text:
Fiat Aviazione était la filiale du groupe Fiat spécialisée dans le secteur aéronautique.

Histoire
La division Fiat Aviazione a été créée en 1918 pour faire suite à la Società Italiana Aviazione, société du groupe Fiat créée en 1916 et dont les productions avaient fait leurs preuves durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Le premier moteur d'avion conçu et fabriqué en grande série par Fiat sera le modèle Fiat A.10 qui sera produit à plus de  exemplaires. Ce moteur équipera durant les années 1914 et 1915 de très nombreux avions militaires et notamment les Farman ainsi que les bombardiers trimoteurs Caproni.

La production d'avions complets, déjà lancée avec la série SIA SP, sera développée durant les années d'après-guerre sous la direction de l'ingénieur Celestino Rosatelli, qui sera recruté par Fiat Aviazione dès sa création en 1918. Pendant une quinzaine d'années, Rosatelli signera les nombreux et réputés avions de chasse et bombardiers des séries CR et BR grâce aux moteurs de très haute technicité et fiabilité construits par Fiat.

Les avions Fiat remporteront nombre de records mondiaux : de puissance avec l'A.14 de  produit entre 1917 et 1919, de vitesse avec le record de  atteints avec le R.700 en 1921, ainsi qu'avec le moteur AS.2 qui, monté sur l'Idromacchi M.20, bat le record de vitesse sur hydravion et remporta la prestigieuse Coupe Schneider en Amérique en 1926. Un autre record de vitesse sera battu par Francesco Agello en 1934 avec le moteur Fiat AS.6 développant .

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Fiat Aviazione intègre plusieurs petits constructeurs italiens d'avions comme Fabbrica Ing Aeroplani. O. Pomilio et Ansaldo.

Les avions les plus célèbres ont été les avions biplans de chasse Fiat des années 1930, le Fiat CR.32 et le  Fiat CR.42. D'autres ont été très appréciés comme les avions de chasse Fiat CR.20, Fiat G.50, G.55 et un bombardier, le Fiat BR.20.

En 1931, le professeur Valletta, alors directeur général du groupe Fiat, recrute un jeune ingénieur, Giuseppe Gabrielli, pour diriger le bureau d'études de la division Fiat Aviazione. En 1934 le rachat de la société CMASA permettra à Fiat Aviazione de devenir un acteur de poids dans le secteur des hydravions. Le génie de cet ingénieur permettra à Fiat Aviazione de se porter et de rester pendant 30 ans aux avant-postes dans le monde de l'aviation. Gabrielli concevra d'abord le Fiat G.2, un avion de transport de personnes doté de six places plus le pilote, destiné avant tout à équiper la flotte de la compagnie Aviolinee Italiane, une filiale de Fiat. L'appareil sera très demandé par les autres compagnies et protégé par six brevets.

Au début des années 1950, Fiat Aviazione profita de la reprise de l'activité économique mondiale, après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, qui verra le début des commandes de matériel italien par les forces armées américaines. Fiat Aviazione participera à la conception du North American F-86 Sabre et sera le seul constructeur en Europe à le produire pour les différentes armées de l'OTAN. Depuis lors, Fiat Aviazione deviendra le principal associé de General Electric et Pratt & Whitney pour la production de composants et de sous-ensembles. En 1954, Fiat Aviazione participa à l'appel d'offres international lancé par l'OTAN pour la fourniture d'un avion de chasse tactique. C'est le projet italien, le Fiat G.91, qui sera retenu et 3 prototypes seront livrés l'année suivante. Le Fiat G.91 fut déclaré l'avion de chasse standard de l'OTAN pour l'Europe. Plus de 700 exemplaires ont été fabriqués et exportés pour équiper toutes les armées de l'OTAN en Europe.

En 1969, les groupes Fiat et Finmeccanica procèdent à la fusion de leurs branches aéronautiques respectives, Fiat Aviazione et Aerfer pour créer Aeritalia, qui deviendra Alenia Aeronautica en 1990. Les activités de conception et production de moteurs d'avions et transmissions pour hélicoptères restent au sein de Fiat Aviazione qui comptait, en 1976,  salariés et 2 centres de production à Turin et Brindisi.

En 1989, la raison sociale de la société devient Fiat Avio. L'entreprise participera, dans le domaine militaire, à la motorisation des avions de chasse européen Tornado ainsi qu'à l'avion à décollage vertical Harrier, et au niveau civil aux Boeing et Airbus, mais aussi et surtout, dans le secteur spatial, sera responsable des unités de propulsion des fusées Ariane. En 2003, le groupe Fiat se sépare définitivement de sa filiale qui devient Avio.

Avions Fiat
Séries Giuseppe Gabrielli

 Fiat G.2
 Fiat G.5
 Fiat G.8
 Fiat G.12
 Fiat G.18
 Fiat G.46
 Fiat G.49
 Fiat G.50 Freccia
 Fiat G.55/56
 Fiat G.59
 Fiat G.61
 Fiat G.80
 Fiat G.82
 Fiat G.91
 Aeritalia G.91Y
 Fiat G.95
 Fiat G.212
 Fiat G.222

Bombardiers Celestino Rosatelli

 Fiat BR
 Fiat BR.1
 Fiat BR.2
 Fiat BR.3
 Fiat BR.4
 Fiat BR.20
 Fiat BRG

 Avions Celestino Rosatelli

 Fiat CR.1
 Fiat CR.20
 Fiat CR.25
 Fiat CR.30
 Fiat CR.32
 Fiat CR.33
 Fiat CR.40
 Fiat CR.41
 Fiat CR.42
 Fiat R.2
 Fiat R.22
 Fiat-Ansaldo A.120
 Fiat-Ansaldo AS.1
 Fiat-Ansaldo AS.2
 Fiat-Ansaldo TR.1
 Fiat CANSA FC.12
 Fiat CANSA FC.20
 Fiat RS.14
 Fiat MF.4
 FIAT C.29

 Hélicoptères
 Fiat 7002

Moteurs d'avion Fiat
 Séries Moteurs à pistons

 Fiat SA.8/75
 Fiat S.55
 Fiat A.10
 Fiat A.12
 Fiat A.14
 Fiat A.15
 Fiat A.18
 Fiat A.20
 Fiat A.22
 Fiat A.24
 Fiat A.25
 Fiat A.30
 Fiat AS.2 Trophée Schneider 1926
 Fiat AS.3
 Fiat AS.5 Trophée Schneider 1929
 Fiat AS.6 Trophée Schneider 1931

 Moteurs diesel
 Fiat AN.1

 Moteurs en étoile

 Fiat A.50
 Fiat A.53
 Fiat A.54
 Fiat A.55
 Fiat A.58
 Fiat A.59
 Fiat A.60
 Fiat A.70
 Fiat A.74
 Fiat A.76
 Fiat A.78
 Fiat A.80
 Fiat A.82

 Turbines
 Fiat 4002
 Fiat 4004
 Fiat 4301
 Fiat 4700

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

  Avio SpA - Héritage Avions et moteurs

Articles connexes
 Aeritalia
 Alenia Aeronautica
 Avio SpA
 Avions italiens durant la seconde guerre mondiale

Constructeur aéronautique ayant son siège en Italie
Motoriste aéronautique en Italie

Marque italienne
Entreprise fondée en 1908


text:
Diphyoropa saturni, also known as the Sydney copper pinwheel snail, is a species of pinwheel snail that is endemic to eastern Australia.

Description
The shell of mature snails is 1.6–1.8 mm in height, with a diameter of 3.2–3.5 mm, discoidal with a flat to slightly sunken spire, with rounded whorls, impressed sutures and widely spaced radial ribs. It is uniformly coppery-brown in colouration. The umbilicus is widely open. The aperture is ovately lunate. The animal has a white body.

Distribution
The snail has a natural range extending from south-eastern Queensland to south-eastern New South Wales. It has been introduced to Victoria and Lord Howe Island.

References

saturni
Gastropods of Australia
Gastropods of Lord Howe Island
Taxa named by James Charles Cox
Gastropods described in 1864

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HAL Airport  is an airport that serves Bangalore, the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Located about 12 km east of the city centre, it has one runway and operates 24/7. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), a state-owned defence company, owns the airfield and runs a testing facility in conjunction with the Indian Armed Forces. The airport also caters to non-scheduled civilian traffic, including general, business and VIP aviation. For over 60 years, it received all domestic and international flights to the city; the Airports Authority of India shut down its civil enclave, officially known as Bangalore International Airport, upon the opening of the Kempegowda International Airport in Devanahalli in 2008.

The airport commenced operations in January 1941 as the home of India's first aircraft factory, established by the company Hindustan Aircraft. The Allies employed the airfield during the Second World War, and by 1946 commercial flights had begun. Activity at the airport grew gradually over the next several decades until the 1990s, when it started to increase rapidly in parallel to Bangalore's economic expansion. In response, the airport underwent a series of expansions and upgrades. Meanwhile, HAL declared it wanted the airport completely to itself, resulting in the planning of another airfield to replace the civil enclave. Although HAL later modified its stance and some residents of the city protested, an agreement between the new airport's operator and the state and national governments obligated the enclave to close. Consequently, airlines moved to the Devanahalli airport on the night of 23–24 May 2008.

History
During World War II, Indian magnate Walchand Hirachand sought to build and repair planes in India, which at the time did not have any aircraft industry of its own. He found a partner in American businessman William Pawley, and the two received authorization from the British War Cabinet to set up a factory. Meanwhile, the princely state of Mysore offered 200 acres in Bangalore for the construction of an airfield. Hirachand, his colleagues, and the Mysore government jointly formed a company called Hindustan Aircraft Limited (the original name of present-day Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, or HAL) and in December 1940 laid the cornerstone of the facility, which began operations just one month later. The colonial government joined the venture in 1941. As fears of Japanese ambitions rose following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the British Raj took over HAL in April 1942, thereby requisitioning the airfield as well. It then allowed the US Tenth Air Force to repair its aircraft in Bangalore, and the following year the Americans began running the factory. With the US Air Force in charge, the facility focused on fixing and overhauling aircraft and engines, as well as producing drop tanks. Workers tended to a wide range of planes, including Catalinas and C-47 Dakotas. Upon the war's conclusion, the Indian government reassumed control of the airport.

On the civilian front, commercial flights had started by 1946, when Deccan Airways introduced service to Hyderabad. Six years later, three other airlines were also flying to the airport, linking it to a handful of destinations in South India. The national government then combined all domestic carriers into a single company called Indian Airlines, which was providing nonstop service from Bangalore to six cities by 1970. Additionally, jet aircraft had reached the airport by this time, with Caravelles performing routes to Hyderabad and Bombay. During the 1980–1981 fiscal year, the HAL airport served approximately 550,000 passengers. Before the end of the decade, Bangalore had acquired one more airline, Vayudoot, which operated flights within Karnataka as well as to neighbouring Tamil Nadu. Meanwhile, Indian Airlines' network from the city had expanded to 13 destinations, from Delhi in the north to Trivandrum in the south.

During the 1990s, Bangalore's rising global stature and bustling economy led passenger numbers at the HAL airport to rise at a quick rate. While 1,000 travellers were passing through the terminal daily in 1991, more than six times that number were doing so by 1997. Additionally, Air India delivered Bangalore its first international destination, Singapore, in January 1995. To keep pace with the growing civilian air traffic, the Airports Authority of India (AAI) constructed an instrument landing system for the runway and another terminal. The arrivals section of the two-storey building could serve 700 domestic and 300 international passengers at a time, while the departures area had a capacity for 300 international travellers. At the inauguration ceremony in January 1999, then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee observed that the city's accelerated pace of growth meant that the expansion would only help in the short-term, so government leaders needed to work toward building a new airport.

Plans for another airport had originated earlier in the decade, when HAL conveyed that it no longer wished to share its airfield with commercial airlines. The company owned the land of the airport and managed all facilities besides the AAI's civil enclave. A group of private companies evinced interest in the new-airport project and signed a memorandum of understanding with the Karnataka government; the agreement specified that airline flights would switch to the new facility upon its inauguration. However, HAL later dropped its demand. The enterprise and the AAI divided the earnings from the civil enclave among themselves, and HAL feared the impact the closure would have on its revenue. While the union government supported HAL, the consortium insisted that the civil enclave would need to cease operations in order to ensure the new airport's profitability. State officials added that the lake, apartment complexes, and other buildings surrounding the HAL airport made it impossible to significantly expand the site to accommodate future growth in air traffic. Although the businesses ultimately decided to abandon the endeavour, it gradually moved forward.

The year 2000 saw the Bangalore airport land its first foreign carrier, Royal Nepal Airlines, which initiated a route to Kathmandu. One year later, Lufthansa launched flights to Frankfurt using Airbus A340s, signalling the first time the South Indian metropolis had a direct link to Europe.

Bangalore's IT and other industries continued to flourish, driving passenger counts further up as the decade progressed. Air Deccan established its first base at the HAL airport upon starting operations in 2003. Two years later, Bangalore ranked third on the list of the busiest airports in India with respect to domestic operations, and more international travellers were arriving as well. Carriers like British Airways and Air France, which began service to the city in the same week, contributed to this growth. In 2006, HAL complained that the booming civilian operations were hindering the company's activities, which ranged from flying sorties to evaluating aircraft prototypes. In fact, over the past fiscal year the airport had operated at about 1.6 times its capacity of 3.5 million passengers per year.

Meanwhile, a private company called Bangalore International Airport Limited (BIAL) signed a concession agreement with the state and national governments to erect a new, much larger airport. In 2005, BIAL started construction at a site 30 km from the downtown area of the city in the suburb of Devanahalli.  Similar to the memorandum that the original consortium had signed in the 1990s, the contract barred commercial flights from operating at the HAL airport for 25 years after the new airfield opened.

The large amount of traffic placed great strain on the HAL airport, creating congested terminals and overflowing parking lots. Additionally, since the tarmac had only eight parking stands for passenger aircraft, the high number of flights was producing delays. As the new airport would not be ready for another few years, the AAI attempted to improve the present situation in different ways. Worried about the dangers of a crowded airspace, officials requested domestic airlines to consider discontinuing the addition of flights and operating fewer services during the busiest hours. The airports authority also collaborated with HAL to construct extra parking bays, and by late 2006 it had finished enlarging the two terminals, thereby raising the yearly capacity by 800,000 people. The airport remained significantly busy in the meantime. 10 domestic airlines and 11 foreign carriers were serving it in 2007, and greater than 10 million passengers passed through the terminals in the 2007–2008 fiscal year. In April 2008, Air Mauritius added Bangalore's first route to Africa. Using Airbus A330 equipment, it flew to Port Louis via Chennai, while the return service was direct.

Transfer of civilian operations
As work on the new airport neared its end, a controversy grew in the city regarding the civil enclave's impending closure. Local business leaders and others claimed, for example, that the authorities were going to eliminate a potential competitor to BIAL. Even the managing director of HAL's Bangalore branch supported retaining some domestic flights, as he believed the immense demand for air travel made it sensible for the city to have two airports. At the same time, the defence company noted that keeping the passenger terminals open was not one of its primary concerns. Additionally, 20,000 AAI workers across India walked off their jobs in March 2008 over the shutting of the civil enclaves in Bangalore and Hyderabad; they did not end their strike until the union government affirmed that the airports would remain operational for other purposes. The Karnataka government suggested to BIAL that the HAL airport could continue receiving short-haul flights, but the company would not change its stance.

On 23 May 2008, the high court of the state rejected a petition by a local organisation to delay the new airport's opening, ensuring that the transfer of passenger and revenue cargo flights between the airfields would take place at midnight. Nevertheless, one plane did not take-off from the HAL airport until 1:30 am on 24 May, as rainy weather forced the incoming flight to land late. In light of the protests, the court offered the central government and BIAL 12 weeks to determine the future of the civil enclave. BIAL still sought to adhere to the 2004 agreement, and New Delhi concurred after assessing the Devanahalli airport's capabilities.

Since the last commercial flights took off, the level of activity at the HAL airport has decreased greatly. In 2015, between 60 and 70 aircraft movements occurred per day, a significant drop from 310 in 2007. Meanwhile, HAL has spoken various times with BIAL and the government in an effort to reopen the civil enclave and increase the airport's revenue. Although the defence ministry sided with HAL, BIAL remained opposed to amending the concession agreement for several years. In 2020, however, the company stated that once Kempegowda Airport was operating at maximum capacity, it would contemplate allowing passenger operations to resume at the HAL airport.

Facilities and operations
HAL Airport has one asphalt runway, which is oriented to 90/270 degrees and measures 3,306 by 61 metres. It is equipped with a category I instrument landing system and can cater to aircraft as large as the Boeing 747. The airfield, which remains operational 24/7, also contains 30 parking spots and two helipads.

The airport accommodates a wide array of non-scheduled civilian operations, including VIP aircraft movements, charter flights, and air ambulances. However, it does not generally function as a diversion alternative to Kempegowda International Airport in case of emergencies; the AAI no longer maintains the terminal buildings to handle passengers, and no airline flight may touch down at the airfield per the concession agreement. As of 2017, the civil aviation ministry seeks to permit airlines to divert to the HAL airport, as it does not believe the contract with BIAL applies to such contingencies. In regards to facilities available for civilian use, the airport offers a VIP lounge, air-freight warehouse, and maintenance hangar. The closed civil enclave possessed two terminals, one for domestic flights and the other for international services.

With respect to defence activities, HAL and the Indian military perform test flights from the airfield.

Incidents and accidents
On 15 September 1951, an Air India Douglas C-47 Dakota departed with the autopilot switched on, causing the plane to crash. Of the 27 people on board, one crew member died in the accident.
On 21 October 1963, a Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar belonging to the Indian Air Force collided with trees as it was preparing to land, killing eight of the 21 people aboard.
 14 February 1990: Indian Airlines Flight 605, an Airbus A320, crashed on final approach with 92 fatalities.
 28 December 1996: A Blue Dart Aviation Boeing 737 made a heavy, off-centre landing, causing damage to the aircraft and runway.
 12 February 2004: A helicopter being used by the HAL Rotary Wing Academy crashed, injuring both occupants.
 26 October 2005: An Indian Air Force MiG-21 crashed, killing the pilot.
 11 March 2006: A Deccan ATR 72 with 40 passengers and 4 crew members made a heavy landing. There were no major injuries, but the aircraft was written off.
 4 May 2006: A Transmile Air Services 727-2F2F suffered damage to the left-wing fuel tank.
 21 August 2006: A Kiran Mark II trainer aircraft landed on its fuselage after the wheels failed to deploy.
 6 June 2007: A Sri Lankan Cargo Antonov An-12 lost engine power on the runway.
 6 March 2009: A NAL Saras aircraft prototype that had taken off from HAL Airport crashed in a field near Bidadi, killing the three-man crew of test pilots.
1 February 2019: An Indian Air Force Mirage 2000 modified by HAL on an acceptance flight crashed 500 metres outside the airport perimeter wall after an unsuccessful touch-and-go on runway 09; both pilots ejected but landed on burning wreckage and died.

References

External links

Airports in Bangalore
Airports in Karnataka
Airports established in 1940
Airports disestablished in 2008
1940 establishments in India
2008 disestablishments in India
Buildings and structures in Bangalore
20th-century architecture in India


text:
Иновроцлавское воеводство (, ) — административно-территориальная единица Королевства Польского и Речи Посполитой. Существовало в XIV веке — 1772 году.

Иновроцлавское воеводство было создано на основе земель Иновроцлавского княжества. Входило в состав Великопольской провинции, принадлежало к региону Великопольша и исторической области Куявия. Располагалось в западной части Речи Посполитой, на севере Великой Польши. Центр воеводства — город Иновроцлав. Возглавлялось воеводами иновроцлавскими. Сеймик воеводства собирался в городе Радзеюв.

Иновроцлавское воеводство представляли 2 сенатора в Сенате Речи Посполитой, состояло из пяти поветов. В 1772 году площадь воеводства — 5877,13 км², население по переписи 1790 года — 51 507 чел.

В 1772 году по Первому разделу Речи Посполитой Иновроцлавское воеводство было ликвидировано и аннексировано Прусским королевством. Территория воеводства вошла в состав прусского округа Нетце, а с 1807 года — в провинцию Западная Пруссия.

До 1420 года называлось Гневковским воеводством (), центром его был город Гневково.

Административное деление

 Быдгощский повят — Быдгощь

 Добжинский повят — Добжинь

 Иновроцлавский повят — Иновроцлав

 Рыпинский повят — Рыпин

 Липновский повят — Липно

Источники
 Gloger, Zygmunt. Województwo Inowłocławskie z ziemią Dobrzyńską // Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski. — Kraków, 1903.

Воеводства Королевства Польского
Великопольская провинция


text:
Predjama (; , ) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Postojna in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia.

Landmarks

Castle

Predjama Castle, a Renaissance castle and  a major tourist attraction in Slovenia, is located at the mouth of a cave just above the settlement.

Church

Our Lady of Sorrows Church in the settlement is a chapel of ease of the Parish of Studeno. It is a single-nave Gothic church painted with frescos from  1460 that was built at the end of the 15th century. It has been protected as a cultural monument of national significance.

References

External links

Predjama on Geopedia

Populated places in the Municipality of Postojna

it:Castel Lueghi


text:
Палата Министарства шумарства и рударства и Министарства пољопривреде и водoпривреде, у улици Кнеза Милоша бр. 24 – 26 у Београду данашња је зграда Министарства спољних послова Републике Србије. Убраја се у антологијска остварења београдске међуратне академске архитектуре. У време када је подизана, била је једна од највећих престоничких грађевина која је својом величином и изгледом требало да репрезентује државу и њене интересе.

Архитектура
Конкурс за израду планова за нову палату Министарства шума и руда завршен је 31. децембра 1921, градња је предвиђена на месту "Старе Шиваре" у улици Милоша Великог, у вези са новопројектованом зградом Министарства пољопривреде и вода. Конкурс је био општејугословенски и "прва смотра" наших архитеката после рата. Прва награда од 30.000 динара једногласно је додељена техничком предузећу "Архитект" које су водили Милан Секулић (пројектант тадашње зграде Политике), Драгиша Брашован и М. Петровић - Обућина.

Године 1923. почиње да се зида по плановима архитектонског бироа "Архитект", под руководством еминентних аутора, архитекте Драгише Брашована  и архитекте Николе Несторовића. Како је будући изглед објекта био инспирасан традиционалним српско – византијским стилом, на иницијативу Министарства грађевинe одустаје се од даље градње како се не би нарушило успостављено стилско јединство амбијента. Даље пројектовање преузима један од најзначјнијих представника академског стила код нас, архитекта руског порекла Николај Петрович Краснов.

Задржавши непромењену основу, израдио је нове нацрте фасада и планове раскошног ентеријера и целокупне опреме. Све до краја градње архитекта Краснов се у сачуваним плановима појављује као једини аутор овог, просторно најобухватнијег архитектонског остварења, у свом целокупном стваралачком опусу.

Монументална зграда налази се на раскршћу прометних саобраћајница кнеза Милоша и Немањине улице. Одликује је изразита динамичност фасада на којима преовлађује богатство архитектонске пластике. Посебан допринос ликовности фасаде допринела су дела истакнутих вајара Петра Палавичинија , Драгомира Арамбашића и Живојина Лукића. Рељефи и слободна скулптура (мушка и женска), симбол су делатности везаних за одређена министарства која су била смештена у овој згради. Куполом доминирају алегоријске фигуре Шумарства и Жетелица, док су Рударство, Сточарство, Виноградарство као и многе друге, композиционо уклопљене на осталим деловима објекта.

Палата Министарства шумарства и рударства и Министарства пољопривреде и водoпривреде је утврђена за културно добро.

Види још
 Списак споменика културе у Београду

Извори

Спољашње везе

 Републички завод за заштиту споменика културе - Београд
 Републички завод за заштиту споменика културе-Београд/База непокретних културних добара
 Листа споменика

Споменици културе Београда
Палате у Београду
Знаменитости Београда
Николај Краснов
Грађевине на Савском венцу
Непокретна културна добра


text:
Garmash (, also Romanized as Garmāsh) is a village in Arandan Rural District, in the Central District of Sanandaj County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 208, in 48 families. The village is populated by Kurds.

References

Towns and villages in Sanandaj County
Kurdish settlements in Kurdistan Province


text:
Navit est un logiciel de navigation routière open source et  libre, modulaire, utilisable facilement avec un écran tactile et supportant le système GPS et divers formats de cartes vectorisées. Il est possible d'avoir un rendu en 2D et 3D des cartes.

Navit fonctionne sur une variété de systèmes d'exploitation et de plates-formes matérielles incluant Windows, GNU/Linux, Mac OS, Android et iPhone, Palm webOS.

Navit peut être utilisé avec plusieurs sources de données cartographiques, notamment celles d'OpenStreetMap et de Garmin.

Navit a été traduit dans 49 langues différentes.

Références

Voir aussi
OpenStreetMap
TangoGPS

Logiciel libre sous licence GPL
Logiciel pour Unix
Logiciel pour Windows
Cartographie


text:
11212 Tebbutt è un asteroide della fascia principale. Scoperto nel 1999, presenta un'orbita caratterizzata da un semiasse maggiore pari a  e da un'eccentricità di 0,1347358, inclinata di 3,12566° rispetto all'eclittica.

L'asteroide è dedicato all'astronomo australiano John Tebbutt.

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Tebbutt
Corpi celesti scoperti nel 1999


text:
Maximiliano Manuel Alaníz Moreno (born 1 May 1990) is a retired Argentine footballer who played as a forward.

References

1990 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Sportspeople from Mendoza, Argentina
Association football forwards
Godoy Cruz Antonio Tomba footballers
Huracán de Comodoro Rivadavia footballers
Magallanes footballers
Puerto Montt footballers
Deportes Valdivia footballers
San Antonio Unido footballers
Asociación Atlética Luján de Cuyo players
Argentine Primera División players
Torneo Argentino B players
Primera B de Chile players
Segunda División Profesional de Chile players
Argentine expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Chile
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Chile


text:
Pachycornia é um género botânico com 2 espécies pertencente à família  Amaranthaceae.

Espécies
Segundo o The Plant List as espécies aceites são:
Pachycornia robustaPachycornia triandra

Duas outras espécies, antes colocadas neste género, são sinónimos de espécies no género Sclerostegia:
Pachycornia arbuscula - Sclerostegia arbuscula (R. Br.) Paul G. Wilson
Pachycornia tenuis - Sclerostegia tenuis (Benth.) Paul G. Wilson

Ligações externas

 Pachycornia.
, 1880: Genera Plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis Kewensibus, 3(1): 65.

Chenopodioideae
Géneros de plantas


text:
Chironomus acerbus är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Hirvenoja 1962. Chironomus acerbus ingår i släktet Chironomus och familjen fjädermyggor. Enligt den finländska rödlistan är arten otillräckligt studerad i Finland. Arten har ej påträffats i Sverige. Artens livsmiljö är sjöar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Fjädermyggor
acerbus


text:
Palazzetto Turci, conhecido também como Piccola Cancelleria, é um palacete renascentista localizado no número 123 da Via del Governo Vecchio, no rione Parione de Roma, num pequeno largo entre o Arco della Chiesa Nuova e o Vicolo del Governo Vecchio.

História
Conhecido como "Piccola Cancelleria" por repetir os motivos arquitetônicos do Palazzo della Cancelleria, este edifício do século XVI, erroneamente atribuído a Donato Bramante, deixa clara a estrutura construída sobre uma antiga torre medieval. A fachada em quatro pisos, refeita no século XVII, é marcada por duas grossas cornijas marcapiano enquanto o piso térreo se distingue por causa do revestimento em silhares lisos no qual se abrem espaços arqueados para comércio, alguns deles murados. Na fachada está afixado um brasão dos Turci e a inscrição recorda a construção do edifício por ordem de Giovanni Pietro Turci, de Novara, secretário de cartas do papa Leão X. A função certamente era muito bem paga, pois permitiu que ele construísse seu palácio na rua mais importante de Roma na época.

Turci
Arquitetura do Renascimento na Itália
1500
Roma R. VI Parione


text:
Alcántara Dam är en dammbyggnad i Spanien.   Den ligger i provinsen Provincia de Cáceres och regionen Extremadura, i den västra delen av landet,  km väster om huvudstaden Madrid. Alcántara Dam ligger  meter över havet. Arean är  kvadratkilometer.

Terrängen runt Alcántara Dam är huvudsakligen lite kuperad. Alcántara Dam ligger nere i en dal. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  km nordväst om Alcántara Dam. Runt Alcántara Dam är det mycket glesbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Brozas,  km sydost om Alcántara Dam. Omgivningarna runt Alcántara Dam är huvudsakligen savann.

Klimatet i området är tempererat. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är augusti, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är januari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är november, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är augusti, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Externa länkar

Byggnadsverk i Extremadura


text:
Институт горного дела Уральского отделения Российской академии наук (ИГД УрО РАН) — один из старейших ведущих научно-исследовательских институтов России в области горного дела, расположенный на Урале, в Екатеринбурге.

История
В 1939 году решением Президиума Академии наук СССР (протокол № 19 от 16 июня 1939 года) был создан Горно-геологический институт Уральского филиала АН СССР. Горно-геологический институт, который возглавил академик Л. Д. Шевяков, включал три сектора: геологический, геофизический и горный. В составе Горно-геологического института к концу 1939 г. было 26 научных сотрудников, в том числе: горный сектор — 11 человек, геологический — 10, геофизический — 3.

Распоряжением Совета Министров РСФСР от 24 февраля 1962 года № 579 Горно-геологический институт был разделен на Институт горного дела и Институт геологии. Директором Института горного дела был утвержден М. В. Васильев, ученым секретарем — В. А. Щелканов.

В 1963 году в ходе проводимых в стране реформ Институт горного дела в числе других научных институтов был выведен из состава Академии наук СССР и передан Государственному комитету по координации, позднее — Государственному комитету по черной и цветной металлургии. После реорганизации Госкомитета вошёл в состав Министерства чёрной металлургии СССР. Институт в течение многих лет являлся центральным и головным научно-исследовательским институтом по вопросам разработки месторождений сырьевой базы чёрной металлургии в СССР. ИГД МЧМ СССР в качестве головного выполнял функции ведущего в отрасли по научным направлениям: технология и комплексная механизация добычи железных и хромовых руд открытым способом; карьерный транспорт; технология и механизация буровзрывных работ; защита земельных ресурсов. природных объектов и сооружений, рекультивация земель; электрооборудование и электроснабжение карьеров. Институт проводил большой объем самостоятельных исследований и одновременно координировал научную деятельность НИИ, проектных организаций горного профиля Минчермета СССР, многих вузов, институтов АН СССР и других ведомств. Общая численность института в этот период подчинения МЧМ СССР достигла 480 человек, в том числе 260 научных работников, из них 11 докторов и 90 кандидатов наук.

В 1994 году на основании решения Правительства РФ Институт горного дела вновь вошёл в состав Уральского отделения РАН.

Директора института

 1939—? — Шевяков, Лев Дмитриевич
 ?—1956 — Иванов, Аркадий Александрович
 1962—1984 — д.т. н. Васильев, Михаил Владимирович
 1985—1992 — к.т. н. Котяшев, Альберт Александрович
 1992—1995 — к.т. н. Сашурин, Анатолий Дмитриевич
 1995—2006 — д.т. н. Яковлев, Виктор Леонтьевич
 2006—2019 — д.т. н. Корнилков, Сергей Викторович
 2019—настоящее время — д.т. н. Соколов, Игорь Владимирович

Основные научные направления и школы

Научные направления
Президиумом Уральского отделения РАН в 2006 году были утверждены следующие основные направления научных исследований:
 Разработка теоретических основ стратегии освоения и комплексного использования минеральных ресурсов;
 Создание научных основ новых технологий разработки глубокозалегающих месторождений;
 Исследование проблем геомеханики и разрушения горных пород.

Научные школы
 Карьерного транспорта (М. В. Васильев, В. Л. Яковлев, Б. В. Фаддеев, А. Н. Шилин, В. П. Смирнов и др.)
 Геомеханики (Н. П. Влох, А. Д. Сашурин и др.)
 Управлению качеством руды и рациональному использованию недр (П. П. Бастан, А. В. Гальянов и др.)
 Открыто-подземная разработка месторождений полезных ископаемых (В. А. Щелканов и др.)
 Разрушения горных пород (В. М. Сенук и др.)
 Проблем бурения скважин (И. Н. Сидоров, Р. И. Сухов и др.)
 Аэрологии карьеров и создания средств проветривания карьеров (С. С. Филатов и др.)
 Рекультивации нарушенных горными работами земель (Е. П. Дороненко и др.)

Докторские диссертации
При институте действует Учёный совет по защите докторских и кандидатских диссертаций.

Список докторских диссертаций, защищённых сотрудниками института приведен здесь.

Кандидатские диссертации
Список кандидатских диссертаций, защищённых сотрудниками института приведен здесь.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт Института горного дела УрО РАН

Институты РАН
Уральское отделение РАН
Наука в Екатеринбурге
Горные научные институты
Научные институты СССР


text:
Der Serie 100 Linimo (japanisch 100形電車「リニモ」) ist ein japanischer Magnetschwebebahnzug für die Personenbeförderung.

Geschichte
Gebaut wurde der Serie 100 Linimo von dem japanischen Unternehmen Nippon Sharyō Seizō K.K. für den Bahnbetreiber Aichi Rapid Transit Co. Ltd. (鉄道事業者 愛知高速交通). Die ersten Züge wurden für die Personenbeförderung im Stadtverkehr zur Expo 2005, östlich der Stadt Nagoya in Betrieb genommen.

Technische Daten
Hersteller:  Nippon Sharyō Seizō
Baujahre: 2004–2009
in Betrieb: seit 2005 bis heute in der Stadt Nagoya
Anzahl: 9
Gesamtlänge:  43.300 mm, unterteilt in drei Gelenk-Fahrgastzellen
Kurvenradius: 75 Meter
Breite: 2600 mm
Höhe: 3450 mm
Kapazität: 244 Personen
Stromsystem: DC-1500 Volt
Antrieb: Linearmotor HSST 100 L
Geschwindigkeit: 100 km/h
Zugsteuerung: ATO Automatic Train Operation, jede Zugeinheit ist mit einem manuell bedienbaren Führerstand für den Rangierbetrieb jeweils auf der Vorder- und Rückseite versehen.

2006 wurde die Konstruktion mit dem Laurel Prize (ローレル賞 Rōreru Shō) ausgezeichnet.

Weblinks
 Website des Betreibers (japanisch)

Triebfahrzeug (Japan)
Schienenfahrzeug (Nippon Sharyo)


text:
Elenco delle 54 specie di  Gynura:

A
 Gynura abbreviata  F.G.Davies
 Gynura albicaulis  W.W.Sm.
 Gynura amplexicaulis  Oliv. & Hiern
 Gynura annamensis  S.Moore
 Gynura annua (F.G.Davies) Vanij. & Kadereit
 Gynura aurantiaca (Blume) DC.

B
 Gynura barbareifolia  Gagnep.
 Gynura batorensis  F.G.Davies
 Gynura bicolor (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC.
 Gynura brassii  F.G.Davies

C
 Gynura calciphila  Kerr
 Gynura campanulata  C.Jeffrey
 Gynura carnosula  Zoll. & Moritzi
 Gynura colaniae  Merr.
 Gynura colorata  F.G.Davies
 Gynura cusimbua (D.Don) S.Moore

D
 Gynura daviesiae  Vanij. & Kadereit
 Gynura dissecta (F.G.Davies) Vanij. & Kadereit
 Gynura divaricata (L.) DC.
 Gynura drymophila (F.Muell.) F.G.Davies

E - F
 Gynura elberti  J.Kost.
 Gynura elliptica  Y.Yabe & Hayata ex Hayata
 Gynura formosana  Kitam.
 Gynura fulva  F.G.Davies

G - H - I - J
 Gynura grandifolia  F.G.Davies
 Gynura hispida  Thwaites
 Gynura hmopaengensis  H.Koyama
 Gynura integrifolia  Gagnep.
 Gynura japonica (Thunb.) Juel

L
 Gynura longifolia  Kerr
 Gynura lycopersicifolia  DC.

M
 Gynura malaccensis  Belcher
 Gynura micheliana  J.-G.Adam
 Gynura molleri  Gand.

N
 Gynura nepalensis  DC.
 Gynura nitida  DC.

P
 Gynura papillosa  Gand.
 Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.
 Gynura proschii  Briq.
 Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC.

R - S
 Gynura rubiginosa  J.R.Drumm. ex Merr. & Rolfe
 Gynura scandens  O.Hoffm.
 Gynura sechellensis  Hemsl.
 Gynura siamensis  Vanij. & Kadereit
 Gynura steenisii  F.G.Davies
 Gynura sundaiaca  F.G.Davies

T
 Gynura taitungensis  S.S.Ying
 Gynura tambuyukonensis  Vanij. & Ent
 Gynura travancorica  W.W.Sm.
 Gynura truncata  Kerr

V
 Gynura valeriana  Oliv.
 Gynura vidaliana  Elmer
 Gynura villosa  Vanij. & Kadereit

Z
 Gynura zeylanica  Trimen

Note

Altri progetti

Asteroideae
[[Categoria:Elenchi di specie botaniche| Gynura


text:
William Thorn Simpson (August 1886 – December 8, 1980) was an American lawyer and politician from New York.

Life
Simpson was born in Patchogue, New York, and graduated from Patchogue High School and New York Law School. He was married to Helen V. Simpson.

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Kings Co., 12th D.) in 1914, 1915, 1916 and 1917.

Simpson was again a member of the State Assembly in 1920; and a member of the New York State Senate (6th D.) in 1921 and 1922.

In June 1942, he was appointed as Chairman of the New York State War Ballot Commission.

He died on December 8, 1980, at the St. James Nursing Home in St. James, New York; and was buried at the Cedar Grove Cemetery in Patchogue.

Sources
 New York Red Book (1917; pg. 190)
 GUIDE FOR VOTERS BY CITIZENS UNION in NYT on October 28, 1917
 HEADS WAR BALLOT AGENCY in NYT on June 13, 1942 (subscription required)
 William T. Simpson, 94, Is Dead in NYT on December 11, 1980 (subscription required)

External links

1886 births
1980 deaths
Republican Party New York (state) state senators
Politicians from Brooklyn
New York Law School alumni
Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly
People from Patchogue, New York
People from St. James, New York
20th-century American politicians


text:
Halfgalg is een verdwenen wijk, gelokaliseerd in Mechelen-Zuid in België.

Langs de oude Brusselsesteenweg richting Zemst kennen alle Mechelaars "den autocontrol", het gebouw waar men eenmaal per jaar met de auto moet binnenwippen voor de controle op rijwaardigheid van zijn voertuig. Aan de achterkant van "den autocontrol" ligt de Zemstbaan, ofwel de oude steenweg naar Brussel. 200 meter terug naar Mechelen kan men onder een korte tunnel rijden. De tunnel komt pal uit in het centrum van de eeuwenoude, maar verdwenen wijk "Halfgalg".

Het enigszins ronde of ovale plein was gedurende eeuwen het centrum van een dertigtal, meestal kleine huizen, die op een eigenaardige manier, zeer dicht tegen elkaar gebouwd werden. Deze constructie was uniek in deze contreien en verdient enig diepgaand onderzoek. De originele huisjes zijn verdwenen na de Tweede Wereldoorlog.

Er bestond in 1776 ter plaatse ook een herberg genaamd "Halve Galge".

Er is tot op heden bijna geen research gedaan naar deze locatie. De geïsoleerde gemeenschap Halfgalg is bijna een vergeten feit in de geschiedenis. Er is weinig wat eraan herinnert, buiten de naam zelf en de Halfgalgstraat, een straat niet ver daarvandaan.

Externe link
 Verdwenen erfgoed in Mechelen-zuid : Het intrigerende gehucht "Halfgalg"

Noten

Kaart

Plaats in Antwerpen (provincie)
Wijk in Mechelen


text:
John Tyrrell, född 17 augusti 1942 i Salisbury i Sydrhodesia (nuvarande Harare i Zimbabwe), död 4 oktober 2018, var en brittisk musikvetare. Tyrrell studerade vid universiteten i Kapstaden och Brno och var sedan verksam som professor vid universitetet i Cardiff. Han publicerade ett stort antal böcker om tonsättaren Leoš Janáček. Han var redaktör på the Musical Times och The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.

Källor

Externa länkar
 Om John Tyrrell på Cardiff School of Music

Födda 1942
Män
Brittiska musikologer
Avlidna 2018
Personer från Harare
Alumner från Oxfords universitet


text:
Шуклино — топоним:

 Шуклино — деревня в Трубчевском районе Брянской области.
 Шуклино — деревня в Устюженском районе Вологодской области.
 Шуклино — деревня в Череповецком районе Вологодской области.
 Шуклино — деревня в Фатежском районе Курской области.
 Шуклино — деревня в Богородском районе Нижегородской области.
 Шуклино — деревня в Даниловском районе Ярославской области.
 Шуклино — узловая железнодорожная станция Ртищевского отделения Юго-Восточной железной дороги на участке Балашов-Ртищево.


text:
Ben Gilliland (born 30 January 1976) is an author, science writer and graphic journalist. Originally from Darlington in County Durham, he now lives and works in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent.

Professional life and awards
From 1999 until 2010 Gilliland worked at the Metro Newspaper in London, initially as the graphics editor. In 2005 he was appointed as editor of MetroCosm, the paper's popular graphics-based science feature created by Gilliland.

After leaving the Metro in 2010, Gilliland pursued a career as a freelance science writer and educator while continuing to create the Cosm series and publish them via CosmOnline.

In April 2015 he was appointed as editor of Astronomy Now magazine, a post first occupied by Patrick Moore, to succeed Keith Cooper from September 2015.

In 2013 Gilliland was awarded the Sir Arthur Clarke Award (popularly known as an "Arthur") for Space Achievement in Media. The award was presented at the UK Space Conference at the Glasgow Science Centre by Tim Peake the UK's first ESA astronaut.

Publications
 100 People Who Made History: Meet the People Who Shaped the Modern World, 2012
 Science But Not As We Know It, 2015
 How to Build a Universe: From the Big Bang to the End of the Universe, 2015

References

Living people
1976 births
British writers
People from East Preston, West Sussex
People from Darlington


text:
Blu è una canzone di Paola & Chiara, pubblicata il 6 maggio 2004 ed estratta come unico singolo dall'album omonimo Blu.

Descrizione
La canzone è stata scritta dalle stesse Paola e Chiara, che ne hanno curato la produzione insieme a Roberto Baldi e Michele Monestiroli. Seconda traccia dell'omonimo album, il brano è stato anche inserito nella compilation blu del Festivalbar 2004, edizione in cui le due sorelle hanno gareggiato con la canzone.

Video musicale
Per il brano è stato prodotto un video musicale, diretto da Tommaso Pellicci, dalle atmosfere leggere ed estive.

Tracce
CD maxi singolo
 Blu – 3:46
 Blu (Blue Sisters In Rhythm Extended Mix) – 6:04
 Aqua – 3:54
 Blu (Piano Vrs) – 3:29

Classifiche

Note

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Erik Lönnroth ist der Name folgender Personen:

*  Erik Lönnroth (Forstwissenschaftler) (1883–1971), finnischer Forstwissenschaftler
  Erik Lönnroth (Historiker) (1910–2002), schwedischer Historiker


text:
Loxozona este un gen de insecte lepidoptere din familia Arctiidae.

Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life:

Referințe

Loxozona


text:
Bartoloměj Kuru (* 6. dubna 1987) je rakouský fotbalový brankář, narozený v Čechách, momentálně hrající za rakouský celek FC Mauerwerk.

Hrál v mládežnických týmech pražské Sparty a Slavie.

Nastoupil v rakouském týmu U19, se kterým skončil na Mistrovství Evropy ve fotbale hráčů do 19 let 2006 v Polsku v semifinále (porážka 0:5 s pozdějším vítězem Španělskem). Zahrál si i na Mistrovství světa ve fotbale hráčů do 20 let 2007 v Kanadě, kde Rakousko podlehlo v semifinále České republice 0:2.

Reference

Externí odkazy

 Profil na transfermarkt.co.uk

Narození v roce 1987
Narození v Nymburce
Žijící lidé
Rakouští fotbalisté
Muži
Fotbalisté SK Slavia Praha
Fotbalisté AC Sparta Praha
Fotbalisté Standardu Lutych
Fotbalisté SV Horn
Fotbalisté Austrie Vídeň
Fotbalisté LASK Linz
Fotbalisté SV Grödig
Fotbalisté DAC Dunajská Streda
Fotbalisté First Vienna FC
Fotbalisté Bohemians Praha 1905
Narození 6. dubna
Fotbalisté SKN St. Pölten


text:
Vojislav Bela Čuzdi (24 October 1926 – 10 January 1997) was a Serbian wrestler. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman welterweight at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1926 births
1997 deaths
Serbian male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers of Yugoslavia
Wrestlers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing


text:
Crathie Kirk is a small Church of Scotland parish church in the Scottish village of Crathie, best known for being the regular place of worship of the British royal family when they are in residence at the nearby Balmoral Castle.

Crathie Kirk is now united with neighbouring Braemar to form a single parish with two places of worship. Eventually this parish will be further enlarged to include Glenmuick (Ballater). The minister (since 2005) is Kenneth Mackenzie. Mackenzie was previously minister of the Church of Scotland congregation in Budapest, Hungary (1999–2005).

History
Crathie has been a place of Christian worship since the 9th century when a church was founded on the banks of the River Dee by Saint Manire (Bishop of Aberdeenshire and Banff and a follower of Saint Columba, the pioneer of Christianity in Scotland). It is traditionally held that Manire baptised Pictish converts in a pool of the Dee east of the modern village of Crathie. A single standing stone at Rinabaich is all that remains of Manire's church (where Manire himself is reputedly buried). Subsequent places of worship were situated further west, near the location of present-day Crathie village. The ruins of a 13th-century church, dedicated to Saint Manire, stand on the riverbank south of the current structure.

A later church was built at the current site in 1805. Queen Victoria worshipped there from 1848, and every British monarch since has worshipped at Crathie Kirk. Victoria laid the foundation stone for a new, much larger, church in 1893. Victoria's decision to worship at Crathie Kirk initially caused a scandal, particularly when it was discovered that she had received communion there. As Supreme Governor of the Anglican Church of England, it was expected that she would worship in the Scottish Episcopal Church, which recognised the authority of the archbishop of Canterbury, although to do so would have been illegal since in her own words "Scotch bishops are mere dissenters".

Anne, Princess Royal married Timothy Laurence, then a commander in the Royal Navy, at Crathie Kirk, on 12 December 1992. The couple chose to marry in Scotland as the Church of England did not, at the time, permit remarriage after divorce. The Church of Scotland, which does not consider marriage to be a sacrament, has no objection to remarriage after divorce, depending on the circumstances which led to the end of the previous marriage. The British royal family attended the Sunday service here after the death of Diana, Princess of Wales on the morning of 31 August 1997.

Architecture

The walls are built of local granite and the roof made of Scots pine. Building materials were donated by the surrounding estates, and £5000 raised from the local population to fund construction. A gift of £2,000 was made by Queen Victoria's daughters Princess Beatrice and Princess Louise who raised the money at a Bazaar held in the grounds of Balmoral Castle.

The church, built in the fashionable Gothic revival style by Elgin architect A. Marshall Mackenzie, was completed in 1895. Marshall Mackenzie then went on to build St Ninian's Chapel, Braemar, for Queen Victoria's grandson-in-law, the 1st Duke of Fife. Crathie Kirk's south transept is reserved for royal use. The north transept contains pews belonging to the Farquharson family, Lairds of Invercauld and owners of Braemar Castle and to the Gordon family, Lairds of Abergeldie and owners of nearby Abergeldie Castle.

Royal connections
 Queen Victoria donated two stained glass windows which commemorate author and social reformer Reverend Norman MacLeod, and endowed the Father Willis organ that stood in the kirk between 1895 and 2003.
 Victoria's highland servant John Brown is buried in the churchyard.
 Princess Beatrice, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria, donated four bells which continue to hang in the belltower.
 Edward VII donated two marble medallions commemorating his brother Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and sister Victoria, Princess Royal and Empress Frederick.
 Edward's son George V donated a communion table dedicated to the memory of his father.  This was made from white marble quarried on the island of Iona, the site of Columba's monastery.
 Elizabeth II donated a Bible decorated with the royal coat of arms.
 Following the death of Elizabeth II at Balmoral, the church held a private service for members of the Royal Family on 10 September 2022.

Ministers
1563 – Sir Laurence Coutts
1567 – Richard Christison
1574 – John Wilson
1576–85 – Archibald Wilson
1590–1608 – David Sanderson
1626–63 – Alexander Ferries (Ferguson) M.A.
1669–99 – William Robertson M.A.
1700–14 – Adam Ferguson M.A.
1715–48 – John McInnes M.A.
1784–88 – James Wilson M.A.
1789–1822 – Charles McHardy M.A.
1822–40 - Alexander McFarlane
1840–63 – Archibald Anderson M.A.
1864–74 – Alexander Minty Beattie M.A.
1867–73 – Malcolm Campbell Taylor M.A.
1874–96 – Archibald Alexander Campbell D.D.
1897–1918 – Samuel James Ramsay Sibbald M.V.O., D.D
1919–41 – John Stirton C.V.O., D.D.
1937–63 – John Lamb C.V.O., D.D.
1964–71 – Ronald Henderson Gunn Budge M.V.O., M.A.
1972–77 – Thomas James Trail Nichol M.V.O., M.B.E., M.C., M.A., D.D.
1979–96 – James Alexander Keith Angus T.D., M.A., L.V.O.
1996–2005 – Robert P. Sloan M.A., B.D.
Since 2005 – Kenneth I. Mackenzie B.D., C.P.S.

Burials of note

John Brown

See also
 List of Church of Scotland parishes

References

External links

 Information on the history of the Crathie parish
 Photo of Crathie Kirk

Churches in Aberdeenshire
Church of Scotland churches in Scotland
Category B listed buildings in Aberdeenshire
Listed churches in Scotland


text:
John Luther Mercer (born 17 August 1981) is a British politician and former British Army officer who has served as Minister of State for Veterans' Affairs since October 2022, having previously served from July 2022 to September 2022. He was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence People and Veterans from July 2019 to April 2021. Mercer has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Plymouth Moor View since 2015. He is a member of the Conservative Party.

In April 2021, after notifying the chief whip of his intention to resign his position as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, he was dismissed by Prime Minister Boris Johnson. In July 2022, he was appointed Minister for Veterans' Affairs at the Cabinet Office – attending Cabinet – following Johnson's announcing his intention to resign as Leader of the Conservative Party. Mercer was dismissed from the position in September 2022 by Prime Minister Liz Truss. In October 2022, he was reappointed Minister of State for Veterans' Affairs by Truss's successor Rishi Sunak.

Early life and career
John Mercer was born in Dartford on 17 August 1981. The son of a banker and a nurse, he grew up in a strict Baptist family with seven siblings. Between 1995 and 2000, he was educated at Eastbourne College, a co-educational independent school in Eastbourne in East Sussex. After completing school, he worked as an intern in the City of London from 2000 to 2002.

Military career
Mercer was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery after graduating from the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, in June 2003 and was promoted to lieutenant in April 2005. Mercer passed the All Arms Commando Course and served mostly with 29 Commando Regiment Royal Artillery and 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery. He served three tours in Afghanistan: as a liaison and training officer with Afghan forces; attached to a Special Forces unit; and as a co-ordinator of artillery and air strikes in support of ground operations. Mercer retired from military service in December 2013 with the rank of captain.

In June 2017, two years after becoming an MP, Mercer published We Were Warriors: One Soldier's Story of Brutal Combat, a memoir of his upbringing and army service, especially his time in Afghanistan.

Mercer worked to help military veterans to obtain a veterans ID card before stepping down from the position of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence People and Veterans in April 2021.

Political career

Member of Parliament
Mercer has said publicly that he had not been politically active in his younger years and the first time he voted was for himself when he first ran for office. He said that he entered politics with a view to improving the care of veterans and felt that he was a Conservative because he regarded a "massive welfare state that saps the ambition and drive of a younger generation" as a problem. After contacting ex-military Conservative MP Bob Stewart, he was selected as the Conservative Party candidate for Plymouth Moor View two months after leaving the army in February 2014.

Mercer has said he was largely responsible for organising his own campaign "on the cheap". To raise funds, he worked on building sites and appeared in a Dove shower gel advertisement.

He was elected to the House of Commons as the Member of Parliament for Plymouth Moor View at the 2015 general election, defeating the incumbent Labour MP, Alison Seabeck. Mercer delivered his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 1 June 2015, stating his "main missions" in Parliament to be improving provision for mental health and support for war veterans. He has been critical of the Iraq Historic Allegations Team.

Mercer was opposed to Brexit prior to the 2016 EU referendum. He later said that the result to leave should be respected. Mercer was re-elected with an increased majority at the snap 2017 general election, and has focused on care for veterans.

In July 2018 Mercer appeared in Celebrity Hunted, a Channel 4 television programme where participants go on the run and images are released of them so people can try to track them down. While taking part in the programme he missed the meeting of the Health and Social Care Committee, of which he was a member, shortly before Parliament rose for the summer recess. Mercer defended his decision, stating that he had used his position to raise money for charity and had brought his parliamentary roles into filming.

In October 2018, Mercer took on a second job working 20 hours a month as a consultant to Crucial Academy for a salary of £85,000 (equivalent to £350 per hour). Local Labour candidate Charlotte Holloway accused him of neglecting his constituency duties to earn a "staggering" amount of money. Mercer said the accusation "smacked of political jealousy". In April 2019 the BBC reported that his salary at Crucial Academy was funded by the marketing agent for the failed London Capital and Finance bond scheme, although Crucial Group later denied this.

In an interview with The House magazine in October 2018, Mercer suggested that his values no longer aligned with the current Conservative party leadership and said there would be "absolutely no chance" that he would start as a candidate of the party at this time.

In the House of Commons he has sat on the Defence Committee, the Defence Sub-Committee (2015–19) and the Health and Social Care Committee (2017–19).

On 8 May 2019, Mercer announced that he would no longer support the government's legislative agenda until it ended the system for prosecuting historical allegations against British soldiers, in particular in relation to actions during the British Army's presence in Northern Ireland during the Troubles of the latter third of the twentieth century.

Expenses
Mercer has been challenged over his expenses several times. His campaign to get elected as an MP in 2015 was subsequently the subject of a police investigation following allegations that it breached rules on campaign spending. Mercer admitted to police that his account of expenses had been incorrect, but stated that the errors were minor and his spending had not breached legal limits. The Crown Prosecution Service decided not to charge him, and the case was dropped.

In November 2015, he was criticised by the TaxPayers' Alliance after it was revealed he had purchased five Apple iMac computers on his Commons expenses, rather than 'cheaper equivalents'. Mercer responded that the purchases were appropriate and 'were cheaper than the desktop computers offered to MPs by the House of Commons' official supplier'. He was criticised in May 2016 for claiming £2,500 on expenses for "professional services" on social media management, and in December 2017 the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority opened an investigation to determine whether Mercer had been paid business expenses he should not have been.

As of 2015, Mercer employed his wife on a part-time basis.

Junior ministerial role
Mercer was an early backer of Boris Johnson in the 2019 Conservative Party leadership election. He said that he believed "Boris is the man of the moment" and was capable of securing a better Brexit deal for the United Kingdom. On 28 July 2019, Mercer was appointed as Minister for Defence People and Veterans in Johnson's government. In the role, Mercer's responsibility includes armed forces personnel and veterans' welfare. Mercer was also tasked by the Prime Minister to focus on ending the legal pursuit of former service personnel, especially those who had served during the Troubles in Northern Ireland.

On 27 September 2019, Mercer was accused of having broken the ministerial code for not resigning from his role at a training firm whilst in government. He held a second job as a director of Crucial Academy Ltd, which retrains former military personnel. Shadow Cabinet ministers Tom Watson and Nia Griffith wrote a letter to the Cabinet Secretary Mark Sedwill asking him to investigate whether Mercer had broken the code through his directorship at the company.

Mercer held his seat in the 2019 general election, increasing his majority to nearly 13,000 votes.

On 20 April 2021, Mercer was "sacked by text" after offering to resign at the end of Wednesday 21 April, but refusing to go earlier. In a tweet, Mercer said he was "relieved of [his] responsibilities in Government" because of his disagreements with the scope of the proposed Overseas Operations Bill. The bill was designed to protect veterans from vexatious allegations but Human Rights Watch argued that the law's enactment would give immunity to British soldiers from prosecution for war crimes and other serious crimes against humanity. Because the bill only covered operations conducted outside the United Kingdom, Mercer said it was a "red line" for him that British soldiers who served in Northern Ireland would be excluded from the Bill. The bill's key proposals were rejected by the House of Lords. Mercer told Times Radio that he thought the Second Johnson ministry was "the most distrustful, awful environment I've ever worked in".

He returned to government after the 2022 British cabinet reshuffle as Minister of State for Veterans' Affairs, attending Cabinet. In July 2022 he was appointed as a member of the Privy Council. He was removed from this position on 6 September 2022 when Liz Truss became prime minister, an act which prompted Mercer's wife to call Truss "an imbecile". Mercer was reappointed to his previous role as Minister of State for Veterans' Affairs, attending Cabinet, following Rishi Sunak's appointment as Prime Minister.

Personal life
Mercer is married to Felicity and they have three children. The family live in a small village on the edge of Bodmin Moor, in Cornwall. For his work in Parliament, Mercer said in 2016 that he stays in a hotel on expenses. When first elected, he slept in East London on his boat several nights a week, stating in The Daily Telegraph at the time that it reduced his expenses costs. After local media reported he had started using hotels instead, he said it was due to the weather conditions and that his expenses claims were still lower than the maximum that could be allowed.

On a summer boat trip in 2016, he rescued fellow Conservative MP Scott Mann who jumped into the water having been "ashamed to admit" he could not swim. In 2018 he won Channel 4's Celebrity Hunted Stand Up to Cancer, sharing the title with AJ Pritchard. In August 2020, Mercer sustained a head injury while canoeing on the Tamar, which was treated at Launceston medical centre; he subsequently spent three nights in Derriford hospital, following an infection complication requiring surgery.

In December 2022, Mercer said that he had received death threats and online abuse from an anonymous person in Plymouth.

Honours

 He was sworn as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 19 July 2022, entitling him to the honorific prefix "The Right Honourable" for life.

Notes

References

External links
Official website

Ex-Army heads criticise investigation into Iraq abuse allegations on the BBC website

1981 births
British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
British Army Commandos officers
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Devon
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Living people
People educated at Eastbourne College
Royal Artillery officers
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
People from Dartford
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Politicians from Plymouth, Devon


text:
Unter Bakteriose versteht man allgemein eine durch Bakterien verursachte Krankheit. Der Begriff ist vor allem bei Pflanzenkrankheiten gebräuchlich, die durch Bakterien hervorgerufen werden.

Die Ausbreitung von Bakteriosen kann durch die Kontrolle der Infektionswege verhindert werden. In Analogie zur Therapie bakterieller Erkrankungen bei Menschen und Tieren können auch zur Behandlung von bakteriellen Pflanzenkrankheiten Antibiotika eingesetzt werden.

Einzelnachweise

 Bakteriose


text:
Milanovo je lahko:
 Milanovo, Leskovac (Srbija)
 Milanovo, Vranje (Srbija)


text:
Market Street is a major thoroughfare in San Francisco, California. It begins at The Embarcadero in front of the Ferry Building at the northeastern edge of the city and runs southwest through downtown, passing the Civic Center and the Castro District, to the intersection with Portola Drive in the Twin Peaks neighborhood. Beyond this point, the roadway continues into the southwestern quadrant of San Francisco. Portola Drive extends south to the intersection of St. Francis Boulevard and Sloat Boulevard, where it continues as Junipero Serra Boulevard.

Market Street is the boundary of two street grids. Streets on its southeast side are parallel or perpendicular to Market Street, while those on the northwest are nine degrees off from the cardinal directions.

Market Street is a major transit artery for the city of San Francisco, and has carried in turn horse-drawn streetcars, cable cars, electric streetcars, electric trolleybuses, and diesel buses. Today Muni's buses, trolleybuses, and heritage streetcars (on the F Market line) share the street, while below the street the two-level Market Street subway carries Muni Metro and Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). While cable cars no longer operate on Market Street, the surviving cable car lines terminate directly adjacent to the street at its intersections with California Street and Powell Street.

History

Initial surveying and clearing

In 1839, the first street grid was laid in the Mexican trading post of Yerba Buena by Jean Jacques Vioget, largely aligned with the cardinal directions, with blocks measuring . Yerba Buena was renamed to San Francisco in 1847 after it was captured by United States troops during the Mexican–American War. Market Street, which cuts across the city for  from the waterfront to the hills of Twin Peaks, was laid out originally in an 1847 survey by Jasper O'Farrell, a 26-year-old trained civil engineer who had immigrated there.

Market Street was described at the time as an arrow aimed straight at "Los Pechos de la Chola" (the Breasts of the Maiden), now called Twin Peaks. Property owners forced O'Farrell to retain the earlier Vioget-drawn north-south Yerba Buena street grid rather than conform the roads to the hilly topography; they also forced him to establish the diagonally-offset grid south of Market with larger  blocks aligned with Mission Street for Happy Valley. Market was laid out to transition between the two competing street grids, parallel to and one block north of Mission.

O'Farrell first repaired Vioget's original layout of the settlement centered around Portsmouth Square, and then established Market Street as the widest street in town:  between property lines. However, the width of Market also aroused the ire of property owners, who felt the new street was excessively wide and potentially encroached on their holdings; they made preparations to lynch O'Farrell. In Forgotten Pioneers, T. F. Prendergast recounts:

When the engineer had completed his map of Market Street and the southern part of the city, what was regarded as the abnormal width of the proposed street excited part of the populace, and an indignation meeting was held to protest against the plan as wanton disregard for rights of landowners; and the mob, for such it was, decided for lynch law. A friend warned O'Farrell before the crowd had dispersed. He rode with all haste to North Beach, took a boat for Sausalito, and thence put distance behind him on fast horses in relay until he reached his retreat in Sonoma. He found it discreet to remain some time in the country before venturing to return to the city.

At the time, the Market Street right-of-way was blocked by a sixty-foot sand dune where the Palace Hotel is now (at the intersection with New Montgomery), and a hundred yards further west stood a second sandhill nearly ninety feet tall. The dunes were leveled between 1852–54 and 1859–73, first by James Cunningham, who was responsible for levelling the area around Second and Montgomery, and then by David "Steam Paddy" Hewes; Hewes purchased the steam shovel (nicknamed "Steam Paddy" as it was reputed to be able to do the work of a dozen Irishmen) that had been brought to San Francisco by Cunningham during the earlier period.

The sand removed was used to fill Yerba Buena Cove between Portsmouth Square and Happy Valley at First and Mission Street; Mission Bay at Fourth and Townsend; and for the construction of the San Francisco and San Jose Railroad. Over those years, up to  of sand were moved per day, clearing approximately  of sand dunes, some of which had risen up to  above the present-day level of Market Street.

Growth

Hewes was also granted the right to lay tracks on Market to Beale to carry away the sand he was clearing. The Hewes Steam Paddy line carried  of sand per 18-car load, with trains running every half-hour.

The first horsecar-powered railway line to open in San Francisco commenced running down the thoroughfare on July 4, 1860, operating under the Market Street Railroad Company. By 1918 Muni was in direct competition with the United Railroads of San Francisco (the successor company to the Market Street RailRoad Company) down the length of Market Street; the two operators each operated their own pair of rail tracks down that thoroughfare, which came to be known as the 'roar of the four'. The two Union Railroad tracks were on the inside and the two San Francisco Municipal Railway tracks were on the outside.

In 1892 The Owl Drug Company was established at 1128 Market Street and later grew into a leading American drugstore retailer.

Earthquake and fire

Early in the morning of April 18, 1906, an earthquake lasting less than a minute and subsequent fire left many of the buildings along Market Street in ruins; in some cases, buildings were dynamited to prevent the spread of flames. The burned area extended from Dolores and Franklin east to the waterfront. Within days, prominent citizens and property owners announced plans to rebuild their buildings along Market. United Railroads traffic was temporarily rerouted to Fillmore Street, and repairs to the tracks on Market were underway by April 22.

Willis Polk designed the Path of Gold Street Lamps in 1908 for United Railways' trolley poles with street lights. The tops were designed in 1916 by sculptor Leo Lentelli and engineer Walter D'Arcy Ryan. The Winning of the West bases were designed by sculptor Arthur Putnam and feature three historical subjects: covered wagons, mountain lions, and alternating prospectors and Indians. The City required the highly ornamental poles to permit the much-opposed overhead trolley wires.

Market Street Redevelopment Plan

Shortly after voters approved the creation of the Bay Area Rapid Transit District in 1962, the report What to Do About Market Street was published by the San Francisco Planning and Urban Renewal Association (SPUR). A group of businessmen and property owners had commissioned SPUR to lead a team of city planners, designers, and real estate experts to form a plan which would "put new life into Market Street as a center of Bay Area business, shopping, and entertainment."

Halprin and Associates, led by landscape architect Lawrence Halprin, was responsible for "The Look of Market Street" chapter in What to Do About Market Street; Halprin took a walk from the waterfront to Van Ness to develop his ideas, and realized "the five Market Streets should have five distinctive characters", making suggestions for each district.

At the same time, the City Planning department commissioned the architecture firm led by Mario Ciampi to create the Downtown Plan, which was published in 1963 and recommended that Market be limited to buses and emergency vehicles; it also called for extending the Central Freeway under Van Ness and the downtown area via a new tunnel. The limited-access Market would extend all the way from The Embarcadero to Van Ness.

The San Francisco Municipal Railway streetcars were moved underground as Muni Metro in concert with the development of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system in the late 1960s. Construction of the Market Street subway commenced in July 1967. Prolonged disruption to what had traditionally been the social and economic center of the city contributed to the decline of the mid-Market shopping district in later years. On June 4, 1968, voters in San Francisco approved Proposition A, which issued $24.5 million in bonds to pay for the reconstruction and improvement of Market Street to follow the completion of the double-decked subway.

In 1980, Muni's surface operations were partially routed underground with full service changes occurring in 1982. While there were initially no plans to retain the surface tracks, several Historic Trolley Festivals in 1980s had proven popular enough to reinstate operations in the form of the F Market historic streetcar line.

Traffic changes

On September 29, 2009, traffic-calming efforts took effect for a six-week test in which private automobiles would be restricted in travelling east from Sixth Street towards the Ferry Building. All eastbound traffic was encouraged to turn right onto 10th Street and then required to do so at 8th Street.  Eastbound traffic entering Market from Seventh Street was required to exit Market at Sixth. These efforts followed recent urban planning trends seeking to make streets safer and more pleasant. Drivers failing to comply faced fines.

These changes were later made permanent. Planning efforts began in 2012 to ban private automobiles from Market Street altogether between Franklin and Steuart streets, in order to provide a better environment for transit, cyclists, and pedestrians. On August 11, 2015, the city banned private vehicles from turning onto Market Street between Third and Eighth streets.

In December 2013, the city launched free Wi-Fi internet access along Market Street.

Better Market Street

A project called Better Market Street was started under Gavin Newsom's administration to improve transportation on the corridor for people who walk, use bicycles, or ride public transit. Early efforts included traffic circulations trials in 2009 which disallowed right turns for automobiles on parts of the street.
With Gavin Newsom stepping down as mayor in 2011, Mayor Ed Lee continued planning for Better Market Street and announced a series of public workshops.

Originally, the street redesign was intended to be implemented around 2013-2014 when Market Street was scheduled to be repaved. By 2013 the project had been delayed twice; first to 2015 and subsequently to 2017. After further delays, the most recent iteration of the project began implementation in 2020 under Mayor London Breed's administration.

The project initially proposed three alternative designs for Market Street: two that would provide transit priority and improved bicycle infrastructure in the form of raised cycle tracks, and one that would separate bicycle infrastructure onto Mission Street instead. In 2018, the project was redesigned with a new alternative that would keep the cycle tracks on Market Street but would implement them as sidewalk-level bicycle lanes.

The project would also reconfigure the transit boarding islands for buses and streetcars with two sets of boarding islands: a set on the inside for rapid service with larger stop spacing, and a set on the outside for local service. If implemented fully, the project is expected to cost at least $500 million and also include repaving the sidewalk and reconstructing sewer and utility lines under the street. In March 2019, a draft environmental impact report (EIR) for the project was released, with a final approval for the EIR expected later in 2019. The full plan was approved by the city in October 2019,
including a short-term implementation plan that would disallow private automobiles on most of Market Street and a long-term plan that would include rebuilding much of the street.

The transition to a car-free Market Street began on January 29, 2020. Studies released in late February indicated 6-12% travel time savings for transit routes on Market Street after the implementation, with negligible traffic effects on other streets.

Sectors
What to Do About Market Street, published in December 1962, organized Market into five distinct districts, from east to west:

In 2013, an updated list of six districts was published by the Better Market Street initiative. The list extends the western boundary to Octavia and largely follows the boundaries laid out in 1962:

Central Market Community Benefit District extends from Fifth to Ninth Streets, and is considered part of either the "Mid Market" or "South of Market" areas.

Festivities

Market Street parades have long marked global events, such as the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, the Preparedness Day bombing of 1916, the parade of the influenza-masked revelers of the first Armistice Day, the 1934 general strike that paralyzed the ports of the Pacific Coast, and the end of World War II. In the days of the first United Nations conferences, Anthony Eden, Molotov, Stettinius, and Bidault rode up Market Street, waving to the crowds of hopefuls.

On Christmas Eve 1910, opera singer Luisa Tetrazzini (for whom the dish Tetrazzini was named) sang a free outdoor concert to a crowd some estimated at 250,000, following a dispute with Oscar Hammerstein.  Another historic Market Street event was the New Year's Eve celebration at the Ferry Building on December 31, 1999.  Over 1.2 million people jammed Market Street and nearby streets for the raucous and peaceful turn-of-the-century celebration.

The San Francisco Gay Pride parade runs down Market Street, attracting many people every year.

Victory parades celebrating the San Francisco Giants' World Series titles were held on Market Street in 2010, 2012, and 2014.

See also

 A Trip Down Market Street, 1906 phantom ride film of a cable car traveling down the street

References

External links

 "A Trip Down Market Street, April 14, 1906," restored and colorized film.

Streets in San Francisco
Busking venues
Economy of San Francisco
History of San Francisco
Lincoln Highway
Shopping districts and streets in the United States


text:
Famiglia
Andronico Ducas nacque dall'unione del cesare Giovanni Ducas e di Irene Pegonitissa. Suo padre era fratello dell'imperatore bizantino Costantino X Ducas. Suo nonno materno era Niceta Pegonite. Lo stesso Andronico era cugino di Michele VII Ducas.

Vita a corte
Andronico fece parte, con lo zio Costantino X, della corte bizantina, ma dopo la morte di quest'ultimo, avvenuta nel maggio del 1068, salì al trono Romano IV il secondo marito della basilissa Eudocia Macrembolitissa, vedova di Costantino. Costui non era ben visto né da Andronico, né dalla famiglia dei Ducas, soprattutto dal padre Giovanni. Tutti iniziarono a tramare contro il nuovo imperatore, con la speranza di insediare un Ducas sul trono. Andronico non sopportava Romano, e dimostrava apertamente il suo odio nei confronti del nuovo imperatore.

Battaglia di Manzicerta

Stranamente Romano IV decise di portare con sé Andronico, per combattere i turchi selgiuchidi, in quella che poi sarebbe stata la battaglia di Manzicerta. Ad Andronico fu assegnato il compito di comandare la retroguardia bizantina, i cosiddetti "coscritti della nobiltà", costituita da  uomini. Suo compito consisteva, qualora un settore dello schieramento bizantino si fosse indebolito, di mandare sul posto i soldati della retroguardia, per non permetterne lo sfondamento da parte del nemico. Verso il tardo pomeriggio del 26 agosto 1071, l'esercito bizantino ingaggiò battaglia contro i turchi selgiuchidi, che erano comandati da Alp Arslan. Romano IV aveva appena dato l'ordine di tornare all'accampamento, quando iniziò l'attacco. L'esercito bizantino, colto di sorpresa, fu preso dal panico, con l'ala destra in completo sbandamento e il centro,  dove si trovava l'imperatore, attaccato con violenza. Si era sparsa addirittura la falsa voce che l'imperatore fosse morto, voce che raggiunse Andronico. Costui la accettò con soddisfazione, tanto che ordinò ai suoi uomini la ritirata, e a loro si unirono anche i mercenari francesi, lasciando così gli altri  soldati bizantini agli ordini dell'Imperatore, in balìa del nemico, e senza rinforzi. Gli storici stigmatizzarono quest'atto che Andronico compì per tradire Romano IV assicurando così l'Impero a un esponente della sua famiglia. A salire al trono fu infatti suo cugino Michele VII Ducas, ma la battaglia di Manzicerta fu persa. Con ogni probabilità i bizantini avrebbero vinto senza questo suo tradimento. L'avvenimento sembrò quasi preannunciare la successiva caduta dell'impero bizantino, visto che, con questa sconfitta, i bizantini persero la massima parte dell'Asia Minore.

Usurpazione al trono da parte dei Ducas
Fuggito dal campo di battaglia, Andronico si diresse subito con il suo esercito a Costantinopoli. Nella capitale c'era il padre Giovanni che lo attendeva con il fratello Costantino Ducas. Costoro si erano assicurati la fedeltà delle guardie variaghe che vennero divise in due gruppi: il primo accompagnò Giovanni, e l'altro Andronico. Giovanni si recò negli appartamenti dell'imperatrice e l'arrestò, mentre Andronico con i suoi uomini si impadronì del palazzo imperiale e proclamò il cugino Michele VII, Basilues di Bisanzio. Eudocia fu rapata e obbligata a farsi suora, mentre Michele VII fu proclamato imperatore a Santa Sofia e incoronato dal patriarca di Costantinopoli in persona, come voleva la tradizione bizantina.

Nel 1072 Romano IV fu liberato da Alp Arslan dopo aver giurato che l'impero bizantino avrebbe pagato subito, un milione di pezzi d'oro, cui si sarebbe aggiunto un tributo annuale di altri trentaseimila pezzi. Arrivata la notizia a Costantinopoli, l'Imperatore Michele VII capì che doveva agire, e quindi assegnò tre eserciti, uno ad Andronico, uno a Costantino, e l'ultimo, il maggiore, al cesare Giovanni. Nel frattempo Romano aveva radunato i resti della sua vecchia armata, e in più si erano uniti a lui uomini di Alp Arslan, che avevano interesse ad insediarlo nuovamente sul trono di Bisanzio, affinché costui potesse pagare il tributo promesso. Romano IV venne ripetutamente sconfitto da Giovanni e in Cilicia depose le armi davanti all'esercito di Andronico. In cambio della promessa che non gli fosse fatto alcun male, si impegnò a non rivendicare in futuro il trono: promise infatti di ritirarsi a vita privata in un monastero. Stranamente Andronico acconsentì nonostante l'odio che nel passato aveva nutrito nei suoi confronti. Romano IV fu messo a cavallo di un mulo, e schernito per più di ottocento chilometri (da Adana a Cotiaeum). Il 29 giugno del 1072, contrariamente ai patti stipulati, il prigioniero fu accecato. Andronico stesso era contrario a quell'atto, voluto invece da Costantino e Giovanni. Raggiunta Costantinopoli, l'imperatore Michele VII inviò Romano in un monastero dell'isola di Proti, dove egli morì lo stesso anno, a causa delle ferite riportate mentre gli strappavano gli occhi.

Ultimi anni
Nel 1074, insieme al padre Giovanni, Andronico guidò l'esercito imperiale contro i mercenari ribelli condotti da Roussel di Bailleul. Entrambi però vennero catturati. Andronico, ferito e bisognoso di cure che poteva trovare solo a Costantinopoli, venne liberato. La sua salute sembrò migliorare per alcuni anni, ma il 14 ottobre del 1077 morì a causa di un edema.

Famiglia

Andronico Ducas si sposò con Maria di Bulgaria, figlia di Troian, quest'ultimo era un figlio dell'imperatore Ivan Vladislav di Bulgaria. Da questa unione nacquero almeno cinque figli:
 Michele Ducas.
 Giovanni Ducas.
 Irene Ducaena moglie di Alessio I Comneno.
 Anna Ducaena moglie di Giorgio Paleologo.
 Teodora Ducaena.

Bibliografia

 Gianfranco Cimino, L'esercito Romano d'Oriente, edizioni Chillemi, 2009, ISBN 978-88-903765-0-4

Domestikos tōn scholōn
Andronico Ducas


text:
Mercedes-Benz C215 — кодове позначення купе CL-класу другого покоління німецької марки Mercedes-Benz, що випускалося з 1999 по 2006 роки.

Опис

Модель ознаменувала собою друге покоління утвореного в 1996-му році CL-класу, в який була виділена купе-версія S-класу. У автомобіля був окремий номер кузова, але шасі і трансмісія були однаковими з седаном W220 S-класу, що випускався паралельно.

Автомобіль спочатку вироблявся в двох модифікаціях CL500 і CL600. На початку 2000 року з'явилася модель CL55 AMG.

У 2002 році автомобіль отримав капітальне оновлення, потрібно відзначити, якщо W220 залишив не найкращу репутацію надійності, то C215 за все своє виробництво не мав подібної критики. AMG в 2004 році ввела модель CL65 AMG з бітурбованим двигуном V12 потужністю 612 к.с.

Високо оцінений, CL63 AMG був найрідкіснішим з усіх версій C215. Він був випущений лише в листопаді 2001 року, 51 екземпляр, і фактично лише 26 з них були випущені для широкого загалу. 26 одиниць CL63 AMG V12 були продані лише в Європі та Азії, тоді як у березні 2002 року невелику кількість правосторонніх агрегатів було зареєстровано у Великій Британії. Насправді сам Mercedes-Benz ніколи не пропонував CL63 W215 на продаж. Усі вони продавалися виключно через дочірню компанію AMG за базовою ціною за тодішнім обмінним курсом 200 000 доларів.

Всього до кінця виробництва (березень 2006) було побудовано 46.600 автомобілів.

Двигуни

Див. також
Mercedes-Benz W209
Mercedes-Benz R230
Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren

Посилання

Автомобілі Mercedes-Benz


text:
One Tree Hill és una sèrie de televisió estatunidenca d'adolescents creada per Mark Schwahn i emesa per primer cop el 23 d'abril de 2003 per la The WB Network. Després de la tercera temporada, The WB es va fusionar amb UPN per formar The CW Network, i des del 27 de setembre de 2006 és el canal official de l'emissió del serial als Estats Units. L'acció es desenvolupa a la vil·la fictícia de Tree Hill a Carolina del Nord i inicialment relatava la vida de dos germanastres, Lucas Scott (Chad Michael Murray) i Nathan Scott (James Lafferty).

Argument
La història se situa a Tree Hill, un petit poble de Carolina del Nord. En Lucas i en Nathan són dos nois completament diferents, però comparteixen la passió pel bàsquet i el mateix pare, en Dan. Per una part, en Nathan és el líder de l'equip de bàsquet de l'institut i, prové d'una família benestant formada per la seva mare la Deb i el seu pare en Dan. Per altra banda, en Lucas juga al bàsquet a la pista del riu amb els seus amics i, va ser criat per la seva mare la Karen, la qual és la propietària d'un cafè local i, pel seu tiet Keith, el qual és propietari d'un taller mecànic.

En Keith és amic i ex jugador de l'entrenador de bàsquet de l'equip de l'institut de Tree hill Whitey Durha i, li demana que incorpori en Lucas a l'equip, ja que presenta unes bones qualitats com a jugador. Quan aconsegueix entrar als "Ravens", equip capitanejat pel seu germà Nathan, que el posa en evidència pels seus orígens humils, provocant picabaralles entre ells. En els primers capítols en Lucas ens mostra la doble atracció per la novia d'en Nathan, Peyton i, per la millor amiga d'aquesta, la Brooke. Per altra banda, és el mateix Nathan que comença a rebre classes particulars de la Haley, la millor amiga d'en Lucas, degut al seu baix rendiment escolar i, en un principi l'escull i la vol seduir per molestar al seu germà, però a poc a poc es va enamorant d'ella, la qual el correspon, cosa que fa augmentar el malestar entre els dos germans.

Fent referència als personatges adults, trobem el matrimoni d'en Dan i la Deb, un matrimoni que comença després de quedar embarassada d'en Nathan durant la seva etapa universitària. En l'etapa d'institut, en Dan va deixar embarassada a la Karen, relació de la que neix en Lucas, però en aquest cas decideix abandonar a la Karen i al seu fill Lucas, ja que preferia seguir amb la seva carrera de bàsquet a la universitat, ja que era un gran jugador. En Keith, germà d'en Dan, ajuda a la karen amb la criança d'en Lucas, arribant a ser considerat un pare per aquest. En Keith està enamorat de la Karen des de l'institut.

A partir de la cinquena temporada es produeix un gran salt, se'ns presenta als personatges quatre anys després (un cop finalitzada la universitat d'alguns i les feines d'altres), tots acaben tornant a casa seva, a Tree Hill.

A la sisena temporada dos dels protagonistes se'n van i no tornen a sortir fins al final de la sèrie on només acaba sortint un d'ells, el Lucas.

Al llarg de les temporades veiem com en Nathan i en Lucas superen les seves diferències, mantenint una relació de germans, la Peyton aconsegueix muntar la seva pròpia discogràfica i es casa amb el Lucas, el qual és entrenador i escriptor. La Haley després de superar els problemes matrimonials amb el Nathan degut a la seva gira, tenen un fill meravellós i més tard una filla, en Jamie i la Lídia, ella torna a la música i en Nathan aconsegueix entrar a la NBA. La Brooke és la propietària de la companyia Clothes Over Bros, companyia de molt èxit, es fa responsable d'una adolescent, la Sammantha (Sam), acollint-la i ajudant-la a superar els problemes. En Dan compleix condemna per matar el seu germà Keith i quan surt, intenta buscar el perdó de tots i, intenta ser el millor avi per al seu net James Lucas Scott.

L'última temporada segresten al Nathan i el Dan fa tot el possible per trobar-lo, al final, quan el troba, amb l'ajut d'alguns dels altres personatges, disparen al Nathan, però el seu pare, en Dan, es posa al davant i li salva la vida. És llavors quan el Nathan el perdona, i quan en Dan s'està a punt de morir veu al seu germà en Keith (també mort, assassinat per ell), el qual l'hi diu que no està enfadat i que també el perdona.

Temporades

Personatges
 Lucas Scott (Chad Michael Murray), (Fixe: Temporades 1-6):
Nom complet: Lucas Eugene Scott. Personatge principal de la sèrie amb la Peyton Sawyer (Hilarie Burton). És el fill de la Karen Roe i d'en Dan Scott, els quals van ser parella durant l'institut, i que en Dan va abandonar per a seguir jugant al bàsquet a la universitat. És el nebot d'en Keith Scott, el qual fa de figura paterna. És el germà d'en Nathan Scott per part de pare i, germà de la Lili Roe Scott per part de la relació de la seva mare amb en Keith. Té una greu malaltia de cor, heretada del seu pare, que el fa deixar el bàsquet. Però es dedicarà a entrenar l'equip i publicarà dos novel·les "An Unkindness of Ravens" i "The Comet". La seva millor amiga és la Haley James Scott i és el padrí del seu fill James Lucas Scott. Manté una relació amb la Brooke que després de diverses picabaralles donen per finalitzada la relació i queden com a bons amics. Va estar compromès amb la seva editora Linsey, que el deixarà plantat a l'altar en adonar-se que ell segueix enamorat de la Peyton. Finalment es casa amb la Peyton Sawyer i tenen una filla, la Sawyer Brooke Scott.

 Nathan Scott (James Lafferty), (Fixe: Temporades 1-8):
Nom complet: Nathan Royal Scott. És fill de la Deborah (Deb) i d'en Daniel (Dan)Scott. És el nebot d'en Keith Scott i d'en Cooper Lee (germà de la Deb) i és el germà d'en Lucas Scott. A l'inici de la sèrie, manté una complicada relació amb la Peyton Sawyer. Aquesta posa fi a la relació degut a les grans picabaralles que mantenen. És el capità de l'equip de bàsquet de l'institut de Tree Hill els "Ravens". Quan el seu germà Lucas hi entra, es dedica a molestar-lo i, per fastiguejar-lo s'apropa a la millor amiga d'aquest, la Haley, perquè li doni classes particulars.Però al final s'acaba enamorant d'ella i es casen en secret, sense amics ni familiars. Amb el temps es tornen a casar amb els amics i familiars. Pateix molt quan la Haley marxa de gira amb el Chris Keller, fent trontollar el seu matrimoni, però aquest s'acaba solucionant quan ella torna i lluita per ell. A causa de la falta de diners per a poder mantenir a la seva dona i al seu futur fill James "Jamie" Lucas Scott, que neix el dia de la graduació, s'involucra amb un jugador d'apostes que l'obliga a perdre partits. A causa de la falta d'autocontrol, es fica en una baralla en un bar que el fa quedar en una cadira de rodes, cosa que fa que la seva carrera reeixida de bàsquet s'acabi, i aquest entra en una depressió que el farà aïllar-se dels que l'estimen. Quan aconsegueix superar la seva depressió i rehabilitar-se, juga als Charleston Chiefs. Abans d'entrar a l'equip dels Charleston Chiefs, entrena juntament amb en Lucas i l'Skills l'equip de l'institut, i en Quentin "Q" Fields, jugador de l'equip, l'ajudarà en el seu retorn al bàsquet. El seu número de samarreta sempre ha estat el 23, durant l'institut i la universitat, ara utilitza el número 12 en honor del seu fill Jamie.

 Peyton Sawyer (Hilarie Burton), (Fixe: Temporades 1-6):

Nom complet: Peyton Elizabeth Sawyer. Filla de Mick Wolf y Ellie Harp, va ser adoptada per Larry Sawyer y Anna Rebecca Sawyer. La seva mare adoptiva va morir al travessar un semàfor en vermell, quan anava a recollir-la a l'escola. Va ser criada pel Larry, encara que aquest s'aïlla a la feina per poder superar la mort de la seva dona. És l'ex-xicota d'en Nathan Scott i la seva millor amiga és la Brooke Davis, des dels 9 anys. Està enamorada d'en Lucas Scott i formarà un triangle amorós amb ell i la Brooke. Va ser animadora durant l'institut perquè la seva mare adoptiva ho va ser. Té talent pel dibuix i li encanta la música. Va rebre un tret a la cama quan tenia 17 anys i va ser rescatada per en Lucas. La seva mare biològica (Ellie Harp) mort a causa s'un càncer de mama, després de crear un disc amb ella, Friends with Benefits, i dona tots els beneficis a una fundació en contra d'aquesta malaltia. Té un germà per part de pare, en Derek Sommers, però el primer Derek Sommers que coneix, resulta ser un assetjador. Després coneix al seu vertader mig-germà afromaericà Derek Sommers i, manté una bona relació, ja que aquest l'ajuda a superar la seva por a causa de l'assetjador. Té la seva pròpia discogràfica anomenada "Red Bedroom Records". Finalment es casa amb en Lucas Scott, després de diverses relacions amb ell i de dir "no" la primera vegada que ell li proposa matrimoni. Durant l'embaràs ha de fer repòs, ja que aquest fa perillar la seva vida i la del bebè, però la Payton decideix seguir endavant i finalment tenen una filla, la Sawyer Brooke Scott.

 Haley James-Scott (Bethany Joy Lenz-Galeotti), (Fixe: Temporades 1-8): És la millor amiga de Lucas Scott. És la filla petita d'una família nombrosa. Treballa al Karen's Cafe de la mare del Lucas, la Karen. Durant la seva etapa a l'institut, el seu rendiment acadèmica era brillant i també formava part del grup tutorial de l'escola. Coneix Nathan Scott arran d'un pacte que li impartia classes particulars a canvi que ell atures les bromes al seu millor amic Lucas a l'equip de bàsquet. Arran d'això, inicien una relació sentimental entre ells que culminarà amb un casament secret en el qual només hi són presents els pares de la Haley.

 Brooke Davis (Sophia Bush), (Fixe: Temporades 1-8):

 Dan Scott (Paul Johansson), (Fixe: Temporades 1-7):

 Deb Scott (Barbara Alyn Woods), (Fixe: Temporades 2-4, 6, Recurrent: Temporades 1, 5):

Referències

Sèries de televisió estatunidenques
Sèries de televisió acabades el 2012
Sèries de televisió sobre famílies
Sèries de televisió sobre adolescents


text:
Das Opfer Helena ist ein Hörspiel von Wolfgang Hildesheimer aus dem Jahr 1955, das er 1959 zum Bühnenschauspiel umarbeitete. 1961 folgte eine weitere Neufassung.

Inhalt
Das Werk beschreibt Teile des Troja-Stoffes aus der Sicht Helenas. Die 31-Jährige lebt unbefriedigt in der Ehe mit dem Spartanerkönig Menelaos. Sie sieht ihre Mitmenschen insgesamt eher kritisch, auch ihre allzu vollkommene Tochter Hermione. Als Menelaos von ihr verlangt, sich von dem Trojanerprinzen Paris entführen zu lassen, damit er einen Grund zum Krieg gegen Troja hat, erklärt ihm Helena, bei einem Krieg gebe es keinen Sieger. Sie setzt Hoffnungen auf Paris und möchte mit ihm auf eine idyllische Insel flüchten, um ihn zu einem liebenswürdigen Mann zu erziehen und den Krieg zu verhindern. Beide flüchten. An Bord des Schiffes klärt Paris Helena auf, dass seine Naivität nur gespielte Unschuld war und er sie nach Troja bringt, weil auch er den Krieg provozieren will. Helena resigniert.

Der zweite Teil des Werkes zeigt Helena nach dem Kriegsende wieder daheim in Sparta. Weder von Menelaos noch von ihrer Tochter Hermione wird sie verstanden. Helena bewegt sich zwischen Selbststilisierung zum Opfer, Kriegsgegnerschaft und Menschenverachtung.

Hintergrund
Hildesheimers Position in der Bearbeitung des Troja-Stoffes ist deutlich von seiner Erfahrung mit Hitler-Deutschland und dem Zweiten Weltkrieg beeinflusst. Er kritisiert durch Helena jede Kriegstreiberei. In "Das Opfer Helena" zeigt er weniger die femme fatale, als die enttäuschte Gesellschaftskritikerin, die an der Rollenhaftigkeit ihrer Mitmenschen und deren Moralphrasen leidet. Alle Menschen des Stückes möchten die anderen funktionalisieren. Auch Helena versucht zunächst, Paris zu instrumentalisieren, auch wenn sie in den schönen jungen Mann verliebt ist. Helena ist allerdings weitaus ehrlicher als die anderen Figuren des Stückes, die ihre Masken nicht zugeben.

Typisch für moderne Bearbeitungen des Troja-Stoffes ist, dass die Götter keine Rolle spielen.

Wolfgang Hildesheimer
Literarisches Werk
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Drama
Hörspiel (Titel)


text:
Trzebów – wieś w Polsce położona w województwie lubuskim, w powiecie żagańskim, w gminie Żagań.

W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość należała administracyjnie do województwa zielonogórskiego.

Zobacz też
 Trzebów
 Trzebowo

Przypisy


text:
Paryphthimoides undulata est une espèce de papillons de la famille des Nymphalidae, sous-famille des Satyrinae et du genre Paryphthimoides.

Dénomination
Paryphthimoides undulata a été décrit par Butler en 1867 sous le nom initial d' Euptychia undulata.

Description
Paryphthimoides undulata est un papillon  à bord des ailes postérieures ondulé et au dessus marron.

Le revers est marron avec aux ailes antérieures et postérieures une ligne submarginale de très petits ocelles.

Biologie
En Guyane, Paryphthimoides undulata ne se rencontre qu'en avril et septembre.

Écologie et distribution
Paryphthimoides  argulus est présent au Brésil et en Guyane.

Biotope
Il réside en forêt primaire.

Protection
Pas de statut de protection particulier.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Lépidoptère

Liens externes
 photo par Rich Hoyer

Bibliographie

Lépidoptère (nom scientifique)
Satyrinae
Lépidoptère d'Amérique