text:
The 2009 Qatar Open, known as the 2009 Qatar ExxonMobil Open for sponsorship reasons, was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 17th edition of the Qatar ExxonMobil Open, and part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2009 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Khalifa International Tennis Complex in Doha, Qatar, from January 5 through January 10, 2009. The event offered prize money of US$183,000 for the winner, as well as 250 ranking points.

The singles field was headlined by world No. 1 Rafael Nadal, world No. 2 Roger Federer, world No. 3 Andy Murray, and world No. 8 Andy Roddick.

Finals

Singles

 Andy Murray defeated  Andy Roddick, 6–4, 6–2

Doubles

 Marc López /  Rafael Nadal defeated  Daniel Nestor /  Nenad Zimonjić, 4–6, 6–4, [10–8]

Review
Day by day summaries of the men's singles and doubles events. The singles draw is composed of 32 players, with 8 of these players seeded, while the doubles draw features 16 players, 4 of which are seeded.

Day one
Fifth seed Frenchman Gaël Monfils was the first player to reach the second round in the singles event with a straightforward 6–2, 6–2 victory over 99th ranked Czech player Jan Hernych. His next opponent will be fellow countryman Nicolas Devilder who overcame home wildcard Abdulla Haji 6–0, 6–3 The no. 4 seed, Andy Roddick had a comfortable 6–1, 6–3 win against Iván Navarro. In other first round matches completed on day one, Victor Hănescu won his match against Viktor Troicki, the Romanian overcoming the Serbian currently ranked eight places below him in the world rankings at #56 and Italian Andreas Seppi overcame the German Denis Gremelmayr by the same scoreline. The match between Sergiy Stakhovsky (who had just entered the top 100 at #93) and Christophe Rochus became the first in the tournament to last three sets, Stakhovsky coming out on top 2–6, 6–3, 7–6. Philipp Petzschner won his opening match against Frenchman Jérémy Chardy 7–6, 6–3.

Several of the first round doubles matches were also completed. Spanish wildcards and new partnership Marc López and world no. 1 singles player Rafael Nadal overcame compatriots Óscar Hernández and Albert Montañés 6–3, 6–3 in just over 1 hour. They set up a quarter-final match with fourth-seeded Germans Christopher Kas and Philipp Kohlschreiber who had beaten British pair Ross Hutchins and Andy Murray (who was also due to play Montañés in the singles tournament) 7–5, 6–4. Home-favourite Abdulla Haji, partnering Lamine Ouahab of Algeria, lost for the second time in the day, 6–0, 6–2 against Fabrice Santoro and Mikhail Youzhny. Second seeded South African duo Jeff Coetzee and Wesley Moodie took three sets to beat Igor Andreev and Jaroslav Levinský 4–6, 6–2, 10-1 on the Champions tiebreak. In the final match of the day, Dmitry Tursunov and Łukasz Kubot overcame the challenge of Serbian Michal Mertiňák and Italian Potito Starace 6–2, 6–2.

Seeded players out (singles): None
Seeded players out (doubles): None

Day two
Defending champion and no. 3 seed Andy Murray, fresh from his win in the Abu Dhabi exhibition event, made a successful start to his title defence, defeating Spaniard and ATP no. 42 Albert Montañés 6–2, 6–4. Murray broke twice for a 5–1 lead and went 4–0 up in the second set with two further breaks and, despite an inconsistent performance, he managed to win the match. He next faces a match against Philipp Petzschner. Wildcard Arnaud Clément of Spain advanced to a second round match against Andy Roddick after overcoming Argentine player Diego Junqueira 6–1, 6–2. In the clash of the Russians, Mikhail Youzhny edged out 6th seed Igor Andreev 4–6, 6–3, 6–4, with a match against Victor Hănescu to come in round two. Qualifier Alexander Peya, ranked at #148, scored a surprise victory over no. 7 seed, Russian Dmitry Tursunov 2–6, 6–3, 6–4. He set up a clash with Sergiy Stakhovsky in the second round. Second seed and former world no. 1 Roger Federer made a strong start to his ATP Tour campaign, beating Potito Starace in straight sets 6–2, 6–2 and lining up a meeting with Andreas Seppi for a place in the quarter-finals. Top seeded Spaniard Rafael Nadal also had a comfortable passage into round two, dropping only 1 game in a 6–0, 6–1 thrashing of veteran Fabrice Santoro, who was still ranked at #51 but couldn't match Nadal's power. Nadal received his 2008 ATP World Tour Champion Trophy before the match, awarded to him for finishing on top of the world rankings at the end of 2008. In other matches, Belgian Kristof Vliegen reached the second round and a meeting with German Philipp Kohlschreiber with a 6–1, 6–7, 7–6 against Óscar Hernández. No. 8 seed Kohlschreiber had earlier won his match against Swiss qualifier Marco Chiudinelli 6–4, 6–3.

The doubles event continued on day two, with an early result seeing Victor Hănescu, partnered by American James Cerretani, beat Victor Troicki for the second time in two days. Troicki who had also been beaten by Hănescu in the singles event, lost 6–4, 6–4, accompanied by Andreas Seppi. Top seeds Daniel Nestor from Canada and Serbia's Nenad Zimonjić easily progressed, losing just 4 games in a 6–3, 6–1defeat of French duo Arnaud Clément and Nicolas Devilder who had both reached round two of the singles draw. The quarterfinal line-up was completed by Philipp Petzschner and Alexander Peya who knocked out third seeds Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski 6–1, 7–6

Seeded players out (singles): Igor Andreev, Dmitry Tursunov
Seeded players out (doubles): Mariusz Fyrstenberg/Marcin Matkowski

Day three
The second round in the singles draw began on day three with the top five seeds in action. In the first match of the days session, Victor Hănescu reached the quarter finals with a 6–2, 6–4 victory against Mikhail Youzhny. Andy Murray took the court second and defeated Philipp Petzschner 6–2, 6–4 to take another step towards retaining his title, followed quickly after by world #1 Rafael Nadal, who defeated Karol Beck 6–1, 6–2 in 61 minutes.  Murray next plays Ukrainian Sergiy Stakhovsky, who defeated qualifier Alexander Peya 7–5, 6–3. 5th-seeded wildcard Gaël Monfils was also victorious 7–5, 7–6 against fellow Frenchman Nicolas Devilder and will next play Nadal. 8th seeded Philipp Kohlschreiber beat Kristof Vliegen 6–4, 6–7(4), 6–4 and he was due to face Roger Federer who beat Andreas Seppi 6–3, 6–3. In the final match of the day, fourth seeded Andy Roddick beat wildcard Arnaud Clément 6–3, 7–5.

In doubles, the quarter finals began with Mikhail Youzhny playing his second match of the day partnering Fabrice Santoro against Jeff Coetzee and Wesley Moodie for a place in the semi-finals. Youzhny and Santoro shocked the second seeds 7–5, 7–6 to book their semi-final place. About 15 minutes later, top seed and ten-times Grand Slam doubles finalists Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić (twice together) started their quarter-final match with Łukasz Kubot and Dmitry Tursunov, emerging victorious 7–5, 6–4. Third seeds Christopher Kas and Philipp Kohlschreiber were also knocked out of the tournament at the quarter-final stage, losing to Spanish wildcards Marc López and Rafael Nadal. Philipp Kohlschreiber had won the tournament last year with Czech David Škoch.

Seeded players out (singles): None
Seeded players out (doubles): Jeff Coetzee/Wesley Moodie, Christopher Kas/Philipp Kohlschreiber

Day four
All quarter-final matches in the men's draw were completed on day four. Andy Roddick started off the action with his best performance of the week in a 6-3, 6-2 victory over Victor Hănescu. The second match of the day produced the biggest surprise of the event, as #5 seed Gaël Monfils routed world #1 Rafael Nadal 6-4 6-4, facing only one break point. He was followed by world #2 Roger Federer, who was heavily tested by Philipp Kohlschreiber, coming back from 5-1 and 6-3 in the tiebreak to win 6-2, 7-6, after having led the German 6-2 4-1. The day ended with world #4 and defending champion Andy Murray cruising to a 6-4, 6-2 victory over Sergiy Stakhovsky in a repeat of his victory over the Ukrainian in the US Open junior's final. Murray and Federer knew they would meet for the third tournament in a row.

In the doubles, #1 team Daniel Nestor & Nenad Zimonjić advanced to the final with a 6-1, 6-7(8), 10-3 victory over James Cerretani & Victor Hănescu. Their opponents are Marc López & Rafael Nadal, who narrowly defeated Fabrice Santoro & Mikhail Youzhny 1-6, 7-6, 11-9.

Seeded players out (singles): Rafael Nadal, Philipp Kohlschreiber
Seeded players out (doubles): None

Day five
The two singles semi-finals were played on day five. Gaël Monfils was unable to continue his hot streak from the previous day's play, losing to Andy Roddick 7-6, 3-6, 6-3, after serving for the first set. The second semifinal saw the very anticipated matchup between defending champ Andy Murray and #2 Roger Federer. The match didn't disappoint fans, seeing plenty of memorable points, with the Brit prevailing 6-7, 6-2, 6-2, even though Federer had 3 consecutive break points early in the second set and Murray received medical attention on his back in the third. The match ended with Federer smashing a low overhead into the net. It was the third consecutive official time that Murray prevailed, with Murray also winning an exhibition match last week; Murray extended his head to head lead to 5-2, and goes into his final with a 5-2 lead over Roddick.

In the doubles final, the world #1 team of Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić faced singles world no. 1 Rafael Nadal and partner Marc López. Nestor and Zimonjić, the ATP World Tour Champions for 2008, were bidding for the seventh doubles title as a partnership. Nestor had previously won the title at Doha with Mark Knowles in 1996 and 2001. On the opposite side, Nadal and López were teaming up for the first time. Nadal had won four of his last seven doubles finals while López was appearing in his second ATP doubles final. In the final, López dropped his serve twice in the opening set but in the second, a single break sufficed for Nadal and López to level the match, from Nestor in the third game. In the deciding champions tiebreak (first to ten points), Zimonjić and Nestor led 6–5 but López and Nadal won 5 of the last seven points to seal a 4–6, 6–4, 10–8 victory.
Seeded players out (singles): Gaël Monfils, Roger Federer
Seeded players out (doubles): Daniel Nestor & Nenad Zimonjić

Day six
The only match to take place on the final day of the tournament was the singles final. World no. 4 and third seeded Briton Andy Murray took on American Andy Roddick. Despite initial fears from Murray that he would be unfit to play after suffering from a back injury, he recovered enough to participate. The final started with four service holds before Murray broke Roddick in the fifth game for a 3–2 lead. This was followed by another in the seventh game and Murray sealed the set. In the second, Roddick just about held his opening service game but was broken in the third game of the set and then again two games later. Holding a 5–2 lead, Murray fell behind 0–30 on serve and had break point against him. However, he regained his composure and served out to win the match. In winning the tournament, Murray won his ninth career ATP title and defended the title he won in 2008.
Seeded players out (singles): Andy Roddick

References

External links
 Official website
 ATP tournament information
 ITF tournament edition details

Qatar Open
2009 in Qatari sport
Qatar Open (tennis)


text:
Justin Huntly McCarthy (1859 – 20 March 1936) was an Irish author, historian, and nationalist politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1884 to 1892, taking his seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

He was the son of Justin McCarthy (1830–1912). Since both father and son were authors, historians, and Members of Parliament, they are sometimes confused in lists and compilations.

Political career
McCarthy was first elected to Parliament at a by-election on 12 June 1884, when he was returned unopposed as the Home Rule League member for Athlone, following the death of the Liberal MP Sir John James Ennis.

Athlone lost its status as a parliamentary borough under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, and at the 1885 general election McCarthy stood instead in the borough of Newry in County Down, where he was returned unopposed for the Irish Parliamentary Party. He was re-elected in 1886, with a comfortable majority over the Liberal Unionist Reginald Saunders, but did not contest the 1892 election.

Writing
McCarthy wrote various novels, plays, poetical pieces and short histories. He was briefly married to the actress Cissie Loftus.  They married in Edinburgh in 1894, and though they divorced in 1899, she originated the role of Katherine de Vaucelles, the heroine in If I Were King in 1901.

Among other works, he wrote biographies of Sir Robert Peel (1891), Pope Leo XIII (1896) and William Ewart Gladstone (1898).  In 1889 he published prose translations of 466 quatrains of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. He also wrote:

In 1893, he translated some Gazels from Divan of Hafiz, the 14th century Persian poet, which was published in a 152-page volume by David Nutt. 1000 copies were made, 800 for England and 200 for America.

Serapion and Other Poems (1883)
Outline of Irish History (1883)
England under Gladstone, 1880-1885, 2nd ed. (1885)
Doom (1886)
Our Sensation Novel (1886)
Hafiz in London (1886)
Lady Burton's Edition of Her Husband's Arabian Nights Translated Literally from the Arabic (1886-1888); Prepared for Household Reading by Justin Huntly McCarthy, MD; 6 vols.; London: Waterlow & Sons, Limited, London Wall.
The Case for Home Rule (1887)
Camiola, a Girl with a Fortune (1888)
An outline of Irish history: from the earliest times to the present day (1890)
Lily Lass (1890)
The Fate of Fenella: A Novel, co-written in 1892.
 Divan of Hafiz, Gazels, translated by J H McCarthy London: D.Nutt (1893)
Modern England (1898)
 Michel de Montaigne, Essayes of Montaigne (1899) Justin Huntly McCarthy Editor
Cissie Loftus: An Appreciation (1899)
Reminiscences (2 vols., 1899)
A Short History of the United States (1899)
A Woman of Impulse (1899) was made into a film in 1918 Woman of Impulse
The French Revolution, (1890 Vols 1,2 & 1897 Vols 3,4)
A History of the Four Georges (and of William IV) (1901) with Justin McCarthy
If I Were King (1901) Garden Theatre (New York), (1902) St James's Theatre (London)), which was named "Best Play of the 1901–02 Broadway Season", and was adapted into the 1925 operetta The Vagabond King, its 1930 film version, its 1956 film version, and the 1938 film If I Were King.
The Reign of Queen Anne (1902)
Marjorie (1903)
The Proud Prince (1903), the play opened at The Lyceum, Broadway, NY on 2 Nov 1903.
The lady of Loyalty house (1904)
The Dryad (1905)
The flower of France (1906)
The illustrious O'Hagan (1906)
Needles and Pins (1907)
Seraphica: A Romance (1907)
The Duke's Motto: A Melodrama (1908)
The god of love (1909)
The gorgeous Borgia: a romance (1909)
The O'Flynn: A Novel (1910)
The king over the water: or, The marriage of Mr. Melancholy (1911)
A health unto His Majesty (1912)
Calling the Tune (1913) it was made into a musical film in 1936, Calling the Tune.
Fool of April (1914)
The Glorious Rascal (Pretty Maids All in a Row) (1915)
Nurse Benson (1919)
Henry Elizabeth (1920)
The Golden Shoe (1921)

Family life
McCarthy married musical artist Cecilia Loftus in 1893 in Edinburgh, Scotland, but the marriage did not last long and was dissolved in 1899. He married again in 1908 to Loullie Killick. McCarthy died at his home in Putney on 20 March 1936.

References

Secondary Sources

External links

Repository for Rubaiyat of Omar Khaiyyam: Trinity College Dublin Library

Irish non-fiction writers
Irish male non-fiction writers
Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
Home Rule League MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Athlone
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Newry (1801–1918)
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
Translators of Omar Khayyám
1859 births
1936 deaths

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Prvenstvo Hrvatske i Slavonije u nogometu 1919. bilo je nogometno natjecanje koje je organizirala Nogometna sekcija Hrvatskog športskog saveza. Prvenstvo je započelo 7. rujna 1919. godine, a završilo u prosincu 1919. godine. Naslov prvaka, bez poraza, osvojio je Građanski.

Natjecateljski sustav
Momčadi su bile podijeljene u dva jakosna razreda, I. i II. razred. Prvakom Hrvatske i Slavonije postala je momčad I. razreda koja je nakon utakmica po jednostrukom bod sustavu (pobjeda = 2 boda, neodlučeno = 1 bod, poraz = bez bodova) osvojila najviše bodova.

1. razred

Rezultati

  Utakmica Građanski - Viktorija registrirana je s 3:0 bez borbe

Ljestvica učinka

Zanimljivo
Prvenstvo Hrvatske i Slavonije 1919. odigrano je samo u jesenskoj sezoni, jer je Jugoslavenski nogometni savez 15. veljače 1920. godine podijelio Savez na pet podsaveza, te preporučio da se početkom 1920. godine započne s podsaveznim prvenstvima. Prvo prvenstvo Jugoslavenskog nogometnog saveza trebalo je biti odigrano na jesen 1920. godine, te se Zagrebački nogometni podsavez pripremio za početak prvenstva 28. ožujka 1920. godine. Dan uoči početka podsaveznog prvenstva JNS je poslao službenu obavijest ZNP-u da se utakmice proljetnog dijela prvenstva neće računati za prvenstvo JNS-a, te da ZNP sam odluči da li će to biti nastavak prvenstva odigranog na jesen 1919. godine.

Vidi još
 Prvenstvo Zagrebačkog nogometnog podsaveza 1919./20.

Izvori i napomene
Osim prvenstva u Zagrebu odigrana su i prvenstva po župama Zagrebačkog nogometnog podsaveza. Pokrajinski prvak ZNP-a (prvak svih župa) za sezonu 1919./20. bila je karlovačka Olimpija, a za sezonu 1920. brodska Marsonia. No, nema dostupnog izvora iz kojeg bi se moglo utvrditi da li je pokrajinski prvak za sezonu 1919./20. trebao odigrati završnu utakmicu s prvakom zagrebačkog I. razreda za konačnog prvaka Hrvatske i Slavonije 1919.

 dr. sc. Tomislav Dragun, Prvi hrvatski Gradjanski Športski klub Zagreb, str. 129
 Urednici Ico Kerhin, Miroslav Rede, Platinasti jubilej Zagrebačkog nogometnog podsaveza 1919-1994, str. 11, 30
 Povijestdinama.com Sezona 1919/20.
 EX YU Nogomet 1918 do 1920
 Povijest GNK Dinama, 1919

1919
1919


text:
Iarnród Éireann (, Ірландські залізниці) — національний залізничний оператор Ірландії. Засновано 2 лютого 1987, є дочірньою компанією Córas Iompair Éireann (CIE). Здійснєю всі внутрішні міжміські, приміські та вантажні залізничні перевезення в Республіці Ірландія, і, спільно з Північно-Ірландськими залізницями, створює Enterprise, що здійснює перевезення між Дубліном і Белфастом. У 2009 році Iarnrod Éireann було перевезено 38800000 пасажирів, що є зниженням пасожирообігу що до 2008 року — 43,3 млн осіб.

Послуги

Має три служби: міжміську, приміську і DART.

 Міжміська (InterCity (Iarnród Éireann)) здійснює перевезення між містами Корк, Лімерік, Тралі, Енніс, Ґолвей, Уотерфорд, Рослер Європорт, Слайґо, Уестпорт, Уексфорд. Дублін обслуговує станція Пірс яка перебуває у підпорядкуванні приміської служби. 31 березня 2010 увійшла в дію ділянка Лімерик — Голуей.
 Приміська (Commuter (Iarnród Éireann)) має три відділення: Дублінська приміська залізниця (Dublin Suburban Rail), Приміська залізниця Корк (Cork Suburban Rail) й Приміська залізниця Лімерік (Limerick Suburban Rail)
 DART обслуговує східне узбережжя навколо Дубліну.

Рухомий склад

Intercity й Enterprise
 IE 22000 Class дизель потяг
 De Dietrich
 Mark 4

Commuter
 IE 2600 Class дизель потяг
 IE 2700 Class дизель потяг
 IE 2750 Class дизель потяг
 IE 2800 Class дизель потяг
 IE 29000 Class дизель потяг

DART
 CIÉ 8100/8300 електропоїзд
 IE 8200/8400 електропоїзд
 IE 8500 Class електропоїзд
 IE 8510 Class електропоїзд
 IE 8520 Class електропоїзд

Примітки

Залізничний транспорт Ірландії
Підприємства, засновані 1987
Засновані в Ірландії 1987


text:
Oļegs Blagonadeždins était un footballeur international letton né le  à Riga. Il évoluait au poste de défenseur.

En tout, il a joué 70 matchs internationaux et a marqué 2 buts pour l'équipe de Lettonie. Il a connu ses premières sélections en 1992, lors de la création de son équipe nationale. Avec la Lettonie il a participé à l'Euro 2004.

Oļegs Blagonadeždins a commencé sa carrière au Pārdaugava Riga, avant de passer beaucoup d'années au Skonto Riga. Il ensuite joué quelques mois au FK Alania Vladikavkaz (club russe), puis a fait partie de l'équipe de l'Alania Vladikavkaz avant de terminer sa carrière au FK Jurmala.

Carrière

 1991 :  Pārdaugava Riga
 1992-2002 :  Skonto Riga
 2003 :  Alania Vladikavkaz
 2003-2005 :  Skonto Riga
 2006 :  FK Jurmala

Palmarès
 Champion de Lettonie en 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 et 2004 avec le Skonto Riga
 Vainqueur de la Coupe de Lettonie en 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001 et 2002 avec le Skonto Riga

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international letton
Joueur du Skonto Riga
Joueur de l'Alania Vladikavkaz
Joueur du FK Daugava Riga
Naissance en mai 1973
Naissance à Riga


text:
Matveï Ivanovitch Platov (en ) est un général russe, né le  et mort le .

Biographie
Entre 1774 et 1784, après la Guerre russo-turque de 1768-1774, il participe à l'annexion du Khanat de Crimée qui débouchera sur la Guerre russo-turque de 1787-1792 sous les ordres d'Alexandre Souvorov. Il est fait chevalier de l'Ordre de Saint-Georges de  pour sa participation à la prise d'Otchakiv. Puis il est fait chevalier de l'Ordre de Saint-Georges de  pour sa participation à l'affaire d'Izmaïl. En 1793, il est fait ataman des cosaques de Iekaterinoslav et de Tchougouïev.

Il est fait chevalier de l'Ordre de Saint-Vladimir de  pour sa participation à l'expédition russe en Perse de 1796.

Disgracié et emprisonné par Paul I qui le réhabilitera en lui décernant le titre de Commandeur de l'ordre de Saint-Jean de Jérusalem (Russie impériale) et le fait ataman des cosaques du Don, confirmé en 1805 par Alexandre I.

Pendant les guerres napoléoniennes, notamment la Quatrième Coalition, il commande les troupes cosaques. Le , il est promu général de cavalerie. Lors de la Sixième Coalition, il commande les cosaques de la deuxième armée de l'ouest sous les ordres de Piotr Ivanovitch Bagration. Il est fait comte d'Empire après son action lors de la retraite des armées napoléoniennes de Russie.

Il accompagne Alexandre  en Grande-Bretagne et Thomas Lawrence le représente sur une toile en pied.

Gavril Derjavine lui dédicacera une ode. Des statues équestres à Novotcherkassk et Aksaï le représentent.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en août 1753
Décès en janvier 1818
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de Saint-Georges de 2e classe
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de Saint-Georges de 3e classe
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de Saint-Georges de 4e classe
Récipiendaire de l'ordre de Saint-Vladimir de 1re classe
Chevalier de l'ordre de Saint-Alexandre Nevski
Personnalité russe du XVIIIe siècle
Personnalité russe du XIXe siècle
Ataman
Cosaques du Don
Chevalier de l'ordre militaire de Marie-Thérèse
Commandant militaire de l'Empire russe au cours des guerres napoléoniennes
Décès à 64 ans


text:
Der Costa Rica Esporte Clube, in der Regel nur kurz Costa Rica genannt, ist ein Fußballverein aus Costa Rica im brasilianischen Bundesstaat Mato Grosso do Sul.

Aktuell spielt der Verein in der Staatsmeisterschaft von Mato Grosso do Sul.

Erfolge
 Staatsmeisterschaft von Mato Grosso do Sul: 2021

Stadion
Der Verein trägt seine Heimspiele im Estádio Municipal Laerte Paes Coelho, auch unter dem Namen Laertão bekannt, in Costa Rica aus. Das Stadion hat ein Fassungsvermögen von 5000 Personen.

Trainerchronik
Stand: 31. Juli 2021

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Brasilianischer Fußballverein
Gegründet 2004
Organisation (Mato Grosso do Sul)
Sport (Costa Rica, Mato Grosso do Sul)


text:
Тунцзыда́нь () — традиционное блюдо, распространённое в провинции Чжэцзян, Китайская народная республика. Приготавливается из куриных яиц. Употребляется весной.

Для приготовления блюда, считающегося «весенним деликатесом», куриные яйца отваривают в моче, собранной исключительно у мальчиков, не достигших возраста половой зрелости. После закипания жидкости яйца извлекают из неё и надбивают скорлупу с тем, чтобы моча проникла внутрь яйца. Процесс варки занимает целый день, при выкипании мочу добавляют. Когда скорлупа растрескивается, тунцзыдань, солёный на вкус, считается готовым к употреблению.

Для сбора мочи мальчиков до 10 лет в школах региона устанавливают специальные вёдра. При этом мочиться в такие вёдра разрешается только здоровым детям.

Яйца тунцзыдань продаются с лотка; обычно по цене в два раза большей, чем цена простых крутых яиц. Моча мальчиков — традиционное средство китайской медицины. Чжэцзянцы верят в то, что деликатес имеет лекарственную ценность, действуя как жаропонижающее и кровоостанавливающее средство. Однако научная медицина этого не подтверждает.

Традиции употребления «весенних яиц» уже несколько веков. Впервые в европейской прессе она описана в 1891 году. В 2008 году тунцзыдань получил статус предмета нематериального культурного наследия провинции Чжэцзян.

См. также
 Столетнее яйцо
 Балют
 Лютефиск
 Сюрстрёмминг
 Хаукарль
 Копи-лувак

Ссылки
  'Virgin Boy Eggs' Cooked In Urine Are Spring Delicacy In Dongyang, China (англ.)
 Urine-cooked eggs a delicacy in China city: 'Virgin boy eggs' are spring tradition in Dongyang '(англ)
 Странная традиция, или весенний деликатес по-китайски
  Китайский деликатес — яйца, сваренные в моче девственников
 Китайский деликатес: яйца девственников.
 Деликатес — не для принцесс

Блюда из яиц
Китайская кухня
Чжэцзян


text:
Colome is a city in Tripp County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 331 as of the 2020 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 296 people, 140 households, and 79 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 174 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 93.9% White, 3.7% Native American, 0.7% Asian, and 1.7% from two or more races.

There were 140 households, of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.6% were non-families. 42.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the city was 43.7 years. 26% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.2% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 22.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.3% male and 53.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 340 people, 148 households, and 95 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,271.0 people per square mile (486.2/km2). There were 170 housing units at an average density of 635.5 per square mile (243.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.12% White, 2.06% Native American, 0.29% Asian, and 3.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.29% of the population.

There were 148 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,771, and the median income for a family was $31,875. Males had a median income of $23,281 versus $18,917 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,844. About 23.6% of families and 21.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.1% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.

History
Colome was laid out in 1905, and named by two brothers, founders of the town who gave it their family name, Colombe. In June 1978 the final train passed through Colome on its way back to Norfolk and the railway line was abandoned.

References

External links
Colome Community/School Info

Cities in South Dakota
Cities in Tripp County, South Dakota


text:
Einsatzgruppen (tyska: "insatsgrupper"; Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD) var den nazityska säkerhetspolisens (Sicherheitspolizei, Sipo) och säkerhetstjänstens (Sicherheitsdienst, SD) mobila enheter som under andra världskriget följde den tyska armén vid angreppen på Polen den 1 september 1939 och Sovjetunionen den 22 juni 1941. Tidigare hade Einsatzgruppen opererat i Österrike i mars 1938 och i Tjeckoslovakien i mars 1939. Styrkornas uppgift var att ingripa mot säkerhetshotande verksamhet på ockuperat område vilket började cirka 10 km bakom frontlinjen. Ordning och säkerhet upprätthölls i detta område av förband ur tyska polisen ställda till försvarsmaktens förfogande. Vid fronten, etappen och under marsch med förband tillkom denna syssla av den tyska militärpolisen, Feldgendarmerie.

Säkerhetspolisen var inte underställd militära myndigheter och aktiviteterna var hemligstämplade. Vid insatser samverkade emellertid dessa styrkor ofta med fältgendarmeriet och/eller andra militära förband och polisenheter underställda militären samt lokal polis i de ockuperade områdena. Enligt Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski var Einsatzgruppens egentliga huvuduppgift att "förinta judar, zigenare och politiska kommissarier". Två av andra världskrigets mest omfattande massakrer förövades av Einsatzgruppen vid Babij Jar utanför Kiev, där 33 771 judar mördades under två dagar den 29 och den 30 september 1941, och i Rumbula-skogen utanför Riga i Lettland, där drygt 25 000 lettiska judar mördades under två dagar den 30 november och den 8 december 1941. Morden begicks genom arkebusering, vilket har givit upphov till benämningen "The Holocaust by bullets".

Österrike
Einsatzgruppens historia inleds 1938 då Reinhard Heydrich upprättade ett Einsatzkommando ("insatskommando") i samband med Anschluss, Tysklands annektering av Österrike. Insatskommandot utgjordes av agenter från Sicherheitspolizei och Gestapo och hade till uppgift att inta regeringsbyggnader samt att tillsammans med österrikisk polis gripa och förhöra personer som misstänktes för antinazistisk verksamhet.

Tjeckoslovakien
Genom Münchenöverenskommelsen den 30 september 1938 avträdde Tjeckoslovakien det tyskspråkiga Sudetenland till Tyskland och i mars 1939 ockuperade Tyskland den tjeckiska delen av Tjeckoslovakien. Två Einsatzstaben ("insatsstaber") följde i spåren på den tyska armén för att i Prag säkra regeringsbyggnader. Dessa två Einsatzstaben utgjordes av personal ur bland annat SS och SD.

Polen

Den 1 september 1939 invaderade Tyskland Polen och fem Einsatzgruppen följde de avancerande tyska trupperna. Senare stationerades en sjätte Einsatzgruppe i Posen. Det upprättades även en Einsatzgruppe "för särskilda ändamål", Einsatzgruppe zur besonderen Verwendung (z.b.V.), med det underställda Einsatzkommando 16. Således opererade åtta insatsstyrkor i Polen:

 Einsatzgruppe I: SS-Standartenführer Bruno Streckenbach
 Einsatzkommando 1/I: SS-Sturmbannführer Ludwig Hahn
 Einsatzkommando 2/I: SS-Sturmbannführer Bruno Müller
 Einsatzkommando 3/I: SS-Sturmbannführer Alfred Hasselberg
 Einsatzkommando 4/I: SS-Sturmbannführer Karl Brunner

 Einsatzgruppe II: SS-Standartenführer Emanuel Schäfer
 Einsatzkommando 1/II: SS-Obersturmbannführer Otto Sens
 Einsatzkommando 2/II: SS-Sturmbannführer Karl-Heinz Rux

 Einsatzgruppe III: SS-Obersturmbannführer Hans Fischer
 Einsatzkommando 1/III: SS-Sturmbannführer Wilhelm Scharpwinkel
 Einsatzkommando 2/III: SS-Sturmbannführer Fritz Liphardt

 Einsatzgruppe IV: SS-Brigadeführer Lothar Beutel (från den 23 oktober 1939 SS-Obersturmbannführer Josef Meisinger)
 Einsatzkommando 1/IV: SS-Sturmbannführer Helmut Bischoff
 Einsatzkommando 2/IV: SS-Sturmbannführer Walter Hammer

 Einsatzgruppe V: SS-Brigadeführer Ernst Damzog
 Einsatzkommando 1/V: SS-Sturmbannführer Heinz Gräfe
 Einsatzkommando 2/V: SS-Sturmbannführer Robert Schefe
 Einsatzkommando 3/V: SS-Sturmbannführer Walter Albath

 Einsatzgruppe VI: SS-Oberführer Erich Naumann
 Einsatzkommando 1/VI: SS-Sturmbannführer Franz Sommer
 Einsatzkommando 2/VI: SS-Sturmbannführer Gerhard Flesch

 Einsatzgruppe z.b.V.: SS-Obergruppenführer Udo von Woyrsch och SS-Oberführer Otto Rasch

 Einsatzkommando 16: SS-Sturmbannführer Rudolf Tröger

Vid frontlinjen i Polen befann sig insatsgrupperna under arméns befäl, men i området kring de bakre linjerna opererade de fritt. Officiellt hade insatsgrupperna i uppgift att gripa politiska motståndare och andra personer som utgjorde ett hot mot Tredje rikets säkerhet samt att förhindra sabotage, men i realiteten bestod insatsgruppernas uppdrag i att fullständigt förinta den polska intelligentian. Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler räknade med att när det polska ledarskiktet väl hade eliminerats skulle polackerna bli ett underdånigt slavfolk under nazisternas kontroll. När insatsgrupperna hade undanröjt sina primära fiender, tog de upp jakten på de polska judarna. Arméledningen reagerade mycket starkt på insatsgruppernas brutala framfart och generalöverste Gerd von Rundstedt krävde att judeförföljelserna omedelbart skulle upphöra. Hitler svarade då genom att frånta arméledningen allt inflytande över insatsgrupperna. Han utnämnde fyra partitrogna ståthållare med jurisdiktion över insatsgrupperna: Albert Forster i Danzig-Westpreußen, Arthur Greiser i Warthegau, Gustav Wagner i Schlesien och Hans Frank i Generalguvernementet, den del av Polen som inte införlivades i tyska riket.

Operation Barbarossa

Heydrich, som 1939 blev chef för Reichssicherheitshauptamt, Nazitysklands säkerhetsministerium, gav inför anfallet på Sovjetunionen i juni 1941 Einsatzgruppen i uppgift att döda alla judar, ryska politiska kommissarier, så kallade politruker, samt partisaner. Einsatzgruppen var indelade i fyra huvudgrupper (A-D) och opererade från Baltikum i norr till Svarta havet i söder. Einsatzgruppen var indelade i Sonderkommandon och Einsatzkommandon, vars minsta enhet benämndes Einsatztruppe. Einsatzgruppens personal på omkring 2 500 man rekryterades från bland annat Waffen-SS, SD, Kripo och Orpo. Enligt osäkra beräkningar skall Einsatzgruppen ha mördat minst 1 000 000 människor i Ryssland och Baltikum i samverkan med motsvarande enheter ur den tyska ordningspolisen. Man har funnit att bataljoner ur den tyska polisen Polizeibataillone och Reservpolizeibataillone också sattes in självständigt för massdödande av civilpersoner i det bakre området, vid sidan av rena partisanbekämpningsuppgifter. I Baltikum och Sovjetunionen deltog även personer ur lokalbefolkningen i massmordet på judarna. I Ukraina utmärkte sig lokala milisgrupper och hjälppolisbataljoner för sin brutalitet.

Militära chefer protesterade muntligt och skriftligt mot säkerhetspolisens metoder som man ansåg kontraproduktiva och vanhedrande. Allteftersom kriget fortsatte skärptes kampen mellan partisaner och den tyska krigsmakten, vilket anses ha lett till en kraftig brutalisering och acceptans av massarkebuseringar och liknande aktiviteter.

Uppgifter från chefer och annan personal i dessa enheter tyder på att normala personer under relativt onormala omständigheter kan finna sig i massdödande, men att personliga problem som alkoholism, psykiska sjukdomar, självmord, efter hand uppstår bland dem. Chefer tycks motivera personalen med juridiska eller kvasijuridiska resonemang, ordvändningar och omskrivningar. Militär disciplin tycks också påverka personalen att bortse från personliga känslor, ansvar och liknande. Problemen att motivera personalen inom Einsatzgruppen anses av vissa forskare ha medverkat till skapandet av förintelselägren med gaskammare som avrättningsmetod och där huvuddelen av hanterandet av de döda skedde genom fångarna själva.

Flera höga ledare inom Einsatzgruppen dömdes till döden eller till långvariga fängelsestraff vid Einsatzgruppenrättegången 1947–1948. Så sent som i juni 1951 hängdes Einsatzgruppen-ledarna Paul Blobel, Werner Braune, Erich Naumann och Otto Ohlendorf. Den förstnämnde, Paul Blobel, hade fört kommandot vid Babij Jar samt även haft ansvaret för den så kallade Aktion 1005. SS-Gruppenführer Arthur Nebe, befälhavare för Einsatzgruppe B från juni till oktober 1941, dömdes emellertid till döden och avrättades i mars 1945 av den egna regimen för inblandning i 20 juli-attentatet mot Adolf Hitler 1944.

Einsatzgruppe A

Einsatzgruppe A följde Armégrupp Nord och opererade i Baltikum. Einsatzgruppe A inbegrep Sonderkommando 1a och 1b samt Einsatzkommando 2 och 3.

Befälhavare
 Walter Stahlecker (juni 1941 – 23 mars 1942)
 Heinz Jost (24 mars 1942 – september 1942)
 Humbert Achamer-Pifrader (10 september 1942 – 4 september 1943)
 Friedrich Panzinger (4 september 1943 – maj 1944)
 Wilhelm Fuchs (maj – oktober 1944)

Sonderkommando 1a
 Martin Sandberger (juni 1941 – oktober 1943)
 Bernhard Baatz (30 oktober 1943 – 15 oktober 1944)

Sonderkommando 1b
 Erich Ehrlinger (juni 1941 – 3 december 1941)
 Eduard Strauch (3 december 1941 – juni 1943)
 Erich Isselhorst (30 juni 1943 – oktober 1943)

Einsatzkommando 2
 Rudolf Batz (juni – november 1941)
 Eduard Strauch (4 november – 3 december 1941)
 Rudolf Lange (3 december 1941 – mars 1944)

Einsatzkommando 3
 Karl Jäger (juni 1941 – september 1943)
 Wilhelm Fuchs (15 september 1943 – 6 maj 1944)
 Hans-Joachim Böhme (11 maj 1944 – 1 januari 1945)

Personalsammansättning för Einsatzgruppe A (15 oktober 1941)

Einsatzgruppe B
Einsatzgruppe B följde Armégrupp Mitte i Vitryssland och bestod av Sonderkommando 7a, 7b och 7c (Vorkommando Moskau) samt Einsatzkommando 8 och 9.

Befälhavare
 Arthur Nebe (juni – oktober 1941)
 Erich Naumann (november 1941 – mars 1943)
 Horst Böhme (12 mars – 28 augusti 1943)
 Erich Ehrlinger (28 augusti 1943 – april 1944)
 Heinrich Otto Seetzen (28 april – 11 augusti 1944)
 Horst Böhme (11 augusti – 29 augusti 1944)

Sonderkommando 7a
 Walter Blume (juni – september 1941)
 Eugen Steimle (september – december 1941)
 Kurt Matschke (december 1941 – februari 1942)
 Albert Rapp (februari 1942 – 28 januari 1943)
 Helmut Looß (juni 1943 – juni 1944)
 Gerhard Bast (juni 1944 – november 1944)

Sonderkommando 7b
 Günther Rausch (juni 1941 – februari 1942)
 Adolf Ott (februari 1942 – januari 1943; osäker uppgift)
 Josef Auinger (21 januari – 27 januari 1943)
 Georg Raabe (27 januari 1943 – 14 oktober 1944)

Sonderkommando 7c / Vorkommando Moskau
 Franz Six (juni – 20 augusti 1941)
 Waldemar Klingelhöfer (augusti – oktober 1941)
 Erich Körting (oktober – december 1941)
 Friedrich Buchardt (december 1941)
 Wilhelm Bock (december 1941 – juni 1942)
 Rudolf Schmücker (juni – augusti 1942)
 Wilhelm Bluhm (augusti 1942 – juli 1943)
 Hans Eckhardt (juli – december 1943)

Einsatzkommando 8
 Otto Bradfisch (juni 1941 – 1 april 1942)
 Heinz Richter (1 april – september 1942)
 Erich Isselhorst (september – november 1942)
 Hans Schindhelm (13 november 1942 – oktober 1943)
 Alfred Renndorfer (oktober 1943 – april 1944)

Einsatzkommando 9
 Alfred Filbert (juni – 20 oktober 1941)
 Oswald Schäfer (oktober 1941 – februari 1942)
 Wilhelm Wiebens (februari 1942 – januari 1943)
 Friedrich Buchardt (januari – oktober 1943)
 Werner Kämpf (oktober 1943 – mars 1944)

Einsatzgruppe C
Einsatzgruppe C följde Armégrupp Süd och rörde sig i norra och mellersta Ukraina. Den var indelad i Sonderkommando 4a och 4b samt Einsatzkommando 5 och 6.

Befälhavare
 Otto Rasch (juni – september 1941)
 Max Thomas (oktober 1941 – 28 augusti 1943)
 Horst Böhme (6 september – mars 1944)

Sonderkommando 4a
 Paul Blobel (juni 1941 – januari 1942)
 Erwin Weinmann (13 januari – juli 1942)
 Eugen Steimle (augusti 1942 – 15 januari 1943)
 Theodor Christensen (januari – slutet av 1943)

Sonderkommando 4b
 Günther Herrmann (juni – september 1941)
 Fritz Braune (oktober 1941 – 21 mars 1942)
 Walter Hänsch (mars 1942 – juli 1943)
 August Meier (juli – november 1942)
 Friedrich Suhr (november 1942 – augusti 1943)
 Waldemar Krause (augusti 1943 – januari 1944)

Einsatzkommando 5
 Erwin Schulz (juni – september 1941)
 August Meier (september 1941 – januari 1942)

Einsatzkommando 6
 Erhard Kröger (juni – november 1941)
 Robert Mohr (november 1941 – september 1942)
 Ernst Biberstein (september 1942 – november 1942)
 Friedrich Suhr (november 1942 – augusti 1943)

Einsatzgruppe D

Einsatzgruppe D följde Armégrupp Süd och opererade i Bessarabien, södra Ukraina, på Krim och i Kaukasus med Sonderkommando 10a och 10b samt Einsatzkommando 11a, 11b och 12.

Befälhavare
 Otto Ohlendorf (4 juni 1941 - 30 juli 1942)
 Walther Bierkamp (30 juli 1942 – 15 juli 1943)

Einsatzkommando 10a
 Heinrich Otto Seetzen (1 juni 1941 – 1 augusti 1942)
 Kurt Christmann (1 augusti 1942 – 11 juli 1943)

Einsatzkommando 10b
 Alois Persterer (12 maj 1941 – december 1942)
 Eduard Jedamzik (december 1942 – februari 1943)

Einsatzkommando 11a
 Paul Zapp (juni 1941 – juli 1942)
 Gerhard Bast (november/december 1942)
 Werner Hersmann (december 1942 – maj 1943)

Einsatzkommando 11b
 Hans Unglaube (juni – juli 1941)
 Bruno Müller (juli – oktober 1941)
 Werner Braune (oktober 1941 – september 1942)
 Paul Schulz (september 1942 – februari 1943)

Einsatzkommando 12
 Gustav Nosske (juni 1941 – februari 1942)
 Erich Müller (februari – oktober 1942)
 Günther Herrmann (oktober 1942 – mars 1943)

Kroatien

Einsatzgruppe E
 Ludwig Teichmann (2 augusti 1941 – 24 april 1943)
 Günther Herrmann (24 april 1943 – 1944)
 Wilhelm Fuchs (1944–1945)

Einsatzkommando 10b
 Joachim Deumling (15 mars 1943 – 27 januari 1945)
 Franz Sprinz (27 januari – maj 1945)

Einsatzkommando 11a
 Rudolf Korndörfer (15 maj 1943 – 9 september 1943)
 Anton Fest (9 september 1943 – 1945)

Einsatzkommando 15
 Willi Wolter (12 juni 1943 – september 1944)

Einsatzkommando 16
 Johannes Thümmler (3 juli – 11 september 1943)
 Joachim Freitag (11 september 1943 – 28 oktober 1944)

Einsatzkommando Agram
Agram är det österrikisk-tyska namnet på Zagreb.

 Rudolf Korndörfer

Serbien
 Wilhelm Fuchs
 August Meyszner

Slovakien

Einsatzgruppe H
 Josef Witiska (10 september – 15 november 1944)

Kärnten/Slovenien

Einsatzgruppe Iltis
Einsatzgruppe Iltis hade i uppgift att bekämpa jugoslaviska partisaner i Kärnten och Slovenien.

 Paul Blobel (oktober 1944)

Referenser

Noter

Tryckta källor

Vidare läsning

Externa länkar

Förintelsen
Nazityskland
SS


text:
Pulse is an American house music group.

Releases
 "The Lover That You Are"
 "Won't Give Up My Music"
 "Yum Yum"
 "Shadows of the Past"
 "Music Takes You"

Of the five tracks they have charted on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart, their best known would also be their only #1: "The Lover That You Are" in 1996 (credited to Pulse featuring Antoinette Roberson). It reached #22 in the UK Singles Chart in May 1996. It was their only UK chart hit. The flip side of the 12" featured an a cappella version of the song, the result of this is that many white label bootleg versions have surfaced, featuring the track being played over the instrumental of another dance track.

See also
 List of number-one dance hits (United States)
 List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

References

External links
 Jellybean recordings artist information

American house music groups
American dance music groups
Electronic music groups from New York (state)
American musical duos


text:
The Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL) was the second league to successfully play indoor football as a paid pro-league sport, after the Arena Football League (AFL).  Since the AFL had a patent given in 1990 on the gameplay of "Arena Football" (mainly the endzone nets), the PIFL played with mostly the same rules, but without the endzone nets. The PIFL only lasted one season (1998) under that name.

History
The PIFL was started by Richard "Dick" Suess. Suess was deeply involved in football on the semi-pro and minor league level, and was editor–publisher of the Minor League Football News. In 1996, he began shopping around the idea of the PIFL, an indoor league created from the top minor league programs around the country. The league was finally formed in late 1997 and began its first season in 1998. The league offices were located in Las Vegas, Nevada.

The PIFL was rife with problems from the start. The Colorado Wildcats changed coaches during the preseason. By the third game, many teams were in serious financial trouble and started forfeiting games. The Minnesota Monsters folded after Week 5. Many other teams missed payrolls and this resulted in many players, including some of the best players, quitting.

In 1999, the PIFL essentially "split" into two leagues.  Keary Ecklund, owner of the Green Bay Bombers and Madison Mad Dogs, took his two teams and form the Indoor Football League.  On January 4, 1999, the remaining teams of the PIFL renamed the league to the Indoor Professional Football League.

1998 PIFL season

Teams

Standings

 Minnesota folded after starting 1-4 on the season. PF/PA are for four official games actually played; the other game, which was Minnesota's lone victory, was ruled a forfeit awarded to Honolulu and the points were not counted in standings.
 Texas folded after starting 2-8 on the season. PF/PA are for nine games played.
 Utah forfeited their last game of the season to Madison. PF/PA are for 13 games played.
 Win totals for other teams include seven forfeited games by Minnesota and three forfeited games by Texas.
 Standings do not include exhibition games played by any of the teams.

Playoffs
August 7, 1998 — # 3 Green Bay Bombers 19 at # 2 Madison Mad Dogs 46

August 9, 1998 — # 4 Colorado Wildcats* 51 at # 1 Louisiana Bayou Beast 67 (at Riverside Centroplex)
 Colorado's trip to Louisiana was paid for by the owners of the Bayou Beast.

Championship Game
August 15, 1998 — #2 Madison Mad Dogs 41 at #1 Louisiana Bayou Beast 42 (at Pete Maravich Assembly Center)

Award winners
Following the championship game, the Professional Indoor Football League held an on-the-field awards ceremony. Those honored were as follows:

Most Valuable Player – Melvin Hill, QB, Louisiana Bayou Beast
Offensive Player of the Year – Jay McDonagh, QB, Green Bay Bombers
Defensive Player of the Year - Derric Coakley, DE, Green Bay Bombers
Coach of the Year – Buford Jordan, Louisiana Bayou Beast
Executive of the Year – James Shiver, Sr., Louisiana Bayou Beast

The Professional Indoor Football League earlier announced its 1998 All-Star teams as chosen by the PIFL coaches. The Green Bay Bombers lead the list with five first team selections, including top vote getter quarterback Jay McDonagh. He was joined on the offensive first team by teammates Chris Perry and Heath Garland (both receivers), Louisiana's Michael Lewis (WR), Chris Cloud (center) and Matt Huerkamp (kicker), Colorado's Rob Satterly (offensive line) and Utah's Matt Meservy (OL). Green Bay, Colorado and Madison each placed a pair of players on the defensive first team.

All-Stars

First Team
Offense
QB Jay McDonagh, Green Bay
RB Darnell Brooks, Colorado
WR Heath Garland, Green Bay
WR Michael Lewis, Louisiana
WR Chris Perry, Green Bay
OL Matt Meservey, Utah
OL Rob Satterly, Colorado
C  Chris Cloud, Louisiana
K  Matt Huerkamp, Louisiana
Defense
LB  James Gillyard, Louisiana
LB  Jeff Veronie, Colorado
S   Nick Galbreath, Colorado
DB  Ryan Buchanon, Madison
DB  Derf Reese, Green Bay
DE  Derric Coakley, Green Bay
DE  Tawain Temple, Madison
NT  Junior Fonoti, Utah
Second Team
Offense
QB  Mike Tillis, Honolulu
RB  Byron Allen, Louisiana
WR  Antonio Chandler, Colorado
WR  Greg Hooks, Utah
WR  Kahn Powell, Madison
OL  Jim Hobbins, Green Bay
C   Andy Ramos, Honolulu
K   Bryan Mader, Green Bay
Defense
LB  Joshua Jardine, Honolulu
LB  Pat Rogers, Louisiana
S   Jack Phillips, Louisiana
DB  Keith Ballard, Louisiana
DB  Falinko Vitale, Honolulu
NT  Kale Cockett, Honolulu
DE  Charles Johnson, Louisiana
DE  Franklin Thomas, Louisiana
Honorable Mention
Offense
QB  Melvin Hill, Louisiana
RB  Willie High, Green Bay
RB  Darnell Jones, Honolulu
WR  Lee McCormick, Texas
OL  Brandon Bergstresser, Madison
OL  Curtis Jones, Utah
C   Carl Silva, Utah
K   Doug Beach, Utah
Defense
LB  Junior Tagaloa, Utah
LB  Jose Salcido, Madison
S   Nick McDaniel, Utah
DB  Damon Jackson, Colorado
DB  Jesse Tann, Colorado
NT  David Cunningham, Madison
DE  Jeff Warner, Madison
DE  Norm Barnett, Colorado

Lawsuit with the Arena Football League

In February 1998, the Arena Football League sued the PIFL for allegedly infringing its trademarks, copyrights and patent. The PIFL answered and denied the Arena Football League's allegations. Late in June 1998, the Arena Football League filed a Motion for Preliminary Injunction before Judge Harry Leinenweber in Federal Court in the Northern District of Illinois. The Motion was set for hearing on July 21, 1998. On July 20, 1998, the PIFL and its league members filed their response, which included video tapes and other evidence refuting the Arena Football League's allegations. On July 22, 1998, the day after receiving the PIFL's legal papers, the Arena Football League withdrew its Motion for Preliminary Injunction in a lawsuit in Federal Court in Chicago. This ended the Arena Football League's efforts to challenge the practices of any competing professional "indoor" football league and clarified that its patent essentially applied to its end zone rebound nets, not any and all efforts to play American football indoors.

On November 12, 1998, The Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL) and the Arena Football League reached a settlement agreement in the lawsuit brought by the Arena Football League against the PIFL for patent infringement. As part of the settlement, all present and future PIFL teams have agreed to honor the patents, trademarks, copyrights and net structure of the Arena Football League, and in return the Arena Football League has withdrawn its motion to seek a restraining order to prevent the PIFL from playing its games. Additionally, the PIFL has agreed to use the following disclaimer, "PIFL and its teams are not affiliated, sponsored or associated with the Arena Football League or any of its member teams", on all official publications. Professional Indoor Football League Commissioner Mike Storen stated, "The Professional Indoor Football League is happy to acknowledge the uniqueness of the Arena Football League's patented net system and method of play on the basis that this settlement will allow the Professional Indoor Football League to expand in an orderly fashion."

PIFL European Division
The PIFL proposed European Division was set to kick off in November 1998 with teams in England and Ireland. A six-team tournament was planned for August 22, 1998 in Manchester, England. Terry Smith was the PIFL European League Director and was the head coach of the Great Britain Spartans. The Spartans were a very successful European minor American football club, trying to move up to the pro level. The Spartans played two exhibition games in the US on April 27, 1998, at the Madison Mad Dogs and on April 29, 1998, at the Green Bay Bombers. They lost both games, 12–29 to Madison and 34–55 to Green Bay.  The proposed European Division never started play.

Defunct indoor American football leagues in the United States
Sports leagues established in 1997
Organizations disestablished in 1998
1998 in American football


text:
La Volta a Tarragona de 2008 és la 49a edició de la Volta a Tarragona. La cursa es disputà entre el 13 i el 17 de maig de 2008, i fou guanyada pel català Sergi Escobar, doble medallista olímpic a Atenes 2004 i ex-ciclista del Caisse d'Epargne.
Aquesta era l'edició del centenari, 100 anys després d'aquella històrica primera Volta a Tarragona del 1908.

Equips participants
En aquesta 49a edició de la Volta a Tarragona hi van participar disset equips de set corredors cadascun, aquests van ser:

  Camp de Tarragona
  ECP-Aluminis Sant Jordi
  Paintcar-Massi
  Saunier Duval
  Comunitat Valenciana
  Andalucía-Cajasur
  Camargo-Ferroatlántica
  Viña Magna-Cropu
  Ávila Rojas-Ceuta
  Telko-Aldabea.
  Urnietako K.E.
  Super. Froiz
  Spiuk
  Selecció EUA
  Le Boulou-St. Chely
  Amical Velo Club Aixos
  Van Hermet Groep

Etapes

Etapa 1. Reus - Alcanar. 13 de maig de 2008. 143,4 km
La primera etapa de la Volta a Tarragona del 2008 es disputà entre les localitats de Reus (Baix Camp) i Alcanar (Montsià). Amb el ja clàssic final de l'ascensió al Mirador d'Alcanar.
L'etapa tenia dues dificultats muntanyoses de segona categoria en el primers quilòmetres de l'etapa, el Coll de la Teixeta i el Coll del Mirador. L'arribada va ser molt multitudinària i el francès Thomas Lebas va ser el més llest superant per pocs metres a la resta del pilot.

Etapa 2. Alcanar - Salou. 14 de maig de 2008. 149,9 km
Aquesta segona etapa de la Volta a Tarragona del 2008 es disputà entre les localitats d'Alcanar (Montsià) i Salou (Tarragonès).
L'etapa va estar protagonitzada per una escapada de set ciclistes que es formà a setanta quilòmetres de meta. A l'esprint final s'imposà el cantàbric David Gutiérrez.

Etapa 3. Cambrils - Cambrils. 15 de maig de 2008. 114,5 km
La tercera etapa de la Volta a Tarragona del 2008 tingué la sortida i la meta a la localitat de Cambrils (Baix Camp).
La considerada etapa reina tenia les ascensions de La Mussara, Capafons i Alforja. El protagonisme durant gran part de l'etapa el tingué un grup d'escapats format per set ciclistes, però foren neutralitzats a poc més de 12 quilòmetres de la meta. Dels perseguidors en sortí el guanyador en l'esprint final, el valencià Dídac Ortega.

Etapa 4. Miami Platja - La Pineda (Vila-seca). 16 de maig de 2008. 124 km
La quarta etapa de la Volta a Tarragona del 2008 va sortir des del nucli costaner de Mont-Roig del camp, Miami Platja (Baix Camp), i acabà a La Pineda (Vila-seca) (Tarragonès).
Etapa sense més història, totalment de transició i que s'acabà decidint en l'esprint final.

Etapa 5. Riudecanyes - Reus. 17 de maig de 2008.

Etapa 5a. Riudecanyes - Castell d'Escornalbou. 17 de maig de 2010. 5 km (CRI)
La primera part de la cinquena etapa és la ja tradicional i alhora decisiva cronoescalada d'ascensió al Castell d'Escornalbou. Aquesta exigent cronoescalada amb sortida a Riudecanyes (Baix Camp), amb un percentatge de desnivell d'un 20% en els últims cinc-cents metres, sol erigir-se com a jutge definitiu de La Volta, aquest any a més s'arriba en una situació realment igualada, ja que fins a set corredors comparteixen la primera posició en la classificació
El guanyador enguany fou el lleidatà Sergi Escobar.

Etapa 5b. Tarragona - Reus. 17 de maig de 2008. 80 km
La segona part de l'última etapa es va disputar entre la capital del Tarragonès, Tarragona i la del Baix Camp, Reus. Les petites diferències entre els primers classificats van fer que aquesta fos una etapa ben moguda des de bon principi, tot i els atacs Sergi Escobar es va erigir com el més fort d'aquesta edició.

Classificacions finals

Classificació general

Classificació regularitat

Classificació muntanya

Classificació metes volants

Classificació equips

Referències

Enllaços externs
 Fitxa de la cursa al web d'Edosof

Competicions ciclistes del 2008
2008


text:
Edward Boughen, D.D. (1587–1660?), was an English Royalist divine.

Life
Boughen was a native of Buckinghamshire. He was educated at Westminster School, and was then elected to a scholarship at Christ Church, Oxford (B.A. 1609, M.A. 1612). He was appointed chaplain to John Howson, bishop of Oxford; he afterwards held a cure at Bray in Berkshire; and on 13 April 1633 was collated to the rectory of Woodchurch in Kent. The presbyterian inhabitants of Woodchurch petitioned against him in 1640 for having acted as a justice of the peace, and he was ejected from both his livings. He then returned to Oxford, where he was created D.D. on 1 July 1646, shortly before the surrender of the garrison to the parliamentary forces; he later lived at Chartham in Kent. Anthony Wood wrote: "This Dr. Boughen, as I have been informed, lived to see his majesty restored, and what before he had lost, he did obtain" ; and Baker also states that "Boughen died soon after the Restoration, aged 74, plus minus". It is not improbable that he is identical with the Edward Boughen, prebendary of Marden in the church of Chichester, whose death occurred between 29 May and 11 August 1660.

Theology
Boughen defended Arminian theological views through his writings.

Works
Boughen was a learned man and a staunch defender of the church of England. He published:
Several sermons, including Unanimity in Judgment and Affection, necessary to Unity of Doctrine and Uniformity in Discipline. A Sermon preached at Canterbury at the Visitation of the Lord Archbishop's Peculiars. In St. Margaret's Church, April 14, 1635,' Lond. 1635,; reprinted in 1714, with a preface by Thomas Brett, rector of Betteshanger in Kent.
'''An Account of the Church Catholick: where it was before the Reformation, and whether Rome were or bee the Church Catholick. In answer to two letters signed T. B., London 1653.
Observations upon the Ordinance of the Lords and Commons at Westminster. After Advice had with their Assembly of Divines, for the Ordination of Ministers pro Tempore, according to their Directory for Ordination, and Rules for Examination therein expressed, Oxford, 1645.
Principles of Religion; or, a short Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England, Oxford, 1646; London, 1663, 1668, 1671. The later editions bear this title: A short Exposition of the Catechism of the Church of England, with the Church Catechism it self, and Order of Confirmation, in English and Latin for the use of Scholars, London 1671. Some of the prayers annexed are very singular. That for the king implores "that our sovereign King Charles may be strengthened with the faith of Abraham, endued with the mildness of Moses, armed with the magnanimity of Joshua, exalted with the humility of David, beautified with the wisdom of Solomon"; for the queen: "That our most gracious queen Catharine may be holy and devout as Hesther, loving to the king as Rachel, fruitful as Leah, wise as Rebecca, faithful and obedient as Sarah", etc.
Mr. Geree's Case of Conscience sifted; wherein is enquired whether the king (considering his oath at coronation to protect the clergy and their privileges) can with a safe Conscience consent to the Abrogation of Episcopacy, London 1648, 1650. John Geree published a reply under the title of Σινιορραγία, the Sifter's Sieve broken.'
Poems in the university collections on King James's visit to Christ Church in 1605, and on the marriage of the Princess Elizabeth in 1613.

Notes and references

Citations

Sources

1587 births
1660s deaths
17th-century English Anglican priests
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Arminian ministers
Arminian writers
Cavaliers
Christian chaplains
English chaplains
English religious writers
People educated at Westminster School, London
People from Buckinghamshire


text:
Железково — деревня в Краснинском районе Смоленской области России. Входит в состав Маньковского сельского поселения. Население — 26 жителей (2007 год).

Расположена в западной части области в 9 км к северо-востоку от Красного, в 2,5 км севернее автодороги  (Смоленск — Красный — Гусино), на берегу реки Ветесна. В 13 км северо-западнее деревни расположена железнодорожная станция Велино на линии Москва — Минск.

История
В годы Великой Отечественной войны деревня была оккупирована гитлеровскими войсками в июле 1941 года, освобождена в сентябре 1943 года.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Краснинского района (Смоленская область)


text:
Vigneronia is een geslacht van schimmels in de familie Roccellaceae.

Soorten
Volgens Index Fungorum bevat het geslacht vijf soorten (peildatum november 2021):

Roccellaceae
Schimmelgeslacht


text:
Банда Анатолия Бирюкова (Банда «неуловимых») — преступное формирование, действовавшее в 1972—1983 годах.

Участники банды
Банду организовали два человека — Сергей Рамьянов и Александр Долотов. Первое преступление бандиты совершили в августе 1972 года в Донецке — похитили пистолет у милиционера. В том же году в банду вступил третий участник — Игорь Ишимов. В октябре 1974 года бандиты совершили второе преступление, на этот раз в Куйбышеве. Они напали на стрелка военизированной охраны и похитили у него пистолет. В 1978 году в банду вступил четвёртый участник — мастер спорта по стрельбе Анатолий Бирюков.

Преступления
Днем 20 марта 1978 года инкассаторы Куйбышевского Госбанка ехали по обычному маршруту, но они сильно отставали от графика. Наконец под вечер они приехали к сберкассе на Партизанской улице. Один из инкассаторов направился в сберкассу за выручкой, а второй остался охранять два мешка с деньгами, в которых было 96 тысяч рублей. Для сравнения — цена кооперативной квартиры 12.000 рублей, машины «Жигули» — 6.000 рублей, туристической путевки — 500 рублей. Весть о пропаже таких денег немедленно долетела до Кремля и лично Л. И. Брежнева. Ограбление прошло следующим образом. Машина инкассаторов ГАЗ-24 заехала во двор сберкассы на Партизанской улице. Передние окна изрядно запотели. И тогда водитель открыл их. Второй инкассатор остался сзади и стал читать журнал «Крокодил». Внезапно к машине подошли двое. Один из них достал пистолет ТТ, завёрнутый в махровое полотенце. Из этого пистолета он расстрелял водителя и инкассатора. Правда, водителю удалось спастись. Бандиты захватили машину инкассаторов и скрылись на ней. В начале апреля 1978 года бандиты совершили ещё одно преступление. Из зверофермы под Куйбышевом они украли 32 норки. Уникальность этого преступления в том что, были украдены не шкурки, а сами зверьки. После этого банда совершила ещё несколько нападений. Несколько из них закончились убийствами. Осенью 1981 года банда совершила новое преступление. На авторынке она совершила нападение на двух рыночных торговцев, которые там хотели купить автомашину. В результате один из торговцев был убит, второй — тяжело ранен.

Арест и суд
В августе 1983 года бандитов удалось арестовать. Бирюков и его сообщники признались во всём. В 1984 году суд приговорил Анатолия Бирюкова и ещё троих бандитов к расстрелу.

Примечания

Бирюков
История Самары
1970-е годы в Самарской области
Появились в 1972 году в России
Исчезли в 1983 году


text:
Vernon Hilton Heywood (né le  à Édimbourg et mort le ) est un biologiste britannique.

Il est spécialisé dans les plantes médicinales et aromatiques, et la conservation des espèces sauvages apparentées aux plantes cultivées.

Biographie
Vernon Heywood est nommé maître de conférences à l'université de Liverpool au Royaume-Uni en 1955, promu en 1960 et lecteur en 1963. Il reçoit la deuxième chaire établie en botanique en 1964 et quitte Liverpool en 1968.

Il est professeur de botanique et chef de département à l'université de Reading jusqu'en 1987, date à laquelle il devient fondateur et directeur de Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) .

En 1987, il reçoit la médaille linnéenne de la Linnean Society of London . Planta Europa lui décerne son prix Linnaeus lors de sa cinquième conférence, tenue en 2007 à Cluj Napoca. À l'occasion son  anniversaire, Etelka Leadlay et Stephen Jury lui dédient leur ouvrage Taxonomy and Plant Conservation.

Publications
Ses publications comprennent plusieurs livres majeurs dont :
 Principles of angiosperm taxonomy (1963), avec Peter Hadland Davis ;
 Flowering Plants of the World (1978, 1993, 1996), et sa mise à jour Flowering Plant Families of the World, avec Richard K. Brummitt, Alastair Culham et Ole Seberg ;
 Évaluation mondiale de la biodiversité, avec Thomas Gaskell Tutin, Alan Burges et  ;
ainsi que Flora Europaea, dont il est l'un des coordinateurs.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en décembre 1927
Naissance à Édimbourg
Botaniste britannique
Professeur à l'université de Reading
Lauréat de la médaille linnéenne
Décès à 94 ans
Décès en septembre 2022


text:
Creaserinus is a genus of Digger Crayfish in the family Cambaridae. There are about 15 described species in Creaserinus, found in North America.

This genus was formerly considered a subgenus of Fallicambarus.

Species
These 15 species belong to the genus Creaserinus:

 Creaserinus brevistylus (DP Johnson, Stern & Crandall, 2021)
 Creaserinus burrisi (Fitzpatrick, 1987) (burrowing bog crayfish)
 Creaserinus byersi (Hobbs, 1941)
 Creaserinus caesius (Hobbs, 1975)
 Creaserinus clausus (DP Johnson, Stern & Crandall, 2021)
 Creaserinus crenastylus (DP Johnson, Stern & Crandall, 2021)
 Creaserinus danielae (Hobbs, 1975) (speckled burrowing crayfish)
 Creaserinus fodiens (Cottle, 1863) (digger crayfish)
 Creaserinus gilpini (Hobbs & Robison, 1989) (Jefferson County crayfish)
 Creaserinus gordoni (Fitzpatrick, 1987) (Camp Shelby burrowing crayfish)
 Creaserinus hedgpethi (Hobbs, 1948)
 Creaserinus hortoni (Hobbs & Fitzpatrick, 1970) (Hatchie burrowing crayfish)
 Creaserinus limulus (DP Johnson, Stern & Crandall, 2021)
 Creaserinus oryktes (Penn & Marlow, 1959)
 Creaserinus trinensis (DP Johnson, Stern & Crandall, 2021)

References

Further reading

Cambaridae
Taxa named by Horton H. Hobbs Jr.
Decapod genera
Crustacean genera


text:
Mercury Milan – samochód osobowy klasy średniej produkowany pod amerykańską marką Mercury w latach 2005 – 2011.

Historia i opis modelu

W gamie sedanów marki Mercury Milan wypełnił lukę po modelach Mystique i Sable. Samochód zadebiutował 9 lutego 2005 na salonie samochodowym w Chicago jako bliźniacza konstrukcja Forda Fusiona i Lincolna MKZ. Przednia część nadwozia charakteryzowała się dużą, chromowaną atrapą chłodnicy, z kolei z tyłu pojawiły się dwuczęściowe lampy w czworokątnym kształcie.

Sprzedaż

Od października 2005 do czerwca 2007 sprzedano w Stanach Zjednoczonych 63 245 egzemplarzy Milana, w tym 22.071 w okresie styczeń - czerwiec 2007. Dla porównania, o ok. 1500 $ tańszy Ford Fusion w 2007 wyjechał z salonów w liczbie 88 042 sztuk (o 65 971 więcej niż Milan), a o ponad 10 000 $ droższy Lincoln MKZ w liczbie 19 732 aut (tylko o 2339 mniej).

Był to ostatni nowy model zaprezentowany w historii marki Mercury

Dane techniczne
Milan z silnikiem czterocylindrowym standardowo wyposażony był w 5-biegową manualną skrzynię biegów, a w opcji oferowano jeszcze 5-biegową przekładnię automatyczną (obie te skrzynie biegów są konstrukcją Mazdy) oraz automatyczną 6-biegową 6-F35. Samochody napędzane silnikami V6 kojarzone są tylko z 6-biegowym automatem firmy Aisin. W napęd na cztery koła (4x4) można wyposażyć tylko Milana z V6.

Przypisy

Milan
Samochody klasy średniej
Samochody przednionapędowe
Samochody hybrydowe
Samochody z lat 2000–2009
Samochody z lat 2010–2019
Sedany


text:
Kirby Battle Royale is a brawler multiplayer video game in the Kirby series. Developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo, the game was released on the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console in Europe and Japan in November 2017, and in North America in January 2018.

Gameplay
Kirby Battle Royale is a party/arena fighting game video game played primarily from a top-down perspective. Players control the series' titular protagonist Kirby and must battle against other versions of himself in an arena. The game features a single-player story campaign along with cooperative play and multiplayer battle modes that are available to play locally and online.

Game modes
There are a total of 10 game modes plus "The Cake Royale" story mode.
 The Cake Royale: Dedede sets up a tournament full of colored Kirby clones. Kirby fights through, playing different game modes through five "leagues."
 Battle Arena: The player must defeat all of the opponents and be the last one standing. However, the opposing players can revive given enough time.
 Apple Scramble: Players split into two teams and must harvest and collect more apples than the opponent.
 Coin Clash: Players must collect the most coins in the set time limit while avoiding a coin-draining ghost.
 Attack Riders: Players must collect "chips" by hitting other players. Machines appear at times, and attacking while on it results in the player getting extra chips.
 Crazy Theater: Players must clear a certain task before the opponents, including tasks like "carry X apples", "attack your rivals", and "Avoid the [bomb] blast."
 Rocket Rumble: Players collect fuel cubes and try to get them in their ships. The more cubes, the higher the rocket goes. To win, the player must fly the highest.
 Robo Bonkers: Players must attack a robotic version of Bonkers. To win, they must deal the most damage.
 Slam Hockey: The players must attack a giant hockey puck and knock it at the opponents to score.
 Ore Express: Players must collect ore and throw it in a passing train. The player who collects the most ore wins.
 Flag Ball: The players must throw a ball at their flag to score, but the opposing team can carry the flag and attack the player. The team who scores seven goals first wins.

Abilities
The abilities featured in game, in order of listing, are: Sword, Bomb, Beetle, Spear, Cutter, Fighter, Ninja, Whip, Parasol, Hammer, Doctor, Tornado, and Ice, as well as Mirror and Sleep, which were introduced in a free update for the game. Alongside the 15 base abilities, 3 other playable characters are in the game: Waddle Dee, Meta Knight, and King Dedede. The 3 characters function similarly to the Parasol, Sword, and Hammer abilities respectively (albeit with a few unique moves).

Prior to the game's release, a copy ability poll was held. People could vote for their favorite ability, and the winner was the Mirror ability. A second poll was held in December. 13 of the abilities were available upon initial launch, with Mirror being made available via free software update in Europe and Japan, and Sleep was made available via another software update; both poll winners have been made available in North America via a free software update as well.

Development and release
Kirby Battle Royale was developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo. The game was announced in September 2017 during a Nintendo Direct and is part of Kirbys 25th anniversary celebration.

On 19 October 2017, a demo was released in Europe on the Nintendo eShop. The demo included three playable game modes and unlocks access to the character Meta Knight in the full game via a save transfer. The demo was later released on 4 January 2018 in North America.

The game was released for the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console on 3 November 2017 in Europe, on 30 November in Japan, and was released on 19 January 2018 in North America. It sold 28,023 copies within its first week on sales in Japan.

Reception

Kirby Battle Royale received "mixed or average" reviews from professional critics according to review aggregator website Metacritic. Famitsu gave it a positive score of 30 out of 40.

Notes

References

External links

 Kirby Battle Royale at MobyGames

2017 video games
Fighting games
3D fighting games
Kirby (series) video games
Party video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
HAL Laboratory games
Nintendo 3DS eShop games
Nintendo 3DS games
Nintendo 3DS-only games
Nintendo Network games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games that use Amiibo figurines
Video games scored by Shogo Sakai