text:
Le State Law Building est un gratte-ciel construit construit dans le Central Business District de Brisbane en Australie en 1977. Sa hauteur est de 128 mètres pour 30 étages.

Il abrite des bureaux occupés par des administrations publiques et a été conçu par l'agence d'architecture Conrad Gargett Architecture.

L'immeuble est surnommé localement "Gotham City"

Il a été totalement rénové en 1995 et à l'occasion sa hauteur est passé de 110 mètres à 128 mètres avec l'addition de la partie supérieure de l'immeuble.

Liens internes

Liste des plus hauts gratte-ciel de Brisbane

Liens externes

State Law Building sur Emporis

State Law Building sur Skyscraperpage

Notes et références

Gratte-ciel mesurant entre 100 et 149 mètres
Gratte-ciel construit en 1977
Brisbane
Gratte-ciel à Brisbane


text:
Eternal Blue may refer to:
Eternal Blue, a 2021 album by Spiritbox
EternalBlue, a National Security Agency (USA) cyberattack exploit
Lunar: Eternal Blue, a role-playing video game by Game Arts and Studio Alex

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Саранделос (Телос) Агапинос (), известен като капитан Аграс (Άγρας), е офицер от гръцките сухопътни войски и е един главните организатори на Гръцката въоръжена пропаганда в Македония в началото на XX век.

Биография

Ранни години

Телос Аграс е роден през 1880 година в Навплио, Гърция, но по произход е от Гаргаляни, Месения, където родът му е играл важна роля в Гръцката война за независимост. Влиза в гръцката военна академия, от където излиза като лейтенант от гръцката армия през 1901 година.

Включва се в дейността на гръцкия македонски комитет след смъртта на Павлос Мелас през 1904 година.

През септември 1906 година влиза в Македония с чета от 14 души. Установява се в близост до Ениджевардарското езеро, където с помощта на богатия търговец Зафирис Логос и Андон Минга от Негуш настъпва в езерото. Местния гъркоманин Гоно Йотов координира действията Аграс и другите капитани. Тогава негов подвойвода е Георгиос Тилигадис. С пристигането си Телос Аграс овладява българската колиба Кука в езерото. Заедно с Панайотис Пападзанетеас действат в западната част на езерото, Константинос Сарос в южната, а Йоанис Деместихас в източната част.

На 14 ноември 1906 година Аграс е тежко ранен при нападение над Жервохор, където под командването на Апостол Петков андартите са отблъснати с общо 9 души жертви. След това Аграс е изпратен на лечение в Солун.

Той продължава с активната си дейност в района, но след няколко месеца сражения здравето му се влошава и се разболява от малария. Кординаторът на гръцките сили Константинос Мазаракис (капитан Акритас) изпраща Аграс в Негуш през април 1907, където започва да набира новобранци към четата на сменилия го Николаос Думбиотис (капитан Аминтас).

Смърт
Телос Аграс и куриерът му Андон Минга са пленени от чета на ВМОРО и са обесени между селата Владово и Техово на 7 юли 1907 година. Според Христо Силянов, позовавайки се на турски вестник, андартите са пленени след сражение.

Турското издание "Кореспонденц бюро" от 21 юли 1907 година пише:

Според гръцките извори Аграс и Минга са пленени при преговори с Иван Златанов от Голишани, Георги Касапчето от Месимер или Георги Мучитанов - Касапчето и Михаил Хандури. Целта на Аграс е да ги привлече на гръцка страна и да развали българо-влашкия съюз в Ениджевардарско, но вместо това е пленен и по-късно убит.

В Гърция Телос Аграс се смята за мъченик на гръцката въоръжена пропаганда в Македония и един от най-важните и ефективни андартски капитани. Става известен на масовата публика главно с книгата на гръцката писателка Пинелопи Делта "В тайните на блатото".

В село Техово местни жители чупят носа на статуята на Телос Агапинос. През 2008 година статуите на Андон Минга и Телос Агапинос между Владово и Техово са разрушени от местни жители.

Галерия

Литература
 Dakin, Douglas: "The Greek Struggle in Macedonia 1897-1913" Thessaloniki, 1966 ISBN 960-8303-2-6
 Vakalopoulos, Apostolos: "History of the Greek Nation 1204-1985"
 Archives of the Macedonian struggle of Penelope Delta, Thessaloniki, 1959
 Mazarakis-Ainian, Konstantinos: "The Macedonian Struggle"

Бележки

Дейци на гръцката въоръжена пропаганда в Македония
Гръцки офицери
Родени в Навплио
Починали във Владово


text:
Существует альбом с таким же названием, выпущенный американской певицей Меган Трейнор
ThanK You — альбом британской нью-вейв группы Duran Duran, выпущенный 4 апреля 1995 года и состоящий из кавер-версий любимых исполнителей музыкантов. Пластинка заняла 12-е место в UK Albums Chart и 19-е место в Billboard 200. В поддержку Thank You были выпущены три сингла — «White Lines (Don't Do It)», «Perfect Day» и «Lay Lady Lay» (вышел только в Италии).

Об альбоме
Начиная с этого альбома, Duran Duran начали развивать новое для себя звучание в стиле альтернативного рока, что отчетливо слышится во многих композициях на альбоме. Благодаря стилевому разнообразию оригинальных версий песен и актуальному на тот момент стилю группы, кавер-версии британцев имеют достаточно широкий стилевой диапазон — от рэп-рока («White Lines (Don't Do It)») до поп-рока с элементами этериал-вейва («Lay Lady Lay» и «The Crystal Ship») и фанк-рока («I Wanna Take Your Higher»).

Запись
Запись альбома была начата в 1992 году — во время работы над The Wedding Album и уже в рамках Dilate your mind-тура в поддержку «свадебного» альбома группа начала исполнять песни, которые позднее вошли в альбом — «White Lines (Don't Do It)» и акустическую версию «The Crystal Ship». Эта первая пластинка, в записи которой приняли участие такие барабанщики, как Роджер Тейлор, покинувший Duran Duran в 1986 году и Стив Александер, который затем продолжил работу с группой в качестве студийного и концертного участника вплоть до ухода гитариста Уоррена Куккурулло из группы в 2001 году.

Критика
Несмотря на то, что альбом занял достаточно неплохие позиции в чартах, в целом, он получил отрицательные отзывы как со стороны меломанов, так и со стороны критиков. По версии музыкального издания Q Magazine, в 2006 году альбом стал наихудшим альбомом в истории музыки . Позже сами Duran Duran согласились с этим утверждением.

Джей Ди Консайдинг из Rolling Stone написал:
«Некоторые идеи на нём совершенно ошибочны, наподобие легкой для прослушивания аранжировки песни Элвиса Костелло — "Watching the Detectives" или версии Зеппелиновской "Thank You", которая звучит так, словно группа делает кавер на Криса де Бурга. Но нужно определенно быть сумасшедшим гением, чтобы принять песню "Success" Игги Попа за мелодию Гари Глиттера или "911 Is a Joke", звучание которой более напоминает Бека, нежели Public Enemy.»

Но несмотря на все негативные отзывы, самим авторам оригинальных версий песен из альбома Thank You понравились. В частности, сам Лу Рид назвал назвал кавер на «Perfect Day» самым лучшим и «завершенным» из всех когда-либо слышанных им.

Список композиций
 «White Lines (Don't Don't Do It)» (Grandmaster Melle Mel) — 5:31
 «I Want to Take You Higher» (Sly & The Family Stone) — 5:06
 «Perfect Day» (Лу Рид) — 3:51
 «Watching the Detectives» (Элвис Костелло) — 4:48
 «Lay Lady Lay» (Боб Дилан) — 3:53
 «911 Is a Joke» (Public Enemy) — 3:59
 «Success» (Игги Поп) — 4:05
 «The Crystal Ship» (The Doors) — 2:52
 «Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)» (The Temptations) — 3:46
 «Thank You» (Led Zeppelin) — 6:36
 «Drive By» (инструментальная композиция) — 5:341
 «I Wanna Take You Higher Again» (Sly & The Family Stone) — 4:25
Бонус-треки (в японской версии альбома):
 «Diamond Dogs» (Дэвид Боуи) — 6:10
 «Femme Fatale» (The Velvet Underground & Нико) — 4:22

1 Композиция является инструментальной акустической версией песни «The Chauffer», выпущенной на альбоме Rio (1982).

Участники записи

Duran Duran
 Саймон Ле Бон — вокал
 Ник Роудс — клавишные
 Джон Тейлор — бас-гитара
 Уоррен Куккурулло — гитара, акустическая гитара («911 Is a Joke», «Thank You», «Drive By» и «Femme Fatale»)

Сессионные музыканты
 Ламия — бэк-вокал
 Тесса Найлз — бэк-вокал
 Стив Ферроне — ударные
 Роджер Тэйлор — ударные
 Стив Александер — ударные
 Терри Боззио — ударные

Примечания

Альбомы Capitol Records
Альбомы Duran Duran
Кавер-альбомы


text:
Howard Clark Hollister (September 11, 1856 – September 24, 1919) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio.

Education and career

Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Hollister received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Yale University in 1878 and a Bachelor of Laws from the Cincinnati Law School (now the University of Cincinnati College of Law) in 1880. He was in private practice in Cincinnati from 1880 to 1893, and was an assistant prosecuting attorney of Hamilton County, Ohio from 1881 to 1882. He was a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the 1st Judicial District of Ohio from 1893 to 1903.

Federal judicial service

On February 24, 1910, Hollister was nominated by President William Howard Taft to a new seat on the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio created by . He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 7, 1910, and received his commission the same day. Hollister served in that capacity until his death on September 24, 1919.

Personal

Hollister was married to Alice Keys of Cincinnati on June 2, 1887. They had four children. Hollister was a Republican in national politics, but opposed to the local Republican political machine.

References

Sources

1856 births
1919 deaths
Ohio Republicans
Ohio state court judges
Judges of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio
United States district court judges appointed by William Howard Taft
20th-century American judges
Yale University alumni
University of Cincinnati College of Law alumni
Lawyers from Cincinnati
Psi Upsilon


text:
Julius Fritsche (* 3. Dezember 1996 in Leipzig) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher professioneller Volleyballspieler, der auf der Position des Libero spielte. Fritsche stand bis Oktober 2022 beim GSVE Delitzsch in der 2. Bundesliga Süd unter Vertrag.

Karriere
Fritsches Karriere startete in der Jugendabteilung des VV Leipzig, später wechselte er zum VC Leipzig und nach dessen Insolvenz zu den L.E. Volleys. Anschließend spielte der Libero beim Krostitzer SV, mit dem er aus der Sachsenliga in die Regionalliga Ost aufstieg. 2018 wechselte Fritsche nach Delitzsch und stieg mit der Mannschaft aus der 3. Liga Ost in die 2. Bundesliga Süd auf.

In der Saison 2020/21 war Fritsche gemessen an der Anzahl der MVP-Bewertungen der beste Libero der 2. Bundesliga Süd und der Spieler des GSVE mit den meisten MVP-Bewertungen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Volleyballspieler (Deutschland)
Volleyballspieler (VV Leipzig)
Volleyballspieler (VC Leipzig)
Deutscher
Geboren 1996
Mann


text:
Alberto Martín Gómez (born 26 January 1983 in Mendoza) is an Argentine football forward.

Career
Gómez began his playing career in Mexico with Monarcas Morelia in 2001. He returned to his home province of Mendoza in 2005 to play for Independiente Rivadavia where he played until 2009.

Gómez joined Club Atlético Independiente of the Primera División in 2009. He made his debut for the club on 3 September 2009 in a 2-0 home win against Godoy Cruz. He soon established himself as a regular first team player and scored his first Primera División goal in a 0-3 away win over San Lorenzo on 15 November 2009.

Honours
Independiente
Copa Sudamericana (1): 2010

External links

1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mendoza, Argentina
Argentine footballers
Argentine expatriate footballers
Association football forwards
Atlético Morelia players
Independiente Rivadavia footballers
Club Atlético Independiente footballers
Club Atlético Tigre footballers
Deportes Iquique footballers
C.D. Antofagasta footballers
Deportivo Maipú players
Racing de Córdoba footballers
Chilean Primera División players
Liga MX players
Argentine Primera División players
Primera Nacional players
Torneo Federal A players
Torneo Argentino A players
Torneo Argentino B players
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Chile
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Mexico
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Ecuador
Expatriate footballers in Chile
Expatriate footballers in Mexico
Expatriate footballers in Ecuador


text:
Carriera professionistica
Schlereth fu scelto nel corso del decimo giro del Draft 1989 dai Washington Redskins. Disputò dodici stagioni nella NFL, sei con Washington (1989–1994) e sei coi Denver Broncos (1995–2000). Vinse tre Super Bowl (uno coi Redskins e due coi Broncos) e venne convocato per il Pro Bowl nelle stagioni 1991 e 1998.

Durante la sua carriera professionistica, Mark subì 29 operazioni chirurgiche. Venti di queste furono alle ginocchia, 15 al sinistro, 5 al destro. Dopo la tredicesima operazione al ginocchio sinistro nel 2000, l'allenatore dei Denver Broncos Mike Shanahan dichiarò:

Schlereth ebbe altre due operazioni a quel ginocchio, prima di ritirarsi dopo la stagione 2000.

Vittorie e premi

Franchigia

Washington Redskins: XXVI
Denver Broncos: XXXII, XXXIII
 National Football Conference Championship: 1
Washington Redskins: 1991
 American Football Conference Championship: 2
Denver Broncos: 1997, 1998

Individuale
Convocazioni al Pro Bowl: 2
1991, 1998
Formazione ideale del 50º anniversario dei Denver Broncos

Statistiche

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Těrek (,  [Tergi],  [Terka], ingušsky Тийрк [Tijrk]) je řeka na severu Kavkazu pramenící v Gruzii, dále protéká čtyřmi republikami Ruské federace (Severní Osetií-Alanií, Kabardsko-Balkarskem, Čečenskem a Dagestánem) a Stavropolským krajem. Řeka je dlouhá 623 km, povodí má rozlohu 43 200 km².

Průběh toku

Pramení na svahu hlavního rozvodňového hřebenu Velkého Kavkazu z ledovce hory Zilgachoch jihozápadně od 5037 m vysokého Kazbeku v severní Gruzii. Prvních 30 km protéká mezi hlavním hřebenem a Bočním kavkazským hřbetem, a pak se obrací severním směrem k Darialské soutěsce, kde protíná Boční kavkazský hřbet do Severní Osetie-Alanie. Dále protéká skrze Skalistý hřbet a Černé hory. U severoosetského hlavního města Vladikavkaz vtéká do podhorské roviny a stáčí se na východ. Přijímá vodné řeky Gizeldon, Ardon, Uruch, Malku s Baksanem. Pod ústím Malky je koryto písčito-hlinité a nachází se v něm mnoho ostrovů, kos a mělčin. Pod ústím Sunži se řeka rozděluje na několik ramen a průtoků a dvěma se poté vlévá do Argachanského zálivu Kaspického moře. U města Kizljar tvoří bažinatou 100 km širokou deltu o rozloze 4000 km². Poloha hlavního koryta v deltě se několikrát měnila. Od roku 1941 protéká převážná část vody Kargalinskou průrvou.

Vodní režim
Zdroj vody je smíšený, přičemž 70 % připadá na jarní a letní období. Nejvyšších vodních stavů dosahuje od července do srpna a nejmenších v únoru. Průměrný roční průtok vody u Vladikavkazu ve vzdálenosti 530 km od ústí činí 34 m³/s a ve vzdálenosti 16 km od ústí činí 305 m³/s. Kalnost dosahuje 400 až 500 g/m³ a za rok řeka odnese 9 až 26 Mt pevných částic. Řeka nezamrzá pravidelně, ale pouze ve velmi chladných zimách.

Využití
Řeka je jednou z nejdelších a největších řek Kavkazu. Na dolním toku je bohatá na ryby (losos, pstruh, kapr, candát). Na horním toku je několik vodních elektráren a na dolním toku se voda řeky používá pro zavlažování (Tersko-kumský kanál, Kanál imeni Lenina aj.). Na řece leží města Vladikavkaz, Mozdok, Kizljar. Fotbalový klub 1. ruské ligy v Grozném se jmenuje Terek. Údolím řeky částečně prochází Gruzínská vojenská cesta.

Odkazy

Poznámky

Literatura

Externí odkazy

Mezinárodní řeky v Asii
Řeky v Evropě
Řeky v Gruzii
Mccheta-Mtianetie
Řeky v Severní Osetii-Alanii
Řeky v Kabardsko-Balkarsku
Řeky ve Stavropolském kraji
Řeky v Čečensku
Řeky v Dagestánu
Kavkaz
Přítoky Kaspického moře

Řeky v Rusku


text:
Als Coffee Rock (engl. für Kaffee-Gestein) werden in Australien vorkommende, weitgehend wasserundurchlässige Formationen steinartig verhärteten Sandes bezeichnet.

Sedimente aus  Sand und organischen Stoffen, die von Flüssen im Pleistozän ablagert wurden, formten diese Formationen. Das Material hat eine feste, an Kaffeesatz erinnernde, Konsistenz und Körnung sowie eine, durch Huminstoffe hervorgerufene, dunkelbraun-schwarze Farbe.

Coffee Rock tritt an einigen Stränden in New South Wales und im südöstlichen Queensland (u. a. auf Fraser Island) offen zu Tage. Besonders auf Fraser Island dichtet die Schicht aus Coffee Rock die zahlreichen Seen ab und verhindert das schnelle Versickern der Niederschläge.

Literatur
 Moffatt, Bob (Hrsg.): Broadwater National Park, Bundjalung National Park and Iluka Nature Reserve – Plan of Management/NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Hurstville: NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, August 1997, ISBN 0-7310-7655-9 (engl.)

Weblinks
 (engl.)

Klastisches Sedimentgestein
Sandstein
Gesteinseinheit des Quartär


text:
Burwell és una població dels Estats Units a l'estat de Nebraska. Segons el cens del 2000 tenia una població de 1.130 habitants.

Demografia
Segons el cens del 2000, Burwell tenia 1.130 habitants, 507 habitatges, i 277 famílies. La densitat de població era de 419,5 habitants per km².

Dels 507 habitatges en un 24,1% hi vivien nens de menys de 18 anys, en un 48,5% hi vivien parelles casades, en un 4,7% dones solteres, i en un 45,2% no eren unitats familiars. En el 42,8% dels habitatges hi vivien persones soles el 27,6% de les quals corresponia a persones de 65 anys o més que vivien soles. El nombre mitjà de persones vivint en cada habitatge era de 2,12 i el nombre mitjà de persones que vivien en cada família era de 2,97.

Per edats la població es repartia de la següent manera: un 23% tenia menys de 18 anys, un 4,2% entre 18 i 24, un 20,1% entre 25 i 44, un 23,7% de 45 a 60 i un 28,9% 65 anys o més.

L'edat mediana era de 47 anys. Per cada 100 dones de 18 o més anys hi havia 75,1 homes.

La renda mediana per habitatge era de 22.569 $ i la renda mediana per família de 33.558 $. Els homes tenien una renda mediana de 24.875 $ mentre que les dones 17.222 $. La renda per capita de la població era de 13.949 $. Aproximadament el 10,3% de les famílies i el 14,3% de la població estaven per davall del llindar de pobresa.

Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

Entitats de població de Nebraska


text:
Esserts-Blay ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Savoie in der Region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Sie gehört zum Kanton Albertville-1 im Arrondissement Albertville.

Geographie

Lage
Esserts-Blay liegt auf  in der historischen Provinz Tarentaise, etwa 40 Kilometer östlich der Präfektur Chambéry, 69 Kilometer südsüdöstlich der Stadt Genf und 73 Kilometer nordöstlich der Stadt Grenoble (Luftlinie). Nachbargemeinden von Esserts-Blay sind Albertville und Tours-en-Savoie im Norden, La Bâthie im Osten, Saint-Paul-sur-Isère im Süden sowie Notre-Dame-des-Millières (Berührungspunkt), Monthion und Grignon im Westen.

Topographie
Die Fläche des  km² großen Gemeindegebiets umfasst einen Uferabschnitt im Tal der Isère und ragt vom Fluss aus keilförmig hinein in die Nordausläufer des Massif de la Lauzière, den nördlichsten Teil des Vanoise-Massiv. Es reicht bis fast auf den  hohen Gipfel La Grande Lanche und hat dort mit  seine höchste Erhebung. Im Bereich der Gemeinde bildet das Isère-Tal ein Trogtal, auf dessen hier etwa 80 m über dem Talboden gelegenen Hangschulter sich während der letzten Eiszeit fruchtbare Böden abgelagert hatten und sich das eigentliche Dorf befindet. Die gesamte Talflanke wird von kleinen, über ihre gesamte Breite verteilten Wasserrinnen zur Isère hin entwässert und ist fast vollständig bewaldet. Dadurch erreicht die Waldfläche einen Anteil von 85,7 % an der Gemeindefläche. Almwiesen oberhalb der Baumgrenze machen 4 % aus und Felder und Wiesen auf dem Talboden und im Bereich der Siedlungen zusammen 6,3 %.

Gemeindegliederung
Zu Esserts-Blay gehören neben dem eigentlichen Ortskern auch mehrere Weilersiedlungen und Gehöfte, darunter:
 Saint-Thomas, La Verne und Le Ferlay () auf dem Talboden am Ufer der Isère und am Nordrand der Gemeinde,
 Le Fay () oberhalb von Saint-Thomas,
 Chariondet () oberhalb von Le Ferlay,
 La Fuettaz () auf dem Hang direkt gegenüber von La Bâthie,
 La Poyat () auf dem Hang direkt gegenüber von La Bâthie,
 La Duit () bei einer Gruppe von Lichtungen und kleinen Seen mitten im Hang oberhalb des Ortskerns,
 La Bruyère und Les Cours (), Ortsteile direkt beim Ortskern.

Geschichte
Die Gemeinde Esserts-Blay entstand 1794 aus dem Zusammenschluss der beiden Dörfer Saint Thomas des Esserts und Blay und hieß zuerst Saint Thomas des Esserts et Blay oder Esserts et Blay bevor sich ab etwa 1830 die Schreibweise mit Bindestrich etablierte.

Die Pfarrei Saint Thomas des Esserts löste sich von derjenigen in Saint-Paul-sur-Isère los in dem Zeitraum vor 1344 und nach 1170, als die vorher bereits bestehenden Pfarreien in der Tarentaise erstmals urkundlich erfasst worden waren. Sie wurde im 14. Jahrhundert erwähnt als Ecclesia de Exteriis alias Essertis und geht auf das Wort essarter (urbar machen) zurück. Die erste urkundliche Erwähnung von Blay trat im Jahr 1257 auf. Der später als Castellania Blesii (1535) erscheinende Ortsname entspricht dem Eigennamen Blasius oder Blaise.

Das Gemeindegebiet gehörte im Mittelalter den in Saint-Paul residierenden Herren von Avallon, deren Ländereien die Dörfer Saint Paul, Blay und Saint-Thomas umfassten und die unter der Oberhoheit der Grafen von Savoyen standen. Sie errichteten zwischen 1390 und 1418 die Burg von Blay, die 1609 durch einen Brand zerstört wurde und deren Außenmauern noch heute erhalten sind. Die Pfarreien waren so eingeteilt, dass Saint-Thomas eigenständig war während Blay bis 1803 zur Pfarrei Saint-Paul gehörte. Zum Ende dieser Zeitspanne waren die Einwohner von Blay um ein Vielfaches zahlreicher und durch die Almwirtschaft finanziell stärker, so dass sie 1803 eine eigenständige Pfarrei erhielten und wenige Jahre später ihre Kapelle zur Pfarrkirche erweiterten.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

Das zwischen 1390 und 1418 errichtete Château de Blay war seit seinem Abbrand 1609 dem Verfall überlassen, bis es 2008 durch die Gemeinde so instand gesetzt und umgebaut wurde, dass es heute als kommunaler Festsaal dient. Die Dorfkirche von Blay steht an der Stelle einer ehemaligen Kapelle, von der eine Seitenwand in den von 1826 bis 1834 ausgeführten Neubau integriert wurde.

Bevölkerung

Mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) gehört Esserts-Blay zu den kleinen Gemeinden des Départements Savoie. Nachdem die Einwohnerzahl seit dem Anschluss Savoyens an Frankreich rückläufig war (1861 wurden noch 887 Einwohner gezählt), wurde seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre wieder eine leichte Bevölkerungszunahme verzeichnet. Die Ortsbewohner von Esserts-Blay heißen auf Französisch Blaychérains et les  Blaychéraines.

Wirtschaft und Infrastruktur
Esserts-Blay war bis weit ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein ein vorwiegend durch die Landwirtschaft geprägtes Dorf. Daneben gibt es heute verschiedene Betriebe des lokalen Kleingewerbes. Mittlerweile hat sich das Dorf vor allem zu einer Wohngemeinde entwickelt. Viele Erwerbstätige sind Wegpendler, die in den größeren Ortschaften der Umgebung, vor allem im Raum Albertville, ihrer Arbeit nachgehen.

Die Ortschaft liegt etwas abseits der am gegenüberliegenden Isère-Ufer entlanggeführten N90, der Hauptdurchgangsstraße durch die Tarentaise. Nebenstraßen verbinden Saint-Thomas und Umgebung mit Tours-en-Savoie sowie Esserts-Blay mit La Bâthie und Saint-Paul-sur-Isère. Die N90 geht talabwärts bei Albertville in die Autobahn A430 über und stellt die Verbindung mit dem regionalen Autobahnnetz her. Die Bahnstrecke Saint-Pierre-d'Albigny–Bourg-Saint-Maurice verläuft ebenfalls durch das Isère-Tal und hat einen größeren Bahnhof in Albertville. Als Flughäfen in der Region kommen Chambéry-Savoie (Entfernung 69 km) und Genf (101 km) in Frage.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website der Gemeinde Esserts-Blay (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Ort an der Isère


text:
Biografia
Nato in una famiglia originaria della Toscana, Calcinai, così come altri membri della sua famiglia, legò tutta la sua carriera di club alla squadra del  di Wellington.
Esercitante la professione di ingegnere comunale a Wellington, Calcinai fu convocato a trent'anni, nel 1922, nella Nazionale neozelandese che si recò in un breve tour in Australia: lì disputò 4 incontri a Sydney (due vittorie e due sconfitte) contro la selezione del Nuovo Galles del Sud; tornato in patria disputò un ulteriore match contro i connazionali  nella natìa Wellington.

A parte le cinque citate presenze non disputò alcun test match.

Numerosi membri della famiglia di Umberto Calcinai hanno avuto ruoli di rilievo, sia nel  che a livello provinciale, anche se nessuno, a parte lui, vestì l'uniforme degli All Blacks: suo fratello Duilio (Dooley) rappresentò la provincia di Wellington in tre incontri nel 1908, e la stessa cosa fece uno dei suoi figli, Victor "Vic", negli anni quaranta, mentre un altro figlio, Umberto Primo junior, giocò a livello locale; ancora Vic fu allenatore del  negli anni cinquanta e suo figlio Colin (nipote di Umberto), chirurgo plastico, militò a sua volta nel Poneke e fece parte del comitato medico della federazione rugbistica neozelandese negli anni novanta.

Note

Collegamenti esterni


text:
MTV2 Pop foi um canal de música alemão. Foi lançado em 1 de maio de 2001, assumindo o transponder deixado pelo serviço analógico da MTV, substituindo o VH1 Alemanha. O canal era focado na exibição de videoclipes principalmente da música europop e eurodance.

Em 11 de setembro de 2005 encerrou suas transmissões, sendo substituído pela Nickelodeon Alemanha. A MTV2 Pop também transmitiu animes como InuYasha, Lupin III, Golden Boy, Cowboy Bebop e The Vision of Escaflowne.

Quando a versão do canal TMF no Reino Unido foi lançada às pressas em outubro de 2002, o canal usava os gráficos de apresentação do MTV2 Pop, com as identificações remarcadas para conter o logotipo do TMF. Esses gráficos foram usados até o verão de 2005.

História
Em 1 de maio de 2001, o canal iniciou sua difusão em toda a Europa via satélite, nas redes a cabo de língua alemã, parcialmente analógica terrestre e posteriormente também ocasionalmente via DVB-T. Substituiu o canal de música VH1 Alemanha, que obtinha pouco sucesso. O videoclipe de One More Time de Daft Punk foi exibido no início e no final da transmissão.

Programação
Em seus primeiros dias no ar, o canal exibiu diversas playlists temáticas. Hits of the Century foi anunciada como uma retrospectiva dos últimos vinte anos. Os videoclipes variavam de acordo com o dia e hora em que eram exibidos.

Programas com apresentadores
O primeiro programa com apresentação de um VJ foi criado em agosto de 2001. ODC 40 com Simone Heppner foi um programa que exibia duas horas de videoclipes dance. As paradas Top 40 foram baseadas nas paradas oficiais de dança da New Yorker, que também foram exibidas nas lojas da empresa de roupas. Em setembro de 2002, o programa foi renomeado para New Yorker ODC 40. Várias festas ODC 40 foram realizadas em toda a Alemanha. No final de 2004, New Yorker e MTV2 Pop encerraram a cooperação.

Um jogo com telespectadores por telefone, GaMe TV, começou a ser exibido em julho de 2003. O formato consistia em um jogo de perguntas e respostas sobre cultura pop em cinco rodadas. GaMe TV foi descontinuado após um curto período de tempo.

Outras transmissões
Em 2001, o MTV Video Music Awards foi reprisado no MTV2 Pop. Em 2002, episódios mais antigos de Making the Band, da qual surgiu a formação da boy band O-Town, foram transmitidos, enquanto a MTV Alemanha exibia episódios mais recentes.

Animes e desenhos animados
Entre setembro de 2003 e janeiro de 2004, o canal transmitiu animes e séries de desenhos animados anteriormente transmitidos pela MTV e Nickelodeon.

 Desenhos animados:
 Aaahh!!! Real Monsters
 The Ren & Stimpy Show

Originalmente, outros desenhos como CatDog também foram anunciados, mas nunca exibidos.

 Animes:
 Inuyasha (episódios 1-52, sem cortes)
 Lupin III
 Cowboy Bebop
 A Visão de Escaflowne
 Golden Boy

A MTV2 Pop transmitiu a série de anime Inuyasha como estreia alemã e sem cortes.

Identidade
Em seu primeiro mês, a MTV2 Pop atualizou sua identidade duas vezes. Isso porque a agência Regardez! recebeu o projeto com um curto prazo e a versão final do projeto Lots of Dots não foi concluída a tempo. Além disso, havia problemas com os servidores da MTV em Londres, que só exibiam as inserções animadas incorretamente. Portanto, uma identidade provisória foi desenvolvida para a fase inicial.

Com Lots of Dots, um mundo gráfico com superfícies de lâmpadas e elementos 3D, o tema disco e vida noturna foi retomado. Os gráficos apareciam das 6h às 12h em amarelo, das 12h às 18h em laranja, das 18h às 0h em magenta, e da 00h às 06h em azul.

Em 30 de setembro de 2002, a MTV2 Pop apresentou uma nova identidade. O pacote de design representava uma paisagem lúdica e plana de flora e fauna. As cores foram mantidas como separadores da superfície de transmissão. Pouco depois, o design foi assumido pela então recém-fundada filial britânica do canal pop TMF.

A canção característica das vinhetas do canal é baseada em Weave Your Web, de Luke Slater.

Audiência

A MTV2 Pop relatou seus números de audiência pela primeira vez em 2003 e o fez, assim como seu canal principal, MTV Alemanha, de janeiro de 2003 em diante. Suas participações de mercado foram informadas para cada mês até sua descontinuação em setembro de 2005.

Em 2003 e 2004, a MTV2 Pop atingiu 0,3% da audiência total, 0,2% e 0,1% respectivamente abaixo da MTV Alemanha e 0,1% abaixo do VIVA Alemanha, contra a qual a MTV2 Pop estava diretamente posicionada.

De janeiro de 2003 a 11 de setembro de 2005, ocorreram flutuações repetidas na participação de mercado.

Álbuns de compilação
Dois álbuns de compilação foram lançados em cooperação com a Polystar sob o nome de MTV (2) Pop - Tophits Nonstop!. Em 30 de setembro de 2002 foi lançado o Volume 1, e em 14 de abril de 2003 o Volume 2.

Descontinuação
Desde que a Viacom se tornou líder de mercado em televisão musical na Alemanha em 2004, através da aquisição da VIVA Alemanha e VIVA Plus, todos os formatos especiais no MTV2 Pop foram cancelados. Com uma programação familiar, a MTV2 Pop ocasionalmente exibia videoclipes antigos. Em 11 de setembro de 2005, a MTV2 Pop foi substituída pelo canal infantil Nickelodeon Alemanha, que começou a transmitir após uma contagem regressiva de 24 horas.

Fundações na Alemanha em 2001
Canais de televisão extintos em 2005
Canais de televisão fundados em 2001


text:
Thrills and Chills is a 1938 Fleischer Studios animated short film starring Betty Boop.

Premise
Betty Boop and Pudgy take the train to a ski resort and find themselves being swept away over a waterfall. They get rescued by an amorous moron.

References

External links
 Thrills and Chills on Youtube.
 Thrills and Chills at the Big Cartoon Database.

1938 films
Betty Boop cartoons
1930s American animated films
1938 animated films
Paramount Pictures short films
Fleischer Studios short films
Short films directed by Dave Fleischer
American black-and-white films


text:
Jonathan Dibben (Southampton, 12 de febrero de 1994) es un deportista británico que compitió en ciclismo en las modalidades de pista, especialista en las pruebas de persecución por equipos, puntuación y ómnium, y ruta.

Ganó dos medallas en el Campeonato Mundial de Ciclismo en Pista de 2016, oro en puntuación y plata en persecución por equipos, y cuatro medallas en el Campeonato Europeo de Ciclismo en Pista, en los años 2014 y 2015.

En diciembre de 2020 anunció su retirada de la carretera después de que el equipo Lotto Soudal, al que pertenecía desde inicios de 2020, no le renovara el contrato.

Medallero internacional

Palmarés

Pista
2011
 3.º en el Campeonato de Reino Unido en Persecución

2012
 2.º en el Campeonato de Reino Unido en Persecución
 2.º en el Campeonato de Reino Unido en Persecución por equipos
 2.º en el Campeonato de Reino Unido en Scratch

2014
 Campeonato Europeo Persecución por Equipos (haciendo equipo con Edward Clancy,  Owain Doull y Andrew Tennant)
 2.º en el Campeonato Europeo en Omnium
 3.º en el Campeonato de Reino Unido en Persecución

2015
 Campeonato Europeo Persecución por Equipos (haciendo equipo con Bradley Wiggins,  Owain Doull y Andrew Tennant)
 3.º en el Campeonato Europeo en Omnium
 2.º en el Campeonato de Reino Unido en Scratch
 3.º en el Campeonato de Reino Unido en Persecución

2016
 Campeonato del Mundo en Puntuación
 2.º en el Campeonato Mundial Persecución por Equipos (haciendo equipo con Owain Doull, Edward Clancy y Bradley Wiggins)

Ruta
2014
 1 etapa del Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux

2016
 1 etapa del Triptyque des Monts et Châteaux

2017
 1 etapa del Tour de California

Resultados en Grandes Vueltas y Campeonatos del Mundo

—: no participa
Ab.: abandono

Equipos
 Team Wiggins (2015-31.07.2016)
 Cannondale-Drapac Pro Cycling Team (stagiaire) (01.08.2016-31.12.2016)
 Team Sky (2017-2018)
 Madison Genesis (05.2019-12.2019)
 Lotto Soudal (2020)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha en sitiodeciclismo.net

Ciclistas de Inglaterra
Ciclistas de pista del Reino Unido
Campeones mundiales de ciclismo en pista
Nacidos en Southampton


text:
De Kaspische aasgarnaal (Hemimysis anomala) is een aasgarnalensoort uit de familie van de Mysidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1907 door Georg Ossian Sars. Deze soort is afkomstig uit de Ponto-Kaspische regio, die sinds 1950 zich heeft verspreid over Europa. De Kaspische aasgarnaal is een efficiënte alleseter die kan gedijen in zowel stilstaand als stromend water.

Beschrijving
Volwassen individuen bereiken een lengte van 6–13 mm; de vrouwtjes zijn iets groter dan mannetjes. De soort kan ivoorgeel van kleur of doorschijnend zijn, maar vertoont gepigmenteerde rode chromatoforen in het rugschild en de telson. De intensiteit van de kleuring, waarvan wordt aangenomen dat deze verband houdt met het schemerige gedrag van de soort, varieert met samentrekking of uitzetting van de chromatoforen als reactie op licht- en temperatuuromstandigheden; in schaduwrijke gebieden hebben individuen de neiging om een diepere rode kleur te hebben. De jongeren zijn meer doorschijnend dan volwassenen. Geconserveerde individuen verliezen hun kleur en worden ondoorzichtig.

De Kaspische aasgarnaal geeft de voorkeur aan een leefomgeving met veel losse stenen of kleiige oevers met holtes. Aasgarnalen doen aan geslachtelijke voortplanting gecombineerd met broedzorg. Zoals bij alle aasgarnalen het geval is, houdt het wijfje de weinige eieren (maximum 30) bij zich in een broedbuidel of marsupium.

Verspreiding
De soort is inheems in de zoetwaterranden van de Zwarte Zee, de Zee van Azov en de oostelijke Kaspische Zee. Het komt van oudsher voor in de benedenloop van de rivieren Don, Donau, Dnjepr en Dnjestr. In Europa heeft het zich recentelijk naar het noordwesten verspreid en in 1992 bereikte het de Baltische Zee. Nu komt deze soort komt voor in Rusland, Litouwen, Oekraïne, Moldavië, de Oostzee, Polen, Finland, Duitsland (bijvoorbeeld de Rijn), Nederland, België, Scandinavië en sinds 2004 in het Verenigd Koninkrijk. De verspreiding van deze aasgarnaal werd vereenvoudigd door de opzettelijke introductie in reservoirs aan de Wolga en de Dnjepr in de jaren 1950 en 1960 om dienen als visvoer. Ondanks de verspreiding over heel Europa, wordt het beschouwd als bedreigd in sommige delen van zijn inheemse verspreidingsgebied (Oekraïne). Doordat de soort niet kan overleven in water met een hoog zoutgehalte, wordt zijn verspreiding echter beperkt tot de zoete en brakke delen van rivieren.

Aasgarnalen


text:
Oliver "Olli" Geissen (* 21. August 1969 in Hamburg) ist ein deutscher Fernsehmoderator und -produzent.

Karriere
Erste Erfahrungen als Moderator sammelte Geissen beim privaten Jugendsender OK Radio in Hamburg, dadurch erlangte er in der Hansestadt große Bekanntheit. Von 1994 bis 1998 arbeitete er beim ZDF, wo er verschiedene Magazine moderierte. 1995 bis 1997 war er Leiter der Sportredaktion beim lokalen Fernsehsender Hamburg 1. Dort moderierte er unter anderem das wöchentliche Sportmagazin "Rasant". Anschließend erfolgte sein Wechsel zu RTL.

Neben seiner täglichen Talk-Show Die Oliver Geissen Show, die vom 23. August 1999 bis 2009 bei RTL lief, moderierte Geissen regelmäßig erfolgreiche Samstag-Abend-Shows des Senders. Der Durchbruch gelang ihm 2000 als Moderator der zweiten deutschen Staffel von Big Brother, nachdem er sich zur ersten Staffel noch negativ über das Format geäußert hatte: "Ich finde BB total langweilig und kann die Leute nicht verstehen, die so etwas machen." Im gleichen Jahr war er auch von April bis August Moderator von Top of the Pops. Es folgten Show-Reihen wie Die 80er Show (2002), Die 90er Show (2004) und 20 Jahre RTL (2004). Seit 2003 führt er als Moderator durch Die ultimative Chartshow. Jeweils im September 2005, 2006, 2007 und 2008 präsentierte er die Samstagabend-Live-Sendung Guinness World Records – Die größten Weltrekorde, deren Kandidaten bei Erfolg in das Guinness-Buch der Rekorde aufgenommen wurden. Im Januar 2009 moderierte Geissen die zweiteilige Jubiläumsshow anlässlich des 25-jährigen Bestehens von RTL.

Im September 2009 wurde Die Oliver Geissen Show eingestellt, nachdem am 19. Mai die letzte Sendung aufgezeichnet worden war. Von 2011 bis 2013 moderierte Geissen die Show Es kann nur E1NEN geben. Im Januar 2012 gab es zudem eine Ausgabe der Show Kinder fragen – Comedians antworten, die aufgrund schlechter Einschaltquoten nach der ersten Sendung nicht fortgesetzt wurde. Im Januar 2015 löste Geissen Daniel Hartwich bei der Moderation des RTL Comedy Grand Prix ab.

Für Deutschland sucht den Superstar moderierte Geissen, der bereits 2002 als Moderator der Sendung zur Debatte stand, im Frühjahr 2015 und 2016 die Event-Shows und von 2017 bis 2019 sowie 2021 die wiedereingeführten Motto-Shows.

2020 moderierte er die Antiquitäten-Rateshow Kitsch oder Kasse bei RTL.

TV-Moderationen

Fortlaufend
 seit 2003: Die ultimative Chartshow, RTL

Ehemals/Einmalig
 1994: X-treme, ZDF
 1995–1996: 14.15 Uhr – Trends und Hits für coole Kids, ZDF
 1998: Traumland Deutschland, ZDF
 1998: Reiselust, ZDF
 1999–2009: Die Oliver Geissen Show, RTL
 2000–2001: Big Brother, RTL II
 2001: Versuchung im Paradies, RTL
 2002: Die 80er Show, RTL
 2003: Die DDR-Show, RTL – zusammen mit Katarina Witt
 2003: Die 25 …, RTL
 2003–2004: Absolut…, RTL
 2003–2007: Echo – Der deutsche Musikpreis, RTL
 2004: Der große Test des Jahres 2004, RTL
 2004–2005: Die 90er Show, RTL
 2004–2008: Guinness World Records – Die größten Weltrekorde, RTL
 2006: Top of the Pops, RTL
 2007: Surprise, Surprise!, RTL
 2008: Die Show der Woche, RTL
 2010: 18 – Die beste Zeit meines Lebens, RTL
 2011–2013: Kuschelrock, RTL
 2011–2013: Es kann nur E1NEN geben, RTL
 2014: Promis, Pannen und Skandale – Die kuriosesten Geschichten aus 20 Jahren Exclusiv, RTL – zusammen mit Frauke Ludowig
 2015: Die 10 beliebtesten James-Bond-Songs aller Zeiten, RTL
 2015–2019, 2021: Deutschland sucht den Superstar, RTL
 2015–2016: Duell der Jahrzehnte, RTL
 2015–2018: Der RTL Comedy Grand Prix, RTL
 2016: Schau mir in die Augen – Promis unter Hypnose, RTL
 2016–2017: Ruck Zuck, RTLplus
 2016–2017: The Big Music Quiz, RTL
 2016: Das große Erziehungsexperiment, RTL
 2018: Let's Dance, RTL (eine Folge – Krankheitsvertretung für Daniel Hartwich)
 2018: Lego Masters, RTL
 2020: Kitsch oder Kasse, RTL
 2022: Zeig uns Deine Stimme!, RTL (Vertretung)

Norddeich TV
2004 gründete Geissen mit Norddeich TV seine eigene Produktionsfirma. Das Unternehmen ist ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt von RTL Television (75 %) und Oliver Geissen (25 %). Einer der Geschäftsführer ist Ollie Weiberg, mit dem er schon bei Hamburg 1 zusammengearbeitet hat. Das Unternehmen produzierte ab Sommer 2004 Die Oliver Geissen Show (bis zu 20,6 % Marktanteil in der Zielgruppe der 14- bis 49-jährigen Zuschauer), im September 2005, 2006, 2007 und 2008 Guinness World Records – Die größten Weltrekorde (2005: 21,2 %) für RTL, die Super-RTL-Retroshowreihe Das große ABC (ø 5,7 % Marktanteil in der Zielgruppe der Haushaltsführenden mit Kind) mit Aleksandra Bechtel und startete im Frühjahr 2006 die achtteilige Makler-Doku Unser neues Zuhause (die Pilotausstrahlung im Januar 2006 sahen 3,67 Mio. Zuschauer ab 3 Jahre) mit Inka Bause. Geissen verkaufte seinen Anteil an Norddeich TV im August 2012 an RTL Television.

Privates
Der Sohn eines Berliner Fischhändlers ging nach seinem Abitur 1988 am Goethe-Gymnasium in Hamburg-Lurup zwei Jahre zur Bundeswehr. Bevor Geissen zum Fernsehen ging, spielte er von 1992 bis 1993 American Football als Kicker der Hamburg Blue Devils sowie Fußball in der Oberliga Hamburg für den SV West-Eimsbüttel, den SV Lurup und den 1. SC Norderstedt.

Aus seiner ersten Ehe (von 1999 bis 2008) gingen zwei Söhne hervor. Seit Sommer 2007 ist Geissen mit der Schauspielerin Christina Plate liiert und seit 2009 mit ihr verheiratet. Das Paar hat einen gemeinsamen Sohn, der 2008 geboren wurde. Beide wohnen in Pöseldorf in Hamburg-Rotherbaum.

Buch
 Kokostee. Atlantik Verlag, Hamburg 2016, ISBN 978-3-455-65138-6.

Weblinks
 Oliver Geissen Homepage

 Bericht in Spiegel Online

Einzelnachweise

Person (Hamburg)
Person (RTL)
Fernsehmoderator (Deutschland)
Talkmaster
Deutscher
Geboren 1969
Mann


text:
Proces odločanja potrošnika je proces, ki zajema zbiranje in procesiranje informacij ter ocenjevanje in izbiranje najboljše možnosti za rešitev problema, povezanega z nakupom. Faze, ki si sledijo v procesu so prepoznavanje potrebe, raziskovanje pred nakupom, ocenjevanje alternativ, izkušnja nakupa ter ponakupno vedenje.
Glede na trud, ki ga vloži potrošnik pri nakupovanju pa ločimo, razširjeno reševanje problemov, omejeno reševanje problemov in rutinirano reševanje problemov.

Ravni procesa odločanja
Potrošniki se vsakodnevno srečujemo z različnimi nakupi. Nekateri zahtevajo, da temeljito raziščemo področje nakupovanja, saj imamo malo informacij o izdelku, ki ga želimo kupiti. Pri drugih nakupih pa imamo že dobro izdelane kriterije za nakup določenega izdelka. Na kontinuumu glede na vložen trud ločimo tri specifične ravni procesa odločanja potrošnika: razširjeno reševanje problemov, omejeno reševanje problemov in rutinirano reševanje problemov.

Razširjeno reševanje problemov
O razširjenem reševanju problemov govorimo, kadar potrošnik nima izdelanih kriterijev za nakup. Pred nakupom se loti obsežnega iskanja informacij, na podlagi katerih določi kriterije za nakup. Razširjeno reševanje je značilno za nakupe, ki so pomembnejši, dražji, jih želimo imeti dalj časa (kot na primer stanovanje) in tiste, ki so tehnološko zahtevnejši.

Omejeno reševanje problemov
Pri omejenem reševanju problemov je potrošnik že določil bazične kriterije na podlagi katerih namerava ocenjevati produkte. Kljub temu, pa še ni povsem določil preferenc na podlagi odločanja med različnimi blagovnimi znamkami. Na tej stopnji potrošnik išče samo določene informacije za razlikovanje med znamkami nekega produkta. Ta vrsta reševanja problemov je značilna za nakup novejših izdelkov, ki smo jih že kupili (na primer nov mobilni telefon).

Rutinirano reševanje problemov
Na tej ravni ima potrošnik izkušnje s posameznimi produkti ter dobro definirane kriterije za odločanje. V določenih primerih se lahko potrošnik usmeri k iskanju manjšega števila dodatnih informacij, v drugih pa zgolj preveri, kaj o produktih že ve. Rutinirano vedenje je značilno za nakup izdelkov, ki jih uporabljamo vsakodnevno (na primer zobne paste ali detergenta za posodo).

Faze odločanja
Da bi lahko preučili nakupovalne navade potrošnika je pomembno, da poznamo vse faze procesa odločanja potrošnika. Proces odločanja potrošnika je sestavljen iz petih faz: prepoznavanja potrebe, raziskovanja pred nakupom, ocenjevanja alternativ, izkušnje nakupa ter ponakupnega vedenje. Schiffman, Kanuk in Hansen (2012)  pa k tem petim fazam dodajajo še psihološko polje posameznika, ki ima prav tako pomemben vpliv na celoten proces odločanja.

Psihološko polje
Psihološko polje, ki vpliva na proces odločanja o nakupu določenega izdelka, zajema posameznikovo osebnost, njegovo motivacijo za nakup, zaznavanje in odnos. Te značilnosti se vpletajo na različnih nivojih skozi celoten proces ter vplivajo na naše odločitve v povezavi z nakupom novega izdelka.

Prepoznava potrebe
Prva faza se večinoma pojavi, kadar se posameznik sooči s problemom nezadovoljene potrebe, ki sproži nelagodje ali napetost. Potreba se lahko pojavi zaradi notranjih spodbud pri posamezniku (na primer lastne želje za nakup izdelka) ali zaradi zunanjih vplivov (na primer, kadar opazimo, da ima naš prijatelj nekaj, kar mi nimamo). Pri posamezniku se tako oblikuje razlika med dejanskim in želenim stanjem, ki jo lahko razrešimo z nakupom novega izdelka. Med potrošniki sta se oblikovala dva stila prepoznavanja potrebe, želeni in dejanski stil. Za želenega je značilno, da želja po nečem novem sproži proces odločanja, med tem ko se pri dejanskem proces odločanja začne, ko posameznik ima produkt s katerim ni zadovoljen.

Raziskovanje pred nakupom
Proces raziskovanja pred nakupom se prične, ko posameznik ugotovi, da lahko potrebo zadovolji z nakupom določenega produkta. Faktorje, ki povečajo verjetnost za raziskovanje pred nakupom delimo na situacijske faktorje (izkušnje), faktorje produkta (cena, blagovna znamka...) in osebne faktorje (uživanje pri nakupovanju, nizka dogmatičnost...). V tej fazi ima pomemben vpliv stopnja zaznavanja tveganja pri odločitvi za določen izdelek/storitev. V situaciji z visokim tveganjem se bodo potrošniki z večjo verjetnostjo odločali za obsežnejše raziskovanje. V situaciji z nizkim tveganjem pa potrošnik raziskovanje poenostavi. Za trgovce je pomembno, da vedo kateri faktorji vplivajo na nakup pri potrošniku, saj na podlagi tega načrtujejo tržne dejavnosti.

Viri informacij
Potrošniki iščejo informacije potrebne za nakup izdelka ali storitve iz najrazličnejših virov . Lahko govorimo o zunanjih in notranjih virih informacij.
Zunanji viri informacij:
	različni mediji, predvsem oglasi
	testiranje določenega izdelka
	trgovci na terenu in v trgovini
	medosebni viri, prijatelji, znanci
	neodvisne informacije, na primer knjige, članki
Trgovci, mediji in testiranje izdelkov so zelo pomemben vir informacij za potrošnika. Povečano iskanje informacij takšnega tipa se pojavi, kadar ima potrošnik malo informacij o izdelku in je ta izdelek zanj zelo pomemben ali pa je povezan z velikim tveganjem. Pomemben vidik pri raziskovanju pred nakupom predstavlja tudi nakupovanje. Pri čemer so ugotovili , da to velja predvsem za ženske. Ženske v večini primerov za razliko od moških veliko raje nakupujejo in opisujejo izkušnjo nakupovanja kot sproščujočo in zabavno.
V zadnjem času je postal internet pomemben vir zunanjih informacij pri potrošniku. Informacije so potrošniku hitro dostopne, tako da mu ni potrebno po dodatne informacije v trgovino. Koliko informacij bo potrošnik zbral pri svojem iskanju po internetu je odvisno tudi od njegovih spretnosti ter vztrajnosti pri iskanju.

Medosebni viri informacij postanejo pomembni, kadar ima potrošnik malo znanja o izdelku, ki ga zanima. Prav tako se iskanje medosebnih virov poveča, v kolikor imamo več alternativ, ki imajo pozitivne in negativne posledice, saj potrebujemo več informacij, da lahko sprejmemo končno odločitev. Pomembno vlogo imajo tudi družinski člani, še posebej kadar se ne strinjajo glede evalvacije ali zahtev pri posameznem izdelku.

Notranji viri informacij:
	pretekle izkušnje
	spomini povezani z določenim izdelkom
Pomembno je ali potrošnik prvič opravlja nakup določenega izdelka, saj v tem primer nima notranjih virov informacij in se tako posledično poveča raziskovanje in potreba po zunanjih informacijah. V kolikor pa potrošnik že ima večje število notranjih informacij, v prvi fazi uporabi le te in se posluži zunanjih virov veliko redkeje. Včasih pa se lahko zgodi tudi, da potrošnik ter njegovi bližnji ne morejo imeti izkušenj z določenim produktom, saj je produkt na trgu nov. V tem primeru pa se poveča potreba po neodvisnih informacijah ter informacijah, ki jih potrošnik pridobi preko medijev. Pri osebnih izkušnjah je pomembno tudi, kakšna je stopnja zadovoljstva potrošnika z dosedanjim izdelkom. V kolikor ga trenutni izdelek ni navdušil, se loti obsežnega iskanja novih zunanjih informacij, dugače pa se zanaša na notranje vire.
Vseeno pa je potrebno upoštevati, da večina odločitev pri potrošniku temelji na kombinaciji zunanjih in notranjih virov informacij, ki jih potrošnik uporablja, da pridobi čim več kvalitetnih informacij.

Vrste informacij
Vrsta informacij pomembno vpliva na posameznikov nakup. Najpomembnejše informacije za potrošnika so informacije o ceni in o blagovni znamki, pri vsaki kulturi posebej pa postanejo pomembne tudi druge lastnosti, ki se od kulture do kulture razlikujejo. Blagovna znamka je pomembna informacija, saj se okrog le te povezujejo številne druge informacije ter izkušnje, ki jih potrošniki že imajo. Takoj, ko se spomnimo določene blagovne znamke jo povežemo z določenimi lastnostmi. Na podlagi cene pa potrošnik oblikuje določene predstave o vrednosti in kakovosti izdelka in storitve. Seveda pa je vrsta informacij odvisna od namena potrošnje, na primer pri odločanju za počitnice je poleg cene pomembna še oddaljenost od morja...

Ocenjevanje alternativ
Ko je potrošnik že ugotovil, kaj potrebuje ter je zbral potrebne informacije, se sooči z ocenjevanjem alternativ. Kriterij, ki ga izbere potrošnik se razlikuje med potrošniki glede na njihove potrebe, vendar večinoma potrošniki ocenjujejo potencialne alternative na podlagi blagovnih znamke ter cene. Na primer pri nakupu zobne paste je potrošnikom pomembnejša blagovna znamka, ki jo že več časa uporabljajo in jih cena ne zanima toliko.
Velikokrat pa se potrošnik sooči s težavo, saj nima na voljo vseh informacij na podlagi katerih bi lahko primerjal izdelke. Schiffman, Kanuk in Hansen (2012)  navajajo štiri različne alternativne strategije, ki se jih poslužuje potrošnik:
	potrošnik začasno odloži odločitev, dokler ne pridobi ustreznih informacij
	potrošnik lahko ignorira manjkajoče informacije in se odloči na podlagi dostopnih informacij
	potrošnik lahko sklepa o manjkajočih informacijah
	potrošnik uporabi drugo strategijo odločanja pri kateri manjkajoče informacije niso tako pomembne
Znanje o tem, katere strategije za ocenjevanje alternativ potrošnik uporablja, izkoriščajo podjetja za oglaševanje.

Nakupno vedenje
O nakupnem vedenju govorimo, ko se posameznik na določeni točki odloči za nakup. Na tej stopnji si mora potrošnik odgovoriti na 5 vprašanj: kupiti ali ne, kdaj kupiti, kaj kupiti, kje kupiti in kako plačati. Posebna vrsta nakupnega vedenja je impulzivni nakup, saj potrošniki kupujejo tudi brez premisleka, torej, da se za nakup odločijo v trenutku. To se po navadi zgodi, kadar zunanji dražljaji v potrošniku vzpodbudijo vznemirjenje in potrebo pa takojšnjem nakupu. Vendar Harry Beckwith (2005)  pravi, da večina odločitev ni nepremišljenih; največkrat jih sprejmemo po kratkem razmisleku in jih skušamo upravičiti.

Ponakupna odločitev
Rezultat nakupa je lahko zadovoljstvo ali nezadovoljstvo. V kolikor je posameznik zadovoljen z nakupom je velika verjetnost, da bo ponovno kupil izdelek iste blagovne znamke. Na ponakupni proces vplivajo individualni procesi (motivacija, stališča, znanje...), vplivi okolja (kultura, družina, socialni sloj...) in psihološki procesi (zaznavanje in obdelava informacij, učenje...).

Literatura

Glej tudi
Potrošništvo
Oglaševanje
Otrok kot potrošnik

Zunanje povezave
Zveza potrošnikov slovenije
Kako se odločajo slovenski potrošniki

Vedenje potrošnika
Organizacijska psihologija
Potrošništvo


text:
Un filtre digital és un filtre electrònic que, depenent de les variacions dels senyals d'entrada en el temps i amplitud, es realitza un processament matemàtic sobre aquest senyal; generalment mitjançant l'ús de la Transformada ràpida de Fourier; obtenint-se en l'eixida el resultat del processament matemàtic o el senyal d'eixida.

Tipus
Els filtres digitals tenen com entrada un senyal analògic o digital i en la seua eixida tenen altre senyal analògic o digital, podent haver canviat en amplitud, freqüència o fase depenent de les característiques del filtre digital.

El filtrat digital és part del processament de senyals digitals. Se li dona la denominació de digital més pel seu funcionament intern que per la seua dependència del tipus de senyal a filtrar, així podríem cridar filtre digital tant a un filtre que realitza el processament de senyals digitals com un altre que ho faça de senyals analògics.

Sovint s'usa per a atenuar o amplificar algunes freqüències, per exemple es pot implementar un sistema per a controlar els tons greus i aguts de l'àudio de l'estèreo de l'acte.

El gran avantatge dels filtres digitals sobre els analògics és que presenten una gran estabilitat de funcionament en el temps.

El filtrat dels senyals digital consisteix en la realització interna d'un processat previ de dades d'entrada. En general el procés de filtrat consisteix en el mostreig digital del senyal d'entrada, el processament considerant el valor actual d'entrada i considerant les entrades anteriors. L'últim pas és la reconstrucció del senyal d'eixida.

En general la mecànica del processament és:
Prendre les mostres actuals i algunes mostres anteriors (que prèviament havien estat emmagatzemades) per a multiplicades per uns coeficients definits.
També es podria prendre valors de l'eixida en instants passats i multiplicar-los per altres coeficients.
Finalment tots els resultats de totes aquestes multiplicacions són sumats, donant una eixida per a l'instant actual.

El processament intern i l'entrada del filtre seran digitals, pel que pot ser necessari una conversió analògica-digital o digital-analògica per a ús de filtres digitals amb senyals analògics.

Un tema molt important és considerar les limitacions del filtre d'entrada a causa de Teorema de mostreig de Nyquist-Shannon que en poques paraules; si vull processar fins a una freqüència de 10 kHz, he de mostrejar a almenys 20 kHz.

Els filtres digitals s'usen freqüentment per a tractament digital de la imatge o per a tractament del so digital.

Altre exemple comú de filtres digitals són els programes per a retocar imatges.

Tipus de filtres
Hi ha diversos tipus de filtres així com diferents classificacions per a aquests filtres:
 D'acord amb la part de l'espectre que deixen passar i que atenuen hi ha:
Filtres passa alt.
Filtres passabaix.
Filtres passa banda.
Banda eliminada.
Multibanda.
Passa-tot.
Ressonador.
Oscil·lador.
Filtre pinta (Comb filter).
Filtre ranura o filtre rebutja-banda (Notch filter).
...

 D'acord amb el seu ordre:
primer ordre
segon ordre
...

 D'acord amb el tipus de resposta davant entrada unitària:
Filtre FIR (Finite Impulse Response)
Filtre IIR (Infinite Impulse Response)
TIIR (Truncated Infinite Impulse Response)

 D'acord amb l'estructura amb què s'implementa:
Laticce
 Varis en cascada
 Varis en paral·lel
...

Tecnologies
Els filtres es poden construir en una sèrie de tecnologies diferents. La mateixa funció de transferència es pot realitzar de diverses maneres diferents, és a dir, les propietats matemàtiques del filtre són les mateixes però les propietats físiques són molt diferents. Sovint els components en diferents tecnologies són una analogia directa entre si i compleixen la mateixa funció en els seus respectius filtres. Per exemple, les resistències, inductors i condensadors d'electrònica corresponen, respectivament, als amortidors, ressorts i masses en la mecànica. De la mateixa manera, hi ha components corresponents en els filtres dels elements distribuïts.

 filtres electrònics van ser originalment totalment passiva que consisteix en la resistència, inductància i capacitància. tecnologia activa fa que el disseny sigui més fàcil i obre noves possibilitats en les especificacions del filtre.

 Filtres digitals operen en els senyals representats en forma digital. L'essència d'un filtre digital és que directament es implementa un algorisme matemàtic, que correspon a la funció de transferència de filtre desitjat, en la seva programació o microcódigo.

 Els filtres mecànics es construeixen a partir de components mecànics. En la gran majoria dels casos que s'utilitzen per processar un senyal electrònic i els transductors es proporcionen per convertir això i d'una vibració mecànica. No obstant això, hi ha exemples de filtres que han estat dissenyats per a funcionar completament en el domini mecànic.

Distribuït filtres element es construeixen a partir de components a partir de petites peces de línia de transmissió o altres elements distribuïts. Hi ha estructures dels filtres d'elements distribuïts que corresponen directament als elements agrupats dels filtres electrònics, i altres que són exclusius d'aquesta classe de tecnologia.

 filtres de guia d'ones es componen d'elements o components de guia d'ona inserida en la guia d'ona. Guies d'ona són un tipus de línia de transmissió i moltes estructures dels filtres dels elements distribuïts, per exemple, el tros (electrònica), pot aplicar-se també en guies d'ona.

 Acústica filtres

 filtres òptics van ser desenvolupats originalment per a fins diferents de processament de senyals, com ara la il·luminació i la fotografia. Amb l'auge de la tecnologia de fibra òptica, però, els filtres òptics cada vegada més trobar aplicacions de processament de senyals i processament de senyals filtre terminologia, com a pas llarg i shortpass, estan entrant en el camp.

Disseny del filtre
El procés de disseny del filtre es pot descriure com un problema d'optimització on cada requisit contribueix amb un terme per a una funció d'error. Algunes parts del procés de disseny poden ser automatitzades, però normalment es necessita un enginyer elèctric amb experiència per a obtenir un bon resultat.

L'objectiu és trobar una realització del filtre que compleixi cada un dels requisits a un grau suficient perquè sigui útil.

Expressió general d'un filtre
Hi ha moltes formes de representar un filtre. Per exemple, en funció de w (freqüència digital), en funció de z i en funció de n (nombre de mostra). Totes són equivalents, però a l'hora de treballar de vegades convé més una o altra. Com regla general se sol deixar el terme a0=1.

Si s'expressa en funció de z i en forma de fracció:

I en domini de n:

Els coeficients són els a i b i són els quals defineixen el filtre, per tant el disseny consisteix en calcular-los.

Avantatges d'utilitzar filtres digitals envers filtres analògics
1. Un filtre digital és programable, és a dir, que pot ser variat fàcilment sense afectar al hardware, mentre que els analògics l'única manera és modificant el cirquit.

2. Els filtres digitals poden ser fàcilment dissenyats, provats i implementats en un ordinador. Els analògics sempre s'han que implementar a través de components discrets per veure el funcionament real.

3. Els filtres analògics tenen alteracions y depenen de la temperatura. Els filtres digitals són extremadament estables davant factors externs.

4. A diferència dels filtres analògics, els digitals poden funcionar amb molta presició les baixes freqüències.

5. Els filtres digitales són molt més versàtils a la hora de manipular el senyal.

Exemple del disseny d'un filtre
En primer lloc es parteix de les especificacions i, basant-se en aquestes, es tria el tipus de filtre. En aquest exemple es parteix d'un filtre digital que anul·le les freqüències menors a 5 Hz i la de 50 Hz i que no altere a la resta, la freqüència de mostreig serà 1000 Hz, a més es vol fase lineal.

Amb aquestes especificacions es tria un filtre FIR. El disseny es pot fer manualment o amb l'ajuda d'un ordinador. En aquest exemple el mètode de disseny serà el d'Evgenii Remez. En Matlab s'obtenen els coeficients que defineixen el filtre, que en l'equació anterior es diuen a i b (el numerador és la variable b i el denominador solament té un terme que és 1, com correspon a un filtre FIR):

[n,fo,mo,w]=remezord([0 5 45 50 50 55],[0 1 0 1],[0.01 0.1 0.01 0.1],1000);
b = remez(n,fo,mo,w)

En la següent figura es mostra l'aspecte del filtre en el centre. En la part superior es mostra el senyal que es vol filtrar i en la part inferior el senyal filtrat (es tracta d'un electrocardiograma).

El següent pas és seleccionar la forma d'implementar-lo, és a dir la seua estructura. Després es tria el maquinari sobre el qual funcionarà. Normalment un Processador de senyals digitals o una FPGA, encara que també pot ser un programa d'ordinador. Finalment s'usen els coeficients obtinguts i l'estructura triada per a crear el programa.

Vegeu també
 Filtre analògic
 Harry Nyquist
 Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
 Transformada de Fourier.
 Transformada Discreta de Fourier
 Matlab
 Filtre digital biquad

Enllaços externs
 Llibreria per a la construcció de filtres digitals amb LabVIEW
 Filtres digitals.
 Introducció a filtres digitals.

Digital


text:
«Улица Дмитрие́вского» — станция Московского метрополитена на Некрасовской линии, открытая 3 июня 2019 года. Расположена в районе Косино-Ухтомский (ВАО), названа по одноимённой улице. По конструкции — колонная двухпролётная станция мелкого заложения с одной островной платформой.

Название
29 июля 2014 года Городская межведомственная комиссия по наименованию территориальных единиц, улиц, станций метрополитена, организаций и других объектов Москвы одобрила решение о переименовании станции из «Салтыковской улицы» в «Улицу Дмитриевского», а 11 сентября вышло постановление о переименовании.

Строительство
С весны 2013 года практически не велось никаких строительных работ. Такое положение дел сохранялось на стройплощадке станции вплоть до конца августа 2014 года, когда началась перекладка коммуникаций по всей зоне строительства станции. В течение  года начнётся проходка обоих тоннелей от станции . Оба ТПМК смонтированы с весны по осень  года в котловане станции «Лухмановская», они пройдут станцию транзитом и завершат проходку тоннелей длиной в 3987 м в котловане камеры съездов за станцией . 1 февраля 2017 года тоннелепроходческий комплекс «Robbins-371» начал проходку левого перегонного тоннеля от «Косино» до «Улицы Дмитриевского».

31 августа 2018 года проведён технический пуск участка «Косино» — «Некрасовка».

АО «Мосинжпроект» — управляющая компания по строительству станции метро.

Перенос сроков
Строительство началось в марте  года. Ранее станцию планировалось открыть в декабре  года, но в феврале  года Марат Хуснуллин назвал возможный срок сдачи — 2015 год. Однако станцию не открыли ни в 2015, ни в 2016, ни в 2017 году; наконец, в январе 2018 года было объявлено, что станцию могут открыть в конце 2018 года.

В конце марта 2018 года заместитель мэра Москвы по вопросам градостроительной политики и строительства Марат Хуснуллин сообщил, что участок  —  планируется запустить к концу лета 2018 года, хотя, по его же словам, техническая возможность для такого пуска отсутствует, и линия будет запущена полностью в 2019 году. 31 августа 2018 года мэр Москвы Сергей Собянин, проводя тестовый пуск участка из 4 станций, сказал, что запуск линии для пассажиров ожидается в конце 2018 года. Тем не менее, открытие станции состоялось 3 июня 2019 года.

Расположение и вестибюли

Станция расположена в Косино-Ухтомском районе, между улицами Салтыковская и Татьяны Макаровой, вдоль улицы Дмитриевского, у её пересечения с улицей Наташи Качуевской. Выход осуществляется через два подземных вестибюля к жилой застройке 1-го микрорайона Кожухово и на улицу Дмитриевского. Стены вестибюлей покрыты кремовым мрамором и жёлтым гранитом, колонны — бежевые металлокерамические панели. На базе станции планируется организация транспортно-пересадочного узла «Улица Дмитриевского».

Архитектура и оформление
Колонная двухпролётная станция мелкого заложения с одной островной платформой.

Оформление содержит отсылки к лунной дороге, основными цветами в отделке станции являются серый, бежевый и светло-коричневый. Пол платформы и вестибюля покрыт жёлтым и чёрным гранитом, складывающимся в геометрический орнамент. Путевые стены облицованы металлокерамическими панелями изумрудного цвета. Центральная часть потолка станции имеет отражающую поверхность, колонны оборудованы подсветкой. Над путями расположены вентиляционные каналы, в которые ближе к краю платформы встроены светодиоды.

Наземный общественный транспорт

Городской

Областной
 Автобусы: 1064

Примечания

Ссылки

Станции метрополитена, построенные в 2019 году
Здания и сооружения, построенные в 2019 году в Москве
Косино-Ухтомский район
Колонные станции мелкого заложения


text:
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a type of cancer that can form masses in the skin, in lymph nodes, in the mouth, or in other organs. The skin lesions are usually painless, purple and may be flat or raised. Lesions can occur singly, multiply in a limited area, or may be widespread. Depending on the sub-type of disease and level of immune suppression, KS may worsen either gradually or quickly. Except for Classical KS where there is generally no immune suppression, KS is caused by a combination of immune suppression (such as due to HIV/AIDS) and infection by Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8 – also called KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)).

Classic, endemic, immunosuppression therapy-related (also known as iatrogenic), and epidemic (also known as AIDS-related) sub-types are all described. Classic KS tends to affect older men in regions where KSHV is highly prevalent (Mediterranean, Eastern Europe, Middle East), is usually slow-growing, and most often affects only the legs. Endemic KS is most common in Sub-Saharan Africa and is more aggressive in children, while older adults present similarly to classic KS. Immunosuppression therapy-related KS generally occurs in people following organ transplantation and mostly affects the skin. Epidemic KS occurs in people with AIDS and many parts of the body can be affected. KS is diagnosed by tissue biopsy, while the extent of disease may be determined by medical imaging.

Treatment is based on the sub-type, whether the condition is localized or widespread, and the person's immune function. Localized skin lesions may be treated by surgery, injections of chemotherapy into the lesion, or radiation therapy. Widespread disease may be treated with chemotherapy or biologic therapy. In those with HIV/AIDS, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) prevents and often treats KS. In certain cases the addition of chemotherapy may be required. With widespread disease, death may occur.

The condition is relatively common in people with HIV/AIDS and following organ transplant. Over 35% of people with AIDS may be affected. KS was first described by Moritz Kaposi in 1872. It became more widely known as one of the AIDS-defining illnesses in the 1980s. KSHV was discovered as a causative agent in 1994.

Signs and symptoms
KS lesions are nodules or blotches that may be red, purple, brown, or black, and are usually papular.

They are typically found on the skin, but spread elsewhere is common, especially the mouth, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract. Growth can range from very slow to explosively fast, and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity.

The lesions are painless, but become cosmetically disfiguring or interruptive to organs.

Skin

Commonly affected areas include the lower limbs, back, face, mouth, and genitalia. The lesions are usually as described above, but may occasionally be plaque-like (often on the soles of the feet) or even involved in skin breakdown with resulting fungating lesions.
Associated swelling may be from either local inflammation or lymphoedema (obstruction of local lymphatic vessels by the lesion). Skin lesions may be quite disfiguring for the patient, and a cause of much psychosocial pathology.

Mouth

The mouth is involved in about 30% of cases, and is the initial site in 15% of AIDS-related KS. In the mouth, the hard palate is most frequently affected, followed by the gums. Lesions in the mouth may be easily damaged by chewing and bleed or develop secondary infection, and even interfere with eating or speaking.

Gastrointestinal tract
Involvement can be common in those with transplant-related or AIDS-related KS, and it may occur in the absence of skin involvement. The gastrointestinal lesions may be silent or cause weight loss, pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding (either vomiting blood or passing it with bowel movements), malabsorption, or intestinal obstruction.

Respiratory tract
Involvement of the airway can present with shortness of breath, fever, cough, coughing up blood or chest pain, or as an incidental finding on chest x-ray. The diagnosis is usually confirmed by bronchoscopy, when the lesions are directly seen and often biopsied. Kaposi's sarcoma of the lung has a poor prognosis.

Cause

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also called HHV-8, is present in almost 100% of Kaposi sarcoma lesions, whether HIV-related, classic, endemic, or iatrogenic. KSHV encodes oncogenes, microRNAs and circular RNAs that promote cancer cell proliferation and escape from the immune system.

Transmission
In Europe and North America, KSHV is transmitted through saliva. Thus, kissing is a risk factor for transmission. Higher rates of transmission among gay and bisexual men have been attributed to "deep kissing" sexual partners with KSHV. Another alternative theory suggests that use of saliva as a sexual lubricant might be a major mode for transmission. Prudent advice is to use commercial lubricants when needed and avoid deep kissing with partners with KSHV infection or whose status is unknown.

KSHV is also transmissible via organ transplantation and blood transfusion. Testing for the virus before these procedures is likely to effectively limit iatrogenic transmission.

Pathology

Despite its name, in general it is not considered a true sarcoma, which is a tumor arising from mesenchymal tissue. The histogenesis of KS remains controversial. KS may arise as a cancer of lymphatic endothelium and forms vascular channels that fill with blood cells, giving the tumor its characteristic bruise-like appearance.  KSHV proteins are uniformly detected in KS cancer cells.

KS lesions contain tumor cells with a characteristic abnormal elongated shape, called spindle cells. The most typical feature of Kaposi sarcoma is the presence of spindle cells forming slits containing red blood cells. Mitotic activity is only moderate and pleomorphism is usually absent. The tumor is highly vascular, containing abnormally dense and irregular blood vessels, which leak red blood cells into the surrounding tissue and give the tumor its dark color. Inflammation around the tumor may produce swelling and pain. Variously sized PAS positive hyaline bodies are often seen in the cytoplasm or sometimes extracellularly.

The spindle cells of Kaposi sarcoma differentiate toward endothelial cells, probably of lymph vessel rather than blood vessel origin. The consistent immunoreactivity for podoplanin supports the lymphatic nature of the lesion.

Diagnosis
Although KS may be suspected from the appearance of lesions and the patient's risk factors, a definite diagnosis can be made only by biopsy and microscopic examination. Detection of the KSHV protein LANA in tumor cells confirms the diagnosis.

In differential diagnosis, arteriovenous malformations, pyogenic granuloma and other vascular proliferations can be microscopically confused with KS.

Differential diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma
Source:

 Naevus
 Histiocytoma
 Cryptococcosis
 Histoplasmosis
 Leishmaniasis
 Pneumocystis lesions
 Dermatophytosis
 Angioma
 Bacillary angiomatosis
 Pyogenic granuloma
 Melanoma

Classification
HHV-8 is responsible for all varieties of KS. Since Moritz Kaposi first described the cancer, the disease has been reported in five separate clinical settings, with different presentations, epidemiology, and prognoses. All of the forms are infected with KSHV and are different manifestations of the same disease but have differences in clinical aggressiveness, prognosis, and treatment.
 Classic Kaposi sarcoma most commonly appears early on the toes and soles as reddish, violaceous, or bluish-black macules and patches that spread and coalesce to form nodules or plaques. A small percentage of these patients may have visceral lesions. In most cases the treatment involves surgical removal of the lesion. The condition tends to be indolent and chronic, affecting elderly men from the Mediterranean region, Arab countries, or of Eastern European descent. Israeli Jews have a higher rate of KSHV/HHV-8 infection than European peoples.
 Endemic KS, which has two types. Although this may be present worldwide, it has been originally described later in young African peoples, mainly those from sub-Saharan Africa. This variant is not related to HIV infection and is a more aggressive disease that infiltrates the skin extensively.
 African lymphadenopathic Kaposi sarcoma is aggressive, occurring in children under 10 years of age, presenting with lymph node involvement, with or without skin lesions.
 African cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma presents with nodular, infiltrative, vascular masses on the extremities, mostly in men between the ages of 20 and 50, and is endemic in tropical Africa.
 Immunosuppression-associated Kaposi sarcoma had been described, but only rarely until the advent of calcineurin inhibitors (such as ciclosporines, which are inhibitors of T-cell function) for transplant patients in the 1980s, when its incidence grew rapidly.  The tumor arises either when an HHV 8-infected organ is transplanted into someone who has not been exposed to the virus or when the transplant recipient already harbors pre-existing HHV 8 infection. Unlike classic Kaposi sarcoma, the site of presentation is more variable.
 AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma typically presents with cutaneous lesions that begin as one or several red to purple-red macules, rapidly progressing to papules, nodules, and plaques, with a predilection for the head, back, neck, trunk, and mucous membranes. In more advanced cases, lesions can be found in the stomach and intestines, the lymph nodes, and the lungs. Compared to other forms of KS, KS-AIDS stimulated more interest in KS research, as it was one of the first illnesses associated with AIDS and first described in 1981. This form of KS is over 300 times more common in AIDS patients than in renal transplant recipients. In this case, HHV 8 is sexually transmitted among people also at risk for sexually transmitted HIV infection.

Prevention
Blood tests to detect antibodies against KSHV have been developed and can be used to determine whether a person is at risk for transmitting the infection to their sexual partner, or whether an organ is infected before transplantation.  However, these tests are not available except as research tools, and, thus, there is little screening for persons at risk for becoming infected with KSHV, such as people following a transplant.

Treatment
Kaposi sarcoma is not curable, but it can often be treatable for many years. In KS associated with immunodeficiency or immunosuppression, treating the cause of the immune system dysfunction can slow or stop the progression of KS. In 40% or more of patients with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma, the Kaposi lesions will shrink upon first starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Therefore, HAART is considered the cornerstone of therapy in AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma. However, in a certain percentage of such people, Kaposi sarcoma may recur after many years on HAART, especially if HIV is not completely suppressed.

People with a few local lesions can often be treated with local measures such as radiation therapy or cryosurgery. Weak evidence suggests that antiretroviral therapy in combination with chemotherapy is more effective than either of those two therapies individually. Limited basic and clinical evidence suggest that topical beta-blockers, such as timolol, may induce regression of localized lesions in classic as well as HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma. In general, surgery is not recommended, as Kaposi sarcoma can appear in wound edges.  In general, more widespread disease, or disease affecting internal organs, is treated with systemic therapy with interferon alpha, liposomal anthracyclines (such as liposomal doxorubicin or daunorubicin), thalidomide, or paclitaxel.

Alitretinoin, applied to the lesion, may be used when the lesion is not getting better with standard treatment of HIV/AIDS and chemotherapy or radiation therapy cannot be used.

Epidemiology
With the decrease in the death rate among people with HIV/AIDS receiving new treatments in the 1990s, the rates and severity of epidemic KS also decreased. However, the number of people living with HIV/AIDS is increasing in the United States, and it is possible that the number of people with AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma will again rise as these people live longer with HIV infection.

Society

Because of their highly visible nature, external lesions are sometimes the presenting symptom of AIDS. Kaposi sarcoma entered the awareness of the general public with the release of the film Philadelphia, in which the main character was fired after his employers found out he was HIV-positive due to visible lesions. By the time KS lesions appear, likely, the immune system has already been severely weakened. It has been reported that only 6% of men who have sex with men are aware that KS is caused by a virus different from HIV. Thus, there is little community effort to prevent KSHV infection.  Likewise, no systematic screening of organ donations is in place.

In people with AIDS, Kaposi sarcoma is considered an opportunistic infection, a disease that can gain a foothold in the body because the immune system has been weakened. With the rise of HIV/AIDS in Africa, where KSHV is widespread, KS has become the most frequently reported cancer in some countries.

References

External links
 Kaposi sarcoma photo library at Dermnet

HIV/AIDS
Virus-related cutaneous conditions
Connective and soft tissue neoplasms
Vascular neoplasia
Rare cancers
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate


text:
Курку́ма ароматная () — многолетнее травянистое растение, вид рода  семейства , иногда упоминается под названием «индийский шафран».

В естественных условиях этот вид произрастает в Южной Азии, в основном в восточных Гималаях и в теплых лесах Индии, в Западных Гатах.

Главным образом находит кулинарное применение, большей частью в кондитерском производстве. Кондитерами ценится выше куркумы длинной.

Литература

Примечания

Имбирные
Флора Азии
Пряности


text:
Le modèle de Maxwell convecté supérieur est une généralisation du modèle de Maxwell tenant compte des non-linéarités cinématiques (mais ne tenant pas compte des non-linéarités mécaniques). Ce modèle a été proposé pour la première fois par James G. Oldroyd.

Ecriture du modèle

La motivation de l'écriture de ce modèle tient du fait que le modèle de Maxwell ne respecte pas la condition d'incompressibilité du fluide.  L'introduction de cette nouvelle condition mène à la réécriture suivante :

où :
  est le tenseur des contraintes,
  est le temps de relaxation;
  est la dérivée convectée supérieure temporelle du tenseur des contraintes :

 est la vitesse du fluide
 est la viscosité à cisaillement nul,
 est le tenseur des taux de déformation.

Cas d'un cisaillement continu
Dans ce cas, seules deux composantes du tenseur des contraintes sont non nulles :

et

où  est le taux de cisaillement.

Ainsi, le modèle de Maxwell convecté supérieur prédit, dans le cadre d'un cisaillement continu, que les contraintes sont proportionnelles au taux de cisaillement.

Différences de contraintes normales

En ce qui concerne les différences de contraintes normales, la première

est proportionnelle au taux de cisaillement au carré et que la seconde

est toujours nulle.

Ce résultat peut se réécrire de la manière suivante :

en ayant posé .

En d'autres termes, ce modèle prédit l'apparition de la première différence de contraintes normales mais ne prédit pas le comportement non newtonien de la viscosité de cisaillement ou la seconde différence de contraintes normales.

Les résultats de ce modèle en ce qui concerne les contraintes normales sont en accord en première approximation avec ce qui peut être observé pour des mélanges de polymères à des taux de cisaillement modérés ( expérimentalement). Cependant, la viscosité constante avec le taux de cisaillement n'est pas en accord avec les observations expérimentales : c'est la limite de ce modèle.

Viscosité élongationnelle

Références
 Patrick Oswald, Rhéophysique, Belin, Paris, 2005

Modèle rhéologique
James Clerk Maxwell


text:
Igneous petrology is the study of igneous rocks—those that are formed from magma. As a branch of geology, igneous petrology is closely related to volcanology, tectonophysics, and petrology in general. The modern study of igneous rocks utilizes a number of techniques, some of them developed in the fields of chemistry, physics, or other earth sciences. Petrography, crystallography, and isotopic studies are common methods used in igneous petrology.

Methods

Determination of chemical composition
The composition of igneous rocks and minerals can be determined via a variety of methods of varying ease, cost, and complexity. The simplest method is observation of hand samples with the naked eye and/or with a hand lens. This can be used to gauge the general mineralogical composition of the rock, which gives an insight into the composition. A more precise but still relatively inexpensive way to identify minerals (and thereby the bulk chemical composition of the rock) with a petrographic microscope. These microscopes have polarizing plates, filters, and a conoscopic lens that allow the user to measure a variety of crystallographic properties. Another method for determining mineralogy is to use X-ray diffraction, in which a powdered sample is bombarded by X-rays, and the resultant spectrum of crystallographic orientations is compared to a set of standards. One of the most precise ways of determining chemical composition is by the use of an electron microprobe, in which tiny spots of materials are sampled. Electron microprobe analyses can detect both bulk composition and trace element composition.

Dating methods

The dating of igneous rocks determines when magma solidified into rock. Radiogenic isotopes are frequently used to determine the age of igneous rocks.

Potassium–argon dating

In this dating method the amount of 40Ar trapped in a rock is compared to the amount of 40K in the rock to calculate the amount of time  40K must have been decaying in the solid rock to produce all 40Ar that would have otherwise not have been present there.

Rubidium–strontium dating

The rubidium–strontium dating is based on the natural decay of 87Rb to 87Sr and the different behaviour of these elements during fractional crystallization of magma. Both Sr and Rb are found in most magmas; however, as fractional crystallization occurs, Sr will tend to be concentrated in plagioclase crystals while Rb will remain in the melt for a longer time. 87Rb decays in magma and elsewhere so that every 1.42×1011 years half of the amount has been converted into 87Sr. Knowing the decay constant and the amount of 87Rb and 87Sr in a rock it is possible to calculate the time that the 87Rb must have needed before the rock reached closure temperature to produce all 87Sr, yet considering that there was an initial 87Sr amount not produced by 87Rb in the magmatic body. Initial values of 87Sr, when the magma started fractional crystallization, might be estimated by knowing the amounts of 87Rb and 87Sr of two igneous rocks produced at different times by the same magmatic body.

Other methods
Stratigraphic principles may be useful to determine the relative age of volcanic rocks. Tephrochronology is the most common application of stratigraphic dating on volcanic rocks.

Thermobarometry methods

In petrology the mineral clinopyroxene is used for temperature and pressure calculations of the magma that produced igneous rock containing this mineral. Clinopyroxene thermobarometry is one of several geothermobarometers. Two things make this method especially useful: first, clinopyroxene is a common phenocryst in igneous rocks easy to identify; and secondly, the crystallization of the jadeite component of clinopyroxene implies a growth in molar volume being thus a good indicator of pressure.

Thermochronometry

Publications
Most contemporary ground breaking in igneous petrology has been published in prestigious American and British scientific journals of worldwide circulation such as Science and Nature. Study material, overviews of certain topics and older works are often found as books. Many works before the plate tectonics paradigm shift in the 1960s and 1970s contains inaccurate information regarding the origin of magmas.

Notable igneous petrologists
Norman L. Bowen
Nicolas Desmarest
Louis Cordier
Harry von Eckermann
Antoine Lacroix
Akiho Miyashiro
Paul Niggli
Hans Ramberg
Jakob Sederholm
Albert Streckeisen
Marjorie Wilson
Peter John Wyllie
Lawrence Wager

References

Igneous rocks


text:
Andy Reed (born 4 May 1969) is a British former rugby union player who played lock for Bodmin RFC, Camborne RFC, Bath Rugby, London Wasps, Cornwall Rugby Football Union, and represented Scotland 18 times between 1993 and 1999. He also represented the British & Irish Lions against New Zealand in 1993 and captained Scotland on their tour of Argentina in 1994. Whilst at Wasps he helped them win the Anglo-Welsh Cup in 2000.

He is now a plumber in Cornwall.

References

External links

Lions profile
profile on www.waspslegends.co.uk
profile on Scrum.com

1969 births
Living people
Cornish rugby union players
Scottish rugby union players
British & Irish Lions rugby union players from Scotland
Bath Rugby players
Wasps RFC players
Scotland international rugby union players
People from St Austell
Rugby union players from Cornwall
Rugby union locks


text:
Paraćin (cyr. Параћин) − miasto w Serbii, w okręgu pomorawskim, siedziba gminy Paraćin. W 2011 roku liczyło 25 104 mieszkańców.

W mieście rozwinął się przemysł wełniarski, cementowy oraz szklarski.

Przypisy

Miasta w Serbii
Miejscowości w okręgu pomorawskim
Paraćin


text:
Basdorf – frazione della città tedesca di Rheinsberg
 Basdorf – frazione del comune tedesco di Wandlitz


text:
The Polo Park Mall is a shopping mall in central Enugu, in Enugu State, Nigeria.

The mall was opened by the Persianas Group and the Enugu State Government on September 15, 2011.

It has a total retail area of  and is classified as a "first world class shopping mall" in Nigeria.

External links
 Polo Park Mall website

References

Enugu
Shopping malls in Nigeria
Buildings and structures in Enugu State
Shopping malls established in 2011
2011 establishments in Nigeria
21st-century architecture in Nigeria


text:
"Honeymoon" es una canción de la cantautora estadounidense Lana Del Rey coescrita junto a Rick Nowels. El audio de la canción fue subido en su cuenta de Youtube el 14 de julio de 2014 y fue lanzado para comprar como el segundo sencillo promocional el 7 de septiembre de 2015, para su cuarto álbum de estudio Honeymoon.

Referencias


text:
Isidro Tom Ungab (born May 8, 1961) is a Filipino politician, a former banker, and a former local legislator of the City of Davao. He was elected as a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, representing the Third District of Davao City beginning in 2007.

Ungab attended the University of the Philippines Los Baños and attained a Bachelor of Science degree in Agricultural Economics. He finished his Advanced Bank Management Program (ABMP) at the Asian Institute of Management, Master of Public Administration from the Development Academy of the Philippines, and the Command and General Staff Course in Camp General Emilio Aguinaldo.

He had worked as an economic analyst, account officer, development bank manager and as a consultant to various financial institutions. He entered politics in 1995 and was elected as city councilor of Davao City for nine consecutive years. In the May 2007 elections, he ran as a 3rd District Congressman and was re-elected in 2010 for his second term. He ran unopposed in his third and last term as congressman of the 3rd district of Davao City. Ungab served as chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means in the Fifteenth Congress and was primarily responsible for the passage of the law amending the excise taxes for tobacco and alcohol otherwise known as the Sin Tax Law of 2012. He now serves as chairman of the powerful Committee on Appropriations in the Sixteenth Congress.

Military service

Ungab is also a reserve Philippine Army officer in the Army Reserve with the rank of colonel, he was formerly the battalion commander of the 3rd Metro Davao Infantry Battalion (Ready Reserve) ( as a  lieutenant colonel then) and currently the commanding officer of the 2202nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve) PA, assumed that post after his promotion to colonel. Both units under the 22nd Infantry Division (Philippines). He is also a member of the U. P. Vanguard Inc and the Reserve Officers Legion of the Philippines (ROLP).

External links
 Ungab signs scholarship pact for poor students at Sunstar.com

People from Davao City
1961 births
Living people
Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Davao City
Filipino city and municipal councilors
Asian Institute of Management alumni
University of the Philippines Los Baños alumni


text:
Jeffrey Adgate "Jeff" Dean (born July 23, 1968) is an American computer scientist and software engineer. Since 2018, he is the lead of Google AI, Google's AI division.

Education
Dean received a B.S., summa cum laude, from the University of Minnesota in computer science and economics in 1990. He received a Ph.D. in computer science from the University of Washington in 1996, working under Craig Chambers on compilers and whole-program optimization techniques for object-oriented programming languages. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2009, which recognized his work on "the science and engineering of large-scale distributed computer systems".

Career
Before joining Google, Dean worked at DEC/Compaq's Western Research Laboratory, where he worked on profiling tools, microprocessor architecture and information retrieval. Much of his work was completed in close collaboration with Sanjay Ghemawat.

Before graduate school, he worked at the World Health Organization's Global Programme on AIDS, developing software for statistical modeling and forecasting of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

Dean joined Google in mid-1999, and is currently the head of its Artificial Intelligence division. While at Google, he designed and implemented large portions of the company's advertising, crawling, indexing and query serving systems, along with various pieces of the distributed computing infrastructure that underlies most of Google's products. At various times, he has also worked on improving search quality, statistical machine translation and internal software development tools and has had significant involvement in the engineering hiring process.

The projects Dean has worked on include:
 Spanner, a scalable, multi-version, globally distributed, and synchronously replicated database
 Some of the production system design and statistical machine translation system for Google Translate
 Bigtable, a large-scale semi-structured storage system
 MapReduce, a system for large-scale data processing applications
 LevelDB, an open-source on-disk key-value store
 DistBelief, a proprietary machine-learning system for deep neural networks that was eventually refactored into TensorFlow
 TensorFlow, an open-source machine-learning software library

He was an early member of Google Brain, a team that studies large-scale artificial neural networks, and he has headed artificial intelligence efforts since they were split from Google Search.

Dean was the subject of controversy when the ethics in AI researcher, Timnit Gebru, challenged Google's research review process, ultimately leading to her departure from the company. Dean responded by publishing a letter on Google's approach to the research process that was the subject of further criticism and controversy.

Philanthropy
Dean and his wife, Heidi Hopper, started the Hopper-Dean Foundation and began making philanthropic grants in 2011. In 2016, the foundation gave $2 million each to UC Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Washington, Stanford University and Carnegie Mellon University to support programs that promote diversity in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM).

Personal life
Dean is married and has two daughters.

Awards and honors
 Elected to the National Academy of Engineering (2009)
 Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (2009)
 ACM-Infosys Foundation Award (2012)
 ACM SIGOPS Mark Weiser Award (2007)
 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2016)

Books
Dean was interviewed for the 2018 book Architects of Intelligence: The Truth About AI from the People Building it by the American futurist Martin Ford.

Major publications
 Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat. 2004. MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large Clusters. OSDI'04: Sixth Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation (December 2004)
 Fay Chang, Jeff Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, Wilson C. Hsieh, Deborah A. Wallach, Mike Burrows, Tushar Chandra, Andrew Fikes, and Robert E. Gruber. 2006. Bigtable: A Distributed Storage System for Structured Data. OSDI'06: 7th Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation (October 2006)

See also
 Sanjay Ghemawat
 MapReduce
 TensorFlow

References

External links
 Jeff Dean's Google home and publication page

Living people
American computer scientists
Artificial intelligence researchers
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering alumni
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Digital Equipment Corporation people
Google employees
Google Fellows
1968 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the ACM Prize in Computing
Open source advocates