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Garbagnate Milanese (Garbagnàa in dialetto milanese) è un comune italiano di  abitanti della città metropolitana di Milano in Lombardia. Parte della conurbazione dell'hinterland milanese, è uno dei 28 comuni nell'area del Parco delle Groane.

Geografia fisica

La fermata ferroviaria di Garbagnate Parco delle Groane consente ancora oggi l'accesso al punto naturalistico meglio conservato del territorio comunale, un'area di 36 ettari del parco omonimo, attrezzato con piste ciclabili e aree picnic lungo il Canale Villoresi.

Nelle sue vicinanze c'è un'interessante zona umida, seppur parzialmente compromessa da insediamenti urbani e scarichi di materiali. L'area riveste valenza naturalistica anche in funzione della vicina garzaia sita nel parco dell'ospedale. Garbagnate Milanese si stende su una lente di ferretto ricca di argilla che trattiene l'acqua in superficie creando una zona umida ideale per la fauna avicola.

Clima
Il clima di Garbagnate Milanese è quello continentale, tipico delle pianure settentrionali italiane con inverni freddi e abbastanza rigidi con diverse giornate di gelo, col fenomeno della nebbia; le estati, che risentono di elevate temperature che possono superare i 30 °C, presentano una umidità che può raggiungere l'80% causando quel fenomeno di caldo umido comunemente chiamato "afa". L'umidità non è comunque presente solo d'estate, ma è molto elevata tutto l'anno. I dati provenienti dalla stazione meteorologica di Milano Malpensa, ad ogni modo, indicano, in base alla media trentennale di riferimento (1961-1990) per l'Organizzazione meteorologica mondiale, che la temperatura media del mese più freddo, gennaio, si attesta attorno a -1 °C; quella del mese più caldo, luglio, è appena sopra i +28 °C.

Il comune appartiene alla zona climatica E, 2449 GR/G. Garbagnate Milanese, come del resto gran parte dei comuni della Pianura Padana, soffre di scarsa ventilazione.

La piovosità si concentra principalmente in autunno e in primavera con un minimo relativo invernale e con una media annua superiore ai 1000 mm, con un minimo relativo invernale.

Origini del nome
Il toponimo di Garbagnate avrebbe origini antiche: la radice Garben di derivazione celtica, significherebbe infatti "fascio di spighe" e la desinenza -ate starebbe per "luogo" o "contrada".

Storia

Sul finire del XIX secolo sono state scoperte due necropoli, di cui è incerta l'attribuzione, se celtica o romana.
In epoca romana imperiale il borgo apparteneva alla Regio XI Transpadana e aveva il nome di Garbaniatum. Era posto sulla Via Mediolanum-Bilitio che collegava Mediolanum (Milano) a Luganum (Lugano) passando daVarisium (Varese).

Alla caduta dell'Impero romano d'Occidente Garbagnate seguì le vicende degli altri borghi della regione: prima arrivarono gli Eruli di Odoacre (476-493), poi gli Ostrogoti di Teodorico (493-553). Dopo la quasi ventennale guerra gotica la regione entrò a far parte dell'Impero bizantino, fino alla conquista longobarda di Alboino nel 568.
Nel 774 il re dei Franchi Carlo Magno abbatte il regno longobardo instaurando il dominio franco che diede inizio alla struttura politica feudale che caratterizzò l'Alto Medioevo.

Nel Medioevo, come altri borghi lombardi, Garbagnate ebbe quindi strutture agricolo-feudali e apparteneva alla Pieve di Bollate. Non vide tuttavia la costruzione di un castello, dimora del feudatario, poiché era ancora un centro di piccole dimensioni e soprattutto senza una particolare posizione strategica.

Nel XII secolo fu feudo dei da Badaggio; poi fu feudo del milanese monastero di Sant'Ambrogio e poi dominio dei Visconti tra il XIV ed il XV secolo.

Proprietario fu Danesio figlio di Giovanni della Città di Milano. Qui nacque Gaspare, che partecipò all'assedio contro i Torriani nel 1285. Si stabilirono importanti Ordini Religiosi, ai quali Danesio Visconti cedette gran parte delle proprietà.

Tra le nobili famiglie locali acquistò prestigio quella dei da Garbagnate alla quale appartennero illustri personaggi, come Francesco da Garbagnate, letterato, diplomatico, ambasciatore e uomo di guerra.

Si ricordano due visite importanti alle chiese di Garbagnate nel corso di questo periodo: una di san Carlo Borromeo nel 1573 e l'altra del cardinal arcivescovo Federico Borromeo nel 1603.

Garbagnate dipendeva all'epoca dalla pieve di Bollate e nel 1580 ne divenne feudatario il marchese Juan Manrique de Lara, venuto dalla Spagna al seguito di Carlo V, figlio del governatore di Parma e Piacenza e fratello sia di donna María Maximiliana Manrique de Lara y Briceño che del primo conte di Desio, Jorge.

I Manrique de Lara nel 1675 vendettero il feudo ai conti da Pado o "da Po". Primo titolare fu Gaspero Prospero. Le vessazioni dei proprietari feudali causarono miseria e malattie fra i contadini, mentre bande di briganti iniziarono ad infestarne il territorio. Si ebbe quindi drastico calo demografico tra il 1573 ed il 1615 (da 900 a 550 abitanti).

Nel XVIII secolo il governo austriaco di Maria Teresa d'Austria apportò migliorie al territorio e alla viabilità. Nel 1782 Giuseppe II d'Austria decise di abolire gli Ordini religiosi e di vendere all'asta i loro terreni. Nel 1782 il feudo di Garbagnate venne acquistato del principe Johann Sigismund Friedrich von Khevenhüller-Metsch, ambasciatore imperiale nel ducato di Milano, e tale rimase sino alla soppressione del regime feudale nel 1786.

Nel periodo napoleonico i comuni di Cesate, Arese e Castellazzo furono aggregati a Garbagnate, che faceva parte del Cantone di Rho e del Dipartimento d'Olona.
Caduto Napoleone, con il riassetto del Congresso di Vienna Garbagnate fu assegnata al III Distretto di Bollate e, nel 1817, vi fu aperta la prima scuola.

Dopo l'Unità d'Italia, il 18 febbraio del 1864 con decreto del re Vittorio Emanuele II Garbagnate assunse l'attuale denominazione di Garbagnate Milanese.

Nel 1879 avvenne il primo collegamento ferroviario, mentre nel 1888 il Canale Villoresi, costruito con lo scopo di collegare il Ticino all'Adda, raggiunse Garbagnate.

Durante gli anni della seconda guerra mondiale, il paese fu oggetto di un rastrellamento avvenuto nell'estate del 1944 ad opera delle forze nazi-fasciste che andarono a prelevare alcuni medici dell'ospedale locale che collaboravano coi gruppi partigiani del territorio.

Simboli

Lo stemma comunale è stato concesso con regio decreto del 6 maggio 1928. La descrizione araldica è la seguente:

Le spighe di grano fanno riferimento al significato del nome Garbagnate formato dalla radice Garbagn (dal celtico Garben, "fascio di spighe") con la desinenza -ate ("luogo"). In alcune documentazioni, la corona presente nello stemma viene indicata come "all'antica".

La descrizione araldica del gonfalone è la seguente:

La descrizione araldica della bandiera è la seguente:
{{Citazione|Rettangolare, partita di verde e di rosso|}}

 Onorificenze

 Monumenti e luoghi d'interesse

 Architetture religiose
Chiesa parrocchiale di Sant'Eusebio vescovo e Maccabei martiri
La chiesa parrocchiale di Garbagnate Milanese venne costruita su progetto dell'ing. Aresi tra il 1936 ed il 1940 su un terreno donato dall'ing. Rinaldo Cabella a tale scopo, al posto della precedente chiesa parrocchiale (ormai insufficiente), posta altrove, che viene invece convertita in santuario. L'altare venne benedetto dal card. Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, arcivescovo di Milano. Terminata la chiesa vera e proprio, ad ogni modo, il tempio mancava ancora di alcuni elementi fondamentali come ad esempio il campanile. Nel 1942 venne inviata regolare richiesta di permesso per l'innalzamento della torre campanaria ma, essendo in piena seconda guerra mondiale, il permesso venne negato; in sostituzione sulla cupola venne installato un impianto radiofonico per altoparlanti e campane che rimase attivo sino alla costruzione del campanile vero e proprio.

Ulteriori lavori al complesso vennero realizzati a partire dal 1951 quando venne eletto sindaco l'ing. Rinaldo Cabella il quale, essendo anche fabbriciere della parrocchia, favorisce il completamento di buona parte delle decorazioni interne all'edificio. Nel settembre 1956, inoltre, vengono finalmente avviati i lavori per la costruzione del campanile della chiesa parrocchiale, sempre su disegno dell'ing. Aresi, già progettista del complesso. L'opera viene compiuta esattamente un anno dopo, nel settembre del 1957, con la realizzazione di una torre di ben 64 metri. La sommità è decorata con una croce in ferro battuto del fabbro garbagnatese Silvio Perticati.

La chiesa si presenta esternamente in stile romanico lombardo, con un ammattonato scuro, mentre l'interno presenta tre navate con elementi di stile corinzio. Il pulpito, realizzato nel 1951 da Alfonso Galli di Desio. Sulla parete di fondo della chiesa, nel 1962, venne realizzato un grande dipinto raffigurante L'angelo custode del pittore e scultore Ramiro Lisotto, il quale realizzerà negli anni successivi anche una composizione raffigurante Sant'Eusebio vescovo e i santi Maccabei martiri (donata dall'ing. Cabella), una Santa Rita (dono sig. Allievi) e un Sant'Antonio da Padova'' a tempera, sempre sulle pareti interne della chiesa.

Santuario della Beata Vergine del Rosario
Edificato nella struttura originaria nel Cinquecento, il tempio sacro è stato sede della chiesa parrocchiale di Garbagnate Milanese sino al completamento della nuova chiesa dedicata ai Santi Eusebio e martiri Maccabei nel 1940. La scelta di trasferire la sede della parrocchia fu dovuta essenzialmente al fatto che l'antico tempio era ormai insufficiente ad accogliere i fedeli garbagnatesi. L'antico edificio venne quindi convertito in santuario per il pubblico culto.

Ricostruita integralmente a fine Seicento, la chiesa si presenta con una facciata inquadrata da lesene e conclusa da un timpano di forma triangolare. Internamente, la chiesa si presenta ad aula unica, di forma ottagonale; il presbiterio è separato dal resto della navata da un arco ed appare coperto di una volta a botte con unghie sferiche e con un abside semicircolare. All'interno presenta una statua lignea della Beata Vergine del Rosario ed un pulpito entrambi risalenti al Seicento, oltre ad un altare del Settecento, contraddistinto da due statue lignee di angeli oranti. Nell'Ottocento, il pittore Tagliaferri vi realizzò alcune pitture insieme a F. Vilasco. Il portale d'ingresso venne realizzato dallo scultore Giorgio Galletti. All'interno della chiesa si trova anche un bassorilievo in bronzo raffigurante l'Ultima Cena, opera dello scultore P. Ciaccheri.

Chiesa di San Carlo all'ospedale

La chiesa di San Carlo Borromeo presente all'interno del complesso dell'ex ospedale di Garbagnate Milanese, venne costruita insieme al resto del complesso a partire dal 1930 e terminata nel 1934. Il tempio, pensato come cappella per l'intero complesso ospedaliero, venne posto al centro della struttura stessa, un omaggio del suo progettista, l'ing. Giovanni Maggi, alla cappella presente all'interno del lazzaretto di Milano e non a caso venne dedicata a San Carlo Borromeo. L'altare maggiore venne benedetto dal card. Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster, arcivescovo di Milano, nel 1934.

Con la chiusura della struttura ospedaliera ed il suo trasferimento nel 2015, anche la chiesa di San Carlo Borromeo di Garbagnate Milanese giace oggi in stato di abbandono.

Architetture civili

Ex ospedale e sanatorio "Vittorio Emanuele III"

La struttura ospedaliera di Garbagnate venne realizzata nel periodo 1923-1930 su progetto dell'architetto Giannino Ferrini e dedicato a re Vittorio Emanuele III. Il progetto, pensato anche come sanatorio, venne articolato per 750.000 metri quadrati all'interno del bosco naturale dell'attuale parco delle Groane, con ampie vetrate e terrazze. Al centro del complesso sorge la cappella dedicata a San Carlo Borromeo.
Questa grande opera si rese necessaria a causa del diffondersi in quegli anni di alcune malattie polmonari come la tubercolosi, dovuta essenzialmente alle scarse condizioni igieniche di gran parte della popolazione e l'ambiente naturale che la circondava era visto come ideale per le terapie previste a tale scopo.

Nel periodo della seconda guerra mondiale, la struttura ospedaliera venne separata nella gestione da quella del sanatorio vero e proprio che venne affidato all'Istituto Santa Corona.

Durante gli ultimi anni della seconda guerra mondiale, all'interno della struttura ospedaliera fu attivo un gruppo di medici ed infermieri che si pose volontariamente in appoggio ai gruppi partigiani locali. Il 4 novembre 1944, l'ospedale venne colpito da un rastrellamento di tedeschi e fascisti e molti del personale medico-sanitario vennero inviati nei campi di concentramento; solo alcuni fecero ritorno alla struttura dopo la liberazione.
A ricordo di questi medici, nel 1995, nel 50° anniversario della liberazione, venne collocato un monumento alla Libertà realizzato dallo scultore Paolo Francesco Ciaccheri.

Dopo la guerra, nel 1951, vennero rinnovati e ampliati i reparti di radiologia, chirurgia generale e pneumologia, anche se ormai i casi di tubercolosi erano drasticamente diminuiti e di conseguenza l'ospedale generico si espanse a scapito di quest'ultima attività curativa. Nel 1955, l'ospedale venne re-intitolato a Guido Salvini, uno dei medici morti durante il rastrellamento del 1944. Il sanatorio venne chiuso definitivamente negli anni '70.

Nel 2015, con la realizzazione di una nuova struttura ospedaliera, più all'avanguardia, il vecchio sanatorio ed ospedale vennero definitivamente abbandonati. Attualmente la struttura è in disuso.

Società

Evoluzione demografica

Religione
La maggioranza della popolazione è di religione cattolica, e le parrocchie del comune fanno parte dell'arcidiocesi di Milano, zona pastorale IV, e seguono quindi il rito ambrosiano.

Geografia antropica

Il territorio comunale contiene le seguenti aree:
 Serenella (quartiere situato nelle vicinanze della stazione ferroviaria di Garbagnate Parco delle Groane, prima del 2009 chiamata infatti stazione di Garbagnate Serenella)
Territorio situato dall'altra parte della ferrovia (zona che si trova dall'altro lato della ferrovia Milano-Saronno e di formare una conubarzione con il comune di Cesate; nel territorio si trovano l'Ospedale Guido Salvini e l'ex ospedale Santa Corona; l'area è per la maggior parte coperta dal Parco delle Groane)
Centro storico (via Milano, vicino alla stazione principale del comune)

Bariana (frazione situata nella parte nord-occidentale del comune, delimitata a est dalla strada provinciale Varesina e a sud dal Villoresi)
Cascina Biscia (località agricola all'estremo nord del territorio comunale, condivisa con Cesate e separata dal centro abitato da una vasta area agricola)
Santa Maria Rossa (a sud del Canale Villoresi; il territorio che gravita attorno alla Chiesa di Santa Maria Nascente, situata sulla strada provinciale Varesina, anche conosciuta come Chiesa di Santa Maria Rossa)
Fametta (località situata a sud di Serenella, al confine con il comune di Bollate e immersa nel Parco delle Groane)
Cascina Siolo (località situata vicina al confine con Arese a ovest della strada provinciale Varesina e a sud di via John Fitzgerald Kennedy)

Economia
Agli inizi del XX secolo Garbagnate Milanese era un paese prevalentemente vocato alla coltivazione del baco da seta e le piantagioni di gelso coprivano l'intero territorio oggi decuplicato in termini di densità di popolazione.
Negli anni cinquanta si svilupparono due fiorenti industrie, i calzifici, spesso a conduzione familiare, e le fornaci Hoffman per la cottura dei mattoni pieni in argilla prodotti con l'estrazione della materia prima sul posto.
In tempi più recenti nel territorio comunale si sono stabilite aziende di rilevanza nazionale quali l'Alfa Romeo con portineria in Arese ma esteso sul territorio di Garbagnate, la Bayer (farmaceutica), la Bonetti (produzione di valvole) ora chiusa, la Ghezzi e l'Annoni (macchine per produzione di nastri adesivi), la Hoya Lens (multinazionale giapponese produttrice di lenti), La Sonora (sirene, dal 1911 utilizzate dalla Polizia di Stato italiana).

Infrastrutture e trasporti

Strade
Garbagnate è interessata dalla strada provinciale ex strada statale 233 Varesina.

Ferrovie

Sul territorio comunale sono ubicate due stazioni poste sulla ferrovia Milano-Saronno: Garbagnate-Parco Groane e Garbagnate Milanese, entrambe gestite da Ferrovienord e servite da treni suburbani.

Mobilità urbana
I trasporti urbani e interurbani di Garbagnate Milanese vengono svolti con autoservizi di linea gestiti da AirPullman.

Amministrazione

Galleria d'immagini storiche

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


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Die Pilatus SB-5 war ein Entwicklungsprojekt aus dem Jahr 1944 der Schweizer Firma Pilatus Flugzeugwerke AG und der ETH Zürich, von dem aber kein Flugzeug gebaut wurde. Der Name Pilatus SB-5  setzt sich zusammen aus dem Herstellerwerk des Flugzeuges, der Pilatus Flugzeugwerke, das Kürzel SB steht für Schweizer Bergflugzeug.

Geschichte
Im Winter 1941 wurde mit dem Bau des Spezialflugzeuges Pilatus SB-2 begonnen. Die Pelikan wurde als "Langsamflugzeug" konzipiert. Für den Einsatz in engen Alpentälern waren damals kurze Start- und Landestrecken sowie eine sehr gute Steigleistung erforderlich. Die Pilatus SB-5 war ein Projekt für eine vergrösserte Version der Pilatus SB-2.

Konstruktion
Die gesamte Auslegung war gleich wie die SB-2. Die SB-5 war ein einmotoriger Schulterdecker mit starrem Bugradfahrwerk.
Auch die SB-5 wurde von Anfang an als Flugzeug mit Metallrumpf entwickelt. Unterschiede waren abgesehen von den grösseren Dimensionen folgende: Die Flügel hatten nun keine Pfeilung statt der Negativpfeilung und der Antrieb bestand aus einem Cyclone-Sternmotor statt des Wasp-Junior-Motors und einem Dreiblattpropeller statt des Zweiblattpropellers. Der Dreiblattpropeller war mit einer Verstellvorrichtung von Escher-Wyss auch als Bremspropeller vorgesehen. In der Kabine sollten nun 9 Personen Platz finden, 6 Auf 3 Bänken und 3 auf 3 Sitzen auf der anderen Seite des Ganges, auch der Frachtraum und die Frachtraumklappe wären grösser ausgefallen. Mit nur einem Pilot hätte noch ein Passagier auf dem Copilotensitz Platz gefunden.
Da der erhoffte kommerzielle Erfolg mit der SB-2 nicht erreicht wurde und da aufgrund des Endes des Zweiten Weltkriegs massenhaft ehemalige Militärflugzeuge in Europa billig angeboten wurden, war es unwahrscheinlich, dass die Pilatus SB-5 Abnehmer finden würde. Daher wurde das Projekt beendet, bevor es zum Bau kam. Die Produktion der SB-5 war bei den Pilatuswerken vorgesehen, daher hätte dieses Flugzeug auch die Bezeichnung "Pilatus SB-5" getragen. Die Pilatus SB-2 hatte die Bezeichnung  "Pelican"; es ist nicht gesichert, ob die SB-5 die (offizielle) Bezeichnung "Super-Pelican" bekommen hätte.
Anhand der Pläne für die Pilatus SB-2 ist davon auszugehen, dass auch an der Pilatus SB-5 das starre Fahrwerk mit breiten Kufen für Starts und Landungen auf Schneefeldern oder Schwimmer hätten montiert werden können.

Flugzeugdaten
 Besatzung: 2 Piloten/9 Passagiere oder 1 Pilot/10 Pass.
 Spannweite: 22 m
 Höchstgewicht: 5 t
 Flügelfläche: 55 m²
 Triebwerk: 1 × Cyclone-Sternmotor,  1000–1200 PS
 Maximalgeschwindigkeit: 250 km/h

"SB"-Projekte
Das Projekt SB-1 war als reines Experimentalflugzeug gedacht, eine kommerzielle Nutzung war nicht vorgesehen.
Die Pilatus SB-2 war das einzige SB-Projekt, das zu einem real gebauten und geflogenen Flugzeug führte.
Über allfällige Entwürfe mit den Bezeichnungen SB-3 und SB-4 ist nichts bekannt.

Literatur
 Pilatus SB-2 Pelican: Das Schweizer Bergflugzeug 1938–1949. Studienbüro für Spezialflugzeuge, Kuno Gross, ISBN 978-3-7494-3640-8.
 Roland Eichenberger: Pilatus Flugzeuge: 1939–1989, Pilatus Flugzeugwerke, Stans 1989.

Weblinks

  Zeichnung der Pilatus SB-5 auf externer Seite
 Pilatus Aircraft: Projekte
 Geschichte, Planung der Pilatus SB-2 ETH-Bibliothek.

Einzelnachweise

Einmotoriges Flugzeug mit Kolbenmotor
Nicht realisiertes Flugzeugprojekt

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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En deltagare, Giuseppe Rivabella, från Italien ställde upp i skytte vid de olympiska sommarspelen 1896 i Aten, men han tog inte någon medalj. Det gör att Italien räknas till en av de fjorton länder som hade deltagare på plats vid de första olympiska spelen.

Ytterligare en italiensk idrottare fanns på plats vid spelen. Carlo Airoldi som hade gått hela vägen från Milano ner till Aten ställde upp i maratonloppet, men han blev dömd som professionell idrottsman och fick därmed inte ställa upp då tävlingarna i de olympiska spelen endast var för amatöridrottare.

Källor

1896 i Italien
Nationer i olympiska sommarspelen 1896
1896


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Jan van Releghem (ook Relegem, Redelghem) (1330 - Baesweiler, 22 augustus 1371) was heer van Relegem (ten noorden van Brussel, vandaag gemeente Asse) en de zoon van Geraert van Releghem. Van 1366 tot zijn dood in 1371 was hij amman van Brussel onder de impopulaire hertog Wenceslaus I van Luxemburg.

Jan van Releghem speelde een rol als aanvoerder van het Brabantse leger van hertog Wenceslaus in de Brabantse Successieoorlog (1355-1357), waarin Vlaanderen en Gulik de legitimiteit van Wenceslaus betwistten. In 1369 deed hij afstand van zijn aandeel in de burcht Releghem (te Zemst) ten voordele van zijn tante Margaretha, en ontving in ruil haar aandeel in de heerlijkheid Empel en Meerwijk, evenwel in handen van Gerard van Herlaer. Door de heer van Herlaer met geweld uit Meerwijk te verjagen droeg heer Jan bij tot het aanwakkeren van de dreigende oorlog met Gelre en Gulik, waar Herlaer verhaal ging halen.
In 1371 was Jan van Releghem een van de aanvoerders bij de Slag bij Baesweiler, tegen Gulik en Gelre. De Brabantsche Yeesten van Jan van Boendalen vermelden dat hij de aanval leidde:
Die ierste, die den strijt versochte, Was van Relegem die heere,
Her Jan, die vromelijc ende seere  Den vianden oploep dede,
 Ende niet en spaerde sine lede;Maer met wapenen vele besuerde:
Vromelijc hi sijn arme ruerde,Ridderlijc, daer ter stede.
...en dat hij onder de gesneuvelden was bij de nederlaag:
Daer bleef verslagen in der nootHeer Gherard Rolibuc, ende met hem
Her Jan, heere van Releghem,Twee riddren, vrome utermaten;

De nederlaag leidde voor de familie van Releghem tot het verlies van Empel en Meerwijk aan Geraert van Herlaer. Een akkoord werd gevonden door bemiddeling van de heer van Bouchout: na het herstel van rechten aan Geraert van Herlaer werd een rente van 210 gulden per jaar uit de tienden, het hofgoed en het kleine gericht uitgekeerd aan Jan(ne), zoon van Jan van Releghem.

Onder zijn ammanschap heeft de terechtstelling (1370) van de 6 joden, beschuldigd van het ontwijden van gestolen hosties (bekend als het Sacrament van Mirakel) plaatsgevonden. Deze jodenvervolging gebeurde wellicht op instigatie van Wenceslaus, die erg om geld verlegen zat, en de bezittingen van de veroordeelden confisqueerde.

Heer Jan was gehuwd met Margaretha van Spieghele, en behoorde tot het geslacht Sleeuws. Zijn zoon Jan(ne) van Releghem werd schepene van Brussel in 1408, en werd verbannen naar Mechelen.

De beeldhouwer Guillaume de Groot beeldde rond 1880 heer Jan af boven de gotische trap van het Stadhuis van Brussel, in gezelschap van andere Brusselse helden uit de XIVe eeuw (Walter van den Bisdomme, René Clutinck, Arnoul d'Yssche, Willem Pipenpoy en Rogier van Leefdael).

Externe links
  wapen Jan van Releghem in het Wapenboek van de Heraut Gelre rond 1370-1395 (Kon. Bibliotheek Brussel ms. 15652-56, folium 75v)
  (5880) en  (6140) Jan van Boendale's Brabantsche Yeesten

Geschiedenis van Brussel
Persoon in de Nederlanden in de 14e eeuw


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Obec Katov () leží v okrese Tábor. Má  obyvatel. Ve vzdálenosti 8 km západně leží město Soběslav, 13 km jihozápadně město Veselí nad Lužnicí a 18 km severozápadně město Tábor.

Historie
První písemná zmínka o obci pochází z roku 1497.

Galerie

Reference

Externí odkazy

Vesnice v okrese Tábor
Obce v okrese Tábor
DSO Pod horou
Sídla v Křemešnické vrchovině


text:
The 522nd Special Operations Squadron, nicknamed the Fireballs, was a unit of the United States Air Force. It was part of the 27th Special Operations Group, the flying component of the 27th Special Operations Wing at Cannon Air Force Base. It was the first to operate the MC-130J Commando II.

The 522nd was originally organized in 1940 as the 16th Bombardment Squadron. When the United States entered World War II the squadron was deploying to the Philippines. Its ground echelon fought as infantry, with most members surrendering at Bataan, while the air echelon fought in the Netherlands East Indies, earning the squadron three Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC)s. In May 1942, the squadron reformed at Hunter Field, Georgia. It deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it was redesignated the 522nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron and was awarded an additional three DUCs. Following V-E Day, the squadron served in the occupation forces in Germany until the fall of 1945, when it returned to the United States and was inactivated.

The 522nd was reactivated in 1946 and assigned to Strategic Air Command (SAC) as a fighter escort unit. During the Korean War, the squadron deployed to Japan and Korea and was awarded its seventh DUC. In 1957, SAC transferred its fighter squadrons to Tactical Air Command and the squadron became the 522nd Tactical Fighter Squadron the following year. It conducted numerous deployments to bases in Europe and the Pacific, including one to Thailand, where it again saw combat during the Vietnam War. The squadron was inactivated in 2007, when its parent wing converted from the fighter to the special operations mission.

The squadron was reactivated in 2012 as a special operations unit, but was inactivated in 2014 and its mission, personnel and equipment were transferred to the 9th Special Operations Squadron.

History

World War II
The 522nd was originally constituted in 1939 as the 16th Bombardment Squadron (Light) and activated on 1 February 1940. It was stationed at Barksdale Field, Louisiana, and later at Hunter Field, Georgia, before moving to Luzon in the Philippines in 1941. After war began between the United States and Japan, the unit's air echelon operated in Australia. When American units in the Philippines surrendered, ground elements of the unit were part of the Bataan Death March.

The unit was redesignated the 522nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 23 August 1943 and then the 522nd Fighter Squadron, Single Engine, on 30 May 1944. During World War II, it was one of the most decorated U.S. Army Air Force units. The unit later served in conflicts such as the Korean and Vietnam wars, and flew almost a dozen different aircraft in support of various missions.

Strategic Air Command

Tactical Air Command

Air Combat Command

The 522nd Fighter Squadron inactivated in 2007 when the 27th Fighter Wing became the 27th Special Operations Wing.

Special operations
The 522nd Special Operations Squadron was reactivated at Cannon Air Force Base on 7 April 2011. The first to be equipped with the Lockheed MC-130J Commando II special operations aircraft, it was tasked with supporting special operations commanders through day and night low-level infiltration, exfiltration, resupply, and air refueling of helicopters. In 2012, it achieved initial operational capability.

The unit was inactivated and a ceremony marking this was held on 9 December 2014. The squadron's personnel, aircraft, and equipment were transferred to the 9th Special Operations Squadron, which moved to Cannon without personnel or equipment from Hurlburt Field.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 16th Bombardment Squadron (Light) on 22 December 1939
 Activated on 1 February 1940
 Redesignated: 522nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 23 August 1943
 Redesignated: 522nd Fighter Squadron, Single Engine on 30 May 1944
 Inactivated on 7 November 1945
 Activated on 20 August 1946
 Redesignated 522nd Fighter Squadron, Two Engine on 22 July 1947
 Redesignated 522nd Fighter Squadron, Jet on 1 December 1949
 Redesignated 522nd Fighter-Escort Squadron on 1 February 1950
 Redesignated 522nd Strategic Fighter Squadron on 20 January 1953
 Redesignated 522nd Fighter-Bomber Squadron on 1 July 1957
 Redesignated 522nd Tactical Fighter Squadron on 1 July 1958
 Redesignated 522nd Fighter Squadron on 1 November 1991
 Inactivated on 30 September 2007
 Redesignated 522nd Special Operations Squadron on 1 March 2011
 Activated 7 April 2011
 Inactivated c. 9 December 2014

Assignments
 27th Bombardment Group (later, 27th Fighter-Bomber Group, 27th Fighter Group), 1 February 1940 – 7 November 1945
 27th Fighter Group (later 27 Fighter-Escort Group), 20 August 1946 (attached to 27th Fighter-Escort Wing after 6 August 1951)
 27th Fighter-Escort Wing (later 27th Strategic Fighter Wing, 27th Fighter-Bomber Wing, 27th Tactical Fighter Wing, 27th Fighter Wing), 16 June 1952
 Attached to unknown, 6 September–18 December 1958
 Attached to TUSLOG, 18 October 1959 – 22 February 1960 and 5 February–15 June 1962
 Attached to 405th Fighter Wing, 13 February–c. 7 March 1961, 8 August–c. 20 September 1964 and 15 August–25 November 1965
 Attached to 2nd Air Division, 12 December 1962 – c. 15 February 1963, 16 March–6 May 1964 and c. 20 September–15 November 1964
 27th Operations Group, 1 November 1991
 Twelfth Air Force, 1 October 2007 – 21 December 2007 (attached to 712th Operations Group (Provisional))
 27th Special Operations Group, 7 April 2011 – c. 9 December 2014

Stations

 Barksdale Field, Louisiana, 1 February 1940
 Army Air Base, Savannah, Georgia, 7 October 1940 – 19 October 1941
 Fort William McKinley, Luzon, Philippines, 20 November 1941
 Lipa Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 22 December 1941
 Cabcaben, Luzon, Philippines, (Ground echelon), 25 December 1941
 Air echelon operated from Archerfield Airport, 24 December 1941 – 16 February 1942
 Bataan, Luzon, Philippines, (Ground echelon), 29 December 1941
 Air echelon operated from Batchelor Airfield, Australia, 17 February-c. 8 March 1942
 Air echelon operated from Archerfield Airport, Brisbane, Australia, c. 10-c. 25 March 1942
 Charters Towers Airfield, Australia, April-4 May 1942
 Hunter Field, Georgia, 4 May 1942
 Key Field, Mississippi, 14 July 1942
 Hattiesburg Army Air Field, Mississippi, 15 August 1942
 Harding Field, Louisiana, 25 October–21 November 1942
 Sainte-Barbe du Tlélat Airfield, Algeria, 26 December 1942
 Nouvion Airfield, Algeria, 5 January 1943
 Ras el Ma Airfield, French Morocco, 4 April 1943
 Korba Airfield, Tunisia, c. 8 June 1943
 Gela Airfield, Sicily, 18 July 1943
 Barcellona Landing Ground, Sicily, Italy, 3 September 1943
 Capaccio Airfield, Italy, 18 September 1943
 Paestum Airfield, Italy, 4 November 1943
 Pomigliano Airfield, Italy, 19 January 1944
 Castel Volturno Airfield, Italy, 10 April 1944
 Santa Maria Airfield, Italy, 9 May 1944
 Le Banca Airfield, Italy, 7 June 1944
 Ciampino Airfield, Italy, 12 June 1944
 Voltone Airfield, Italy, 4 July 1944
 Serragia Airfield, Corsica, France, 10 July 1944
 Le Luc Airfield, France, 25 August 1944
 Salon de Provence Airfield (Y-16), France, 30 August 1944
 Loyettes Airfield (Y-25), France, 11 September 1944
 Tarquinia Airfield, Italy, 2 October 1944
 Pontedera Airfield, Italy, 3 December 1944

 St-Dizier Airfield (A-64), France, 21 February 1945
 Toul/Ochey Airfield (A-96), France, 19 March 1945
 Biblis Airfield (Y-78), Germany, 5 April 1945
 AAF Station Mannheim/Sandhofen (Y-79), Germany, 23 June 1945
 AAF Station Stuttgart/Echterdingen (R-50), Germany, 15 September–20 October 1945
 Camp Shanks, New York, 6–7 November 1945
 AAF Station Fritzlar, Germany, 20 August 1946
 AAF Station Bad Kissingen, Germany, 25 June 1947
 Andrews Field, Maryland, 25 June 1947
 Kearney Army Air Field (later, Kearney Air Force Base), Nebraska, 16 July 1947
 Bergstrom Air Force Base, Texas, 16 March 1949
 Deployed to Taegu Air Base (K-9), South Korea, 5 December 1950 – 30 January 1951
 Deployed to Itazuke Air Base, Japan, 31 January–20 June 1951
 Deployed to Misawa Air Base, Japan, 13–16 October 1952
 Deployed to Chitose Air Base, Japan, 17 October 1952 – c. 13 February 1953
 Deployed to RAF Sturgate, England, 7 May–17 August 1955
 Deployed to Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, 6 September–18 December 1958
 Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico, 18 February 1959 – 30 September 2007
 Deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, 18 October 1959 – 22 February 1960
 Deployed to Clark Air Base, Philippines, 13 February–c. 7 March 1961
 Deployed to England Air Force Base, Louisiana, 29 March–5 May 1961
 Deployed to Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, 5 February–15 June 1962
 Deployed to MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, 21 October–1 December 1962
 Deployed to Da Nang Air Base, South Vietnam, 16 Mar-6 May 1964 (B Flight)
 Deployed to Clark Air Base, Philippines, 8 Aug-25 Nov 1964 (further deployed to Bien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam, after 15 August 1964)
 Deployed to Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, 13 April–12 May 1966
 Cannon AFB, New Mexico, 1 October 2007 – 21 December 2007
 Cannon AFB, New Mexico, 7 April 2011 – c. 9 December 2014

Aircraft

 Trained with B-18 Bolos and A-18 Shrikes, 1940–1941
 A-24 Banshee, 1941–1942
 A-20 Havoc, 1941, 1942–1943
 A-36 Apache, 1943–1944
 P-40 Warhawk, 1944
 P-47 Thunderbolt, 1944–1945; 1946–1947
 P-51 Mustang, 1947–1948

 F-82 Twin Mustang, 1948–1950
 F-84 Thunderjet, 1950–1951, 1951–1957
 F-101 Voodoo, 1957–1958, 1958
 F-100 Super Sabre, 1959–1969
 F-111D Aardvark, 1969–1970, 1970–1971, 1971–1998
 F-16 Falcon, 1996–2007
 MC-130J Commando II, 2011 – present

References

Notes

Bibliography

Military units and formations in New Mexico
Special operations squadrons of the United States Air Force


text:
"Chocolate with Nuts" is the first half of the twelfth episode of the third season and the 51st overall episode of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants. It was written by the storyboard directors, Paul Tibbitt and Kaz, alongside Kent Osborne and Merriwether Williams with Andrew Overtoom as animation director and Carson Kugler, William Reiss and Mike Roth serving as storyboard artists. The segment was copyrighted in 2002 and aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on June 1 of that year. In this episode, SpongeBob and Patrick become entrepreneurs in an attempt to live a fancy life.

Plot
SpongeBob accidentally receives Squidward's Fancy Living Digest magazine in the mail, inspiring him and Patrick Star to become entrepreneurs. At Patrick's suggestion, the pair become door-to-door chocolate bar salesmen. Their first customer maniacally screams "chocolate" at the pair and chases after them. Successive attempts to sell also end in failure; SpongeBob and Patrick attempt to sell chocolate to another fish, who cons them into buying chocolate-carrying bags, while another loses patience with the duo after SpongeBob fails to provide a bar, which got lost in all the bags.

After initially disastrous results, the two try changing tactics by "being nice". However, this is unsuccessful, ending in Patrick buying pictures of a customer as an overweight child, as is their attempt to "focus", causing Patrick to creep out a potential customer. They decide that the only way to sell chocolate is to "stretch the truth", which is successful when they convince a very old woman and her daughter Mary that it "makes you live forever". The lying continues, but they lose their profit after attempting to help a seriously injured man, who turns out to be the same con artist from before, by buying his chocolate. However, their maniacal first customer catches up to them and he buys all of the chocolate that SpongeBob and Patrick have. They use the money to rent out a fancy restaurant, allowing access only to themselves and their dates: Mary and her mother.

Production
"Chocolate with Nuts" was written by Paul Tibbitt, Kaz, Kent Osborne and Merriwether Williams, with Andrew Overtoom serving as animation director. Tibbitt and Kaz also functioned as storyboard directors, and Carson Kugler, William Reiss and Mike Roth worked as storyboard artists. The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on June 1, 2002, with a TV-Y parental rating.

"Chocolate with Nuts" was the last episode Kaz and Paul Tibbitt had written together since "Nasty Patty".

"Chocolate with Nuts" was released on the DVD compilation called SpongeBob SquarePants: Christmas on September 30, 2003. The episode was also included in the SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete 3rd Season DVD on September 27, 2005. On September 22, 2009, "Chocolate with Nuts" was released on the SpongeBob SquarePants: The First 100 Episodes DVD, alongside all the episodes of seasons one through five.

Reception
"Chocolate with Nuts" has received acclaim from both critics and fans alike and is often cited as one of the show's best episodes. Jordan Moreau, Katcy Stephan and David Viramontes of Variety ranked "Chocolate with Nuts" as the fourth best SpongeBob SquarePants episode. Emily Estep of "WeGotThisCovered.com" rated the episode as the tenth best episode of the show, saying "The reason 'Chocolate with Nuts' is such a good episode is that it subtly and somewhat darkly hints at the concept of just how crazy the people who live around you are. SpongeBob and Patrick are mostly swindled into buying things from other people – actually, a single con man who keeps appearing – and nothing is more terrifying/hilarious than the man who simply starts screaming 'chocolate' repeatedly until SpongeBob and Patrick run away. 'Chocolate with Nuts' adds the complete absurdity of the program – like the old lady and her even older mother who remembers when 'they first invented chocolate. Sweet, sweet chocolate. I always hated it!' – and the aspects of SpongeBob's undersea life that mirror our own lives on land – like stranger danger."

Nancy Basile of About.com ranked the episode  5 on her "Best SpongeBob SquarePants Episodes" list. She said "I can relate to the customer who spends this entire episode running around Bikini Bottom, screaming for chocolate. 'Chocolate with Nuts' is about Patrick and SpongeBob trying to get rich by selling chocolate bars door to door ... There are witty punchlines and silly sight gags throughout the episode." Her favorite scene was when "Patrick focuses a little too hard on their unsuspecting customer."

SpongeBob's voice actor Tom Kenny considers this one of his favorite episodes. It was included in the iTunes collection "SpongeBob SquarePants: Tom Kenny's Top 20", where he called it "a very sick episode. You can spend hours theorizing about what these eleven minutes says  about truth, lies, Big Business, entrepreneurship, and consumerism."

References

External links

SpongeBob SquarePants episodes
2002 American television episodes
Film and television memes


text:
The Long Way Home is the second full-length studio album by Australian metalcore band Confession, released on 23 September 2011, through Resist Records. This is the last album to feature guitarists Dan Brown and Adam Harris, bassist Tim Anderson and drummer Shane O'Brien, leaving Michael Crafter as the only original member.

The album was recorded with famed Swedish producer Fredrik Nordström (In Flames, Bring Me the Horizon, At the Gates, Opeth) at his Studio Fredman in Gothenburg, Sweden, in April 2011.

Track listing

Personnel
 Michael Crafter – lead vocals
 Dan Brown – guitar, clean vocals
 Adam Harris – guitar
 Tim Anderson – bass
 Shane O'Brien – drums, percussion

Charts

References

Confession (band) albums
2011 albums
Resist Records albums


text:
The Vergennes Historic District encompasses the historic commercial and industrial heart of the city of Vergennes, Vermont.  Incorporated in 1788, the city developed as a major industrial center, and served as a military center during the War of 1812.  The district includes mainly 19th and early-20th century commercial, retail, residential and civic properties, as well as the former site of the Monkton Iron Works, once one of the nation's largest iron foundries.  The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

Description and history
The city of Vergennes was first settled in the 1760s, but only began significant growth in the 1780s, when it became one of Vermont's early industrial centers.  The city is located at a bend in Otter Creek where there is a  falls that could be harnessed for water power, and it also benefited by its location as the crossing point of two major stagecoach routes.  It was incorporated as a city in 1788.  Sawmills, gristmills, and later other types of industry were all powered by the waters of the creek, and the city experienced growth through the 19th century.  One of the major businesses, founded in 1807, was the Monkton Iron Works, which became one of the nation's largest early 19th-century iron foundries.  It became a critical factor in the War of 1812, when Vergennes, with ready access to Lake Champlain via Otter Creek, served as a military base.  The ironworks and the Macdonough Shipyard both played key roles in the eventual United States victory at the 1814 Battle of Plattsburgh.

The historic district extends primarily along Main Street (now Vermont Route 22A) between Mechanic Street and Monkton Road.  It extends northward along both sides of Otter Creek, in order to include the now largely archaeological remnants of the iron works and shipyard.  The blocks of Main Street just east of the creek are primarily commercial and civic in character, with 19th and early 20th-century commercial buildings, while it becomes more residential further east.  Civic buildings include Vergennes City Hall and the public library.

See also
Vergennes Residential Historic District
National Register of Historic Places listings in Addison County, Vermont

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Addison County, Vermont
Greek Revival architecture in Vermont
Victorian architecture in Vermont
Vergennes, Vermont
Historic districts in Addison County, Vermont


text:
A Ilha Great Blasket (em irlandês : An Blascaod Mór) é a maior ilha das Ilhas Blasket, localizada no Condado de Kerry (Irlanda). Até 1954 a ilha era habitada por uma pequena comunidade.

Geografia e história

A ilha tem 455 hectares e um comprimento de cerca de 6 quilômetros. Localiza-se a cerca de dois km. do continente. A cidade mais próxima é Dunquin, de onde a ilha pode ser acessada por balsa nos meses de verão. O ponto mais alto da ilha é An Cró Mór (346 m).

As ilhas foram habitadas durante séculos. Nos últimos séculos havia uma comunidade de cerca de 100-200 pessoas. Esses ilhéus viviam do que a ilha oferecia: peixes, focas cinzentas, coelhos e a turfa era usada como combustível. A agricultura também era limitada: criava-se gado e cultivava-se batata, entre outras coisas. No entanto, as condições de vida eram difíceis. Em 1947, a situação era tão ruim (quase não havia comida) que a ajuda alimentar foi solicitada por telegrama.

Como não havia médico na ilha e muitas pessoas emigraram - especialmente os homens jovens e fortes - a comunidade caiu em desuso e em 1953 foi decidido que os restantes ilhéus seriam evacuados. A causa imediata foi a morte de um dos moradores, Seánín Ó Cearnaigh, por falta de atendimento médico oportuno. Após a partida dos últimos moradores, quase todas as casas viraram ruínas.

Desenvolvimentos após 2000
Depois de várias ações judiciais sobre indenizações aos proprietários de terras, o estado parecia ter o direito de administrar a ilha por volta de 2000. Em 2009, o estado tornou-se o principal proprietário da ilha, administrando-a ao máximo como um parque nacional. Algumas casas foram restauradas e o turismo estimulado. Nos meses de verão, as acomodações na ilha podem ser alugadas e há um serviço de balsa. A Secretaria de Obras Públicas organiza excursões na ilha e passeios de barco para a ilha podem ser agendados com várias partes comerciais.

Literatura e informação
Relativamente muitos ilhéus escreveram sobre sua ilha. Autores conhecidos também visitaram a ilha e escreveram sobre ela. Grande parte dessa literatura é baseada em histórias registradas em irlandês, que foi a principal língua da ilha até o fim.

Um centro de visitantes está localizado em Dunquin, onde muitas informações sobre a ilha, as outras ilhas Blasket e os autores mais famosos podem ser encontradas.

Referências

 centro de informações Blasket

Ilhas da República da Irlanda


text:
ROSE Online is een MMORPG (massively multiplayer online role-playing game) en is te vergelijken met vooral Ragnarok Online. ROSE staat voor Rush On Seven Episodes.
De graphics zijn in een cartoonstijl. Het is een Aziatisch spel en daar staan ook de meeste servers, maar er staat ook een server in Noord-Amerika. Het spel kon gratis gespeeld worden vanaf 29 juli. Men kon nog altijd betalen voor meerdere functies op het spel.Vroeger moest men na een gratis proefperiode van 7 dagen maandelijks betalen om verder te spelen. ROSE Online is Free to Play (F2P) geworden omdat men meer spelers wilde. Er is geen aankoopprijs voor de software; die is gratis downloadbaar. Het spel wordt uitgegeven door Gravity Interactive en gemaakt door Triggersoft. Beide zijn Zuid-Koreaanse bedrijven. Kortstondig was er ook een server in Europa maar de uitgever, Gamesrouter, moest door financiële problemen de dienst stopzetten. De database van deze server werd overgezet naar de Filipijnse ROSE-server, die inmiddels ook niet meer actief is. In december 2022 heeft Rednim Games opnieuw ROSE online uitgebracht als de officele NArose server en is tot heden in Early Access te spelen. Rednim Games heeft beloofd het spel Free to play te houden zonder een Pay 2 Win shop.

Server
Na het succes van Triggersoft en Gravity werd besloten een vernieuwde ROSE-server op te zetten met de nieuwste gameplay en aanpassingen. Dit werd Rose Evolution, de allernieuwste ROSE Online. Door deze ROSE Online kon het oude spel echter niet meer gespeeld worden. Daarom vroeg een groep mensen aan Gravity of zij de oude ROSE mochten overnemen en op hun website hosten. Hoewel velen de oude server ook nog erg leuk vonden, werd bedacht private servers te creëren. Private servers zijn echter illegaal omdat ze auteursrechtelijk materiaal dat geld kost gratis aanbieden. Dit kost de oorspronkelijke server klanten, en dus ook geld. Private servers zouden kunnen worden beschouwd als piraterij.

Het spel
Het is de bedoeling dat men bij dit spel levels omhoog gaat, waardoor men SP's (zogenaamde skillpoints en statpoints) krijgt.

 Statpoints kun je naar eigen keuze indelen zoals u het wenst. Statpoints beïnvloeden een karakter passief, en hebben dus altijd een werking op uw karakter. Er zijn 6 verschillende soorten "stats"
Strength (Str), Dexterity (Dex), Intelligence (Int), Concentration (Con), Sensibility (Sen), Charm (Cha)
Strength zorgt voor meer max HP (Health Points), Defense, en attack power (Vooral voor SOLDIER class)
Dexterity zorgt voor meer Moving Speed, Dodge Rate, en attack power(Vooral voor HAWKER class)
Intelligence zorgt voor meer max MP(Mana Points), Magic resistance (Vooral voor MUSE class)
Concentration zorgt voor meer Hitting rate,(Vooral voor DEALER class)(TIP): Je hebt veel Concentration nodig om andere spelers en ook monsters te kunnen raken!
Sensibility zorgt voor meer Critical rate en Skill damage
Charm is een speciale stat, het is namelijk goed voor een bourgeous, door charm krijgt een bourg betere items uit een monster als de bourgeous het monster killt.
 Skillpoints beïnvloeden de vaardigheden. Ook hierin zijn er passieve skills mogelijk, maar ook actieve. Zo zijn er passieve skills om bijvoorbeeld uw aanvalskracht te verbeteren als u een bepaald wapen draagt. Uw aanvalssnelheid, defensieve kracht of accuraatheid te verhogen. Actieve skills mogen dan ook niet ontbreken, en zorgen ervoor dat u met bijvoorbeeld een speciale aanval meer schade kan aanrichten ten koste van mana.

Bij ROSE Online kunnen ook, zoals bij andere vergelijkbare spellen, jobs (klassen) gekozen worden. Er zijn vier first jobs en acht second jobs:
 SOLDIER: Een korte afstandsvechter. Hij kan ook op afstand vechten, maar is dan vaak zwakker.
 Knight, deze zijn gespecialiseerd om veel schade aan te kunnen, en dus kunnen worden gebruikt als de afleider voor de monsters.
 Champion, een soldier die vooral veel schade doet, en mogelijk meerdere vijanden tegelijk kan raken.
 MUSE: Een magiër die vooral skills gebruikt en dus met mana vecht.
 Magician, gebruikt een staf en verslaat een monster met offensieve spells.
 Cleric, kan zichzelf en anderen in de party buffs geven, en hierdoor de passieve stats beïnvloeden. Ze kunnen hierdoor bijvoorbeeld sneller een monster verslaan.
 HAWKER: Een vechter die handig gebruikmaakt van pijl-en-boog, klauwen of twee zwaarden.
 Scout, deze gebruikt snelheid en accuraatheid of kritieke aanvallen om de tegenstander uit te schakelen.
 Raider, deze maakt gebruik van kritieke aanvallen met twee zwaarden of katars.
 DEALER: Richt zich vooral op het verkrijgen van items. En valt aan met een launcher of een pistool.
 Bourgeois, verzamelt items en verkoopt deze aan de beste koper maar kan ook effectief zijn in gevechten door zijn krachtige aanvallen en mogelijkheid tot snel en effectief vechten.
 Artisan, maakt items of maakt andere verbeteringen aan voor wapens.

Externe link
 Website van NaRose Online

Computerspel uit 2005
MMORPG


text:
Extrakunia comstocki är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Augustus Radcliffe Grote 1874. Extrakunia comstocki ingår i släktet Extrakunia och familjen nattflyn. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Nattflyn
comstocki


text:
Il Draft BAA 1948 si è svolto il 10 maggio 1948 a Chicago, Illinois. Fu il secondo dei tre draft della Basketball Association of America (BAA) prima della fusione con la National Basketball League (NBL), dalla quale nacque la National Basketball Association (NBA). La prima scelta fu Andy Tonkovich scelto dai Providence Steamrollers. Da notare la presenza nel draft di tre futuri membri della Basketball Hall of Fame (Dolph Schayes, Bobby Wanzer e Harry Gallatin).

Giocatori scelti al 1º giro

Giocatori scelti nei giri successivi con presenze nella BAA o nella NBA

Collegamenti esterni

Pallacanestro nel 1948
1948


text:
Auriculella castanea is a species of air-breathing tropical land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the United States.

References

Molluscs of the United States
Auriculella
Gastropods described in 1853
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


text:
A tutti gli effetti, fu il primo studioso di dinosauri nel Nuovo Continente e scoprì i primi resti di dinosauri negli USA.

La carriera
Figlio di un benestante cappellaio di origine tedesca, Leidy rimase orfano in giovanissima età ma nondimeno venne cresciuto secondo un'educazione esemplare; il suo interesse principale riguardava la natura, e il giovane Leidy passava gran parte del suo tempo libero esplorando campagne e boschi nei dintorni di Philadelphia. Laureatosi in medicina all'Università della Pennsylvania, provò la carriera medica senza troppa convinzione e decise poi di dedicarsi allo studio dell'anatomia.

Nel 1848 Leidy abbandonò del tutto la professione medica e divenne egli stesso professore di anatomia all'Università della Pennsylvania. Si appassionò allo studio dei fossili e, dopo aver assunto la cattedra, dopo pochi anni divenne un noto paleontologo e un anatomista di spicco. Per primo ha descritto l'Equus excelsus, una varietà estinta di equus che aveva vissuto nel Nord America. I molteplici interessi di Leidy spaziavano dallo studio dei mammiferi a quello dei rettili, dalla classificazione delle chiocciole allo sviluppo di nuove discipline come la protozoologia e la parassitologia.

A causa di questa sua versatilità, Leidy divenne socio della Academy of Natural Sciences di Philadelphia, fino a diventarne presidente. Al contrario di molti altri scienziati dell'epoca, si trovò pienamente concorde con la teoria di Charles Darwin riguardante l'origine delle specie.

Muore nel 1891 e viene sepolto presso il Cimitero di West Laurel Hill a Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Leidy e i dinosauri
Alla fine del 1855 Leidy ricevette da parte di un raccoglitore di fossili alcuni denti rinvenuti in Montana in terreni risalenti al Cretaceo; l'anno successivo il paleontologo descrisse questi resti come Palaeoscincus, Troodon, Trachodon, Deinodon e Aublysodon. I primi due generi li considerò (erroneamente) appartenenti alle lucertole, mentre gli altri li ascrisse al gruppo dei dinosauri, trovando forme omologhe europee.
Due anni dopo, Leidy si trovò a descrivere il primo scheletro incompleto di dinosauro nordamericano, che denominò Hadrosaurus foulkii. Leidy suppose correttamente che questa creatura affine all'Iguanodon fosse un animale bipede: contrariamente a quanto ritenuto fino ad allora da tutti gli studiosi, quindi, Leidy si trovò a ipotizzare che alcuni dinosauri si spostavano su due zampe.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Valle de Matamoros is a Spanish municipality in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura. It has a population of 442 (2007) and an area of 4.9 km2.

References

External links

 Profile

Municipalities in the Province of Badajoz


text:
Marcus Acilius Glabrio är ett namn som burits av flera romare:

* Marcus Acilius Glabrio (konsul 33 f.Kr.), romersk politiker
 Marcus Acilius Glabrio (konsul 256 e.Kr.), romersk politiker


text:
Lutz Mack (Delitzsch, Alemania, 9 de octubre de 1952) es un gimnasta artístico alemán, que compitió representado a Alemania del Este, llegando a ser subcampeón olímpico en 1980 en el concurso por equipos.

1974
En el Mundial de Varna 1974 gana el bronce en el concurso por equipos, tras Japón y la Unión Soviética, siendo sus compañeros: Wolfgang Thüne, Bernd Jäger, Wolfgang Klotz, Rainer Hanschke y Olaf Grosse.

1976
En los JJ. OO. de Montreal gana la medalla de bronce en el concurso por equipos —tras Japón (oro) y la Unión Soviética—; sus compañeros de equipo eran: Rainer Hanschke, Bernd Jager, Wolfgang Klotz, Roland Brückner, y Michael Nikolay.

1978
En el Mundial de Estrasburgo 1978, de nuevo consigue el bronce en el concurso de equipo, y de nuevo tras Japón y la Unión Soviética.

1980
En los JJ. OO. de Moscú gana la medalla de plata el concurso por equipos —por detrás de la Unión Soviética y delante de Hungría (bronce); sus compañeros de equipo eran: Ralf-Peter Hemmann, Lutz Hoffmann, Roland Brückner, Michael Nikolay y Andreas Bronst—.

Referencias

Gimnastas artísticos


text:
Boris Borysowicz Piotrowski, ros. Борис Борисович Пиотровский (ur. 14 lutego 1908 w Sankt Petersburgu, zm. 15 października 1990 w Leningradzie) – rosyjski archeolog, egiptolog, doktor nauk historycznych, profesor, dyrektor Państwowego Muzeum Ermitażu (1964–1990), Bohater Pracy Socjalistycznej (1983).

Życiorys
Urodził się 14 lutego 1908 roku w Sankt Petersburgu. Od lat szkolnych brał udział w zajęciach, organizowanych przez Ermitaż, które poświęcone były antycznym cywilizacjom. W okresie studiów wyjeżdżał na stanowiska archeologiczne na Kaukazie Północnym. Na ostatnim roku studiów rozpoczął pracę w Instytucie Archeologii Akademii Nauk ZSRR. Przełożonym Piotrowskiego był akademik N. J. Marr.

W 1930 roku ukończył fakultet historyczno-lingwistyczny ze specjalizacją archeologiczną na Leningradzkim Uniwersytecie Państwowym i został skierowany do Armenii w celu znalezienia śladów istniejącego tam w starożytności państwa urartyjskiego. Za punkt dla rozpoczęcia badań archeologicznych Piotrowski obrał Karmir Blur, wzniesienie, położone na przedmieściach Erywania. Pracami na tym miejscu kierował w okresie 1939-1971. Pod Karmir Blur zostały odkryte ruiny miasta Tejszebaini, które są obecnie najlepiej zbadanym obiektem kultury urartyjskiej.
Wyniki swoich badań na Karmir Blur Piotrowski opublikował w kilku sprawozdaniach z lat 1950, 1952 i 1955 oraz w monografiach:
 Historia i kultura Urartu – История и культура Урарту (1944),
 Królestwo wanskie (Urartu) – Ванское царство (Урарту) (1959),
 Sztuka Urartu VIII-VI wiek p.n.e. – Искусство Урарту VIII-VI вв. до н. э. (1962).
Prace Piotrowskiego, mimo iż zostały opublikowane w połowie XX wieku, nadal stanowią podstawę do urartologii.

Większą część życia Piotrowski był związany z Ermitażem, którego był dyrektorem w latach 1964-1990. Dlatego w sali muzeum, poświęconej sztuce Urartu, została umieszczona tablica pamiątkowa z jego imieniem.

Od 1945 roku członek WKP(b)/KPZR.

Zmarł 15 października 1990 roku w wieku 82 lat w Leningradzie. Jego synem jest Michaił, także naukowiec i dyrektor Ermitażu.

Odznaczenia i nagrody
 Złoty Medal "Sierp i Młot" Bohatera Pracy Socjalistycznej (25 lutego 1983)
 Order Lenina – trzykrotnie (1968, 1975, 1983)
 Order Rewolucji Październikowej (1988)
 Order Czerwonego Sztandaru Pracy – trzykrotnie (1945, 1954, 1957)
Medal 100-lecia urodzin Lenina (1970)
Medal "Za obronę Leningradu" (1944)
 Nagroda Stalinowska (1946)
 Zasłużony działacz sztuki RFSRR (1964)
 Zasłużony działacz nauki Armeńskiej SRR (1961)
 Komandor Orderu Sztuki i Literatury (1981, Francja)
 Order Cyryla i Metodego I stopnia (1981, Bułgaria)
 Order Pour le Mérite für Wissenschaft und Künste (1984, RFN)

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Большая Советская Энциклопедия, T. 19, s. 547–548, Москва 1969–1978.

 Пиотровский Б. Б., Страницы моей жизни, Санкт-Петербург 1995. .
 Пиотровский Борис Борисович – Герои страны [dostęp 27 maja 2010]

Bohaterowie Pracy Socjalistycznej
Laureaci Nagrody Stalinowskiej
Ludzie związani z Petersburgiem
Odznaczeni Orderem Czerwonego Sztandaru Pracy
Odznaczeni Orderem Lenina
Odznaczeni Orderem Rewolucji Październikowej
Rosjanie odznaczeni Orderem Sztuki i Literatury
Urodzeni w 1908
Zmarli w 1990
Komandorzy Orderu Sztuki i Literatury
Ludzie urodzeni w Petersburgu


text:
Lake Plastiras () is a municipality in the Karditsa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Morfovouni. The municipal unit has an area of 198.350 km2. The municipality was named after the artificial Lake Plastiras, that was named in turn after the general and three-time prime ministerNikolaos Plastiras.

Municipality
The municipality Lake Plastiras was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
Nevropoli Agrafon
Plastiras

References

Municipalities of Thessaly
Populated places in Karditsa (regional unit)


text:
Jacques Beurlet, (Marche-en-Famenne, Provincia de Luxemburgo, 21 de diciembre de 1944 - Ibidem, 26 de septiembre de 2020) fue un futbolista belga. Se desempeñaba en posición de defensa. Desarrolló su carrera en el Standard Lieja.

Selección nacional
Fue un jugador internacional con la Selección de fútbol de Bélgica en tres ocasiones.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil y estadísticas

Futbolistas de Bélgica en la Copa Mundial de 1970
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Bélgica
Futbolistas del Standard Lieja


text:
Mimumesa atratina ist ein Hautflügler aus der Familie der Crabronidae.

Merkmale
Die Wespe erreicht eine Körperlänge von 8 bis 10 Millimetern (Weibchen) bzw. 7 bis 8,5 Millimetern (Männchen). Ihr Körper ist schwarz gefärbt. Der Petiolus ist länger als der Postpetiolus und auch die Tibien der Hinterbeine. Die Weibchen haben ein schmales, mittig glattes Pygidialfeld. Die Art kann leicht mit den anderen Arten der Gattung Mimumesa verwechselt werden.

Vorkommen
Die Art ist vom Norden Spaniens und Italiens bis nach Nordeuropa, knapp südlich des Polarkreises, sowie in Asien östlich bis nach Japan verbreitet. Die Art ist im Begriff, ihr Vorkommen weiter auszudehnen. Sie besiedelt verschiedene Lebensräume mit Sandböden und kommt auch im Siedlungsbereich des Menschen, etwa an Pflastersteinfugen vor. Die Art fliegt von Mai bis Mitte September, wobei eine partielle zweite Generation gebildet wird. Sie ist in Mitteleuropa verbreitet und ist die häufigste Art der Gattung Mimumesa.

Lebensweise
Die Weibchen legen ihre Nester – anders als in mancher Literatur erwähnt – unterirdisch an. Sie reichen fünf bis zehn Zentimeter tief in den Sand, erstrecken sich jedoch manchmal noch horizontal weiter. In Steilwänden angelegte Nester knicken nach unten ab. Insgesamt werden pro Nest vier bis zehn Zellen angelegt, die jeweils mit bis zu 17 Zwergzikaden (Cicadellidae) oder Spornzikaden (Delphacidae) gefüllt werden. Die Weibchen landen beim Nestanflug häufig 40 bis 70 Zentimeter vor dem Nesteingang und fliegen erst nach kurzer Pause in das Nest ein. Die Larven verpuppen sich in Kokons, in denen Teile der Beutetiere mit eingebaut werden.

Quellen

Weblinks
 Fauna Europaea - Mimumesa atratina
 Bild von Mimumesa atratina auf BioLib.cz

Literatur
 Rolf Witt: Wespen. Beobachten, Bestimmen. Naturbuch-Verlag, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-89440-243-1.

Pemphredoninae (Unterfamilie)
Pemphredoninae


text:
La rénovation d'équipements, ou le rétrofit, le rétrofittage ou parfois le réaménagement, consiste à ajouter, modifier ou restaurer des fonctions technologiques dans des systèmes vieillissants. Il s'agit de remplacer des pièces obsolètes ou usées par des pièces neuves tout en maintenant la configuration de l'appareil. C'est une remise en état, une mise aux normes ou une adaptation à un besoin nouveau d'une installation existante (automobile, machine, système, bien immobilier) en gardant certains éléments et en en changeant d'autres.

Le réaménagement permet en quelque sorte le recyclage d'anciennes machines pour les rénover ou en fabriquer des versions améliorées.

Objectifs
L'objectif d'une rénovation peut être de rendre une industrie ou une communauté plus écologique. Ce type de démarche est souvent encouragé, voire subventionné par les pouvoirs publics.

Domaines d'application

Machines-outils, machines tournantes, compresseurs, turbines
Le rétrofittage (le terme est une francisation partielle de l'anglais retrofitting) est le montage d'améliorations sur des équipements ou matériels anciens. Cette opération  est effectuée par des sociétés de réparation de machines-outils, de machines tournantes (pompes, compresseurs, turbines), ou d'avions.

Centrales thermiques
Dans le domaine des centrales thermiques, un réaménagement peut servir à augmenter leur efficacité tout en réduisant les émissions de gaz à effet de serre.

Immobilier

En immobilier, le remplacement ou l'amélioration de composantes importantes (double vitrage, matériaux isolants) dans les bâtiments existants constitue un réaménagement/rétrofit. Pour les immeubles en hauteur, un réaménagement implique généralement la réfection des murs et fenêtres ainsi que le changement de tous les systèmes mécaniques. On ne conserve alors que la structure. Un tel réaménagement se fait notamment lors d'un changement d'usage de l'immeuble. Le bâtiment ainsi modernisé bénéficie d'une nouvelle vie. Dans les zones touchées par les tremblements de terre, il est parfois nécessaire de renforcer des bâtiments pour les rendre résistants.

Télécommunications mobiles
Le terme est également utilisé dans les télécommunications mobile et désigne le fait de changer les cartes d'un équipement ou la composition de branches réseaux pour les moderniser (BTS, NodeB, Faisceaux de liaisons...).

Conversion d'un véhicule thermique en véhicule électrique

En génie automobile, la conversion de véhicules thermiques en véhicules électriques consiste à remplacer le moteur à combustion d'une voiture et ses composants connectés par un moteur électrique et des batteries, afin de créer un véhicule tout électrique. Une autre option consiste à remplacer un moteur à combustion par un couple moteur électrique-petit moteur à combustion, créant ainsi un véhicule électrique hybride ou un véhicule électrique .

Construction navale

Les navires, civils ou militaires peuvent faire l'objet de rénovations, notamment au niveau du moteur. À titre d'exemple, en 2015, le Q-max Rasheeda a été rétrofité pour lui permettre de consommer du gaz naturel liquide en plus du fioul lourd. D'autres modernisations sont également envisageables, en conservant le moteur et en ajoutant un mode de propulsion, comme pour le pétrolier Maersk Pelican, doté en 2008 de mâts à effet Magnus.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Transition énergétique

Liens externes

Gestion de production


text:
El Torneo Clausura 2000 fue el quinto torneo corto desde la creación del formato de un campeonato Apertura y Clausura, que se juega en la Primera División.

Águila se proclamó campeón por décimo segunda vez en su historia, y segunda ocasión en este tipo de competencia.

Formato de competencia
El torneo clausura se desarrolla de la misma forma que el torneo de temporada anterior, en dos fases:
 Fase de clasificación: los dieciocho días del campeonato.
 Fase final: los partidos de ida y vuelta que van desde las semifinales hasta la final.

Fase de clasificación
Durante la fase de clasificación, los diez equipos se enfrentan a los otros nueve equipos dos veces según un calendario elaborado al azar. Los cuatro mejores equipos se clasifican para las semifinales, mientras que el último desciende a la Segunda División .

La clasificación se basa en la escala de puntos clásica (victoria a 3 puntos, empate a 1, derrota a 0). El desempate final se basa en los siguientes criterios:
 El número de puntos.
 La diferencia de goles general.
 El número de goles marcados.

Relevo anual de clubes
Juventud Olímpica terminó último en la tabla general del Torneo Clausura 2000 y fue relegado a la Liga de Plata, tras permanecer por una temporada en Primera División. Fue reemplazado por el campeón de la Segunda Atlético Balboa que ascendió a la máxima división por primera vez en su historia.

Equipos participantes

Equipos por departamento

Información de los equipos

Tabla general

Fase final

Eliminatorias

Final

Referencias

2000A


text:
The 1979-80 2nd Bundesliga season was the seventh season of the 2nd Bundesliga, the second level of ice hockey in Germany. Twelve teams participated in the league, and ESV Kaufbeuren  won the championship, and was promoted to the Ice hockey Bundesliga as a result. EHC 70 München was also promoted for finishing second. Herner EV and EC Regensburg were relegated to the Oberliga.

Regular season

References

External links
Season on hockeyarchives.info

2nd Bundesliga (ice hockey) seasons
2


text:
«Neon Lights» —en español: «Luces de neón»— es el tercer sencillo de Demi Lovato, incluido en su cuarto álbum de estudio, DEMI. Debutó en la Digital Songs en el número 30 con 51 000 descargas vendidas.

Lanzamiento
Los rumores del lanzamiento de «Neon Lights» como el tercer sencillo de Demi, iniciaron luego de que Hollywood Records publicara el tema en su página de SoundCloud. Asimismo, la noticia fue semi-confirmada en una nota de prensa de la compañía recaudadora de fondos Today for We Day Toronto, en la que llamaba «sencillo» a «Neon Lights». Días después, la cantante publicó en Facebook un vídeo teaser en el que anunciaba un live chat, en él se confirmaron dos cosas, una de ellas es que Neon Lights estaba programado para ser sencillo de su cuarto álbum de estudio DEMI.

Video musical
Un video con la letra de la canción fue publicado el 6 de noviembre de 2013. El vídeo musical oficial, dirigido por Ryan Pallotta, fue lanzado el 21 de noviembre de 2013. En él se muestra a la cantante en medio de luces de neón y espejos junto a sus bailarines, también se intercalan escenas de Lovato sobre el agua.

Interpretaciones en directo
La primera vez que cantó la canción fue en el programa de Jay Leno, unos días más tarde la interpretaría en Ellen. La cantante también ha interpretado la canción en un show privado de 2vlive. Además, cantó la canción en el programa The X Factor USA en 2013.

Créditos
 Voz: Demi Lovato
 Composición: Demi Lovato, Mario Marchetti, Noel Zancanella, Ryan Tedder y Tiffany Vartanyan
 Producción: Noel Zancanella y Ryan Tedder
 Instrumentación: Noel Zancanella y Ryan Tedder
 Programación: Noel Zancanella y Ryan Tedder
 Ingeniería: Smith Carlson
 Asistente de ingeniería: Micah Johnson
Fuente: Discogs

Formatos y lista de canciones

 Descarga digital

 Neon Lights (Remixes) - EP

 CD Promocional

Posicionamiento en listas

Semanales

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Posiciones obtenidas por «Neon Lights»
!País
!Lista
!Mejor  posición
|-
! (Flandes)
|Ultratip 100
|11
|-
! (Valonia)
|Ultratip 100
|15
|-
!rowspan="3"|
|Brasil Hot 100 Airplay
|54
|-
|Brasil Hot Pop Songs
|3
|-
|ABPD
|align="center"|22
|-
!
|Canadian Hot 100
|40
|-
!
|Scottish Singles Top 40
|9
|-
!rowspan="5"|
|Billboard Hot 100
|36
|-
|Digital Songs
|23
|-
|Radio Songs
|12
|-
|Pop Songs
|7
|-
|Dance/Club Play Songs
|1
|-
!
|Radiosoittolista
|62
|-
!
|Irish Singles Chart
|67
|-
!
|Media Forest
|32
|-
!
|Lebanese Top 20
|32
|-
!
|Billboard
|14
|-
!rowspan="2"|
|Mexico Ingles Airplay
|38
|-
|Mexico Airplay
| align="center" |39
|-
!
|RIANZ Singles Top 40
|12
|-
!
|Official Charts Company
|15
|-
!
|Czech Radio Top 100
|47
|-
!
|Record Report
|10
|-
|}

Sucesión en lista

Certificaciones

Referencias

Sencillos de Demi Lovato
Canciones de Demi Lovato
Sencillos de 2013
Canciones de 2013
Sencillos de pop
Canciones de pop
Canciones en inglés
Canciones de electropop
Vídeos musicales certificados por VEVO


text:
Eunidia ziczac is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939. It is known from South Africa, Malawi, and Zimbabwe.

It's 4.5 mm long and 1 mm wide, and its type locality is "Natal". It is named for the zig-zag pattern on its elytron.

References

Eunidiini
Beetles described in 1939
Taxa named by Stephan von Breuning (entomologist)


text:
Röpke fu ufficiale nella prima guerra mondiale nell'esercito imperiale tedesco. Dopo il primo conflitto mondiale, venne assunto nel Reichswehr e prestò servizio in diverse unità. Comandò la 320ª divisione di fanteria e la 46ª divisione di fanteria nel corso della seconda guerra mondiale. Dal 1944 ebbe il comando del XXIX corpo d'armata, rimanendo in carica sino alla resa.

Onorificenze

Bibliografia
 Dermot Bradley (Hrsg.), Karl-Friedrich Hildebrand, Markus Rövekamp: Die Generale des Heeres 1921–1945. Die militärischen Werdegänge der Generale, sowie der Ärzte, Veterinäre, Intendanten, Richter und Ministerialbeamten im Generalsrang. Band 2: v. Blanckensee–v. Czettritz und Neuhauß. Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück 1993, ISBN 3-7648-2424-7, S. 478–479.

Militari della Wehrmacht


text:
was a Japanese composer credited with composing the Japanese national anthem "Kimigayo".

Life and career

He held several positions in the royal court starting in his youth. He moved to Tokyo after the Meiji Restoration and in 1875 helped carry out 1875 orders to fuse Western musical theory with Japanese theory. The final version of the anthem was first played for Emperor Meiji for his birthday, on 3 November 1880.

Sources conflict over who composed the music. Historian Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney writes, "The composer is nominally identified as Hayashi Hiromori, a musician at the Imperial Court, but Oku Yoshiisa, who worked under Hayashi, is believed to have composed the music, with some rearrangement by Franz Eckert (1852–1916)." The melody that Hayashi was credited for replaced an arrangement by John William Fenton, a visiting Irish military band leader, that was rejected in 1870. The Court then adopted a new melody composed by Yoshiisa Oku and Akimori Hayashi. The composer is often listed as Hiromori Hayashi, who was their supervisor and Akimori's father. Akimori was also one of Fenton's pupils. The German musician Franz Eckert applied the melody with Western style harmony.

References

1831 births
1896 deaths
19th-century Japanese composers
19th-century Japanese male musicians
19th-century Japanese people
Japanese composers
Japanese male composers
National anthem writers


text:
Al-Wishāḥ fī Fawāʾid al-Nikāḥ (, The Sash on the Merits of Wedlock) is an Arabic literary work of sexology and sex education written by the Egyptian Muslim scholar Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti in the late 15th century. It has been called the apex of its genre of Islamically based sex and marriage manuals in Arabic, a form of literature that originated in 10th-century Baghdad. The work is one of a number of such works written by Al-Suyuti dealing with sex, the others including Nawāḍir al-Ayk fī Maʻrifat al-Nayk, Nuzhat al-Mutaʾammil, and Shaqāʾiq al-Utrunj fī Raqāʾiq al-Ghunj.

Name
The Arabic title Al-Wishāḥ fī Fawāʾid al-Nikāḥ () is usually translated as "The Sash on the Merits of Wedlock". The pairing of wishāḥ and nikāḥ is an example of rhyming prose in Arabic literature, a tradition known as saj'. The key Arabic term in the name is nikāḥ, which particularly covers Islamic marriage bound with a formal contract although also covering matrimony and wedlock more generally; its poetic pair wishāḥ is used for sashes, bands, and ornamented belts but also for headscarves and can be used figuratively for any tie or bond. The Swedish medievalist Pernilla Myrne holds that the title was meant by Al-Suyuti to clearly indicate that Al-Wishāḥ restricts itself to Islamic law and tradition rather than sexual pleasure and relationships more generally. In Arabic, the title is sometimes prefaced with kitāb (the Arabic word for "book"), as Kitāb al-Wishāḥ fī Fawāʾid al-Nikāḥ. In the 19th century, the name was very loosely translated into English as "The Book of the Zone on Coition-boon" by the explorer Richard Burton.

Composition
Al-Wishāḥ was written at some point in the late 15th century by Al-Suyuti (). It was a continuation of a pre-existing genre of Arabic sex and marriage manuals tempered for Islamic audiences, a literary form that originated in 10th-century Baghdad under the influence of translations of Greek, Persian, and Indian works on the subjects of medicine and erotology. Al-Suyuti's other works on similar subjects were the Nawāḍir al-Ayk fī Maʻrifat al-Nayk, Nuzhat al-Mutaʾammil, and Shaqāʾiq al-Utrunj fī Raqāʾiq al-Ghunj.

In Al-Wishāḥ, Al-Suyuti "attempts to reconcile the earliest erotological tradition with the Islamic sciences", resulting in "an extensive investigation of the sexual pleasures permitted for Muslims—particularly  men, but also, to a certain degree, women", according to Pernilla Myrne, who notes that Al-Suyuti was more successful in consistently reconciling earlier works than his predecessors. The female aspects of sexual behavior and obligations in Islam are also covered in greater detail by Al-Suyuti in Shaqāʾiq al-Utrunj and Nuzhat al-Mutaʾammil, both of which overlap with Al-Wishāḥ in terms of their sourcing.

Al-Suyuti acted largely as a compiler in the production of Al-Wishāḥ, arranging hadiths and historical anecdotes from earlier works while adding little commentary. However, in the arrangement of the material on the major themes, such as marital sex (faḍl al-nikāḥ), ideal masculinity, and ideal femininity, Myrne notes that Al-Suyuti's "focus on and combination of specific parts of the erotic heritage is quite unique".

At its core, Al-Wishāḥ combines the input of two important but quite opposite works in the sex manual tradition: the 10th-century Encyclopedia of Pleasure and the 14th-century Tuḥfat al-ʿArūs wa-Nuzhat (or Mutʿat) al-Nufūs. The Encyclopedia of Pleasure was a "quite libertine" work strongly influenced by Indian erotology and produced by Ali ibn Nasr al-Katib, an author with Shiite inclinations while the latter, the Tuḥfat al-ʿArūs, was a more traditional Islamic marriage manual based on hadiths by the Sunni Hafsid Caliphate official Abdallah al-Tijani.

Al-Wishāḥ was developed as a union of these two contradictory but overlapping source texts. Another frequently quoted source in the work is the Rushd al-Labīb ilá Muʿāsharat al-Ḥabīb, a 14th-century work by the Yemeni author Aḥmad ibn Falītah.

Contents
Despite the salacious nature of some of the source material, particularly the Jawāmiʿ al-Ladhdhah, Al-Wishāḥ addresses sex in the context of Islamic law and tradition and not sex for pleasure in general. It omits any mention of homosexuality or any other relationships or activities considered illicit in its day.

The work is divided into seven parts, covering hadiths and legal reports, sexual vocabulary, anecdotes and historical reports, anatomy, medicine, and coitus itself. The anatomy chapter includes concepts developed by Galen, such as that the uterus is an inverted scrotum, while much of the chapter on medicine is quoted verbatim from the sexual medicine work Kitāb al-Bāh by Abu Bakr al-Razi.

The overarching theme of Al-Wishāḥ is that sex is a gift from God, a sentiment common to "practically all premodern Arab-Islamic sex manuals". In the work's exploration of 'ideal masculinity', Al-Suyuti suggests that the best man is "the one with the most potency" while, in its exploration of 'ideal femininity', he focuses on marital obedience and suggests that the best woman is "both chaste and lustful".

Myrne writes that Al-Suyuti presents a "complex and ambiguous" vision of women that attempts to unite the sexually voracious portrayal of women in Abbasid erotica with the ideal woman in Islamic manuals based on the hadith tradition, with both Al-Ghazali and Al-Tijani being presented as major authorities within the work.

Editions
One of the earliest known extant copies of Al-Wishāḥ is the Lala Ismail 577 manuscript dated to AD15651566 (973AH). Two copies are held by the French National Library in Paris as Arabe 3066 and Arabe 3067, and another by King Saud University in Riyadh as KSU 797.

A modern Arabic edition of Al-Wishāḥ was published in 2001 by the Dar al-Kitab al-ʻArabi publishing house in Damascus, Syria, as part of a series of nine prominent works on Arabic erotology entitled Adab al-jins ʻinda al-ʻArab ("Sexual literature of the Arabs). It is unclear which manuscript or manuscripts the text was based on.

Bibliography

Legacy
Al-Suyuti is considered to have provided a "new and modernized version" of the earlier sexual science (ʿilm al-bāh) and reconciled it with an Islamic vision of sexuality, "opening up a wider range of sexual pleasures for believers, within legal bounds". Myrne has called it the "apex" of its genre of Islamically rooted sex and marriage manuals in Arabic. While similar guides had been composed beginning in 10th-century Baghdad, and continued to be written after Al-Suyuti's death, none drew from the same breadth of Arab erotic heritage and the Islamic heritage as Al-Wishāḥ.

References

Citations

Sources

Arabic erotic literature
Medieval Arabic literature
Books by al-Suyuti
Islamic sexual education literature
Arabic sex manuals


text:
Pemmikan is een geconcentreerd mengsel van vet en proteïnen dat gebruikt wordt als een compacte en volwaardige voeding. Het woord komt van het Creese woord pimîhkân dat zelf is afgeleid van het woord pimi (vet). Het werd uitgevonden door de inheemse volkeren van Noord-Amerika. Het was algemeen geaccepteerd als een energierijke voedselbron door de Europeanen die betrokken waren bij de bonthandel en later door de Noordpool- en Zuidpoolontdekkingsreizigers, zoals Robert Falcon Scott en Roald Amundsen. Pemmikan was een van de voorraden in de Expeditie van Burke en Wills in Midden-Australië. Men vermoedt dat de pemmikan bedorven raakte en niet gegeten werd, wat bijdroeg aan scheurbuik en dood onder de leden van de expeditie, die rampzalig eindigde. Goed voorbereid en verpakt kan pemmikan echter jarenlang zonder koeling bewaard worden.

De specifiek gebruikte ingrediënten waren meestal datgene wat beschikbaar was: het vlees was vaak bizon, wapiti, eland of een ander hert. Fruit zoals veenbessen en bessen van het krentenboompje werd soms toegevoegd. Ook kersen, krenten, appelbessen en bosbessen werden gebruikt, maar bijna uitsluitend in ceremoniële en huwelijkspemmikan.

De hoogste kwaliteit pemmikan wordt gemaakt van mager vlees, beenmerg en vet; de pemmikankopers tijdens het tijdperk van de bonthandel hadden strikte specificaties.

Traditionele bereiding
Traditioneel werd pemmikan bereid uit het magerste vlees van groot wild zoals bizon, buffel, eland of hert. Het vlees werd in dunne plakjes gesneden en werd dan boven een laag vuur of in de hete zon gedroogd, totdat het hard en breekbaar was. Daarna verpulverde men het met behulp van stenen tot zeer kleine stukjes van bijna poederachtige fijnheid. Het verpulverde vlees werd gemengd met gesmolten vet, in een verhouding van ongeveer 50% verpulverd vlees en 50% talg (gesmolten niervet) en onderhuids vet. In sommige gevallen werden gedroogde vruchten, zoals krentenboom-bessen, veenbessen, bosbessen, of kersen tot poeder gemalen en vervolgens aan het mengsel van vlees en vet toegevoegd. Het resulterende mengsel werd vervolgens verpakt in lederen zakjes om op te slaan.

Moderne producenten
 US Wellness Meats in Missouri verkoopt momenteel pemmikan-repen. Hun pemmikan bevat 45% talg en 55% gedroogd vlees.
 Native American Natural Foods, een bedrijf in South Dakota produceert en distribueert de Tanka Bar - gebaseerd op de traditionele wasna (pemmikan). Het is gemaakt van een combinatie van bizonvlees en veenbessen met een kruiden-conserveermiddel.
 Canawa is een Canadese maker van pemmikan die beweert dat ze Vilhjálmur Stefanssons traditionele vlees/vet verhouding van 1:1 tot 2:1 gebruiken.

Externe links
  Making Pemmican, by Bob St. Cyr and Henri Liboiron
  How to Make Pemmican

Vleesgerecht
Noord-Amerikaanse oudheid


text:
Rebecca Lunderup (* Oktober 1994) ist eine deutsche Studentin. Die damals in Lokstedt wohnhafte Hamburgerin wurde bekannt dadurch, dass sie im Juli 2017 gemeinsam mit Freunden via Facebook die Veranstaltung "Hamburg räumt auf!" initiierte, die mit 10.000 Teilnehmern nach den G20-Protesten die Stadt Hamburg aufräumte.
__NOToC__

Werdegang
Lunderup besuchte das Gymnasium Heidberg. Sie ist ausgebildete biologisch-technische Assistentin (School of Life Science Hamburg) und studiert seit dem Wintersemester 2017/2018 Berufspädagogik an der Universität Hamburg mit Ausrichtung auf Chemietechnik und Biologie.

Ehrungen
Bundespräsident Frank-Walter Steinmeier und Hamburgs erster Bürgermeister Olaf Scholz bedankten sich persönlich bei Lunderup für ihr Engagement nach dem G20-Gipfel. Das Hamburger Abendblatt zeichnete sie mit dem Preis "Hamburgerin des Jahres 2017" aus. Darüber hinaus zeichnete die Bauer Media Group sie als "Heldin des Alltags" aus.

Weblinks
 Rebecca Lunderup im ARD-Morgenmagazin am 28. Dezember 2017
 Hamburger Bürger räumen die "schönste Stadt der Welt" auf. Die Welt, 9. Juli 2017.
 Här städar de upp i Hamburg. Sveriges Television, 9. Juli 2017. (schwedisch)
 La brigada de limpieza ciudadana toma Hamburgo. El País, 9. Juli 2017. (spanisch)
 Des milliers d'habitants remettent Hambourg à l'endroit après le G20. Le Monde, 11. Juli 2017. (französisch)

Einzelnachweise

Aktivist
Person (Hamburg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1994
Frau


text:
Andrena suavis är en biart som beskrevs av Timberlake 1938. Andrena suavis ingår i släktet sandbin, och familjen grävbin. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Sandbin
suavis


text:
Patronyme
 Yamin Makri, ( ? - ? ), (Personnalité de la religion musulmane en France)

Toponymie
 Mákri, île de la Grèce ;
 Mákri, village et un district municipal de la ville d'Alexandroúpoli en Grèce.

Homonymie
Homonymie de patronyme


text:
Condenado na 1ª fase da Operação Lava-Jato, tendo feito a primeira colaboração premiada homologada aplicada e assinada por Sergio Moro, Luccas Pace Júnior é um operador de câmbio brasileiro, que ganhou notoriedade ao ser preso na Operação Lava Jato por ter cometido transações cambiais fraudulentas em operações com a doleira Nelma Kodama, sendo considerado o principal responsável pela execução de remessas fraudulentas.

Foi responsável em 1986 por ajudar na implementação do Citibank Brasil. Também foi o escalado para implementação da mesa de Operações Cambiais no Bank Of America na tentativa frustrada, do Banco, estabelecer-se no Brasil no início dos anos 90.

Ganhou notoriedade ao assumir o cargo de CEO, da maior corretora de Câmbio e Ativos financeiros, Action Câmbio S.A. ao fim dos anos 90 e início de 2000, na América Latina, hoje a conhecida e expandida,  Cotação DTVM S.A.

Em 13 de agosto de 2015, em depoimento à CPI da Petrobras, Pace foi coagido a dizer que sente "alívio" por ter sido preso na Operação Lava Jato. Pace foi condenado a 8 anos e cinco, reduzidos a 4 anos, dois meses e quinze dias, mas responde em liberdade, pelo acordo de delação  Ainda em depoimento na CPI, disse: "Para mim foi um alívio. No dia que eu fui preso, eu fiquei livre do mundo que me prendia", e relatou aos deputados maneiras usadas para burlar a fiscalização das autoridades financeiras. Segundo o colaborador, existem "brechas propositais" na legislação brasileira que trata do controle desse tipo de movimentação.

Luccas também denunciou corretoras de valores e instituições bancarias que participavam do esquema de remessas fraudulentas ao exterior.

O mesmo teve seu indulto concedido, pelo então Presidente Michel Temer, suas condenações revisadas e não mais possui ficha criminal ou dívidas com a Justiça referentes à Operação Lava-Jato.

Atualmente alega ter sido coagido a fazer suas delações, considerando sua prisão um ato de tortura. Alega também ser constantemente  coagido a refazer sua delação por juízes e magistrados.  Considera sua prisão uma arbitrariedade por parte da Operação Lava Jato

Mercado financeiro
CPI da Petrobras
Denunciantes do Brasil
Pessoas condenadas na Operação Lava Jato


text:
est une chanson du groupe anglais Rolling Stones, écrite et composée par Mick Jagger et Keith Richards et sortie en single en 1968.

Couplée à Child Of The Moon, elle atteindra le top du UK Singles Chart et se classera  des meilleures ventes de singles aux États-Unis. Elle est l'une des chansons les plus populaires du groupe et l'une de celles le plus souvent jouée sur scène

Elle sert d'introduction du film Shine a Light, d'introduction au personnage de Johnny Boy incarné par Robert de Niro dans le film Mean Streets, de conclusion au film Las Vegas Parano, et apparaît également dans les compilations Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2), Hot Rocks 1964-1971, Singles Collection: The London Years, Forty Licks et GRRR!. Elle a été aussi reprise par de nombreux artistes dont Aretha Franklin, Tina Turner et Johnny Winter.

Composition
Bien qu'officiellement créditée Jagger/Richards, l'origine de la composition de cette chanson est controversée.

Selon Bill Wyman, la chanson serait née d'une improvisation avec Charlie Watts à la batterie, Brian Jones à la guitare et lui-même au piano, alors qu'ils attendaient Mick Jagger et Keith Richards en studio. Ce serait Bill Wyman qui aurait trouvé le riff au piano. Mick Jagger et Keith Richards auraient apprécié le morceau joué par le reste du groupe et Jagger aurait rajouté par la suite des paroles. Pourtant, aucun des autres membres des Stones ne seront crédités comme compositeurs.

Selon Keith Richards, la chanson a été écrite et composée avec Mick Jagger dans sa maison de Redlands. Au petit matin, Mick Jagger est réveillé par le bruit des bottes du jardinier de Keith, un certain Jack Dyer et demande ce que c'est. Keith répond: "Oh, that's Jack, that's jumpin' Jack" ("Oh c'est Jack, c'est Jack qui saute"). Mick rétorque "Flash". Les deux musiciens décident alors de travailler un morceau avec les paroles "Jumpin' Jack Flash".

Bien que les versions de Wyman et Richards s'accordent à attribuer l'écriture des paroles à Jagger, celles-ci se révèlent assez obscures et ont été l'objet de nombreuses interprétations. L'une d'entre elles voudraient que Jumpin' Jack Flash se réfère à une méthode d'injection de speedball (mélange de cocaïne et d'héroïne) ou soit un terme pour désigner le flash lors de la consommation de l'héroïne . Une autre plus sage, décrirait simplement un pantin, dont le nom en anglais est Jumping Jack.

Enregistrement
Dans la carrière des Rolling Stones, Jumpin' Jack Flash marque un jalon important. Sortant de l'album psychédélique Their Satanic Majesties Request, le groupe cherche alors à retrouver un son plus direct, plus proche de ses racines rock et blues. Alors que l'influence de Brian Jones décroît, Mick Jagger et Keith Richards veulent en finir avec les expérimentations musicales en tout genre pour revenir à l'essentiel.

Pour ce faire, ils engagent le producteur Jimmy Miller, réputé pour son travail avec Traffic et Blind Faith. Le résultat donne une chanson efficace, un standard immédiat qui propulse de nouveau les Rolling Stones à l'avant-garde du rock et donne un aperçu de leur prochain album, Beggars Banquet. C'est aussi à partir de cette époque que Richards adopte l'open tuning (accord ouvert), jouant sur cinq cordes, reprenant ainsi la technique des vieux bluesmen américains.

Musiciens
 Mick Jagger, chant
 Brian Jones, guitare rythmique
 Keith Richards, guitare lead, basse
 Bill Wyman, orgue hammond
 Charlie Watts, batterie
 Ian Stewart, piano

Quelques reprises
De nombreux artistes ont joué et enregistré cette chanson, parmi eux :
 Leon Russell a joué une version de Jumping' Jack Flash à The Concert for Bangladesh.
 Thelma Houston reprend ce titre en 1969 dans son album Sunshower
 Tina Turner inclut sa version de la chanson dans son album 2008-2009 Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour. Elle l'a jouée aussi durant sa tournée de 1982.
 Peter Frampton une version dans son premier album studio Wind of Change, et aussi sur son album live de 1976  Frampton Comes Alive!
 Johnny Winter une version sur The Old Grey Whistle Test en 1974; une autre version sur un album de 1971 Live Johnny Winter And.
 Motörhead enregistre la chanson sur l'album: Bastards (Motörhead)
 Guns N' Roses fait une démo de Jumpin' Jack Flash in 1987; album Welcome to the Sessions.
 Shed Seven version live sur le single « On Standby ».
 Une reprise sur le jeu Nintendo DS : Elite Beat Agents.
 Ananda Shankar reprise avec des instruments de musique classique indienne de « Jumpin' Jack Flash »
 Phish dans la deuxième partie de leur concert, Merriweather Post Pavilion, le .
 David Cook  reprend la chanson pour le feuilleton American Idol (saison 9).
 Aretha Franklin

Les Kinks rendent un hommage prononcé à son riff dans Catch me now, I'm falling''.

Références

Liens externes

Chanson interprétée par les Rolling Stones
Single des Rolling Stones
Chanson de 1968
Single numéro un en Allemagne
Single numéro un dans le Nederlandse Top 40
Single numéro un au Royaume-Uni
Chanson écrite par Jagger/Richards
Chanson interprétée par Thelma Houston
Chanson interprétée par Leon Russell


text:
El hijo del capitán Blood és una pel·lícula de coproducció internacional italiana / espanyola / estatunidenca de 1962 dirigida per Tulio Demicheli. És el primer paper protagonista en una pel·lícula de Sean Flynn, el fill d'Errol Flynn, que havia interpretat el 1935 personatge principal de la pel·lícula el capità Blood. La pel·lícula fou estrenada el 1963 per Warner-Pathe de 1963 (en algunes regions amb doble emissió amb la pel·lícula The Scarlet Blade de Hammer Film Productions. Paramount Pictures va llançar la pel·lícula als Estats Units. el 1964 en una doble emissió amb la pel·lícula de Jerry Lewis The Patsy.

Sinopsi
Robert Blood, fill gran del capità Peter Blood, està inquiet per anar al mar i la seva mare finalment dona el seu consentiment. A Robert se li assigna un vaixell. A bord coneix una noia anomenada Abigail. Al mar, el seu vaixell és atacat pel pirata, Malagon, i són fets presoners. Malagon és un vell enemic del capità Blood i li agrada maltractar Robert. Amb l'ajut d'alguns dels companys del capità Blood, que ara formen part de la tripulació de Malagon, Robert es fa càrrec del vaixell de Malagon. Robert i la seva tripulació arriben a terra per lliurar alguns dels criats de Robert que són esclaus. Robert i els seus homes tornen a la seva natal Jamaica. El terratrèmol i els sismes colpegen l'illa de Jamaica. Robert, la seva dona i altres persones estan atrapades a una església de Port Royal. Tots sobreviuen. Al final, Robert i Abigail es casen i viuen feliços per sempre.

Repartiment
 Sean Flynn - Robert Blood
 Alessandra Panaro - Abigail 'Abby' McBride
 John Kitzmiller - Moses
 José Nieto - Capitan De Malagon
 Roberto Camardiel - Oliver Orguelthorpe
 Fernando Sancho - Timothy Thomas
 Ann Todd - Arabella Blood

Producció
Flynn va fer la prova pel paper el maig de 1961 i la pel·lícula fou anunciada el setembre. Harry Joe Brown va anunciar originalment que Casey Robinson escriuria el guió i que Nathan Juran la dirigiria, però finalment va ser designat l'hispano-argentí Tulio Demicheli.

Nombroses escenes foren rodades al port de Dénia vora al golf de València. Abans d'anar a Espanya, Flynn va reclutar al doble i company del seu pare Jock Mahoney perquè l'ensenyés a lluitar i caure de manera segura i convincent a la pantalla.

Recepció
La vella màgia no hi és aquí va dir Los Angeles Times.

Premis

Referències

Biografia

Enllaços externs
 Història del rodatge de la pel·lícula a Histories de Tournages

Pel·lícules d'Espanya del 1962
Pel·lícules d'Itàlia del 1962
Pel·lícules dels Estats Units del 1962
Pel·lícules d'acció d'Austràlia
Pel·lícules d'acció dels Estats Units
Pel·lícules d'acció d'Itàlia
Pel·lícules d'aventures dels Estats Units
Pel·lícules d'aventures d'Itàlia


text:
The Basement is a 2017 American horror film directed by Brian M. Conley and Nathan Ives. The film stars Mischa Barton, Jackson Davis, Cayleb Long and Tracie Thoms. The film premiered at Shriekfest in Los Angeles on October 7, 2017. It received a 10 market theatrical and digital release in the United States on 15 September  2018.

Plot
A deranged serial killer known as Bill Anderson (or "The Gemini") tortures and slays his victims in the basement of his San Fernando Valley home.

Craig Owen (Long), a famous guitarist, goes to the convenience store when his wife, Kelly, asks him to get more champagne. While out, Craig receives two seductive text messages from a woman named Bianca, which he promptly deletes. He is kidnapped in the parking lot. Bill tortures him throughout the night by cutting off his fingers, knocking out his teeth (and forcing Craig to chew and swallow them at one point), and pretending to be various characters in a bizarre drama, including a clown, a police officer, a detective, a prisoner, a doctor, a lawyer, a father, a mother, and a prison guard. The mother gives Craig a nail file, which he uses to cut through his restraints while Gemini eats upstairs. Craig frees himself and escapes the basement, only to be recaptured. He wakes to Bill dressed as a priest who makes him confess and take communion before carving the Gemini zodiac symbol into Craig's forehead. Bill returns dressed as an executioner and waits for 6:00 AM. Eventually, he decapitates Craig with a blowtorch.

Meanwhile, Craig's wife Kelly invites her best friend Bianca over to discuss where Craig might be. Kelly reveals to Bianca that Craig is having an affair and wants to kill whoever it could be. Bianca stays the night and falls asleep on the sofa after Kelly drugs her.

In the morning, Bill arrives at the house dressed as a police officer. He assures her that he killed Craig. Kelly points to Bianca and tells Gemini to 'take out the trash'.

In the last few minutes, a flashback set one month earlier reveals that Bill and Kelly are twins, and she knows all about his killing spree. She also knows that Craig is having an affair with Bianca and asks Bill to kill Craig.

Cast
 Mischa Barton as Kelly Owen
 Jackson Davis as Bill Anderson
 Cayleb Long as Craig Owen
 Tracie Thoms as Lauren
 Bailey Anne Borders as Bianca
 Kareem J. Grimes as Andre
 Sarah Nicklin as Reporter Amanda Kincaid
 Maria Volk as Allison Perry
 Jessica Sonneborn as Carlee
 Christa Conley as Mia

Production
Conley and Ives wrote the script together in the fall of 2015 and they were inspired by films such as Sleuth, Seven and The Silence of the Lambs''.

Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 11% based on 9 reviews, with an average score of 3.43/10.

Dread Central gave the film 5 stars out of 5, remarking on its "solid script" and praising the "stellar lead performances" of Davis and Long. The website was also complimentary about the film's production values: "DP Kenneth Stipe has done a lot of TV, but here his lighting and composition are truly cinematic. The music is from another hardworking television veteran, Aaron J. Goldstein, whose sounds underscore the tension and few moments of comedy quite nicely. When it comes to the grue and gore – much of it cringe-inducing – kudos go to Julia Hapney and her team."

References

External links
 Official website

2017 films
2017 horror films
American splatter films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films