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Conan the Barbarian (also known as Conan the Cimmerian) is a fictional sword and sorcery hero who originated in pulp magazines and has since been adapted to books, comics, films (including Conan the Barbarian and Conan the Destroyer), television programs (animated and live-action), video games, and role-playing games. Robert E. Howard created the character in 1932 for a series of fantasy stories published in Weird Tales magazine.

Thought to be the earliest known appearance of Robert E. Howard's character was that of a black-haired barbarian with heroic attributes named Conan in the 1931 short story "People of the Dark". By 1932, Howard had officially conceptualised Conan; in his lifetime writing 21 stories starring the barbarian. Over the years many other writers have written works featuring Conan.

Many Conan the Barbarian stories feature Conan embarking on heroic adventures filled with common fantasy elements such as princesses and wizards. Howard's mythopoeia has the stories set in the legendary Hyborian Age in the times after the fall of Atlantis. Conan is a Cimmerian, who are descendants of Atlanteans, and son to a blacksmith. Characterised as chivalric due to his penchant to save damsels in distress, Conan also displays a humorous nature and enduring loyalty. His main abilities encompass strength, combativeness, intelligence, agility and endurance. The barbarian's appearance is mostly centred on his black hair, blue eyes, tanned skin and giant stature.

The most popular cinematic adaptation is the 1982 Conan the Barbarian directed by John Milius and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger as Conan, in which the plot revolves around Conan facing the villainous Thulsa Doom. Licensed comics published in the 1970s by Marvel Comics drew success and included Conan in an iconic loincloth.

Publication history
Robert E. Howard created Conan the Barbarian in a series of fantasy stories published in Weird Tales from 1932. Howard was searching for a new character to market to the burgeoning pulp outlets of the early 1930s. In October 1931, he submitted the short story "People of the Dark" to Clayton Publications' new magazine, Strange Tales of Mystery and Terror (June 1932). "People of the Dark" is a story about the remembrance of "past lives", and in its first-person narrative, the protagonist describes one of his previous incarnations: Conan is a black-haired barbarian hero who swears by a deity called Crom. Some Howard scholars believe this Conan to be a forerunner of the more famous character.

In February 1932, Howard vacationed at a border town on the lower Rio Grande. During this trip, he further conceived the character of Conan and also wrote the poem "Cimmeria", much of which echoes specific passages in Plutarch's Lives. According to some scholars, Howard's conception of Conan and the Hyborian Age may have originated in Thomas Bulfinch's The Outline of Mythology (1913), which inspired Howard to "coalesce into a coherent whole his literary aspirations and the strong physical, autobiographical elements underlying the creation of Conan".

Having digested these influences upon returning from his trip, Howard rewrote a rejected story, "By This Axe I Rule!" (May 1929), replacing his existing character Kull of Atlantis with his new hero and retitling it "The Phoenix on the Sword". Howard also wrote "The Scarlet Citadel" and "The Frost-Giant's Daughter", inspired by the Greek myth of Daphne, and submitted both stories to Weird Tales magazine. Although "The Frost-Giant's Daughter" was rejected, the magazine accepted "The Phoenix on the Sword" after it received the requested polishing, and published it in the December 1932 issue. "The Scarlet Citadel" was published the following month.

"The Phoenix on the Sword" appeared in Weird Tales cover-dated December 1932. Editor Farnsworth Wright subsequently prompted Howard to write an 8,000-word essay for personal use detailing "the Hyborian Age", the fictional setting for Conan. Using this essay as his guideline, Howard began plotting "The Tower of the Elephant", a new Conan story that was the first to integrate his new conception of the Hyborian world.

The publication and success of "The Tower of the Elephant" spurred Howard to write more Conan stories for Weird Tales. By the time of Howard's suicide in 1936, he had written 21 complete stories, 17 of which had been published, as well as multiple unfinished fragments.

Following Howard's death, the copyright of the Conan stories passed through several hands.  Eventually L. Sprague de Camp was entrusted with management of the fiction line and, beginning with 1967's Conan released by Lancer Books, oversaw a paperback series collecting all of Howard's stories (Lancer folded in 1973 and Ace Books picked up the line, reprinting the older volumes with new trade dress and continuing to release new ones).  Howard's original stories received additional edits by de Camp, and de Camp also decided to create additional Conan stories to publish alongside the originals, working with Björn Nyberg and especially Lin Carter. These new stories were created from a mixture of already-complete Howard stories with different settings and characters that were altered to feature Conan and the Hyborian setting instead, incomplete fragments and outlines for Conan stories that were never completed by Howard, and all-new pastiches. Lastly, de Camp created prefaces for each story, fitting them into a timeline of Conan's life that he created. For roughly 40 years, the original versions of Howard's Conan stories remained out of print. In 1977, the publisher Berkley Books issued three volumes using the earliest published form of the texts from Weird Tales and thus no de Camp edits, with Karl Edward Wagner as series editor, but these were halted by action from de Camp before the remaining three intended volumes could be released. In the 1980s and 1990s, the copyright holders permitted Howard's stories to go out of print entirely as the public demand for sword & sorcery dwindled, but continued to release the occasional new Conan novel by other authors such as Leonard Carpenter, Roland Green, and Harry Turtledove.

In 2000, the British publisher Gollancz Science Fiction issued a two-volume, complete edition of Howard's Conan stories as part of its Fantasy Masterworks imprint, which included several stories that had never seen print in their original form. The Gollancz edition mostly used the versions of the stories as published in Weird Tales.

The two volumes were combined and the stories restored to chronological order as The Complete Chronicles of Conan: Centenary Edition (Gollancz Science Fiction, 2006; edited and with an Afterword by Steve Jones).

In 2003, another British publisher, Wandering Star Books, made an effort both to restore Howard's original manuscripts and to provide a more scholarly and historical view of the Conan stories. It published hardcover editions in England, which were republished in the United States by the Del Rey imprint of Ballantine Books. The first book, Conan of Cimmeria: Volume One (1932–1933) (2003; published in the US as The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian) includes Howard's notes on his fictional setting as well as letters and poems concerning the genesis of his ideas. This was followed by Conan of Cimmeria: Volume Two (1934) (2004; published in the US as The Bloody Crown of Conan) and Conan of Cimmeria: Volume Three (1935–1936) (2005; published in the US as The Conquering Sword of Conan). These three volumes include all the original Conan stories.

Setting

The stories occur in the pseudo-historical "Hyborian Age", set after the destruction of Atlantis and before the rise of any known ancient civilization. This is a specific epoch in a fictional timeline created by Howard for many of the low fantasy tales of his artificial legendary.

The reasons behind the invention of the Hyborian Age were perhaps commercial. Howard had an intense love for history and historical dramas, but he also recognized the difficulties and the time-consuming research work needed in maintaining historical accuracy. Also, the poorly-stocked libraries in the rural part of Texas where Howard lived did not have the material needed for such historical research. By conceiving "a vanished age" and by choosing names that resembled human history, Howard avoided anachronisms and the need for lengthy exposition.

According to "The Phoenix on the Sword", the adventures of Conan take place "Between the years when the oceans drank Atlantis and the gleaming cities, and the years of the rise of the Sons of Aryas."

Personality and character

Conan is a Cimmerian. The writings of Robert E. Howard (particularly his essay "The Hyborian Age") suggests that his Cimmerians are based on the Celts or perhaps the historic Cimmerians. Conan was born on a battlefield and is the son of a village blacksmith. Conan matured quickly as a youth and, by age fifteen, he was already a respected warrior who had participated in the destruction of the Aquilonian fortress of Venarium. After its demise, he was struck by wanderlust and began the adventures chronicled by Howard, encountering skulking monsters, evil wizards, tavern wenches, and beautiful princesses. He roamed throughout the Hyborian Age nations as a thief, outlaw, mercenary, and pirate. As he grew older, he began commanding vast units of warriors and escalating his ambitions. In his forties, he seized the crown from the tyrannical king of Aquilonia, the most powerful kingdom of the Hyborian Age, having strangled the previous ruler on the steps of his own throne. Conan's adventures often result in him performing heroic feats, though his motivation for doing so is largely to protect his own survival or for personal gain.

A conspicuous element of Conan's character is his chivalry. He is extremely reluctant to fight women (even when they fight him) and has a strong tendency to save a damsel in distress. In "Jewels of Gwahlur", he has to make a split-second decision whether to save the dancing girl Muriela or the chest of priceless gems which he spent months in search of. So, without hesitation, he rescues Muriela and allows for the treasure to be irrevocably lost. In "The Black Stranger", Conan saves the exile Zingaran Lady Belesa at considerable risk to himself, giving her as a parting gift his fortune in gems big enough to have a comfortable and wealthy life in Zingara, while asking for no favors in return. Reviewer Jennifer Bard also noted that when Conan is in a pirate crew or a robber gang led by another male, his tendency is to subvert and undermine the leader's authority, and eventually supplant (and often, kill) him (e.g. "Pool of the Black One", "A Witch Shall be Born", "Shadows in the Moonlight"). Conversely, in "Queen of the Black Coast", it is noted that Conan "generally agreed to Belit's plan. Hers was the mind that directed their raids, his the arm that carried out her ideas. It was a good life." And at the end of "Red Nails", Conan and Valeria seem to be headed towards a reasonably amicable piratical partnership.

George Baxter noted:
"Conan's recorded history mentions him as being prominently involved, at one time or another, with four different pirate fraternities, on two different seas, as well being a noted leader of land robbers at three different locales. Yet, we hardly ever see him involved in, well, robbing people. To be sure, he speaks about it often and with complete candor: "We Kozaks took to plundering the outlying dominions of Koth, Zamora, and Turan impartially" he says in "Shadows in the Moonlight". But that was before the story began. And "We're bound for waters where the seaports are fat, and the merchant ships are crammed with plunder!" Conan declares at the end of "The Pool of the Black One". But this plundering will take place after the story ends. When we see Conan onstage, we see him do many other things: he intervenes in the politics and dynastic struggles of various kingdoms; he hunts for hidden treasure; he explores desert islands and lost cities; he fights countless terrible monsters and evil sorcerers; he saves countless beautiful women and makes them fall in love with him... What we virtually never see Conan do is engage in the proper business of an armed robber, on land or by sea—which is to attack people who never threatened or provoked you, take away their possessions by main force, and run your sword through them if they dare to resist. A bit messy business, that. Armchair adventurers, who like to enjoy a good yarn in the perfect safety and comfort of their suburban homes, might not have liked to read it."

Appearance

Conan has "sullen", "smoldering", and "volcanic" blue eyes with a black "square-cut mane". Howard once describes him as having a hairy chest and, while comic book interpretations often portray Conan as wearing a loincloth or other minimalist clothing to give him a more barbaric image, Howard describes the character as wearing whatever garb is typical for the kingdom and culture in which Conan finds himself. Howard never gave a strict height or weight for Conan in a story, only describing him in loose terms like "giant" and "massive". In the tales, no human is ever described as being stronger than Conan, although few are mentioned as taller (including the strangler, Baal-Pteor) or of larger bulk. In a letter to P. Schuyler Miller and John D. Clark in 1936, only three months before Howard's death, Conan is described as standing 6 ft/183 cm and weighing  when he takes part in an attack on Venarium at only 15 years old, though being far from fully grown. At one point, when he is meeting Juma in Kush, he describes Conan as tall as his friend, at nearly 7 ft. in height.  Conan himself says in "Beyond the Black River" that he had "...not yet seen 15 snows". at the Battle of Venarium. "At Vanarium he was already a formidable antagonist, though only fifteen, He stood six feet tall [1.83 m] and weighed 180 pounds [82 kg], though he lacked much of having his full growth."
Although Conan is muscular, Howard frequently compares his agility and way of moving to that of a panther (see, for instance, "Jewels of Gwahlur", "Beyond the Black River", or "Rogues in the House"). His skin is frequently characterized as bronzed from constant exposure to the sun. In his younger years, he is often depicted wearing a light chain shirt and a horned helmet, though appearances vary with different stories.

During his reign as king of Aquilonia, Conan was
... a tall man, mightily shouldered and deep of chest, with a massive corded neck and heavily muscled limbs. He was clad in silk and velvet, with the royal lions of Aquilonia worked in gold upon his rich jupon, and the crown of Aquilonia shone on his square-cut black mane; but the great sword at his side seemed more natural to him than the regal accoutrements. His brow was low and broad, his eyes a volcanic blue that smoldered as if with some inner fire. His dark, scarred, almost sinister face was that of a fighting-man, and his velvet garments could not conceal the hard, dangerous lines of his limbs.

Howard imagined the Cimmerians as a pre-Celtic people with mostly black hair and blue or grey eyes. Ethnically, the Cimmerians to which Conan belongs are descendants of the Atlanteans, though they do not remember their ancestry. In his fictional historical essay "The Hyborian Age", Howard describes how the people of Atlantis—the land where his character King Kull originated—had to move east after a great cataclysm changed the face of the world and sank their island, settling where Ireland and Scotland would eventually be located. Thus they are (in Howard's work) the ancestors of the Irish and Scottish (the Celtic Gaels) and not the Picts, the other ancestor of modern Scots who also appear in Howard's work. In the same work, Howard also described how the Cimmerians eventually moved south and east after the age of Conan (presumably in the vicinity of the Black Sea, where the historical Cimmerians dwelt).

Abilities

Despite his brutish appearance, Conan uses his brains as well as his brawn. The Cimmerian is a highly skilled warrior, possibly without peer with a sword, but his travels have given him vast experience in other trades, especially as a thief. He's also a talented commander, tactician, and strategist, as well as a born leader. In addition, Conan has advanced knowledge of languages and codes and is able to recognize, or even decipher, certain ancient or secret signs and writings. For example, in "Jewels of Gwahlur" Howard states: "In his roaming about the world the giant adventurer had picked up a wide smattering of knowledge, particularly including the speaking and reading of many alien tongues. Many a sheltered scholar would have been astonished at the Cimmerian's linguistic abilities." He also has incredible stamina, enabling him to go without sleep for a few days. In "A Witch Shall be Born", Conan fights armed men until he is overwhelmed, captured, and crucified, before going an entire night and day without water. However, Conan still possesses the strength to pull the nails from his feet, while hoisting himself into a horse's saddle and riding for ten miles.

Another noticeable trait is his sense of humor, largely absent in the comics and movies, but very much a part of Howard's original vision of the character (particularly apparent in "Xuthal of the Dusk", also known as "The Slithering Shadow.") His sense of humor can also be rather grimly ironic, as was demonstrated by how he unleashes his own version of justice on the treacherous—and ill-fated—innkeeper Aram Baksh in "Shadows in Zamboula".

He is a loyal friend to those true to him, with a barbaric code of conduct that often marks him as more honorable than the more sophisticated people he meets in his travels. Indeed, his straightforward nature and barbarism are constants in all the tales.

Conan is a formidable combatant both armed and unarmed. With his back to the wall, Conan is capable of engaging and killing opponents by the score. This is seen in several stories, such as "Queen of the Black Coast", "The Scarlet Citadel", and "A Witch Shall Be Born". Conan is not superhuman, though; he needed the providential help of Zelata's wolf to defeat four Nemedian soldiers in Howard's novel The Hour of the Dragon. Some of his hardest victories have come from fighting single opponents of inhuman strength: one such as Thak, an ape-like humanoid from "Rogues in the House", or the strangler Baal-Pteor in "Shadows in Zamboula". Conan is far from untouchable and has been captured or defeated several times (on one occasion, knocking himself out  after drunkenly running into a wall).

Influences

Howard frequently corresponded with H. P. Lovecraft, and the two would sometimes insert references or elements of each other's settings in their works. Later editors reworked many of the original Conan stories by Howard, thus diluting this connection. Nevertheless, many of Howard's unedited Conan stories are arguably part of the Cthulhu Mythos. Additionally, many of the Conan stories by Howard, de Camp, and Carter used geographical place names from Clark Ashton Smith's Hyperborean Cycle.

Original Robert E. Howard Conan stories

Conan stories published in Weird Tales
 "The Phoenix on the Sword" (novelette; vol. 20, #6, December 1932)
 "The Scarlet Citadel" (novelette; vol. 21, #1, January 1, 1933)
 "The Tower of the Elephant" (novelette; vol. 21, #3, March 1933)
 "Black Colossus" (novelette; vol. 21, #6, June 1933)
 "The Slithering Shadow" (novelette; vol. 22, #3, September 1933, alternate title "Xuthal of the Dusk")
 "The Pool of the Black One" (novelette; vol. 22, #4, October 1933)
 "Rogues in the House" (novelette; vol. 23, #1, January 1934)
 "Iron Shadows in the Moon" (novelette; vol. 23, #4, April 1934, published as "Shadows in the Moonlight")
 "Queen of the Black Coast" (novelette; vol. 23, #5, May 1934)
 "The Devil in Iron" (novelette; vol. 24, #2, August 1934)
 "The People of the Black Circle" (novella; vol. 24, #3–5, September–November 1934)
 "A Witch Shall Be Born" (novelette; vol. 24, #6, December 1934)
 "Jewels of Gwahlur" (novelette; vol. 25, #3, March 1935, author's original title "The Servants of Bit-Yakin")
 "Beyond the Black River" (novella; vol.  25, #5–6, May–June 1935)
 "Shadows in Zamboula" (novelette; vol. 26, #5, November 1935, author's original title "The Man-Eaters of Zamboula")
 "The Hour of the Dragon" (novel; vol. 26, #6 & vol. 27, #1–4, December 1935, January–April 1936)
 "Red Nails" (novella; vol. 28, #1–3, July, September, October 1936)

Conan stories published in Fantasy Fan magazine
 "Gods of the North" (March 1934) – published as The Frost-Giant's Daughter in The Coming of Conan, 1953.

Conan stories not published in Howard's lifetime
 "The God in the Bowl" – Published in Space Science Fiction, Sep. 1952.
 "The Black Stranger" – Published in Fantasy Magazine, Feb. 1953.
 "The Vale of Lost Women" – Published in The Magazine of Horror, Spring 1967.

Unfinished Conan stories by Howard
 "Drums of Tombalku" – Fragment. Published in Conan the Adventurer, 1966.
 "The Hall of the Dead" – Synopsis. Published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, February 1967.
 "The Hand of Nergal" – Fragment. Published in Conan, 1967.
 "The Snout in the Dark" – Fragment. Published in Conan of Cimmeria, 1969.

A number of untitled synopses for Conan stories also exist.

Other Conan-related material by Howard
 "Wolves Beyond the Border" – A non-Conan story set in Conan's world. Fragment. Published in 1967 in Conan the Usurper
 "The Hyborian Age" – An essay written in 1932. Published in 1938 in The Hyborian Age.
 "Cimmeria" – A poem written in 1932. Published in 1965 in The Howard Collector.

Book editions

The character of Conan has proven durably popular, resulting in Conan stories by later writers such as Poul Anderson, Leonard Carpenter, Lin Carter, L. Sprague de Camp, Roland J. Green, John C. Hocking, Robert Jordan, Sean A. Moore, Björn Nyberg, Andrew J. Offutt, Steve Perry, John Maddox Roberts, Harry Turtledove, and Karl Edward Wagner. Some of these writers have finished incomplete Conan manuscripts by Howard. Others were created by rewriting Howard stories which originally featured entirely different characters from entirely different milieus. Most, however, are completely original works. In total, more than fifty novels and dozens of short stories featuring the Conan character have been written by authors other than Howard.

The Gnome Press edition (1950–1957) was the first hardcover collection of Howard's Conan stories, including all the original Howard material known to exist at the time, some left unpublished in his lifetime. The later volumes contain some stories rewritten by L. Sprague de Camp (like "The Treasure of Tranicos"), including several non-Conan Howard stories, mostly historical exotica situated in the Levant at the time of the Crusades, which he turned into Conan yarns. The Gnome edition also issued the first Conan story written by an author other than Howard—the final volume published, which is by Björn Nyberg and revised by de Camp.

The Lancer/Ace editions (1966–1977), under the direction of de Camp and Lin Carter, were the first comprehensive paperbacks, compiling the material from the Gnome Press series together in a chronological order with all the remaining original Howard material, including that left unpublished in his lifetime and fragments and outlines. These were completed by de Camp and Carter. The series also included Howard stories originally featuring other protagonists that were rewritten by de Camp as Conan stories. New Conan stories written entirely by de Camp and Carter were added as well. Lancer Books went out of business before bringing out the entire series, the publication of which was completed by Ace Books. Eight of the eventual twelve volumes published featured dynamic cover paintings by Frank Frazetta that, for many fans, presented the definitive, iconic impression of Conan and his world. For decades to come, most other portrayals of the Cimmerian and his imitators were heavily influenced by the cover paintings of this series.

Most editions after the Lancer/Ace series have been of either the original Howard stories or Conan material by others, but not both. The exception are the Ace Maroto editions (1978–1981), which include both new material by other authors and older material by Howard, though the latter are some of the non-Conan tales by Howard rewritten as Conan stories by de Camp. Notable later editions of the original Howard Conan stories include the Donald M. Grant editions (1974–1989, incomplete); Berkley editions (1977); Gollancz editions (2000–2006), and Wandering Star/Del Rey editions (2003–2005). Later series of new Conan material include the Bantam editions (1978–1982) and Tor editions (1982–2004).

Conan chronologies

In an attempt to provide a coherent timeline which fit the numerous adventures of Conan penned by Robert E. Howard and later writers, various "Conan chronologies" have been prepared by many people from the 1930s onward. Note that no consistent timeline has yet accommodated every single Conan story. The following are the principal theories that have been advanced over the years.
 Miller/Clark chronology – A Probable Outline of Conan's Career (1936) was the first effort to put the tales in chronological order. Completed by P. Schuyler Miller and John Drury Clark, the chronology was later revised by Clark and L. Sprague de Camp in An Informal Biography of Conan the Cimmerian (1952).
 Robert Jordan chronology – A Conan Chronology by Robert Jordan (1987) was a new chronology written by Conan writer Robert Jordan that included all written Conan material up to that point. It was heavily influenced by the Miller/Clark/de Camp chronologies, though it departed from them in a number of idiosyncratic instances.
 William Galen Gray chronology – Timeline of Conan's Journeys (1997, rev. 2004), was fan William Galen Gray's attempt to create "a chronology of all the stories, both Howard and pastiche." Drawing on the earlier Miller/Clark and Jordan chronologies, it represents the ultimate expression of their tradition to date.
 Joe Marek chronology – Joe Marek's chronology is limited to stories written (or devised) by Howard, though within that context it is essentially a revision of the Miller/Clark tradition to better reflect the internal evidence of the stories and avoid forcing Conan into what he perceives as a "mad dash" around the Hyborian world within timeframes too rapid to be credible.
 Dale Rippke chronology – The Darkstorm Conan Chronology (2003) was a completely revised and heavily researched chronology, radically repositioning a number of stories and including only those stories written or devised by Howard. The Dark Horse comic series follows this chronology.

Media

Films

Conan the Barbarian (1982) and Conan the Destroyer (1984)

The very first Conan cinematic project was planned by Edward Summer. Summer envisioned a series of Conan films, much like the James Bond franchise. He outlined six stories for this film series, but none were ever made. An original screenplay by Summer and Roy Thomas was written, but their lore-authentic screen story was never filmed. However, the resulting film, Conan the Barbarian (1982), was a combination of director John Milius' ideas and plots from Conan stories (written also by Howard's successors, notably Lin Carter and L. Sprague de Camp). The addition of Nietzschean motto and Conan's life philosophy were crucial for bringing the spirit of Howard's literature to the screen.

The plot of Conan the Barbarian (1982) begins with Conan being enslaved by the Vanir raiders of Thulsa Doom, a malevolent warlord who is responsible for the slaying of Conan's parents and the genocide of his people. Later, Thulsa Doom becomes a cult leader of a religion that worships Set, a Snake God. The vengeful Conan, the archer Subotai and the thief Valeria set out on a quest to rescue a princess held captive by Thulsa Doom. The film was directed by John Milius and produced by Dino De Laurentiis. The character of Conan was played by Jorge Sanz as a child and  Arnold Schwarzenegger as an adult.
It was Schwarzenegger's break-through role as an actor.

This film was followed by a less popular sequel, Conan the Destroyer in 1984. This sequel was a more typical fantasy-genre film and was even less faithful to Howard's Conan stories, being just a picaresque story of an assorted bunch of adventurers.

The third film in the Conan trilogy was planned for 1987 to be titled Conan the Conqueror. The director was to be either Guy Hamilton or John Guillermin. Since Arnold Schwarzenegger was committed to the film Predator and De Laurentiis's contract with the star had expired after his obligation to Red Sonja and Raw Deal, he wasn't keen to negotiate a new one; thus the third Conan film sank into development hell. The script was eventually turned into Kull the Conqueror.

Conan the Barbarian (2011)

There were rumors in the late 1990s of another Conan sequel, a story about an older Conan titled King Conan: Crown of Iron, but Schwarzenegger's election in 2003 as governor of California ended this project. Warner Bros. spent seven years trying to get the project off the ground. However, in June 2007 the rights reverted to Paradox Entertainment, though all drafts made under Warner remained with them. In August 2007, it was announced that Millennium Films had acquired the rights to the project. Production was aimed for a Spring 2006 start, with the intention of having stories more faithful to the Robert E. Howard creation. In June 2009, Millennium hired Marcus Nispel to direct. In January 2010, Jason Momoa was selected for the role of Conan. The film was released in August 2011, and met poor critical reviews and box office results.

The Legend of Conan
In 2012, producers Chris Morgan and Frederick Malmberg announced plans for a sequel to the 1982 Conan the Barbarian titled The Legend of Conan, with Arnold Schwarzenegger reprising his role as Conan.  A year later, Deadline reported that Andrea Berloff would write the script.  Years passed since the initial announcement as Schwarzenegger worked on other films, but as late as 2016, Schwarzenegger affirmed his enthusiasm for making the film, saying, "Interest is high ... but we are not rushing."  The script was finished, and Schwarzenegger and Morgan were meeting with possible directors. In April 2017, producer Chris Morgan stated that Universal had dropped the project, although there was a possibility of a TV show. The story of the film was supposed to be set 30 years after the first, with some inspiration from Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven.

Television
There have been three television series related to Conan:
 Conan the Adventurer is an animated television series produced by Jetlag Productions and Sunbow Productions that debuted on September 13, 1992, ran for 65 episodes and concluded on November 23, 1993. The series involved Conan chasing Serpent Men across the world in an attempt to release his parents from eternal imprisonment as living statues.
 Conan and the Young Warriors is an animated television series that premiered in 1994 and ran for 13 episodes. DiC Entertainment produced the show and CBS aired this series as a spin-off to the previous animated series. This cartoon took place after the finale of Conan the Adventurer with Wrath-Amon vanquished and Conan's family returned to life from living stone. Conan soon finds that the family of one of his friends are being turned into wolves by an evil sorceress and he must train three warriors in order to aid him in rescuing them.
 Conan the Adventurer is a live-action television series that premiered on September 22, 1997, and ran for 22 episodes. It starred German bodybuilder Ralf Möller as Conan, Danny Woodburn (Otli), Robert McRay (Zzeben), and TJ Storm (Bayu) as his sidekicks. The storyline was quite different from the Conan lore of Howard. In this adaptation, Conan is a pleasant and jovial person. Also in this version, Conan is not a loner but one member of a merry band of adventurers.
 In September 2020, it was announced that Netflix will develop a new Conan TV series as a part of a larger deal involving  and Mark Wheeler from Pathfinder Media between Netflix and Conan Properties International, owned by Cabinet Entertainment, for the exclusive rights to the Conan library for the rights for live-action and animated films and TV shows. Deadline had previously reported that a Conan show was in the works at Amazon Prime, but nothing came of it.

Comics

Conan the Barbarian has appeared in comics nearly non-stop since 1970. The comics are arguably, apart from the books, the vehicle that had the greatest influence on the longevity and popularity of the character. The earliest comic book adaptation of Conan was written in Spanish and first published in Mexico in the fifties. This version, which was done without authorization from the estate of Robert E. Howard, is loosely based on the short story Queen of the Black Coast. The earliest licensed comic adaptations were written in English and first published by Marvel Comics in the seventies, beginning with Conan the Barbarian (1970–1993) and the classic Savage Sword of Conan (1974–1995). Dark Horse Comics launched their Conan series in 2003. Dark Horse Comics is currently publishing compilations of the 1970s Marvel Comics series in trade paperback format.

Barack Obama, former President of the United States, is a collector of Conan the Barbarian comic books and a big fan of the character and appeared as a character in a comic book called Barack the Barbarian from Devil's Due.

Marvel Comics introduced a relatively lore-faithful version of Conan the Barbarian in 1970 with Conan the Barbarian, written by Roy Thomas and illustrated by Barry Windsor-Smith. Smith was succeeded by penciller John Buscema, while Thomas continued to write for many years. Later writers included J.M. DeMatteis, Bruce Jones, Michael Fleisher, Doug Moench, Jim Owsley, Alan Zelenetz, Chuck Dixon and Don Kraar. In 1974, Conan the Barbarian series spawned the more adult-oriented, black-and-white comics magazine Savage Sword of Conan, written by Thomas with art mostly by Buscema or Alfredo Alcala. Marvel also published several graphic novels starring the character , and a handbook with detailed information about the Hyborian world. Conan the Barbarian is also officially considered to be part of the larger Marvel Universe and has interacted with heroes and villains alike.

The Marvel Conan stories were also adapted as a newspaper comic strip which appeared daily and Sunday from 4 September 1978 to 12 April 1981. Originally written by Roy Thomas and illustrated by John Buscema, the strip was continued by several different Marvel artists and writers.

Dark Horse Comics began their comic adaptation of the Conan saga in 2003. Entitled simply Conan, the series was first written by Kurt Busiek and pencilled by Cary Nord. Tim Truman replaced Busiek when Busiek signed an exclusive contract with DC Comics; however, Busiek issues were sometimes used for filler. This series is an interpretation of the original Conan material by Robert E. Howard with no connection whatsoever to the earlier Marvel comics or any Conan story not written or envisioned by Howard supplemented by wholly original material.

A second series, Conan the Cimmerian was released in 2008 by Tim Truman (writer) and Tomás Giorello (artist).  The series ran for twenty-six issues, including an introductory "zero" issue.

Dark Horse's third series, Conan: Road of Kings, began in December 2010 by Roy Thomas (writer) and Mike Hawthorne (artist) and ran for twelve issues.

A fourth series, Conan the Barbarian, began in February 2012 by Brian Wood (writer) and Becky Cloonan (artist).  It ran for twenty-five issues, and expanded on Robert E. Howard's Queen of the Black Coast.

A fifth series, Conan the Avenger, began in April 2014 by Fred Van Lente (writer) and Brian Ching (artist). It ran for twenty-five issues, and expanded on Robert E. Howard's The Snout in the Dark and A Witch Shall Be Born.

Dark Horse's sixth series, Conan the Slayer, began in July 2016 by Cullen Bunn (writer) and Sergio Dávila (artist).

In 2018, Marvel reacquired the rights and started new runs of both Conan the Barbarian and Savage Sword of Conan in January/February 2019. Conan is also a lead in the Savage Avengers title, which launched in 2019 and received a second volume in 2022.

In 2022, it was revealed that Titan Publishing Group had acquired the rights from Heroic Signatures to make Conan comics, with a new ongoing series set to release in May 2023.

Games

Board games
 In 2009, Fantasy Flight Games released the Age of Conan strategy board game, depicting warfare between the Hyborian nations in the Conan's adventures.
 In 2016, Monolith Board Games LLC released a new boardgame with miniatures directly based on Howard's short stories. Conan (previously known as Conan: Hyborian Quests) pits one player, controlling the evil forces, against 2-4 other players controlling Conan and his companions.

Collectible card games
 In 2006, Comic Images released the Conan Collectible Card Game designed by Jason Robinette.

Play-by-mail games
 Hyborian War, introduced by Reality Simulations, Inc. as of 1985, is a play-by-mail game set in the Hyborian Age.

Role-playing games
TSR, Inc. signed a license agreement in 1984 to publish Conan-related gaming material:
 Two modules for Advanced Dungeons & Dragons:
 CB1 Conan Unchained! (1984)
 CB2 Conan Against Darkness! (1984)
 The Conan Role-Playing Game (1985), with 3 official game adventures:
 CN1 Conan the Buccaneer (1985)
 CN2 Conan the Mercenary (1985)
 CN3 Conan Triumphant (1985)
 Three Endless Quest books by TSR, published in the eighties, allow the reader to play the role of Conan (Conan the Undaunted, Conan and the Prophecy & Conan the Outlaw)

In 1988 Steve Jackson Games acquired a Conan license and started publishing Conan solo adventures for its GURPS generic system of rules as of 1988 and a GURPS Conan core rulebook in 1989:
 GURPS Conan: Beyond Thunder River (1988, solo adventure)
 GURPS Conan (1989, core rulebook)
 GURPS Conan and the Queen of the Black Coast (1989, solo adventure)
 GURPS Conan: Moon of Blood (1989, solo adventure)
 GURPS Conan the Wyrmslayer (1989, solo adventure)

In 2003 the British company Mongoose Publishing bought a license and acquired in turn the rights to make use of the Conan gaming franchise, publishing a Conan role-playing game from 2004 until 2010. The game ran the OGL System of rules that Mongoose established for its OGL series of games:
 Conan: The Roleplaying Game (2004), with many supplements.

In 2010 Mongoose Publishing dropped the Conan license. In February 2015, another British company, Modiphius Entertainment, acquired the license, announcing plans to put out a new Conan role-playing game in August of that year. Actually, the core rulebook was not launched (via Kickstarter) until a whole year later, in February 2016, reaching by far all funds needed for publication. Long after the Kickstarter ended the core rulebook was launched in PDF format on January 31, 2017. The physical core rulebook finally started distribution in June 2017 :
 Conan: Adventures in an Age Undreamed Of (hardcover, 368 pages, 2017), with two hardcover supplements already published and at least 17 additional supplements in the works (as planned following the Kickstarter).

Video games
Nine video games have been released based on the Conan mythos.
 In 1984, Datasoft released Conan: Hall of Volta for the Apple II, Atari 8-bit family, and Commodore 64.
 In 1991, Mindscape released Conan: The Mysteries of Time for NES, a Commodore 64 port by System 3.
 In 1991, Virgin Games and Synergistic released Conan: The Cimmerian for Amiga and IBM PC compatibles.
 In 2004, TDK Mediactive released Conan, a third-person action game for Windows and consoles.
 In 2007, THQ and Nihilistic released Conan, a third-person action game for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.
 In 2008, Funcom released Age of Conan, a MMORPG, on May 20 in the US and May 23 in Europe.
 A RPG game titled "Conan: The Tower of the Elephant" was released for the iOS around the time of the release of the movie Conan the Barbarian as a promotion. The game is based on the short story of the same name.
 In 2013, the side-scrolling shooter game Broforce introduced a playable character known as Bronan the Brobarian. In the game, he is one of the few characters who doesn't fight with a firearm or an explosive. Instead, Bronan fights with a sword that can cause massive shockwaves depending on how long the player holds the attack button.
 On January 31, 2017, Funcom released Conan Exiles for PS4, Xbox One and PC. The title is an open world survival game. The game was released in early access, and was released on May 8, 2018.
 In 2019, Funcom released a real time strategy game named Conan Unconquered.

Characters

Characters with prominent roles in Conan prose fiction

 Bêlit – A self-styled Shemite Queen of the Black Coast, captain of the pirate ship Tigress, and Conan's first serious lover (Queen of the Black Coast).
 Ctesphon - The king of Stygia is mentioned only once and in passing, in "The Phoenix on the Sword". He is a priest- king, like Thugra Khotan in the Stygian daughter-kingdom of Kutchemes.
 Thoth-Amon – A Stygian wizard of great power who appeared in the first Conan story written (The Phoenix on the Sword) and was mentioned in The God in the Bowl and The Hour of the Dragon. L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter made Thoth-Amon the nemesis of Conan. In the Marvel comics, Thoth-Amon was also Conan's lifelong opponent and had a striking appearance designed by Barry Windsor-Smith; he wore a distinctive ram-horn ornamental headdress. In The Phoenix on the Sword though, where Thoth has been robbed of his magical ring, he does not at all seem very impressive, yet less admirable. He is portrayed by Pat Roach in Conan the Destroyer.
 Valeria – A Aquilonian female mercenary affiliated with the Red Brotherhood (Red Nails).
 Yara – An evil wizard and adversary of Conan (The Tower of the Elephant) who enslaved Yag-Kosha, an extraterrestrial being resembling Hindu god Ganesh.
 Yasmina- Brave, proud, feisty, wise and warmhearted queen of wise, ancient Vendhya, homeland and stronghold of Asura-worship.
 Zenobia – A seraglio concubine whom Conan promises to wed and make queen of Aquilonia (The Hour of the Dragon).

Characters with prominent roles only in Conan comic-book fiction

 Fafnir – A pastiche of Fafhrd from the sword-and-sorcery stories of Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser by  Fritz Leiber. He is a  mighty red-bearded Vanir warrior and pirate captain. At first he and Conan are enemies, but they soon become allies after being shipwrecked.
 Jenna – (Marvel comics character). A dancing girl from the city of Shadizar. She becomes Conan's girlfriend after he saves her from a monstrous bat, but later betrays him to the authorities. Conan gets his revenge by throwing her into a pool of sewage. Based on an unnamed character in the prose story Rogues in the House.
 Mikhal "the Vulture" Oglu – In Marvel comics' Conan the barbarian #23, Mikhal Oglu is Yezdigerd's enforcer and the greatest swordsman in Turan. He challenges Conan but is defeated and killed. He was inspired by a character in a non-Conan story by Robert E. Howard (The Shadow of the Vulture)
 Kulan Gath - a prominent evil wizard appearing initially in the Marvel Conan comics and  later fully integrated into the Marvel Universe. He has also appeared in Red Sonya comics by Dynamite Entertainment.
 Red Sonja – An Hyrkanian warrior created by Roy Thomas and Barry Windsor-Smith for the Conan comics. She was based on the Howard character, Red Sonya of Rogatino, who appeared in The Shadow of the Vulture. A novella set in the 16th century.
 Yezdigerd – Ruler of Turan, a Turkish empire-based civilization. He employs Conan as a mercenary but betrays him after he outlived his usefulness
 Zukala – A character from the Conan comics published by Marvel, inspired by a poem by Robert E. Howard. Zukala is an evil sorcerer who gains his powers from a mask. His daughter Zephra falls in love with Conan.

Characters with prominent roles only in Conan films

 Akiro – A character from the two Schwarzenegger Conan films. He is a powerful wizard who befriends Conan and Subotai, and serves as the narrator and Conan's chronicler. He is played by Japanese actor Mako Iwamatsu.
 Rexor – In the 1982 film, the chief priest of Thulsa Doom's snake cult, who stole the sword of Conan's father. Played by Ben Davidson.
 Subotai – Hyrkanian thief and archer. He is Conan's companion in the 1982 film. Played by Gerry Lopez.
 Malak – A thief. He is Conan's travelling companion in the 1984 sequel. Played by Tracey Walter.
 Thorgrim – Hammer-wielding minion of Thulsa Doom in the 1982 film. Played by Sven-Ole Thorsen
 Thulsa Doom – A skull-faced necromancer from a King Kull story, a recurring villain in the Kull comics, and the antagonist in the 1982 film, played by James Earl Jones.

Copyright and trademark dispute
The name Conan and the names of some of Robert E. Howard's other characters are claimed as trademarked by Conan Properties International and licensed to Cabinet Entertainment, both entities controlled by CEO Fredrik Malmberg.

Since Robert E. Howard's Conan stories were published at a time when the date of publication was the marker (1932–1963), however, and any new owners failed to renew them to maintain the copyrights, the exact copyright status of all of Howard's 'Conan' works is in question. The majority of Howard's Conan fiction exist in at least two versions, subject to different copyright standards, namely 1) the original Weird Tales publications before or shortly after Howard's death, which are generally understood to be public domain and 2) restored versions based upon manuscripts which were unpublished during Howard's lifetime.

The Australian site of Project Gutenberg hosts digital copies of many of Howard's stories, including several works about Conan.

In the United Kingdom, works are released into the public domain 70 years after the death of an author. With Howard having died in 1936, his works have been in the public domain there since 2006. The same laws applies for Malmberg's home country Sweden.

In August 2018, Conan Properties International LLC won by default a suit against Spanish sculptor Ricardo Jove Sanchez after he failed to appear at court in the United States. Jove had started a crowdfunding campaign that raised around €3000 on Kickstarter, with the intent of selling barbarian figurines to online customers, including those in the United States. The Magistrate Judge originally recommended statutory damages for infringement on three Robert E. Howard characters not including Conan, but Jove was eventually fined $3,000 per character used in the campaign, including Conan, for a total of $21,000.

In September 2020, it was announced that Netflix had made a larger deal involving Malmberg and Mark Wheeler from Pathfinder Media between Netflix and Conan Properties International for the exclusive rights to the Conan library for the rights for live-action and animated films and TV shows.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 The Works of Robert E. Howard
 Conan: The Official Website
 Conan: Czech fanpage
 Hyboria: Polish fanpage

American novels adapted into films
Characters in pulp fiction
Conan the Barbarian characters
Dark Horse Comics superheroes
Fantasy books by series
Fantasy film characters
Fictional Celtic people
Literary characters introduced in 1932
Fictional Cimmerians
Fictional kings
Fictional mercenaries
Fictional pagans
Fictional pirates
Fictional professional thieves
Fictional slaves
Fictional swordfighters
Male characters in literature
Dark Horse Comics titles
Marvel Comics titles
Cthulhu Mythos characters
Novels adapted into comics
American novels adapted into television shows
Novels adapted into video games
Robert E. Howard characters
Superheroes
Barbarians


text:
Ośrodek Akademicki Barbakan - męski akademik znajdujący się w Krakowie przy al. Artura Grottgera 43.

Historia
Ośrodek Barbakan w obecnym kształcie został wybudowany w 2001 r. Jego powstanie łączy się z początkami pracy Opus Dei w Krakowie, która została rozpoczęta na bezpośrednią prośbę Jana Pawła II.

Działalność

Podobnie jak np. Ośrodek Kulturalny Sołek, Ośrodek Akademicki Przy Filtrowej czy Ośrodek Akademicki Rejs, Barbakan jest ośrodkiem o charakterze katolickim, ukierunkowanym na pracę wśród młodzieży męskiej.

W Barbakanie odbywają się spotkania dla studentów, a także osób pracujących. Organizowane są spotkania z ciekawymi gośćmi, wycieczki, odwiedziny ludzi potrzebujących, kursy nauki, rozgrywki sportowe, rozważania duchowe. Opiekę duchową nad ośrodkiem sprawuje prałatura personalna Opus Dei.

W ośrodku znajduje się czytelnia i kaplica.

Zobacz też
 Birkbrunn - podobny ośrodek w Wiedniu
 Netherhall House - ośrodek w Londynie
 Ośrodek Kulturalny Sołek w Poznaniu
 Ośrodek Akademicki Rejs w Szczecinie
 Ośrodek Akademicki Przy Filtrowej w Warszawie

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Ośrodek Akademicki Barbakan - oficjalna strona

Młodzież
Opus Dei
Kultura w Krakowie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Het Europese kampioenschap voor mannen allround 1980 werd georganiseerd door de Internationale Schaatsunie (ISU), op 19 en 20 januari 1980 op de ijsbaan Leangen Kunstis in Trondheim. Er namen 25 schaatsers uit 11 landen aan deel.

Titelverdediger was de Noor Jan Egil Storholt, die de Europese titel in 1979 te Deventer had veroverd. De Noor Kay Arne Stenshjemmet veroverde zijn tweede Europese titel.

Klassement

  * = met val
 NC = niet gekwalificeerd
 NF = niet gefinisht
 NS = niet gestart
 DQ = gediskwalificeerd

1980
Langebaanschaatsen in 1980
Schaatsen in Noorwegen
Sport in Trondheim
Schaatsen 1980


text:
Tamegroute, Tamgrout, Tamghrout ou Tamgrut () é uma vila do sul de Marrocos, situada no vale do Drá, na antiga rota de Tombuctu, a cerca de 500 km a leste de Agadir e a 20 km a sudeste de Zagora, que faz parte da região de Drá-Tafilete (antes da reforma administrativa de 2015 fazia parte da antiga região de Souss-Massa-Drâa). Em 2004 tinha cerca de  habitantes.

A vila é formada por vários ksour (alcáceres) ligados entre si, no centro dos quais se encontra a  (ou  ou ), sede da confraria ou ordem religiosa sufista, fundada pelo santo sufi  ( ou  ou ) que viveu no . A ordem foi uma das das mais influentes ordens sufistas e chegou a ser a maior do mundo islâmico. A zauia (complexo religioso) alberga uma rica biblioteca com mais de  volumes, cujas obras mais antigas datam do  e caligrafados com casca de noz, açafrão, hena ou ouro sobre pergaminhos de pele de gazela, que tratam de assuntos científicos, literários e religiosos.

Todos os anos Tamegroute é palco de um grande moussem (festival), realizado um mês depois do  (Festa do Sacrifício) em honra de Sidi Maomé ibne Nácer. Outras das atrações turísticas, além da paisagem montanhosa e desértica que já anuncia o Saara, são as grandes dunas (erg) de Tinfou, situadas junto da aldeia homónima a cerca de 5 km da vila.

Zauia Naciria
Tamegroute é um centro religioso desde o . Em 1575-76, Abu Hafes Omar ibne Amade Alançari  deu fama à escola religiosa de Tamegroute. A Zauia Nacéria foi fundada no  como sede da irmandade sufista do mesmo nome. A ordem Nacíria deve o seu nome e reputação ao seu fundador, Sidi Maomé ibne Nácer (1603-1674), que dirigiu o ensino religioso em Tamegroute na década de 1640. Desde essa época que os líderes da zauia são descendentes de ibne Nácer, passando o cargo de pai para filho, sem interrupção até aos dias de hoje.

Maomé ibne Nácer foi um teólogo, académico e médico, que se interessou especialmente por doenças mentais. Escreveu diversos livros de  (jurisprudência islâmica), alguma poesia e centenas de tratados e cartas e tratados sobre lei islâmica. Maomé ibne Nácer seguiu e estendeu os ensinamentos da  (fraterninade islâmica) , e sob a sua liderança a Zauia Nacéria tornou-se a principal zauia do Islão sufista no Magrebe, com diversos ramos em diferentes partes de Marrocos, nomeadamente a zauia de Irazan, no vale do Suz, onde 500 estudantes eram financiados pela irmandade.

Maomé ibne Nácer foi sucedido pelo seu filho  , que fez seis peregrinações a Meca, transformando cada uma delas em viagens com a duração de vários anos. Sidi Ahmed bin Nasir (ou ben Nacer) visitou o Egito, Etiópia, Arábia, Iraque e a Pérsia. Durante as suas viagens estabeleceu novos ramos da sua ordem sufista. Escreveu memórias volumosas dessas viagens a que chamou Rihla, que foi parcialmente traduzida pelo arabista francês Adrien Berbrugger em 1846, e levou para Tamegroute numerosas obras de todas as partes do mundo islâmico. Ainda no , a ordem Nacériadecidiu fundar uma universidade corânica, a qual recebeu, logo no início, mais de  estudantes de várias partes da África Ocidental e do Médio Oriente.

Quando Ahmed bin Nasir morreu, a biblioteca () de Tamegroute, com os seus milhares de manuscritos, era uma das mais ricas do Norte de África. Alguns belos exemplos desses manuscritos (cerca de ) ainda estão em exposição na zauia atualmente e atraem muitos visitantes de Marrocos e do estrangeiro. Entre eles, encontra-se um Alcorão do  em caligrafia cúfica, escritos de Avicena (), Averróis (), Alcuarismi , uma tradução da obra de Pitágoras e tratados de teologia, astronomia, astrologia, matemática, geografia e farmacologia. A consulta das obras da biblioteca requer uma autorização do governo marroquino, a qual só permite a manipulação dos livros dentro da biblioteca.  A biblioteca chegou a ser a maior de Marrocos, com um acervo de  obras. O facto de atualmente ter muito menos obras deve-se principalmente a grande parte do seu antigo espólio ter sido disperso por outras bibliotecas e não tanto a destruição ou roubos.

Houve outros xeques da irmandade Nasiriyya também tiveram papéis importantes como líderes religiosos e culturais e professores da doutrina sufista . O xeque Abu Bekr, do , é célebre no vale do Drá (a sua zauia é em Mhamid Ghuslan) e no Ocidente através dos seus encontros com os viajantes Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs e Charles de Foucauld.

O edifício atual da zauia data data de 1869, quando foi reconstruído após ter sido destruído por um fogo. Os túmulos de oito marabutos atraem a visita de doentes de todas as partes de Marrocos, e alguns deles permanecem em Tamegroute durante meses e mesmo anos, na esperança de serem curados ou redimidos pela baraca de Nasiriyya.

Outras personalidades famosas ligadas e Tamegroute

No século XVII, o famoso poeta de íngua tachelhit (chleuh ou shilha; )  fundou um santuário em Tamegroute, onde escreveu a sua primeira obra em língua berbere, . A sua última obra, An-Nasiha ("O Conselho"), é uma ode elogiosa em honra de Sidi Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Nasir, o guia espiritual de Awzal e grão-mestre da ordem sufista Nasiriyya, que possivelmente foi inspirado como uma elegia fúnebre aquando da sua morte em 1717.

Outro habitante célebre de Tamegroute foi , que foi membro da tariqa Nasiriyya antes de fundar a tariqa , atualmente espalhada um pouco por todo o mundo, especialmente em Marrocos, Mauritânia e na África Ocidental.

Tamegroute foi o local onde nasceu um dos oficiais mais importantes da corte saadiana no , o escritor e embaixador Alboácem Ali ibne Maomé Atamgruti, célebre principalmente pela rihla (diário de viagem) da sua viagem a Istambul em 1590-91 como emissário do sultão saadiano Amade Almançor.

Cerâmica
Além da Zauia Naciria, Tamegroute é também conhecida pela sua cerâmica verde, fabricada por diversas olarias artesanais, muitas delas instaladas numa espécie de ruas subterrâneas, que produzem diversos tipos de objetos de barro, como panelas de tagine, pratos, tigelas, chávenas, telhas e ladrilhos, usando fornos aquecidos com palmeiras e pequenos troncos secos.

Os fundadores da irmandade religiosa Nasiriyya quiseram elevar o estatuto da aldeia de Tamegroute a "medina" (cidade), pelo que trouxeram mercadores e artesões de Fez, uma cidade com a qual Tamegroute tinha então boas relações. Apesar de Tamegroute ter voltado a ser uma aldeia, a cerâmica ainda é uma atividade importante. À parte de algumas sombras ocre, o vidrado verde é a cor predominante na cerâmica de Tamegroute. Talvez ainda mais do que acontece com os zellige (mosaico característico de Marrocos) de Fez, as técnicas ancestrais fazem com o o vidrado tenha infinitas variações.

Referências

Bibliografia adicional

Ligações externas

Aldeias e vilas de Marrocos
Localidades de Souss-Massa-Drâa
Comunas de Marrocos


text:
Frankie Chavez (nome verdadeiro: Joaquim Chaves) é um músico português nascido em Lisboa. Lançou um E.P. homónimo pela Optimus Discos. A sua música está dentro das categorias Blues/Folk/Roots. Começou a carreira por tocar sozinho em formato de "one man band" passando mais tarde a incluir João Correia como baterista nas actuações ao vivo. Em 2011 edita o álbum "Family Tree", em 2014 "Heart and Spine".
Costuma usar uma boina.

Músicos de Portugal
Cantores do distrito de Lisboa
Naturais de Lisboa


text:
Dubthach maccu Lugair (fl. fifth century), is a legendary Irish poet and lawyer who supposedly lived at the time of St Patrick's mission in Ireland and in the reign of Lóegaire mac Néill, high-king of Ireland, to which Dubthach served as Chief Poet and Brehon. In contrast to the king and his druids, he is said to have readily accepted the new religion. This event has played a major part in Hiberno-Latin and Irish sources as representing the integration of native Irish learning with the Christian faith.

Biography
King Lóegaire, jealous of the St. Patrick's power, had given orders that when he presented himself next at Tara no one should rise from his seat to do him honour. The next day was Easter day, and it was also a great feast with Lóegaire and his court. In the midst of their festivity, "the doors being shut as in our Lord's case, St. Patrick with five of his companions appeared among them. None rose up at his approach but Dubthach, who had with him a youthful poet named Fiacc, afterwards a bishop. The saint upon this bestowed his blessing on Dubthach, who was the first to believe in God on that day. The Tripartite life of St. Patrick states that Dubthach was then baptised and confirmed, and Jocelyn adds that thenceforward he dedicated to God the poetic gifts he formerly employed in the praise of false gods.

When he had been some time engaged in preaching the gospel in Leinster, St. Patrick paid him a visit. Their meeting took place at Domnach-már-Criathar, now Donaghmore, near Gorey, county Wexford, and St. Patrick inquired whether he had among his "disciples" any one who was "the material of a bishop, whose qualifications are enumerated in the Book of Armagh". Dubthach replied he knew not any of his people save Fiacc the Fair. At this moment Fiacc was seen approaching. Anticipating his unwillingness to accept the office, St. Patrick and Dubthach resorted to a stratagem. The saint affected to be about to tonsure Dubthach himself, but Fiacc coming forward begged that he might be accepted in his place, and he was accordingly tonsured and baptised, and "the degree of a bishop conferred on him".

Edward O'Reilly, in his Irish Writers, erroneously ascribes to Dubthach "an elegant hymn … preserved in the Calendar of Oengus". One of the manuscripts of that work is indeed in the handwriting of a scribe named Dubthach, but he was quite a different person from Maccu Lugir. Another poem beginning "Tara the house in which lived the son of Conn", found in the Book of Rights, and also assigned to him by O'Reilly, is there said to be the composition of Benen or Benignus. But there is a poem in the Book of Rights which is assigned to him by name. It relates to "the qualifications of the truly learned poet", and consists of thirty-two lines beginning "No one is entitled to visitation or sale of his poems".

There are also three other poems of his preserved in the Book of Leinster. These have been published with a translation by O'Curry in his Manuscript Materials of Irish History. They relate to the wars and triumphs of Enna Cennselach and his son Crimthann, both kings of Leinster. That these poems were written after his conversion to Christianity appears from the following: "It was by me an oratory was first built and a stone cross". The passage of greatest interest in these poems is that in which he says: "It was I that gave judgment between Lóegaire and Patrick". The gloss on this explains: "It was upon Nuadu Derg, the son of Niall [brother of Lóegaire], who killed Odhran, Patrick's charioteer, this judgment was given".

The story is told in the introduction to the Senchus Mor, By order of Lóegaire, Odhran, one of St. Patrick's followers, was killed by Nuadu in order to try whether the saint would carry out his own teaching of forgiveness of injuries. St. Patrick appealing for redress was permitted to choose a judge, and selected Dubthach, who found himself in a difficult position as a Christian administering a pagan law. "Patrick then (quoting St. Matthew 10:20) blessed his mouth and the grace of the Holy Ghost alighted on his utterance", and he pronounced, in a short poem which is preserved in the Senchus Mor, the decision that "Nuadu should be put to death for his crime, but his soul should be pardoned and sent to heaven". This (it is stated) was "a middle course between forgiveness and retaliation". After this sentence "Patrick requested the men of Ireland" to come to one place to hold a conference with him. The result was the appointment of a committee of nine to revise the laws. It was composed of three kings, three bishops, and three professors of literature, poetry, and law. Chief among the latter was Dubthach.

It became his duty to give an historical retrospect, and in doing so Dubthach exhibited "all the judgments of true nature which the Holy Ghost had spoken from the first occupation of this island down to the reception of the faith. What did not clash with the word of God in the written law and in the New Testament and with the consciences of believers was confirmed in the laws of the brehons by Patrick and by the ecclesiastics and chieftains of Ireland. This is the Senchus Mor." It was completed 441 AD, and is supposed to have been suggested by the revision of the Roman laws by Theodosius the younger. It was put into metrical form by Dubthach as an aid to memory, and accordingly the older parts appear to be in a rude metre. The work was known by various names, The Law of Patrick, Noifis, or The Knowledge of Nine, but more generally as the Senchus Mor.

Hagiographical traditions
Dubhtach is placed by hagiography with his nephew, Saint Fiacc of Sletty, and the jurist, Erc, at the court of Loegaire when Patrick visited Tara. O'Reilly's account states-
When St. Patrick had come to Tara and was preaching before King Loegaire, we are told that the only one who rose on the saint's approach and respectfully saluted him was Dubhthach, the king's poet, who was the first to embrace the Christian faith in that place; and as Joceline says, "being baptized and confirmed in the faith, he turned his poetry, which in the flower and prime of his studies he employed in praise of false gods, to a much better use; changing his mind and style, he composed more elegant poems in praise of the Almighty Creator and His holy preachers."

The descendants of Dubhtach and Fiacc, who the tale says were converted, were blessed by this demonstration of respect. He is at a later date given to have been present on the occasion Patrick made Fiacc a bishop.

Seanchas Mar
Dubhthach gave a judgement against King Loegaire for killing Patrick's charioteer, Saint Odran. A result of this was the revision of the laws of the pagan Irish to bring them in line with Christian values. Dubhtach was one of the nine who revised the laws. What accorded with Christianity was kept, what did not was excised.

Surviving poems
Four poems ascribed to Dubhtach are extant; one in the Book of Rights, three in the Book of Leinster. Edward O'Reilly gives a full account of these in his Irish Writers, XXX sq.; d. anno 433.

Family
Dubthach may be related to Mo Laisse maccu Lugair, whose feast-day is given as 16 September in the Martyrology of Tallaght and Félire Óengusso. Both martyrologies state that his church was found among the Uí Fhairchelláin, near Mountrath, County Laois.

Descendants
Dubhtach was in a later tradition made a prospective husband for Saint Brigit. She declined him, but helped him find a bride. He is given as the father of several sons, all saints and founders of churches, mainly in Leinster. They included Fachtna of Kiltoom, in the barony of Fore, County Westmeath, other sons were Trian, Saint Gabhran, Saint Euhel, Moninne, Lonan and Saint Molaisse Mac Lugair. His granddaughter, Dediva (also called Editua or Dedi or Deidi or Deighe or Deidiu or Deaga or Mediva), daughter of Trian, was the alleged mother of saints and poets, including Saint Senan of Laraghabrine, son of Fintan, Saint Diarmaid the Just, son of Lugna, Saint Caillin, son of Niata, Saint Felim of Kilmore, son of Carill, Saint Daigh, son of Carill, Saint Femia, daughter of Carill, St. Manchin, son of Collan of Corann and Senchán Torpéist, another Chief Ollam of Ireland, which latter son is in keeping with the tradition of ollams coming generally from families who had a tradition of producing ollams.

Notes

References

Secondary sources

 Irish writers, Edward O'Reily
 Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century,

 Dictionary of Irish Biography, pp. 494–95, Cambridge, 2009.

Attribution

Ussher's Works, vi. 400-1
'Curry's Manuscript Materials, pages 482-93
Lanigan's Eccl. Hist. i. 273-303
O'Reilly's Irish Writers, pages xxvii-viii
Calendar of Oengus, pages 8, xiii
Book of Rights, pages xxxiv, 236–8
Hogan's Vita Patricii, pages 104–6
Senchus Mor, Rolls ed. pages 5–16.

Primary sources
 Muirchú,Vita S. Patricii (The Life of St Patrick), ed. Bieler
 Córus Béscnai, ed.
 Tripartite Life of St Patrick
 Pseudo-historical prologue to the Senchas Már
 First Life of St Brigit

Further reading

People from County Wicklow
Irish male poets
Irish-language writers


text:
HMS Hamnskär (76), även (BevB 76) tillhörde KA 5 i Härnösand och var av typ bevakningsbåt 60. Den tillhörde inte de som modifierades under 1980-talet. I början på 1990-talet byggdes en ny större styrhytt till och den inreddes för att fungera som lednings- och övningledningsplattform för 6. amfibiebataljonen, vid ombyggnationen försågs hon med både omnisonar och sidescansonar. Fartygschef under denna period var den legendariske navigationsläraren Erik Sandberg. I december 2007 såldes fartyget till Grosshandlarn Figeholm AB. I oktober 2009 bytte fartyget ägare och inregistrerades i sjöfartsregistret som arbetsmotorskepp med namnet Jolene och behöll den tidigare igenkänningssignalen SBEU. Ägare är firma Roxy Mecanics i Kristdala.

Svenska bevakningsbåtar
Fartyg sjösatta 1967
Fartyg byggda i Fårösund


text:
Tetra or the Tetra Werke (Company) is a fish food manufacturing company founded by a young German scientist, Dr. Ulrich Baensch.

History and profile
In the 1950s, there were only about 50,000 fish keepers in Germany and the hobby was, at the time, considered as traditionally very time-consuming, rare, difficult and complicated because it required routine collection of live food from streams and river beds, until the invention of dried flake food (Tetramin) for tropical fish by Dr. Ulrich Baensch.  Baensch's Tetramin fish food consisted of four different type of flakes and vitamins.  The brand name Tetramin was derived from the Greek word Tetra (meaning four) and the third syllable of the word vitamin.

The Tetra group employs over 700 colleagues, has representatives in more than 90 countries worldwide and is the largest manufacturer of aquaristic and pond products in the world. Apart from pet food, Tetra supplies fish keepers and pond owners with other products such as water conditioners, plant conditioners, technical equipment and medicinal products.
It was once a part of Warner-Lambert and was later acquired by Pfizer.
In December 2002, Pfizer sold the Tetra aquaristic and pond business to the "Triton Fund", a private independent European investment fund.  Investors in the Triton Fund include European insurances and banks as well as significant American institutions. The Triton Fund paid $238.5 million US for the Tetra business. Three years later, on April 29, 2005, Tetra Holding GmbH was acquired by Spectrum Brands, a global consumer products company.

Tetra Company in the news

Criticisms
The Tetra Company was heavily criticized by the marine fishkeeping community after its appearance on Good Morning America in which it claimed that one of its kits, a 10-gallon (37.3 liters) aquarium and filter, could support the fish from Finding Nemo (a Regal Tang and Ocellaris Clownfish). Most hobbyists pointed out that the Tang alone needs a much larger aquarium (at least 4' in length) and that it would die in such conditions.  However, a 10-gallon saltwater aquarium could successfully house an Ocellaris Clownfish (without the Tang).

See also
Fish food

References

Footnotes

Bibliography
"Stock Up on Rumors At Warner-Lambert", New York Times, February 10, 1996, Saturday, by REUTERS (NYT), Business/Financial Desk, Late Edition-Final, Section 2, Page 50, Column 3, 257 words
"Tetra Plans Pond Support in 2005" and "TetraCare website feature" article from Water Garden News Magazine, August 5, 2004
"Spectrum Brands Acquires Jungle Labs", Water Garden News Magazine, September 2, 2005

Animal food manufacturers
Fish food brands
Fishkeeping
Multinational companies headquartered in Germany
Companies based in Lower Saxony
Manufacturing companies established in 1951
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009
1951 establishments in West Germany
German companies established in 1951


text:
Dady puede hacer referencia a:

 Dady Brieva, actor y cómico argentino; o
 Eduardo Fernando Pereira Gomes, Dady, futbolista caboverdiano.


text:
Га́зовый мост — пешеходный балочный мост через Обводный канал в Адмиралтейском/Московском районе Санкт-Петербурга, соединяет Безымянный остров и левый берег Обводного канала.

Расположение
Расположен у Серпуховской улицы в районе д. 115 и д. 74 по набережной Обводного канала. Выше по течению находится Можайский мост, ниже — Масляный мост.
Ближайшие станции метрополитена — «Фрунзенская», «Технологический институт».

Название
Название моста известно с 1868 года и произошло от располагавшегося рядом газового завода «Общества освещения газом Санкт-Петербурга».

История
Первый деревянный балочный мост был построен после 1835 года для прокладки труб от Газового завода. В 1860 году мост перестроен Обществом столичного освещения. В 1898 году в створе Бронницкой улицы был построен трехпролётный металлический мост на металлических сваях. В 1908 году выполнен ремонт моста. В 1933 году по металлическому мосту проложена теплотрасса от 1-й ГЭС, ниже по течению был построен деревянный подкосный мост для пешеходного движения.

В 1984 году при реконструкции набережной левого берега канала с низовой стороны старого моста по проекту инженера института «Ленгипроинжпроект» Б. Э. Дворкина и архитектора В. М. Иванова построен новый мост. Работы выполнило СУ-2 треста «Ленмостострой» под руководством главного инженера Б. Н. Филиппова. После окончания строительства старый мост был разобран.

Конструкция

По своей конструкции идентичен Можайскому и Масляному мостам, построенным в это же время. Мост однопролётный металлический балочный. Основанием для моста служит стенка набережной. Пролётное строение выполнено в виде двух металлических балок двутаврового сечения с криволинейным очертанием нижнего пояса. Сверху балки перекрыты железобетонными сборными плитами. Внутри конструкции пролётного строения проложены газовые трубы и инженерные коммуникации. Длина моста составляет 30,7 м, ширина — 3 м.

Мост предназначен для пропуска пешеходов и прокладки газовых труб. Покрытие прохожей части моста асфальтобетонное. Перильное ограждение чугунное простого рисунка, на устоях завершается гранитными тумбами. Первоначально на устоях моста были установлены четыре металлических торшера освещения, однако в 2000-х годах они были демонтированы.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Пешеходные мосты Санкт-Петербурга
Балочные мосты России


text:
Argyle es un pueblo ubicado en el condado de Washington en el estado estadounidense de Nueva York. En el año 2000 tenía una población de 3688 habitantes y una densidad poblacional de 25 personas por km².

Geografía
Argyle se encuentra ubicado en las coordenadas .

Demografía
Según la Oficina del Censo en 2000 los ingresos medios por hogar en la localidad eran de $41 133, y los ingresos medios por familia eran $44 414. Los hombres tenían unos ingresos medios de $32 253 frente a los $21 250 para las mujeres. La renta per cápita para la localidad era de $20 403. Alrededor del 7.6% de la población estaban por debajo del umbral de pobreza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades del condado de Washington (Nueva York)
Pueblos de Nueva York


text:
Dal 1932 fino al momento della morte fu sposato con l'attrice Miriam Seegar.

Filmografia parziale

Regista
Ultime notizie (The Murder Man) (1935)
L'avventura di Lady X (The Divorce of Lady X) (1938)
Marciapiedi della metropoli (Sidewalks of London) (1938)
Ali che non tornano (Q Planes) (1939)
Il ladro di Bagdad (The Thief of Bagdad) (1940)
Musica segreta (International Lady) (1941)
Letti gemelli (Twin Beds) (1942)
Incubo (Nightmare) (1942)
Il denaro non è tutto (Higher and Higher) (1943)
Swing Fever (1943)
Hotel Mocambo (Step Lively) (1944)
La terra dei senza legge (Badman's Territory) (1946)
L'agente speciale Pinkerton (Rage at Dawn) (1955)
I dominatori di Fort Ralston (Texas Lady) (1955)

Sceneggiatore
 Tutte e nessuna (Girl Shy), regia di Fred C. Newmeyer e Sam Taylor - soggetto (1924)
The Crooked Circle, regia di H. Bruce Humberstone - dialoghi addizionali (1932)

Produttore
 Higher and Higher, regia di Tim Whelan (1943)

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Irlando-americani
Registi cinematografici statunitensi
Registi televisivi statunitensi


text:
Кастільбланко () — муніципалітет в Іспанії, у складі автономної спільноти Естремадура, у провінції Бадахос. Населення —  осіб (2010).

Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 170 км на південний захід від Мадрида, 170 км на схід від Бадахоса.

Демографія

Галерея зображень

Посилання

 Муніципальна рада

Примітки

Муніципалітети провінції Бадахос


text:
Elżbieta Nowicka, z domu Mosiądz (ur. 24 października 1944 w Przemyślu) – regionalistka, historyk, muzealnik.

Ukończyła Szkołę Podstawową nr 1 (1958) i Liceum Ogólnokształcące w Pasłęku (1962) oraz Wyższą Szkołę Pedagogiczną w Gdańsku (kierunek historia; 1968). Pracowała w ZSZ CRS oraz w Szkole Podstawowej w Kętrzynie, następnie w latach 1976-1986 w Muzeum Okręgowym w Ostrołęce jako kierownik działu historycznego. W latach 1986-1991 pracowała na 1/2 etatu jako kustosz w Biurze Badań i Dokumentacji zabytków w Ostrołęce, od 1991 do 2007 pracowała na części etatu w Muzeum Kultury Kurpiowskiej w Ostrołęce.

Członek Stronnictwa Demokratycznego, PTTK, Ostrołęckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego, przewodnicząca Związku Zawodowego Pracowników Kultury i Sztuki województwa ostrołęckiego (1976-1980), prezes Koła Polskiego Towarzystwa Archeologicznego i Numizmatycznego w Ostrołęce (1983-1985) oraz wiceprzewodnicząca Zarządu Oddziału tego towarzystwa (1985-1999), członek Zarządu Stowarzyszenia Rozwoju Turystyki i Rekreacji w Ostrołęce. Współautorka (z Czesławem Parzychem) książki "Ostrołęckie pomniki" (1999) oraz kilku prac zbiorowych. Autorka artykułów historycznych publikowanych na łamach "Tygodnika Ostrołęckiego", "Zeszytów Naukowych OTN", "Skrzydlatej Polski". Uhonorowana Medalem 40-lecia Polski Ludowej, odznakami Zasłużony Działacz Kultury, "Za zasługi dla województwa ostrołęckiego", Srebrnym i Brązowym Medalem "Za zasługi dla obronności kraju".

Bibliografia
 Stanisław Pajka, Słownik Biograficzny Kurpiowszczyzny XX wieku, Kadzidło 2008, s. 674.

Ludzie związani z Kętrzynem
Ludzie związani z Ostrołęką
Ludzie urodzeni w Przemyślu
Odznaczeni Brązowym Medalem "Za zasługi dla obronności kraju"
Odznaczeni Medalem 40-lecia Polski Ludowej
Odznaczeni Srebrnym Medalem "Za zasługi dla obronności kraju"
Absolwenci Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
Polscy historycy
Polscy muzealnicy
Polscy regionaliści
Urodzeni w 1944
Odznaczeni odznaką "Zasłużony Działacz Kultury"


text:
Der Bundestagswahlkreis Senftenberg – Calau – Spremberg war von 1990 bis 2002 ein Wahlkreis in Brandenburg. Er besaß die Nummer 281 und umfasste die ehemaligen Kreise Senftenberg, Calau und Spremberg. Im Zuge der Reduzierung der Anzahl der Wahlkreise in Brandenburg bei der Wahlkreisreform von 2002 von zwölf auf zehn wurde das Gebiet des Wahlkreises auf die Wahlkreise Dahme-Spreewald – Teltow-Fläming III – Oberspreewald-Lausitz I, Elbe-Elster – Oberspreewald-Lausitz II und Cottbus – Spree-Neiße aufgeteilt.

Der letzte direkt gewählte Wahlkreisabgeordnete war Albrecht Papenroth (SPD).

Wahlkreissieger

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Senftenberg
Politik (Landkreis Oberspreewald-Lausitz)
Politik (Landkreis Spree-Neiße)


text:
"The Wild Colonial Boy" is a traditional anonymously penned Irish-Australian folk ballad which tells the story of a bushranger in early colonial Australia who dies during a gunfight with local police. Versions of the ballad give different names for the bushranger involved: some based on real individuals and some apparently fictional. A common theme is romanticisation of the bushranger's battle against colonial authority. According to a report in The Argus in November 1880, Ann Jones, the innkeeper of the Glenrowan Hotel, had asked her son to sing the ballad when the Kelly gang were at her hotel in June that year.

Identity of the bushranger
Versions of the ballad depict bushrangers with the first name of "Jack" and surnames such as "Dolan," "Doolan," "Duggan" and "Donahue." It is unclear if the ballad originally referred to an actual person.

One possible origin is Jack Donahue (also spelled Donohoe), an 1820s Irish convict who sent to Australia, became a bushranger and was killed by police. Another possibility is that the song refers to an 1860s juvenile Australian convict named John Doolan, who was born in Castlemaine, Victoria, and also turned to bushranging. However the real Doolan was not shot by police, instead being captured and sentenced to an additional convict term. It is also possible that the identities of the histories of Donohue and Doolan became blended over time to produce the modern ballad's lyrics.

Lyrics and melodie

'Tis of a wild Colonial Boy, Jack Doolan was his name,
Of poor but honest parents he was born in Castlemaine.
He was his father's only hope, his mother's pride and joy,
And dearly did his parents love the wild Colonial Boy.

Chorus
Come, all my hearties, we'll roam the mountains high,
Together we will plunder, together we will die.
We'll wander over valleys, and gallop over plains,
And we'll scorn to live in slavery, bound down with iron chains.

He was scarcely sixteen years of age when he left his father's home,
And through Australia's sunny clime a bushranger did roam.
He robbed those wealthy squatters, their stock he did destroy,
And a terror to Australia was the wild Colonial Boy.

In sixty-one this daring youth commenced his wild career,
With a heart that knew no danger, no foeman did he fear.
He stuck up the Beechworth mail-coach, and robbed Judge MacEvoy,
Who trembled, and gave up his gold to the wild Colonial Boy.

He bade the judge "Good morning", and told him to beware,
That he'd never rob a hearty chap that acted on the square,
And never to rob a mother of her son and only joy,
Or else you might turn outlaw, like the wild Colonial Boy.

One day as he was riding the mountain-side along,
A-listening to the little birds, their pleasant laughing song,
Three mounted troopers rode along – Kelly, Davis and FitzRoy –
They thought that they would capture him, the wild Colonial Boy.

"Surrender now, Jack Doolan, you see there's three to one.
Surrender now, Jack Doolan, you're a daring highwayman."
He drew a pistol from his belt, and shook the little toy,
"I'll fight, but not surrender," said the wild Colonial Boy.

He fired at Trooper Kelly and brought him to the ground,
And in return from Davis received a mortal wound.
All shattered through the jaws he lay still firing at FitzRoy,
And that's the way they captured him – the wild Colonial Boy.

In popular culture

"The Wild Colonial Boy" has been recorded by Rolf Harris, Larry Kirwan, John Doyle, The Irish Rovers, The Brothers Four, Oliver Reed and The Clancy Brothers, among others, and was featured in the film The Quiet Man. The album Ireland in Song by Cathy Maguire also includes the Irish version of the song.
 In the United States, a version of this song was popularized by folk singer Burl Ives.
 Dr. Hook recorded a version of this song on American Bandstand (1981). It was mentioned by Dennis Locorriere that the royalties went to charity. The song peaked at number 4 on the Australian singles chart.
 Billy Walker recorded the song as B-side to his hit, "Charlie's Shoes", in 1962. He included it in his album Greatest Hits.
 The walking skeleton in Robert Frost's poem "The Witch of Coos" is said to have been searching for a way out of the house, because he wanted to sing his favorite song, "The Wild Colonial Boy", in the snow.
 Mick Jagger sings this song in the 1970 movie Ned Kelly, which is about the real-life Australian outlaw of the same name.
 The Pogues and The Dubliners released "Jack's Heroes", a 1990 single celebrating the Republic of Ireland national football team, which uses the tune of "The Wild Colonial Boy".
 A waltz version of the tune features in the ball scene in Baz Luhrmann's film Australia (2008).
 Damien Leith released a version on his 2015 album Songs from Ireland.
 Sung by Paddy Carmody  (Robert Mitchum), in the hotel scene of the 1960 movie The Sundowners.

References

Further reading
 "The Wild Colonial Boy", Paul Slade, May 2019

External links

Australian folk songs
Australian poems
Traditional ballads
Irish folk songs
Year of song unknown
Irish-Australian culture
Songs about criminals
Songs about Australia


text:
Biografia
Trascorse gli anni della fanciullezza a Firenze, eccetto una breve parentesi romana durante il periodo bellico, e si laureò nel 1960 presso la facoltà di architettura con Ludovico Quaroni. La sua formazione continuò a Londra, dove lavorò presso il London County Council e negli Stati Uniti, dove nel 1962 conseguì un Master degree presso l'Università dell'Illinois a Urbana.

Tornato a Firenze, divenne assistente di Edoardo Detti, partecipò a concorsi di architettura e urbanistica, collaborò alla stesura del Piano intercomunale del comprensorio fiorentino (1965), pubblicò il saggio Traffico e forma urbana in cui si andavano a delineare le basi di quello che sarà uno degli interessi del suo operare. Nel 1967 realizzò il progetto sperimentale per l'asse attrezzato di scorrimento, promosso dal Centro studi Nicola Pistelli; del 1968 il progetto per il ponte viadotto presso le Cascine all'Indiano, oggetto di un concorso appalto vinto in collaborazione con Adriano Montemagni. In questi anni ebbe studio in via Vanini insieme ad Adriano Montemagni, dopo aver lasciato la cantina di via del Romito dove aveva svolto i suoi primi lavori.

Tra il 1968 e il 1969 soggiornò nuovamente negli Stati Uniti, come visiting professor presso l'Università dell'Illinois e presso il Center for Advanced Study della stessa università. Al rientro in Italia pubblicò nel 1970 presso l'editore Laterza il volume L'immagine della città da Sparta a Las Vegas. Fu docente di disegno del territorio, di urbanistica e di progettazione urbanistica nella facoltà di architettura di Firenze, poi professore ordinario dal 1981. La sua attività spaziava dalla teoria alla storia alla pratica dell'architettura, attraverso la partecipazione a numerosi concorsi: al 1972 risale il progetto "Amalasunta", vincitore del concorso internazionale per la nuova università di Firenze, in gruppo con Edoardo Detti, Vittorio Gregotti e altri; del 1979 il progetto per un parco museo a Pistoia; del 1981 il concorso per la nuova stazione di Bologna; del 1987 il progetto per il recupero dell'ex carcere delle Murate. Dal 1976 al 1980 pubblicò presso l'editore Laterza i volumi della Storia dell'urbanistica e Antologia di urbanistica; fra gli altri suoi numerosi scritti, sempre per l'editore Laterza, il volume Rimini nella collana Le città nella storia d'Italia (1982). Tenne lezioni presso numerose università in Europa e negli Stati Uniti e nel biennio 1982-1984 fu docente di Théorie et Histoire Urbaine presso l'Haute École du paysage, d'ingénierie et d'architecture di Ginevra.

Partecipò a vari progetti di architettura e urbanistica in collaborazione con la cooperativa Arcoprogetti formata dagli architetti Benedetto Di Cristina, Donatella Donatini, Gabriele Faieta, Massimo Gennari, Marco Massa, Anna Olivetti, dal geometra Mario Gennari e per un certo periodo dall'architetto Stefano Chieffi. Tra i lavori di questo periodo, il recupero ambientale della valle dell'Arbia e il PEEP per la zona di Taverne d'Arbia (1981), il Piano regolatore generale di San Giovanni Valdarno (1981-83), la seconda circonvallazione urbana e la nuova stazione ferroviaria ai Macelli a Firenze (1984). Nel 1982 fu incaricato insieme a Gianfranco Di Pietro e a Marco Dezzi Bardeschi degli studi per il recupero dello Spedale di Santa Maria della Scala a Siena. Dal 1985 al 1987 insieme a Gabriele Faieta e Anna Olivetti ricevette dalla Società Fondiaria l'incarico di redigere il piano per il nuovo insediamento a Castello.

Nel 1987, in occasione del centenario della nascita di Le Corbusier, curò in collaborazione con Giuliano Gresleri la mostra "Le Corbusier. Il viaggio in Toscana 1907", tenuta alla sala Bianca di Palazzo Pitti e il catalogo pubblicato da Marsilio.

Pubblicazioni (parziale)
Tra le sue pubblicazioni si ricordano:
 Traffico e forma urbana, Firenze, CLUSF, 1967
 L'immagine della città da Sparta a Las Vegas, Bari, Laterza, 1970 (2ª ed. 1991)
 Storia dell'urbanistica, Bari, Laterza, 1976-1978
 Firenze: la questione urbanistica. Scritti e contributi 1945-1975, Firenze, Sansoni, 1982
 Scritti e progetti per Firenze 1963-1988, Venezia, Marsilio, 1989
 Firenze. Profilo di storia urbana, Firenze, Alinea, 1995
 Fiordaliso addio. Saggi autobiografici su Firenze, Lucca, Maria Pacini Fazzi, 2000
 Frammenti di un discorso sull'architettura e la città, Napoli, ESI, 2002

Archivio

Note

Bibliografia
 Elisabetta Insabato, Cecilia Ghelli (a cura di), Guida agli archivi di architetti e ingegneri del Novecento in Toscana, Firenze, Edifir, 2007, pp. 343-345.

Collegamenti esterni


text:
El Oratorio de Llandaff () es un oratorio en Van Reenen, KwaZulu-Natal, Sudáfrica. El oratorio fue construido por Maynard Mathews en memoria de su hijo Mathew Llandaff quien murió mientras salvaba la vida de 8 compañeros de trabajo en la mina de carbón Burnside el 19 de marzo de 1925.

Inicialmente Maynard Mathews quiso fijar una placa en honor a su hijo en la iglesia católica de Ladysmith, pero no pudo obtener el permiso para hacerlo. Decidido a rendir homenaje a su hijo en una iglesia, Maynard procedió a construir su propio edificio, que fue consagrado como una iglesia católica y el mismo se convirtió en sacerdote (siendo ordenado el 7 de mayo de 1926).

Referencias

Capillas de Sudáfrica
Iglesias católicas de Sudáfrica
Arquitectura de Sudáfrica del siglo XX


text:
Vița () – wieś w Rumunii, w okręgu Bistrița-Năsăud, w gminie Nușeni. W 2011 roku liczyła 369 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Wsie w okręgu Bistrița-Năsăud


text:
Matthias F. E. Radermacher, auch Mathias Rademacher (* 1804 in Bonn; † 1890 in Düsseldorf), war ein deutscher Porträtmaler der Düsseldorfer Schule sowie Fotograf.

Leben
Radermacher erlernte die Malerei bei dem Bonner akademischen Zeichenlehrer Carl Wilhelm Tischbein (1797–1855), dem Sohn Johann Friedrich August Tischbeins. Um 1820 war er Schüler der Berliner Akademie. 1825 wechselte er nach Düsseldorf, wo er Schüler von Heinrich Christoph Kolbe und Wilhelm Schadow wurde, sich mit dem befreundeten Landschaftsmaler Johann Wilhelm Schirmer ein Zimmer teilte und dem Künstlerverein Malkasten angehörte. In den Jahren 1829 bis 1835 stellte er in Düsseldorf eine Vielzahl von Bildnissen aus, darunter auch Miniaturen. 1838 ging er erneut nach Berlin. Mit Beginn der 1850er Jahre ist er als Daguerreotypist wieder in Düsseldorf greifbar. Als Hersteller "photographischer Bilder" beteiligte er sich dort 1852 – wie Wilhelm Severin, ebenfalls einer der ersten Daguerreotypisten des Rheinlandes – an der Provinzial-Gewerbe-Ausstellung für Rheinland und Westphalen. Sein Atelier lag am Steinweg 212 (Schadowstraße 60/62). Er gehörte zu den bevorzugten Porträtfotografen Düsseldorfer Künstler. Als er sich kurz vor 1865 aus der Fotografie zurückzog, um sich gänzlich wieder der Malerei zu widmen, übernahmen die Brüder Gustav und Arnold Overbeck diese Rolle.

Literatur
 Radermacher, Matthias. In: Käte Gläser: Das Bildnis im Berliner Biedermeier. Berliner Porträtisten 1820–1850. Versuch einer Katalogisierung. Verlag für Kunstwissenschaft, Berlin 1929, S. 61.

Weblinks

 Matthias Radermacher, Auktionsresultate im Portal artnet.de

Einzelnachweise

Maler (Berlin)
Maler (Düsseldorf)
Maler (Düsseldorfer Malerschule)
Fotograf (Düsseldorf)
Fotograf (19. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1804
Gestorben 1890
Mann


text:
Bosch Rexroth B.V. is een bedrijf en onderdeel van de divisie Industrial Technology van Robert Bosch GmbH. In Nederland werken 200 medewerkers (anno 2022).

Activiteiten en locaties
Bosch Rexroth is internationaal marktleider op het gebied van aandrijf- en besturingstechnologie. De technologiegebieden zijn elektrische aandrijvingen en besturingen, industriële hydraulica en mobiele hydraulica, lineaire en assemblagetechnologie (tot medio 2013 ook pneumatiek) en diensten.

Locaties

Het hoofdkantoor zit in Boxtel. In Eindhoven worden halfgeleiders en elektronica voor bewegingscontrole in nanotechnologie ontwikkeld. In Haarlem zit de sales en service center voor compacte hydrauliek.

Industrieën
De belangrijkste industrieën waarin Bosch Rexroth actief is:

-       Landbouw en bosbouw

-       Bouw en infrastructuur

-       Energie- en nutsbedrijven

-       Logistiek en vervoer

-       Materialen en hulpbronnen

-       Recycling en afvalverwerking

-       Hernieuwbare energieën

-       Halfgeleiders en elektronica.

Geschiedenis
1795 - 1976

Het bedrijf Rexroth dateert uit 1795, toen de familie Rexroth de onderneming Höllenhammer in Elsavatal overnam. Later neemt het bedrijf de Stein'schen ijzergieterij in Lohr am Main over. In deze Duitse plaats vlak bij Frankfurt is nu het hoofdkantoor van Bosch Rexroth gevestigd. In 1930 pioneerde Rexroth met een speciale nieuwe gietmethode die wereldwijd als een doorbraak werd gezien. Vele jaren en ontwikkeling later lanceert het bedrijf in 1952 een serie gestandaardiseerde hydraulische componenten.
In 1965 neemt Rexroth het bedrijf Indramat GmbH, Lohr over en treedt toe in de wereld van electrical control engineering. In 1968 werd Mannessman AG aandeelhouder en ontstond Mannessman Rexroth.
Gedurende de jaren 1972-1976 wordt het productportfolio uitgebreid met axial piston pumps en motoren door de overname van Hydromatic GmbH, Elchingen en Bruehninghaus GmbH, Horb.

1977 - 2013

In 1977 vertakt het bedrijf in gear en coupling-technologie door de overname van Lohmann+Stolterfoht GmbH, Witten. In dit jaar wordt in het buurland Nederland ook het bedrijf Hydraudyne overgenomen. Hydraudyne, opgericht door Joop van As en Dick Huijgen in 1954, was tot die tijd voornamelijk actief in de hydrauliek voor de baggerindustrie, en scheepsliften. Hydraudyne leverde onder andere de hydraulische installatie (maar niet de cilinders) voor de Oosterscheldekering in het kader van de stormvloedkering en hierbij werd er een recordlengte van 56 kilometer hydraulisch leidingwerk gebruikt. Tevens zijn de installaties voor de Hartelkering en de Maeslantkeering een product van het bedrijf. In 1987 is een huzarenstuk uitgevoerd door het 6 meter liften van de olieproductieplatformengroep Ecofisk welke in de golven dreigde te verdwijnen. Met de overname van Deutsche Star GmbH, Schweinfurt, wordt het productenpallet van Mannessman Rexroth uitgebreid met Linear motion technologie. Na de overname van AB Mecman, Stockholm (pneumatiek) in 1992 groeit het bedrijf richting pneumatic engineering. In 2000 komt Rexroth te koop in de markt en wordt ten slotte in 2003 overgenomen door het concern Robert Bosch GmbH. In november 2005 neemt Rexroth het bedrijf Nyquist over waarmee ze een groot aandeel krijgen in de motion control voor semiconductors en medische apparatuur. In 2008 nam Bosch Rexroth Oil Control over waarmee Rexroth zijn compact hydrauliek markt uitbreid.

2014 - 2021

Vooral binnen de hydraulische industrie heeft Bosch Rexroth grote bekendheid op het gebied van aandrijf- en besturingstechnologie. Naast hydrauliek en elektronische besturings- en aandrijvingstechnologie was het bedrijf tot 2014 ook actief in pneumatiek.

2022

In 2022 is het bedrijfsgedeelte 'Large Projects' (inclusief de merknaam Hydraudyne) van Bosch Rexroth overgenomen door het familiebedrijf Van Halteren Groep. Bosch Rexroth Nederland blijft gevestigd in Boxtel, Eindhoven en Haarlem en ontwikkelt, bouwt en installeert complete aandrijf- en besturingssystemen.

Externe links
 Bosch Rexroth Nederland
 Bosch Rexroth Global

Industrie
Automatisering


text:
Kolbein Falkeid (* 19. Dezember 1933 in Haugesund; † 27. Juni 2021) war ein norwegischer Lyriker. Er schrieb hauptsächlich alltagsnahe Lyrik in modernistischer Tradition. Seine Motivwahl reicht von der heimischen Vestlands-Küste bis nach Italien und Afrika. Seine Gedichte drücken oft ein globales Verständnis und internationale Solidarität aus.

Leben und Wirken
1962 schloss Falkeid sein Studium der Philosophie an der Universität Oslo ab. Von 1963 bis 1966 war er Dozent an der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität in Münster. Viele Jahre war Falkeid Lektor am Gymnasium Haugesund/Skeisvang Videregående Skole. Zwischen 1973 und 1974 erhielt er ein Stipendium des Norwegischen Allgemeinwissenschaftlichen Forschungsrates (Norges Allmenvitenskaplige Forskningsråd). Nach seinem Debüt beim norwegischen Verlag J. W. Cappelen gab er 25 belletristische Bücher heraus, die in 19 Sprachen übersetzt wurden. Der Autor war ab 1967 Mitglied der norwegischen Schriftstellervereinigung (Den Norske Forfatterforening). Ab 1990 war Falkeid Texter für die westnorwegische Band Vamp. 1998 war er der Festspieldichter des Jahres während der Festspiele in Bergen (Festspillene i Bergen). Er starb am 27. Juni 2021 im Alter von 87 Jahren.

Werke

Gedichte

Ausgaben
 Trekket vestover : utvalgte dikt Vorwort von Paal-Helge Haugen (1984)
 Bølgelengder : dikt i utvalg von Paal-Helge Haugen (Bokklubbens lyrikkvenner, 1991) (Cappelen, 1993)
 De store strendenes samtale : dikt i utvalg von Paal-Helge Haugen (1998)
 Samlede dikt (2003)
 Utvalgte dikt, von Paal-Helge Haugen (2005)

Sachprosa
 Torv : slit og trivsel på Haugalandet (Lokalhistorisk stiftelse, 1998)
 Haugalandet : ferd i folk og natur (Wigestrand forlag, 1999)

Schauspiele
 Terroristene (1980)

Nachdichtungen
 Afrika, mitt Afrika (1974)
 Léopold Sédar Senghor: Senghors sanger (1976)

Preise
 Cappelenprisen (Preis des Verlages Cappelen) 1985
 Dobloug-Preis der Schwedischen Akademie 1993
 Stavanger Aftenbladets kulturpris 1994
 Prøysenprisen 1996
 Sankt-Olav-Orden 2010

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Norwegisch)
Lyrik
Träger des Sankt-Olav-Ordens (Ritter 1. Klasse)
Norweger
Geboren 1933
Gestorben 2021
Mann