text:
Quṭb al-Aqṭāb Khwājā Sayyid Muḥammad Bakhtiyār al-Ḥusaynī, Quṭb al-Dīn Bakhtiyār Kākī (born 1173 – died 1235) was a Sunni Muslim Sufi mystic, saint and scholar of the Chishti Order from Delhi, India. He was the disciple and the spiritual successor of Mu'in al-Din Chishti as head of the Chishti order, and the person to whom the Qutb Minar, Delhi is dedicated. Before him the Chishti order in India was confined to Ajmer and Nagaur. He played a major role in establishing the order securely in Delhi. His dargah located adjacent to Zafar Mahal in Mehrauli, and the oldest dargah in Delhi, is also the venue of his annual Urs festivities. The Urs was held in high regard by many rulers of Delhi like Qutb ud-Din Aibak, Iltutmish who built a nearby stepwell, Gandhak ki Baoli for him, Sher Shah Suri who built a grand gateway, Bahadur Shah I who built the Moti Masjid mosque nearby and Farrukhsiyar who added a marble screen and a mosque.

His most famous disciple and spiritual successor was Fariduddin Ganjshakar, who in turn became the spiritual master of Delhi's noted Sufi saint, Nizamuddin Auliya, who himself was the spiritual master of Amir Khusrau and Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi.

Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki had much influence on Sufism in India. As he continued and developed the traditional ideas of universal brotherhood and charity within the Chisti order, a new dimension of Islam started opening up in India which had hitherto not been present. He forms an important part of the Sufi movement which attracted many people to Islam in India in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.
People of every religion like Hindus, Christians, Sikhs, etc. visiting his Dargah every week.

Early life
Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki was born in 569 A.H. (1173 C.E.) in the ancient city of Osh (alternatively Awsh or Ush) in the Fergana Valley (present Osh in southern Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan), part of historic Transoxiana). According to his biography mentioned in, Ain-i-Akbari, written in the 16th century by Mughal Emperor Akbar's vizier, Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, he was the son of Sayyid Kamal al-Din Musa al-Husayni, whom he lost at the young age of a year and a half.

Khwaja Qutb al-Din's original name was Bakhtiyar and later on he was given the title Qutb al-Din. He was a Husayni Sayyid and his lineage is recorded as follows: He is Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar bin Kamal al-Din Musa, bin Muhammad, bin Ahmad, bin Husam al-Din, bin Rashid al-Din, bin Radi al-Din, bin Hasan, bin Muhammad Ishaq, bin Muhammad, bin Ali, bin Ja'far, bin Ali al-Rida, bin Musa al-Kazim, bin Ja'far al-Sadiq, bin Muhammad al-Baqir, bin Ali Zayn al-Abidin, bin Husayn, bin Ali bin Abi Talib and Fatimah al-Zahra, the daughter of Prophet Muhammad. His mother, who herself was an educated lady, arranged for his education by Shaikh Abu Hafs.And his known descendants are in karachi pakistan. ,Hazrat Sahabzada Syed Muhammad Mateen Ali chisti and his spiritually successor and Eldest Son Hazrat Sahabzada Syed Muhammad Irshad Ali Chisti Mateeni.

Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki took oath of allegiance at the  hands of Khawaja Mu'in al-Din Chishti, and received the khilafat and khirqa (Sufi cloak) from him, when Khawaja Mu'in al-Din Chishti passed through Osh during his journey to Isfahan. His spiritual master then guided him to India and asked him to stay there. Thus, he was the first spiritual successor of Mu'in al-Din Chishti.

Later life

Move to Delhi

In obedience to the desire of his spiritual master, Mu'in al-Din Chishti, Khwaja Bakhtiyar moved to the city of Delhi during the reign of Iltutmish (r. 1211-1236) of the Delhi Sultanate. Many people started visiting him daily.

He was called Kaki due to a Karamat (miracle) attributed to him in Delhi. It is said that he asked his wife not to take credit from the local baker despite their extreme poverty. Instead he told her to pick up Kak (a kind of bread) from a corner of their house whenever needed. After this, his wife found that Kak miraculously appeared in that corner whenever she required it. The baker, in the meantime, had become worried whether the Khwaja had stopped taking credit due to being perchance angry with him. Accordingly, when the baker's wife asked the reason from the Khwaja's wife, she told her about the miracle of Kak. Although the Kak stopped appearing after this, from that day the people started referring to him as Kaki.

Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki, like other Chisti saints, did not formulate any formal doctrine. He used to hold a majlis, a gathering, where he gave his discourses or fatwas. Directed at the common masses, these contained an emphasis on renunciation, having complete trust in God, treating all human beings as equal and helping them as much as possible, etc. Whatever money was donated to him, he usually spent it on charity the same day.

He was a great believer in helping the needy without heeding the result. When an eminent disciple, Farid al-Din Ganjshakar, asked him about the legality of amulets (ta'wiz) which were controversial as they could lead to theological problems of semi-idolatory in Islam, he replied that the fulfilment of desires belonged to no one; the amulets contained God's name and His words and could be given to the people.

He continued and extended the musical tradition of the Chisti order by participating in sama or  Mehfil-e-Sama. It is conjectured that this was with the view that, being in consonance with the role of music in some modes of Hindu worship, it could serve as a basis of contact with the local people and would facilitate mutual adjustments between the two communities. On the 14th of Rabi' al-Awwal 633 A.H. (27 November 1235 CE) he attended a Mehfil-e-Sama where the poet Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami sang the following verses:

Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki was so overcome and enraptured by these verses that he fainted away. He died four days later while still in that state of ecstasy. His dargah (shrine) is adjacent to the Zafar Mahal, near Qutb Minar complex, in Mehrauli, Delhi. After his death his will was read that emphasized that only the person who has done no haram and have never left the sunnah of Asr prayer may only lead his namaz-e-janaza (funeral prayer). This left to a brief lull as nearly everybody did not adhered to the contents of the will. Finally a teary eyed Illtutmish come out of the congregation saying that "I did not want to reveal my inner self to everybody but the will of Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki wants so". His Janaza prayer was finally led by Illtutmish as he was the only person who fulfilled and adhered to the contents of the will.

Left of the Ajmeri Gate of the dargah at Mehrauli, lies Moti Masjid, a small mosque for private prayer built by Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I in 1709, an imitation of the much larger Moti Masjid built by his father, Aurangzeb, inside the Red Fort of Delhi.

His influence over people

As a well-known saint, Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki exercised great sway over the people. He continued the policy of non-involvement with the government of the day. This was the traditional way of saints of the Chisti order in South Asia, as they felt that their linkage with rulers and the government would turn their mind towards worldly matters.

During the lifetime of the Khwaja he was held in great esteem by the Delhi Sultan, Iltutmish. It is contended that the Qutb Minar, the world's tallest brick minaret, partially built by Iltumish, was named so after him. He was also the favorite saint of the Lodi dynasty which ruled over Delhi from 1451 to 1526.
His importance continues to this day and can be gauged by the following historical fact. When Mahatma Gandhi launched his last fast-unto-death in Delhi in 1948, asking that all communal violence be ended once and for all, he was pressed by leaders of all denominations to end the fast. One of the six conditions that Gandhi put forward to end the fast was that Hindus and Sikhs as an act of atonement should repair the shrine of Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki which had been damaged during the communal riots.

Phoolwalon-ki-sair festival

The darbaar shrine of Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki has also been the venue of the annual Phoolwalon-ki-sair (a festival of flower-sellers) in autumn, which has now become an important inter-faith festival of Delhi.

The festival has its origins in 1812, when Queen Mumtaz Mahal, wife of the Mughal Emperor, Akbar II (r. 1806-1837) made a vow to offer a chadar and flower pankha at the Dargah and a pankha at the Yogmaya Temple, also at Mehrauli, if her son Mirza Jehangir, who, after inviting the wrath of Sir Archibald Seton, the then British Resident of the Red Fort, was exiled to Allahabad, returned safely. And as the legend goes, he did, and so began the tradition. The festival was stopped by the British in 1942, but later revived by the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1961 to bridge the Hindu-Muslim gap, and inculcate secularist ideals.

Royal grave enclosure

Incidentally, Akbar II is now buried nearby in a marble enclosure, along with other Mughals, Bahadur Shah I and Shah Alam II. An empty grave, also known as Sardgah, of the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, can also be found here, as he had willed to be buried next to the famous shrine, as did his previous Mughal predecessors. Unfortunately, he was exiled to Burma where he died. Talks of bringing back his remains here have been raised in the past, from time to time.

Titles
Honorary titles given to Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar include:
 Qutb al-Aqtāb
 Malik al-Mashā'ikh
 Ra'īs al-Sālikīn
 Sirāj al-Awlīyā

Works

Gallery

See also
 Turabul Haq Dargah
 Mu'in al-Din Chishti
 Ashraf Jahangir Semnani

References

External links

 An afternoon with the saints The Hindu (newspaper).
 Dargah Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Mehrauli
 Images of enclosure containing Mughal royal tombs IGNCA
 "Dargah of Qutb-Sahib at Mehrauli", 1845 painting, *
 1814 painting

1173 births
1235 deaths
Hanafis
Maturidis
Indian Sufis
Chishtis
Dargahs in India
People from Delhi
People from Osh
Mehrauli
13th-century Indian Muslims
Sufi shrines in India
Indian people of Arab descent


text:
Bojár Iván András (Budapest, 1964. március 8. –) művészettörténész, építészkritikus, író.

Élete
Édesanyja Sztankay Ágnes múzeumi műtárgy-restaurátor, édesapja Bojár Iván (1924–1995) festőművész, a Magyar Hírlap művészetkritikusa, festőművész, díszlettervező. 1984–1985-ben a Lapkiadó Vállalat Sajtódokumentációs osztályán dolgozott. 1986–1989 között a Szépművészeti Múzeumban dolgozott kisegítő, majd asszisztens munkakörökben. 1989-ben részt vett a Magyar Narancs alapításában, melynek 1990–91-ben főszerkesztője is volt, 1992-től nyolc évig a Café Bábel szerzője, szerkesztője és szakértője. Ezzel párhuzamosan 1993–2000 között művészettörténetet oktatott a Színház és Filmművészeti Egyetem elődintézményében. 1993-ban végzett az ELTE Bölcsészettudományi Karán, mint művészettörténész. Építészkritikai cikkei a Népszabadságban, Budapest folyóiratban, Beszélőben, Mozgó Világban is megjelentek, dolgozott a Magyar Rádióban, a Szabad Európa és a Tilos Rádióban, valamint műsorvezetőként és adásszerkesztőként a Magyar Televízióban is. 1998-ban alapította az Octogon építészeti lapot, ami körül kialakult az Octogon Építészetkritikai Műhelynek számos kritikus lett a tagja. 2018 márciusától 2019 júniusáig az Építészfórum főszerkesztője. 2019 júliusában létrehozza és azóta vezeti a 10 millió Fa környezetvédelmi szervezetet.

Közéleti szerepvállalása
2004. szeptember 21-én Szeretem Budapestet (rövidítve: SzeBu) néven egy mozgalmat, illetve egyesületet alapítottak Kardos Dóra, Szász Kati, Bencze B. György, Bojár Iván András, Fürjes Balázs, Gábor Iván, Gerő András, Melis András, Pataki László, Szalóky Károly részvételével. A szervezet elnöke Bojár Iván András lett. A mozgalom elsősorban városfejlesztési koncepciókat dolgozott ki, vagy pályázatot írt ki fejlesztési tervekre, a fővárossal kapcsolatos ügyekben hallatta a hangját és számos rongálás nyomainak eltüntetését szervezték meg. A mozgalom ereje 2012-ben csökkenni kezdett, és 2014-re lényegében megszűnt az aktivitása.

2006 és 2010 között a fővárosi közgyűlés tagja.

2007. május 1-től 2010-ig – Demszky Gábor főpolgármestersége idején – a Városarculati Tanácsnoki Iroda vezetőjeként Bojár a főváros városarculati tanácsnoka volt. Munkája eredményeként a vadplakátolás, tagelés felszámolását, a Színes Város program keretében egyes utcabútorok, építmények színesre festését és a fővárosi taxiszolgáltatás egységes arculatát emelte ki.

2019 júliusától, Bojár kezdeményezésének hatására fejlődő 10 millió Fa országos közösségnek helyi közösségekből álló országos hálózata épült ki, soktízezres követői és taglétszámmal.

Díjai, elismerései
1994 Souvenir díj
1997 Magyar Lajos-díj
1997 Tell Vilmos-díj (a Velencei Biennálé '97 c. filmért)
2004 Magyar Köztársasági Ezüst Érdemkereszt
2017 Ezüst Ácsceruza díj

Könyvei
 Új magyar építészet = New Hungarian architecture / A bevezető tanulmányt írta Bojár Iván András - Budapest : Dorottya Galéria, 1998
Preisich Gábor - Kijárat Kiadó: Architektúr/Vallomások , a könnvyet írta-szerkesztette: Bojár Iván András, 1999
 Klein Rudolf (1955-) (építész, egyetemi tanár) Kortárs magyar építészeti kalauz / Klein Rudolf, Lampel Éva, Lampel Miklós ; szerk. Bojár Iván András - Budapest : Vertigo, 2001
 Téglaépítészet Magyarországon I. - Budapest : Vertigo, 2003 Bojár Iván András szerkesztésében
 Közben : a magyar építészet 15 éve a rendszerváltástól az EU-ba lépésig, 1989-2004 / A katalógust szerkesztette: Bojár Iván András, szöveg: Bojár Iván András, Anthony Gall, Pazár Béla - Budapest Műcsarnok 2004
 Magyar design : magyar design 150 éve a dualizmus korától napjainkig / szerkesztette: Vadas József, Bojár Iván András, fotók: Dabasi András Budapest, Vertigo, 2004
 Budapest, a kreatív város - a lehetőségek kapujában : egy XXI. századi európai főváros víziója / Bojár Iván András .- Budapest : Demos Magyarország, 2005
Hogyan épüljön Budapest - tanulmánygyűjtemény/ Octogon Könyvek 6., szerkesztette: Juharos Róbert, Felelős kiadó: Bojár Iván András, 2005
Budapest a tiéd is - 2010 Budapest, Európa Kulturális Fővárosa pályázat, Projektigazgató: bojár Iván András, 2005
 Kieselbach Tamás (szerk.): Átmenetiemlékkönyv Lugosi Lugo László képeivel, Bojár Iván András szövegével Budapest : Kieselbach Galéria, 2006
Budapest Főváros arculati kézikönyv, Főpolgármesteri Hivatal, Brand manager: Bojár Iván András, 2009
 Nagy Káli könyv / fotó: Darabos György - Ivon, 2014
Nagy Pécs Könyv / fotó: Darabos György - Ivon, 2016

Források

1964-ben született személyek
Élő személyek
Budapesten született személyek
Magyar művészettörténészek
Magyar újságírók

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Redyskonto – przyjęcie przez bank centralny wierzytelności, takich jak weksle, od banków komercyjnych. Banki komercyjne, zastawiając papiery wartościowe, mogą zaciągać kredyty redyskontowe. Bank centralny, ustalając kwotę kredytu, odlicza od wartości nominalnej zdyskontowanych papierów wartościowych ich odsetki, określone przez stopę redyskontową ustaloną właśnie przez ten bank.

Zobacz też
 wartość bieżąca netto
 stopa dyskonta
 rzeczywista roczna stopa oprocentowania
 rzeczywista stopa dyskontowa
 dyskontowanie
 dyskonto weksla

Ekonomia


text:
Als visuelle Effekte bzw. englisch visual effects (VFX) werden heutzutage digitale Effekte in Filmen und Videos bezeichnet, die in der Postproduktion realisiert werden. Sie sind abzugrenzen von Spezialeffekten (SFX), die während des Filmdrehs am Set umgesetzt werden.

Visuelle Effekte werden häufig als Dienstleistung von spezialisierten VFX-Firmen angeboten, sogenannten visual effects studios. Die Bedeutung dieser VFX-Dienstleistungen wächst und mittlerweile fließt bis zu ein Drittel der Budgets großer Kinoproduktionen in visuelle Effekte. Wichtige Positionen einer VFX-Produktion sind VFX Supervisor und VFX Producer. Sie sind verantwortlich für die Planung und Realisierung visueller Effekte und leiten aus kreativer und technischer Sicht den Produktionsprozess. Die Umsetzung erfolgt durch VFX Artists, die den kreativen Anteil an der Produktion liefern.

Jährlich wird ein Oscar der Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in der Kategorie Visuelle Effekte verliehen. Darüber hinaus vergibt die Visual Effects Society jährlich VES Awards für die besten visuellen Effekte in Spielfilmen, Serien und zahlreichen weiteren Kategorien.

Zweck
Visuelle Effekte werden eingesetzt, um Filmmaterial aufzubessern oder um bestimmte Effekte zu erzielen, die mit einer unbearbeiteten Filmaufnahme nicht oder nur sehr umständlich zu erreichen wären. VFX im Film müssen real wirken, um dem Zuschauer die Illusion der Handlung glaubhaft zu machen.

Am Computer erstellte Visuelle Effekte werden unterschieden in Visible VFX (deutsch: sichtbare VFX) und Invisible VFX (deutsch: unsichtbare VFX). Invisible VFX sind Effekte, die man im fertiggestellten Film nicht mehr wahrnimmt. So zum Beispiel das Frame-by-Frame-Übermalen eines beim Dreh übersehenen Kabels oder eines Schildes oder das Ersetzen von Greenscreens. Als Visible VFX gelten Effekte, die auffällig sind, so zum Beispiel sich transformierende Roboter im Film Transformers. Seit 1964 wird für Visible VFX der zuvor für Spezialeffekte vergebene Oscar in der Kategorie Beste visuelle Effekte vergeben.

Vor allem Invisible VFX werden häufig zur Kostenersparnis eingesetzt. Visuelle Effekte können zwar beträchtliche Summen kosten, was sich aber meist rentiert, da das Bauen eines Filmsets zum Beispiel einer kompletten mittelalterlichen Stadt noch teurer werden würde. Die gleiche Stadt kann für einen Bruchteil der Kosten digital mit Hilfe von VFX am Computer "gebaut" werden. Es werden oft mehrere Ebenen kombiniert wie zum Beispiel die Darsteller in einem teilweise gebauten Set und digital ergänzte Teilen. Vor allem in Historienfilmen, Science-Fiction-Filmen, Katastrophenfilmen und Fantasyfilmen werden VFX eingesetzt.

Zu VFX können folgende Bereiche gezählt werden:
 Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) (computergenerierte Bilder)
 Modelle/Miniaturen
 Keying/Rotoscopy
 Filmtitel und Titel-Animationen
  Compositing (Zusammensetzung der Visuellen Effekte)

Technik
Bevor Computer für visuelle Effekte genutzt wurden, erzeugte man sie meistens durch optische Prozesse, z. B. Rückprojektion, Doppelbelichtung oder das Durchbelichten von mehreren aufeinandergelegten Film- und Maskenlayern.

Heute ist an VFX oft 3D-Grafiksoftware beteiligt, deren Handhabung eine große Erfahrung benötigt. Bekannte 3D-Grafikprogramme sind z. B. Autodesk Maya, 3ds Max, Autodesk Softimage, Lightwave 3D, Cinema 4D, Sidefx Houdini, Realsoft 3D, ZBrush und das kostenfreie Blender.

Die Arbeiten teilen sich oft in mehrere Arbeitsschritte auf:

Vorproduktion (Preproduction)
Die Vorproduktion dient dazu, die visuellen Effekte, die in der Postproduktion des Films erstellt werden, genau vorzuplanen. Dabei werden Kameraeinstellungen, die Filmsets und Beleuchtung, sowie der Look des Films entwickelt. Für die Erstellung der visuellen Effekte geht es darum, am Filmset bestmögliche Voraussetzungen für die Postproduktion zu schaffen.

Dies kann in unterschiedlichen Formen geschehen, üblich sind die Erstellung von Concept Designs, Storyboards oder die Erstellung einer previz (auch: previs, engl. für Prävisualisierung). Eine Previz ist grobe visuelle Umsetzung des Storyboards in einen Filmclip, oft werden dazu einfache 3D-Animationen verwendet. Sie dient als Diskussionsgrundlage und als Basis für kollaborative Entwicklung von Bildern und Ideen. In späteren Phasen der Produktion dient sie als Referenz. Die Bedeutung der Prävisualisierung in der Filmproduktion hat stark zugenommen, es gibt darauf spezialisierte Firmen, wie The Third Floor und in großen Filmproduktionen die Position eines Previs Supervisors.

Während der Auflösung des Drehbuchs werden die Kameraeinstellungen und visuellen Effekte (VFX-Breakdown) genau geplant. Insbesondere bei komplexen Shots, die aus vielen Ebenen bestehen, ist eine genaue Planung der später einzufügenden Elemente notwendig.

Produktion
Während des Filmdrehs werden die geplanten VFX-Einstellungen sowie alle zusätzlichen Elemente wie Greenscreen-Aufnahmen gedreht. Wichtiges Ziel ist es, alle Aufnahmen anzufertigen, die in der späteren Nachbearbeitung wichtig werden können. Dazu gehören u. a. 360°-Panoramen, HDR-Bilder, Lidar-Aufnahmen oder Referenz- und Texturfotos. Die Überwachung der Aufnahmen erfolgt dabei durch den VFX Supervisor oder einen dedizierten VFX Set Supervisor.

Postproduktion
Der meiste Anteil an der Erstellung visueller Effekte findet in der Postproduktion, d. h. nach dem Dreh, statt. Mögliche Teilbereiche der VFX-Postproduktion sind:

Matchmoving
Ein Matchmove oder 3D-Kameratrack ist notwendig, wenn gerenderte 3D-Elemente in einen Shot mit bewegter Kamera integriert werden sollen. Dazu wird eine virtuelle Kamera erzeugt, die mit der realen Kamera übereinstimmt.

Modellierung
Modellieren ist das computergestützte Erstellen geometrischer Objekte. Im Bereich der visuellen Effekte wird dabei auf polygonale Modellierung zurückgegriffen. Je nach gewolltem Ergebnis kann das entstandene 3D-Modell anschließend geriggt oder animiert werden oder es kann als Basis einer Simulation dienen. Zuletzt wird es gerendert.

Rigging
Das Rigging ist eine Methode, die häufig bei digitalen Charakteren eingesetzt wird. Es beschreibt das Erstellen von Bedienelementen, die als Vorbereitung und zur Vereinfachung der Animation dienen. Ein Rig ist in der Regel ein digitales Skelett, das über Skinning an ein Mesh gebunden ist.

Animation
Im Rahmen der Animation werden 3D Elemente zeitlich verändert. Bei digitalen Charakteren kommt in der Regel ein Animationsrig zum Einsatz. Zur Animation werden Keyframes verwendet.

Simulation
Die Simulation im Bereich visueller Effekte beschäftigt sich in erster Linie mit dem realistischen Aussehen von physikalischen Ereignissen. Wichtige Teilbereiche sind Rigid-Body Dynamics, Flüssigkeitssimulation, Simulation von Partikeln oder Gasen.

Shading
Shading ist die Beschreibung von Oberflächeneigenschaften von Objekten und damit Voraussetzung für das Rendering.

Texturierung
Texturierung ist das Belegen von 3D-Objekten mit Texturmaps. Diese werden zur farblichen Gestaltung verwendet, zur Simulation von Oberflächeneigenschaften (z. B. Bumpmapping) oder zur Veränderung der Oberfläche (Displacement Mapping).

Beleuchtung (Lighting)

Die Beleuchtung beschreibt das Setzen und Gestalten digitaler Lichtquellen in einer Szene. Beim Rendern dieser Szene werden Beleuchtungsmodelle angewandt um das Verhalten des Lichts zu simulieren.

Rendering
Das Rendering ist die Rasterung der 3D Objekte in ein zweidimensionales Pixelbild. Da es sich oft um zeitaufwändige Prozesse handelt, werden häufig Renderfarmen zum Berechnen eingesetzt.

Matte Painting
Matte Painting beschreibt das Erstellen von Hintergründen, die im Compositing eingesetzt werden. Matte Paintings können zweidimensional sein oder über Projektion realisierte 2½D Setups sein.

Compositing
Im Compositing werden alle Elemente der vorherigen Schritte gesammelt und zusammengefügt. Die gerenderten 3D-Elemente und Mattepaintings werden in das Originalfootage möglichst photorealistisch integriert. Dieses wird gegebenenfalls freigestellt (z. B. durch Keying oder Rotoskopie).

Siehe auch

 Visual Effects Society
 Filmtrick
 Graphic Effects (GFX)
 On Air Design (OAD)
 Computer Generated Imagery (CGI)

Literatur
 Barbara Flückiger (2008): Visual Effects. Filmbilder aus dem Computer. Marburg: Schüren. 528 S., Klappbroschur, zahlreiche Abbildungen in Farbe. ISBN 978-3-89472-518-1
 Katrin von Kap-herr (2018):  Zeigen und Verbergen. Zum Doppelgestus der digitalen Visual Effects im Hollywood-Kino. Bielefeld: Transcript. 224 S., ISBN 978-3-8376-4192-9
 Jeffrey A. Okun, Susan Zwerman (2010): The VES Handbook of Visual Effects: Industry Standard VFX Practices and Procedures. Taylor & Francis. 922 S. ISBN 9780240812427

Weblinks
 VFX-Breakdown von ILM: Behind the Magic: "Marvel's The Avengers" – Anatomy of a Shot

Einzelnachweise

Filmtechnik
Postproduktion

it:Effetti speciali digitali


text:
Andrew John McKay (born 17 April 1980) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played for the Wellington Firebirds in the State Championship, having moved from the Auckland Aces for the 2009–10 season. He was born in Auckland.

In June 2015 McKay announced his retirement from all forms of cricket.

International career
Mckay made his One Day International (ODI) debut at Napier for New Zealand, against Bangladesh, on 5 February 2010.

Mckay made his international Test debut in what was to be his only test at Nagpur for New Zealand, against India, on 20 November 2010 and took the prize wicket of The Master - Sachin Tendulkar as his 1st International Test wicket.

See also
 One-Test wonder

References

1980 births
Living people
New Zealand cricketers
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand Twenty20 International cricketers
Auckland cricketers
Wellington cricketers
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup


text:
Sant Vicenç de Bajoles era l'església de la comanda hospitalera de Bajoles, del terme comunal de la ciutat de Perpinyà, a la comarca del Rosselló, de la Catalunya del Nord.

És a la zona oriental del terme perpinyanenc, al sud-oest de Castell Rosselló i al nord del Clos Benet. És una zona ja molt urbanitzada, amb casetes de planta baixa amb jardí a l'entorn, al Mas Blanc, prop del Mas de Sant Vicenç, que pren el nom d'aquesta església.

Bibliografia

Referències

Esglésies catòliques de Perpinyà
Orde de Sant Joan de Jerusalem


text:
Mathias Larsen (né en 1992),  rameur danois ;
 Mathias Larsen (né en 1999), coureur cycliste danois.


text:
Pellifronia brianhayesi is een slakkensoort uit de familie van de Terebridae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 2008 door Terryn & Sprague.

Terebridae


text:
De Medaille voor trouwe dienst in 1940 in de Leidse Burgerwacht, in de stichtingsoorkonde in oude spelling "Medaille voor trouwen dienst in 1940 in de Leidsche Burgerwacht" genoemd, werd in 1940 ingesteld en aan de leden van de Vrijwillige burgerwachten in Leiden uitgereikt.

Aanleiding was een circulaire van het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken dat op 19 juli 1940 alle Burgemeesters in Nederland de opdracht gaf om de Vrijwillige Burgerwachten op te heffen. De leiding van een aantal van de Burgerwachten liet uit het resterende kasgeld een herinneringsmedaille slaan als dank voor de diensten, die de burgerwachters gedurende de mobilisatie van 1939-1940 hadden bewezen.

Er zijn tien verschillende versies van deze medaille bekend in tien verschillende gemeenten. Zie daarvoor de Medaille voor Trouwe Dienst in 1940.

Onderscheiding in Nederland
Leiden


text:
Kottepalmer (divisionen Cycadophyta/underdivisionen Cycadophytina) är en grupp växter som har funnits på jorden i miljontals år. De fanns till och med innan dinosaurierna dök upp. Numera finns det knappt 300 arter och samtliga endast i de tropiska och subtropiska områdena. Trots att de liknar palmer är de inte nära släkt med dessa. De äkta palmerna hör till divisionen blomväxter. Kottepalmerna är förmodligen den äldsta nu levande typen av fröväxter.

Klassificering
Dessa växter fördelas på tre familjer, cycasväxter (Cycadaceae), strangeriaväxter (Stangeriaceae) samt zamiaväxter (Zamiaceae), som tillsammans innehåller elva släkten.

I familjen cycasväxter finns bara ett släkte, Cycas, som är utbrett i Asien samt på Madagaskar. Till Cycas hör den välkända japanska cycasen, Cycas revoluta, som man ofta ser i vanliga växtbutiker i Sverige.

I familjen strangeriaväxter finns två släkten, Stangeria från KwaZulu-Natal i Sydafrika samt Bowenia från nordöstra Australien.

Inom familjen zamiaväxter finns de övriga åtta släktena, vilka är Encephalartos, Dioon, Macrozamia, Lepidozamia, Ceratozamia, Microcycas, Zamia samt Chigua.

 Encephalartos finns uteslutande i Afrika.
 Dioon finns i Mexiko, förutom en art som finns i Honduras och Nicaragua.
 Macrozamia och Lepidozamia finns i Australien.
 Ceratozamia finns i Mellanamerika.
 Microcycas, som består av en enda art, finns i västra Kuba.
 Zamia finns i USA, Västindien, Mellanamerika och Sydamerika.
 Chigua som består av två arter finns i Colombia.

Kottepalmernas systematik har studerats baserat på dels morfologi och dels DNA-sekvenser. Nedan syns ett kladogram från Hill et al. som är baserat på DNA. Där syns till exempel att Cycas är systergrupp till alla övriga kottepalmer.

Ekologi och utbredning
Samtliga naturliga kottepalmsbestånd är hotade och därför skyddade enligt CITES-reglerna. Stangeria, Encephalartos, Ceratozamia, Microcycas samt Chigua är så hotade att de är placerade i den strängaste gruppen, CITES application I, vilket innebär att man inte får exportera några växtdelar över huvud taget av dessa växter, inte ens frön, utan skriftligt tillstånd från både sändarlandet och mottagarlandet. De övriga arterna är klassificerade enligt CITES application II, vilket innebär att frön får exporteras fritt men inte plantor utan tillstånd. Tyvärr verkar inte dessa regler räcka för att de naturliga bestånden ska klara sig. Många exemplar av eftertraktade arter grävs upp och försvinner ändå i tämligen snabb takt från sina naturliga växtplatser där de har växt i miljontals år.

Kottepalmer kan fixera kväve genom bakterier i rötterna som de lever i symbios med.

Artrikedomen för kottepalmer är som högst vid 17˚ 15"N och 28˚ 12"S, med en lägre topp vid ekvatorn. Artfrekvensen har alltså inte en latitudgradient mot ekvatorn, utan en mot tropikerna. Toppen i de norra tropikerna beror till stor del på släktet Cycas i Asien och släktet Zamia i Amerika, medan toppen i de södra tropikerna beror på Cycas som i norr och på Encephalartos i Afrika och Macrozamia i Australien. Det verkar alltså som om kottepalmernas fördelning på olika latituder uppkommit av en tillfällighet genom att ett litet antal geografiskt isolerade släkten och att arterna i dessa släkten inte dog ut enligt det mönster som gäller för kottepalmer i allmänhet. Cycas är det enda släktet som har vid geografisk utbredning. Detta släkte trivs bäst i de övre och nedre tropikerna. Detta beror i sin tur troligtvis på att dessa områden har ett torrare klimat med relativt kalla vintrar. Kottepalmer behöver en del regn, men verkar vara delvis xerofytiska. Kottepalmer i krukor påträffas och frodas över hela världen, till exempel i Kanada, Ryssland, Finland och Chile.

Referenser

Externa länkar

 Cycads

Spermatophyta


text:
Избица може да се односи на:
Избица (Карконоше) (), планински врх у Пољској, на планинском масиву Крконоше, висок 856 метара
Избица (Србица) (), насељено место у општини Србица, на Косову и Метохији
Избица (Војводство Лублин) (), насељено место у Пољској, Војводство Лублин
Општина Избица (), општина у Пољској, Војводство Лублин
Избица (Војводство Мазовско) (), насељено место у Пољској, Војводство Мазовско
Избица (Војводство Поморје) (), насељено место у Пољској, Војводство Поморје

Види још
Избице
Изба
Избица Кујавска


text:
Thylmann ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Fabian Thylmann (* 1978), deutscher Unternehmer
 Karl Thylmann (1888–1916), deutscher Dichter und Grafiker

Siehe auch:
 Thielmann
 Tilmann


text:
Оконкур () — коммуна на северо-востоке Франции, регион Гранд-Эст (бывший Эльзас — Шампань — Арденны — Лотарингия), департамент Мозель, округ Мец, Сийон-Мозеллан. До марта 2015 года коммуна административно входила в состав упразднённого кантона Мезьер-ле-Мец (округ Мец-Кампань).

Географическое положение

Оконкур расположен в 290 км к востоку от Парижа и в 12 км к северу от Меца.

История
 Поселение бывшей провинции Три Епископства.
 В 1324 и 1386 годах пожары уничтожали деревню.

Демография
По переписи 2011 года в коммуне проживало 540 человек.

Достопримечательности
 Укреплённая усадьба XVIII века с башнями XV века.
 Церковь Сент-Этьен (1758, реконструкция 1874 года).

Примечания

Ссылки
 Национальный географический институт. Оконкур.


text:
Григо́рий Васи́льевич Ковале́нко ( — ) — Герой Советского Союза. Помощник начальника штаба по разведке 176-го гвардейского стрелкового полка 59-й гвардейской стрелковой дивизии, 46-я армия, 2-й Украинский фронт, гвардии капитан.

Биография

Ранняя биография
Григорий Васильевич Коваленко родился 28 июня 1915 года в городе Майкоп ныне Республика Адыгея в семье рабочего. Русский. Член КПСС с 1942 года.
Отец его — Василий Андреевич работал на литейном заводе. В 1919—1926 годах проходил службу в Красной Армии. Вернувшись домой, перевез семью в село Сергиевское, где занимался сельским хозяйством, вступив через два года в колхоз.
Григорий учился в школе колхозной молодежи. Окончил в 1931 году 7 классов, поступил в Таганрогский строительный техникум. В 1934 году получил специальность техника гражданского строительства, вернулся в Майкоп и работал в подсобном хозяйстве ВЦСПС техником-десятником, проявляя высокую активность в комсомольской жизни коллектива.

Окончил  в 1940 — областные курсы комсомольских работников в Ростове-на-Дону. Работал первым секретарем Новочеркасского райкома ВЛКСМ Ростовской области.

В Великую Отечественную войну
В РККА с 23 июня 1941 года.
Участник Великой Отечественной войны с сентября 1941 года. В 1942 года окончил Житомирское пехотное училище, которое дислоцировалось в Новочеркасске.

Когда гитлеровские войска приблизились к Ростову и возникла угроза их прорыва на Кавказ, на базе училища 10 сентября 1941 года был сформирован курсантский полк, который вошел в состав Южного фронта и вел боевые действия на Дону, завершившиеся разгромом танковой армии Клейста и срывом планов немецко-фашистского командования прорваться на Кавказ.

Г. В. Коваленко. Будучи помощником командира взвода, он сражался отважно, смело. Не раз попадал в сложный переплёт, но выходил из него благодаря природной смекалке. 24 ноября был ранен в правую голень, но поле боя не покинул, продолжая драться с врагом и помогая своему командиру в управлении взводом.

20 декабря 1941 года, когда обстановка несколько стабилизировалась, курсанты вернулись в училище, которое перебазировалось в Ставрополь.

Подвиг
Помощник начальника штаба по разведке 176-го гвардейского стрелкового полка, 59-й гвардейской стрелковой дивизии, 46-я армия, 2-й Украинский фронт, гвардии капитан Г. В. Коваленко при форсировании реки Дунай 4 декабря 1944 года южнее Будапешта в составе разведывательной группы полка первым достиг правого берега. В бою за плацдарм принял на себя командование десантной группой 2-го стрелкового батальона. Удерживал плацдарм до подхода главных сил полка.

Звание Герой Советского Союза присвоено 24 марта 1945 года.

После войны
После войны командовал батальоном. В 1956 году окончил курсы «Выстрел». Был военным комендантом города Запорожье Украина. С 1962 года полковник Коваленко Г. В. в отставке. Жил и работал в Запорожье.
Умер 14 февраля 1988 года от фронтовых ран. Похоронен в Почётном ряду на Капустяном кладбище города Запорожье.

Награды
 Медаль «Золотая Звезда»;
 орден Ленина;
 орден Отечественной войны I степени;
 орден Отечественной войны II степени;
 орден Красной Звезды;
 медаль «За победу над Германией в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» (9 мая 1945);
 юбилейная медаль «Двадцать лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.» (7 мая 1965);
 юбилейная медаль «Тридцать лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941—1945 гг.»;
 медаль «Сорок лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941-1945 гг.»;
 медаль «30 лет Советской Армии и Флота»;
 юбилейная медаль «40 лет Вооружённых Сил СССР»;
 медаль «За безупречную службу» I степени;
 знак «Гвардия»;
 знак Министерства обороны СССР «25 лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне».

Память
 Имя Героя высечено золотыми буквами в зале Славы Центрального музея Великой Отечественной войны в Парке Победы города Москва.
 На могиле Героя установлен надгробный памятник.

См. также
 Герой Советского Союза.
 Список Героев Советского Союза.
 Список Героев Советского Союза (Адыгея).
 Список Героев Советского Союза (Краснодарский край).

Примечания

Литература

 Сиджах Х. И. Твои Герои, Адыгея: очерки о Героях Советского Союза. — Майкоп: Адыгейское республиканское кн. изд-во, 2005. — 413 с. — ISBN 5-7608-0459-6.
 Сиджах Х. И.. Герои России из Адыгеи. -Майкоп: ОАО «Полиграф-Юг», 2011. — 116 с. ISBN 978-5-7992-0668-0.
 Золотые Звёзды Адыгеи. 2-е изд., доп. и дораб. Майкоп, 1980. / стр. 40—41;
 Подвигом славны твои земляки. Запорожье, 1962. / стр. 116—120.
 Кубани славные сыны. Краснодар, 1963.

Ссылки

 Коваленко Г. В. на портале о фронтовиках .
Первые секретари районных комитетов ВЛКСМ
Члены КПСС
Разведчики Великой Отечественной войны
Персоналии:Краснодарский край
Полковники (СССР)
Персоналии:Ростовская область
Персоналии:Ставропольский край
Похороненные на Капустяном кладбище


text:
The Pilgrims' School is a leading boys' preparatory school and cathedral school in the cathedral city of Winchester, Hampshire, England.

The school is renowned for sending their students to the nearby Winchester College, Eton College and other top senior schools.

The official date of establishment for the cathedral school is unknown but historical records indicate that choristers of Winchester Cathedral's renowned choir have been educated in the Close as early as the 7th century. The current school was opened in 1931. As it also educates choristers of the Winchester College Chapel Choir, the school maintains close links with the college.

History

A number of schools set up to educate the choir boys of Winchester Cathedral are known to have existed since Saxon times. Some scholars link them with Alta Schola, established in Winchester around AD 676.

The school moved to its present site and became a full preparatory school in 1931. It was officially registered as opened on 1 January 1935. The main building, redesigned by Sir Christopher Wren in the 17th century, is on the site of a former Roman villa, and includes a medieval hall and barn.

A pre-preparatory department was opened in 2007 to meet the growing demand for an early years programme.

Architecture
The school hall contains England's oldest surviving wood double hammer-beamed roof, which used to accommodate the pilgrims travelling to the cathedral.

Houses
Upon entry, each boy is allocated to one of the 5 houses, known as 'Sets'. They compete in inter-set competitions and points are given for good conduct and academic performance, etc.
Romans
Saxons
Normans
Monks
Wrens

Boarding houses
Most boys are day pupils but the boarding programme is open to all. Cathedral Choristers or Quiristers generally board full-time while others return home for the weekend.

Main School
There are eightdormitories, and the building mainly houses the Winchester Cathedral Choristers and the majority of 'Commoners' (other pupils).

Q School
Q School, short for 'Quiristers School', is the property of Winchester College, because the Quiristers sing in the College Choir and used to be taught separately in this building when they were a full part of the Winchester College community.  However, in the 1960s it became uneconomical for the college to organise a separate school and curriculum from the rest of the boys, who were from Years 9-13, and so from 1966 onwards The Pilgrims' School welcomed Quiristers to be educated with the 'Commoners'. They still, however, have 4 dormitories for the Quiristers and some Commoners. The Quiristers continue to sing and rehearse at Winchester College, but are educated at The Pilgrims' School; staff at Q School are now solely members of staff at The Pilgrims' School.

Q School is situated on Kingsgate Street in Winchester, close to the main school site.

Headmasters

Alumni
Jules Knight, actor
Hugh Mitchell, actor
Stephen Barton, composer
Johnny Flynn, musician
Jamie Byng, publisher
Jack Dee, comedian
Patrick Gale, author
Jon Snow, broadcaster
Anthony Smith, sculptor

See also
List of the oldest schools in the world
For information about The Pilgrims' Hall - the earliest double hammer-beamed roof in England, see Winchester

References

External links

ISI Inspection Reports
Joining The Pilgrims' School
A history of the Pilgrims' School and of the Choristers of Winchester Cathedral

Schools in Winchester
Choir schools in England
Grade I listed buildings in Hampshire
Boys' schools in Hampshire
Preparatory schools in Hampshire
Boarding schools in Hampshire
Private schools in Hampshire
Educational institutions established in 1931
1931 establishments in England


text:
Wojciech Humiecki (zm. 1618) – kasztelan kamieniecki i halicki
 Wojciech Humiecki (zm. 1672) – chorąży kamieniecki


text:
Bee Free Honee was an apple-based vegan alternative to honey that achieved recognition and funding from Shark Tank. Produced from apples, lemon juice, and cane sugar, it could be used as a replacement for honey in recipes. The product could be consumed by young children and by people with an allergy to honey. In 2019, the company went out of business.

History
The product was accidentally developed in 1999 by Katie Sanchez while she was making apple jelly. The company was established in 2012, with a production facility in River Falls, Wisconsin. After being featured on Shark Tank in February 2016, sales quadrupled and the company moved production from Wisconsin to Texas.

Company co-owner Melissa Elms claimed that by not using bees for production, the product was beneficial to honeybee populations, which she said were often exposed to unsuitable environments in commercial production.

Products
The main ingredients in Bee Free Honee were apple juice, cane sugar, and lemon juice. Flavored variations included ancho chile, mint, and slippery elm. The products were most often sold in stores that specialize in organic/natural foods, including H-E-B, Sprouts Farmers Market, Vitamin Cottage Natural Grocers, Wegmans, and Whole Foods Market.

Bee Free Honee was featured at the Specialty Food Association's Summer Fancy Food Show in 2016 and Winter Fancy Food Show in January 2017.

References

External links

Honey
Sugars
Spreads (food)
Animal product analogs


text:
Henrique Capriles Radonski (; born 11 July 1972) is a Venezuelan politician and lawyer, who served as the 36th Governor of Miranda from 2008 to 2017.

Born in Caracas, he received a degree in law from the Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, and later in tax law from the Central University of Venezuela. He first ventured into politics at age 26, when he became the youngest member ever elected to the Venezuelan parliament. He secured a seat in the Chamber of Deputies in the 1998 parliamentary elections, under the Christian Democratic Party (Copei). He served as vice president of the Congress and president of the Chamber of Deputies until their dissolution by the Constituent Assembly in August 1999.

In 2000, he co-founded the political party Primero Justicia, alongside politicians Julio Borges and Leopoldo Lopez, and ran successfully for the mayorship of the Baruta municipality in the regional elections held in July 2000, and later for the governorship of the Miranda state in 2008. Capriles became the opposition candidate at the 2012 and 2013 presidential elections, and faced then-President Hugo Chávez and Vice President Nicolás Maduro respectively.

His defeat in 2012 marked the first loss of his political career. Maduro narrowly defeated Capriles in the 2013 elections, a result that sparked controversy and debate amid the opposition's claims of electoral fraud. Between both presidential campaigns, Capriles successfully secured his re-election as Governor of Miranda during the 2012 regional elections. He has repeatedly been the target of smear campaigns by political opponents who seek to capitalize on homophobic and antisemitic currents in Venezuelan society.

Capriles Radonski is of Sephardi Jewish and Ashkenazi Jewish descent; his grandparents immigrated from Russia and Poland during World War II. However, he self-describes as Catholic, revealing that his greatest hero in history was Jesus Christ. He dated Venezuelan actress Erika de la Vega between his first and second tenure as Mayor. Prior to his political career, he worked in the public and private sectors at several tax and law firms of Venezuela. Capriles is a member of the International Fiscal Association.

On 5 April 2017, Capriles was formally banned for 15 years from political activity accused by the Venezuelan government of alleged "administrative irregularities" which had occurred under his governorship. He ceased to be the Governor of Miranda in October after the 2017 regional elections, and subsequently declared his intent to leave the Democratic Unity Roundtable in protest against what he considered its legitimizing the Maduro government.

Early life
Henrique Capriles Radonski was born in Caracas on 11 July 1972. His parents are Henrique Capriles García, a successful businessman, and Mónica Cristina Radonski-Bochenek. His maternal grandparents were Ashkenazi Jews who immigrated from Russia and Poland following World War II. His great-grand parents were murdered at the Treblinka extermination camp during the Holocaust. His maternal grandmother, Lili Bochenek, lived for 20 months in the Warsaw Ghetto. His paternal grandfather, Armando Capriles-Myerston, was a Sephardi Jew.

In the 1950s, Henrique Capriles García helped launch Kraft Foods' entry into Venezuela by inviting the vice-president of its Nabisco subsidiary and persuading him to invest in the country. His maternal grandparents, Andrés Radonski and Lili Bochenek, emigrated to Venezuela in 1947 from Poland. Andrés Radonski was an engineer active in the cinema business in Poland; he opened his first cinema several years later, in the eastern city of Puerto La Cruz.

The company operated under the name Circuito Radonski. It was merged in 1998 alongside Venefilms and Grupo Blanco to create the country's largest cinema chain, Cinex. He is also the descendant of relatives who operated the media conglomerate, Cadena Capriles.

Education
Capriles enrolled at the Andrés Bello Catholic University to study commerce law. He received his degree in 1994, and then continued studies at the Central University of Venezuela. He received a degree in tax law several years later. He took additional studies at the IBFD International Tax Academy in Amsterdam, the Pan American Center of Tax Managers in Viterbo, and Columbia University. He is a sitting member of the International Fiscal Association and the World Association of Young Jurors.

Political career

Early years and Chamber of Deputies (1995–1999)
Capriles first ventured into politics between 1995 and 1998, when he aided his cousin, deputy Armando Capriles, in the writing of laws for the Bicameral Commission of Energy of the then-existing Congress of the Republic. Armando, who was a partisan of the Christian democratic party Copei, later offered Henrique the possibility of being a candidate for a seat at the Chamber of Deputies at the 1998 parliamentary elections, affiliating with Copei (Social Christian Party). Capriles accepted, and successfully secured a seat at the Congress in representation of the Zulia state. He became the youngest member ever elected to the Venezuelan parliament, and later held the positions of Vice President of the Congress and President of the Chamber of Deputies.

In August 1999, the Constituent Assembly abolished Capriles' seat, and dissolved the Congress. Capriles criticized Chávez's new constitution, stating at the time, "This is a corrupt constitution that will leave Venezuela backward and poor", while further denouncing the centralized power that it granted the president.

Mayor of Baruta (2000–2008)
The Congress was replaced by the National Assembly, and new deputies were elected in a general election held, in 2000. That year, Capriles founded the political party Primero Justicia, alongside politicians Julio Borges and Leopoldo Lopez, although the entity had already existed as a civil association since 1992. He did not run for a seat at the newly created Assembly; however, he and Leopoldo Lopez pursued the mayoralties of the Baruta and Chacao municipalities, respectively, at the regional elections held in July 2000. Lopez won with 51,5% of the vote, whereas Capriles received 62,9%. Borges secured a seat in the National Assembly. As mayor, Capriles focused on the reduction of crime within his municipality, as well as on improving the overall infrastructure of the area.

In 2002, President Hugo Chávez was the target of a failed coup d'état that removed him from office on 11 April 2002, after several days of violent protests in Caracas. The coup, triggered by major political discontent in a sector of the Venezuelan population, was initially staged by members of the military and the Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce (Fedecámaras), represented by its president Pedro Carmona, who was declared the interim president. The following day, the Cuban embassy, located in Baruta, received severe damage, caused by opposition protesters who cut off the water and electricity supply, smashed windows, damaged six staff vehicles, and blocked the Cuban ambassador, German Sanchez Otero, from leaving. The same day, Interior Minister Ramon Rodriguez Chacin was detained by the municipal police.

Chávez returned to the presidency on 13 April 2002. Capriles then faced charges as a result of the attacks on the embassy. In March 2004, Danilo Anderson publicly declared that Capriles would be arrested; the warrant was annulled in early April. In May 2004, Capriles was arrested on the orders of Anderson, on the grounds that Capriles might flee the country; he was released on probation in September, pending his trial. In December 2006, Capriles was acquitted of the charge of fomenting violence in the siege of the Cuban embassy during the coup attempt, but five months later, his acquittal was annulled by the court of appeal, and the case was re-opened in October 2008. The U.S. Department of State mentioned Capriles' case in its 2008 Human Rights report as a denial of a fair public trial.

Governor of Miranda (2008–2017)
In the 2008 Venezuelan regional elections, Capriles was elected Governor of Miranda state, defeating Diosdado Cabello. During his tenure, Capriles invested in education, opening 39 schools by 2011, compared to 7 under the previous governor. Capriles passed on the governorship of the state of Miranda to the Secretary General of Miranda, Adriana D'Elia, on 6 June 2012, in compliance with Venezuelan law which states an incumbent governor cannot run for the presidency of the nation. He was elected again on 16 December 2012, beating former Vice President Elías Jaua.

On 5 April 2017, the Comptroller General of Venezuela notified Capriles that for 15 years, he would be prevented from participating in public office, due to his misuse of public funds, a charge that Capriles denied.

Capriles stated that he would not step down and that "I am and will continue being your governor until the people elects another governor". On 8 April 2017, the campaign headquarters for Capriles was attacked with tear gas and fires ignited inside of the building, destroying it.

On 11 April, Capriles used his decree powers to order a referendum to determine whether or not he should remain governor of Miranda state, challenging President Maduro to do the same with Venezuelans nationwide and promising he would resign if individuals voted for him to be removed from office. The order by the Comptroller General of Venezuela, if valid, would also prevent Capriles from running in the 2018 presidential election.

2012 presidential election

Capriles was selected in primaries held in February 2012 as the opposition candidate against Hugo Chávez in the presidential elections to be held in October 2012; he won the opposition primaries with 1,900,528 (64.2%) votes of the 3,059,024 votes cast (votes from abroad not included).

Capriles named former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as his political inspiration. However, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva endorsed Chávez in the 2012 election.

In February 2012, Capriles was subjected to what some foreign journalists characterized as attacks by state-run media sources.

The Wall Street Journal reported that Capriles "was exposed in [sic] a campaign in Venezuela's state-run media, which insinuated he was, among other things, a homosexual and a Zionist". An opinion article of 13 February 2012 on the website of the state-owned Radio Nacional de Venezuela, titled "The Enemy is Zionism", mentioned Capriles's Jewish ancestry and a meeting he had held with local Jewish leaders, saying, "This is our enemy, the Zionism that Capriles today represents ... Zionism, along with capitalism, are responsible for 90% of world poverty and imperialist wars." Chávez repeatedly denied allegations of tolerating or promoting anti-Semitism.

In early September 2012, David De Lima, a former governor of Anzoategui, published a document he said showed secret MUD plans to implement much more neoliberal policy, if elected, than their public statements showed. De Lima claimed the document was a form of policy pact between some of the candidates in the MUD primary, including Capriles.

On 6 September 2012, opposition legislator William Ojeda denounced these plans and the "neoliberal obsessions" of his colleagues in the MUD; he was suspended by his A New Era party the following day. Capriles said his purported signature on the document was a forgery, while the MUD's economic advisor said that the MUD had "no hidden agenda", and that its plans included the "institutionalisation" of the government's Bolivarian Missions so that they would no longer be "subject to the whims of government". One small coalition party claimed De Lima had offered them money to withdraw from the MUD; De Lima denied the claim.

On 7 October 2012, Capriles lost the election to then-President Hugo Chávez.

2013 presidential election

Capriles faced interim president Nicolás Maduro in a presidential election on 14 April 2013. Voters gave Maduro—who had assumed the role of acting president since Chávez's death—a narrow victory over Capriles. Capriles rejected the results of the election, claiming election irregularities and calling for a full audit of the election results. Maduro said he would accept an audit of the election results; the election board did not agree to opposition demands for a total recount.

The Supreme Court of Justice denied Capriles' appeal on 7 August 2013.

Political analysis
According to the Associated Press in 2017:

Personal life
Capriles was raised a Catholic. His parents agreed to educate their children in the Catholic faith "until they were old enough to decide for themselves" as a "compromise". Capriles has continued as a "fervent Catholic" through his adulthood, commenting that his greatest hero in history was Jesus Christ. He is a cousin of Miguel Ángel Capriles López, son of the founder of Cadena Capriles.

Notes

Further reading

External links

Henrique Capriles Radonski blog
Henrique Capriles Radonski web site

CIDOB biography (in Spanish)

|-

1972 births
Andrés Bello Catholic University alumni
Baruta Municipality
Candidates for President of Venezuela
Central University of Venezuela alumni
Columbia University alumni
Copei politicians
Governors of Miranda (state)
Justice First politicians
Living people
Mayors of places in Venezuela
People of the Crisis in Venezuela
Politicians from Caracas
Presidents of the Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies
Venezuelan democracy activists
Venezuelan people of Russian-Jewish descent
Venezuelan people of Polish-Jewish descent
Venezuelan Roman Catholics


text:
Biografia

Appartenne alla dinastia degli Hohenstaufen essendo suo padre Filippo di Svevia, duca di Svevia e re dei Romani. Sua madre era invece la principessa bizantina Irene, figlia dell'imperatore Isacco II Angelo.

Venne data in sposa nel 1224 a Venceslao, figlio ed erede del re di Boemia Ottocaro I di Boemia.

Divenne regina consorte di Boemia nel 1230 alla morte del suocero e mantenne tale titolo fino alla morte avvenuta nel 1248.

Diede al marito quattro figli:
 Vladislao (1228 - 3 gennaio 1247), margravio di Moravia, duca di Troppau e d'Austria;
 Beatrice (1231 - Breslavia, 25 maggio 1290), che sposò Ottone III di Brandeburgo (Ascanidi);
 Ottocaro (1233-Dürnkrut, 26 agosto 1278), re di Boemia;
 Agnese (1244-10 agosto 1268), che sposò Enrico III di Meißen (Wettin).

Note

Voci correlate
 Hohenstaufen
 Regno di Boemia

Altri progetti

Cunegonda di Svevia
Cunegonda


text:
El desafío é uma telenovela venezuelana produzida pela RCTV e exibida entre 29 de maio e 9 de novembro de 1995. Foi escrita por Salvador Garmendia e produzida por Hernando Faría. É baseada na obra de Inés Rodena, sendo uma versão livre da telenovela La doña, de 1972. Durou 113 episódios e foi distribuída internacionalmente pela RCTV Internacional.

Foi protagonizada por Claudia Venturini e Henry Soto e antagonizada por Mimí Lazo, Roberto Moll e Lucy Mendoza.

Enredo
Fernanda San Vicente é uma mulher doce e bela cuja personalidade muda drasticamente quando descobrir a traição de Mariano, seu noivo que mudou para outra mulher, deixando-a ridículo na frente de todos esperando na igreja e também o misterioso assassinato de seu pai, que mesmo noite. Com Mariano leak, a polícia pensa que é o pai que assassinou Fernanda e escapou.

Consequentemente tudo isso, Fernanda viaja para a propriedade que herdou de seu pai; agora selado e preenchido com uma imensa amargura para com todos os homens, ele promete governar a fazenda e até mesmo as pessoas. Em sua cruzada acompanha seu primo ambicioso Federico (que entrou em várias transações ilegais com recursos familiares Fernanda) e seu primo com ciúmes Marilinda, que tem tido um caso com Mariano, o noivo de Fernanda.

Após a chegada, eles se encontram Aquiles Hurtado, o superintendente mal da fazenda. Ainda assim, Fernanda governa com mão de ferro ... até agora ela conhece Arturo Gallardo, o único homem capaz de lutar Fernanda para um trecho de terra na praia. Mais tarde, Arturo e Fernanda queda prestados antes sentimentos, e a competição torna-se uma verdadeira história de amor.

Mas o amor entre Arturo e Fernanda representa uma terrível ameaça para aqueles que desejam terras Fernanda. Impulsionado pela ambição, Marilinda, Federico e Aquiles pedir a ajuda de Cristina Fernanda mãe que abandonou seus anos filha atrás e voltar depois de passar todo o seu dinheiro. Sergio, o ambicioso jovem amante Cristina, também está incluído nos planos para destruir Arturo e Fernanda a qualquer custo.

Para terminar complicar tudo volta Mariano para limpar seu nome, como ele pesa se suspeita de ter matado o Sr. San Vicente, e sob este pretexto tentando recuperar o amor de Fernanda, embora seu antigo objeto amante, o primo invejoso Marilinda.

No final, é o destino que vai decidir o que vai acontecer com cada um deles.

Elenco
 Claudia Venturini - Fernanda San Vicente
 Henry Soto - Arturo Gallardo
 Lucy Mendoza - Marilinda García San Vicente
 Carlos Arreaza - Federico García San Vicente
 Elisa Stella - Cecilia San Vicente Vda. de García
 Catherine Correia - Teresita
 Mimí Lazo - Cristina
 Esperanza Magaz † - Severa
 Roberto Moll - Aquiles Hurtado
 Amílcar Rivero - Juan Panchao
 Rafael Romero - Sergio Duarte
 Jenny Noguera - Malena
 Héctor Mayerston † - Don Felipe San Vicente
 Enrique Ibáñez - Mariano
 Carlos Cámara Jr. - Carlos Eduardo Montiel
 Pedro Durán
 Pedro Marthan - Antonio Herrera
 Margarita Hernández - Verónica Furque
 Dilia Waikarán - Madame Tapara
 Roberto Colmenares
 Ron Duarte
 Vicky Franco
 Frank Maneiro
 Gladys Prince
 Irina Rodríguez
 Teresa Selma
 Sonia Villamizar
 Eduardo Gadea Pérez
 Roberto Lamarca † - Lucho

Versões
 A história original foi a telenovela venezuelana La dueña, produzida pela RCTV no ano de 1972, produzida por Román Chalbaud. Foi dirigida por Arquímedes Rivero e protagonizada por Lila Morillo e Elio Rubens.

 A primeira versão no México foi realizada pela Televisa, em 1978 com o título de Doménica Montero, dirigida por Lorenzo de Rodas, produzida por Valentín Pimstein e protagonizada por Irán Eory, Rogelio Guerra e Raquel Olmedo.

 A segunda versão no México, chamada La dueña foi realizada novamente pela Televisa, no ano de 1995, com a produção de Florinda Meza, e direção de Roberto Gómez Fernández, foi protagonizada pelos atores Angélica Rivera, Francisco Gattorno e Cynthia Klitbo.

 A terceira versão no México novamente pela rede Televisa foi realizada em 2010 intitulada Soy tu dueña, produzida por Nicandro Díaz González e protagonizada por Lucero e Fernando Colunga.

 A versão no Brasil foi produzida pelo SBT no ano de 2001, com o título de Amor e Ódio, dirigida por Jacques Lagôa, Henrique Martins e Antonino Seabra, produzida por David Grimberg e Gilberto Nunes, e protagonizada por Suzy Rêgo, Daniel Boaventura e Viétia Zangrandi.

Ligações externas

Telenovelas da Venezuela
Telenovelas da RCTV
Programas de televisão da Venezuela que estrearam em 1995
Programas de televisão da Venezuela encerrados em 1995
Telenovelas da década de 2000
Telenovelas em espanhol


text:
The Zanesville Times Recorder is a daily newspaper based in Zanesville, Ohio, that serves Muskingum County. The newspaper is part of the USA Today Network.

History
On December 1, 1959, The Zanesville Times Recorder began printing 7-days a week, merging with The Zanesville Times Signal.

In October 1970, The Zanesville Publishing Company, owned by the Littick Family sold the paper to the Thomson Newspaper Publishing Company of Chicago.

On April 6, 1992 the last daily paper was printed in Zanesville. Printing operations was moved to Newark, Ohio.

In July 2000, Gannett completed purchase of 19 Thomson Newspapers, including the Zanesville Times Recorder.

In early 2014, Gannett announced that they would be moving printing operations from their downtown Newark location to Columbus, to be handled by The Dispatch Printing Company located at 5300 Crosswind Drive Columbus, Ohio.

On November 7, 2015, the historic downtown offices were vacated with office operations moved to the Northpointe Center at 3871 Gorskey Drive. Records from the Muskingum County Auditor show the downtown building was sold from Gannett to Tofino LLC in 2015, with the City of Zanesville subsequent purchasing the property in 2016.

On January 6, 2020, The Columbus Dispatch reported that the Columbus printing facility located at 5300 Crosswind Drive would close with printing of the Dispatch being relocated to Indianapolis. The article mentioned that smaller Gannett papers would also be transferred to the facility located at 8278 North Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana.

References

External links
Official website

Zanesville, Ohio
Newspapers published in Ohio
Gannett publications


text:
Richard Matthew Stallman (nevének kezdőbetűiből röviden RMS) (New York, 1953. március 16. –) amerikai szabadszoftver-aktivista. A szabad szoftver (free software) mozgalom alapítója, hacker és szoftverfejlesztő, aki a korlátozások nélkül felhasználható, tanulmányozható, továbbterjeszthető és módosítható szoftverekért kampányol, melyek a szabad szoftver fogalmát alkotják. Ő hozta létre a GNU projektet és alapította a Free Software Foundationt (Szabad Szoftver Alapítvány).

Életrajz

1953. március 16-án született New Yorkban egyedüli gyerekként. 9 éves volt amikor szülei elváltak, és noha édesanyja később újraházasodott, Stallman magányos gyermekkora emlékszik vissza, amikor nem érezte úgy hogy otthona lett volna. Már egészen fiatalon érdekelték a számítógépek, annak ellenére hogy akkoriban még nem volt lehetősége hozzáférni. Képes volt azonban, például az IBM 7094 számítógéphez készült használati leírás elolvasása után már papíron programokat írni. Tehetséges volt matematikából és fizikából amik meghatározták a későbbi tanulmányait.

1970-ben felvételt nyert a Harvard Egyetemre, ahol már a kezdetekben ki tudott tűnni a Math55 elnevezésű kurzuson, amelyet a Harvard matematika tanszéke "a feltehetően legnehezebb matematika előkészítő"-nek nevezett. Ekkoriban hangzott el tőle a következő mondat: "Életemben először érzem úgy, hogy a Harvardon végre megtaláltam az otthonomat."

Mielőtt 1974-ben kiváló minősítéssel végzett volna mint fizikus, 1971-ben dolgozni kezdett az MIT mesterséges intelligencia laboratóriumában, mint programozó. Ebben az időszakban bukkant fel a hacker szubkultúra közegében, ahol "RMS" néven vált ismertté.

GNU és Copyleft
1983 szeptemberében ő indította el a GNU projektet, azzal a céllal, hogy létrejöjjön egy szabad Unix-szerű operációs rendszer, és azóta is ő a projekt főmérnöke és szervezője. A GNU projekt elindításával párhuzamosan elindította a szabad szoftver mozgalmat is és 1985 októberében megalapította a Free Software Foundationt (Szabad Szoftver Alapítvány). Társalapítója volt a League for Programming Freedom-nak is (Liga a programozás szabadságáért).

Stallman volt a copyleft fogalmának úttörője, amely a copyright kereteken belül biztosítja a szerző és a felhasználó közötti szabad felhasználás továbbadását, lehetővé téve a kultúra szélesebb megosztását. Ő volt számos copyleft felhasználói szerződés szerzője is, többek között a GNU General Public License-é is, amely a legelterjedtebb szabadszoftver-licenc.

Az 1990-es évek közepétől Stallman idejének jelentős részét a szabad szoftverek ügye pártfogásának szentelte, valamint a szoftverszabadalmak és a copyright-monopóliumok túlzott kiterjesztése ellen kampányolt.

Stallman számos elterjedt szoftver szerzője, többek között az ő nevéhez fűződik az eredeti Emacs, a GNU Compiler Collection és a GNU Debugger.

Jegyzetek

Források
 Richard Stallman, a forradalmár prohardver.hu
 Richard Stallman előadást tart a Millenárison – itcafe.hu

További információk
 Személyes honlapja
 Személyes blogja

1953-ban született személyek
Élő személyek
Amerikai informatikusok


text:
Rise to Fall ist eine spanische Melodic-Death-Metal-Band aus Bilbao, die Mitte 2006 gegründet wurde.

Geschichte
Im Jahr 2009 gewann Rise to Fall den 21. Musikwettbewerb Villa de Bilbao. Am 8. Juli 2010 ist Rise to Fall beim Rock- und Pop-Festival Bilbao BBK Live aufgetreten. Anfang 2011 war Rise to Fall mit den Bands Destrage, Blood Stain Child und Death I Am in Japan (Nagoya, Osaka, Tokio) auf Tour, um das Album Restore the Balance zu präsentieren. Dafür wurde das Album mit zwei weiteren Tracks für Japan veröffentlicht.

Die Band veröffentlichte mehrere Alben. 2010 erschien das Album Restore the Balance, am 9. April 2012 folgte das Album Defying the Gods. Das Album Defying the Gods wurde von Ettore Rigotti gemixt, gemastert und produziert. Rigotti gründete Anfang 2000 die italienische Melodic-Death-Metal-Band Disarmonia Mundi.

Im Jahr 2012 ist Rise to Fall auf der Kompilation Princess Ghibli II -  Imaginary Flying Machines mit dem Song Kaze No Tani No Nausicaa (Nausicaä aus dem Tal der Winde) mit Sophia Aslanidou (damalige Sängerin der Band Blood Stain Child) vertreten. Die Bandmitglieder sind Fans des Zeichentrickfilmstudios Studio Ghibli, welche für den Film Nausicaä aus dem Tal der Winde verantwortlich sind. So kam der Song zustande.

Diskografie
 2010: Restore the Balance (Coroner Records / Nonstop Music Records)
 2012: Defying the Gods (Coroner Records / Soulfood)
 2015: End VS Beginning (Coroner Records)
 2018: Into Zero

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website
 Rise to Fall bei Myspace
 Rise to Fall bei Coroner Records
 Rise to Fall bei Metal Kingdom

Einzelnachweise

Alternative-Metal-Band
Melodic-Death-Metal-Band
Spanische Band
Musik (Baskenland)


text:
Łabunie è un comune rurale polacco del distretto di Zamość, nel voivodato di Lublino.Ricopre una superficie di 87,48 km² e nel 2004 contava 6.273 abitanti.

Collegamenti esterni

Łabunie


text:
Az Eleven Emlékmű egy közösségi kezdeményezés által létrehívott "ellenemlékmű" és alulról építkező társadalmi mozgalom. A kormány által a budapesti Szabadság térre tervezett, majd megvalósított "A német megszállás áldozatainak emlékműve" elleni tiltakozássorozat civil egyesületek által szervezett, részvételiségre és nyilvános párbeszédre építő köztéri akciósorozata. A tiltakozás azon a feltételezésen alapul, hogy az emlékmű történelemhamisítást tartalmaz, amennyiben szimbolikája úgy értelmezhető, hogy a korabeli magyar hatóságokat nem terheli felelősség a magyar holokausztért.

Történet

Előzmények
2013. december 31-én a második Orbán-kormány kormányhatározatban döntött egy emlékmű létesítéséről a budapesti Szabadság téren, amely Magyarország 1944. március 19-én történt német megszállásának kíván emléket állítani. A társadalmi és szakmai egyeztetés nélkül meghozott döntés, illetve a nyilvánosságra került terv és műleírás számos tiltakozást váltott ki a társadalomból, a magyar és nemzetközi közélet különböző szereplőiből.

Az első akciók
2014 január 2-án a Tolerancia csoport tiltakozó flashmobot szervezett a téren, majd február 1-én egy sok száz embert megmozgató tömeggyűlést, amelyen ellenzéki pártok képviselői is felszólaltak. A Sebő Gábor, illetve a Magyar Fruzsina és Zoltai Andrea  által képviselt Tolerancia csoport összefogásából ekkor létrejött Tiszta Emlékezet csoport ezt követően heti rendszerességgel szervezett tiltakozó megmozdulásokat.

2014 februárjában a Humán Platform kezdeményezésére civilekből, aktivistákból, művészekből és művészettörténészekből egy informális csoport alakult azzal a céllal, hogy az államilag tervezett, vitatott jelentésű emlékmű problémáit tematizálja a közvéleményben, illetve annak felállítását a tervezett formájában lehetőség szerint megakadályozza. Többszöri találkozót és közös gondolkodást követően a kezdeményező csoport úgy döntött, hogy 2014. március 23-ra tiltakozó demonstrációt  szervez, amelyben arra kérték a résztvevőket, hogy: "hozzunk magunkkal egy-egy emlékkövet, emlékmécsest, kis keresztet vagy olyan személyes tárgyat, amely kifejezi érzelmeinket, személyes érintettségünket és méltóságteljesen helyezzük őket a mélygarázs gépkocsi-lehajtójának kő mellvédjére". Emeljünk e sokféle személyes jelből olyan súlyos halmot, amely kifejezi nemzetünk tagjainak igényét arra, hogy közösen és önkritikusan vessünk számot veszteségeinkkel". A demonstráció napján, a tárgyak elhelyezése előtt a szervezők két egymás felé fordított fehér széket helyeztek el a helyszínen, valamint megalapították az Eleven Emlékmű kezdeményezés Facebook-csoportját.

A megszállási emlékmű munkálatainak elkezdése után
Két nappal a 2014-es magyarországi országgyűlési választásokat követően, április 8-án a tiltakozások és a miniszterelnök által kilátásba helyezett, ám elmaradt egyeztetések ellenére elkezdődtek a vitatott megszállási emlékmű építési munkálatai. Az Eleven Emlékmű szervezői felhívást tettek közzé, majd 2014. április 17-től kezdődően napi rendszerességgel néhány tucat fehér széket helyeztek el a helyszínen, és moderált beszélgetéseket kezdeményeztek meghívott, illetve spontán módon csatlakozó civilek részvételével. E rendezvények a mai napig folytatódnak.

Viszonya a többi tiltakozó akcióhoz, rendezvényhez
A csoport 2014. április 27-én demonstrációt szervezett a Szabadság térre, majd csatlakozott az Élet Menetéhez. Júniusban a mozgalom részt vett a Csillagos Házak rendezvénysorozatában. Augusztustól a folyamatos tiltakozóakciókat addig szervező "Tiszta emlékezettel a szabadságért, demokráciáért" Facebook-csoport helyébe a Némethi Gábor, Szász Judit és Sebő Gábor nevével fémjelzett Szabadságszínpad Facebook csoport lépett; azóta megszakítás nélkül e csoport szervezi a téren zajló demonstrációkat. Főként a Szabadságszínpad csoport aktivistái gondoskodnak arról, hogy az ellenemlékmű (Élő Emlékhely, Eleven Emlékmű) tárgyegyüttese fennmaradjon; pótolják és bővítik annak tartalmi elemeit, mécseseket gyújtanak, virágokat ültetnek és locsolnak, takarítanak. Az Eleven Emlékmű csoport moderált beszélgetései emellett az őszi-téli időszakban egy saját készítésű téliesített, mobil köztéri pavilonban zajlanak.

Jegyzetek

Külső hivatkozások

Az Eleven Emlékmű Facebook csoportja

Magyarországi szervezetek


text:
The Three Secrets of Fátima () are a series of apocalyptic visions and prophecies which were given to three young Portuguese shepherds, Lúcia Santos and her cousins Jacinta and Francisco Marto, by a Marian apparition, starting on 13 May 1917. The three children claimed to have been visited by the Virgin Mary six times between May and October 1917. The apparition is now popularly known as Our Lady of Fátima.

According to Lucia, around noon on 13 July 1917, the Virgin Mary entrusted the children with three secrets. Two of the secrets were revealed in 1941 in a document written by Lúcia, at the request of José Alves Correia da Silva, Bishop of Leiria, to assist with the publication of a new edition of a book on Jacinta. When asked by the Bishop in 1943 to reveal the third secret, Lúcia struggled for a short period, being "not yet convinced that God had clearly authorized her to act". However, in October 1943 the Bishop ordered her to put it in writing. Lúcia then wrote the secret down and sealed it in an envelope not to be opened until 1960, when "it will appear clearer". The text of the third secret was officially released by Pope John Paul II in 2000, although some claim that it was not the entire secret revealed by Lúcia, despite repeated assertions from the Vatican to the contrary.

According to various Catholic interpretations, the three secrets involve Hell, World War I and World War II, and 20th-century persecutions of Christians.

Background
Of the hundreds of alleged Marian apparitions the Catholic Church has investigated, only twelve have received ecclesiastical approval, with nine having occurred between 1830 and 1933. Cultural anthropologists Victor and Edith Turner, who converted to Catholicism in 1958, at one time viewed the increase in Marian apparition "cults" as a post-industrial reaction of a "disenfranchised lower middle class to a rapidly changing culture."

At the age of 14, Lúcia was sent to the school of the Sisters of Saint Dorothy in Vilar, near Porto. In 1928, she became a postulant at the Dorothean convent in Tui, just across the border in Spain. Lúcia continued to report private visions periodically throughout her life. In the mid-1930s the Bishop of Leiria encouraged Lúcia (religious name: Sister María Lúcia das Dores) to write her memoirs, so as to disclose further details of her cousins and the 1917 apparitions.

As early as July 1917, mention was made that the Lady of the apparitions had entrusted to the children a secret, "that was good for some and bad for others". It was not until her third memoir, written in 1941, that Lúcia began to write more in depth about the content of the secret. In this, she follows the French visionary Mélanie Calvat who saw Our Lady of La Salette in 1846, who wrote down the secrets from that event almost twenty years after. Lúcia wrote that the secret has three parts, the first two of which she revealed in 1941. The third, however, was not written down until 3 January 1944.

First secret
In her third memoir (1941), Lúcia said that the first secret, a vision of Hell, was disclosed to the children on 13 July 1917.

Second secret

The second secret refers to the devotion to the Immaculate Heart of Mary and was initially only partially revealed to the children on 13 July 1917. Various prophecies related to this devotion were made, such as a statement that World War I would end, along with a prediction of another war during the reign of Pope Pius XI, should men continue offending God and should Russia not convert. The second half requests that Russia be consecrated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary:

In 1925 Sister Lúcia reported an apparition of the Virgin Mary at the Convent of Saint Dorothea at Pontevedra, Galicia. She said she was asked to convey the message of the First Saturday Devotions. By her account a subsequent vision of the Child Jesus reiterated this request. In 1930, she wrote to her confessor that in 1929 she had a vision of both Mary and the Holy Trinity in which God had asked for the Consecration of Russia to the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary by the Pope in communion with all the bishops of the world. This later vision fulfilled what was said in 1917 about how the Virgin Mary would come later to request the consecration. The message regarding the establishment of the Devotion of the Five First Saturdays is reminiscent of that reported by Margaret Mary Alacoque in the seventeenth century, which led to the First Friday Devotion.

It is unlikely that this message was conveyed to the Pope, but the Bishop of Leiria suggested that she write her memoirs so as to provide more details on her cousins as well as further details of the 1917 apparitions. In her third memoir, written in 1941, Sister Lúcia recalled that at the apparition of 13 July 1917, the Virgin Mary had first mentioned the consecration of Russia, and said that she would return to give particulars.

The second prophecy was not disclosed until August 1941, after World War II had already begun. Skeptics have questioned whether Mary, in 1917, referred explicitly to Pope Pius XI, as Ambrogio Ratti did not choose that regnal name until after his election in 1922. Further, the European portion of World War II is generally held to have begun on 1 September 1939, and by then, Pope Pius XII had succeeded Pius XI. As for the conversion of Russia, the Bolshevik Revolution did not happen until November 1917.

Some proponents of the Fátima prophecies argue that the secret did not say that the war must begin in Europe, and during the pontificate of Pius XI Japan had already invaded China in 1937, which is generally seen by historians of China and other parts of Asia as when the Second World War actually began, a view which also has qualified support from some Western historians. Some critics argue that the Russian Civil War (1918-1921), the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921), the Chinese Civil War (1927-1937), the war between Italy and Ethiopia (1935-1936), and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) serve to illustrate that the prediction that one war will end and that another will start is not necessarily an indication of divine inspiration. Proponents of the prophecy will point out that the second secret called for a war worse than World War I, not simply any armed conflict. In addition, with regards to the conversion of Russia, there was already, at the time, strong revolutionary ferment in Russia before the Bolshevik Revolution as witnessed by the earlier February Revolution in 1917 and the active communist and anarchist movements, which would explain Mary's reference on 13 July 1917 to the need for a conversion of Russia.

On 25 January 1938, The New York Times reported "Aurora Borealis Startles Europe; People Flee in Fear, Call Firemen." The celestial display was seen from Canada to Bermuda to Austria to Scotland, and short-wave radio transmissions were shut down for almost 12 hours in Canada. It is noteworthy that during the final hour of this aurora, Christian Rakovsky was undergoing interrogation in the Soviet Union, giving information to Stalin about Western involvement in Hitler's rise, suggesting an alliance with the Western powers against Germany. Just over a month later, Hitler seized Austria and eight months later invaded Czechoslovakia.

As a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Pope Francis announced he would consecrate Russia and Ukraine to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.

Third secret

Sister Lúcia chose not to disclose the third secret in her memoir of August 1941. In 1943, Lúcia fell seriously ill with influenza and pleurisy. Bishop Silva, visiting her on 15 September 1943, suggested that she write the third secret down to ensure that it would be recorded in the event of her death. Lúcia was hesitant to do so, however. At the time she received the secret, she had heard Mary say not to reveal it, but because Carmelite obedience requires that orders from superiors be regarded as coming directly from God, she was in a quandary as to whose orders took precedence. Finally, in mid-October, Bishop Silva sent her a letter containing a direct order to record the secret. Lúcia continued to struggle, even after this direct order. According to Lúcia, she overcame it after the Virgin Mary appeared to her in early January 1944 and said, "Write that which they command you, but not that which is given to you to understand of its meaning."

The third part of the secret was written down "by order of His Excellency the Bishop of Leiria and the Most Holy Mother" on 3 January 1944. In June 1944, the sealed envelope containing the third secret was delivered to Silva, where it stayed until 1957, when it was finally delivered to Rome. Canon Galamba, an advisor to the Bishop of Leiria, is quoted as saying that when the bishop refused to open the sealed envelope, Lúcia "made him promise that it would definitely be opened and released to the world at her death, or in 1960, whichever came first."

It was announced by Cardinal Angelo Sodano on 13 May 2000, 83 years after the first apparition of the Lady to the children in the Cova da Iria, and 19 years after the assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II that the third secret would finally be released. In his announcement, Cardinal Sodano implied that the secret was about the 20th century persecution of Christians that culminated in the failed Pope John Paul II assassination attempt on 13 May 1981, the 64th anniversary of the first apparition of the Lady at Fátima. The idea of an already fulfilled secret is contested by some Catholics.

The text of the third secret, according to the Vatican, was published on 26 June 2000:

Along with the text of the secret, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (the future Pope Benedict XVI) published a theological commentary in which he states: "A careful reading of the text of the so-called third 'secret' of Fatima ... will probably prove disappointing or surprising after all the speculation it has stirred. No great mystery is revealed; nor is the future unveiled." After explaining the differences between public and private revelations, he cautions people not to see in the message a determined future event:

He then moves on to talk about the symbolic nature of the images, noting: "The concluding part of the 'secret' uses images which Lucia may have seen in devotional books and which draw their inspiration from long-standing intuitions of faith." As for the meaning of the message: "What remains was already evident when we began our reflections on the text of the 'secret': the exhortation to prayer as the path of 'salvation for souls' and, likewise, the summons to penance and conversion."

On 13 May 2010, during a homily in Fatima, Pope Benedict said that "we would be mistaken to think that Fatima's prophetic mission is complete." He then expressed the hope that the centenary of the 1917 apparitions may "hasten the fulfillment of the prophecy of the triumph of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, for the glory of the Blessed Trinity."

Third secret controversy
Prior to the 1930s, the main focus of devotion to Our Lady of Fatima (which was at that time not widely known outside Portugal and Spain) was on the need to pray the Rosary for an end to World War I and for world peace. After the publication of Sister Lúcia's memoirs, starting in 1935, Fatima came to be seen as presenting the victory of the Blessed Virgin over Communism.

On 8 February 1960, the Portuguese news information agency Agência Nacional de Informação published a news article stating that it was "most probable the Secret would remain, for ever, under absolute seal." This announcement produced considerable speculation over the content of the secret. According to The New York Times, speculation ranged from "worldwide nuclear annihilation to deep rifts in the Roman Catholic Church that lead to rival papacies." On 2 May 1981, Laurence James Downey hijacked an airplane and demanded that Pope John Paul II make public the third secret of Fátima.

The release of the text sparked criticism from the Catholic Church in Portugal. Clergy as well as laypeople were offended that the text had been read in Rome and not at the Fátima shrine in Portugal where the reported events took place. The Times for 29 June 2000 reported that "The revelation on Monday that there were no doomsday predictions has provoked angry reactions from the Portuguese church over the decision to keep the prophecy secret for half a century".

Critics such as Italian journalist and media personality Antonio Socci claim that the four-page handwritten text of the Third Secret released by the Vatican in 2000 is not the real secret, or at least not the full secret. The argument is based on the following:

Written on one sheet of paper: the text of the third secret released by the Vatican is handwritten on four sheets of paper. Father Joaquin Alonso, official Fátima archivist for 16 years, reports in his book that, "Lucy tells us that she wrote it on a sheet of paper. In a taped interview, Charles Fiore quoted Malachi Martin as saying the following regarding the text of the third secret: "I cooled my heels in the corridor outside the Holy Father's apartments, while my boss, Cardinal Bea, was inside debating with the Holy Father, and with a group of other bishops and priests, and two young Portuguese seminarians, who translated the letter, a single page, written in Portuguese, for all those in the room." Later, in May, 2007, Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone went on the Italian television program Porta a Porta and showed Lúcia's document on camera. It was a single sheet of paper that had been divided twice, once vertically, and then once horizontally. Lucia's handwriting was on both sides of the sheet of paper. The vertical squares were what the Vatican reproduced in June, 2000.
Written in the form of a letter: another reason why critics argue the full third secret has not been released is because of indications that the third secret was written in the form of a signed letter to the Bishop of Leiria and the text of the third secret released by the Vatican is not written in the form of a letter. Lúcia was interviewed by Father Jongen on 3 February 1946. When Fr. Jongen asked Lúcia when the time would arrive for the Third Secret, Lúcia responded, "I communicated the third part in a letter to the Bishop of Leiria." Also, Canon Galamba, an advisor to the Bishop of Leiria, is quoted as saying, "When the bishop refused to open the letter, Lucy made him promise that it would definitely be opened and read to the world either at her death or in 1960, whichever came first." Antonio Socci, however, questioned how strictly one should interpret the word "letter."
Contains words attributed to the Blessed Virgin Mary: the text of the third secret released by the Vatican contains no words attributed to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Socci asserts that the third secret probably begins with the words "In Portugal the dogma of the Faith will always be preserved etc.", words which Lúcia included in her fourth memoir, but which are included only as a footnote to the text released by the Vatican. Lúcia, however, stated in her fourth memoir that she was not going to reveal the third part.
Contains information about the Apocalypse, apostasy, Satanic infiltration of the Church: in an interview published in the 11 November 1984 edition of Jesus Magazine, Cardinal Ratzinger was asked whether he had read the text of the third secret and why it had not been revealed. Ratzinger acknowledged that he had read the third secret, and stated in part that the third secret involves the "importance of the novissimi", and "dangers threatening the faith and the life of the Christian and therefore (the life) of the world." Ratzinger also commented that "If it is not made public – at least for the time being – it is in order to prevent religious prophecy from being mistaken for a quest for the sensational." Also, Howard Dee, former Philippine ambassador to the Vatican, was interviewed by Inside the Vatican in 1998. Dee claimed that Cardinal Ratzinger had personally confirmed to him that the messages of Akita and Fátima are "essentially the same". The Akita prophecy, in part, contains the following: "The work of the devil will infiltrate even into the Church in such a way that one will see cardinals opposing cardinals, bishops against bishops. … churches and altars sacked ...." On 13 May 2000, Cardinal Sodano announced that the third secret would be released, during which he implied the secret was about the persecution of Christians in the 20th century that culminated in the failed assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II on 13 May 1981. In a syndicated radio broadcast, Malachi Martin stated that the third secret "doesn't make any sense unless we accept that there will be, or that there is in progress, a wholesale apostasy amongst clerics, and laity in the Catholic Church ...".

In a 1980 interview for the German magazine Stimme des Glaubens published in October 1981, John Paul II was asked explicitly to speak about the third secret. He said:

Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger denied that John Paul II made these remarks during the 26 June 2000 press conference that saw the publication of the third secret.

According to one source, Lúcia was allegedly asked about the third secret and remarked that it was "in the Gospels and in the Apocalypse", and at one point had even specified Apocalypse chapters 8 to 13, a range that includes the Book of Revelation 12:4, the chapter and verse cited by Pope John Paul II in his homily in Fátima on 13 May 2000.

Cardinal Bertone's response
The Vatican has maintained its position that the full text of the third secret was published in June 2000. A report from the Zenit Daily Dispatch dated 20 December 2001 based on a Vatican press release, reported that Lúcia told then-Archbishop Tarcisio Bertone, in an interview conducted the previous month, that the secret has been completely revealed and published, and that no secrets remain. Bertone, along with Cardinal Ratzinger, co-authored The Message of Fatima, the document published in June 2000 by the Vatican that contains a scanned copy of the original text of the third secret.

Bertone, who was elevated to the rank of cardinal in 2003 and held the position of Vatican Secretary of State until September 2013, wrote a book in 2007 titled The Last Secret of Fatima. The book contains a transcribed interview between journalist Giuseppe De Carli and Bertone in which Bertone responds to various criticisms and accusations regarding the content and disclosure of the third secret. At one point in the interview, De Carli comments on an unsourced accusation that the Vatican is concealing a one-page text of the third secret which predicts a great apostasy where Rome will "lose the faith and become the throne of the Antichrist." Bertone responds as follows:

At another point in the interview, De Carli claimed that Cardinal Ottaviani had once stated, "the [third] Secret was written on a single sheet of paper. So we would be talking about twenty to twenty-five lines in toto...." He also mentions that one of Lúcia's memoirs contains the words "In Portugal, the dogma of the faith will always be preserved etc", words which some believe introduce the real third secret. Describing these observations as "feeble bits of evidence that neither prove nor disprove anything", De Carli asks Cardinal Bertone about the possibility of there being two texts, where the "first document" contains the words of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and the other contains the description of the vision published by the Vatican. Bertone answers in part "There is no first document. There never was any such text in the archives of the Holy Office." Bertone also says "So I'm not sure what Cardinal Ottaviani was talking about." Bertone also states that "We have the word, better, the official confirmation of Sister Lúcia: 'Is this the Third Secret, and is this the only text of it?' 'Yes, this is the Third Secret, and I never wrote any other'." It was later discovered that Cardinal Ottaviani had never remarked about the number of the lines of text.

Later on in the interview, Bertone again addresses the question as to whether a text exists with words attributed to the Blessed Virgin that was censored: "The part of the text where the Virgin speaks in the first person wasn't censored, for the simple reason that it never existed. ...I'm basing my statement on Sister Lucia's own direct confirmation that the Third Secret is none other than the text that was published in the year 2000."

In early September 2007, archbishop Loris Francesco Capovilla, private secretary to Pope John XXIII, who witnessed Pope John open the envelope of the third secret, said there was no truth in the rumor that the Vatican was suppressing a vision of the end of the world. "There are not two truths from Fatima and nor is there any fourth secret. The text which I read in 1959 is the same that was distributed by the Vatican." Capovilla is also quoted as saying "I have had enough of these conspiracy theories. It just isn't true. I read it, I presented it to the Pope and we resealed the envelope."

On 21 September 2007 writers Antonio Socci and Solideo Paolini, who have competing books on Fatima, attempted to crash a reception at the Pontifical Urbanianum University where Bertone was to introduce his book The Last Fatima Visionary: My Meetings with Sister Lucia. They stated that they wished to participate in the question and answer part of the reception. When told that the cardinal would not be taking questions, they then tried to confront Bertone, who is the Vatican Secretary of State. Security guards hustled them out. In talking to reporters afterwards, Socci and Paolini produced a tape recording in which they claimed Archbishop Loris Francesco Capovilla, revealed that there were two texts of the third secret, although Capovilla had stated otherwise less than two weeks before.

Pope John Paul I
The Catholic Counter-Reformation group, founded by theologian Abbé George de Nantes, takes the position that the released text is the complete third secret, but refers to Pope John Paul I rather than John Paul II, pointing out that the latter, after all, did not die when he was attacked, while the bishop in the third secret did. John Paul I had met Lúcia Santos while he was Patriarch of Venice, and was deeply moved by the experience. In a letter to a colleague after his election, he vowed to perform the Consecration of Russia which Lúcia said Mary had asked for.

Commentaries
Michael Cuneo notes "Secret messages, apocalyptic countdowns, cloak-and-dagger intrigue within the highest echelons of the Vatican: not even Hollywood could ask for better material than this".

"To understand and appreciate Fatima is to understand and appreciate Portuguese Catholicism". Jeffrey S. Bennett takes note of how, starting in the 1930s, the image of Our Lady of Fátima developed into a rallying point for anti-communism, an idea that spread far beyond the Iberian peninsula. Martindale mentions a concept where the fruits of a phenomenon are more important than its historical origins. Therefore, it is possible to conceive of a vibrant cultus where the strength of the devotion, shrine, or pilgrimage, can outweigh uncertainties regarding its origin. According to Maunder, Fátima demonstrates not only how seriously Catholics took "the revelations of an enclosed nun remembering visions she had experienced at the age of ten, but also show how difficult it is for the hierarchy to manage a movement of popular piety, despite critics claims of manipulation. Following Fátima, there would be proliferation of apocalyptic manifestations, such as at Necedah.

References

External links
 Official Vatican Statement releasing the Third Secret of Fátima (co-authored by Cardinal Ratzinger and Cardinal Bertone)
 "The Secret Still Hidden: An investigation into the private campaign of the Vatican Secretariat of State to conceal the words of the Virgin Mary in the Third Secret of Fatima" – Free online version of the book written by Christopher A. Ferrara.
 "The True Story of Fatima" – Free online version of the book written by Father John de Marchi, I.M.C.
 "Vatican reveals the final secret" by BBC News

Our Lady of Fátima
Prophecy in Christianity
Attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II
Marian apparitions