text:
2.0 is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language superhero film directed by S. Shankar who co-wrote the film with B. Jeyamohan and Madhan Karky. Produced by Subaskaran under the banner of Lyca Productions. As the second instalment in the Enthiran film series, 2.0 is a standalone sequel to Enthiran (2010), featuring Rajinikanth reprising the roles of Vaseegaran and Chitti the Robot, alongside Akshay Kumar as Pakshi Rajan and Amy Jackson as Nila. also Sudhanshu Pandey, Adil Hussain, Kalabhavan Shajohn, and K. Ganesh appear in supporting roles. The soundtrack is composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics written by Madhan Karky and Na. Muthukumar. The film follows the conflict between Chitti, the once dismantled humanoid robot, and Pakshi Rajan, a former ornithologist who seeks vengeance upon cell phone users to prevent avian population decline.

Produced on an estimated budget of 400–600 crore, 2.0 is the most expensive Indian film at the time of its release and one of the most expensive till date. Production began in 2015, with principal photography conducted at AVM Studios later that year. The first schedule was filmed at EVP World. Scenes were primarily shot in India, particularly in Chennai's Madras Boat Club and Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium. Filming was completed by August 2017. The film is the first in Indian cinema to be natively shot in 3D, which was done by cinematographer Nirav Shah. The film was primarily shot in Tamil while Akshay Kumar and some actors' dialogues were shot in Hindi. Legacy Effects made their return to construct prosthetic makeup and animatronics, with visual effects supervised by V. Srinivas Mohan. Editing was handled by Anthony and production design was conducted by T. Muthuraj.

2.0 was released worldwide in both 3D and conventional format on 29 November 2018, along with its Hindi and Telugu dubbed version. It received mostly positive reviews, with praise directed towards the film's storyline, direction, performances of Rajinikanth and Akshay Kumar, visual effects, action sequences, soundtrack and social message, although the screenplay received some criticism. The movie earned  worldwide on its first day, which was the fourth-highest ever for an Indian film. The film crossed  in its opening weekend to be the highest-grossing film worldwide for that week and the worldwide collection was ₹655800 crore after end of four weeks. 2.0 is the seventh highest-grossing film in India and is the ninth highest-grossing Indian film worldwide. 2.0 is currently the highest-grossing Tamil film of all time.

Plot

8 years after the events of first film, Dr. Vaseegaran builds an android humanoid assistant named Nila, short for "Nice, Intelligent, Loving Assistant" and introduces her to a group of college students, explaining her abilities. He reminisces about Chitti, his previous creation which was dismantled after an error Nila was built in response to.

Shortly after, all the mobile phones in the city fly into the sky, throwing the public into a panic. A council assembles to discuss the phenomenon, in which Vaseegaran suggests reactivating Chitti. However, the plan is opposed by a member of the council, Dhinendra Bohra, whose father was killed by Chitti a few years back. But after the cell phones gather into a swarm and kill businessman Manoj Lulla, Telecom Minister Vairamurthy and cellphone showroom owner Jayanth Kumar, the now terrified Home Minister S. Vijay Kumar allows Vaseegaran to reactivate Chitti.

As the cell phone swarm causes chaos in the city in the form of a giant bird, a newly activated and upgraded Chitti arrives and battles the bird, during which Chitti runs out of battery and recharges between three antennas at a space station. The swarm tries to follow but is repelled by the antennas. Chitti informs Vaseegaran about this incident and confirms that the phones are powered by an aura, specifically a concentrated mass of negative charge with electromagnetic properties. Since the space station was streaming positive charged ions into space, the swarm was repelled. Vaseegaran builds a photon synthesizer that projects positive charge, tracks the cell phones along with Chitti and neutralises the charge of the bird. Defeated in the confrontation, the phones take up a humanoid form, as the deceased ornithologist Pakshi Rajan.

Chitti converses with Pakshi as he attempts to destroy the synthesizer, in which a flashback reveals that Pakshi protested against the usage of modern mobile phones, radiation from which caused mass deaths of birds, especially near his bird sanctuary and home in Thirukazhukundram. Pakshi tries to draw the attention of the public, but his protests are dismissed by the public who mock him. Birds all over the city including Pakshi's sanctuary die out, including newborn chicks. Even a court investigation finds no violations because of manipulation by the telecom companies, which drives him to suicide by hanging in a cell tower. Pakshi's negatively charged spirit reawakens by the radiation emitting from the tower. By absorbing the souls of the dead birds, he becomes a vengeful entity, promising to avenge the birds' deaths and change people's attitude towards birds and the environment.

Empathizing with Pakshi, Chitti tries to convince him not to hurt the public, especially the innocent ones, but Pakshi denies this stating no one is innocent, wishing to punish their ignorance. Left with no choice, Chitti has Pakshi captured and contained after much effort. Vaseegaran is congratulated by the country, and the news spreads to the council which decides to build an army of robots such as Chitti for the military. However, Dhinendra, angered by Chitti's victory, releases Pakshi's spirit from the synthesizer vehicle. Pakshi, now free and wanting to continue his mission ambushes and possesses Vaseegaran in his house, and attacks the public again. Chitti arrives with Nila to see chaos everywhere and confronts Vaseegaran, only to realise Pakshi has taken over his body. Chitti hesitates to attack Pakshi, as it would result in Vaseegaran dying as well, since his body is occupied by Pakshi. Taking advantage of this, Pakshi taunts and dismantles it. Pakshi flies off after Vaseegaran writes '2.0' for Nila to read on the scrap of a damaged car, seeing which she immediately goes to Vaseegaran's lab, reprograms Chitti to its 2.0 alter ego, and alters it to not harm the public and only to fight Pakshi.

Pakshi, now in Vaseegaran's form, goes to a football stadium with 80,000 people and traps them in it, and finding out that Dhinendra, who was present, uses his cell phone, incinerates him alive by focusing radiation from multiple cell towers, despite the fact that he freed him. Chitti arrives with a robot army and confronts Pakshi. Pakshi fails to taunt Chitti by using Vaseegaran because of the 2.0 version's hatred towards Vaseegaran. Both of them assume giant forms and fight each other. Initially Chitti gains the upper hand but Pakshi manages to overpower him and cause him to run out of charge. Pakshi assumes his winged form and creates several bird drones which tear Chitti's fellow robots into pieces, but before Pakshi can summon radiation and continue his plan, he gets interrupted by an action figure sized robot "Kutti 3.0" made by Chitti. Released into the stadium by Nila, the Kutti bots mount themselves on doves and threaten to fly them into Pakshi's radiation beam, forcing Pakshi to stand down till the Kuttis self-destruct and destroy Pakshi's drones. After Vaseegaran is released from Pakshi's possession, Pakshi is led to the space station where it is destroyed.

Vaseegaran recovers in the hospital and tells Vijay Kumar that he feels Pakshi was a virtuous person who became a victim of the corrupt society. He suggests they reduce and control cell phone radiation to ensure that technology does not threaten living beings. Vijay Kumar promises to get this passed in the next Parliament hearing. Chitti, now restored to its original version, begins a relationship with Nila as they and the other robots go to report at the Delhi headquarters.

In a post-credits scene, Sana asks Vaseegaran over the phone about the odds of mobile phones flying again. Immediately, Vaseegaran's mobile flies out of his hand and morphs into Kutti 3.0, saying, "I am your grandson".

Cast

Production

Development

The commercial success of Enthiran (2010) prompted the makers of the film to immediately consider making a sequel. By March 2011, the original film's cinematographer, Rathnavelu, revealed that initial pre-production work on a sequel had begun with the same technical team. S. Shankar, the director of Enthiran, moved on to work on Nanban (2012) and I (2015) and planned to reunite with the same producers as the original was released, with Shankar revealing that he was unsure if the film "will happen at all" during an interview in 2014. While finishing the production of I, Shankar drafted the scripts of three more feature films, including a sequel to Enthiran.

Pre-production work for the film had reportedly started in June 2015 with Lyca Productions deciding to finance the project. Along with Shankar and Rajinikanth, composer A. R. Rahman and editor Anthony remained on the development team for the sequel, while Jeyamohan was added to write the screenplay. Shankar also began briefing the film's art director T. Muthuraj and visual effects supervisor V. Srinivas Mohan about their involvement in the film. Shankar had initially inquired about K. V. Anand's availability. This was before Nirav Shah joined the technical team as a cinematographer in mid-2015 and visited specialist studios in the United States to research filming methods for 3D shoots.

Jeyamohan finished work on the script of the film in September 2015 and revealed that the story would be a direct continuation of the 2010 film, with filming only set to start following the completion of Rajinikanth's commitments in Kabali (2016). The original film's screenplay writer, Madhan Karky, helped Jeyamohan on some of the more technical dialogue in the script. While the film does include characters and references to events from its predecessor, it is primarily a standalone sequel. A press release coinciding with the start of the film's shoot also revealed that Resul Pookutty would handle sound designing, Legacy Effects would take care of animatronics work and Mary E. Vogt would design special costumes. Stunt choreographer Kenny Bates and visual effects specialists John Hughes and Walt Jones of Tau Films were also signed to work on the film. Unadjusted for inflation, 2.0 was the most expensive Indian film at the time of its release.

Casting

Shankar held initial discussions with Kamal Haasan, Aamir Khan, and then Vikram about portraying a further role, though none of the three actors signed on to appear in the film. Subsequently, the team held talks with Hollywood actor Arnold Schwarzenegger for the role, who agreed to work on the film for a record remuneration. The makers then opted against signing Schwarzenegger, though there have been conflicting reasons regarding this decision. British actress Amy Jackson signed on to work on the film in October 2015 and visited Los Angeles as a part of the team's pre-production work. In late November 2015, Rajinikanth also travelled to Los Angeles to meet the film's producers and complete costume trials and initial motion capture effects work for the film. After further negotiations with actors including Hrithik Roshan and Neil Nitin Mukesh, the makers signed on Akshay Kumar to portray the role for which Schwarzenegger was initially considered.

Sudhanshu Pandey joined the cast of the film in March 2016 and revealed that he would portray a scientist who is the son of Professor Bohra from the original film. Adil Hussain began working on the film in July 2016, and, as a part of his role, undertook extensive research into the life of news reporters. In September 2016, Malayalam actor Kalabhavan Shajohn confirmed that he had tried out for a role in the film after Shankar was impressed with his performance in Drishyam and had signed him on.

Filming

An official launch event was to be held on 12 December 2015, coinciding with Rajinikanth's birthday. However, the team chose to avoid publicity as a result of the 2015 South Indian floods. Instead, the team held a low key launch event at the AVM Studios on 7 December, with the director and the producers in attendance. Titled 2.0, the film then began its first scheduled shooting on 16 December 2015 at a set erected in the outskirts of Chennai at EVP World. On the first day of the shoot, a scene featuring Rajinikanth and several dwarf actors was shot at the erected set, while the team's principal cast and crew also assembled for a photoshoot. The first schedule of the film, consisting of Rajinikanth and Amy Jackson, continued in Chennai until 30 December 2015. The team then worked on a second schedule throughout the middle of January 2016 in Chennai and shot scenes featuring Rajinikanth at Mohan Studios and by Madras Boat Club. Shankar continued filming portions not involving the lead actors throughout February 2016 in Chennai, with a car chase sequence shot in Royapettah. Another schedule to shoot a song was initially set to be held at Salar de Uyuni in Bolivia but was cancelled due to bad weather, and the team opted not to travel to the country.

Akshay began shooting for the film in Chennai at the beginning of March 2016 and took part in a schedule held at the EVP Film City studio in Chennai. A set of a mobile phone store was built on-site, while night scenes involving robotic equipment and military tanks were also canned. The team subsequently moved to Delhi in order to hold a forty-five-day schedule, continuing on from the same scenes with military tanks that were shot in Chennai. Subsequently, the team filmed sequences at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium depicting an Indian Super League match between Chennaiyin FC and Mumbai City FC, with hundreds of junior artists recruited to act as supporters. Actors Amitabh Bachchan and Abhishek Bachchan visited the film's set at the stadium with the media reporting that the pair were set to make cameo appearances, though the claim was later denied by the team. Rajinikanth then joined the team in Delhi at the end of March to continue shooting for the project, with the climax sequences being filmed. Action scenes incorporating robotic equipment were filmed throughout early April in Delhi, with cinematographer Nirav Shah using helicams to capture sequences involving the three lead actors.

Another ten-day schedule took place in May 2016 in Chennai, with scenes being shot at the EVP Film City studios as well as at The Forum Vijaya shopping mall. During the shoot at the studios, the visual effects designer Srinivas Mohan digitally converted a green screen sequence into locations including the Red Fort and the Parliament from Delhi after the team were unable to secure shooting permission there. By June 2016, Shankar revealed that after one hundred days of shooting, scenes including the climax and two major action sequences had been completed and that the film was fifty percent complete. Adil Hussain and Kalabhavan Shajohn began their work in the film during July 2016 in Chennai, while the rest of the cast were given an extended break after Rajinikanth fell ill. Production continued throughout August and early September 2016 without the lead actors in Saligramam in Chennai, where the team shot action sequences of luxury cars being blown up. Following his illness and subsequent recovery, Rajinikanth returned to the sets of the film in early October after a break of close to four months. He shot for scenes alongside Amy Jackson in Chennai, where he was featured fighting huge birds created using animatronic technology with actor Riyaz Khan also joining the cast, but eventually he was not included in the final cast of the film. Soon after the schedule finished in early October, Shankar revealed that the film was two-thirds complete, following one hundred and fifty days of shooting.

Another schedule began in early November at EVP Film City in Chennai with all of the lead cast and continued throughout the month. All filming was completed except for one song that featured a set erected in Chennai. Jackson was given ten days of practice by choreographer Bosco. Filming was completed in August 2017. Principal photography was concluded on 22 October 2017.

Music

A. R. Rahman composed the film's soundtrack and score, during the pre-production works of the film, in December 2015. Recording of the songs took place for nearly four years. In an interview with Archana Chandhok on Zee Tamil, Rajinikanth revealed that director Shankar wanted to make 2.0 without any songs. However, Rahman was still not convinced and felt that an album should have a minimum of four songs to provide listeners with a wholesome experience.

A promotional music event for the film was held at Burj Al Arab, Dubai on 27 October 2017, in a grand manner. And on the same day, two tracks from the film, "Endhira Logathu Sundhariye" and "Rajaali" were released, in Tamil and dubbed versions in Telugu and Hindi Madhan Karky and Na. Muthukumar provided the lyrics for the songs in Tamil. The third track, "Pullinangal" was included in the part of the soundtrack album on 6 November 2018.

The film score was released on 29 June 2019. Recording of the original score began in London and Rahman's Los Angeles studios in 2016. Unlike previous projects, Rahman began finalising the original background score six months back prior to release because he felt that the scenes were very heavy and it needed a lot of work.

Marketing and release
In November 2016, it was revealed that 2.0 was scheduled for release during Diwali on 18 October 2017. In April 2017, Raju Mahalingam, the film's former producer, announced that the film's release had been postponed to 25 January 2018 citing better incorporation of visual effects. The release date was later moved to 14 April 2018. The release date was once again moved to 27 April 2018 but instead Kaala took that spot resulting in another delay of the film. The making video of the film was revealed on 25 August 2017. The film, which contains approximately 1,000 visual effects shots according to producers, was delayed numerous times while the computer-generated imagery (CGI) work was being completed by numerous effects studios. The film was finally slated to be released in cinemas on 29 November 2018.

The teaser of 2.0 was released on Ganesh Chaturti, 13 September 2018, in both 3D and 2D. The 3D version was positively received, while some expressed disappointment with the 2D. Its 2D teaser video has been viewed over 32 million times in 24 hours. The film topic was trended and top searched queries on Google Trends for a week. But the teaser did not mention the release date. According to the source, "There may be a lot of VFX work left in the film and they do not want to delay things too much. This is why, the makers Lyca Productions seem to have put out the teaser so that they can keep the audiences busy." In addition to its original language, the film will be released in 14 other languages with dubbed versions. The film has recovered approximately  from satellite, digital and music rights. This includes, but is not limited to, about  for satellite to Zee Tamil and digital rights and  for digital rights, the latter sold to Amazon Prime Video.

Ahead of the film's release, the Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI) lodged a complaint, demanding that the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) certificate of the film be revoked for "promoting anti-scientific attitudes towards mobile phones and cellular networks". The organisation alleged the producers "falsely depicting mobile phones and mobile towers as harmful to living creatures and the environment including birds and human beings". Meanwhile, a Lyca Productions spokesperson said, "We are under no obligation to toe the line and the film does not hunt or defames anyone." Various studies in India have proven that electromagnetic radiation from cell sites has a detrimental effect on bird health.

In China, the film released on 6 September 2019. It was said to be released by HY Media in 10,000 theatres with 56,000 screenings, which includes 47,000 3D screenings, which is the largest release ever for an Indian film in the country in May 2019, with a Mandarin dub and subtitles, but the release was delayed to 6 September 2019 and released in about 48,000 screens. A dubbed Russian-language version of the film will also release in Russia on 25 July 2019.

Reception

Critical response

India
2.0 received generally positive reviews from critics in India. Shankar's direction, visual effects, performances of Rajinikanth and Kumar, suspense, and social message received praise, while the screenplay drew criticism. Taran Adarsh gave the film five stars out of five and applauded Shankar as "a visionary... He hits the ball out of the park this time. Akshay Kumar is fantastic, while Rajinikanth is the boss". A critic for Bollywood Hungama gave it four and a half stars out of five and similarly commended Shankar, "[His] direction is highly effective and he proves once again why he's one of our best filmmakers. He doesn't get overwhelmed by the technology available and makes correct use of it". S Subhakeerthana of The Indian Express gave it four stars out of five: "Shankar has raised the bar in filmmaking in terms of visualisation, grandeur, and every frame of his fascinates you as a viewer". Business Todays Ramesh Bala gave it four stars out of five, and found Kumar to be the film's spotlight: "He has rocked both as Birdman and as a normal man in an emotional flashback".

Writing for Hindustan Times, Raja Sen rated 2.0 three and a half stars out of five, terming Rajinikanth as "smarter than a smartphone" and counted him and Kumar among the film's strengths. A critic for the Indo-Asian News Service also gave three and a half stars out of five and wrote, "Unlike most science-fiction films, 2.0 takes the commercial route to entertain, thus does come across as illogical at places, but that's what makes it insanely fun". Devesh Sharma of Filmfare also gave three and a half stars out of five. M. Suganth of The Times of India gave it three stars out of five; he stated that there is a sense of "just going through the motions in the first half," but found that the action sequences and chemistry between the leads helped keep the film enjoyable for most of its run-time. Writing for Film Companion, Anupama Chopra also gave the film three stars out of five: "2.0 is visually overpowering – the VFX are mostly first-rate – but the screenplay doesn't offer the seamless mix of romance, drama and comedy [as the predecessor]".

Janani K, film critic for India Today, gave 2.0 three stars out of five and appreciated the film's theme, but felt it could be better presented, writing, "Though it is a much-need message, it could have been explained in an intriguing manner rather than the pedantic treatment it gets". Rajeev Masand also gave it three stars out of five. Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the film two stars out of five, describing it as "dull as ditchwater in the first half, perking up a little in the second, with a half-way watchable Akshay Kumar, and a Rajinikanth coming into his own right towards the end, for a bit". Pragati Saxena of National Herald concurred with Gupta and criticised the pace and dullness of the film. Writing for News18, Rohit Vats also rated two stars out of five and criticised the writing, opining, "[Shankar's] characters haven't evolved the way the world around them has". Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV also gave two stars out of five and said, "Bunkum is bunkum no matter how big the bucks behind it are". Ananda Vikatan rated the film 47 out of 100.

Overseas
Simon Abrahams of RogerEbert.com gave the film three and a half stars out of four and stated, "Against all reason–against all common sense–2.0 works, and in a big, big way". Shilpa Jamkhandikar of Reuters wrote, "This film certainly has the look and feel of a big-ticket Hollywood production, and that alone is worth the price of the ticket". Kumar Shyam of The National gave it three and a half stars out of five and wrote, "2.0 is a very clever spectacle not to be missed for its sheer audacity and scale". Rafael Motamayor of Polygon wrote, "2.0's biggest draw is its impressive use of visual effects, and the film doesn't waste a moment to showcase its budget". He felt "[t]he effects [were] detailed enough to stand against a $200 million-dollar American blockbuster". The movie was screened for the school students in Nepal.

Box office
2.0 was released in about 6900 screens in India and over 2000 screens overseas. On its opening day, 2.0 earned about  gross collection in India (all versions), which was the second highest ever for an Indian film after Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017)'s . This was around  64 crore nett. Its worldwide gross was over , which was also the second highest worldwide collection for an Indian film on its first day after Baahubali 2. On its second day, the film went on to be number one at the Australian box office. In Malaysia, the film had an all-time highest opening for any Tamil film. On its second day, the film earned around  45 crore nett in India. The all-India business of 2.0 increased to  56–57 crore nett on Saturday (the third day) owing to positive word-of-mouth in North India, while the collections in South India saw a minor drop. Its all-India total increased to  165.5 crore nett. On its third day, the film earned around  worldwide in all languages, including  from overseas markets.

At the American box office, the film surpassed the lifetime business of Rajinikanth's previous film Lingaa (2014) in just two days. The film debuted at number 11 at the American box office, earning $4.09 million. The screen count was increased from 20 to 75 in Pakistan on its second day to meet the demand. 2.0 grossed US$14.75million ( 1.03billion) in first five days in overseas markets. On its fourth day, a Sunday, business picked up over India, which led the film to accumulate an opening weekend collection of around , the highest amount earned by any film in the week of 29 November to 2 December, ahead of Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018). Collections in India, discounting overseas, were  gross ( 229 crore nett) in all languages. This pushed it ahead of Enthiran, which was the previous highest-grossing film from Tamil cinema with an earning of  205 crore nett in India. In its four-day opening weekend, the film opened at number one at the United Arab Emirates box office, earning $2.5 million, ahead of Creed II (2018).

On its fifth day, the film earned around ₹451 crore (US$56 million) worldwide in all languages, including ₹114 crore (US$16 million) from international markets. In North India, its Hindi version earned around ₹111 crore (US$16 million). Along with the sixth day business of  24 crore nett, the film earned  282.31 crore nett in India. It did record business in the southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. By the end of seven days, the film earned  worldwide, which included  in India and US$15million ( 1.18billion) in overseas markets. The extended first week worldwide collection was .

Accolades

Notes

References

External links

2.0 on Bollywood Hungama

Enthiran
2018 films
2010s Tamil-language films
2018 science fiction action films
Indian science fiction action films
Science fantasy films
2018 3D films
Indian 3D films
Films shot in Delhi
Films set in Chennai
Robot films
Android (robot) films
Films shot in Ukraine
Films directed by S. Shankar
Films set in the future
Films scored by A. R. Rahman
Techno-thriller films
2010s fantasy action films


text:
Propebela subtrophonoidea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

Description

Distribution
This species occurs in the Sea of Japan.

References

Further reading

subtrophonoidea

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Blanche Barton, geboren als Sharon Densley, (2 oktober 1959) is een Magistra van de Church of Satan. Ze wordt binnen de kerk aangesproken als Magistra Barton.

Blanche Barton is voormalig High Priestess van de kerk. In deze functie had ze zichzelf benoemd na het overlijden van haar man Anton LaVey. Ze is de High Priestess gebleven tot 30 april 2002. Ze benoemde Peggy Nadramia als haar opvolger. Zelf nam ze de functie als voorzitter van de Council of Nine. In 1999 gaf ze leiding aan de actie om 400.000 dollar te verzamelen, waardoor ze het Black House zouden kunnen terugkopen. Deze actie slaagde niet: het huis werd later dat jaar gesloopt.

Barton schreef de boeken The Church of Satan: A History of the World's Most Notorious Religion (1990) en The Secret Life of a Satanist: The Authorized Biography of Anton LaVey (1990).

Samen met Anton LaVey heeft ze een kind gekregen, Satan Xerxes Carnacki LaVey (geboren op 1 november 1993).

Externe links

 Church of Satan

Amerikaans satanist


text:
Čiščenje spomina (tudi čiščenje smeti, čiščenje pomnilnika, pospravljanje pomnilnika, , oziroma GC) je v računalništvu oblika avtomatičnega upravljanja s pomnilnikom. Čistilnik spomina poskuša sprostiti spomin, ki ga zasedajo objekti, ki jih program ne uporablja več. Čiščenje spomina je leta 1959 izumil John McCarthy za avtomatizacijo upravljanja s spominom v jeziku Lisp.

Čiščenje spomina se lahko razume kot nasprotje ročnega upravljanja s spominom, kjer je razvijalec programa zadolžen za dealokacijo (sproščanje) spomina, ki ni več v uporabi.

Sklici

Upravljanje s spominom


text:
Le papel (ou pepel, pépel) est une langue parlée en Guinée, en Guinée-Bissau et ponctuellement au Sénégal, principalement en Casamance.

Elle fait partie des langues rattachées à la branche nord des langues atlantiques, elles-mêmes sous-catégorie des langues nigéro-congolaises.

Autres noms
Pepel, Papei, Moium, Oium

Population
Elle est parlée par les Papels (ou Pepels).

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 linguistique
 liste de langues
 langues par famille
 langues nigéro-congolaises
 langues atlantico-congolaises
 langues atlantiques
 langues bak
 langues par zone géographique
 langues en Afrique
 langues au Sénégal

Bibliographie
  Lily Gaynor, Structure and function of Papel, S.l.n.d.

Liens externes

Langue en Guinée
Langue en Guinée-Bissau
Langue au Sénégal
Langue bak
Inventaire de langues


text:
Liuyuan Subdistrict () is a former subdistrict of Gusu District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. The subdistrict was abolished on March 24, 2017 when it was merged into Huqiu Subdistrict.

Administrative divisions
In 2016, before its abolition, Liuyuan Subdistrict administered the following 11 residential communities:

 Liuyuan Community ()
 Xiyuan Community ()
 Hutian Community ()
 Ren'an Community ()
 Boqian Road Community ()
 Huqiu Road Community ()
 Xinzhuang New Village Community ()
 Shuofangzhuang Community ()
 Guanjing Community ()
 Laiyun Community ()
 Jiaye Sunshine City Community ()

See also
Huqiu Subdistrict
List of township-level divisions of Suzhou

References

Gusu District

Former township-level divisions of Suzhou


text:
Der Zauckeroder Kunstschacht war ein Wasserhaltungsschacht im Steinkohlenrevier des Döhlener Beckens auf dem Gebiet der Stadt Freital in Sachsen. Er diente der Entwässerung des Grubenfeldes links der Weißeritz, das zum Königlichen Steinkohlenwerk Zauckerode gehörte.

Geschichte
Nachdem Alexander Christoph von Schönberg am 25. Juli 1773 von Johann Christian Burkhardt den rund 1300 Meter langen Burkhardstolln und Kohlenbaurechte 42 Meter links und rechts des Stollns in den Fluren von Potschappel und Zauckerode gekauft hatte, teufte er zwischen dem 11. und 12. Lichtloch einen tonnlägigen Kunstschacht. Der bei  angeschlagene Schacht erreichte eine saigere Teufe von etwa 48 Metern. Anschluss hatte er an die erste Gezeugstrecke bei 138 m ü. NN. Es war der einzige tonnlägige Schacht des Döhlener Beckens. Das Kunstgezeug wurde von einem oberschlächtigen Kunstrad mit einem Durchmesser von 18 Ellen (10,20 Meter) angetrieben und hob die Wässer bis auf den Burkhardtstolln. Das Aufschlagwasser wurde vom Zauckeroder Kunstteich über einen Kunstgraben herangeführt. Durch den geringen Wasservorrat des Kunstteiches konnte das Kunstgezeug nicht durchgängig betrieben werden. Auch bei Regenwetter war es außer Betrieb, da der teilweise verbrochene und verschlammte Burkhardtstolln die gehobenen Wässer nicht abführen konnte. Das führte dazu, dass das Kunstrad im Schnitt ein Drittel des Jahres nicht in Betrieb war. Oft mussten Pumpenknechte mit Handpumpen oder durch ziehen mit Kübeln die Wässer der Grube heben. Durch den stark schwankenden Wasserstand kam es häufig zu Brüchen von Strecken und Abbauen. Der Schacht wurde offensichtlich auch zur Mannschaftsfahrung genutzt, denn er wird in der Literatur auch als Tagesstrecke bezeichnet. Eine Kohleförderung über den Schacht ist nicht bekannt. Nach dem Tod seines Vaters im Jahr 1801 übernahm August Friedrich Christoph von Schönberg die Gruben. Am 26. Dezember 1804 bot er die Grubenfelder und die Rittergüter Döhlen und Zauckerode Kurfürst Friedrich August III. zum Kauf an, der sie zum 1. Januar 1806 für die Summe von 425.000 Talern ankaufte.

Am 7. April 1808 kam es wegen eines des Wiederitzhochwassers zur Überflutung der Grubenbaue. Neben dem Bruch des Zauckeroder Kunstteiches, der zum Absaufen der Zauckeroder Baue führte, stürzte das Wasser der Wiederitz in die 1807 aufgetretenen und nur schlecht verfüllten Tagesbrüche der Potschappler Steinkohlenwerke. Diese lagen unmittelbar am Bachbett im Rabicht. In der Folge wurden die Döhlener Baue der Zauckeroder Werke und die Baue der Steinkohlenwerke Potschappel geflutet. Neun Bergleute kamen bei diesem Wassereinbruch ums Leben. Aufgrund des schlechten Zustandes des Kunstgezeuges war ein Sümpfen der Grubenbaue nicht möglich. Als Ausweich wurden kleine Schächte geteuft, um noch über dem Wasserspiegel anstehenden Restpfeiler abzubauen. Um die Grubenbaue bis auf tiefere Sohlen wasserfrei halten zu können, begann man Anfang Juni 1809 mit dem Abteufen des Neuen Zauckeroder Kunstschachtes.

Am 22. Mai 1811 erfolgte in der Sohle des Tiefen Weißeritzstollns der Durchschlag zwischen dem Döhlener und Zauckeroder Revier. Damit wurde auch das Zauckeroder Revier durch den Tiefen Weißeritzstolln entwässert. Die im Gegenort aufgefahrene Strecke zwischen dem Kunstschacht und dem Schönbergschacht beträgt 1.239 m.

Literatur
 Jahrbuch für das Berg- und Hüttenwesen im Königreich Sachsen. 1906, S. 14–23
 Eberhard Gürtler, Klaus Gürtler: Der Steinkohlenbergbau im Döhlener Becken Teil 2 – Schächte links der Weißeritz. Haus der Heimat Freital, 1984
 Wolfgang Reichel: Geschichtliches der Königlichen Steinkohlenwerke im Plauenschen Grund in Sächsische Heimatblätter 33. Jahrgang, Heft 4/1987 S. 184–192

Stillgelegtes Bergwerk in Sachsen
Bergwerk in Freital
Königliches Steinkohlenwerk Zauckerode
Kohlebergwerk in Deutschland
Döhlen (Freital)


text:
Anne Haddy (Quorn (Zuid-Australië), 5 oktober 1930 - Melbourne (Victoria), 6 juni 1999) was een Australisch actrice.

Levensloop
Vanaf de jaren zeventig speelde ze gastrollen in diverse soapseries. Ze had van 1982 tot 1985 een langdurige rol in de soap Sons and Daughters. In 1985 startte ze haar rol van Helen Daniels in de soap Neighbours en behoorde daarmee tot de originele cast. Ze draaide heel wat scènes met Jason Donovan, die haar kleinzoon speelde en met Kylie Minogue. In 1997 verliet ze de serie wegens gezondheidsproblemen. Ze overleed in 1999 op 68-jarige leeftijd en liet een man en vijf kinderen na.

Australisch acteur


text:
Le championnat de Roumanie de rugby à XV 2011 ou SuperLiga 2011 est  de la compétition qui se déroule du 26 mars au . Elle oppose les huit meilleures équipes de Roumanie. Le tenant du titre, le CSM Baia Mare, s'impose en finale contre le RC Steaua Bucarest.

Liste des équipes en compétition
La compétition oppose pour la saison 2010-2011 les huit meilleures équipes roumaines de rugby à XV :

Résumé des résultats

Classement de la phase régulière

|}

Attribution des points : victoire sur tapis vert : 5, victoire : 4, match nul : 2, défaite : 0, forfait : -2 ; plus les bonus (offensif : 4 essais marqués ; défensif : défaite par 7 points d'écart maximum).

Règles de classement : ?

Phase finale
Les quatre premiers de la phase régulière sont qualifiés pour les demi-finales. L'équipe classée première affronte à domicile celle classée quatrième alors que la seconde reçoit la troisième.

Résultats détaillés

Phase régulière

Tableau synthétique des résultats
L'équipe qui reçoit est indiquée dans la colonne de gauche.

Détail des résultats
Les points marqués par chaque équipe sont inscrits dans les colonnes centrales (3-4) alors que les essais marqués sont donnés dans les colonnes latérales (1-6). Les points de bonus sont symbolisés par une bordure bleue pour les bonus offensifs (quatre essais ou plus marqués), orange pour les bonus défensifs (défaite avec au plus sept points d'écart), rouge si les deux bonus sont cumulés.

Phase finale

Demi-finales

Match pour la troisième place

Finale

Statistiques

Meilleurs réalisateurs

Meilleurs marqueurs

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Site officiel de la compétition

2011
Roumanie
2011 en Roumanie


text:
Homeland è il secondo album di Hindi Zahra del 2015 composto da 11 tracce più una bonus track per iTunes.

L'album è stato registrato tra un riad di Marrakech e l'oceano di Essaouira, uno studio di registrazione parigino e la città spagnola di Cordova, sulle orme della musica gitana.

Tracce

Homeland (2015)
 To the Forces
 Silence
 Any Story
 Un Jour
 Can We Dance
 La Luna
 The Blues
 Broken Ones
 Dream
 Cabo Verde
 The Moon Is Full
 Cairo (iTunes bonus)

Album di Hindi Zahra


text:
C'Cauet est une émission de radio présentée par Sébastien Cauet, diffusée sur NRJ depuis le . L'émission n'est pas reconduite pour la saison 2017/2018 en raison d'un conflit entre l'animateur et la direction de la radio à la panthère. Cependant, il rebondit chez Virgin Radio afin d'y présenter Cauet s'lâche quotidiennement pendant un an.

Selon le communiqué de presse présenté le , l'émission C'Cauet est de retour pour une dixième saison dès le  pour une tranche horaire de  à .

Principe de l'émission
Dans l'émission, Cauet et son équipe reçoivent les personnalités qui font l'actualité, permettent aux auditeurs de s'exprimer en direct et présentent différentes chroniques et jeux.

À partir du 28 août 2017, l'animateur est remplacé par Guillaume Pley de « Guillaume Radio », de  à , Sébastien Cauet quittant le groupe NRJ après  passées à l'antenne.

En revanche, après de nombreuses négociations, l'animateur revient pour une émission de fin d'après-midi dès le . Elle sera séparée en deux parties, Le Before de  à , et Le live en public de 18h à 20h.

Après un communiqué de presse de groupe NRJ publié le 18 juillet 2019, l'émission est reconduite pour la saison 2019-2020 de  à .

Sébastien Cauet signe un contrat de trois ans avec NRJ pour C'Cauet, l'émission garde les mêmes animateurs. L'émission victime de son succès durera de  à ,  supplémentaire par rapport à la saison dernière.

Le 22 août 2022 l'émission revient avec 1h de moins de 15h00 à 19h00.

Équipe de Cauet

Actuels
 Sébastien Cauet : Animateur
 Jean-François Legrand (Jeff) : Coordinateur / chroniqueur
 Stéphanie Dunand (Stouf) : Chargée de production / chroniqueuse
 Jean-Pierre Dannic (Piètre) : Auteur / chroniqueur
 Mickaël Simeoni (Miko) : Chroniqueur
 Corentin Jarno (Guy-Claude) : Auteur
 Florent Trevet (Hervé Direct) : Auteur
 Charles (Professeur Chacha) : Chroniqueur
 Guillaume Durand (Bichette) : Réalisateur / chroniqueur
 Mylène Ruesca : Programmatrice
 Jadoul : Réalisateur sur NRJ Belgique / chroniqueur
 Guillaume Bordas : Social Media Manager
 Mélissa : Standardiste

Anciens
 Enora Malagré : Chroniqueuse
 Marion Gagnot : Standardiste, puis chroniqueuse
 Julie Brochu Thomassin : Productrice / chroniqueuse
 Loris Giuliano (Svetlana) : Stagiaire, puis chroniqueur
 Gaëtan Serais (Gueguette) : Social Media Manager / chroniqueur
 Jérémy Demitra : Réalisateur / chroniqueur
 Mika Cisséro : Standardiste, puis assistant
 Amir : Assistant
 Bérénice Deville : Standardiste / chroniqueuse
 Justin Figeac : Assistant
 Mike : Réalisateur sur NRJ Belgique
 Dylan : Réalisateur sur NRJ Belgique
 Maxime Riou : Chroniqueur

Diffusion
Pour la saison 7, qui se déroule du 28 août 2016 au 30 juin 2017, l'émission C'Cauet est diffusée de 19h à 22h, c'est-à-dire juste avant celle de Guillaume Pley.

Pour la saison 8, commencée le 27 août 2018, l'émission C'Cauet est diffusée de 17h à 20h en access prime-time.

Le 18 juillet 2019, 126 000 Médiamétrie annonce une plus grosse audience. Cauet annonce ce même jour que l'émission sera dorénavant de 16h à 20h.

Depuis le 24 août 2020 l'émission a gagné 1 h de plus. Elle est diffusée du lundi au vendredi entre 15h00 et 20h00. L'émission dure 5 heures.

Un best-of est diffusé le dimanche soir entre 20h et minuit. NRJ Extravadance le remplace pendant les vacances d'été 2022  entre 20h et 6h (10 heures d'antenne).

Le lundi 22 août 2022, Cauet retrouve le micro après les vacances d'été mais cette fois-ci de 15 heures à 19 heures (moins 1 heure d'antenne par rapport aux 2 saisons dernières ).

Séquences

Les Champions du monde de l'actu : Cauet fait le Top 3 des personnes les plus stupides du jour.

Le "C'était Bien Mais pas Ouf" (CBMPO) par Miko : Miko crée un montage audio drôle à partir d'extrait des émissions de TV des jours précédents.

La Villa des animateurs : Cauet imite des célébrités de télévision (Patrick Sébastien, Nikos Alliagas, Arthur...) pour réagir à un évènement d'actualité. Corentin Jarno (auteur de l'émission) l'accompagne notamment pour imiter Cyril Hanouna.

L'appel promo : Pour son retour sur NRJ, Cauet appelle un magasin ou une salle de sport et demande à une personne de l'accueil de passer un message avec le micro du magasin pour faire la promotion de l'émission.

Devine qui c'est ? : Cauet appelle une personne âgée et lui demande de deviner qui il est en se faisant passer pour une personne de sa famille ou une connaissance.

L'appel Jeu de mots pourri : Cauet appelle 2, 3, ou  pour faire un jeu de mots avec leur nom ou prénom et donnant le titre ou les paroles d'une chanson connue. Exemple du 21 décembre : Mr Chris (Christopher) Mas et Marie : Marie Chris Mas / Merry Christmas.

Cache-Cash NRJ : Tous les jours à 17h30, un auditeur est tiré au sort parmi les personnes qui ont envoyé Cauet par SMS au 71012. L'auditeur doit choisir une personne de l'équipe pour gagner le montant contenu dans l'enveloppe. Il y a 2 enveloppes à , 1 enveloppe à , 1 à , 1 à , et 1 à  (peut varier selon les émissions).

Logos de l'émission

Audiences
C'Cauet est la première émission de France (pour cette tranche horaire) en avril 2012. .

En décembre 2018, l'émission remporte les Radio Notes 2018 dans la catégorie Divertissement de l'année.

Références

Articles connexes
Autres émissions sur NRJ
 Manu dans le 6/10

Émission de radio depuis la France
Émission de radio en français
Programme quotidien
Programme de soirée
Programme d'avant-soirée
Programme contenant une chronique
Émission humoristique de radio
Programme contenant un jeu
Émission de radio de libre antenne
Émission de radio sur NRJ
Émission de radio sur NRJ Belgique
Émission de radio créée en 2010
Émission de radio en production


text:
La terza edizione televisiva del concorso Sanremo Giovani si è svolta al Teatro Ariston di Sanremo il 7 e l'8 novembre 1995, presentata da Pippo Baudo con la partecipazione di Luana Ravegnini.

Classifica, canzone e cantanti
FINALISTE A SANREMO 1995 - PRIMA SERATA
 Vivo per... O.R.O.
 Ti prego ti prego ti prego Adriana Ruocco
 Non c'è ragione Camilla
 Quando mi cercherai Petra Magoni
 Sola Marina Rei
 Disperato Olivia
 Stella di Roma Maurizio Lauzi

FINALISTE A SANREMO 1995 - SECONDA SERATA
 Sei bellissima Syria
 Mi piace Leandro Barsotti
 Vivo Jalisse
 Rose e fiori Alessandro Errico
 Nessuno mi può giudicare Silvia Salemi
 Quello che sento Carmen Consoli
 Chiara Alessandro Mara

NON FINALISTE - PRIMA SERATA
 Povero cuore Mattia Salvi
 Resta cu' mme Marco Del Freo
 E le ragazze ci guardano Licata
 Metti un lento Perro Negro
 Gente di mondo Max Monti
 Rimani qui Caligola
 Ninna nanna Anità

NON FINALISTE - SECONDA SERATA
 Succede solo nei film Mikimix
 "Butterfly-Mad Kate" Zenîma
 Un amore per noi Massimo Talamo
 Lui e lei K.O.
 Ho già l'età Corinne
 X... mi hai fatto perdere la testa Enrico Sognato
 Gente di strada Luigi Licata

Regolamento
I primi 7 cantanti classificati di ciascuna serata accedono alla categoria Nuove proposte del Festival di Sanremo 1996.

Orchestra
Della RAI.

Ascolti

Note

Festival musicali del 1995
 1995


text:
Tyler Nicklaus Hague dit Nick Hague, né le  à Belleville au Kansas, est un astronaute américain. Après une formation en ingénierie aéronautique et astronautique, il s'engage dans l'United States Air Force et devient ingénieur d'essai, puis est déployé 5 mois dans le cadre de l'opération Liberté irakienne. Il est sélectionné en  par la NASA en tant que membre du groupe d'astronautes 21.

Il complète son entraînement d'astronaute candidat en , et s'envole le  à bord de Soyouz MS-10 avec le cosmonaute russe Alexeï Ovtchinine. Le lancement est un échec et la capsule s'éjecte, atterrissant avec succès à quelques centaines de kilomètres du pas de tir après une trajectoire balistique.

Il s'envole finalement le  à bord de Soyouz MS-12 depuis le cosmodrome de Baïkonour au Kazakhstan pour sa première mission à bord de la Station spatiale internationale. Il rentre sur Terre le  à bord du même vaisseau après un séjour de 6 mois dans l'espace.

Formation
Nick Hague est natif de Belleville au Kansas mais considère Hoxie dans le même État comme sa ville natale, dont il est diplômé du lycée en . Il obtient ensuite un Bachelor en science dans l'ingénierie astronautique de l'United States Air Force Academy à Colorado Springs au Colorado en  puis un Master en science dans l'ingénierie aéronautique et astronautique du Massachusetts Institute of Technology à Cambridge au Massachusetts en .

Débuts professionnels
En  il est promu au grade de Second lieutenant dans l'United States Air Force. En  il est assigné à la Kirtland Air Force Base à Albuquerque au Nouveau-Mexique où il travaille sur des technologies spatiales. En  il étudie afin de devenir pilote d'essai à la United States Air Force Test Pilot School, à Edwards en Californie dont il sort diplômé en . Il travaille ensuite au sein du 416th Flight Test Squadron où il teste des avions F-15 Eagle, F-16 Fighting Falcon et T-38 Talon. Fin  il est déployé  en Irak dans le cadre de l'opération Liberté irakienne, où il mène des vols de reconnaissance expérimentaux. En  il rejoint la United States Air Force Academy au Colorado dans le département aéronautique où il donne des cours d'introduction à l'astronautique et de plongée notamment. En  il est sélectionné pour une bourse universitaire à Washington DC où il travaille au Sénat des États-unis en tant que conseiller sur des questions de défense nationale et de politique étrangère. Il sert ensuite au Pentagone pour le United States Central Command comme agent de liaison avec le Congrès des États-Unis. En  il est assigné à l'Organisation conjointe de mise au point de dispositifs explosifs improvisés (en anglais: Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization) à  en Virginie en tant que chef adjoint de la division de recherche et développement.

Astronaute
En  il est sélectionné en tant qu'un des 8 membres du groupe d'astronautes 21 de la NASA. Il commence sa formation en  où il apprend le fonctionnement des systèmes de la station spatiale internationale, le pilotage d'avions T-38 Talon et la manipulation du bras robotique Canadarm 2. Il est également formé aux sorties extravéhiculaires (EVA), apprend le russe et la survie en milieu sauvage et en haute mer. Il complète son entraînement d'astronaute candidat en .

Échec de Soyouz MS-10

Il est le premier astronaute de sa classe à être assigné à une mission et s'envole le  avec le cosmonaute russe Alexeï Ovtchinine afin de participer aux expéditions 57 et 58 sur la station spatiale internationale.

Cependant le lanceur Soyouz rencontre une défaillance durant le vol, un des boosters heurtant l'étage central lors de sa séparation. L'ordinateur de bord déclenche automatiquement l'éjection du vaisseau Soyouz afin de l'éloigner de la fusée. La capsule suit ensuite une trajectoire balistique plus raide qu'un retour normal, conduisant l'équipage à subir jusqu'à . Ils atterrissent sain et sauf à plus de  du pas de tir.

Il s'agit de la troisième défaillance du lanceur Soyouz lors d'un vol habité de l'histoire, après Soyouz T-10-1 le  et Soyouz 18a le .

Expéditions 57/58

Il s'envole finalement à bord de Soyouz MS-12 le  depuis le cosmodrome de Baïkonour au Kazakhstan avec l'astronaute Christina Koch et le cosmonaute russe Alexeï Ovtchinine pour une mission de longue durée à bord de la station spatiale internationale. Au cours de sa mission l'équipage de la station réalise des centaines d'expériences en biologie, biotechnologie, étude de la Terre, recherche médicale et sciences physiques. Sa mission connaît également des points forts scientifiques tels que des recherches sur des appareils imitant la forme et la fonction d'organes humains, le test de robots volants et d'un instrument mesurant la distribution sur Terre de dioxyde de carbone.

Durant cette mission il participe à trois sorties extravéhiculaires à l'extérieur de la station spatiale. La première a lieu le  avec Anne McClain et dure  , les deux astronautes remplacent d'anciennes batteries nickel-hydrogène par de nouvelles batteries lithium-ion. Il réalise une deuxième sortie dans le même but le  avec Christina Koch qui dure  . Sa troisième EVA a lieu le  accompagné de l'astronaute Andrew Morgan et dure  . Les deux hommes installent l'adaptateur d'amarrage international-3 sur le module d'accouplement pressurisé-3 au zénith du module Harmony, afin de permettre l'amarrage des véhicules du Commercial Crew Development.

Après avoir participé aux expéditions 59 et 60, il rentre sur Terre le  à bord de Soyouz MS-12 avec le premier astronaute émirati Hazza Al Mansouri et le cosmonaute russe Alexeï Ovtchinine après  passés dans l'espace.

Vie privée
Il apprécie le ski, la plongée, le pilotage et le sport. Il est marié à Catie Hague, colonel de l'US Air Force. Ils ont deux fils.

Distinctions
Il reçut plusieurs prix au cours de sa carrière dont :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

 Station spatiale internationale

Liens externes

  Biographie sur le site de la NASA
 Biographie sur spacefacts.de
 Biographie sur astronaut.ru

Astronaute américain
Étudiant de l'école des pilotes d'essai de l'United States Air Force
Élève de l'United States Air Force Academy
Lieutenant-colonel de l'United States Air Force
Étudiant du Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Naissance en septembre 1975
Naissance dans le comté de Republic
Membre d'une expédition ISS
Astronaute ayant effectué une sortie extravéhiculaire


text:
Staw – dawna gmina wiejska istniejąca w latach 1945–1954 i 1973–1976 w woj. szczecińskim, a następnie w woj. gorzowskim (dzisiejsze woj. zachodniopomorskie). Siedzibą władz gminy był Staw.

Gmina Staw powstała po II wojnie światowej na terenie tzw. Ziem Odzyskanych (tzw. III okręg administracyjny – Pomorze Zachodnie). 28 czerwca 1946 gmina – jako jednostka administracyjna powiatu myśliborskiego – weszła w skład nowo utworzonego woj. szczecińskiego.

Według stanu z 1 lipca 1952 gmina składała się z 7 gromad: Chłopiny, Gajewo, Kozin, Smoliny, Staw, Ściechów i Ściechówek. Gmina została zniesiona 29 września 1954 wraz z reformą wprowadzającą gromady w miejsce gmin.

Jednostkę reaktywowano 1 stycznia 1973 w tymże powiecie i województwie. 1 czerwca 1975 gmina weszła w skład nowo utworzonego woj. gorzowskiego. 15 stycznia 1976 roku gmina została zniesiona, a jej obszar włączony do gmin Lubiszyn i Myślibórz.

Przypisy

Dawne gminy w województwie szczecińskim
Dawne gminy w województwie gorzowskim


text:
Klíčování (též barevné klíčování, greenscreen či bluescreen, chroma key, color keying) je technika skládání fotografického nebo filmového obrazu ze dvou obrazových vrstev. První vrstvu tvoří herec nebo předmět v popředí před speciální rovnoměrně nasvícenou plachtou určité barvy; druhou vrstvou je (výsledné) pozadí. Barevná plachta je většinou zelená, ale může být i sytě modrá, případně může mít jinou barvu – podstatné je, aby obraz předmětu nebo herce, který je snímán před ní, neobsahoval barvu blízkou barvě plachty. Přínos této techniky je v "dodání" herce nebo předmětu v popředí jedné vrstvy (nasnímané zvlášť) na scenerii pozadí, které buď v reálu neexistuje nebo by natáčení na místě bylo příliš nákladné či zcela nemožné.

Klíčování pohyblivých obrázků
Barevné klíčování může být používáno pro statickou fotografii i v kinematografii. Vyklíčování předmětu v popředí se zpracovává buď pomocí profesionální studijní techniky v reálném čase ve studiu nebo po natočení na počítači (od přístupnějších aplikací typu Adobe After Effects po specializované profesionální aplikace od firem jako jsou DaVinci, FilmLight Ltd., Quantell (IQ), discreet (Flame), …). Druhá vrstva (pozadí, výsledná scéna) pak musí být k dispozici ve formě videoobrazu v dané televizní normě (u studiového realtimového klíčování) nebo jako zdigitalizovaný obrázek.

Princip
Princip klíčování spočívá ve vyhledání pixelů stejné nebo podobné barvy, jakou má plachta greenscreenu a "zprůhlednění" těchto pixelů (tzn. "propuštění" pozadí do oněch míst). Tím se obě vrstvy zmixují tak, že předmět nebo herec v popředí první vrstvy (před greenscreenem) opticky "zapadne" do výsledného pozadí. Daný software pro klíčování pro něj obvykle poskytuje řadu parametrů, kterými je možno klíčování ovlivnit (kromě možnosti zvolit si, na jakou barvu klíčovat, lze většinou klíčovat jen v nějakém regionu, definovaném obdélníkem nebo obecným polygonem; lze určit míru (práh) tolerance vůči klíčovací barvě (co se týče její podobnosti se zadanou barvou, na kterou se má klíčovat)). Řada programů nabízí i možnost klíčovat na dvě i víc barev současně. Tyto parametry usnadňují práci a pomáhají u záběrů, kde je plachta nerovnoměrně nasvícena (takové případy většinou vyústí v šum mezi vyklíčovanými a nevyklíčovanými oblastmi, který se odstraňuje buď druhým kolem klíčování nebo právě vhodným nastavením parametrů klíčování).

Zpracování
V praxi jsou mnohé záběry natolik komplikované, že nesestávají pouze z jednoho klíčování, ale z mnoha postprodukčních operací s obrazem, kde klíčování je jen jedna z jeho fází – výsledek herce nebo obrazu zkombinovaného s virtuálním pozadím je dále zakomponován do výsledné scény, přičemž může být barevně upraven, zmenšen, otočen, překryt další poloprůhlednou vrstvou v popředí apod.

Klíčování lze použít u statických záběrů; u filmových záběrů, kde se kamera pohybuje, je proces mnohem komplikovanější, protože pro celkový efekt musí být pohyb v popředí dokonale synchronizován s pohybem pozadí.

Historie
Chroma keying se historicky vyvinul přirozeně z fotografických filmových triků (prvně jen pro černobílý film). První pokusy s barevným klíčováním byly uskutečněny ve filmech z 30. a 40. let – Flying Down to Rio (1933) či The Thief of Baghdad (1940), který získal ten rok ocenění Oscar za speciální efekty. Vývoj pokračoval a dalším filmem natočeným s použitím mírně pokročilejší technologie byl Stařec a moře (1958).

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

 https://web.archive.org/web/20090207164900/http://knol.google.com/k/richard-brooks/making-a-chroma-key-on-a-low-budget/g6bxq3348xjd/3#view
 http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/blue-screen.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120117020030/http://www.video-zone.cz/recenze/tajemstvi-trikovych-platen-1-dil-t52.html

Filmové technologie


text:
Post-mortem fotografering (også kendt som sørgeportrætter og memento mori) er fotografisk afbildning af nyligt døde personer.

Historisk
Opfindelsen af daguerreotypi i 1839 gjorde portrættering langt mere udbredt, da mange, som ikke havde råd til betalingen af et malet portræt, nu havde muligheden for en afbildning. Denne billigere og hurtigere måde gav middelklassen muligheden for at mindes kære afdøde.

Fotografierne tjente mere som et minde om afdøde end en egentlig påmindelse om den menneskelige dødelighed. Det var især almindeligt med yngre børn. (1800-tallets børnedødelighed var meget høj, og et post-mortem fotografi kunne være det eneste foto en familie ejede). Den senere opfindelse af carte-de-visite, som muliggjorde masseproduktion ud fra et enkelt negativ betød, at kopier af billedet kunne sendes til slægtninge.

Brugen af billederne nåede sin storhedstid i slutningen af det 19. århundrede og døde ud efterhånden som snapshot-fotografering blev mere almindeligt. Der findes få eksempler på, at mindeportrætterne blev udført et stykke ind i det 20. århundrede.

Stilistisk udvikling
De tidligste post-mortem fotografier er normalt close-ups af ansigtet eller hele kroppen og involverer sjældent en kiste. Den afdøde er normalt skildret som i dyb søvn, eller er arrangeret i en naturlig position i forsøget at få det til at tage sig mere livagtigt ud. Børn blev oftest fremstillet hvilende på en seng eller i en vugge, og ofte med dets favoritlegetøj. Det var ikke ualmindeligt at meget unge børn blev fotograferet med et familiemedlem, oftest moderen. Voksne var oftere anbragt i stole, eller endda støttet til specielt designede rammer. Blomster var også almindeligt på post-mortem fotografier.

Fornemmelsen af livagtighed blev somme tider forbedret ved enten at lade afdødes øjne være åbne på billedet, eller ved senere at bemale fotografiet med pupiller, og mange tidlige billeder (specielt ferrotypier og ambrotypier har en lyserød tint tilføjet på kinderne af liget.

Senere eksempler bærer præg af mindre anstrengelser for opnåen af det "livagtige" udseende og viser oftere den døde i en kiste. Meget sene eksempler viser de døde liggende i en kiste med en større gruppe begravelses-deltagere stående omkring - denne type billeder var specielt anvendte i Europa og er mindre brugt i USA.

Post-mortem fotografering bruges stadig i visse dele af verden, så som Østeuropa. Specielt personer som regnes for særligt hellige, portrætteres liggende i deres kister, og er endnu i omløb blandt troende østligt- og orientalsk ortokdokse katolikker.

En anden variation har fotografering af familien med et skrin (ofte med et portræt taget mens vedkommende endnu var i live) tilegnet den afdøde.

Post-mortem fotografering i populærkultur
 Grace Stewart (Nicole Kidman) finder et fotoalbum med sørgeportrætter i filmen The Others fra 2001.

Se også
 Død
 Memento mori

Eksterne henvisninger
 Paul Frecker collection
 "Vi tiltrækkes af foto af lille pige på grund af gåden - og en anden dødskultur" Anne Bech-Danielsen, Politiken.dk 7. marts 2015

Fotografi
Liv


text:
The Battle of Maaloula was a battle of the Syrian Civil War fought in September 2013, when rebel forces attacked the town of Maaloula, a Christian town with an Aramean population that speaks Western Neo-Aramaic. The town is located 56 km to the northeast of Damascus, and built into the rugged mountainside, at an altitude of more than 1500 metres.

Background
According to the information from residents, Al-Qaeda linked jihadist Al-Nusra Front had been based in the mountains near the Safir hotel since March 2013. It was reported that the jihadists were harassing the Christian people of the village since then. It was also reported that a Christian farmer could not go up to the area to farm his land, located near the hotel, unless he was accompanied by a Muslim resident of the village.

Battle

Jihadist attack

On 4 September, a truck driven by a Jordanian suicide bomber exploded near a checkpoint of the Syrian Army at the entrance of Maaloula. The explosion gave the signal for the attack. The jihadists took control of the checkpoint, killing eight soldiers and disabling two tanks, according to opposition sources, while the Syrian Air Force led three raids against the checkpoint after its capture. During the fighting, jihadists captured the Safir hotel and used it to fire in the direction of the community below. At the end of the day, rebels took control of several segments of this historical town.

Army counter-attack
On 6 September, the Syrian Army sent reinforcements, including tanks and armored personnel carriers, to regain control of parts of the town, while the rebels retreated. The Army reinforced the checkpoint that was attacked by the Jordanian suicide bomber, while fighting erupted around Maaloula after the jihadists retreated.

On 7 September, fighting resumed around Maaloula after the Syrian army attacked jihadist fighters stationed in a hotel on a nearby hill.

New jihadist attack
On 8 September, however it was reported jihadist forces had retaken Maaloula after they received reinforcements and were able to force the Army to retreat from the town. During the day's fighting, 18 jihadists were killed and 100 wounded. A resident of Maaloula reported that the jihadists attacked Christian homes and killed several people. They also torched a church and looted another one, and threatened several Christian villagers with beheading if they did not convert to Islam. Although, a local nun who spoke to the BBC denied reports of forced conversion and persecution of Christians. Many of Maaloula's residents fled, while Muslim residents reportedly welcomed the entry of jihadist and insurgent forces. A woman from the village said to Lebanese media that her husband, a member of the town's militia, had his throat cut by Free Syrian Army jihadists. According to a jihadists brigade leader, the Army was still present at one of the entrances of Maaloula. At the end of the afternoon, the Army and the People's Committee militia were fighting jihadists to regain control of the town with clashes around Maaloula and in the neighbouring Jarajafa area.

New Army counter-attack
On 9 September, Syrian Army troops launched an offensive to retake the town and jihadist-held positions in the surrounding hills. From the 3,300 inhabitants of the town, only 50 had remained during the fighting, according to a resident, who spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of reprisals from jihadists. A church was burnt in the western part of the village. Some residents affirm that their families had been forced to leave the town by the jihadists, while others said that jihadists forced one person to convert to Islam at gunpoint and executed another.

On 10 September, jihadist forces declared their withdrawal from Maaloula under the condition that the Army and pro-government militias would also not enter the town. However, by the next day, the jihadists had not retreated and fighting inside the town was still going on. Later in the day, government forces had captured large parts of the town.

On 15 September, the military secured Maaloula.

Aftermath

On 29 November, a coalition of rebels including Jabhat al-Nusra swept into Maaloula from the surrounding hills after rolling explosive laden tires onto government forces below. During the proceeding weekend, twelve nuns from the Greek Orthodox monastery of Mar Takla were kidnapped and taken toward the border town of Yabroud. At the time the kidnappers claimed that they were not abducting the nuns. However, two months later the nuns were ransomed in exchange for government held prisoners. The number of prisoners exchanged is contested; the government said 25 prisoners were exchanged while the opposition stated the number was 150.

On 14 April 2014, with the help of Hezbollah, the Syrian Army once more took control of Maaloula. This government success was part of a string of other successes in the strategic Qalamoun region, including the seizure of the former rebel bastion of Yabroud in the previous month.

References

Military operations of the Syrian civil war in 2013
Rif Dimashq Governorate in the Syrian civil war
Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Syrian government
Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving Hezbollah
Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the al-Nusra Front
Military operations of the Syrian civil war involving the Free Syrian Army
Battles of the Syrian civil war


text:
The Repeating Carbine Model 1890 a.k.a. Mannlicher Model 1890 Carbine is a bolt-action rifle, designed by Ferdinand Mannlicher that used a new version of his straight-pull action bolt. It was introduced as an alternative to the Mannlicher M1888 as it was shorter and easier to maneuver with. Three main versions were introduced: Cavalry Carbine, Gendarmerie Carbine and Navy Short Rifle.

Variants

Cavalry Carbine
This variant was used by the Austro-Hungarian cavalry. A stacking rod, handguard and bayonet lug are absent.

Stutzen
This variant features sling swivels on the underside, a stacking rod and bayonet lugs. It was used by the Austro-Hungarian Navy.

Gendarmerie carbine
The Austro-Hungarian Gendarmarie was also in need of a carbine. It adopted a version which featured a bayonet lug but no stacking rod.

Conversions
M90/30 was a conversion of these rifles done in the First Austrian Republic. They carry the letter S stamped on the barrel.

M90/31 was a conversion of these rifles done in the Kingdom of Hungary. They carry the letter H stamped on the barrel.

M90/95 was a conversion of these rifles done in Ethiopian Empire]. Unlike other conversions, these were done by putting existing M90 carbines in M95 pattern furniture.

Afghan Contract
A small number of these carbines made for the Afghan Contract were ordered by Abdur Rahman Khan for the Emirate of Afghanistan.

References

Further reading

Austro-Hungarian Mannlicher M1890 Short Rifles and Carbines. Hungariae.com

8×50mmR Mannlicher firearms
7.92×57mm Mauser rifles
Straight-pull rifles
Rifles of Austria
World War I Austro-Hungarian infantry weapons
Mannlicher rifles
Firearms by Ferdinand Mannlicher
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1890


text:
Maytown es un lugar designado por el censo ubicado en el condado de Lancaster en el estado estadounidense de Pensilvania. En el año 2000 tenía una población de 2,604 habitantes y una densidad poblacional de 274 personas por km².

Geografía
Maytown se encuentra ubicado en las coordenadas .

Demografía
Según la Oficina del Censo en 2000 los ingresos medios por hogar en la localidad eran de $50,122 y los ingresos medios por familia eran $55,216. Los hombres tenían unos ingresos medios de $36,761 frente a los $25,510 para las mujeres. La renta per cápita para la localidad era de $18,181. Alrededor del 1% de la población estaba por debajo del umbral de pobreza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades del condado de Lancaster
Lugares designados por el censo en Pensilvania


text:
Melgaço – miejscowość w Portugalii, leżąca w dystrykcie Viana do Castelo, w regionie Północ w podregionie Minho-Lima. Miejscowość jest siedzibą gminy o tej samej nazwie.

Demografia

Sołectwa
Sołectwa gminy Melgaço (ludność wg stanu na 2011 r.)
 Alvaredo - 528 osób
 Castro Laboreiro - 540 osób
 Chaviães - 385 osób
 Cousso - 294 osoby
 Cristoval - 528 osób
 Cubalhão - 156 osób
 Fiães - 239 osób
 Gave - 237 osób
 Lamas de Mouro - 117 osób
 Paços - 317 osób
 Paderne - 1160 osób
 Parada do Monte - 370 osób
 Penso - 523 osoby
 Prado - 452 osoby
 Remoães - 98 osób
 Roussas - 1107 osób
 São Paio - 602 osoby
 Vila - 1560 osób

Przypisy

Gmina Melgaço
Gminy w dystrykcie Viana do Castelo


text:
Gravitcornutia zonata es una especie de polilla del género Gravitcornutia, tribu Cochylini, familia Tortricidae. Fue descrita científicamente por Razowski & Becker en 2001.

Distribución
La especie se distribuye por América del Sur: Brasil.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Gravitcornutia zonata BioLib.
 Gravitcornutia zonata Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
 Gravitcornutia zonata Museo de Historia Natural.

zonata
Insectos descritos en 2001
Insectos de Brasil


text:
Losgna simulator är en stekelart som beskrevs av Townes, Townes och Gupta 1961. Losgna simulator ingår i släktet Losgna och familjen brokparasitsteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Brokparasitsteklar
simulator


text:
Istvan Felkaï, né en 1946 et mort le , est un journaliste belge. Il fut notamment correspondant de la RTBF à Paris.

Références

Journaliste belge
Naissance en 1946
Décès en mai 2010


text:
Прасангака — буддийское направление в философской школе Мадхъямаки.

Название школы берётся от метода логических следствий Прасанга, который единственный признаётся пригодным для демонстрации оппонентам натуры Абсолютной и Относительной Истин.

Прасангака — школа, доминирующая в тибетском буддизме, большая часть источников осталось только в тибетском переводе.

Основатель школы — Буддапалита, ученик Самгхаракшиты. Именно он стал активно использовать приём прасанга, преимущественно для доведения до абсурда доводов оппонентов, поэтому прасанга понимается также как доведение до абсурда.

Дебаты со сватантрикой

Школу Сватантрика основал Бхававивека, критикуя ранние работы Буддапалиты, и только позднее Чандракирти смог в полном объёме ответить на критику Бхававивеки и заложить новую основу Прасангаки.

Разница между школами заключалась в роли прасанги в формальных дебатах. Прасангика считает, что прасанга — единственный пригодный метод демонстрации двух истин непросветлённым. Сватантрика считает, что буддийская логика должна не только приводить оппонента к противоречию, но также использоваться для вывода позитивных умозаключений.

Позиция прасангики в споре с сватантрикой опиралась на положение, что буддисты, делающие позитивные предположения о конвенциональном мире, тем самым соглашаются с существованием иллюзии. Сватантрики возражали, что конвенциональные объекты могут иметь само-существование, то есть, существовать сами по себе, не существуя при этом абсолютно и не будучи реальными.

Ссылки
 Геше Джампа Тинлей. Ум и пустота.
 Lopez, Donald. A Study of Svatantrika. Snow Lion Publications. Ithaca, New York. (1987)
 della Santina, Peter. Madhyamaka Schools in India. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi. (1986)

Мадхъямака
Философия Индии
Направления в буддийской философии
Школы буддизма


text:
Тертл-Ривер () — город в округе Белтрами, штат Миннесота, США. На площади 2,9 км² (2,9 км² — суша, водоёмов нет), согласно переписи 2002 года, проживают 75 человек. Плотность населения составляет 25,9 чел./км².

 Телефонный код города — 218
 Почтовый индекс — 56601
 FIPS-код города — 27-65794
 GNIS-идентификатор — 0658777

Примечания

Города округа Белтрами


text:
PT Smartfren Telecom Tbk, commonly known as Smartfren (stylized as smartfren.), formerly known as PT Mobile 8 Telecom Tbk, is an Indonesia-based wireless network operator headquartered in Central Jakarta. It is owned by Indonesian conglomerate Sinar Mas under the company PT Sinar Mas Komunikasi Teknologi. Smartfren operates exclusively using a 4G LTE network after shifting away from CDMA technologies in 2014. As of 2018, Smartfren has 10.1 million active subscribers, making them the fifth-largest wireless carrier in the country.

Smartfren provides wireless voice (via VoLTE) and data services in Indonesia, which it claims is available in over 200 cities. In 2015, the company launched their LTE-Advanced network, becoming the first in the country to do so.

Andromax
Smartfren has partnered with some China-based smartphone manufacturers such as Hisense, Haier and ZTE to produce smart devices under the Smartfren Andromax brand. These phones operate on either CDMA 2000 1x or LTE on the newer models. They use the following naming scheme:

C and G models denote lower-end smartphone models
I and T models denote lower to midrange models
U, V and Z models denote mid to high-end smartphones.

More recently they have also launched the E, Q and R models which has LTE capability; and the E2 and R2 models which supports VoLTE.

Slogans

As Smart Telecom
 Smart, Hebat, Hemat (2006-2011)

As Mobile-8 Telecom

Fren
 Kartu Selularku (2003-2006)
 Seluler Pilihan Cerdas (2006-2008)
 Murah, Tidak Repot. (2008-2009)
 hemat, Tidak Repot. (2009-2011)

Esia
Untung Pakai Esia

Hepi
 Pasti Lebih Untung (2008-2010)

As Smartfren
 Live Smart (2011-2018)
 4G Go For It (2015-2018, After Smartfren Launch Andromax 4G LTE)
 Hebat, Hemat, Cepat (2018-present)
 Juaranya Internet Unlimited (2018-present)

References

External links
Official websites:
 Indonesian
 English

Indonesian brands
Indonesian companies established in 2002
Mobile phone companies of Indonesia
Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange
Sinar Mas Group
Telecommunications companies established in 2002
Telecommunications companies of Indonesia
2006 initial public offerings


text:
Juste avant la nuit is een Frans-Italiaanse dramafilm uit 1971 onder regie van Claude Chabrol.

Verhaal

Charles Masson is de directeur van een reclamebureau. Hij heeft een sadomasochistische affaire met de vrouw van zijn beste vriend. Op een gegeven ogenblik wurgt hij bij vergissing zijn maîtresse tijdens een uit de hand gelopen seksspelletje. De politie heeft problemen om de moord op te lossen en Charles kan zijn normale gezinsleven niet meer oppikken.

Rolverdeling

|-
| Michel Bouquet || Charles Masson
|-
| Stéphane Audran || Hélène Masson, de vrouw van Charles
|-
| François Périer || François Tellier, architect en Charles' beste vriend
|-
| Dominique Zardi || Prince, collega van Charles
|-
| Henri Attal || politie-inspecteur Cavanna
|-
| Jean Carmet || Jeannot, de cafébaas
|-
| Clelia Matania || de moeder van Charles
|-
| Marina Ninchi || Gina Maillardi, de vriendin van Laura
|-
| Anna Douking || Laura Tellier, de vrouw van François
|}

Externe link

Film uit 1971
Franse film
Dramafilm
Film van Claude Chabrol


text:
Juilly (Côte-d'Or) – francuska gmina w regionie Burgundia
 Juilly (Sekwana i Marna) – francuska gmina w regionie Île-de-France