text:
Kiviuq este un satelit neregulat prograd al lui Saturn. A fost descoperit de J.J. Kavelaars  în 2000 și a primit denumirea temporară S/2000 S 5.   A fost numit după , un erou al mitologiei inuite.

Kiviuq are aproximativ  km în diametru și îl orbitează pe Saturn la o distanță medie de 11,1 milioane de kilometri în 450 de zile. Este un membru al grupului inuit de sateliți neregulați. Este roșu deschis, iar spectrul infraroșu kiviupian (kiviuqan)  este foarte asemănător cu sateliții grupului inuit Siarnaq și Paaliaq, susținând teza unei posibile origini comune a grupului inuit în destrămarea unui corp mai mare.

Se crede că Kiviuq este în rezonanță Kozai, reducându-și ciclic înclinația orbitală în timp ce crește excentricitatea și vice versa.  Elementele sale orbitale actuale se suprapun puternic cu orbita lui Phoebe, iar sateliții se vor ciocni probabil unul cu altul.

Amplitudinea curbei de lumină a lui Kiviuq este mare, variind în luminozitate cu peste 2 magnitudini. Amplitudinea mare a lui Kiviuq sugerează că are o formă alungită și poate fi un posibil corp binar de contact.

Explorare
Pe 30 august 2010, camera ISS a sondei spațiale Cassini-Huygens a preluat datele curbei de lumină de la o distanță de 9,3 milioane de km. Cu aceste date, perioada de rotație a fost măsurată la 21 de ore și 49 de minute.

Referințe

 Efemeride de la IAU-MPC NSES

Legături externe

 David Jewitt pagini

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2000
Sateliții lui Saturn
Pagini cu traduceri nerevizuite


text:
Gwyn Careg is a historic country estate at 68 Wolf Den Road in the Abington section of Pomfret, Connecticut.  It is currently operated as a bed and breakfast.  The main house on the property is a two-story brick structure built c. 1760, altered in the late 19th century and again in the 1920s, giving it a Colonial Revival appearance.  When the property was developed as a country estate in the 1920s by Eleanor Clark Murray (who gave the property its name), it included significant landscape design by William Jackson, a noted New York City landscape designer.  Despite a significant period of neglect in the 20th century, the property has one of the most extensive collections of specimen trees in the state.  The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.

Description and history
Gwyn Careg is located in a rural setting of southern Pomfret, on the west side of Wolf Den Road a short way south of United States Route 44.  The surviving  of a once larger estate include the main house, gatehouse, barn, and the remains of an early 20th-century greenhouse, as well as a designed landscape containing formal and informal elements.  The main house is a frame building, built about 1760, which underwent extensive alterations in the 1890s and 1920s. Those alterations included refacing the exterior in brick veneer, which has been painted.  This structure has been encrusted with additions, including an east-facing gabled section that is its principal facade to the street.  It is set just north of the original main block, whose gable end houses the main entrance.

The gardens in which the house stand include a formal terraced area which descends from the house to a man-made lake, and a Spanish style walled garden just south of the house.  The latter garden is surrounded by a stuccoed stone wall up to  in height, and features a variety of perennial plantings.  The terraced garden historically was adorned with statuary and urns containing plantings, but these features have been lost, as was the original boathouse on the lake.  The property was surveyed in 1991 by the Connecticut Botanical Society, in which 27 specimen trees were identified; this is one of the largest collection of such trees in the state.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Windham County, Connecticut

References

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Windham County, Connecticut
Pomfret, Connecticut
Houses in Windham County, Connecticut

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Jean-Jacques Kieffer (1857 in Guinkirchen – 1925 in Bitche) was a French naturalist and entomologist who specialised in the study of parasitic insects. Educated as a priest, Kieffer taught natural science in Bitche, Lorraine while working on the description and classification of insects. His work and publications later became a predominant source of description  and classification for entomologists in the early 20th century, in particular with regard to parasitoid wasps, midges, and mosquitos.

He collaborated with the English entomologist Peter Cameron.

Kieffer received an honorary Doctor honoris causa degree from the University of Strasbourg in 1904.

Selected publications
Monographie des Cécidomyides d'Europe et d'Algérie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 69: 181–472, pl. 15–44. 1900
Synopsis des Zoocécidies d'Europe. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 70: 233–579. 1901
Beschreibung neuer Proctotrypiden und Evaniiden. Arkiv for Zoologi 1: 525–562. 1904
Description de nouveaux diapriides et belytides d'Europe. Annales de la Société scientifique de Bruxelles, 1909
Hymenoptera. Fam. Scelionidae. Addenda et corrigenda. Genera Insectorum 80: 61–112. 1910
Hymenoptera, Proctotrupoidea. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 15: 45–80. 1912
Proctotrupidae, Cynipidae et Evaniidae. Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale (1911–1912). Résultats scientifiques. Hyménoptères 1: 1–35. 1913
Proctotrypidae (3e partie). Pages 305–448 in André, E. Species des Hyménoptères d'Europe et d'Algérie. Vol. 11. 1914
Neue Scelioniden aus den Philippinen-Inseln. Brotéria 14: 58–187. 1916
 Diapriidae. Das Tierreich. Vol. 44. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. 1916 627 pp.
 Scelionidae. Das Tierreich. Vol. 48. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. 1926 885pp.

Collection
Kieffer did not possess a collection. Instead he worked on museum material especially on that of the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle which contains his types of the Hymenoptera families Proctotrupidae, Platygasteridae, Ceraphronidae, Diapriidae, Scelionidae, Bethylidae, Dryinidae and Embolemidae. Some other material is held by the Lycée Technique et Lycée Professionnel Henri Nominé in Sarreguemines.

Honours
A number of insect genera and species have been named for him, e.g.
 Kiefferia, a genus of gall midges
 Kiefferulus, a genus of chironomids
 Kiefferomyia, a genus of biting midges (now included in Kieffer's own genus Schizohelea)

See also
 :Category:Taxa named by Jean-Jacques Kieffer

References

External links
 Internet Archive Free download of Kieffer, J.J. 1916. Diapriidae. Das Tierreich. Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen. Vol. 44.. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 627 pp.
 Internet Archive Free download of Kieffer, J.J.A. 1914. Hymenoptera. Serphidae (= Proctotrupidae) et Calliceratidae (= Ceraphronidae). Das Tierreich. Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen. R. Friedlander und Sohn, Berlin. Vol. 42: xvii + 254 pp.
 Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de la Moselle

1857 births
1925 deaths
Dipterists
French entomologists
Hymenopterists


text:
Pascha, Charaxes jasius, är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Carl von Linné 1767. Pascha ingår i släktet Charaxes och familjen praktfjärilar, Nymphalidae.  Arten är funnen en gång i Sverige men då som larv i växthus, sannolikt inkommen i landet med växter. Normalt förekommer arten i södra Europa och i Afrika. Sexton underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life,Charaxes jasius brunnescens Poulton, 1926
Charaxes jasius epijasioides Lederer, 1944, Charaxes jasius epijasius Reiche, 1849, Charaxes jasius europaeus Verity, 1916, Charaxes jasius faroensis (Ribbe, 1910), Charaxes jasius flavescens Verity, 1950, Charaxes jasius flavomarginatus Lederer, 1944, Charaxes jasius forcipigerans Verity, 1950, Charaxes jasius harrisoni Sharpe, 1904, Charaxes jasius infraconfluens Verity, 1950, Charaxes jasius limboexstans Verity, 1950, Charaxes jasius pagenstecheri Poulton, 1926, Charaxes jasius rubescens Verity, 1950, Charaxes jasius saturnus Butler, 1866, Charaxes jasius tilli Lederer, 1944 och Charaxes jasius unedonis Hübner, 1811.

Bildgalleri

Källor

Externa länkar

Fjärilar
Praktfjärilar
jasius


text:
The Castle Hotel at Taunton is a hotel with two restaurants, Castle Bow Restaurant and BRAZZ, located in the centre of Taunton, Somerset, England. The business is located in a Grade II listed 18th-century reconstruction of the former 12th-century Norman fortress, Taunton Castle.

Building

In 1685 the Duke of Monmouth used Taunton Castle as a base before his troop's defeat by King James II at Sedgemoor. Judge Jeffreys then held his Bloody Assizes in the Great Hall of the Castle.

The main building today, which was at one time known as Clarke's Hotel, was built in the late 18th century, and is Grade II listed. The building was then added in the 20th century, with a top floor addition.

The building incorporates Castle Bow a Grade I listed building which originally formed the east gate to the Castle precincts. It still has 13th century chamfered arches, and corner buttresses with setoffs.

Hotel and restaurant
The Chapman family have been running the hotel for more than 70 years. Catering is available in the hotel's signature restaurant, Castle Bow Restaurant and in BRAZZ brasserie. Head Chefs have included Christopher Oakes, Gary Rhodes, Phil Vickery. and Richard Guest. While Christopher Oakes was head chef the restaurant gained a Michelin star, but this was lost in 2008. The current head chef is Andrew Swann.

See also
 Grade I listed buildings in Taunton Deane

References

External links
 The Castle Hotel website
 Taunton Literary Festival 2013: Q&A with best-selling science writer, Marcus Chown
 The 50 Best British hotels

Houses completed in the 13th century
Houses completed in the 18th century
Buildings and structures in Taunton
Hotels in Somerset
Restaurants in Somerset
Grade I listed buildings in Taunton Deane
Grade II listed buildings in Taunton Deane
Grade I listed castles
Grade II listed hotels


text:
Blackhawk-Camino Tassajara es un lugar designado por el censo ubicado en el condado de Contra Costa en el estado estadounidense de California. En el año 2000 tenía una población de 10.048 habitantes y una densidad poblacional de 416.9 personas por km².

Geografía
Blackhawk-Camino Tassajara se encuentra ubicada en las coordenadas . Según la Oficina del Censo, la ciudad tiene un área total de , de la cual  es tierra y  (0%) es agua.

Demografía
Según la Oficina del Censo en 2000 los ingresos medios por hogar en la localidad eran de $154,598, y los ingresos medios por familia eran $155,904. Los hombres tenían unos ingresos medios de $100,000 frente a los $58,378 para las mujeres. La renta per cápita para la localidad era de $66,972. Alrededor del 0.9% de la población estaban por debajo del umbral de pobreza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Lugares designados por el censo en California
Localidades del condado de Contra Costa


text:
John William Cann (5 de junio de 1946 – 21 de septiembre de 2011) más conocido como John Du Cann, fue un guitarrista inglés, reconocido principalmente por su trabajo con la banda Atomic Rooster en la década de 1970.

Carrera
Antes de tocar en Atomic Rooster, Cann hizo parte de las agrupaciones The Sonics y The Attack, con los que publicó el sencillo "Hi Ho Silver Lining". Más adelante lideró la banda de rock progresivo Andromeda, antes de unirse a Atomic Rooster, aportando guitarra y voces en el álbum debut de la agrupación y en los discos Death Walks Behind You (1970) y In Hearing of Atomic Rooster (1971).

Tras dejar Atomic Rooster en 1971 formó la banda Hard Stuff, publicando dos álbumes de estudio. En 1974 tocó con la banda irlandesa Thin Lizzy durante una gira por Alemania. Más adelante tocó con Francis Rossi y reformó Atomic Rooster a finales de la década de 1970.

Du Cann falleció el 21 de septiembre de 2011 a causa de un ataque cardíaco.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Guitarristas de Inglaterra
Personas de Leicester
Nacidos en Mánchester
Fallecidos en Norwich


text:
Šabazi (: שבזי) je čtvrť v centrální části Tel Avivu v Izraeli. Je součástí správního obvodu Rova 5 a samosprávné jednotky Rova Lev ha-Ir.

Geografie
Leží na jihozápadním okraji centrální části Tel Avivu, na pobřeží Středozemního moře, v nadmořské výšce okolo 10 metrů.

Popis čtvrti
Čtvrť na severu a severovýchodě vymezuje ulice Ja'abec a Karmelit, na východě ulice ha-Šachar a Herzl a na západě mořské pobřeží. Na jihu volně přechází do sousední čtvrti Neve Cedek. Na sever odtud leží čtvrť Kerem ha-Tejmanim. Zástavba má charakter husté městské výstavby s velkým podílem starých nízkých budov. Podél moře vyrůstají výškové hotelové a obytné rezidenční komplexy. Vlastní příbřežní pás ale historicky nepaří do čtvrti Šabazi nýbrž šlo o čtvrť Menašija, ve 2. polovině 20. století takřka zcela zbořenou. V roce 2007 žilo v Neve Cedek a Šabazi 3908 lidí.  Jde o jednu z nejstarších čtvrtí ve městě. Její počátky sahají do přelomu 19. a 20. století.

Odkazy

Reference

Související články
 Seznam čtvrtí v Tel Avivu

Externí odkazy

Telavivské čtvrti


text:
The women's 15 km individual competition of the 2015 Winter Universiade was held at the National Biathlon Centre in Osrblie on January 25.

Results

References

Women's 15km
2015 in Slovak women's sport


text:
Ibrahim Muhammad Hafiz (ur. 24 lutego 1870, zm. 1932) – egipski poeta, prozaik i tłumacz, który zdobył sobie przydomek Poety Nilu.

Pochodził z biednej rodziny urzędnika administracyjnego. W 1891 r. ukończył szkołę wojskową, potem podjął służbę w wojsku i brał udział w organizowanej przez Anglików wyprawie do Sudanu. W 1912 r. rozpoczął pracę w Narodowej Bibliotece Egipskiej.

Zaliczany jest do klasyków współczesnej literatury arabskiej. W swojej poezji kontynuował tradycje klasyczne, podejmując znane z rodzimej tradycji gatunki poetyckie (m.in. kasydy).

Na język polski przełożone zostały niewielkie fragmenty utworów Hafiza, zamieszczone w opracowaniu Nowa i współczesna literatura arabska 19 i 20 w., Warszawa 1978, s. 242-244.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 J. Bielawski, K. Skarżyńska-Bocheńska, J. Jasińska, Nowa i współczesna literatura arabska 19 i 20 w. Literatura arabskiego Wschodu, Warszawa 1978, s. 241-244.

Egipscy prozaicy
Egipscy tłumacze
Egipscy poeci
Egipscy wojskowi
Urodzeni w 1871
Zmarli w 1932


text:
Biografia
Prima degli undici figli dell'oculista Kazimierz Noiszewski e Maria Andruszkiewicz, frequentò le scuole superiori a Tula e si laureò in medica a San Pietroburgo nel 1914.

Durante la prima guerra mondiale lavorò negli ospedali da campo e nel 1919, al termine del conflitto, si unì all'ordine delle Suore dell'Immacolata Concezione della Beata Vergine Maria, pronunciando i voti perpetui nel 1927. Lavorò quindi come medico della congrazione e poi come insegnante al ginnasio di Slonim.

Dopo lo scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale e l'invasione della Polonia, si adoperò per proteggere famiglie ebree nascondendole nel convento insieme alla superiora Maria Marta di Gesù Wolowska. Fu arrestata dalla Gestapo il 18 dicembre 1942 e il giorno dopo fu fucilata nei pressi di Slonim e poi sepolta in una fossa comune.

Culto
Maria Eva della Provvidenza fu beatificata da Giovanni Paolo II il 13 giugno 1999 insieme ad altri 107 martiri polacchi.

La sua ricorrenza si celebra il 19 dicembre, anniversario della sua morte.

Note

Altri progetti

Medici polacchi
Insegnanti polacchi
Beati polacchi
Beati proclamati da Giovanni Paolo II


text:
L'Isuzu Piazza est un coupé produit par Isuzu de 1980 à 1993. Il est appelé aussi Isuzu Impulse, Asüna Sunfire et Holden Piazza.

Première génération (1980 - 1990)

Construite par sa filiale japonaise, Isuzu, la Piazza est une tentative de General Motors de créer au début des années 1980 une voiture de sport internationale capable de rivaliser avec des japonaises.

Seconde génération (1990 - 1993)

Notes et références

Liens

Piazza
Automobile des années 1980
Automobile des années 1990
Coupé


text:
El Tossal de Sant Miquel és un jaciment arqueològic situat turó homònim que acull les restes de l'antiga ciutat ibèrica d'Edeta, capital de l'Edetània. Se situava en un allargat monticle de 200 msnm d'altura mitjana a uns 500 m de l'actual nucli històric de Llíria. Fou destruïda, incendiada i saquejada després de la conquesta romana a començament del , i un segle més tard substituïda i reinstal·lada a un pla una mica més al nord, al Pla de l'Arc, on florí una ciutat romana del mateix nom al llarg dels segles I i II dC. Coneguda generalment amb el nom d'Edeta, el geògraf Claudi Ptolemeu () ofereix addicionalment el nom de Leiria, que ha estat identificat com a origen del nom de l'actual vila de Llíria.

Està catalogat com Bé d'interès cultural de la província de València, amb nombre d'anotació ministerial: R-I-55-0000360, i data d'anotació 5 de juliol de 1994.

Història

L'emplaçament és molt estratègic, ja que domina una gran zona de la plana valenciana, i va ser ocupat per primera vegada ja en l'edat del bronze. En temps ibèrics tot el turó i els seus vessants van ser solar d'una gran ciutat, identificada amb Edeta, capital de l'Edetània que, segons Claudi Ptolemeu, va ser coneguda també amb el nom de Leiria. El seu traçat urbanístic és propi dels poblats en faldilla, en el qual les edificacions es disposen adossades a la paret rocosa, al llarg de terrasses artificials. L'estructura del poblat, que segueix les corbes de nivell (graons de 10 a 15 metres), li dona un aspecte escalonat. Açò es veu reforçat per l'estructura de les cases -encastades a la roca-, amb teulada plana i accés des dels dos nivells de carrer.

Les primeres investigacions professionals, les va dur a terme el Servei d'Investigació Prehistòrica de la Diputació de València al 1933. En diverses campanyes es van posar al descobert 131 habitacions, diverses escales, carrerons, etc., així com un extraordinari conjunt de gots ceràmics decorats amb escenes pintades sobre dansa, tauromàquia, naumàquia i pesca, entre altres. Es van trobar també nombrosos rètols en idioma iber, monedes, objectes d'adorn i armes. El poblament del turó s'interromp el , després d'un incendi i un període de saqueig. Anys més tard començarà la construcció de la ciutat romana a la plana.

La societat edetana
Les escenes pintades en la ceràmica trobada al tossal, disposades en fris i sempre amb representació de diversos personatges, descriuen activitats molt concretes d'un sector de la societat: l'aristocràcia. Mostren un món lúdic, com la cacera, i el món militar, la guerra, els duels i els jocs competitius que reflecteixen la importància del cavaller. Les dames entronitzades, les processons i les danses mostren el caràcter festiu i religiós d'aquelles cerimònies col·lectives en què sempre participen dones que, pels seus abillaments i atributs, representen dames d'alt rang.

Així doncs, la ceràmica mostra la classe privilegiada del context urbà d'Edeta entre finals del  i principis del , immortalitzada pels artesans i artistes especialitzats que treballaven al seu servei i que, com la pagesia, no apareixen reflectits en la iconografia.

Troballes

La gran majoria dels materials trobats als jaciments s'exposen al Museu de Prehistòria de València, encara que una xicoteta part se n'exposa al MALL (Museu Arqueològic de Llíria).

Referències

Bibliografia

Vegeu també
 Castellet de Bernabé
 Edetans

Enllaços externs

 Al Museu de Prehistòria de València es troben exposats els principals objectes excavats i informació sobre la cultura ibèrica i la prehistòria valenciana en general.

Llíria
Poblacions ibèriques del País Valencià
Jaciments arqueològics del Camp de Túria
Béns d'Interés Cultural del País Valencià


text:
Сабин () е река дълга 821 km, която тече в източен Тексас, САЩ. Водосборният и басейн е 9756 кв. мили (25 268 км2), от които 7426 кв. мили са в Тексас, а останалите в Луизиана. Лонгвю е най-големият град в басейна на реката. Други големи градове са Маршал, Ориндж и Грийнвил. През 1980 г. населението в басейна на река Сабин е 407 300 души.

Течение
Река Сабин се образува от три основни ръкава – Каулийч Форк, Кадо Форк и Саут Форк. Още един четвърти ръкав известен като Лейк Форк или Лейк Форк Крийк се присъединява към главния поток на 40 мили под сливането на другите три ръкава. Каулийч Форк извира в северозападната част на окръг Хънт и тече на югоизток в продължение на 35 мили, за да се слее с Кадо Форк и Саут Форк и да образуват заедно река Сабин. Кадо Форк се образува от два ръкава, Ийст Кадо Форк и Уест Кадо Форк в северозападната част на окръг Хънт. Тези потоци се обединяват в южната част на окръга и образуват Кадо Форк, който тече на югоизток до сливането му с Каулийч Форк и Саут Форк. Саут Форк извира в югозападната част на окръг Хънт и тече на изток в продължение на 18 мили, за да се присъединят към Кадо Форк и Каулийч Форк. От тази точка река Сабин тече на югоизток преди да се извие рязко в окръг Панола, откъдето става граница между Тексас и Луизиана. Реката се влива в езерото Сабин, което се образува от сливането на Нечес Ривър и Сабин. Езерото се оттича в Сабин Пас на Мексиканския залив.

За разлика от повечето Tексаски реки, Сабин е доста пълноводна, подхранвана от обилни дъждове и многобройни потоци. Два големи водни резервоара са построени на Сабин – Лейк Тауакони в окръг Хънт и Толедо Бенд Резервоар на границата между Тексас и Луизиана. В горното си течение реката пресича възвишения с почви с дълбоки пясъчни наноси, глинести пясъци и пясък. Бреговете на реката са обрасли с гори от водно толерантни дървесни видове.

История
басейна на Сабин отдавна е обитаван от хора. Археологическите разкопки са открили доказателства за всички етапи от югоизточната индианска култура като се започне с културата Кловис преди 12 000 години. Индианското развитие достига своя връх след пристигането на кадо около 780 г. В началото на периода Кадо, който продължава до около 1260 г. започва изграждането на големи могили като тези на културата Мисисипи. В края на периода Кадо много от комплексите с могили са изоставени, но многобройни места показват продължаващо присъствие на хората кадо в района до времето на идването на европейците.

Когато първите европейци влизат в района през 16 век срещат различни групи кадо, живеещи по течението на реката. Името Сабин (Рио де Сабинас) идва от испанската дума за кипарис и се отнася до множеството кипариси растящи в долното течение на реката. Сабин вероятно е кръстена така от Доминго Рамон през 1716 г. Испанците считат територията западно от Сабин и някои територия на изток от нея за част от испанската провинция Тексас. След придобиването на Луизиана от Испания, испанските власти ще споят дали Сабин трябва да образува източната граница на Тексас. Столица на провинция Тексас обаче е Лос Адаес на източния бряг на реката в близост до Роблин, Луизиана. От друга страна френските търговци също претендират за района. Старите испански карти показват, че до края на 18 век реката е известна на топографията в източен Тексас. На някои испански карти Сабин е показана като Рио де лос Aдаис (Aдаес, Aдаиаис или Адайс). На други карти не е показано езерото Сабин, а са изобразени двете реки, Сабин и Нечес да се вливат директно в Мексиканския залив или са изобразени двете реки да образуват една река, преди да се влее в залива. На някои други карти е показана само една река наречена Рио Мексикано. други използват това наименование за Нечес. По-обстойно проучване на границата на Луизиана – Тексас през първото десетилетие на 19 век показва това объркване в миналото и посочва в същото време, че имената на двете реки Нечес или Рио де Ниевас е западната река, а Рио де Сабинас е източната и имената им са добре установени от години и че, когато се използва името Рио Мексикано то се отнася само до Нечес.

След закупуването на Луизиана от САЩ реката става граница между Щатите и испански Тексас. На 6 ноември 1806 г. двете правителства подписват споразумение за създаване на неутрална зона от Аройо Хондо на изток и Сабин на запад. В Договора Aдамс – Онис (1819) е създадена западната граница на Луизиана и източната граница на Тексас като началото и е в залива и достига на север по Сабин до 32 паралел. Испанското забавяне на ратификацията на договора и мексиканската независимост (1821) отново поражда спорове за границата. На 19 декември 1836 г. конгреса на Република Тексас залага на северните и източните граници на републиката, както е предвидено в Договора Адамс – Онис. САЩ се съгласяват с това. Въпреки опитите на испанците да колонизират района, европейците не влизат в басейна на Сабин до 1820 г., когато американците от южната част на САЩ започват да се заселват там.

В първите дни на Тексаската република, Сабин става основен транспортен коридор за пренос на памук и дървен материал от югоизточен Тексас до Сабин Бей. Първоначално трафикът се извършва с помощта на салове и лодки. Първите параходи започват да плават по реката в края на 1840-те и продължават да плават до около 1900 г., тъй като железницата постепенно измества речния транспорт.

В края на 19 век и началото на 20 век средната част на реката е подложена на интензивна сеч, което води до построяването на множество дъскорезници, а в долното течение са построени напоителни системи. След 1901 г. басейна на реката става поле за мащабно проучване за нефт. Растежът на петролната индустрия води до бързото развитие на урбанизирания район Бюмонт – Порт Артър – Ориндж като основен район за рафиниране на нефт, преработка и доставка на петролни продукти. Вследствие от това развитие изведнъж чистите води на Сабин започват да стават все по-замърсени с химически и петролни вещества изпускани от селското стопанство и нефтената индустрия. През последните години обаче се полагат усилия за почистване на реката, но въпреки това в началото на 1990те. проблемът със замърсяването продължава, особено в долното течение на реката.

Източници

Реки в Тексас


text:
De Maserati A6G/54 is de interne benaming van een GT van het Italiaanse automerk Maserati, die net als zijn voorganger officieel verkocht werd als de Maserati 2000 GT.

De A6G/54 was verkrijgbaar als coupé en spyder, met carrosserieën van Allemano, Frua en Zagato. Er werden in totaal 60 exemplaren gebouwd die voorbehouden waren voor een selecte groep klanten.

Gran Turismo
A6G/54
Sportwagen


text:
El morat és el mateix color que el de la fruita de la qual pren el nom, la móra de l'esbarzer o la móra de l'arbre morera. També aquest color és semblant al lila.

Mostra del color morat:

Heràldica

El morat en heràldica és un color entre el gules i el porpra. És considerat com una taca o esmalt secundari.

Vexil·lologia
En vexil·lologia el morat (mulberry en anglès) és un color molt arrelat. A causa de l'observació de draps vells i deteriorats per la intempèrie, aquesta tonalitat s'ha confós contínuament amb altres colors com l'indi, el porpra, el violat i el carmesí.

En el sistema cromàtic internacional Pantone, tonalitats acceptables per al morat són el 241 o el 675 i les seves gammes més fosques.

Nota: Aquests tons són merament aproximatius i no tracten de representar fidelment les posiciones corresponents de la gamma Pantone.

Vegeu també
 Llista de colors.

Referències

Colors


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Delaware's 15th Senate district is one of twenty-one districts in the Delaware Senate. It has been represented by Republican Dave Lawson since 2011.

Geography
District 15 covers much of Kent County to the west of Dover, including Cheswold, Felton, Kenton, Marydel, Hartly, Willow Grove, Petersburg, Sandtown, and part of Viola. It borders the state of Maryland.

Like all districts in the state, the 15th Senate district is located entirely within Delaware's at-large congressional district. It overlaps with the 11th, 28th, 29th, 30th, and 33rd districts of the Delaware House of Representatives.

Recent election results
Delaware Senators are elected to staggered four-year terms. Under normal circumstances, the 15th district holds elections in presidential years, except immediately after redistricting, when all seats are up for election regardless of usual cycle.

2020

2016

2012

Federal and statewide results in District 15

References

15
Kent County, Delaware


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Unter Strahlungstransport (auch Strahlungstransfer) versteht man die Beschreibung der Ausbreitung von Strahlung (i. A. Licht als Beispiel Elektromagnetische Strahlung) durch ein Medium. Strahlungstransport spielt vor allem in Bereichen der Astrophysik eine wesentliche Rolle. So basiert die Theorie der Sternatmosphären, die Bildung der Sternspektren oder die Bildung interstellarer Linienspektren auf Strahlungstransport.
Weiterhin wird Strahlungstransport auch zum Verständnis von Spektroskopie in vielen weiteren physikalischen (z. B. für Analysen in der Plasmaphysik) und technischen (z. B. bei verschiedenen nichtthermischen Lichtquellen) Bereichen benötigt. Eine große Rolle spielt der Strahlungstransport auch für den Treibhauseffekt der Erdatmosphäre.

Der Prozess
Wenn sich elektromagnetische Strahlung in einem Medium ausbreitet (ganz gleich ob in der Photonen-Betrachtung oder Feldbetrachtung), wird sie von dem Medium (insbesondere von dessen Atomen und Ionen) absorbiert, gestreut oder kann das Medium verlassen. Diese Prozesse bzw. die Beschreibung dieser Prozesse nennt man Strahlungstransport. Bei diesem Prozess wird die Strahlung verschiedener Wellenlänge je nach den Eigenschaften des Mediums (insbesondere dessen Atomen und Ionen) verschieden beeinflusst. Ziel einer Strahlungstransportrechnung ist es, das austretende Licht (entweder als ganzes Spektrum oder einzelne Spektrallinien) bzw. das Strahlungsfeld im Inneren des Mediums zu berechnen; entweder um ein Spektrum vorherzusagen, oder um Rückschlüsse auf die Zusammensetzung des Mediums zu gewinnen.

Strahlungstransport-Rechnungen im eigentlichen Sinne berücksichtigen die Wirkung der Strahlung auf das Medium nur eingeschränkt. So wird z. B. die Energiedeposition im Medium (das heißt dessen Erwärmung) durch Absorption im Strahlungstransport explizit genau so wenig behandelt wie die Kühlung bei vorherrschender Emission aus dem Medium. Nutzt man nicht andere physikalische Gesetze, um diese Effekte mit einzubeschließen, geht man davon aus, dass andere Prozesse (z. B. Konvektion oder Wärmeleitung) die Temperaturstruktur im Medium trotzdem konstant halten. Eine physikalisch vollständigere Simulation beinhaltet daher neben Energieerhaltung und anderen physikalischen Gesetzen den Strahlungstransport als einen Teil des umfassenderen Modells.

Die Strahlungstransportgleichung
Das Fundament des Strahlungstransports bildet die Strahlungstransportgleichung. Sie verknüpft die Strahlungsdichte L mit dem Absorptionskoeffizienten , dem Streukoeffizienten  und der Emissionsleistung j des zu passierenden Materials. Dabei hängen die Absorptions- und Streukoeffizienten, sowie die Emissionsleistung u. a. von der Dichte und der Temperatur des Materials ab. In der Astrophysik, wie in den folgenden Gleichungen, wird jedoch die Strahlungsdichte L normalerweise als spezifische Intensität I bezeichnet.

In einer einfachen eindimensionalen, zeitunabhängigen Form lautet sie :

In einer sehr allgemeinen Form lautet sie entlang der Richtung

 Eigenschaften
Da die Emissionsleistung des Materials teilweise von Streuung hervorgerufen wird, und da die Streuung ihrerseits ein Integral über die zu berechnende spezifische Intensität ist, ist die Strahlungstransportgleichung eine Integro-Differentialgleichung.
 Herleitung
Üblich ist es, die Strahlungstransportgleichung entweder zu postulieren oder aus einem Boltzmann-Transport-Formalismus für Photonen herzuleiten. Letztendlich muss aber dann postuliert werden, dass Photonen Transport durch die Boltzmann-Gleichung beschrieben werden kann.
Alternativ kann man die zeitunabhängige Strahlungstransportgleichung aus den Maxwell-Gleichungen herleiten, wenn man die mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften von beliebig geformten und beliebig orientierten, sowie unabhängig streuenden Teilchen ausnutzt.

Lösung der Strahlungstransportgleichung
Analytisch lässt sich zwar eine sog. formale Lösung der Strahlungstransportgleichung angeben. Diese ist aber nur
für Spezialfälle in eine echte, brauchbare Lösung ausformulierbar.

Die numerische Lösung der Strahlungstransportgleichung ist i. A. sehr aufwendig. Das modernste und stabilste Verfahren ist die sog. "Accelerated Lambda Iteration". Mathematisch entspricht dies einem Gauß-Seidel-Verfahren. Für dreidimensionale Systeme und einfache Absorptionseigenschaften lässt sich das Strahlungstransportproblem auch mit Monte-Carlo-Simulationen lösen. Ein speziell in den Ingenieurwissenschaften bewährtes Verfahren für dreidimensionale Systeme mit beliebigen Eigenschaften ist die ursprünglich zur Lösung der Boltzmann-Gleichung entwickelte Diskrete Ordinaten-Methode.

Grenzfälle
Für monochromatisches Licht und im Vergleich zu dessen Intensität vernachlässigbarer Wärmestrahlung geht die Lösung der eindimensionalen Strahlungstransportgleichung in das Lambert-Beer'sche Gesetz über.
Im Inneren von Sternen gilt die sogenannte Diffusionsnäherung für den Strahlungstransport. Mit ihrer Hilfe lässt sich dann die zur Leuchtkraft integrierte Strahlungsdichte als  ausdrücken.
Für dreidimensionale Anordnungen stellen auch bestimmte Raytracing-Algorithmen (siehe Volumengrafik oder Volumenstreuung) eine angenäherte Lösung des Strahlungstransportproblems dar.

Probleme des Strahlungstransports heute
 3D-Strahlungstransport  Dreidimensionale, numerische Simulationen sind sehr speicher- und rechenintensiv; insbesondere, wenn detaillierte Spektren berechnet werden sollen.
 Neutrino-Strahlungstransport  Der Durchgang von Neutrinos durch ein Medium kann analog zum Durchgang von Photonen ebenfalls als Strahlungstransportproblem behandelt werden. Neutrino-Strahlungstransport spielt bei Supernova-Explosionen eine zentrale Rolle.
 Strahlungshydrodynamik  In Fällen, in denen die Energie der Strahlung vergleichbar, oder größer als die interne Energie des Mediums ist, wird die Hydrodynamik entscheidend durch die Strahlung beeinflusst. Numerische Simulationen solcher Situationen müssen daher auch den Strahlungstransport angemessen berücksichtigen.

Siehe auch
 Optische Dicke

Literatur
 Dimitri Mihalas, Barbara Weibel Mihalas: Foundations of Radiation Hydrodynamics. Dover Publications, 2000, ISBN 0-486-40925-2.
 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: Radiative Transfer. Dover Publications, 1960, ISBN 0-486-60590-6.
 Dimitri Mihalas: Stellar Atmospheres. W. H. Freeman & Co. 1978, ISBN 0-7167-0359-9 (Standardwerk, nicht mehr im Druck).
 Albrecht Unsöld: Physik der Sternatmosphären mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sonne. Springer-Verlag, 1955 (Standardwerk, nicht mehr im Druck).
 Rob Rutten: Radiative Transfer in Stellar Atmospheres. 8th ed. 2003 (Online verfügbares Lehrbuch PDF).
 H. Scheffler, H. Elsässer: Physik der Sterne und der Sonne. Wissenschaftsverlag, 1990, ISBN 3-411-14172-7.

Weblinks
 Techniklexikon: Strahlungstransportgleichung

Einzelnachweise

Strahlung
Wellenlehre


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Hala Strążyska, nazywana także Strążyskami – dawna hala pasterska w Tatrach Zachodnich. Obejmowała wąską, reglową Dolinę Strążyską wraz z jej górnymi piętrami – Doliną Wielkiej Równi i Małą Dolinką pod północnymi ścianami Giewontu.

Wraz z Halą Białe i Halą Kalatówki wchodziła w skład zbiorczej Hali Giewont. Ogólna powierzchnia tej zbiorczej hali w 1960 r. wynosiła 189,6 ha, w tym pastwiska stanowiły 16,9 ha, halizny 2,8 ha, las 48,6 ha, kosodrzewina 70,0 ha, nieużytki 51,3 ha. Ponadto dodatkowa powierzchnia serwitutów w lasach państwowych wynosiła 306,6 ha. Łączny wypas w przeliczeniu na owce wyniósł 316 sztuk.

W skład hali wchodziły również 2 polany: Młyniska i Polana Strążyska. Nazwa Hali Strążyskiej pochodzi od góralskiego słowa strąga, oznaczającego przenośne ogrodzenie, w którym zamykano owce na czas dojenia. Od nazwy hali z kolei pochodzi nazwa doliny. Wypasano nie tylko na dnie Doliny Strążyskiej, ale również na otaczających ją zboczach Łysanek, Grzybowca, Wielkiego i Małego Bacucha, w żlebie Warzecha, na zboczach Sarniej Skały i Suchego Wierchu. Zbocza te porastał las bukowy i świerkowy, wśród którego występował cis pospolity, a na wapiennych skałkach bogata i cenna roślinność naskalna oraz jarząb mączny. Nadmierny wypas powodował znaczne spustoszenia wśród bogactwa tej roślinności. W latach 1960–1965 po przymusowym wykupie tych terenów od górali zlikwidowano na nich pasterstwo, tereny hali weszły w skład Tatrzańskiego Parku Narodowego, a hala stała się pojęciem historycznym.

Szlaki turystyczne
  Zakopane – Dolina Strążyska – Polana Strążyska – Przełęcz w Grzybowcu – Grzybowiec – Wyżnia Kondracka Przełęcz pod Giewontem. Odcinek Polana Strążyska – Przełęcz w Grzybowcu biegnie razem ze szlakiem czarnym:
 Czas przejścia z Zakopanego na Polanę Strążyską: 40 min, ↓ 35 min
 Czas przejścia z polany na Giewont: 2:35 h, ↓ 1:55 h
  do wodospadu Siklawica. Czas przejścia: 15 min w obie strony
  Ścieżka nad Reglami:  Kuźnice – Czerwona Przełęcz – Polana Strążyska, potem  razem ze szlakiem czerwonym na Przełęcz w Grzybowcu i dalej do Doliny Małej Łąki
 Czas przejścia z Czerwonej Przełęczy na Polanę Strążyską: 35 min, ↑ 50 min
 Czas przejścia z Polany Strążyskiej na Wielką Polanę Małołącką: 1:10 h, z powrotem 1:05 h

Przypisy

Strążyska


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José Benjamín Zubiaur (Paraná, 31 de marzo de 1856-Buenos Aires, 6 de septiembre de 1921) fue un educador argentino. Promotor del deporte, la educación física, y el olimpismo moderno. Fue uno de los doce integrantes originales del Comité Olímpico Internacional (COI). Fue rector del Colegio de Concepción del Uruguay y director general de Escuelas de la Provincia de Corrientes. Luego de 1915 fue director de Instrucción Pública del Ministerio de Educación. Se caracterizó por sus ideas pedagógicas renovadoras orientadas a ampliar la enseñanza a todos los sectores sociales, incorporando contenidos como la educación física, la educación industrial, las actividades prácticas, etc., así como modalidades como la escuela nocturna, las escuelas rurales, la educación conjunta de ambos sexos, etc.

Biografía
De origen vasco, Zubiaur nació en Paraná, Entre Ríos y realizó sus estudios secundarios en el Colegio de Concepción del Uruguay. En 1877 fue promotor y primer presidente de la Asociación Educacionista 'La Fraternidad', integrada por los estudiantes del colegio.

En 1879, cuando contaba con 23 años, un año después de recibirse de bachiller, fundó la Escuela Benjamín Franklin con el fin de llevar a la práctica sus ideas renovadoras en materia de educación.

Se recibió de abogado en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. En 1886 fundó con otros educadores la revista pedagógica La Educación.

En 1889 el gobierno argentino lo designó, junto con Alejo Peyret, para representar a su país en la Exposición Universal de París. Participó del Congreso Internacional para la Propagación de los Ejercicios Físicos en la Educación, cuyo organizador era el barón Pierre de Coubertin, futuro inspirador de los Juegos Olímpicos modernos. Allí Zubiaur conoció al Barón de Coubertin, quien lo designó para integrar en 1894 el primer Comité Olímpico Internacional, único representante de un país iberoamericano, cargo en el que se desempeñó hasta 1907.

El barón Pierre de Coubertin, creador de los Juegos Olímpicos modernos menciona en sus Memorias Olímpicas a Zubiaur:

En 1892 fue nombrado rector del Colegio de Concepción del Uruguay, desempeñándose en esa función hasta 1899. Durante su rectorado, habilitó la inscripción de niñas y creó materias de actividades
prácticas, como el cartonado, la encuadernación y la fotografía, que fueron una novedad en la educación argentina. En 1894 obtuvo el título de Doctor en Leyes con una tesis titulada "La protección al niño".

Impulsó la creación de escuelas rurales en el entonces territorio nacional de La Pampa y la Provincia de Misiones. En 1913 fue el primer vicepresidente de la Liga Nacional de Educación.

Obras
 La escuela primaria en Francia : informes sobre el Congreso Pedagógico Internacional y la sección escolar francesa de instrucción primaria en la Exposición Universal de Paris de 1889, Buenos Aires : Taller Tipográfico de la ' Penitenciaria', 1891.
 El colegio histórico, Buenos Aires : Sudamericana de billetes de banco, [1894]
 La enseñanza práctica é industrial en la República Argentina, Buenos Aires : Félix Lajouane, 1900.
 Sinopsis de la educación en La República Argentina, Buenos Aires : Félix Lajouane, 1901.
 La enseñanza en Norteamérica, Buenos Aires : Juan Canter, 1904.
 Las escuelas en Misiones, Buenos Aires : Penitenciaría Nacional, 1904.
 Surcos y semillas escolares, Buenos Aires : Imprenta y encuadernación de la fábrica La Sin Bombo, 1907.
 Enseñanza de adultos e instituciones complementarias de la escuela en Norteamérica, Buenos Aires : Perrotti, 1910.
 Última etapa oficial : surcos y semillas escolares, Buenos Aires : Talleres gráficos de Juan Perrotti, 1913.
 Labor dispersa e inédita : [surcos y semillas escolares], Buenos Aires : Talleres Gráficos de Juan Perrotti, 1916.

Memoria
En su memoria llevan su nombre:

 La escuela primaria Nro 158 "José Benjamín Zubiaur" de la ciudad de Paraná.
 La Escuela Nº 44 "José Benjamín Zubiaur" de la Provincia de La Pampa.
 La Escuela Primaria N° 9 (D.E. 19) "Dr. José Benjamín Zubiaur" de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
 La Escuela de Educación Tecnológica (EET) Nº 79 "Dr. José Benjamín Zubiaur", de Basavilbaso, Entre Ríos.
 El Centro de Estudios Olímpicos "José Benjamín Zubiaur" de la Argentina.
Monumento a José Benjamín Zubiaur en la ciudad de Concepción del Uruguay, obra de Carina Amarillo.
 Monolito en la ciudad de Atenas (Grecia), con su nombre inscripto junto al de los demás integrantes del primer Comité Ejecutivo del Comité Olímpico Internacional.
 Mural de homenaje a José Benjamín Zubiaur, ubicado en la Plaza de los Deportes (San Juan y Corrientes) de la ciudad de Concordia (Entre Ríos)

Véase también
 Educación en Argentina
 Argentina en los Juegos Olímpicos

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 José Benjamín Zubiaur, Universidad de Concepción del Uruguay.
 Sautu, Ruth (2000). "Dr. José Benjamín Zubiaur", en Boletín de la Academia de Educación, Número 42 Buenos Aires, abril de 2000, ISSN 0327-0637.

Pedagogos de Argentina
Paranaenses
Miembros del Comité Olímpico Internacional


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El cantón de Montferrand era una división administrativa francesa, que estaba situada en el departamento de Puy-de-Dôme y la región de Auvernia.

Composición
El cantón estaba formado por una fracción de comuna:
 Clermont-Ferrand (fracción)

Supresión del cantón de Montferrand

En aplicación del Decreto nº 2014-210 de 21 de febrero de 2014, el cantón de Montferrand fue suprimido el 22 de marzo de 2015 y su fracción de comuna se unió con las demás fracciones para que, por medio de una reestructuración cantonal, fueran creados los nuevos cantones de Clermont-Ferrand-1, Clermont-Ferrand-2, Clermont-Ferrand-3, Clermont-Ferrand-4, Clermont-Ferrand-5 y Clermont-Ferrand-6.

Referencias

Montferrand


text:
Kleine Meers (Limburgs: Klein Meas) is een voormalig gehucht en nu een buurtschap in de gemeente Stein in Zuid-Limburg. Kleine Meers ligt als een eiland tussen het Julianakanaal en de Maas.

Het aan Kleine Meers vastgegroeide Meers werd vroeger ter onderscheid Groot Meers genoemd. Het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek rekent Kleine Meers bij de plaats Stein en Meers bij Elsloo.

Geografie van Stein
Buurtschap in Limburg (Nederland)


text:
Pisco – miasto w zachodnim Peru, nad Oceanem Spokojnym, na południe od Limy. Według spisu ludności z 22 października 2017 roku miasto liczyło 78 249 mieszkańców.

15 sierpnia 2007 roku miasto ucierpiało w wyniku trzęsienia ziemi o sile określonej na 8,0 magnitudy.

Przypisy

Miasta w Peru


text:
Los cuadernos de Malte Laurids Brigge es la única novela del escritor Rainer Maria Rilke. Escrita por Rilke durante su estadía en París y publicada en 1910.

Descripción
Es una obra semiautobiográfica y está escrita en un estilo literario expresionista. Posteriormente inspiró a Jean-Paul Sartre en su obra La náusea.
La novela toca temas existenciales como la búsqueda del individualismo, el significado de la muerte y reflexiones sobre las vivencias a medida que ésta se aproxima. Muy influido por la obra de Nietzsche, el autor también incorpora técnicas impresionistas de artistas como Auguste Rodin y Paul Cézanne.
Partes de la novela son antirreligiosas, específicamente contra el credo cristiano de la Segunda Venida de Cristo, lo que ve como una promesa que lleva a un sentido universal de "espera", es decir al inmovilismo.
La novela evoca también imágenes de la Revolución industrial y de la era de progreso científico, impregnadas de ansiedad y alienación.

Análisis
El joven Malte de 28 años recorre incansable los suburbios parisinos. En ese recorrido, descubre la visión. Esto significa, y así lo expresa, que él está aprendiendo a mirar, y lo que ve son historias donde las luces de París se confunden con los cuerpos. Pareciera no haber división alguna entre los elementos que inundan la atmósfera y los habitantes de la ciudad. En otras palabras, el mundo de Rilke en esta novela es un mundo donde las moléculas que lo habitan han perdido contacto entre sí y se hallan dispersas y perdidas entre las palabras del poeta. Asir una imagen en ese estado significaría captar no solamente la fugacidad, sino también la posibilidad de lo terrible, eso "terrible" que aparecerá muchos años después como un elemento primordial de Las elegías de Duino.

Así que el joven Malte "O marginado arranca instantes, o merodea alrededor imperturbable", como diría Bernd Wolf en la Gaceta de los insomnes.

Es una obra rica en elementos conceptuales, en imágenes, de la cual se podría decir que expresa magistralmente la decadencia del mundo, centrándose en la ciudad de París, aunque el relato-poema se parte en fragmentos y abarca distintas entidades psicológicas y diversos lugares del recuerdo del protagonista. Aunque decir psicológicas es sólo una manera de acercarse al texto, porque en esa retrospectiva la conciencia está partida entre la memoria, que regularmente se instala en la niñez, y la variedad de elementos que parecen provenir de sitios donde la memoria ha perdido sus fundamentos; es decir, los límites de su percepción.

El narrapoema comienza en París; pero si bien la obra está escrita en 1910, la ubicación de los episodios en ese año es algo impreciso, y para algunas teorías de la literatura innecesario. Los hechos ocurren simplemente, y decir París, sería igual que decir que la historia ocurre en el infierno, como diría Dante Gabriel Rossetti de la obra Cumbres Borrascosas de Emily Brontë.

Véase también
Cartas a un joven poeta
Anexo:Los 100 libros del siglo de Le Monde

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
La novela en alemán

Cuadernos
Novelas de la República Checa
Literatura de la República Checa del siglo XX
Obras de Rainer Maria Rilke


text:
Stampfen ist ein ehemaliges Verfahren zur Verdichtung von Boden oder Untergrund im Garten-, Landschafts- und Wegebau. Heutzutage ist dieses Verfahren durch das Rütteln abgelöst. Zum anderen ist Stampfen eine Methode zur Zerkleinerung von Materialien, die temperaturempfindlich sind und sich daher nicht zum Zermahlen in Mahlwerken eignen.

Einfache Stampfer zur Verdichtung im Baubereich sind die Handrammen. Größere und schwerere Geräte werden maschinell betätigt.

Haushaltstypisch ist der Mörser zum Zerkleinern von Körnern, zum Beispiel Gewürzen, wobei beim Mörsern noch eine reibende Komponente dazu kommen kann. Es gibt auch Kartoffelstampfer zum Pürieren von Kartoffeln.

Umfangreichere Stampfen werden zum Zerkleinern von härteren und gröberem Gut verwendet, wie beispielsweise in Knochenmühlen.

Mühlenwesen
Physikalisch-technisches Verfahren


text:
Viognier () is a white wine grape variety. It is the only permitted grape for the French wine Condrieu in the Rhône Valley. Outside of the Rhône, Viognier can be found in regions of North and South America as well as Australia, New Zealand, the Cape Winelands in South Africa, south Moravia region in Czechia, Israel and in Austria at Weingut Roland Minkowitsch. In some wine regions, the variety is co-fermented with the red wine grape Syrah where it can contribute to the color and aroma of the wine.

Like Chardonnay, Viognier has the potential to produce full-bodied wines with a lush, soft character. In contrast to Chardonnay, the  Viognier varietal has more natural aromatics that include notes of peach, pears, violets and minerality. However, these aromatic notes can be easily destroyed by too much exposure to oxygen, which makes barrel fermentation a winemaking technique that requires a high level of skill on the part of any winemaker working with this variety. The potential quality of Viognier is also highly dependent on viticultural practices and climate, with the grape requiring a long, warm growing season in order to fully ripen but not a climate that is so hot that the grape develops high levels of sugars and potential alcohol before its aromatic notes can develop. The grape is naturally a low-yielding variety, which can make it a less economically viable planting for some vineyards.

History
The origin of the Viognier grape is unknown; it is presumed to be an ancient grape, possibly originating in Dalmatia (present day Croatia) and then brought to the Rhône by the Romans. One legend states that the Roman emperor Probus brought the vine to the region in 281 AD; another has the grape packaged with Syrah on a cargo ship navigating the Rhône river, en route to Beaujolais when it was captured, near the site of present-day Condrieu, by a local group of outlaws known as culs de piaux.

The origin of the name Viognier is also obscure.  The most common namesake is the French city of Vienne, which was a major Roman outpost.  Another legend has it drawing its name from the Roman pronunciation of the via Gehennae, meaning the "Road of the Valley of Hell".  Probably this is an allusion to the difficulty of growing the grape.

Viognier was once fairly common.   In 1965, the grape was almost extinct, and a source  reported only eight acres in Northern Rhône producing just 1,900 liters of wine at that time.  The popularity and price of the wine have risen, and the number of plantings has increased. Rhône now has over  planted.

In 2004, DNA profiling conducted at University of California, Davis showed the grape to be closely related to the Piedmont grape Freisa, and to be a genetic cousin of Nebbiolo.

Viticulture

Viognier can be a difficult grape to grow because it is prone to powdery mildew.  It has low and unpredictable yields and should be picked only when fully ripe.  When picked too early, the grape fails to develop the full extent of its aromas and tastes.  When picked too late, the grape produces wine that is oily and lacks perfume.  Winemakers in the Condrieu often pick the grapes with a level of sugar that will produce wine with alcohol in the 13% range. When fully ripe the grapes have a deep yellow color and produce wine with a strong perfume and high in alcohol . The grape prefers warmer environments and a long growing season, but can grow in cooler areas as well.

In France, the Mistral has a distinct effect on the Viognier vineyards in the Northern Rhône. The wind tempers the Mediterranean climate of the region, and cools the vines down after the severe heat of summer.

Wine expert Remington Norman has identified two distinct strains of Viognier — an "Old World" strain, most common in Condrieu, and a "New World" strain, which is found in the Languedoc and other areas. Although made from the same grape, the two strains produce distinctly different wines.

The age of the vine also has an effect on the quality of the wine produced.  Viognier vines start to hit their peak after 15–20 years.  In the Rhône, there are vines at least 70 years old.

Regional production

Viognier has been planted much more extensively around the world since the early 1990s. Both California and Australia now have significant amounts of land devoted to the Viognier grape. There are also notable planting increases in areas of moderate climate such as Virginia's Monticello AVA region.

The decline of Viognier in France from its historic peak has much to do with the disastrous predations of the phylloxera insects from North America in Europe in the mid- and late-19th century, followed by the abandonment of the vineyards due to the chaos of World War I. By 1965, only about  of Viognier vines remained in France, and the variety was nearly extinct. Even as late as the mid-1980s, Viognier in France was endangered. In parallel to the growth of Viognier in the rest of the world, plantings in France have grown dramatically since then. The grape has been enjoying some success South Africa, New Zealand, Greece and Japan.

France

In France, Viognier is the single permitted grape variety in the Rhône appellations of Condrieu and Château Grillet, which are located on the west bank of the Rhône, about 40 km south of Lyon.  In the rest of the Rhône wine region whites, the grape is often blended with Roussanne, Marsanne, Grenache blanc, and Rolle. In the Northern Rhône, the grape is sometimes blended with Chardonnay. In the Côte-Rôtie AOC, red wine blends can include up to 20% of Viognier though most growers add no more than 5%. Since Viognier ripens earlier than Syrah, the grape is normally harvested separately and added to the Syrah during fermentation. One of the benefits of adding Viognier is that the process of co-pigmentation stabilizes the coloring of the red wine.

Vignerons in the rest of France often look to plant Viognier in areas rich in granite soil that have a heat retaining quality that the grape seems to thrive in. Beaujolais winemaker Georges Duboeuf helped expand the reach of the grape with plantings in the Ardèche region. The majority of French Viogniers are now grown in the Languedoc and sold as Vin de Pays.

North America

Since the late 1980s, plantings of Viognier in the United States and Canada have increased dramatically. California's Central Coast is the leading producer with over  of the grape planted. Californian Viogniers are noticeably higher in alcohol compared to other wines made from the grape. The Rhone Rangers of the mid 1980s helped spark the increased interest in Viognier in California. It has received international attention growing in Virginia, and in 2011 was named Virginia's signature white grape.  The grape can also be found in Georgia, North Carolina, Texas, Washington, Oregon, Michigan, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Missouri and Arizona, Valle de Guadalupe, Baja California  as well as British Columbia and the Niagara and Lake Erie North Shore regions of Ontario.

South America
Both Argentina and Chile have significant plantings of the grape with some producers in Brazil and Uruguay also experimenting with the varietal.

Australia
In Australia, Yalumba is the country's largest producer of the grape making both a white wine varietal and making extensive use of the grape in its Shiraz blends. Yalumba grows the grape in the loam and clay soil of the Eden Valley. Other areas with Viognier plantings include Clare Valley, Rutherglen, Murray River, McLaren Vale, Geelong, Nagambie Lakes, Canberra, Mornington Peninsula, Barossa Valley, Adelaide Hills, Geographe, South Burnett, Yarra Valley (Pimpernel Vineyards) and Pyrenees

New Zealand

In New Zealand, small amounts of Viognier are grown on Waiheke Island and Wairarapa.  In the Hawke's Bay Region, the grape is used as a single varietal as well as being blended with Syrah to produce a traditional Rhône style red wine.

Wine

Viognier wines are well known for their floral aromas, and terpenes, which are also found in Muscat and Riesling wines. There are also many other powerful flower and fruit aromas which can be perceived in these wines depending on where they were grown, the weather conditions and how old the vines were. Although some of these wines, especially those from old vines and the late-harvest wines, are suitable for aging, most are intended to be consumed young.  Viogniers more than three years old tend to lose many of the floral aromas that make this wine unique.  Aging these wines will often yield a very crisp drinking wine which is almost completely flat in the nose.  The color and the aroma of the wine suggest a sweet wine but Viognier wines are predominantly dry, although sweet late-harvest dessert wines have been made.  It is a grape with low acidity; it is sometimes used to soften wines made predominantly with the red Syrah grape. In addition to its softening qualities the grape also adds a colour-stabilizing agent and enhanced perfume to the red wine. In the Rhone region, the grapes normally are not affected by the fungus Botrytis cinerea though botrytized Viognier is not unheard of.

In winemaking, the grapes are often harvested early in the morning to produce the clearest juice possible. Some winemakers will allow contact with the skins. The skin of Viognier is high in phenols - compounds that can leave an astringent component to the wine if juice is left in contact with the skins for too long. Sometimes the wine is put through malolactic fermentation to give the wine more weight and to decrease acidity. In New World Viognier, the lees may be stirred in a process called batonnage in order to increase the smooth texture of the wine. The wine is then left on the lees till bottling in a manner similar to sparkling wine production.

In the creation of the dessert style Viognier, the grapes are often picked in late October or early November in the Northern Hemisphere. A common harvest technique used in the Condrieu is known as à l'assiette where a plate is held underneath a Viognier vine that is then shaken to allow the overripe grapes to drop onto the plate. Fermentation is then stopped early through the use of sulphur dioxide to allow the wine to retain a high level of residual sugar. The wine is then chilled and put through sterile filtration to ensure that the wine is stable and will not start fermenting again in the bottle.

Depending on the winemaking style the grape can often hit its peak at one-two years of age, though some can stay at high levels of quality up to ten years. Typically Condrieu wines are the Viogniers most often meant to be drunk young while Californian and Australian wines can handle age a little bit better.

Food pairing
The highly aromatic and fruit forward nature of the grape allows Viognier to pair well with spicy foods such as Thai cuisine.

References

External links
Viognier: California's Exotic, Rare White Wine
Viognier in Australia
Grapes of the Rhône Valley: Viognier from the Tablas Creek blog

Further reading
Ron Herbst and Sharon Tyler Herbst; Wine Lover's Companion; Barron's;  (paperback, 1995)

White wine grape varieties
Vis (island)


text:
Porismus strigatus is een insect uit de familie watergaasvliegen (Osmylidae), die tot de orde netvleugeligen (Neuroptera) behoort.

Porismus strigatus is voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Burmeister in 1839. De soort komt voor in het oosten van Australië.

Watergaasvliegen
Endemisch dier uit Australië


text:
African American biblical hermeneutics or African American biblical interpretation is the study of the interpretation of the Christian Bible, informed by African American history and experiences.

History
Vincent L. Wimbush traces the history of African American biblical hermeneutics to the earliest encounters African Americans had with the Bible as a consequence of their forced enslavement and exportation from the African soil to the Americas, and the direct and indirect activities of Europeans to convert Africans. Hence, the Bible was perceived as the Book for Europeans to interpret, which in turn gave justification for European Christian domination. However, as African Americans began to claim Christianity as their own, African American biblical hermeneutics arose out of the experiences of racism in the United States. The discourse has been dominated by two core paradigmatic events in the Bible, the Exodus from Egypt and the ministry of Jesus, both used to articulate God's concern for those under social and political bondage. For biblical scholars like Wimbush, Charles Copher, and Cain Hope Felder, they have advocated for a suspicion of Euro-American readings of the Bible which promote a pervasive Eurocentrism.

Since the 1988 publication of Renita J. Weems's Just a Sister Away, there has been a growing interest in a womanist approach to reading the Bible. While some have seen this as a derivative of feminist biblical hermeneutics, Nyasha Junior argues that it has "multiple sources, including U.S. women's activism, womanist scholarship in religion-related fields, and feminist biblical scholarship."

Others, such as Esau McCaulley, have argued that the discourse around African American biblical interpretation has been dominated by Black liberation theology between the 1920s to the 1960s. As such, this trajectory tends to over-emphasize political liberation as the main concern of the Bible, while overlooking conversionistic and holiness strands that can be found in the pulpits. Hence, McCaulley advocates for a recovery of what he calls "Black ecclesial interpretation."

See also
 Asian American biblical hermeneutics

References

African-American culture
Biblical exegesis
Hermeneutics
Christian theology of the Bible
African-American Christianity


text:
Ugolne Kopy (ros. Угольные Копи "kopalnie węgla") - osiedle typu miejskiego w azjatyckiej części Rosji, w Rejonie Anadyrskim w Czukockim Okręgu Autonomicznym.

Leży na północnym brzegu zatoki Liman Anadyrski (u ujścia rzeki Anadyr); około 10 km na wschód od Anadyru; ok. 6 tys. mieszkańców (2005). Ośrodek wydobycia węgla brunatnego, port lotniczy Anadyru. Założone na początku XX wieku jako miejsce zamieszkania oraz siedziba administracji dla pobliskich kopalni węgla (stąd nazwa).

Do roku 1997 na przemian z Szachtorskim administracyjna stolica Rejonu Anadyrskiego.

Linki zewnętrzne
 Zdjęcia Ugolnych Kop w serwisie chukotken.ru (ros.)

Osiedla typu miejskiego w Czukockim Okręgu Autonomicznym


text:
Hoplitis viridimicans is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie Megachilidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1897 door Cockerell.

viridimicans


text:
La Concordia (kanton), een kanton van Ecuador
La Concordia (Chiapas), een gemeente in de Mexicaanse staat Chiapas
La Concordia (Nicaragua), een gemeente in het Nicaraguaanse departement Jinotega

Zie ook
Concordia (doorverwijspagina)


text:
Éder Luís de Oliveira (né le  à Uberaba au Minas Gerais), plus connu sous le nom de Éder Luís, est un joueur de football brésilien, qui évolue au poste d'attaquant.

Biographie
Le , Éder signe un contrat avec le club portugais du SL Benfica durant le mercato d'hiver de la saison 2009/10. Benfica achète alors 50 % des droits du joueur pour deux millions d'euros.

En , il est prêté au club carioca du Vasco da Gama avec son coéquipier Fellipe Bastos jusqu'en . Il y est transféré définitivement en .

En , il signe en faveur du club émirati d'Al Nasr Dubaï.

Palmarès
  Atlético Mineiro
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B : 2006
 Campeonato Mineiro : 2007

  São Paulo
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A : 2008

  Benfica
 Championnat du Portugal : 2009–10
 Coupe de la Ligue : 2009–10

  Vasco da Gama
 Coupe du Brésil 2011

Notes et références

Naissance à Uberaba
Naissance en avril 1985
Footballeur brésilien
Joueur du Clube Atlético Mineiro
Joueur du São Paulo FC
Joueur du Benfica Lisbonne
Joueur du Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama
Joueur du Al Nasr Dubaï
Joueur du Red Bull Brasil
Joueur du Ceará Sporting Club
Joueur du Guarani Futebol Clube
Joueur de l'Uberlândia Esporte Clube


text:
Station Otta is een station in Otta in fylke Innlandet in Noorwegen. Het stationsgebouw dateert uit 1896 en is een ontwerp van Paul Due.

Externe link
Station op bane NOR (Noors)

Otta
Otta


text:
Суперку́бок А́встрії з футбо́лу — колишній одноматчевий турнір, у якому грають володар кубка Австрії та чемпіон попереднього сезону. У випадку, якщо кубок і чемпіонат виграла одна команда, то в суперкубку грають перша та друга команди чемпіонату. Проходив з 1986 по 2004 роки.

Переможці

Посилання
 Суперкубок Австрії з футболу на rsssf


text:
Jewhenija Lopata (; englische Transkription Evgenia Lopata * 1. November 1994 in Czernowitz, Ukraine) ist eine ukrainische Kulturmanagerin und Übersetzerin, künstlerische Leiterin und Geschäftsleiterin von Meridian Czernowitz. Sie steht auf der Liste 30 UNDER 30 Forbes Ukraine.

Herkunft und Ausbildung
Jewhenija Lopatas Vater ist Germanist, ihre Mutter Ukrainistin. Sie hat einen Bruder.

Von 2001 bis 2012 besuchte Jewhenija Lopata das Czernowitzer Gymnasium #1 mit erweitertem Deutschunterricht, das sie 2012 mit Auszeichnung absolvierte.

Nach dem Abitur studierte sie von 2012 bis 2018 Germanistik und Wirtschaftswissenschaften (Management und Administration) an der Jurij-Fedkowytsch-Universität Czernowitz, parallel auch an der Universität Graz. Ihr Magisterstudium schloss sie 2018 mit einer Arbeit zum Thema Coaching als Führungstechnik im Unternehmen ab. Seit 2019 studiert sie Kulturwissenschaften an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.

Jewhenija Lopata spricht fließend Deutsch, Englisch, Russisch und ihre Muttersprache Ukrainisch.

Karriere
Jewhenija Lopata leitet seit 2013 das Internationale Lyrikfestival Meridian Czernowitz sowie den gleichnamigen Verlag.

Als Übersetzerin überträgt sie Texte aus dem Deutschen ins Ukrainische. Darüber hinaus fungiert sie als Kontaktperson für die Lyrikline in der Ukraine. Sie organisiert Lesereisen ukrainischer Autoren wie unter anderem von Serhij Schadan, Oksana Sabuschko und Jurij Andruchowytsch durch Europa, initiiert viele internationale europäisch-ukrainische Kulturprojekte, beschäftigt sich seit Jahren mit der Präsenz ukrainischer Literaten auf internationalen Literaturforen wie der Leipziger-, der Wiener- und der Frankfurter Buchmesse.

2019 absolvierte sie ein Praktikum im Deutschen Bundestag im Büro von Markus Uhl (CDU).

Ehrungen und Auszeichnungen
 2015 Preis "Junge Europäerin des Jahres" von der Schwarzkopf-Stiftung Junges Europa für Förderung des Kulturaustausches zwischen der Ukraine und der EU.
 2021 Bundesverdienstmedaille
 2021 Czernowitzer-Medaille

Teilnahme an den internationalen Literatur- und Lyrikfestivals
 2013–2021: Lemberger Buchmesse (Ukraine)
 2014: Solothurner Literaturtage (Schweiz)
 2014–2021: Kyiv Book Arsenal (Ukraine)
 2014–2020: Leipziger Buchmesse (Deutschland)
 2015: Internationales Literaturfestival BuchBasel (Schweiz)
 2015: Lesereisen zusammen mit Serhij Schadan und Juri Andruchowytsch als Moderatorin und Dolmetscherin in der Schweiz (Basel, Stans, Lenzburg, Zürich)
 2015: Stockholm International Poetry Festival (Schweden)
 2015: Sha'ar International Poetry Festival (Israel)
 2015–2018: Frankfurter Buchmesse (Deutschland)
 2015–2019: Poesiefestival berlin (Deutschland)
 2016, 2019: 21. Internationales Literaturfestival Leukerbad (Schweiz)
 2017: XXXIII International Poetry Festival of Barcelona (Spanien)
 2017–2018: Wiener Buchmesse (Österreich)
 2017–2018: Lesereisen zusammen mit Serhij Schadan als Moderatorin und Dolmetscherin in Deutschland (Köln, Frankfurt am Main, Marburg, Greifswald, Frankfurt (Oder), Berlin, Braunschweig, Düsseldorf), Frankreich (Nizza, Lille, Paris) und in der Schweiz (Luzern, Basel, Bern).
 2019:  Fokus Lyrik. Festivalkongress zur Gegenwartslyrik (Deutschland)

Publikationen
 Mein Freund, der Kranführer – Übersetzung der ausgewählten Gedichte von Pedro Lenz ins Ukrainische zusammen mit Serhiy Zhadan (Meridian Czernowitz Verlag, 2018, Fotos – Julia Weber)
 Deutsch-ukrainische Anthologie »Paul Celan 100« (herausgegeben von Evgenia Lopata, Meridian Czernowitz Verlag, 2021)
 Anthologie zeitgenössischer deutschsprachiger Lyrik aus der Schweiz in ukrainischen und russischen Übertragungen (herausgegeben von Evgenia Lopata, Meridian Czernowitz Verlag, 2021)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Übersetzer ins Ukrainische
Übersetzer aus dem Deutschen
Übersetzer aus dem Englischen
Kulturwirtschaft
Absolvent der Universität Graz
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes (Verdienstmedaille)
Ukrainer
Geboren 1994
Frau


text:
Kao Kim Hourn  is the current Secretary-General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). He previously served as a two-term Minister Delegate attached to the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia. Dr. Kao, his formal Cambodian name, is a Member of the Supreme National Economic Council, Senior Fellow at the Jeffrey Cheah Institute on Southeast Asia, and a Member of the Global Council of The Asia Society.

After being educated in the United States, Kao returned to Cambodia in 1993, and has been involved in Cambodian public service and think tanks. He played an integral role in Cambodia's entrance into ASEAN in 1999, and has served as Advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation from 2001 to 2003 and as Secretary of State for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation from 2004-2013.

Kao also founded The University of Cambodia (UC) in 2003, which became a top-ranking Cambodian university under his tenure as President. He has since helped to found two think tanks: the Asia Economic Forum, and the Asian Faiths Development Dialogue. In addition, he also helped to found the South East Asia Television network and radio station, known as SEATV and Radio.

In 2014, Kao founded the Techo Sen School of Government and International Relations at The University of Cambodia, providing training for administrators, policy makers, and young leaders. In 2015, he founded the College of Media and Communications at The University of Cambodia to promote journalism and communications education, and provide students with hands on training at Southeast Asia Television (SEATV) and Radio (FM 106). In 2018, He also founded the School of Foreign Languages, which offers full degrees in English, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and French and provides short courses in Thai and German. Additionally, he established the School of Creative Arts, aimed to preserve and celebrate Cambodia's rich history of art, song, and dance. In August 2022, Kao was appointed as the next Secretary-General of ASEAN at the plenary session of the 55th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting, and in November 2022 at the ASEAN Summit, all ASEAN leaders supported his appointment. He is the first Cambodian citizen to hold this position since Cambodia joined ASEAN.

Education

After the Cambodian Civil War, the Khmer Rouge seized power and committed the Cambodian genocide. Kao received very little formal education during his childhood due to the unstable and violent conditions in Cambodia at the time. His family was granted refugee status in 1981, and eventually relocated to Herndon, Virginia. There, Kao enrolled in high school. He was 16 years old at the time and had very little educational experience and no English training. However, he was quite successful and graduated with a high school diploma with scholastic excellence three years later, in 1985. He then attended Baylor University in Waco, Texas, where he did his B.A. in Asian Studies He received a National Fellowship Scholarship to Ohio University in Athens for his master's degree program. And in 1991, he graduated with two master's degrees in Political Science and International Affairs. Additionally, he holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of Hawaii at Manoa in Honolulu. He received an Honorary Doctorate Degree in Public Service from Ohio University in 2007, as well as another Honorary Doctorate Degree in Literature from the Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT University) of India in 2014.

Professional career
He was appointed as director of the Khmer International Relations Institute, and held that office from 1993 to 1994. During his time as director, he developed the Cambodia Public Accountability and Transparency project (CPAT) with funding support from the Asia Foundation. The project, one of the first counter-corruption projects in the nation, did not receive sufficient funding, and thus could not produce significant results. The project was later transformed into the Center for Social Development (CSD) when Kao became Director of the think-tank, the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace (CICP), launched earlier by His Royal Highness Prince Norodom Sirivudh in cooperation with the German Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation (Phnom Phenh Post 09. September 1994).

Kao  worked as CICP's first executive director for 10 years, until 2004, though he has remained as a Member of the Board of Directors. The CICP helped support Cambodia in becoming a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1999, the ASEAN Institutes of Strategic and International Studies and the Council for Security Cooperation in Asia Pacific (CSCAP) during Kao's tenure. He has published many books on ASEAN and Cambodian-ASEAN relations, and gained significant experience in ASEAN through the activities of the ASEAN Institutes of Strategic and International Studies. His time at CICP also involved significant interactions with the Royal Government of Cambodia, as an advisor to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.

Kao served as Advisor to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Royal Government of Cambodia from 1996 to 1998, and again from 2001 to 2004 with the rank of Undersecretary of State. He also became a member of the Supreme National Economic Council with the rank of minister when SNEC was founded in 1999 and has been a member since then.

In 2003, Kao founded The University of Cambodia (UC). Kao was inspired to create a Cambodian higher education institution modeled in a similar way to the United States that focuses on developing students' critical thinking and problem solving skills.

The University of Cambodia has also established two think-tanks under the leadership of Kao: the Asia Economic Forum (AEF) and the Asia Faiths Development Dialogue  both of which fall under the umbrella of the university.

Kao is a founding committee member, and vice-chairman of AEF, which was established by UC in May 2005. AEF is a think-tank promoting policy dialogue around major issues facing the Asia-Pacific region. AEF has generally been held on an annual basis in Phnom Penh.

Kao is also the Secretary General of the Asian Faiths Development Dialogue (AFDD), which was founded by Dr. Haruhisa Handa in December 2006. The purpose of AFDD is to enhance dialogue between different faith groups, and bring faith communities together to achieve humanitarian and development aims.

In 2004, he was appointed as Secretary of State for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation a position he held until 2013. During his tenure as Secretary of State, Kao worked extensively with ASEAN, developing relationships and managing Cambodia's participation in the organization's many mechanisms. As such, he was a key player in the development and negotiation of the ASEAN Charter, as the Cambodian representative to the ASEAN High Level Task Force on the Drafting of the ASEAN Charter. In addition to ASEAN, Kao was also responsible for the ASEAN Plus Three, the ASEAN Plus One mechanisms, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), the East Asia Summit (EAS), as well as the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)

Since 2006, Kao has served as the Vice Chairman for the Advisory Board of the International Relations Institute of Cambodia at the Office of the Council of Ministers.

In 2007, South East Asia Television and South East Asia Radio, popularly known as SEATV, were established by Kao, Headquartered in UC's Phnom Penh campus,

He has also served as a member of the Standing Committee of the Cambodian Red Cross for two five year terms, from 2008 to 2018. He was Alternative Member for Cambodia's National Representation for the ASEAN Political-Security Council from August 2009 to September 2013, as well as Secretary-General of the ASEAN National Secretariat of Cambodia from 2004 to 2013.

In 2013, he was promoted to the position of Minister Delegate Attached to the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia, in charge of Foreign Affairs and ASEAN.  From October 2016 to May 2017, he served as the vice chairman of Cambodia's Inter-Ministerial Committee for the World Economic Forum on ASEAN 2017. He currently serves as a Senior Fellow at the Jeffrey Cheah Institute on Southeast Asia and is also a Member of the Global Council of The Asia Society. In 2018, he was appointed to serve on the Board of the Cambodian Higher Education Association (CHEA) as both the Deputy Chairman of the Board of Directors and the Chairman of the Dissemination Affairs Committee. In September 2018, he was reappointed for a second term as Minister Delegate Attached to the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia in charge of Foreign Affairs and ASEAN, from 2018-2023.

In August 2022, Kao was appointed as the next Secretary-General of ASEAN at the plenary session of the 55th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting, and it is the first time a Cambodian will have held the post. In November 2022 at the ASEAN Summit in Phnom Penh, all ASEAN leaders supported his appointment.

ASEAN Secretary-General
On 9 January 2023, H.E Kao Kim Hourn officially assumed the position of ASEAN Secretary-General, during a ceremony presided over by Indonesia's Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi.

Personal life
Kao was born in 1966 in Koh Sotin District in Kampong Cham province in Cambodia. His father was a school teacher throughout his life, except during the Khmer Rouge period when education was outlawed and teachers were targeted and killed. Due to the incredibly violent conditions in the nation, he and his family spent time living in refugee camps on the Cambodian-Thai border after the Khmer Rouge were removed from power in 1979, and they eventually relocated to the United States as refugees.

Publications
 Perspectives of A Cambodia Development for Peace in the Context of Southeast Asian Integration (1995) [Khmer and English]
 Cambodia in ASEAN (1995) [English]
 Peace from the Heart (1996) with Samraing Kamsan [Khmer]
 Peace and Cooperation: Alternative Paradigms (1997) with Din Merican [English]
 ASEAN Free Trade Agreement: Implications and Future Directions (1997) with Sarah Kanter [English]
 Women's Political Voice in ASEAN: Sharing a Vision (1997) with Norbert von Hofmann [English]
 Cambodian Approach to Conflict Resolution (1998) with Samraing Kamsan [Khmer]
 Skepticism, Outrage, Hope: Reactions to the Death of Pol Pot (1998) with Tania Theriault [English]
 ASEAN A to Z: A Lexicon of ASEAN-Related Terminology (1998)
 Cambodia's Future in ASEAN: Dynamo or Dynamite? (1998) with Jeffrey A. Kaplan [English]
 National Elections: Cambodia's Experiences and Expectations (1998) with Norbert von Hofmann [English]
 Cambodia and the International Community: The Quest for Peace, Development, and Democracy (1998)
 Principles Under Pressure: Cambodia and ASEAN's Non-Interference Policy (1999) with Jeffrey A. Kaplan [English]
 Shared Leadership and Trust Building in Cambodia: Learning from the Past, Sharing Experiences, Views and Visions, and Drawing Lesson for the Future (1999) with Samraing Kamsan [Khmer and English]
 Grassroots Democracy in Cambodia: Opportunities, Challenges and Prospects (1999) with Samraing Kamsan [Khmer and English]
 ASEAN 10 is Born: Commemorating Cambodia's Entry into ASEAN (1999) [English]
 Banking on Knowledge: The Genesis of the Global Development Network, "The challenges of intervention for Cambodian think tanks" (2000) [English]
 The Greater Mekong Sub region and ASEAN from Backwaters to Headwaters (2000) with Jeffrey A. Kaplan [English]
 Cambodia in the New Millennium: Managing the Past and Building the Future (2000) with Samraing Kamsan [Khmer]
 Emerging Civil Society in Cambodia: Promotion of Human Rights and Advancement of Democracy (2001) with Samraing Kamsan and Luy Chanphal [Khmer]
 ASEAN A to Z: A Lexicon of ASEAN-Related Terminology, 2nd Edition (2001)
 Building Civil Society for Good Governance in Cambodia: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects (2001) with Samraing Kamsan [Khmer]
 The Role and Function of Cambodian Parliament: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects (2001) with Van Buntheth and Luy Chanphal [Khmer]
 Cambodia's Foreign Policy and ASEAN: from non-alignment to engagement (2002) [English]
 Whispering in the Ears of Power: The Role of ASEAN Track-Two Diplomacy (2002) [English]
 Communal Council Elections and Grassroots Democracy in Cambodia (2002) with Samraing Kamsan and Inn Tong Ann [Khmer]
 Civil-Military Relations in Cambodia: Issues, Challenges and Prospects (2002) [Khmer and English]
 Strengthening Civil Society-Government Partnership for Good Governance and Development in the Public Sector in Cambodia: Achievements, Challenges and Future Directions (2002) with Samraing Kamsan [Khmer]
 Elections in Cambodia: Lessons Learned and Future Directions (2002) [Khmer and English]
 Sustainable Development, Poverty Reduction and Good Governance in Cambodia (2002) with Chap Soptharith [Khmer]
 Military Reform in Cambodia: Demobilization and Reintegration (2002) with Inn Tong Ann [Khmer]
 Strengthening Civil Society-Parliament Partnership for Good Governance in Cambodia: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects (2003) with Samraing Kamsan [Khmer]
 Legislative Review and Development in Cambodia in the Last Ten Years: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects (2004) with Samraing Kamsan [Khmer and English]
 The Making of the ASEAN Charter, "A Personal Reflection" (2009) by Tommy Koh (2009) [English]

Awards and honors

Grand Order of National Merit (2015)
 Honorary Doctorate in Literature, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, India (2014)
 Honorary Doctorate of Public Service, Ohio University, U.S.A. (2007)
 Royal Order of Cambodia, Grand Cross (2013)
 Royal Order of Sowathara, Grand Officer (2007)
 Royal Order of Cambodia, Grand Officer (2007)
 Royal Order of Monisaraphon, Commander (2006)
 Royal Order of Monisaraphon, Chevalier (2003)
 Royal Order of Monisaraphon, Officer (2003)

References

1966 births
Cambodian academics
Government ministers of Cambodia
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Cambodia
Living people
Members of the Royal Order of Monisaraphon


text:
John Ellis Martineau (2 de Dezembro de 1873 – 6 de Março de 1937) foi o 28° Governador do Arkansas e Juiz Federal dos Estados Unidos do Tribunal Distrital dos Estados Unidos para o Distrito Leste do Arkansas. Seu mandato como Governador foi marcado pela Grande Enchente do Mississippi de 1927, com Martineau exercendo como Presidente da Comissão de Enchentes dos Três Estados.

Educação e carreira
Nascido no dia 2 de Dezembro de 1873, no Condado de Clay, Missouri, filho de Sarah Hetty Lamb e Gregory Martineau, um fazendeiro recém-chegado de Quebec, Canadá, Martineau recebeu um diploma de Bacharelado em artes em 1896 pela Universidade Industrial do Arkansas (hoje Universidade do Arkansas) e Bacharel em Direito pela Faculdade de Direito da Universidade do Arkansas, em 1899. Entrou numa advocacia privada em Little Rock, Arkansas, a partir de 1899. Foi membro da Câmara dos Representantes do Arkansas de 1903 até 1905. Foi Chanceler da Corte de Chancelaria do Arkansas para o Primeiro Distrito de Chancelaria de 1907 até 1927.

Concessão de habeas corpus
Enquanto exercia na corte de chancelaria, Martineau emitiu um mandado de habeas corpus para os réus nos processos criminais decorrentes do Motim Racial Elaine, no Condado de Phillips, no leste do Arkansas. Embora a Suprema Corte do Arkansas mais tarde tenha anulado essa ordem, concedeu aos réus tempo suficiente para evitar a execução e buscar o habeas corpus no tribunal federal. Suas condenações foram revogadas pela Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos em sua decisão no caso Moore v. Dempsey.

Governo
Martineau concorreu sem sucesso a Governador do Arkansas nas Primárias Democratas de 1924. Em 1926, destituiu nas primárias o incumbente de um mandato Tom Jefferson Terral e depois derrotou nas eleições gerais o advogado Republicano Drew Bowers, originalmente de Pocahontas, no Condado de Randolph, no nordeste do Arkansas. Martineau recebeu 76,5% dos votos contra 23,6% de Bowers. Bowers era Assistente do Procurador dos Estados Unidos no Distrito Leste do Arkansas, nos governos de Coolidge e Eisenhower. Martineau deixou o cargo cedo para ser juiz federal.

Feitos como Governador
Martineau foi o primeiro Governador do Arkansas a transmitir seu discurso de posse pelo rádio. O governo de Martineau criou um conselho de pensões Confederado e autorizou auxílios estatais às cidades para a construção de rodovias por meio do Plano Martineau Road. Martineau foi forçado a lidar com uma grande crise quando o Rio Mississippi soltou-se das suas margens e cobriu 13% do estado durante a Grande Enchente de 1927. Martineau foi nomeado Presidente da Comissão de Enchentes dos Três Estados. Em Maio de 1927, Martineau chamou a Guarda Nacional em resposta ao linchamento de um prisioneiro afro-americano por uma multidão de 2.000 a 5.000 pessoas em Little Rock. Martineau ganhou a reputação de honesto, íntegro e como político progressista. Seu papel na política do estado e o gerenciamento eficaz de situações de crise garantiram ainda mais sua reputação como um dos melhores governadores do Arkansas e chamaram a atenção nacional.

Serviço judicial federal
Martineau foi nomeado pelo Presidente Calvin Coolidge no dia 2 de Março de 1928, para um cargo no Tribunal Distrital dos Estados Unidos para o Distrito Leste do Arkansas, desocupado pelo Juiz Jacob Trieber. Foi confirmado pelo Senado dos Estados Unidos no dia 2 de Março de 1928 e recebeu sua comissão no mesmo dia. Seu serviço terminou no dia 6 de Março de 1937, devido a sua morte. Foi sepultado no Roselawn Memorial Park em Little Rock.

Filiações
Martineau era membro da sociedade secreta, Knights of Pythias, e da confraria dos Maçons. Martineau foi um novato em 1894 da Kappa Sigma - Xi Chapter na Universidade do Arkansas. Os Contemporâneos de Martineau no Xi Chapter incluíam o futuro Senador do Estado e o Governador interino do Arkansas, Xenophon Overton Pindall, o futuro Governador interino Michael Pleasant Huddleston, o futuro Juiz Federal Thomas Clark Trimble III e o futuro Congressista e Juiz Federal Samuel Billingsley Hill.

Veja também
 Lista de governadores do Arkansas

Ligações externas
 Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry: John Ellis Martineau

Nascidos em 1873
Mortos em 1937
Democratas do Arkansas
Governadores do Arkansas
Juízes federais dos Estados Unidos