text:
1794 (MDCCXCIV) byl rok, který dle gregoriánského kalendáře započal středou.

Události
 4. února – Francie zrušila otroctví.
 24. března
 Pod vedením generála Tadeusze Kościuszka vypuklo v Polsku povstání proti Prusku a Rusku.
 V Paříži byl popraven revolucionář Jacques-René Hébert.
 5. dubna – V Paříži byl popraven Georges Danton.
 26. června – V bitvě u Fleurus porazila francouzská armáda rakouskou a nizozemskou.
 27. července – Velká francouzská revoluce byla ukončena Thermidorským převratem. Druhý den byl popraven vůdce jakobínské vlády Maximilien Robespierre.
 31. srpna – Stovky lidí zahynuly při výbuchu prachovny v pařížské části Grenelle.
 16. listopadu – Kościuszkovo povstání bylo ukončeno kapitulací posledních oddílů před ruským vojevůdcem Alexandrem Vasiljevičem Suvorovem.
 první telegrafní spojení mezi Paříží a Lille o délce 225 km, které zřídil Claude Chappe na mechanickém principu

Probíhající události
 1789–1799 – Velká francouzská revoluce
 1791–1804 – Haitská revoluce
 1792–1797 – Válka první koalice
 1792–1802 – Francouzské revoluční války
 1793–1794 – Jakobínský teror

Vědy a umění
 Finský chemik Johan Gadolin objevil chemický prvek yttrium.

Narození

Česko
 2. ledna – Kristián Vincenc z Valdštejna-Vartenberka, šlechtic z rodu Valdštejnů († 24. prosince 1858)
6. ledna – Kašpar Mašek, hudební skladatel působící ve Slovinsku († 13. května 1873)
7. ledna – Heinrich Wilhelm Schott, česko-rakouský botanik († 5. března 1865)
15. ledna – Adalbert Danzer, lázeňský lékař († 16. března 1862)
 17. února – Karel Bořivoj Presl, lékař a botanik († 2. října 1852)
 12. března – František Alois Skuherský, lékař a mecenáš († 12. srpna 1864)
 23. dubna – Josef Šembera, kreslíř a grafik († 8. srpna 1866)
 25. dubna – Josef Dittrich, biskup a teolog († 5. října 1853)
 23. května – Ignaz Moscheles, klavírní virtuóz a skladatel († 10. března 1870)
30. května – Georg Geissler, rakouský politik z Čech († 3. srpna 1855)
6. června – Jan Dobromil Arbeiter, lékárník, podnikatel, mecenáš a vlastenec († 10. února 1870)
17. června – Ignác Jan Lhotský, učitel, politik a starosta Hradce Králové († 2. května 1883)
27. července – Josef Schützenberger, rakouský politik z Čech († 6. května 1877)
 4. srpna – Josef Proksch, klavírista, hudební teoretik a skladatel († 20. prosince 1864)
 12. září – Jan Nepomuk Karel Krakovský z Kolovrat, šlechtic, úředník gubernia, filantrop, vlastenec († 26. června 1872)
17. září – Jan Josef Schaffgotsche, rakouský šlechtic působící jako politik na Moravě († 17. ledna 1874)
23. září – Eduard Löwe, anglický šachista původem z Prahy († 25. února 1880)
30. října – Josef Ringel, malíř († 20. dubna 1856)
 17. listopadu – Andreas Spunar, fyzik, děkan filozofické fakulty olomoucké univerzity († 16. listopadu 1840)
18. listopadu – Jan Winkler, evangelický pastor († 4. ledna 1874)
neznámé datum
Moses Löw-Beer, moravský průmyslník a podnikatel židovského původu († 1851)

Svět

 3. ledna – Augustus d'Este, vnuk britského krále Jiřího III. († 28. prosince 1848)
 7. ledna – Eilhard Mitscherlich, německý chemik († 28. srpna 1863)
25. ledna – François-Vincent Raspail, francouzský chemik, botanik a republikánský politik († 7. ledna 1878)
28. ledna – Luisa Sasko-Hildburghausenská, nasavská vévodkyně († 6. dubna 1825)
 12. února – Alexandr Dmitrijevič Petrov, ruský šachový mistr († 22. dubna 1867)
 21. února – Antonio López de Santa Anna, mexický generál a prezident († 21. června 1876)
 24. února – Manuela Kirkpatricková, matka poslední francouzské císařovny Evženie († 22. listopadu 1879)
 5. března – Benjamin Guy Babington, anglický lékař a epidemiolog († 8. dubna 1866)
8. března – Franz Kuefstein, rakouský politik a šlechtic († 3. ledna 1871)
10. března
František de Paula Španělský, nejmladší syn španělského krále Karla IV. († 13. srpna 1865)
Henriette d'Angeville, francouzská průkopnice horolezectví, druhá žena na Mont Blanc († 13. ledna 1871)
 14. března – Józef Bem, polský generál a národní hrdina († 10. prosince 1850)
 16. března – Joseph Daniel Böhm, rakouský sochař († 15. srpna 1865)
 17. března – Thomas Maclear, anglický astronom († 17. července 1879)
19. března – Pierre-Médard Diard, francouzský přírodovědec a objevitel († 16. února 1863)
20. března – René Lesson, francouzský chirurg, přírodovědec, ornitolog a herpetolog († 28. dubna 1849)
 26. března – Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, německý malíř († 24. května 1872)
 10. dubna – Matthew Calbraith Perry, americký námořní velitel († 4. března 1858)
 27. dubna – Achille Richard, francouzský botanik a lékař († 5. října 1852)
6. května – Fortunato Pio Castellani, italský zlatník a šperkař († 1. ledna 1865)
7. května – Arnošt I. z Hohenlohe-Langenburgu, německý šlechtic († 12. dubna 1860)
 8. května – Anders Johan Sjögren, finský spisovatel, etnolog a lingvista († 18. dubna 1855)
12. května – George Cathcart, britský generál († 5. listopadu 1854)
16. května – Ami Boué, rakouský geolog francouzského původu († 21. listopadu 1881)
 20. května – Karl Julius Perleb, německý přírodovědec († 11. června 1845)
 24. května – William Whewell, všestranný britský vědec a spisovatel († 6. března 1866)
 27. května – Cornelius Vanderbilt, americký podnikatel v oblasti dopravy a železničního stavitelství († 4. ledna 1877)
 7. června – Petr Čaadajev, ruský křesťanský filozof a politický myslitel († 26. dubna 1856)
12. června – John Gibson Lockhart, britský literární kritik, životopisec, spisovatel, překladatel a básník († 25. listopadu 1854)
18. června – Antonio Sapienza, ruský skladatel a sbormistr († 1855)
23. června – Franz Nadorp, německý malíř († 17. září 1876)
25. června – Ida Sasko-Meiningenská, německá princezna z rodu Wettinů († 4. dubna 1852)
28. června – John Biscoe, britský námořní důstojník († 1843)
 5. července – Sylvester Graham, americký reformátor v oblasti výživy a propagátor celozrnného chleba († 1851)
 12. července – John Gibson Lockhart, britský literární kritik, spisovatel a básník († 25. listopadu 1854)
 9. srpna – Achille Valenciennes, francouzský zoolog, parazitolog a ichtyolog († 13. dubna 1865)
10. srpna – Amálie Saská, saská princezna a německá hudební skladatelka († 18. září 1870)
 15. srpna – Elias Magnus Fries, švédský ekonom, botanik a mykolog († 8. února 1878)
 19. srpna – August Ludwig von Senarclens-Grancy, německý důstojník a dvorský úředník († 3. října 1871)
 29. srpna – Léon Cogniet, francouzský malíř († 20. listopadu 1880)
30. srpna – Stephen W. Kearny, americký hraničářský důstojník před Občanskou válkou († 31. října 1848)
 10. září – François Benoist, francouzský varhaník, skladatel a pedagog († 6. května 1878)
1. října – Leopold IV. Anhaltský, princ askánský a vévoda Anhaltska († 22. května 1871)
 5. října – Pietro Marini, italský kardinál († 19. srpna 1863)
 7. října – Wilhelm Müller, německý básník († 1. října 1827)
6. listopadu – Konstantin Thon, ruský architekt německého původu († 6. února 1881)
 20. listopadu – Eduard Rüppell, německý přírodovědec († 10. prosince 1884)
23. listopadu – Isabelle Catherine van Assche, belgická malířka krajinářka († ?)
15. prosince – František Leopold Habsbursko-Lotrinský, rakouský arcivévoda a toskánský princ († 18. května 1800)
 23. prosince – Anton Martius, německý přírodovědec, teolog a cestovatel († 9. března 1876)

Úmrtí

Česko
 26. května – Vavřinec Slavík, duchovní, kanovník v Litoměřicích († 1718 nebo 1719)
 1. června – Jan Leopold Hay, královéhradecký biskup (* 22. dubna 1735)
 27. června – Václav Antonín z Kounic-Rietbergu, šlechtic a diplomat (* 2. února 1711)
 2. července – František Xaver Pokorný, houslista a skladatel (* 20. prosince 1729)
 27. srpna – Kajetán Vogl, římskokatolický kněz a hudební skladatel (* asi 1750)
 29. září – František Antonín Nostic-Rieneck, šlechtic, vlastenec a mecenáš (* 17. května 1725)
neznámé datum
Jan Antonín Mareš, hudebník, hornista, violoncellista, konstruktér a vynálezce (* 1719)

Svět

 10. ledna – Georg Forster, německý přírodovědec (* 27. listopadu 1754)
 16. ledna – Edward Gibbon, britský historik (* 8. května 1737)
22. ledna – Antonín I. Esterházy z Galanty, šestý kníže z uherského rodu Esterházy (* 11. dubna 1738)
 10. února – Jacques Roux, francouzský duchovní a revolucionář (* 21. srpna 1752)
12. února – Mahadaji Šinde, maráthský panovník (* 3. prosince 1730)
 24. března – Jacques-René Hébert, francouzský politik a revolucionář (* 15. listopadu 1757)
 26. března – Juan Francisco Bodega y Quadra, španělský námořní důstojník a objevitel (* 22. května 1744)
 28. března – Nicolas de Condorcet, francouzský filozof (* 17. září 1743)
 5. dubna
 Georges Danton, jeden z vůdců Francouzské revoluce (* 26. října 1759)
 Camille Desmoulins, francouzský revolucionář (* 2. března 1760)
Junius Frey, francouzský žid konvertující ke katolicismu, popraven gilotinou (* 12. července 1753)
 10. dubna – Antonio Rinaldi, italský architekt působící u ruských carů (* 1709)
 13. dubna
Jean-Baptiste Gobel, francouzský politik a biskup (* 1. září 1727)
Nicolas Chamfort, francouzský spisovatel a revoluční řečník (* 6. dubna 1741)
22. dubna – popraven Jacques-Guillaume Thouret, francouzský právník a politik v období Velké francouzské revoluce (* 30. dubna 1746)
 23. dubna – Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, francouzský osvícenský právník, botanik a ministr (* 6. prosince 1721)
 27. dubna
 James Bruce, skotský přírodovědec a cestovatel (* 14. prosince 1730)
 William Jones, anglický právník, indolog, jazykovědec (* 28. září 1746)
6. května – Johannes Anton Nagel, rakouský speleolog (* 3. února 1717)
 8. května – Antoine Lavoisier, francouzský chemik ( * 26. srpna 1743)
10. května – Alžběta Filipína Francouzská, francouzská princezna (* 7. května 1764)
2. června – Adolf Fridrich IV. Meklenbursko-Střelický, meklenbursko-střelický vévoda (* 5. května 1738)
3. června – Dorothy Benticková, vévodkyně z Portlandu, přímá předkyně britské královny Alžběty II. (* 27. srpna 1750)
 8. června – Gottfried August Bürger, německý básník (* 31. prosince 1747)
14. června – Francis Seymour-Conway, 1. markýz z Hertfordu, britský diplomat a šlechtic (* 5. července 1718)
 18. června
Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, francouzský revolucionář (* 3. ledna 1756)
François-Nicolas Buzot, francouzský politik a právník (* 1. března 1760)
19. června
Richard Henry Lee, americký státník a jeden z Otců zakladatelů (* 20. ledna 1732)
popraven Marguerite-Élie Guadet, francouzský právník a politik v období Velké francouzské revoluce (* 20. července 1758)
25. června – Charles Jean Marie Barbaroux, francouzský právník a politik v době Velké francouzské revoluce (* 6. března 1767)
 27. června – Anna d'Arpajon, francouzská šlechtična (* 4. března 1729)
13. července – James Lind, skotský lékař (* 4. října 1716)
17. července – Mučednice z Compiègne, řádové sestry karmelu v Compiègne, které za francouzské revoluce zemřely mučednickou smrtí
 23. července – popraven Alexandre de Beauharnais, francouzský voják a politik (* 28. května 1760)
 25. července – André Chénier, francouzský básník (* 30. října 1762)
26. července – Charles-François de Rouvroy de Saint Simon, francouzský římskokatolický duchovní, popraven na gilotině (* 5. dubna 1727)
 28. července
 Georges Couthon, francouzský revoluční politik (* 22. prosince 1755)
 Maximilien Robespierre, francouzský advokát a představitel jakobínského teroru (* 6. května 1758)
 Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot, francouzský revolucionář (* 1761)
 Augustin Robespierre, francouzský revoluční politik (* 21. ledna 1763)
 Louis de Saint-Just, francouzský revolucionář (* 25. srpna 1767)
25. srpna – Florimond Claude, hrabě de Mercy-Argenteau, rakouský diplomat (* 20. dubna 1727)
15. září – Abraham Clark, americký politik (* 15. února 1726)
 20. října – Ján Karlovský, slovenský osvícenský filozof (* 16. února 1721)
 4. listopadu – Jakub Jasiński, polský politik a generál (* 24. července 1761)
 9. listopadu – Hryhorij Skovoroda, ukrajinský osvícenský filozof a spisovatel (* 3. prosince 1722)
 11. listopadu – Pasquale Fago, italský varhaník, hudební skladatel a politik (* 1740)
 15. listopadu
Marie Františka Falcko-Sulzbašská, německá šlechtična (* 15. června 1724)
Paisij Veličkovskij, ukrajinský pravoslavný světec (* 21. prosince 1722)
John Witherspoon, skotsko-americký presbyteriánský teolog (* 5. února 1723)
16. listopadu – Rudolf Erich Raspe, německý spisovatel (* 26. března 1736)
 28. listopadu – Cesare Beccaria, italský filozof a ekonom (* 15. března 1738)
 29. listopadu – Žofie Frederika Meklenbursko-Zvěřínská, dánská princezna (* 24. srpna 1758)
2. prosince – Johann Leidenfrost, německý lékař a teolog (* 27. listopadu 1715)
25. prosince – Harry Paulet, 6. vévoda z Boltonu, britský admirál, politik a šlechtic (* 6. listopadu 1720)
 neznámé datum
polovina července – Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, francouzský právník a politik v době Velké francouzské revoluce (* 3. ledna 1756)
8. nebo 29. srpna – Anastasij Strumický, severomakedonský pravoslavný křesťan a mučedník (* 1774)
Ondřej Lehotský, evangelický kazatel (* 1751)

Hlavy států
 Francie – Národní konvent (1792–1795)
 Habsburská monarchie – František I. (1792–1806)
 Osmanská říše – Selim III. (1789–1807)
 Polsko – Stanislav II. August Poniatowski (1764–1795)
 Prusko – Fridrich Vilém II. (1786–1797)
 Rusko – Kateřina II. Veliká (1762–1796)
 Španělsko – Karel IV. (1788–1808)
 Švédsko – Gustav IV. (1792–1809)
 USA – George Washington (1789–1797)
 Velká Británie – Jiří III. (1760–1820)
 Papež – Pius VI. (1774–1799)
 Japonsko – Kókaku (1780–1817)

Externí odkazy

Digitalizované noviny a časopisy z roku 1794:
 Krameriusovy císařské královské vlastenské noviny (vyd. Václav Matěj Kramerius) —

18. století


text:
Aquilaria rostrata is a species of tree in the family Thymelaeaceae. It is endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is sometimes used for agarwood, but unsustainable harvesting is believed to be threatening agarwood-producing species and therefore is discouraged by environmental groups.

References

rostrata
Endemic flora of Peninsular Malaysia
Trees of Peninsular Malaysia
Critically endangered plants
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Nikolaj Vladimirovitj Davydenko ( ; født 2. juni 1981 i Severodonetsk, Sovjetunionen) er en russisk tennisspiller, der blev professionel i 1999. Han har igennem sin karriere (pr. september 2010) vundet 20 single- og 1 doubletitel, og hans højeste placering på ATP's verdensrangliste er en 3. plads, som han opnåede i november 2006.

Grand Slam
Davydenko har fire gange stået i semifinaler ved Grand Slam-turneringer. Det var i French Open i 2005 og 2007, og i US Open i 2006 og 2007.

Eksterne henvisninger

Tennisspillere fra Rusland


text:
Fang Lijun (; born 1963) is a Chinese artist based in Beijing. He was born into a wealthy family with a high social status. In the 1990s, there was a cultural movement in China referred to as Cynical Realism of which Fang Lijun was a member. Living in China during this critical time shaped his worldview in terms of his views on art, human values and morality.

Biography
Fang Lijun attended Children Cultural Place school. During his time at school, he met Li Xianting (who would later be a famous critic) and was introduced to watercolors, oil paints and ink.

Fang Lijun decided to leave high school to pursue his artistic dream. He made a decision to go to Hebei Light Industry Technology school to study ceramics for three years. However, Fang Lijun did not want to stop his studies there. Instead of having an intellectual job in the ceramics department, he prepared himself to take the entrance exam to enroll at the Central Academy of Fine Arts in Beijing. He was fascinated by the medium of oil painting and chose it for his final graduation project.

At the beginning of 1992, Fang Lijun moved to Yuanmingyuan village in north-west Beijing. Due to the economy and other difficult cultural issues, painters wanted to create a utopia where they could freely paint and express themselves. That was when Yuanmingyuan village drew artists' attention. At the time, painters like Fang Lijun had to face many obstacles and challenges, particular financial issues. In order to be able to paint, they needed to have funds to buy materials. However, there was no certainty that they would receive any funding, so it was extremely difficult for painters to be able to follow what they love. Fang Lijun and other artists like him had to paint for a living due to the economic pressure.

Style
Fang Lijun made a large number of works featuring the subject  "bald heads". Under the influence of his family and friends, his art expresses the freedom, the integrity in two different settings: traditional and modern era, and the will of making a change. He explained in an interview that he wished to send a message about the lives of painters through bald-head figures. The bald headed traditional Chinese men are viewed as dumb or stupid. Through these figures, he is sending a message about morality and how people define what is normal based on physical appearance, rather than internal moral character. Fang Lijun values the individual stories of each person. He is asking the society to look at painters as normal people, as people who are making a change, rather than as eccentric outcasts.

In his paintings, he also uses elements of water and flower a lot. Water plays a big role in Fang Lijun's paintings. In an interview, he explained that water is helping him convey a message about his feeling and his voice about the truth and what is going in Chinese society. His famous work with water is a man being drowned in water. Part of the reason for this painting relates to his childhood experience when he was almost drowned. The second and most important part in relation to this painting is that he is expressing his feelings about the Chinese society. When the man is drowning in the water, it represents painters like Fang Lijun. He feels like he does not have a voice, that he is powerless in this societal structure and that he cannot even make his own decision or speak the truth. Also, his hope is to freely go and move in the water metaphorically. He is hoping to be able to speak for himself, for other artists and to inspire everyone.

He is one of the artists who is standing in the middle line between traditional and modern practice. For example, he still follows the process of the carving of wood with the negative image, coats it with ink and then impresses the image on the paper.  Because art projects require different color immersion, Fang uses different plates and a set order of printing on different adjoined scrolls. Each scroll represents one individual against the mass which leads to "personal probity" in facing adversity.

Cynical Realism

The earliest exhibition about the Cynical Realism was by Fang Lijun and Liu Wei. "Wanshi"-Cynical Realism'. The figures in Cynical Realism's paintings were cynical, distorted and accidental. In each of these painting, there is a sense of "self - mockery and ridiculous snippets of the surrounding circumstances".  Different metaphysical questions and searches were discarded by this Cynical Realism. Fang Lijun said: "The bastard can be duped a hundred times but he still falls for the same old trick. We'd rather be called losers, bores, basket cases, scoundrels, or airheads, than ever be cheated again".

Fang Lijun is famous with his "illustrative style and bald-headed" figures. In these paintings, bald headed young men are in different motions: yawning, smiling, swimming, etc. Some of the figures are described as confusion or considered "dumbfounded by modern society". His figures represent the loss in direction of youths in China after 1989. Further more, some critics view these figures as inward looking monks which challenge the idea of orthodoxy. He has repeated painting stereotypical bald headed Chinese men with a "stupid" smiles. There was a shift in his painting before the 1990s and after the 1990s. Before, the relationship between the figures was easy to predict. The background was clearer with different details to help the "picture-reader" understand the paintings. However, after the 1990s, there was a big shift in the way he portrayed these figures.  The relationship is hard to interpret when there usually was a big figure in the front and other small figures in the back. The background was not the main focus of the painting, but it still played a role. This shift leads to a new way of interpreting painting and allows everybody to read and challenge the idea of "representation" . For some people this shift is considered a self-mockery and dealt with at a distance.

1991.6.1. painting

It is a woodblock print which consists of five fabric scrolls (490.9 cm x 606.2 cm in total approximately) . This painting is a composition of a bald headed crowd with sky and clouds in a gray scale. The most important detail in this picture is the large head with an anonymous finger pointing to the sky. This figure is turning so only his left face is shown. He is looking at his finger with a very distinct smirk on his face . His right side is frozen and only some upper teeth are shown. Within a crowd, there are all bald heads facing upward to look to the sky or where the finger is pointing. Some of them have strong emotion by the facial expressions, some are reaching their hands and some look confused. The crowd is painted in a much denser level.

This painting reveals confusion and lost. The crowd does not know where to go and where to look. The gray scale of this painting reflects the uncertainty as well as the strong emotion of people during this era. There is a sense of loss in direction which represents the youths and artists in China who are uncertain about the future. Fang Lijan painted the crowd with non distinctive figures to reveal his feeling during that time. The definitions of self-identity and nation-identity are lost. The figures' faces are distorted from suffering through searching for something that is nowhere to be found. Some other critics view the large figure as a Christ-like image because Fang Lijun is influenced by Western culture and style

Other paintings

The Working Class Must Exercise Leadership in Everything, 1970: This painting has similar figures to the 1991.6.1 . There is a crowd with a large figure of Chairman Mao. However, instead of having a gray scale, this painting is painted in bright colors to represent a new hope that leads to empowerment and happiness. In this painting, Chairman Mao is considered a bright leader who will bring joy and peace to the country. People in the crowd have a happy and confident look under the direction or plan of Chairman Mao. The Chairman is drawn bigger than the other figures. The artist intentionally puts more focused details on the Chairman character to emphasise his role as a big brother or father that is pointing or leading people to a better place.

30th Mary: This painting is still under the Cynical Realists and bald head figures . In this painting, the background and the children are painted in bright colours  . Besides, figures are located in the spiral pattern in which children are flying back to heaven. There are two different critical approaches to this picture. One approach is that this painting reveals a new hope for the young generation that can change the future of China. People have hopes on the youths that they can restructure or remodel the society so that everybody can have a voice and everybody lives in freedom. The other approach describes death as a relief from this life. Because life is too stressful or too complicated, death becomes the best solution to escape from this world to go to a more peaceful place such as heaven.

"China/Avant-Garde" exhibition

This exhibition took place in February 1989. It was first denied access by the government. Some of the artists decided to move the artist's villages to begin to make a "department art". The target audience of the artists was not the public but other artists/painters among their circle of friends. Fang Lijun's works were shown during this exhibition. Due to the different economic and political times, there was a lot of attention that was being drawn from this exhibition among the artists. The intention was to motivate the movement of the society to reinforce a new structure of China. When the corruption happened, people started getting lost in direction of where to go or how to change the country. The China/Avant-garde called people together to make a bigger change, to fire up different movements that happened right after this exhibition

New Generation exhibition
This New Generation exhibition was held to draw people's attention to the Cynical Realism. This took place in July 1991 in the National History Museum in Beijing. There were many new major painters such as Fang Lijun, Liu Wei, Song Yonghong,  who participated and helped with this event. This exhibition is known as a starter for the trend of realistic painting. In this event, Fang Lijun and other new painters introduced new ideas on society, painting and art critique. His paintings in this exhibition mostly focused on the national identity, cultural change and other related issues through stereotypical bald head men, family style and people's faces.

Reception in Europe
In October 2002, when Rolf Lauter became director of the Kunsthalle Mannheim, he met Alexander Ochs, an art dealer from Berlin, and asked him about showing young artists from Asia, especially China, with his support in the museum. In 2003, Lauter presented loans from Fang Lijun, Yue Minjun and Yang Shaobin in his second re-presenting of the collection in a temporary exhibition on the subject of "SelfSpace" with 19th century portrait sculptures by Maillol and Rodin, light boxes by Jeff Wall and works by Alex Katz. Especially the work "SARS" (later named "Untitled") by Fang Lijun, a large-format woodcut, attracted attention. Lauter wrote in his introductory text: "Opposed to the pictures by Katz is a work composed of seven printed scroll paintings in the size 400 x 854 cm by the Chinese artist Fang Lijun. In addition to a rising tendency towards "de-individualisation" of people, his work labeled "SARS" also addresses the "glowing" danger of the virus for the crowds in China" Unfortunately, Lauter's purchase request was not fulfilled in Mannheim at the time. Today versions of the work are in the collections of the MoMA and the Centre Pompidou Paris.

Exhibitions
1996: Human Images in an Uncertain Age, The Japan Foundation Asia Center, Tokyo .
1999: d'APERTutto, 48th Venice Biennale, Venice
2001: Asian Fine Art, Berlin .
2002: Between Beijing and Dali, Woodcuts and Paintings 1989-2002, Ludwig Forum Fur InternationaleKunst Aachen .
2003: Die Neue Kunsthalle II:  natürlich – körperlich – sinnlich / The New Kunsthalle II: natural - physical - sensual, Kunsthalle Mannheim November 24, 2003 – March 7, 2004. Booklet: Rolf Lauter.
2004: Leben Ist Jetzt, Alexander Ochs Galleries Berlin, Beijing, Berlin, Germany .
2005: National Galerie/China Art Museum, Beijing, China  .
2006: Kupferstichkabinett Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Germany .
 2016: Chinese Whispers, Museum of Fine Arts Bern, Bern, Switzerland

He has shown work internationally in exhibitions including The Next Ones at Alexander Ochs , Beijing, New Work, New Acquisitions at the Museum of Modern Art  in New York City and Alors, la Chine? at the Pompidou Centre  in Paris.

References

External links
Fang Lijun at 88MoCCA - the Museum of Chinese contemporary art on the web
Fang Lijun at Thomas Erben Gallery
Fand Lijun – Hanmo Gallery

1963 births
Living people
20th-century Chinese painters
21st-century Chinese painters
Painters from Hebei
People from Handan


text:
The Summer Company is a Pittsburgh-based theatre company that produces classical and contemporary plays.  Established in 1993 by Steve Fatla, Jay Keenan, and John E. Lane, Jr., the company was initially founded with the mission "to produce quality productions of classical and soon to be classic plays in the company of friends concentrating on plays written between 1850 through 1950" and has since expanded to include more recent material, including the original musical Homeless:  The Musical.  The company has produced material with varying stylistic content, including absurdism, realism, and comedic revues.  The Summer Company's productions have been held at performance spaces located on the campuses of Duquesne University and Carlow University.

See also
Theatre in Pittsburgh

References

External links
 Official site

Theatre companies in Pittsburgh


text:
Ernst Hauber je německý planetolog, který se věnuje výzkumu povrchu terestrických planet, převážně Marsu. Zaměřuje se na výzkum endogenních procesů (vulkanismus, tektonismus). V současnosti pracuje v berlínské pobočce Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt. Současně působí jako koordinátor využití kamery HRSC na palubě evropské planetární sondy Mars Express. Je členem ExoMars Landing Site Selection Working Group, jejíž úkolem je vybrat přistávací místo pro tuto evropskou sondu.

Je autorem nebo spoluautorem více než 140 vědeckých peer-review publikací. Za svou činnost na misi Mars Express získal ocenění od Evropské vesmírné agentury (ESA).

Odkazy

Reference

Němečtí geologové
Narození ve 20. století
Osoby s nejistým datem narození
Žijící lidé
Muži


text:
Cordulephya is a genus of dragonflies in the family Cordulephyidae, endemic to eastern Australia.
The species are small to tiny in size, coloured black, or purplish-black, with yellowish markings. Unusually for Anisoptera, these dragonflies rest with their wings folded above their body in a similar manner to many species of damselfly. They are commonly known as shutwings.

Species
The genus Cordulephya includes four species:

References

Cordulephyidae
Anisoptera genera
Odonata of Australia
Endemic fauna of Australia
Taxa named by Edmond de Sélys Longchamps


text:
Morvay Ferenc (Érszakácsi, Szilágy megye, 1848. december 29. – Nagyváty, 1924. november 4.) református lelkész.

Élete

Morvay Mihály kántor-tanító és Szabó Zsuzsánna nemes szülők fia (címeres nemes levelét a Morvay család 1652-ben kapta). Atyját még kis korában elvesztette, anyja sok gonddal nevelte és Zilahra vitte iskolába, tízéves korában anyját is elvesztette. A koporsó mellől Lőrinczy György ügyvéd vitte magával és családja tagjává tette. Miután később gyámja is meghalt, 1863-ban teljesen a maga erejére volt utalva. Az erdélyi rendszer szerint akkor már bennlakó diák volt; innét 1865-ben Kolozsvárra ment és itt is nélkülözéssel küzdve a VIII. osztályt elvégezte és 1866-ban érettségi vizsgát tett; ezután két évig jogot hallgatott Ócsvay Ferenctől. 1868-ban Sárospatakra ment és 1870-ben a teológiai tanfolyamot elvégezve, szeptember Tiszatarjánba ment akadémikus rektornak, ahol egyszersmind orgonista volt; az orgonajátékot magánszorgalommal sajátította el. Közben mint legátus vagy supplikáns (1863., 1868. és 1870-ben) Erdélyt és Magyarországot gyalog beutazta. 1873-ban a rektorsága ideje letelvén, július 13-án Sárospatakon letette az I. lelkészi vizsgát és szeptember 5-én Mezőtúron kezdette meg segédlelkészi szolgálatát; onnét 1874. február 14-én a dunamelléki egyházkerületbe Vaiszlóra rendelte püspöke Török Pál, és ez év november 11-én lelkészi vizsgáját tette le Budapesten. 1875-ben Oldra ment segédlelkésznek; 1876-ban Lacházára hivatott tanító-káplánnak. 1877-ben Szaporcára (Baranya megye) kellett mennie helyettes lelkészül, ahol július 22-én szaporca-tésenfai lelkésszé választatott. 1886-ban a nagyvátyi (Baranya megye) református egyház hívta meg lelkészének, ahol 1887. április 27-étől működött. 1893-tól a felső-baranyai egyházmegye papi főjegyzője és tanácsbírája, Baranya megye bizottsági tagja, ahol az ellenzék egyik szónoka és több évig a függetlenségi párt elnöke volt. 1902-ben a dunamelléki egyházkerület tanácsbírája lett. 1915-ben vonult nyugdíjba.

Írásai

Cikkei a Gyakorlati Lelkészetben (1877. Két sírbeszéd); a Prot. Egyh. és Iskolai Lapban (1877-től több évig Levelek Felső-Baranyából X2 jegygyel és több czikk, 1888. vezérczikkek sat., 1891-92. A biblia epikai feldolgozásának történetéből, 1892-1902. vezérczikkek és Belföld rovatban czikkek, Törvénytisztelet és még valami, 1893. Jókai jubileuma és a reformátusok, Berki József, nekr., 1894. Az országos lelkészi gyámintézet kérdéséhez, 1895. Evangelisáczió Felső-Baranyában, Horváth Pál, nekr., 1898. A kongruajavaslathoz, 1902. Az énekeskönyv revisiójáról, Szűcs Dániel kántortanító emlékezete sat.); a Sárospataki lapokban (1889-1902. vezérczikkek és egyéb közlemények: A lelkészi fizetések kiegészítésének kérdése, Tetemrehivás a belmissió kérdésében, Protestans revisio, A reversalisok eltörlésének kérdése sat.); a Protestáns Szemlében (1900. Baranyai egyházi élet a XVIII. században); írt még az Üstökösbe, a Budapesti Hirlap, Magyar Hirlap, Egyetértés, Magyarország c. lapokba; állandó munkatársa volt a Pesti Naplónak, később a Pécsi Figyelőnek, majd a Magyar Szónak.

Munkái

 A temetés szertartása meghalt lelkészeink koporsóinál. Siklós, 1886. (Kézirat gyanánt).
 Az affiliacio kérdéséhez. Siklós, 1894. (Két értekezés Baranya-Sellyén ápr. 11. felolv. Egyik Bosznai Sándoré).
 A felső-baranyai ev. ref. egyházmegye közgyűléseinek Jegyzőkönyve az 1894., 1895., 1897-1902. évekről. Pécs. Nyolcz füzet. (Szerk. és kiadta).
 Néhány őszinte szó a lelkészek állami segélyezésének kérdéséhez. Irta: Egy pap. Pécs, 1898.
 Református Kis Káté, vagyis utmutatás a keresztyén vallás legfőbb igazságai megismerhetésére. A református keresztyén legszükségesebb imáival együtt. (A gyülekezeteken kívül élő hitrokonaink lelki táplálékául). Bpest, 1898. (Az Okor-szigetvidéki egyházi értekezlet által 200 koronával jutalmazott pályamű. 3000 példányban nyomatott).

A felső-baranyai egyházmegye múltja történeti adatainak összeszedésével bízta meg.

Kéziratban: prédikációi és a dunántuli népesség számbeli visszahanyatlását és annak okait feltüntető adatok.

Álnevei és jegyei

Ágodi, Aliquis, Dr. Parti, Giráltfai, Dunamelléki, Akárki, Parázs és -y-cz.

Jegyzetek

Források

 Zoványi Jenő: Magyarországi protestáns egyháztörténeti lexikon. Szerk. Ladányi Sándor. 3. jav. bőv. kiad. [Bp.], Magyar Református Egyház Zsinati Irodája, 1977.

További információk

 Gulyás Pál: Magyar írók élete és munkái. Bp., Magyar Könyvtárosok és Levéltárosok Egyesülete, 1939-2002. 7. kötettől sajtó alá rend. Viczián János.

Magyar református lelkészek
1848-ban született személyek
1924-ben elhunyt személyek


text:
La Norvegia è divisa in 11 regioni amministrative, chiamate contee (fylke in norvegese), fino al 1918, erano conosciuti come amter. Le contee formano le suddivisioni di primo livello della Norvegia e sono ulteriormente suddivise in 356 comuni (kommune). I territori insulari delle Svalbard e Jan Mayen sono al di fuori della suddivisione in contee e governati direttamente a livello nazionale. La capitale Oslo è considerata sia una contea che un comune.

Nel 2017 il governo ha deciso di abolire alcune delle contee e di unirle con altre per formarne di più grandi, riducendone il numero da 19 a 11. Ciò è stato attuato il 1º gennaio 2020.

Contee attuali (dal 2020)
Di seguito è riportato un elenco delle contee norvegesi, con i loro attuali centri amministrativi. Si noti che le contee sono amministrate sia da governatori nominati del governo nazionale che, in misura minore, dai loro stessi organi eletti. I numeri delle contee provengono dal sistema di numerazione ufficiale ISO 3166-2:NO, originariamente istituito per seguire la costa dal confine svedese nel sud-est al confine russo nel nord-est, ma la numerazione è cambiata in seguito alle fusioni delle contee.

Organizzazioni
Ogni contea ha due organizzazioni principali, entrambe con organizzazioni sottostanti.

 Il comune della contea (Fylkeskommune) ha un consiglio di contea (Fylkesting), i cui membri sono eletti dagli abitanti. Il comune della contea è responsabile principalmente di alcune scuole medie, dell'organizzazione dei trasporti pubblici, della pianificazione stradale regionale, della cultura e di altre aree.
 Il governatore della contea (Fylkesmannen) è un'autorità direttamente controllata dal governo norvegese. Sorveglia i comuni e riceve eventuali lamentele da parte delle persone per le azioni dei comuni. Controlla anche le aree in cui il governo ha bisogno di decisioni dirette locali al di fuori dei comuni.

Storia delle contee

Contee (fylker) antiche, fino al XIII secolo
Dal consolidamento come un unico regno, la Norvegia fu divisa in un certo numero di regioni geografiche che avevano una propria assemblea legislativa o un proprio "Ting", come il Gulating (Norvegia occidentale) e il Frostating (Trøndelag). Queste regioni erano a loro volta suddivise in fylker, come Egdafylke e Hordafylke. Nel 1914, il termine storico "fylke" verrà nuovamente utilizzato per sostituire il termine "amt" introdotto durante l'unione con la Danimarca.

Contee tra il X e il XIII secolo
Contee (folkland) dipendenti dal Borgarting, situate a Viken, con sede a Sarpsborg:
Rånrike
Vingulmark
Vestfold
Grenland
Contee dipendenti dall'Eidsivating, situate nell'Oplandene, con sede a Eidsvoll:

 Raumafylke (Glåmdalen, Romerike, Solør)
 Heinafylke (Gjøvik, Hedmark)
 Hadafylke (Hadeland, Land, Toten)
 Gudbrandsdal (bilandskap)
 Østerdal (bilandskap)

Contee dipendenti dal Gulating, situate nel Vestlandet, con sede a Gulen:

Sunnmærafylke
Firdafylke (Nordfjord, Sunnfjord)
Sygnafylke
Valdres e Hallingdal
Hordafylke
Rygjafylke
Setesdal
Egdafylke

Contee dipendenti dal Frostating, situate nel Trøndelag, con sede a Frosta:

Eynafylke
Sparbyggjafylke
Verdælafylke
Skeynafylke
Orkdælafylke
Gauldælafylke
Stjordælafylke
Strindafylke
Naumdælafylke
Nordmærafylke
Romsdælafylke

Contee non legate a nessun ting:

Jamtaland
Herjedalen
Håløygjafylke
Helgeland
Salten
Lofoten e Vesterålen
Trondenes

Il Finnmark (incluso il nord della contea di Troms), le Isole Fær Øer, le Orcadi, le Shetland, le Ebridi, l'Isola di Man, l'Islanda e la Greenland erano skattland ("paesi tassati"), e non appartenevano a nessuna contea o area.

Syssel
Dalla fine del XII secolo, la Norvegia fu divisa in diversi "syssel". Il capo dei vari "syssel" era il "syslemann", che rappresentava il re localmente. Quanto segue mostra una ricostruzione dei diversi "syssel" in Norvegia al 1300 circa, inclusi i sub-syssel, ove questi sembrano stabiliti.
 Elvesysle
 Ranrike
 Borgarsysle  (due parti)
 Romerike (due parti, "settentrionale" e "meridionale")
 Hedmark (due parti, "settentrionale" e "meridionale")
 Østerdalen
  "a nord di Åmot"
  "a sud di Åmot"
  Gudbrandsdalen
  "nord di Ruste"
  "sud di Ruste"
 Hadeland (later   Ringerike , due parti, "settentrionale" e "esterna")
 Valdres e  Hallingdal  (due parti)
 Numedal e  Telemark ?
 Tverrdalane e  Modum ?
 Oslo sysle ( lut  settentrionale e  lut  occidentale)
 Tønsberg sysle
 Skien sysle
 Eastern part (later Nedenes)
 Robyggjelag
 Agder Midtsysla
 Lista
  Rygjafylke
 "nord del fiordo"
 "sud del fiordo"
 Hordaland ( Nordhordland ? E  Sunnhordland ?)
 Hardanger
 Voss
 Sogn  (due parti?)
 Sunnfjord
 Fiordo
 Sunnmøre
 Romsdal
 Nordmøre ?
 Nordmørafylke
 Orkdal
 Gauldal
 Strinda
 Härjedalen
 Jemtland
 Stjørdal
 Skogn
 Verdal
 Sparbu
 Eynafylke
 Parte settentrionale ? (più tardi  Fosen )
 Namdalen
 "metà superiore"  ( Overhalla )
 "metà inferiore  (più tardi  Njardøy )
 Hålogaland  (due parti)
 Troms?
 Finnmark?

Len
Dal 1308, il termine len in Norvegia indicava una regione amministrativa approssimativamente equivalente alle contee di oggi. La len fu un'importante entità amministrativa durante il periodo della Danimarca-Norvegia dopo la loro fusione, nel periodo 1538-1814. All'inizio del XVI secolo le divisioni politiche erano variabili, ma includevano costantemente quattro "len" principali e circa 30 sotto-regioni minori con connessioni variabili a una "len" principale. Fino al 1660 i quattro principali len avevano sede nelle fortezze principali di Bohus, di Akershus, di Bergenhus e nella città fortificata di Trondheim.

Len nel 1536

 Båhus len (in seguito chiamato Bohuslän dopo che la Danimarca-Norvegia lo cedette alla Svezia, con il Trattato di Roskilde nel 1658)
 Akershus len
 Trondheim len
 Bergenhus len (che includeva la Norvegia settentrionale)

Len nel 1660
Dal 1660 la Norvegia aveva 9 "len" principali comprendenti 17 "len" sussidiari:
 Akershus len
 Tunsberg len
 Bratsberg len
 Agdesiden len
 Stavanger len
 Bergenhus len
 Trondheim len
 Nordlandene len
 Vardøhus len
Ogni len era governato da un "lenman". Len scritto come län continua ad essere usato come l'equivalente amministrativo della contea in Svezia ancora oggi.

Amt
Con il decreto reale del 19 febbraio 1662, ogni len cambiò nome in amt  e il lenmann divenne amtmann, dal tedesco "Amt" (ufficio), che riflette il pregiudizio della corte danese di quel periodo.

Amt nel 1671
Dopo il 1671 la Norvegia fu divisa in quattro principali amt  o stiftsamt, con nove "amt" subordinati:
 Akershus amt
 Smålenene amt
 Brunla amt
 Agdesiden amt
 Bratsberg amt
 Stavanger amt
 Bergenhus amt
 Halsnøy klostergods
 Hardanger amt
 Nordlandene amt
 Trondheim amt
 Romsdalen amt
 Vardøhus amt

Amt nel 1730
Nel 1730 la Norvegia aveva i seguenti amt :
 Vardøhus amt
 Tromsø amt
 Nordlands amt
 Nordre Trondhjems amt
 Søndre Trondhjems amt
 Romsdalen amt
 Nordre Bergenhus amt
 Søndre Bergenhus amt
 Stavanger amt
 Lister og Mandals amt
 Nedenes amt
 Bratsberg amt
 Buskerud amt
 Oplandenes amt
 Hedemarkens amt
 Akershus amt
 Smaalenenes amt
A quel tempo c'erano anche due contee (grevskap), che formavano insieme quella che ora è la contea di Vestfold:

 Contea di Laurvigen
 Contea di Jarlsberg

Amt nel 1760
Nel 1760 la Norvegia aveva i seguenti stiftamt e amt:
 Akershus stiftamt
 Opplands amt
 Akershus amt
 Smålenenes amt
 Contea di Laurvigen
 Contea di Jarlsberg
 Bratsberg amt (metà orientale)
 Agdesiden stiftamt
 Bratsberg amt (metà occidentale)
 Nedenes amt
 Lister e Mandal amt
 Stavanger amt
 Bergenhus stiftamt
 Romsdal amt (metà meridionale)
 Trondheim stiftamt
 Romsdal amt (metà settentrionale)
 Nordlands amt
 Vardøhus amt

Contee (fylker), 1919-2019

Dal 1919 ogni amt cambiò nome in fylke (contea) e l'amtmann cambiò nome in fylkesmann (governatore di contea).
Contea di Østfold
Contea di Akershus
Contea di Oslo
Contea di Hedmark
Contea dell'Oppland
Contea di Buskerud
Contea di Vestfold
Contea di Telemark
Contea di Aust-Agder
Contea di Vest-Agder
Contea di Rogaland
Contea di Bergen, unita con la contea di Hordaland, nel 1972
Contea di Hordaland
Contea di Sogn og Fjordane
Contea di Møre og Romsdal
Contea di Sør-Trøndelag, unita nella contea di Trøndelag, nel 2018
Contea di Nord-Trøndelag, unita nella contea di Trøndelag, nel 2018
Contea di Trøndelag, creata nel 2018
Contea del Nordland
Contea di Troms
Contea del Finnmark

Contee (fylker), 2020-attuale

Nel 2017, il governo norvegese ha annunciato la riorganizzazione delle 19 contee per avere solo 11 contee entro il 2020. Di conseguenza, diversi compiti del governo saranno trasferiti nelle nuove regioni.

Nuove contee:
 Troms og Finnmark, dall'unione delle contee di Finnmark e Troms nel 2020
 Nordland, nessun cambiamento
 Trøndelag, nessun cambiamento
 Møre og Romsdal, nessun cambiamento
 Vestland, dall'unione delle contee di Hordaland e Sogn og Fjordane nel 2020
 Rogaland, nessun cambiamento
 Agder, dall'unione delle contee di Aust-Agder e Vest-Agder nel 2020
 Vestfold og Telemark, dall'unione delle contee di Vestfold e Telemark nel 2020
 Innlandet, dall'unione delle contee di Hedmark e Oppland in 2020
 Viken, dall'unione delle contee di Akershus, Buskerud e Østfold nel 2020
 Oslo, nessun cambiamento

Note

Voci correlate

Regioni della Norvegia
Distretti della Norvegia
Comuni della Norvegia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Suddivisioni della Norvegia
Contee della Norvegia


text:
Department of Justice v. House Committee on the Judiciary (2020), No. 19-1328 (previously In re Application of the Committee on the Judiciary, No. 19-5288), was a court decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The case weighs whether a committee of the House of Representatives can assert the House's "sole power of impeachment" to subpoena materials gathered as part of a federal grand jury investigation which are ordinarily secret. Due to changes in the government by the time of the 2020 election, many of the aspects leading to the case have become unnecessary, and the Supreme Court ruled the case moot in orders released in July 2021.

Background

Robert Mueller had been appointed as Special Counsel by United States Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to investigate possible Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The investigation ran from 2017 to 2019. During the investigation, Mueller assembled a grand jury empowered to subpoena documents, require witnesses to testify under oath, and issue indictments for targets of criminal charges if probable cause was found. Proceedings of the grand jury were kept in confidence.

Mueller delivered his final report, Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election, informally called the Mueller Report, to United States Attorney General William Barr on March 22, 2019. A heavily redacted version of the Mueller Report was released on April 18, 2019, which President Donald Trump stated later was due to executive privilege. The redacted report omitted much of the grand jury proceedings. While Mueller's Report concluded there was no evidence of Russian interference, and while there was no conclusive evidence of any crime committed by Trump, it "does not exonerate him".

The Mueller Report findings formed the basis for the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives to consider starting impeachment proceedings against President Trump. Mueller testified to several House committees on July 24, 2019, on details of the report, but still limited to what he could speak because of the President's claim of executive privilege.

On July 26, 2019, the House Judiciary Committee filed an application with the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to release certain grand jury materials associated with Mulluer's investigation. In October 2019, based on precedent established during the impeachment of Richard Nixon, the court granted the application. However, the Department of Justice immediately sought a stay for the subpoena.

Case history
On December 13, 2019, the D.C. Circuit's panel of Judith W. Rogers, Thomas B. Griffith, and Neomi Rao ordered a briefing to address whether the House Judiciary Committee has Article III standing.

On December 16, House General Counselor Douglas Letter filed a brief outlining the importance of obtaining the grand jury materials.

On December 18, the D.C. Circuit ordered the parties involved to file supplemental briefings by December 23, addressing whether articles of impeachment render the case moot and whether expedited consideration is still necessary. The D.C. Circuit also suggested the House Judiciary Committee address whether it still seeks the materials from Robert Mueller's grand jury.

On December 23, the House Judiciary Committee and Justice Department filed supplemental briefings explaining their positions on standing and mootness.

The case was argued earlier before the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on January 3, 2020. The case was heard by a panel of three Circuit Judges: Judith W. Rogers, Thomas B. Griffith, and Neomi Rao.

On March 10, 2020, the court ruled 2–1 in favor of the Judiciary Committee, ordering the release of the grand jury materials; Judge Rogers wrote the opinion, and was joined by Judge Griffith, with Judge Rao dissenting.

Supreme Court
Shortly before the deadline set by the Circuit Court for the production of the material, the Justice Department petitioned the Supreme Court to stay the ruling and review the case. The Supreme Court stayed the Circuit's mandate on May 8, 2020, and in June, the Justice Department filed a petition for a writ of certiorari which was opposed by the House Judiciary Committee. On July 2, 2020, the Supreme Court granted the Justice Department request for a writ of certiorari appealing the decision of the Circuit Court, and scheduled arguments for December 2, 2020.

In late November 2020, the House requested that the Supreme Court postpone oral arguments until after the 117th United States Congress convenes and Joe Biden is inaugurated as president in January 2021, at which point the reconstituted Committee can determine if it still wishes to pursue the matter. The Supreme Court agreed to the delay, removing the oral hearings from the schedule. Subsequently, the Supreme Court deemed the case moot in orders released on July 2, 2021, and ordered the Circuit court to vacate its decision, as per the Munsingwear vacatur.

See also
In re Grand Jury Subpoena (2019)
Trump v. Deutsche Bank AG
Trump v. Mazars USA, LLP
Trump v. Vance
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2019–2020)

References

Further reading

External links
DOJ petition for a writ of certiorari, June 1, 2020
Judiciary Committee brief in opposition, June 15, 2020

2020 in United States case law
Donald Trump litigation
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit cases
United States Department of Justice
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court


text:
German submarine U-994 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

She was ordered on 25 May 1941, and was laid down on 14 November 1942 at Blohm & Voss, Hamburg, as yard number 194. She was launched on 8 July 1943 and commissioned under the command of Leutnant zur See Wolf Ackermann on 2 September 1943.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-994 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-994 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes or 26 TMA mines, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and one twin  C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between 44 — 52 men.

Service history
On 17 July 1944, as U-944 was returning from her first, and only, war patrol she came under attack by a Norwegian Mosquito of No. 333 (Norwegian) Squadron RAF/L. Five crewmen were wounded and the boat sustained some damage and reached Bergen later that same day.

On 9 May 1945, U-994 surrendered at Trondheim, Norway. She was later transferred to Loch Ryan, Scotland on 29 May 1945. Of the 156 U-boats that eventually surrendered to the Allied forces at the end of the war, U-994 was one of 116 selected to take part in Operation Deadlight. U-994 was towed out on 5 December 1945, but foundered while under tow making her one of 55 other U-boats that sank before reaching the scuttling area.

The wreck is located at .

References

External links

Bibliography

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1943
World War II submarines of Germany
Ships built in Hamburg
1943 ships
Maritime incidents in December 1945
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Operation Deadlight


text:
La microrégion de Livramento do Brumado est l'une des huit microrégions qui subdivisent le centre-sud de l'État de Bahia au Brésil.

Elle comporte 5 municipalités qui regroupaient  habitants en 2006 pour une superficie totale de .

Municipalités
 Dom Basílio
 Érico Cardoso
 Livramento de Nossa Senhora
 Paramirim
 Rio do Pires

Livramento do Brumado


text:
A 2006-os nemzetközösségi játékokon a netball versenyszámait március 17. és 26. között rendezték meg.

Összesített éremtáblázat

Érmesek

Jegyzetek

Források
 Honlap

Nemzetközösségi játékok
2006 a sportban


text:
Nathaniel Faxon (born October 11, 1975) is an American actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter. A frequent presence on comedic films and TV series, he won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for co-writing The Descendants (2011) and starred in the Fox comedy series Ben and Kate (2012–2013), the FX comedy series Married (2014–2015) and voices Elfo in the Netflix adult animated television series Disenchantment (2018-). He also co-wrote and co-directed The Way, Way Back (2013) and Downhill (2020) with writing partner Jim Rash.

Early life
Faxon's early years were spent in the seaside community of Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts, where he attended the Brookwood School. He later graduated from the Holderness School near Plymouth, New Hampshire, and then Hamilton College in 1997.

Career

Acting
Faxon is an alumnus of the Los Angeles-based improvisational and sketch comedy troupe The Groundlings, where he began performing in 2001.

Faxon may be best known for his appearances in comedic films such as Orange County (2002), Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (2007), Bad Teacher (2011), and several Broken Lizard films including Beerfest (2006). He co-starred in Darren Star's semi-autobiographical satire Grosse Pointe and had recurring roles in several television series such as The Cleveland Show, Joey, Up All Night and Reno 911!.

Faxon has been featured in a series of prominent Holiday Inn commercials featuring Joe Buck as well as an ad by Blockbuster. However, he did not get a significant lead role until 2012 when he was cast as the titular Ben in Ben and Kate, for which he received many positive reviews. Faxon starred alongside Judy Greer in the FX comedy series Married, which ran for two seasons.

Writing and directing
Faxon and writing partner Jim Rash, whom he met while performing at The Groundlings, co-wrote the screenplay for the film The Descendants, starring George Clooney and directed by Alexander Payne. On February 26, 2012, the screenplay for The Descendants won an Oscar, with Faxon, Rash, and Payne all receiving Oscars for their efforts. The duo made their directorial debut with The Way, Way Back (2013), based on their original screenplay, and starring Steve Carell, Toni Collette, and Sam Rockwell, among others. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival, where Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired it for $10 million, and was released domestically to acclaimed reviews that July.

Personal life
Faxon is married to Meaghan Gadd and they have three children: Ruthie, Otis and Beatrice.

Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Holderness School alumni
Male actors from Massachusetts
People from Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts
Screenwriters from Massachusetts
Screenwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters


text:
Die Liste der Stolpersteine in Sachsen listet die Orte mit Stolpersteinen und Stolperschwellen in Sachsen auf. Die Stolpersteine sind ein Kunst-Projekt von Gunter Demnig, das 1992 begann und seit 2015 als Projekt "STOLPERSTEINE / STOLPERSCHWELLEN" von der STIFTUNG – SPUREN – Gunter Demnig organisatorisch und operativ fortgeführt wird.

 Liste der Stolpersteine in Adorf/Vogtl.
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Aue
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Auerbach/Vogtl.
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Bad Lausick
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Bautzen
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Bischofswerda
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Borna
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Burgstädt
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Chemnitz
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Colditz
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Crimmitschau
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Crostwitz
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Delitzsch
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Döbeln
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Dresden
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Eilenburg
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Eppendorf
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Falkenstein/Vogtl.
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Frankenberg/Sa.
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Freiberg
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Freital
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Frohburg mit einer Stolperschwelle
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Geithain
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Glauchau
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Görlitz
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Grimma
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Großpösna
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Groitzsch
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Hainichen
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Hartha
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Heidenau
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Johanngeorgenstadt
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Kamenz
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Leipzig mit Stolperschwellen an zwei Standorten
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Leisnig
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Lichtenau
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Limbach-Oberfrohna
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Lößnitz
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Markkleeberg
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Markranstädt
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Meerane
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Meißen
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Mittweida
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Naunhof
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Neustadt in Sachsen
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Oederan
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Olbernhau mit einer Stolperschwelle
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Oschatz
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Pegau
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Pirna
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Plauen
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Radebeul
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Reichenbach im Vogtland
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Roßwein
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Schkeuditz
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Schneeberg
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Torgau
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Waldheim
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Wilsdruff
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Wittichenau
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Wurzen
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Zittau
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Zschopau
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Zwickau
 Liste der Stolpersteine in Zwönitz

Weblinks

 Gunter Demnigs Webseite zum Stolperstein-Projekt
 Online-Gedenkbuch auf der Website des Bundesarchivs

Einzelnachweise

!Stolpersteine


text:
Eugenio Siller Margain (Tampico, 5 de abril de 1981) é um ator mexicano.

Biografia
Eugenio iniciou sua carreira fazendo vários comerciais, participando de musicais e atuando em peças.

Ele  desde 1998. Participou no Festival IOT e gravou dois álbuns com a qual ele recebeu vários prêmios. Em 1999, o grupo foi reconhecido com o prêmio "El Heraldo" no México, como um grupo de jovens do ano. O primeiro álbum com o grupo com título de "Con Devoción" e seu segundo álbum é intitulado "Amor violento".

Eugenio Siller vivia na Itália, onde ele trabalhou para várias marcas da moda, em Miami, onde ele continuou se preparando para ser ator e músico, e finalmente regressou ao México para estudar no (CEA) Centro de Educação Artística da Televisa em 2002, graduando em 2005.

Já graduação, Eugenio participou da telenovela Rebelde em 2006, onde ele atuou como Luciano, um jovem mendigo. Logo, ele começou a trabalhar na telenovela Código postal no ano de 2007, que encarnou Rafael, e um jovem músico cego.

Depois desta telenovela, foi convidado a participar do programa dominical "Los 5 magníficos" ainda em 2007.

Ele trabalhou na telenovela Al Diablo con los Guapos, como Alejandro Belmonte, o filho de uma família rica e controversa, juntamente com Allison Lozano. Durante a gravação desta telenovela, foi chamado como convidado especial na comemoração dos 50 anos da telenovela "Mentiras y verdades".

Em 2009 Eugenio foi protagonista, da telenovela do produtor Juan Osorio, intitulada de Mi Pecado, como "Julián Huerta" ou "El Chamuco", ao lado da atriz e cantora Maite Perroni.

Já em 2010 assinou contrato com a Telemundo e protagoniza a novela Aurora.

Em 2011 protagonizou a novela Una maid en Manhattan.

Já em 2014 protagoniza e antagoniza a novela Reina de corazones.

Em 2015 protagoniza a novela ¿Quién es quién?.

Filmografia

Filme

Televisão

Prêmios e Nominações
 2011: La revista People en Español lo nombró como uno de "Los 50 más bellos".
 2009: La revista People en Español lo nombró como uno de "Los 25 hombres más guapos".

Premios TVyNovelas

Prêmios Tu Mundo

People en Español

Ligações externas

Atores do México
Naturais de Tampico
Rebelde


text:
Zharov () is a Russian male surname, its feminine counterpart is Zharova. The surname originated from the word zhar, which means heat and referred to the red hair color. It may refer to:
Aleksandr Zharov (born 1964), Russian politician
Innokenty Zharov (born 1968), Russian Olympic runner
Mikhail Zharov (1899–1981), Russian actor
Vladimir Zharov (born 1949), Russian Olympic rower

References

Russian-language surnames


text:
Campsosternus eschscholtzi is een keversoort uit de familie kniptorren (Elateridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1943 door Hope.

eschscholtzi


text:
Гейман — немецкая и еврейская фамилия.

Известные носители:
 Гейман, Александр Александрович (1866—1939) — русский военный деятель, генерал-лейтенант, участник гражданской войны.
 Гейман, Богдан Вениаминович (печатался под псевдонимом «Н. Гей»; ?—1916) — журналист, сотрудник редакции «Нового времени», ведал политическим и иностранным отделами.
 Гейман, Борис Яковлевич (1899—1968) — советский литературовед

 Гейман, Виктор Семёнович (1903—1976) — советский кинорежиссёр и сценарист.
 Гейман, Григорий Ефимович (1771—1843) — доктор медицины; директор Оспопрививательного института.
 Гейман, Марк Абрамович (1902—1969) — советский геолог-нефтяник.
 Гейман, Нил (род. 1960) — английский писатель-фантаст.
 Гейман, Родион Григорьевич (1802—1865) — профессор химии Московского университета, доктор медицины и кандидат философии.
 Гейман, Светлана Львовна (известна как Линда; род. 1977) — российская певица, исполняющая в электронном и этническом стилях, поэтесса, художница.
 Гейман, Христофор Август (1681—1764) — немецкий филолог, искусствовед и историк литературы.
 Гейман фон Тейтшенбрунн, Иоганн (1711—1760) — немецкий учёный-правовед.

См. также

Примечания


text:
Biografia

Carriera universitaria
Clark al college giocò a football con gli UCLA Bruins dal 2013 al 2015. Nell'ultima stagione, dopo avere messo a segno 75 tackle e 6 sack, fu inserito nel Third-team All-American dall'Associated Press.

Carriera professionistica
Clark fu scelto come 27º assoluto nel Draft NFL 2016 dai Green Bay Packers. Nella sua stagione da rookie mise a segno 21 tackle disputando tutte le 16 partite, di cui 2 come titolare. Divenuto stabilmente titolare a partire dalla stagione successiva, nel 2019 fu convocato per il suo primo Pro Bowl al posto dell'infortunato Aaron Donald dopo avere fatto registrare 62 tackle e 6 sack.

Nel divisional round dei playoff 2020-2021 Clark guidò la sua squadra con 1,5 sack su Jared Goff nella vittoria sui Los Angeles Rams.

Nel 2021 Clark fu convocato per il suo secondo Pro Bowl dopo avere fatto registrare 44 tackle e 4 sack.

Palmarès

2019, 2021

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Jorge Gómez (born 3 May 1956) is a Cuban former cyclist. He competed in the team time trial event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
Cuban male cyclists
Olympic cyclists of Cuba
Cyclists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Place of birth missing (living people)


text:
Sebastian Jung (Königstein im Taunus, 22 de junho de 1990) é um futebolista alemão que atua como lateral-direito. Atualmente, joga pelo Karlsruher.

Carreira
Jung começou a carreira no Eintracht Frankfurt.

Futebolistas da Alemanha
Naturais de Königstein im Taunus
Futebolistas do Eintracht Frankfurt
Futebolistas do VfL Wolfsburg
Futebolistas do Hannover 96


text:
BCC, sau orice combinație de majuscule și minuscule a acestor trei litere, este un acronim care s-ar putea referi la:

Instituții financiare

 BCC -- Banca Comercială Carpatica, o bancă românească
 BCC -- Banque Centrale des Comores, banca centrală a Insulelor Comore
 BCC -- Banco Central de Cuba, banca centrală a Cubei
 BCC -- Banque Centrale du Congo, banca centrală a Republicii Democrate Congo

Economie

 Bamburi Cement Company, companie de materiale de construcții
 Business Centre Club, asociația profesionistă a antreprenorilor și întreprinderilor din Polonia
 BCC Research, o companie de editare a diferite publicații tehnice și economice

Educație

 Bacolod Christian Center, unitate pre-școlară din Bacolod, Negros Occidental, Filipine
 Ballarat and Clarendon College, o școală din Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
 Baltimore City College, școală publică din Baltimore, Maryland, Statele Unite ale Americii
 Bangkok Christian College, școală particulară din Tailanda
 Barbados Community College, colegiu din Barbados
 Barisal Cadet College, unul din colegiile din lanțul Cadet College din Bangladesh
 Bay City Central High School, liceu din Bay City, Michigan, SUA
 Bee County College, colegiu al comunității din Beeville, Texas, SUA
 Bellevue Community College, colegiu al comunității din Bellevue, Washington
 Bergen Community College, colegiu al comunității din Comitatul Bergen, New Jersey, SUA
 Berkeley City College, colegiu al comunității din Berkeley, California, SUA
 Berkshire Community College, colegiu al comunității din Pittsfield,  Massachusetts, SUA
 Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School, liceu al comunității din Montgomery County, Maryland
 Bethune-Cookman College, fostul nume al Bethune-Cookman University, colegiu din Daytona Beach, Florida, SUA
 Brevard Community College, colegiu al comunității din Brevard County, Florida, SUA
 Bristol Community College, colegiu al comunității din Fall River, Massachusetts, SUA
 Bronx Community College, colegiu al comunității din The Bronx, New York City
 Brookdale Community College, colegiu al comunității din Lincroft, Comitatul Monmouth, New Jersey
 Broome Community College, colegiu de doi ani din Comitatul Broome, New York
 Broward Community College, colegiu al comunității din Comitatul Broward, Florida, SUA
 Burlington County College, colegiu al comunității din Comitatul Burlington, New Jersey, SUA

Știință
 Body-centered cubic, cubic centrat, un tip de aranjament al atomilor în cristale
 BIOTEC Culture Collection, colecție de peste 18.000 de micro-organisme


text:
Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW ) is an anti-feminist, misogynistic, mostly-online community advocating for men to separate themselves from women and from a society which they believe has been corrupted by feminism. The community is a part of the manosphere, a collection of anti-feminist websites and online communities that also includes the men's rights movement, incels, and pickup artists.

Like other manosphere communities, MGTOW overlaps with the alt-right and white supremacist movements, and it has been implicated in online harassment of women. The Southern Poverty Law Center categorizes MGTOW as a part of the male supremacist ideology.

History
While it is not clear where the MGTOW ideology originated, it is believed to have emerged in the early 2000s. A blog called No Ma'am was one of the first sites dedicated to the ideology, publishing a "MGTOW Manifesto" in 2001. Earlier members of MGTOW were largely libertarian. There is a divide between early and contemporary members of MGTOW, with some earlier members expressing derision for the present-day MGTOW community. Online MGTOW forums have included the subreddit r/MGTOW, created in 2011, smaller auxiliary subreddits, and the MGTOW Forum, an independent website that emerged in 2014. Following Reddit's 2017 ban of a large incel subreddit, r/MGTOW was briefly the largest and most active manosphere forum on the site.

MGTOW and other manosphere communities overlap with various white supremacist, authoritarian, and populist movements worldwide, such as the alt-right which came to prominence around 2015. MGTOW and the alt-right overlap both in membership and in ideology; both believe that feminism has destroyed Western society. Far-right commentator and polemicist Milo Yiannopoulos is credited with helping to popularize MGTOW with a 2014 Breitbart article titled "The Sexodus", in which he described men who were eschewing women, love, sex, and marriage because of feminism.

Researchers have implicated MGTOW communities in online harassment of women. In January 2020, a group of computer scientists published a preprint of a paper titled "The Evolution of the Manosphere Across the Web"; r/MGTOW and the MGTOW Forum were among the online communities which the authors said "have been growing in size and in their involvement in online harassment and real-world violence." The paper was described in MIT Technology Review as "the most complete picture yet of the misogynistic groups that fuel the incel movement online" and in Der Spiegel as "the most comprehensive attempt yet to analyze the manosphere online". Shortly after publication, Reddit quarantined r/MGTOW, a restriction the platform applies to subreddits determined to be "extremely offensive or upsetting to the average redditor" which prevents them from earning advertising revenue and requires visitors to agree to seeing potentially offensive content before entering. r/MGTOW was banned in August 2021 for breaking the site's policies against promotion of violence and hate.

On October 6 2022, Global News reported that there were hidden tags labeled "#mgtow" in videos uploaded by the team-managed YouTube channel of Canadian Opposition leader, Pierre Poilievre, since March 2018. Poilievre said he immediately had his team remove the tags as soon as he was made aware of them, when questioned about MGTOW Poilievre stated "I condemn this organization" and "we on this side reject all misogyny and all acts of extremism, and that is how we will always conduct ourselves over here".

Membership
Members of MGTOW communities are primarily heterosexual, white, middle-class men from North America and Europe. Unlike some other manosphere groups, MGTOW is exclusively male. MGTOW often disavow hierarchies and claim to be leaderless; some deny that MGTOW is a group or movement at all, instead emphasizing each member's individuality and independence within a collective. Researcher Callum Jones and colleagues write in New Media & Society that "while the precise number of MGTOW followers is unclear, it appears to be a popular and growing group within the Manosphere: the subreddit r/MGTOW has grown from 54,000 members in early 2018 to 104,000 members in early 2019 and there are 32,859 members listed on one MGTOW forum." Author Donna Zuckerberg described MGTOW in her 2018 book Not All Dead White Men as smaller than the men's human rights movement and the seduction (pickup artistry) communities, with the MGTOW Forum having over 25,000 subscribers and r/MGTOW having over 35,000.

Ideology
At the center of MGTOW ideology is the notion of male separatism and the belief that society has been corrupted by feminism. MGTOW groups are misogynist and anti-feminist, believing that feminism has made women dangerous to men, and that male self-preservation requires dissociating completely from women. They believe there is systemic gynocentric bias against men, including double standards in gender roles and bias against men in family courts. MGTOW groups share a belief common among other manosphere groups that women follow a similar pattern in dating and marriage: young and attractive women are promiscuous and engage in "hypergamy", having sex with numerous men and abandoning a man if a "higher-value" man shows interest. They believe women gravitate towards "alpha men" who are attractive but mistreat them, reinforcing the ideology of feminism. According to MGTOW, as women begin to age, they settle down with "beta males" who provide for them financially, but to whom they deny sex, sometimes engaging in extramarital sex with more attractive men; these relationships ultimately lead to divorce, in which the women will be favored by the courts due to what MGTOW call female privilege.

Scott Wright and colleagues at Monash University write that "MGTOW propagate extensive and wide-ranging passive or undirected harassment and misogyny on Twitter." Fellows at the Institute for Research on Male Supremacism publishing with the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism have said that members of MGTOW "openly disdain women, and normalize it through online harassment." The Southern Poverty Law Center categorizes MGTOW as a part of the male supremacist ideology, a category they began tracking on their hate group tracking project, Hate Map, in 2018.

Men in the MGTOW community use jargon shared by the broader manosphere, including the red pill and blue pill metaphor borrowed from the film The Matrix. Those in the manosphere who have been awakened from feminist "delusion" to the supposed reality that society is fundamentally misandrist and dominated by feminist values are said to be "redpilled" or have "taken the red pill"; those who do not accept that ideology are referred to as "bluepilled". Other jargon includes pejorative terms for other men such as "beta", "cuck", "soy boy", and "white knight".

Members of MGTOW communities track their engagement with the ideology on a series of four levels. At the first level, men believe they are used and manipulated by women (called "situational awareness" or the "red pill") but still believe in the value of marriage; they are sometimes described as "purple pilled". At the second level, men reject long-term relationships, cohabitation, and marriage, but will still participate in shorter term relationships and sexual encounters. At the third level, men reject short-term relationships and limit their interactions with women. At the fourth level, men minimize their engagement with the state and society, including employment; this is called "going ghost".

Relation to other manosphere groups

The MGTOW community is a part of the manosphere, a heterogeneous group of websites, blogs, and online forums promoting some forms of masculinity, hostility towards women, strong opposition to feminism, and exaggerated misogyny. In addition to MGTOW, the men's rights movement, incels, pick-up artists, and father's rights movements also make up the manosphere.

Men's rights movement

Although some consider MGTOW to be a part of the men's rights movement, others have cited MGTOW's separatist ideology as distinguishing them from the men's rights movement, which engages in activism to try to drive societal change. According to Donna Zuckerberg, early MGTOW groups were primarily libertarian and opposed to "big government"; this led to a rift with the men's rights movements who wished to lobby for governmental change, particularly with regards to custody and divorce law.

Pickup artistry

The MGTOW community has a reciprocal disdain for pickup artists (PUAs) due to their differing opinions towards women. Whereas MGTOW focuses on separating entirely from women, pickup artists focus on developing techniques to have sex with women. PUA communities have mocked MGTOW as "Virgins Going Their Own Way". MGTOW communities deride PUAs as being entirely dependent on women's approval, and because they place so much value in attaining sexual success with women, MGTOW says PUA communities contribute to what they see as overvaluing of women in gynocentric society.

Explanatory notes

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

External links

Alt-right
Celibacy
Criticism of feminism
Criticism of marriage
Internet culture
Manosphere
Masculinity
Men and feminism
Men's movement
Men's rights
Misogyny
Opposition to feminism
/pol/ phenomena
Sexual attraction
Social issues


text:
Das Dekanat Sitzendorf ist ein Dekanat im Vikariat Unter dem Manhartsberg der römisch-katholischen Erzdiözese Wien.

Pfarren mit Kirchengebäuden und Kapellen

Dekanat Sitzendorf

Das Dekanat umfasst ab der Dekanatsneuordnung vom 29. November 2015 20 Pfarren im Weinviertel im nördlichen Niederösterreich mit rund 7.000 Katholiken.

Diözesaner Entwicklungsprozess
Am 29. November 2015 wurden für alle Pfarren der Erzdiözese Wien Entwicklungsräume definiert. Die Pfarren sollen in den Entwicklungsräumen stärker zusammenarbeiten, Pfarrverbände oder Seelsorgeräume bilden. Am Ende des Prozesses sollen aus den Entwicklungsräumen neue Pfarren entstehen. Im Dekanat Sitzendorf wurden folgende Entwicklungsräume festgelegt:
 Braunsdorf, Frauendorf an der Schmida, Goggendorf, Grafenberg, Niederschleinz, Röschitz, Roseldorf, Sitzendorf an der Schmida, Stoitzendorf, Straning und Wartberg
 Subeinheit 1: Braunsdorf, Frauendorf an der Schmida, Goggendorf, Grafenberg, Niederschleinz, Roseldorf, Sitzendorf an der Schmida, Straning und Wartberg
 Subeinheit 2: Röschitz und Stoitzendorf
 Eggendorf am Walde, Großriedenthal, Hohenwarth, Limberg, Maissau, Mühlbach am Manhartsberg, Ravelsbach, Unterdürnbach und Zemling

Mit 1. November 2020 wurde der Pfarrverband "Manhartsberg" mit den Pfarren Eggendorf am Walde, Hohenwarth, Limberg, Maissau, Mühlbach am Manhartsberg und Zemling errichtet.

Dechanten

 seit ? Edy Gustaaf Janssens

Weblinks
 Vikariat Unter dem Manhartsberg bei Erzdiözese Wien

Einzelnachweise

Sitzendorf
Sitzendorf an der Schmida
!


text:
De United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) is een non-profit, niet-overheidsgebonden organisatie en de nationale anti-dopingorganisatie voor de Verenigde Staten. De organisatie bestuurt anti-dopingprogramma's voor VS-Olympische, paralympische, Pan-Amerikaanse en ParaPan Amerikaanse sport. Haar activiteiten bestaan onder meer uit testen, zowel tijdens als buiten competitieseizoenen, het managen van de testuitslagen, het zorg dragen voor classificeerbaarheid van drugs, het controleren van therapeutisch gebruik van middelen, diverse onderzoeksinitiatieven en educatie van atleten. USADA is gevestigd in Colorado Springs.

USADA is in de VS verantwoordelijk voor de implementatie van de World Anti-Doping Code, die gezien wordt als de basis voor de meest strikte anti-dopingprogramma's in de sport. In 2001 werd USADA door het Amerikaanse congres erkend als het officiële anti-dopingbureau voor Olympische Spelen, Pan-Amerikaanse Spelen en paralympische sport in de VS. USADA is geen overheidsinstelling, maar wordt deels gefinancierd door het "Office of National Drug Control Policy" (ONDCP); de rest van de inkomsten komt van contracten op het gebied van anti-dopingdiensten met sportorganisaties, waaronder het Olympisch Comité in de VS. De VS ratificeerde ook de UNESCO "International Convention against Doping in Sport", het eerste wereldwijde verdrag tegen doping in de sport; de VS vertrouwt daarbij grotendeels op USADA om deze commitment te effectueren.

Referenties

Amerikaanse organisatie
Doping


text:
Hwang In-sung (* 15. August 1984) ist ein südkoreanischer Leichtathlet, der sich auf das Kugelstoßen spezialisiert hat.

Sportliche Laufbahn
Erste internationale Erfahrungen sammelte Hwang In-sung im Jahr 2002, als er bei den Juniorenweltmeisterschaften in Kingston mit einer Weite von 17,64 m mit der  6-kg-Kugel in der Qualifikation ausschied. 2003 erreichte er bei der Sommer-Universiade in Daegu mit 16,47 m Rang 18 und 2005 belegte er bei den Asienmeisterschaften in Incheon mit 17,45 m den neunten Platz, ehe er bei den Ostasienspielen in Macau mit 17,46 m Fünfter wurde. 2007 erreichte er bei den Hallenasienspielen ebendort mit 17,11 m den siebten Platz und 2009 wurde er bei den Asienmeisterschaften in Guangzhou mit 17,88 m Zehnter. Im Jahr darauf nahm er an den Asienspielen ebendort teil und klassierte sich mit einem Stoß auf 17,87 m auf Rang sieben. 2011 belegte er bei den Asienmeisterschaften in Kōbe mit 17,90 m den vierten Platz und schied anschließend bei den Weltmeisterschaften in Daegu mit 17,75 m in der Qualifikation aus.

In den Jahren 2005, 2007 und 2010 wurde Hwang südkoreanischer Meister im Kugelstoßen.

Persönliche Bestleistungen
 Kugelstoßen: 18,86 m, 9. Oktober 2010 in Jeonju
 Kugelstoßen (Halle): 17,33 m, 26. Februar 2015 in Daegu

Weblinks

Kugelstoßer (Südkorea)
Teilnehmer an den Asienspielen (Südkorea)
Teilnehmer an den Ostasienspielen (Südkorea)
Universiadeteilnehmer (Südkorea)
Teilnehmer der Sommer-Universiade 2003
Südkoreanischer Meister (Leichtathletik)
Südkoreaner
Mann
Geboren 1984


text:
Richard Smart (born 6 March 1945 in Windsor, New South Wales) is an Australian viticulturalist and leading global consultant on viticulture methods, who is often referred to as "the flying vine-doctor". He is considered responsible for revolutionising grape growing due to his work on canopy management techniques.

Biography
Smart is a graduate from Sydney University with honours in agricultural science in 1966. Additionally he holds the degrees MSc (Hons) from Macquarie University following a study of sunlight use by vineyards, a PhD from Cornell University in New York State studying under the Professor Nelson Shaulis, and in 1995 awarded a D.Sc. in agriculture by the Stellenbosch University, South Africa, in recognition of research into canopy management effects on vineyard yield and quality.

Smart is the developer of the Smart-Dyson Trellis, a modification of the Scott Henry trellis, with curtains trained up and down from the one cordon, along with John Dyson of California.

Smart is the author of the book Sunlight into Wine as well as a contributor to several trade publications, and the viticulture editor of The Oxford Companion to Wine.

Global warming changes
Smart has warned that as a consequence of the ongoing ramifications of global warming, there will be a variety of effects on viticulture, among which that some red grape varieties may lose colour, some wines will lose varietal flavor, some white varieties may disappear.
He has also warned of the consequent dangers of vine infestation as temperatures rise, particularly in the case of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, vector of Pierce's Disease, and the aphid Hyalestes obsoletus, which spreads a phytoplasma disease Bois Noir. Higher temperatures mean both insects will be able to survive winters and move further. Hyalestes obsoletus has recently been found in German vines.

Furthermore, he has stated that following the Earth's changes, China is set to come to prominence as a wine-producing region.

See also
List of wine personalities

References

 Richard Smart bio smartvit.com.au

Footnotes

External links
Smart Viticulture official site
"Terroir Unmasked", Dr. Smart article, Wine Business Monthly

Living people
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
Australian viticulturists
1945 births


text:
Christina Egelund (* 9. Dezember 1977 in Hjørring) ist eine dänische Politikerin und Unternehmerin. Von 2015 bis 2019 saß sie für die Liberal Alliance im Folketing, von 2018 bis 2019 war sie deren Fraktionsvorsitzende. Gemeinsam mit Simon Emil Ammitzbøll-Bille gründete sie 2019 die kurzlebige Partei Fremad. Seit 15. Dezember 2022 gehört sie für die Moderaten der Regierung Frederiksen II als Ministerin für Hochschulbildung und Forschung an.

Ausbildung und Leben
Von 2002 bis 2003 studierte Egelund Französische Literatur und Sprache an der Sorbonne in Paris. Seit 2006 ist sie Eigentümerin und Betreiberin eines Camping- und Ferienparks in Saltum.

Politische Karriere
Egelund war zunächst Mitglied der Konservativen Volkspartei und aktiv in deren Jugendorganisation. 2010 wechselte sie zur Liberal Alliance. Bei der Europawahl 2014 war sie Spitzenkandidatin ihrer neuen Partei, verpasste jedoch den Einzug ins Europaparlament. Bei der Folketingswahl 2015 konnte sie im Großwahlkreis Nordjütland (Nordjyllands Storkreds) ein Mandat für die Liberalen gewinnen. Von 2016 bis 2018 war sie Politische Sprecherin der Liberalen im dänischen Parlament, von 2018 bis 2019 war sie Fraktionsvorsitzende. Bei der Folketingswahl 2019 verlor sie ihr Mandat und trat anschließend aus der Liberal Alliance aus, da sich diese ihrer Ansicht zu sehr von nationalkonservativen Strömungen geprägt sei.

Gemeinsam mit Simon Emil Ammitzbøll-Bille gründete sie im November 2019 die Partei Fremad (dänisch für Vorwärts). Als politische Sprecherin und stellvertretende Vorsitzende trat sie mit ihrer neuen Partei für eine humane Einwanderungspolitik und ein Bekenntnis zur Europäischen Union ein. 2020 wurde die Partei wieder aufgelöst.

2022 trat sie der neugegründeten Partei der Moderaten bei, lehnte eine erneute Parlamentskandidatur jedoch ab. Für die Koalitionsregierung aus Sozialdemokraten, Venstre und Moderaten (Regierung Frederiksen II), nominierte sie der Moderaterne-Vorsitzende Lars Løkke Rasmussen als Ministerin für Ausbildung und Forschung. Sie trat ihr neues Amt am 15. Dezember 2022 an. Sie ist eins von zwei Kabinettsmitgliedern, welches nicht dem Folketing angehört.

Einzelnachweise

Folketingsabgeordneter (21. Jahrhundert)
Moderaterne-Mitglied
Liberal-Alliance-Mitglied
Det-Konservative-Folkeparti-Mitglied
Forschungsminister (Dänemark)
Däne
Geboren 1977
Frau


text:
Tran Tien Lang (né en 1928), électronicien français, professeur à l'École supérieure d'électricité et à l'École spéciale de mécanique et d'électricité, auteur de plusieurs ouvrages d'électronique, a également collaboré à la revue périodique Éditions techniques de l'ingénieur.

Biographie
Tran Tien Lang est né au Vietnam en 1928. Reçu ingénieur, Il professa l'électronique à l'École supérieure d'électricité et à l'École spéciale de mécanique et d'électricité.

Il a laissé plusieurs ouvrages d'électronique rédigés en français, destinés aux étudiants des écoles d'ingénieurs ou de second cycle universitaire, ainsi qu'aux professionnels qui abordent, dans le cadre de la formation continue, un domaine concernant aussi bien les industries de production que les laboratoires de recherche. Ils ont été traduits en anglais, espagnol et grec.

Il a également collaboré à la revue périodique Éditions techniques de l'ingénieur.

Publications

Aux Éditions Techniques de l'ingénieur
Il s'agit de fascicules numérotés, ne comportant pas d'ISBN.

Liens externes

Naissance en 1928
Professeur français


text:
L'usine Stellantis de Cassino est une usine du groupe automobile Stellantis, implantée sur la commune Piedimonte San Germano, tout près de la ville de Cassino. Inaugurée en 1971, elle dispose d'une capacité de production de plus de 250 000 automobiles par an avec une cadence quotidienne de 1.084 véhicules par jour. L'usine de Cassino a déjà produit plus de 6.000.000 de voitures particulières depuis sa mise en service.

Historique
Cette nouvelle usine, mise en service en 1972, était destinée à seconder les sites de Mirafiori et de Rivalta, toutes deux situées dans la banlieue de Turin, pour la production automobile de Fiat en Italie. Construite sur un terrain de , les ateliers de production couvrent une surface de . Comme l'ensemble des usines du groupe Fiat, l'usine de Cassino a été conçue par le service ingénierie interne de Fiat, Fiat Engineering.

L'usine a commencé son activité avec la production de la petite Fiat 126, dont le succès à l'exportation fut important. Cette voiture sera également produite en Pologne dans la filiale Fiat Polski. La Fiat 126 sera le seul modèle en production jusqu'en 1978, lorsque Fiat décida de transférer toute la production de cette micro voiture dans son usine polonaise de Tichy.

En 1978, Fiat lança la Fiat Ritmo qui fut produite à Cassino. Pour ce faire, Fiat avait expérimenté dans son usine de Rivalta le système Robogate, conçu et commercialisé par sa filiale COMAU. La nouvelle ligne de production spécialement conçue pour le modèle Ritmo et ses futurs dérivés, Regata et Regata SW, rendait automatiques toutes les opérations du cycle d'assemblage, assurées par une multitude de robots multibras. La gamme Regata fut lancée en production au début de l'année 1983. L'usine de Cassino se spécialisa donc dans la production de voitures de la gamme moyenne supérieure. L'usine occupait alors salariés.

Une profonde restructuration de l'usine et du processus de production fut opérée en 1988 avec un investissement de plus de deux mille milliards de lires, soit plus de deux milliards d'euros (2011). Cet investissement était rendu nécessaire pour lancer la production de la Fiat Tipo et ses futurs dérivés. La Fiat Tipo disposait d'une carrosserie entièrement en acier galvanisé. L'usine de Cassino atteignit ainsi une capacité de production de  par jour, ce qui fut presque trop faible au regard de la demande globale de ce modèle. Avec la Tipo, Fiat inaugurait également une plus grande intégration et partage de composants au sein de sa très large gamme. L'utilisation de composants identiques à l'intérieur de l'habitacle avait jusqu'alors été refusé chez Fiat mais cela étant quasiment devenu une règle chez ses concurrents que le constructeur turinois s'y plia et cela lui permit de réduire les coûts. Peu après, Fiat lança la gamme Fiat Tempra comprenant les versions berline, station-wagon et commerciale baptisée Marengo, qui utilisaient des éléments identiques : plateforme, moteurs, portières, suspensions et de nombreux composants mécaniques et de finition qui équipaient la gamme Tipo.

La production de ces deux voitures moyennes supérieures pris fin en 1995 pour la Tipo et 1996 pour la Tempra SW alors que Fiat lançait ses remplaçantes, la gamme Fiat Bravo, Fiat Brava et Fiat Marea avec ses versions berline, SW et Marengo.

En 2000, l'usine de Cassino bénéficia d'une nouvelle restructuration complète avec le remplacement des lignes de production par de nouvelles installations encore plus robotisées, dédiées à la future Fiat Stilo. L'ancien système automatisé Robogate est remplacé par un nouveau système robotisé OpenGate qui garantit une plus grande rentabilité et une meilleure qualité des assemblages des carrosseries. La production passa ainsi à  par an. L'investissement s'éleva à 700 millions d'euros et la production de la Fiat Stilo débuta au cours des premiers jours de l'année 2001 pour s'achever en 2008.

En 2003, pour le  de l'usine, la voiture  sortit des chaînes de montage. En 2005, Fiat aménagea une seconde ligne de production dédiée à la nouvelle Fiat Croma II, dont la fabrication fut arrêtée le .

Après l'arrêt de la production de la Stilo, l'usine connut un ralentissement dans le rythme de production en raison de la crise connue par les constructeurs automobiles au début des années 2000. Cette crise passagère prit fin avec le lancement de la Croma en 2005. L'usine fut même agrandie pour faire place à la ligne de production de la nouvelle Fiat Bravo II en 2007, qui remplaça la Stilo. En 2008, Fiat fit produire sur la même ligne polyvalente, la nouvelle Lancia Delta II. En , en plus des deux voitures produites, vint s'ajouter la nouvelle Alfa Romeo Giulietta, basée sur plateforme Compact. En 2010, la Giulietta est produite à plus de  exemplaires pour une production prévue de  exemplaires en 2011. La capacité maximale journalière de l'usine en 2010 est de  par jour travaillé. En août 2011, l'usine de Cassino emploie  salariés.

Liste des modèles produits à Cassino
 1972 - 1978 Fiat 126
 1978 - 1988 Fiat Ritmo
 1983 - 1990 Fiat Regata
 1988 - 1995 Fiat Tipo
 1990 - 1996 Fiat Tempra
 1995 - 2001 Fiat Bravo - Fiat Brava
 1996 - 2003 Fiat Marea
 2001 - 2008 Fiat Stilo
 2005 - 2010 Fiat Croma
 2007 - 2014 Fiat Bravo
 2008 - 2014 Lancia Delta
 2010 Alfa Romeo Giulietta
 2016  Alfa Romeo Giulia (2015)
 2017 Alfa Romeo Stelvio

Voir aussi
Alfa Romeo S.p.A. : Liste de toutes les usines du groupe FCA

Notes et références

Fiat-Cassino
Cassino
Province de Frosinone
Fiat


text:
Un precursor químico es una sustancia indispensable o necesaria para producir otra mediante los compuestos químicos que constituyen una primera etapa en un proceso químico y que actúan como sustrato en las etapas posteriores. Sirve como ejemplo, el caso del alcohol etílico, precursor del ácido acético en la  formación del vinagre.

Anglicismo, aceptado con base en la definición de la Unión Europea.

Véase también
 Síntesis química
 Síntesis orgánica
 Reactivo
  Ventajas y desventajas

Referencias
.

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Síntesis química


text:
Harpactea azowensis este o specie de păianjeni din genul Harpactea, familia Dysderidae, descrisă de Charitonov, 1956.

Este endemică în Ucraina. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Harpactea azowensis nu are subspecii cunoscute.

Referințe

Harpactea