreste, con sede a Parigi.

Sotto l'impulso di un Comitato per l'Istruzione Superiore guidato dall'allora sindaco di Marsiglia, Félix Baret, viene fondata la scuola da Jules Macé de Lepinay, professore di fisica presso la Facoltà di Scienze di Marsiglia, Ernest Marguery, avvocato, vice sindaco di Marsiglia, e Louis Ostrowsky.

Il 12 settembre 1891 fu decisa l'apertura di una scuola tecnica superiore per formare gli ingegneri di tutti i rami dell'industria. Ostrowsky divenne il primo preside e il programma iniziale ricalcò quello dell'École Centrale di Parigi, dove aveva insegnato come ingegnere delle arti e delle manifatture. La scuola fu subito aperta ai baccellieri.

XX secolo
Nel 1972 nella municipalità di Marsiglia furono unificati i seguenti istituti nella Scuola Superiore degli Ingegneri di Marsiglia:
 Scuola Ingegneri (École d'Ingénieurs de Marseille, EIM), fondata nel 1891;
 Scuola d'Elettricità Industriale (École d'Électricité Industrielle de Marseille, EEIM), fondata nel 1907;
 Scuola di Radioelettrica ed Elettronica di Marsiglia (École de Radioélectricité et d'Électronique de Marseille, EREM), fondata nel 1942).

XXI secolo

Nel 2003 nacque la Scuola Generalista degli Ingegneri di Marsiglia (École Généraliste d'Ingénieurs de Marseille, EGIM) dalla fusione di:
 la Scuola Nazionale Superiore di Fisica (École Nationale Supérieure de Physique de Marseille, ENSPM), fondata a Marsiglia nel 1959.
 la Scuola Nazionale Superiore di Sintesi dei Processi e d'Ingegneria Chimica (École nationale supérieure de synthèses, procédés et ingénierie chimiques d'Aix-Marseille, ENSSPICAM]), fondata nel 1989 ad Aix-en-Provence e Marsiglia, e risultante dalla fusione della Scuola Superiore di Chimica di Marsiglia  (École Supérieure de Chimie de Marseille, ESCM, fondata nel 1909) con la Scuola Superiore di Ingegneria, Petrolchimica e Sintesi Organica Industriale (École Supérieure d'Ingénierie, de Pétrochimie et de Synthèse Organique Industrielle, ESIPSOI, fondata nel 1959).
 la Scuola Superiore di Meccanica (École Supérieure de Mécanique de Marseille, ESM2), fondata a Marsiglia nel 1991.
L'EGIM fu affiancato nel 2004 dalla Scuola Superiore degli Ingegneri di Marsiglia (École Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Marseille, ESIM), finché il 27 settembre 2006 fu ufficialmente costituita l'École centrale de Marseille.

Nel 2010 l'École centrale Marseille e lo IAE di Aix-en-Provence firmarono un'intesa per creare un polo d'eccellenza scientifica e manageriale nella regione PACA.

Lo stesso anno entrò a far parte della Central Foundation Initiatives e, sotto l'egida della Fondazione di Francia, furono aperte anche le Scuole Centrali di Lille e l'Nantes, con le quali venne fondato il Centro per l'Innovazione (Centrale Innovation), una joint venture nata con lo scopo di promuovere la ricerca.

Due anni più tardi fu attivato un MBA in "Complessità, innovazione e gestione dei rischi" in collaborazione con l'Euromed Institute..

Il 23 febbraio 2016 fu creato il raggruppamento "Aix-Marseille-Provence-Méditerranée". che, nella forma giuridica di un'associazione di siti, riunì l'Università d'Aix-Marseille, l'École centrale de Marseille, Istituto di Studi Politici di Aix-en-Provence, l'Università di Tolosa e l'Università di Avignone. Le competenze condivise riguardano: l'offerta di formativa, la qualità della didattica, l'imprenditorialità degli studenti, la politica scientifica, la formazione di dottorato, la vita degli studenti, la valorizzazione del sito, la gestione del personale e i processi secondari quali sistemi informativi, politica degli acquisti e gestione archivistica e documentale.

Didattica
Gli indirizzi di studio disponibili sono cinque:
 Ingegneria meccanica;
 Ingegneria chimica;
 Fisica, ottica e ingegneria elettrica;
 Finanza e Business Administration;
 Matematica e informatica.
Gli studenti possono completare l'ultimo anno in una delle Central Grande École francesi oppure in un'università straniera del TIME, fra le seguenti: Università tecnica di Monaco, Università di Cranfield (Regno Unito), Istituto reale di tecnologia (Svezia), Università di San Paolo (Brasile), Università Statale della Pennsylvania (USA), Università di Waterloo (Canada), Università Keio (Giappone) oppure l'Università del Cile.

Ricerca
L'École centrale de Marseille e l'Università di Aix-Marseille gestiscono otto laboratori di ricerca:
 Laboratorio di meccanica e acustica (Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique)
 Istituto Fresnel per l'ottica, fotonica ed elaborazione dei segnali
 Istituto di ricerca per i fenomeni di non-equilibrio (Institut de Recherche sur les Phénomènes Hors Équilibre)
 Istituto di scienze molecolari di Marsiglia (Institut des sciences moléculaires de Marseille)
 Modellazione meccanica e processi puliti (Mécanique Modélisation et Procédés Propres)
 Gruppo di Ricerca nell'economia quantitativa (Groupe de Recherche en Économie Quantitative)
 Laboratorio di analisi, topologia e probabilità (Laboratoire d'Analyse, Topologie, Probabilités)
 Laboratorio di scienza informatica fondamentale (Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale)

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Università in Francia


text:
Bibi Patma Corona est une corona, formation géologique en forme de couronne, située sur la planète Vénus par . Elle est localisée dans le quadrangle de Nepthys Mons. Elle a été nommée en référence à Bibi Patma, déesse turkmène des femmes.

Géographie et géologie

Bibi Patma Corona couvre une surface circulaire d'environ  de diamètre. Cette formation fait partie des 59 coronae de plus de  de diamètre sur la surface de Vénus.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Liste de coronae sur Vénus
 Volcanisme sur Vénus

Liens externes

 USGS Planetary Names – Lavinia Planitia Carte altimétrique au  du quadrangle de Lavinia Planitia (USGS I-2475 )
 Site de la NASA consacré à l'exploration de Vénus

Corona sur Vénus
Quadrangle de Nepthys Mons


text:
Stefania LaVie Owen is a New Zealand-American actress. She is known for her roles as Puddle Kadubic in the television series Running Wilde and as Dorrit Bradshaw in the teen drama television series The Carrie Diaries. She starred as Melanie in the film Paper Spiders, as Bear in the Netflix show Sweet Tooth, and as Nicole Chance in the Hulu original psychological thriller Chance.

Early life
Owen was born in Miami, Florida, to an American mother and a New Zealand father. Her mother is of Cuban descent. Owen moved to New Zealand at age four, settling in Pauatahanui, a village  north of the Capital City Wellington.

Owen lives between New York City and Wellington. She attended Pauatahanui school, where she won the cup for performing arts, and which helped begin her career in acting. She also attended Chilton Saint James School, an all-girls private school, in Lower Hutt, Wellington. Her sisters Lolo and Carly accompanied her there as well, and she was involved in many school productions and dancing classes.

Career
Owen made her acting debut in the 2009 Peter Jackson film The Lovely Bones, playing Flora Hernandez. From 2010 to 2011, she played the character Puddle Kadubic in the Fox comedy series Running Wilde. Owen co-starred as Dorrit, Carrie Bradshaw's younger rebellious sister, in The CW's The Carrie Diaries, which aired in 2013 and 2014.

She had a role in the 2015 comedy horror film, Krampus, directed by Michael Dougherty. She also portrayed Deedee in the drama film Coming Through the Rye. She starred opposite Lili Taylor in the drama Paper Spiders.
She also co-started in Messiah as Rebecca in 2020.

Filmography

References

External links

21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Miami
American film actresses
American people of New Zealand descent
American television actresses
New Zealand child actresses
Living people
People from Porirua
21st-century New Zealand actresses
New Zealand television actresses
New Zealand film actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Chilton Saint James School


text:
Choeroichthys suillus (pigsnout pipefish or barred short-bodied pipefish) is a species of marine fish of the family Syngnathidae. It is endemic to Australia, occurring from Perth, along northern Australia, to southern Queensland. It lives in coral reefs to a depth of , where it can grow to lengths of . This species is ovoviviparous, with males carrying eggs and giving birth to live young. Within the reef it is found among coral rubble.

References

Further reading

Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy

suillus
Marine fish
Fish described in 1951


text:
Плезант-Плейнс — місто, штат Арканзас
 Плезант-Плейнс — селище, штат Іллінойс
 Плезант-Плейнс — переписна місцевість, штат Нью-Джерсі