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The 2010s saw many developments relating to transport in the Australian city of Sydney, New South Wales. The decade saw a substantial investment in infrastructure, including a new airport, motorway projects, light rail lines, Australia's first metro system, the new Waratah fleet and the demise of the non-air conditioned S sets from the rail network. Planning and branding of public transport services became substantially more centralised.

Governance
In Australia, urban transport is primarily the responsibility of the state and territory governments. Transport was a major issue in the lead up to the 2011 New South Wales state election. The incumbent NSW Labor government's management of public transport was perceived as poor and a succession of infrastructure projects that were announced and then abandoned proved politically damaging. The election saw the 16-year-Labor government defeated in a landslide by the Liberal–National Coalition. The Coalition retained power in the 2015 election and the 2019 election.

The following individuals have served as Premier or Transport Minister during the decade:

Transport for NSW

Transport for NSW is a statutory authority of the New South Wales Government that manages transport services in the state. It was established on 1 November 2011. The authority was a separate entity from the New South Wales Department of Transport. The authority subsumed the Transport Construction Authority and the Country Rail Infrastructure Authority, and plans and coordinates the functions of RailCorp, the State Transit Authority and Roads & Maritime Services.

Transport for NSW took over the management of most train, bus, ferry and light rail services in New South Wales, which had previously been managed by the operators of the services. The authority now manages the route design, timetabling and branding of these services and also provides passenger information via printed material, a telephone service and a website. Operation of the services is contracted out to a mixture of other government-owned organisations and private enterprise.

The organisation worked to provide more unified branding of public transport services. A new series of logos, dubbed "the hop", was introduced. New mode icons for trains, buses, ferries and light rail were also introduced. Train, ferry and light rail services were given line numbers (T1-T7 for trains, F1-F7 for ferries and L1 for light rail). The icon for metro was also introduced when the metro opened to service in May 2019.

Since absorbing Roads & Maritime Services in December 2019 (see below), it is also responsible for building and maintaining road infrastructure, managing the day-to-day compliance and safety for roads and waterways, and vehicle and license registrations.

Roads & Maritime Services
As part of the 2011 reforms that established Transport for NSW, Roads & Maritime Services (RMS) was created as a new agency of the New South Wales Government. It was responsible for building and maintaining road infrastructure and managing the day-to-day compliance and safety for roads and waterways. It was formed from a merger of the Roads & Traffic Authority and NSW Maritime. Planning responsibilities were transferred to Transport for NSW.

On 1 December 2019, RMS was dissolved and all its functions were merged into Transport for NSW.

Public transport ticketing

The ticketing system used on government-operated services in urban New South Wales was expanded and rebranded in April 2010.  Called "MyZone", the changes somewhat standardised fare product names and ticket designs across trains, buses and ferries; and brought privately operated buses into the same fare structure as those operated by the State Transit Authority. Limited integration with the then privately owned light rail system was added in 2011. The number of fare bands was reduced, which provided some commuters with substantial price cuts for public transport. Like the previous ticketing range, MyZone used the existing magnetic-stripe Automated Fare Collection system on trains, government buses and ferries. Private bus services and the light rail required manual checking or validation of the ticket by the driver or conductor.

The magnetic-stripe system was introduced in 1992 and had come to be seen as out-of-date. Tcard was a failed attempt to introduce an inter-modal stored-value smart card. Though originally intended to be in place before the 2000 Sydney Olympics, the project suffered major delays. In 2007, the state government terminated the contract to deliver the project. On 12 April 2010, the state government announced that a new contract had been awarded for the second attempt to introduce a smartcard system. The new system, called Opal, was introduced between December 2012 and December 2014. Once the rollout was complete, Opal quickly started replacing all other tickets. The pre-existing tickets were retired in stages; the last remaining tickets were withdrawn on 1 August 2016. At this time, single trip Opal tickets were introduced for infrequent travellers.

Road

NorthConnex
NorthConnex is a  motorway tunnel in the northern suburbs. Opened 31 October 2020, it connects the M1 Pacific Motorway to the M2 Hills Motorway. NorthConnex links to the Sydney Orbital Network and forms part of the National Highway route. Major construction began in mid-2015 and completed in late 2020.

The tunnel will provide an alternative to Pennant Hills Road. In 2013 National Roads and Motorists' Association members identified Pennant Hills Road as the third worst road in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.

WestConnex
WestConnex is a motorway scheme currently under construction. The scheme, a joint project of the New South Wales and Australian governments, encompasses widening and extension of the M4 Western Motorway, a new section for the M5 South Western Motorway named the M8, and a new inner western bypass of the Sydney CBD connecting the M4 and M5.

The initial M4 widening and King Georges Road Interchange Upgrades began construction in 2015 and were completed in 2017. The M4 East was completed in July 2019, and the New M5 Tunnel is due for completion in 2020 respectively. The final stages, M4–M5 link, Iron Cove Link and Sydney Gateway, are expected to begin construction in 2019 and be completed by 2023.

Other road proposals
The Western Harbour Tunnel & Beaches Link is a planned north-south motorway between Frenchs Forest in the Northern Beaches and the WestConnex motorway at Rozelle in the Inner West. The four-lane motorway is planned to be 14 km long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge and Sydney Harbour Tunnel corridor currently carry 80 percent of all vehicles crossing Sydney Harbour and the Parramatta River. The new tunnel would reduce pressure on the existing infrastructure by providing another harbour crossing. The New South Wales Government pledged $77 million in funding to evaluate the design and construction feasibility of the project.

In 2014, federal government and the New South Wales state government jointly funded the Western Sydney Infrastructure Plan (WSIP), a road investment program consisting of key road upgrade projects in Western Sydney. Included in the plan is the Western Sydney Airport Motorway, a planned east-west motorway along the current alignment of Elizabeth Drive between the Westlink M7 Motorway and The Northern Road. The four-lane motorway is planned to be 14 km long and to be built at a cost of $1.25 billion. It is aimed at providing direct access from the Westlink M7 to the new Western Sydney Airport at Badgerys Creek. The NSW Government announced $6 million for planning the Western Sydney Airport Motorway as part of the 2014-2015 State Budget. Other WSIP projects include the upgrade, road widening, and partial realignment of The Northern Road between South Penrith and Narellan.

A northern extension the Princes Motorway (F6) is being considered. The motorway links Sydney and Wollongong and currently ends in Sydney's southern suburbs. As part of modifications made during the planning stage of the WestConnex project, stub tunnels will be added to the M8 tunnel to allow for an extension connection to it by the F6 extension. In June 2016 Roads & Maritime Services commenced geotechnical analysis to determine underground rock and soil conditions on the former F6 corridor from Waterfall to the Sydney Orbital Network at Rockdale with a view into developing a possible link between the Princes Motorway and the Orbital Network. In 2017, it was revealed that the state government had reviewed a 3.6 billion dollar train tunnel between Thirroul and Waterfall on the South Coast Line that could reduce travel time between Sydney and Wollongong by 22 minutes, but the government favoured improving and extending the motorway instead. Later in 2017, a state government leak showed the extent of the route. Works would include tunnels to the northern side of the Captain Cook Bridge and a bridge duplication allowing for motorway traffic to use the existing bridge and local traffic to keep access. To the south of the bridge, a surface motorway would run through current parks and reserves which had been left for the original route, then run along the route of the current Princes Highway with tunnels bypassing the suburbs of Heathcote and Waterfall before joining the existing freeway.

Heavy rail and metro

From CityRail to Sydney Trains
At the start of the decade, Sydney's suburban passenger rail network was owned by RailCorp and operated under its CityRail brand. CityRail had two tiers of service: suburban services catered for travel within Sydney, while intercity services extended out to the surrounding regions. The new Coalition government decided to reform this structure. RailCorp was stripped of its role as network manager and passenger service operator but remained the network owner. Two new operators were created: Sydney Trains maintained the network and operated suburban passenger services, while NSW Trains operated intercity services under the NSW TrainLink brand. The new operators took control on 1 July 2013.

Rail Clearways Program and 2013 timetable
The Rail Clearways Program was a package of infrastructure improvements to the Sydney suburban network that took place in the second half of the 2000s and the first half of the 2010s. The following projects were completed in the 2010s:

With all but one of the Rail Clearways projects completed, a new timetable was released in October 2013. The new timetable saw the introduction of line numbers to the Sydney Trains network and the rationalisation of lines. The Bankstown loop - the interwoven operation of the Bankstown and Inner West lines - was broken by terminating trains at Lidcombe and Homebush. Almost all Liverpool via Regents Park services were discontinued. The Cumberland line was extended to Schofields and its operating hours were increased. The Northern line was merged with the North Shore and Western lines. The Airport & East Hills and South lines merged and were joined with what was left of the Inner West line.

The former lines were:

These were replaced with:

South West Rail Link and 2017 timetable

The South West Rail Link is a new passenger railway that serves the city's "South West Growth Centre". It diverges from the existing network at Glenfield and runs to Leppington. An intermediate station serves Edmondson Park. The line opened 8 February 2015. The railway was  in December 2015, replacing the initial shuttle service between Leppington and Liverpool.

A new Sydney Trains timetable was introduced in November 2017. The T2 line was split in two. The new T2 consists of services from Leppington to the city via Granville, with a branch to Parramatta being added. A new T8 line covers services from Macarthur to the city via Sydney Airport or Sydenham. The T2 is coloured light blue - a similar colour to CityRail's South Line. The T8 is coloured green.
T5 services were modified to no longer travel to and from Campbelltown, instead starting and terminating at Leppington. Late night and weekend services were introduced on the line. The late night services extend to Richmond, replacing T1 services at these times. These changes mean the section of the network between Glenfield and Macarthur is served exclusively by services operating via the East Hills railway line.

2018-2019 timetable changes due to Sydney Metro
The Epping to Chatswood railway line closed in September 2018 to enable its conversion to metro standards. This resulted in the reintroduction of the traditional Northern Line route from Hornsby to the city via Strathfield, by . This route was eventually made a separate T9 route in April 2019. The Metro North West Line began service one month later on 26 May 2019 when the Sydney Metro Northwest opened.

Freight infrastructure
The Southern Sydney Freight Line is a freight-only relief line in the south-western suburbs. It runs parallel to the Main South line and was constructed to avoid a curfew for freight trains that restricts them from operating in the suburban area during peak hours. The line forms part of a dedicated freight only corridor between Macarthur and Port Botany. The line is managed by the Australian Rail Track Corporation, while the adjacent passenger lines are managed by Sydney Trains. The line commenced operations in late 2012.

The stage 1 Northern Sydney Freight Corridor projects provided increased capacity along the shared passenger and freight route between Sydney and Maitland. It included two projects within Sydney. A new underpass at North Strathfield removes the need for freight trains to switch tracks, which blocked passenger trains in the process. A third track between Epping and Thornleigh provides an additional overtaking opportunity for northbound trains on this steeply graded section. The projects were completed by mid-2016.

In its 2017 budget, the Australian Government announced funding for the Inland Rail project. This new route will provide a bypass of Sydney for trains connecting with Brisbane from Perth, Adelaide and Melbourne and will result in reduced growth in the number of freight trains passing through Sydney.

Metro projects

The decade has seen work begin on the long-planned North West Rail Link. The line was initially planned as a main line railway integrated with the rest of the Sydney suburban network, but in March 2008 the Government changed the project to a metro line dubbed the North West Metro and expanded the line to run all the way to the Sydney CBD via Drummoyne and Pyrmont. In October 2008, the NSW Government announced that the North West Metro would be indefinitely deferred due to budgetary cuts. In February 2010, two and a half months after Kristina Keneally had become Premier, the NSW Government revealed the cancellation of the entire Sydney Metro project in its Metropolitan Transport Plan and returned to the North West Rail Link main line rail proposal.

Following his victory in the 2011 state election, newly elected Premier Barry O'Farrell announced that his first order of business would be to start construction on the North West Rail Link. The new government had originally intended to maintain the plan to build the line as a main line railway, but in 2012 it decided to switch the project back to a metro line. The Epping to Chatswood railway line will also be converted to metro standards. The line, now known as Sydney Metro Northwest, opened 26 May 2019 and was Australia's first metro line.

The decision to build the line as a metro meant passengers travelling to and from the Sydney central business district are required to change trains at Chatswood. This would be inconvenient and would place pressure on the North Shore line. The government's solution was to announce a major extension of the metro project. Sydney Metro City & Southwest is a 30 kilometre extension from Chatswood to Bankstown. The link will include a new tunnel that begins at Chatswood, travels down the lower North Shore, under Sydney Harbour, through the Sydney central business district and emerges at Sydenham. The extension will then take over most of the main line Bankstown railway line. The project is due to be completed in 2024.

A second metro line was announced in November 2016. Sydney Metro West will travel from the central business district to Parramatta. Planning for the line is at an extremely early stage. The line is expected to open in the second half of the 2020s.

A rail link to the Western Sydney Airport was announced by the New South Wales and Australian governments in March 2018. This line would run south from St Marys to the airport, before continuing on to the "Badgerys Creek Aerotropolis" - an area south of the airport. Funding for the line will be split 50:50 between the governments. The line is likely to be a metro or light metro.

Rolling stock fleet
The decade has seen the delivery of the OSCAR and Waratah classes and planned introduction of a new Waratah-based suburban class and trains for the metro.

The OSCARS or H sets are a class of 55 four-car trains that primarily operate on intercity services but are sometimes also used on suburban services. They entered service between 2006 and 2012.

The Waratahs or A sets are a class of 78 eight-car trains that operate on the suburban network. The trains entered service between 2011 and 2014. These were the first trains in Sydney to be configured as eight-car rather than four-car sets.

Originally, the Waratahs were intended to replace all 498 S set carriages, but in February 2013 it was revealed that some S sets would still be required in order to provide services on the South West Rail Link. An option existed to extend the order, but in March 2013 the government indicated it would not take this up. Instead, in May 2014, the government announced its intention to purchase new trains for the NSW TrainLink intercity network. These new trains are expected to enter service in late 2019 and will release at least some OSCARS from intercity to Sydney Trains services.

Despite proceeding with the intercity train order, the New South Wales Government announced on 1 December 2016 that 24 new suburban trains had been ordered. Known as series 2 Waratahs or B sets, the trains share more than 90 percent of their design with the original Waratahs. The first trains entered service in late 2018 and the last by the end of June 2019 allowing the last S set to be withdrawn on 28 June 2019. A further 17 sets have been ordered with a possible 28 additional sets to the ordered at a future date.

A technology upgrade of the Tangara trains was announced in August 2015. The program will extend the life of these trains (which were introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s) and bring technology into line with newer trains. The contract was awarded to UGL Limited. The program is expected to be completed in 2019.

22 six-car Alstom Metropolis trains were put into service in 2019. These operate on the Sydney Metro network and are single deck - in contrast to the double deck suburban trains.

Bus

Bus contract reform
The 2004 Review of Bus Services in NSW (the Unsworth report) found that the Sydney metropolitan area had two bus systems – government and privately operated, with widely varying levels of service and customer satisfaction that fell short of community expectations. The government accepted the review's recommendation that the existing 87 serviced areas be consolidated into 15 regions and service contracts be established with the operators. The contracts provided consistent fares, concessions and service standards for customers on both government and privately operated services. These contracts were negotiated with existing operators and commenced in 2005.

In 2011 and 2012 the privately operated contract regions were put out to competitive tender for the first time. Some of the incumbent operators lost the right to continue operating services in their regions.

State Transit
The role of the government-owned bus operator State Transit was reduced. Operation of the Liverpool–Parramatta T-way was included in the broader region 3 contract from 2013, with Transit Systems taking over operation from State Transit's Western Sydney Buses subsidiary.

In 2017, the government announced that region 6 services - covering Sydney's Inner West region - would be transferred to a private operator. Transit Systems was also awarded this contract, which commenced on 1 July 2018 and runs for eight years.

State Transit were also replaced as the operator of Newcastle's bus and ferry services - the authority's only operations outside of Sydney. However, operation of the new B-Line service was handed to State Transit as part of its region 8 contract.

B-Line
A new express bus service called B-Line was introduced on the Northern Beaches in November, 2017. The service runs for 27 kilometres, between Mona Vale on the Northern Beaches and the Sydney central business district. It is operated by dedicated fleet of double deck buses. As part of its introduction there was a restructure of other routes operating in the region.

Bus fleet

As the government has moved to a contestable contract model since the Unsworth report, so it has acquired a greater interest in the buses acquired to operate its routes. The government buys many of the new buses entering service in private operator fleets, and has step-in rights where a private operator loses a contract. State Transit and the private operators must buy new vehicles from approved panel suppliers. After several decades absence, double-decker buses were re-introduced to Sydney on select routes. Until 2010, each bus operator determined the livery for their vehicles. In late 2010, the NSW Government introduced a new livery for use on all new vehicles entering service on the network. The design is composed of a light blue background, a white chevron shape pointing in the direction of travel, and dark blue bumpers. In 2017 the government announced that articulated buses would be progressively phased out in favour of double-deckers.

Light rail and monorail

Purchase by the government and closure of monorail

Sydney's original light rail line, the Inner West Light Rail, was delivered as a public-private partnership. The private owner, Sydney Light Rail Company, was awarded a 30.5-year concession, allowing it to operate the line until February 2028, when ownership would pass to the New South Wales Government. The contract gave the company significant control over the commercial arrangements relating to future extensions or interconnecting lines. The government purchased the company in March 2012, removing the contractual restrictions on expanding the light rail network.

Another motivation for the purchase was the government's desire to redevelop the Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre at Darling Harbour. The Sydney Monorail, a loop line between the Central Business District and Darling Harbour, shared an ownership and operational structure with the light rail. The government saw the monorail as an impediment to the redevelopment of the Darling Harbour area. Opening in 1988, the monorail was built as a response to an earlier redevelopment of Darling Harbour from a port to a leisure precinct. The monorail ceased operating on 30 June 2013 and was then demolished.

Light rail extensions
The Inner West Light Rail was extended from Lilyfield to Dulwich Hill in March 2014. Like much of the preexisting line, the extension uses the alignment of a disused freight railway.

The CBD and South East Light Rail is a future line that will operate from Circular Quay at the northern end of the Central Business District to Central station at the southern end, then continuing to the south-eastern suburbs. Major construction began in October 2015. The line was initially projected to open in early 2019.  However, the project was extensively delayed, with the line between Circular Quay and Randwick opened on 14 December 2019 and the rest of the stops on the Kingsford branch to open March 2020.

Parramatta Light Rail is the name given to two planned lines that converge on the Western Sydney centre of Parramatta. The first line runs from Carlingford to Westmead via the Parramatta CBD. It includes the conversion of most of the under-utilised existing heavy rail Carlingford line to light rail standards. Construction is expected to begin in 2018 and be completed by 2023.

The second line branches from the first at Camellia or Rydalmere and heads to the Sydney Olympic Park events precinct. The route was originally meant to travel to Strathfield but was redesigned and truncated in October 2017. Construction of this line has been deferred. To the present day, stations between Camellia and Sydney Olympic Park have never been confirmed.

Tram fleet
Services on the Inner West Light Rail are provided by a fleet of twelve CAF Urbos 3 trams. The trams were ordered to service the Dulwich Hill extension, increase service frequencies and replace the Variotrams that had been providing services on the Inner West Light Rail since the first section of the line opened in 1997. The trams entered service between July 2014 and June 2015. As a stopgap measure until the new trams arrived, four leased CAF Urbos 2 trams ran on the Inner West Light Rail in 2014.

Sixty Alstom Citadis X05 trams were purchased to provide services on the CBD and South East Light Rail. The trams consist of five-sections and operate coupled together in pairs. The first unit was completed in May 2017.

An additional thirteen CAF Urbos 3 vehicles will operate on the Parramatta Light Rail.

Ferry

Franchising
Operation of the Sydney Ferries network was contracted out to a private operator.

On 3 April 2007, Bret Walker, a Senior Counsel, was appointed to undertake a commission of inquiry into Sydney Ferries' operations. Submissions to Walker's inquiry were critical of many aspects of the operation of Sydney Ferries. Walker's report, delivered in November 2007, was highly critical of the ferry management, industrial relations and government interference. Walker made several major recommendations including the urgent replacement of the entire ageing fleet of vessels and handing day-to-day operations over to a private sector operator whilst the NSW government retained the fleet and other assets in public ownership.

In 2008, the NSW Government called for private sector bids to provide ferry services under a services contract. But in April 2010 the NSW Government decided the service contract would remain with Sydney Ferries Corporation.

In 2011, following the election of the O'Farrell Government, it was decided to contract out the operation of Sydney Ferries to the private sector, with the government retaining ownership of both the Balmain Maintenance Facility and the ferry fleet.

On 28 July 2012, Harbour City Ferries, originally a 50/50 joint venture between Broadspectrum and Transdev Australasia, began operating the services of Sydney Ferries under a seven-year contract. In December 2016, Transdev took full control of the joint venture, and to coincide with a new contract commencing 1 July 2019 and finishing in 2028, the operation was renamed Transdev Sydney Ferries

Route changes
As part of the 2013 public transport branding changes, route numbers were introduced to the Sydney Ferries network. The routes were: F1 Manly, F2 Taronga Zoo, F3 Parramatta, F4 Darling Harbour, F5 Neutral Bay, F6 Mosman Bay and F7 Eastern Suburbs. The 2017 timetable saw some of these routes reorganised. The F7 route was truncated to terminate at Double Bay instead of Watsons Bay and the F4 was extended from its prior terminus at Circular Quay to take over the remainder of the route. The F3 was split up, resulting in a new F8 route taking over services to most wharves east of Cockatoo Island.

New and upgraded wharves

A new Barangaroo ferry wharf was built to act as a hub for ferry access from the western side of the Sydney central business district. The Barangaroo area, which had been a working port for years, had been a long-proposed site for urban renewal. Major construction of the redevelopment at Barangaroo began in 2011. In May 2013, the government outlined plans to build a new ferry terminal at Barangaroo to replace the nearby Darling Harbour wharf. As well as allowing for additional services on the F3 Paramatta River route, the increased capacity will allow additional routes to use the new wharves. It was proposed that all Sydney Ferries routes that used the Darling Harbour wharf would be rerouted to Barangaroo, with Darling Harbour to be decommissioned and handed back to private operation. The wharf opened in late June 2017. It offers a transport interchange with Wynyard railway station via Wynyard Walk, an underground pedestrian tunnel built to improve connections between the railway station and Barangaroo.

Many other wharves served by Sydney Ferries have been rebuilt during the decade. The new wharves utilise a largely shared design.

Ferry fleet
In November 2014, the government announced six new ferries would be ordered. Called the Emerald class, they operate on the Inner Harbour routes and are designed to look similar to the First Fleet class vessels. The first ferry was expected to enter service in late 2016. However, the entry into service was delayed due to problems uncovered during testing that required modifications to the design. The first ferry eventually entered service on 26 June 2017. The introduction of the Emerald class ferries allowed the final two Lady class ferries to be withdrawn in October 2017.

Other

Western Sydney Airport
The construction of a Second Sydney Airport has been a long-standing issue for the city. A site located within the suburb of  was officially designated by the Australian Government on 15 April 2014, bringing an end to decades of debate on the location of another airport within the Sydney basin. Western Sydney Airport is a planned 24 hour, curfew-free airport. Construction began in September 2018 and is expected to be completed in 2026.

Moorebank Intermodal Terminal
Moorebank Intermodal Terminal is under construction in the south-western suburb of Moorebank. In April 2012 the Australian Government committed to developing the Moorebank Intermodal Terminal with private sector involvement. The terminal will be built on 240 hectares of land formerly occupied by the Australian Army. The site will be connected to the Southern Sydney Freight Line near Casula station, providing access to Port Botany. It will also be close to the M5 Motorway and its junctions with the M7 and Hume Highway. Construction began in April 2017.

References

2010s
Sydney
2010s in Sydney


text:
Teutul is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Paul Teutul Sr. (born 1949), founder of Orange County Choppers (OCC)
Paul Teutul Jr. (born 1974), his elder son and co-founder of OCC
Michael Teutul (born 1978), his youngest son

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The 2018 Tampa Bay Rowdies season was the club's ninth season of existence, and their second in the United Soccer League. Including the previous Tampa Bay Rowdies, this was the 25th season of a franchise in the Tampa Bay metro area with the Rowdies moniker. Including the now-defunct Tampa Bay Mutiny, this was the 31st season of professional soccer in the Tampa Bay region.

Club
On October 2, 2018, the Tampa Bay Rays baseball club announced their purchase the Rowdies for an undisclosed amount, pending St. Petersburg City Council approval. Once the sale was finalized, Rays presidents Matthew Silverman and Brian Auld became vice chairmen of the soccer club. They, along with Rowdies vice president and chief operating officer Lee Cohen, became the team's directors.

Current roster

Technical staff

  Neill Collins - head coach (beginning May 18)
  Cheyne Roberts – assistant coach
  Martin Paterson – assistant coach
  Stuart Dobson – goalkeeper coach
  Blain Bott – strength and conditioning coach
  Bentley Smith – kit man
  Stuart Campbell – head coach (until May 17)

Medical staff
  Andrew Keane – head athletic trainer
  Michelle Leget – assistant athletic trainer
  Robert Dixon – message therapist
  Dr. Koco Eaton – team physician and orthopedic surgeon
  Dr. Mohit Bansal – team physician and orthopedic surgeon
  Dr. Christopher Salud – team physician
  Dr. Samuel Meyers – team chiropractor

Front office
  Stuart Sternberg – owner (beginning October 2)
  Lee Cohen – vice president and chief operating officer
  Matthew Silverman – vice chairmen (beginning October 2)
  Brian Auld – vice chairmen (beginning October 2)
  Bill Edwards – chairman, chief executive officer and governor (until October 2)

Competitions

Preseason / Friendlies
The Rowdies hosted Major League Soccer teams in the Suncoast Invitational for the third year in a row.

USL

USL Eastern Conference table

Results summary

Results by round

Results

U.S. Open Cup

References

Tampa Bay Rowdies
Tampa Bay Rowdies (2010–) seasons
Tampa Bay Rowdies
Tampa Bay Rowdies
Sports in St. Petersburg, Florida


text:
Dicyema irinoense är en djurart som tillhör fylumet rhombozoer, och som beskrevs av Furuya 2005. Dicyema irinoense ingår i släktet Dicyema och familjen Dicyemidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

irinoense
irinoense


text:
Constantia australis är en orkidéart som först beskrevs av Célestin Alfred Cogniaux, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Paulo Campos Porto och Alexander Curt Brade. Constantia australis ingår i släktet Constantia, och familjen orkidéer. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Orkidéer
australis


text:
Skaldyr er en betegnelse for spiselige saltvandsdyr der enten ligger i en skal eller har rygskjold, som musling, østers, reje, hummer eller krabbe, det er altså ikke nogen klassifikation i biologisk forstand.

Se også


text:
La Catedral de San Pablo  (en inglés: Saint Paul Cathedral) es la iglesia madre de la diócesis católica de Pittsburgh en Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania en Estados Unidos. La parroquia de St. Paul fue establecida en 1834.  Cuando la diócesis se estableció en 1843 la Iglesia de St. Paul fue elegida como la catedral. A medida que el centro de la ciudad fue reivindicado por las industrias, las zonas residenciales se desplazaron a otras zonas de la ciudad y la propiedad de St. Paul fue vendido al industrial Henry Clay Frick.

La actual estructura de estilo gótico fue diseñada por Egan y Prindeville de Chicago y se terminó en 1906. El contratista de Filadelfia Thomas Reilly construyó la nueva catedral en el barrio de Oakland. La catedral sirve a las necesidades espirituales de aproximadamente 3.000 fieles. Se convirtió en una propiedad que contribuye en el distrito histórico de Schenley Farms el 22 de julio de 1983, en el Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos.

Véase también
 Iglesia católica en los Estados Unidos
 Arquitectura de las catedrales y las grandes iglesias

Referencias

Pablo Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh


text:
Mr. Met  is the official mascot for Major League Baseball's New York Mets. Mr. Met first appeared in 1963 as a cartoon drawing in programs. When the team moved to Shea Stadium the following year, he came to life in the form of a costumed mascot -- it's believed he was the first mascot to appear in human form in Major League Baseball.

Mr. Met is a man with a large baseball for a head.  He can be seen at Citi Field during Mets home games, has appeared in several commercials as part of ESPN's This is SportsCenter campaign, and has been elected into the Mascot Hall of Fame. In 2012, Forbes Magazine listed Mr. Met as the number one mascot in all of sports.

History

Mr. Met was first introduced on the cover of game programs, yearbooks, and on scorecards in 1963, when the Mets were still playing at the Polo Grounds in northern Manhattan. Comic book artist Al Avison was at least one of the artists who contributed to the character's design. When the Mets moved to Shea Stadium in 1964, fans were introduced to a live costumed version, portrayed by team ticket office employee, Daniel J. Reilly. Mr. Met is believed to have been the first mascot in Major League Baseball to exist in live-action (as opposed to artistically rendered) form. He was also the first person on the Mets to be represented by a bobblehead doll.

In the 1960s, Mr. Met occasionally appeared in print with a female companion, Mrs. Met (originally called "Lady Met"), and less frequently with a group of three "little Mets" children; the smallest was a baby in Lady Met's arms. Mrs. Met was debuted in a short lived live costumed form in 1975 before being reintroduced in 2013.

In the mid-1970s, the Mets franchise began to abandon the Mr. Met mascot. In 1976, he appeared on the cover of the New York Mets Official Yearbook. In 1977 and 1978, Mr. Met and Lady Met appeared on the cover of the Mets Shea Stadium Official Schedule. After that time, he was not utilized in their advertising and he remained absent for almost 20 years. He was phased out prior to the upsurge in mascot popularity caused by The Famous Chicken and the Phillie Phanatic in the late '70s. In 1979, after the Mets discontinued use of Mr. Met, the team briefly experimented with a new mascot named "Mettle the mule" that was a living animal that would parade along the foul lines prior to a game.

In 1992, long time Mets fan, Lois Kaufmann of Queens, New York, wrote a compelling appeal for his reinstatement and asking the Mets to resurrect the mascot. The team did not act quickly or grant Lois her request to be Mr. Met. However, in 1994, they did follow her advice and revived Mr. Met as part of a promotion with Nickelodeon. After a long absence, Mr. Met was quickly re-embraced by New York Mets fans and has since remained a constant part of the franchise.

On April 14, 2002, the Mets held a birthday party for Mr. Met at Shea Stadium. It was attended by costumed mascots from all around Major League Baseball and by Sandy the Seagull, mascot of the Brooklyn Cyclones, a Mets farm team.

In the 2003 season, first baseman Tony Clark was the first Mets player ever to wear #00, Mr. Met's number. In June of that season, he switched to #52 when Queens schoolchildren asked him what had happened to Mr. Met.

On September 14, 2007, Mr. Met was elected into the Mascot Hall of Fame.

Beginning on August 14, 2009, throughout their series against the San Francisco Giants, the Mets wore throwback jerseys featuring a Mr. Met patch on the right sleeve.

Currently, Mr. Met can be seen at Citi Field during and after games. He is usually found near Mr. Met's Kiddie Field where fans can meet and pose for pictures with him. He can be hired for special events and private parties. Mr. Met is also featured on Mets Money, which are $1, $5 and $10 denomination gift certificates accepted at concession stands and souvenir shops at Citi Field. The design is somewhat reminiscent of standard U.S. currency, but instead features images of Mr. Met attired and posed similarly to the historical official (Washington, Lincoln or Hamilton) featured on the respective bill.

The second version of the Mr. Met head is now on display at the New York Mets Hall of Fame and Museum at Citi Field.

In 2013, the Mets introduced batting practice caps featuring Mr. Met on the front. In 2014, a Mr. Met sleeve patch was featured on the Mets' blue alternate home and road jerseys. In 2015, a far more detailed Mr. Met backstory was written by a longtime fan in cooperation with the team and published by Mascot Books.

Performers
Mr. Met has been portrayed by many people over the years. Dan Reilly was the first person to wear the Mr. Met costume, starting in 1964. In 2007, Reilly wrote a book about his experiences with the team, called The Original Mr. Met Remembers.

Mr. Met was portrayed from 1994 through 1997 by AJ Mass, currently a fantasy sports writer for ESPN. Mass has written several books and articles on his experiences portraying Mr. Met.

Matt Golden portrayed Mr. Met from 1999 to 2011.

On May 31, 2017, Mr. Met was heading back to the clubhouse after a Mets loss when he engaged in a heated exchange with an opposing fan. The argument ended with Mr. Met giving the finger towards the fan, which was caught on video. The Mets then changed performers for Mr. Met.

Inside Baseball

In a 2003 This is SportsCenter ad, when the show ends, everyone rushes out of the studio, creating a massive traffic jam. It then shows Mr. Met and Lady Met driving home on the freeway (with the Met children in the back), with Lady Met subtitled as saying they were glad to get out early. The New York Mets theme song, "Meet the Mets", is on their car radio. (A shorter version with just the Mets family has Mrs. Met accusing Mr. Met of making eyes at one of the female ESPN sportscasters.)

In 2009, Mr. Met appeared in another This is SportsCenter ad, which Mr. Met is talking with Stuart Scott at a microwave. When Josh Hamilton shows up to use the microwave, Mr. Met angrily gestures at him and walks away. Hamilton is confused until Scott reveals that some of the balls Hamilton hit in the 2008 Home Run Derby were actually relatives of the mascot.

In 2007, Mr. Met became a spokesman for MTA New York City Transit, appearing on several advertisements and safety messages within the New York City Subways and buses.

He was also featured in commercials for MLB 06: The Show, a video game for Sony's PlayStation 2, where a camera crew followed him around as he performed his daily duties, such as buying coffee and picking up his laundry. In 2010, he began appearing in commercials for Citi Bank that aired during Mets broadcasts, inducing Mets fans to join him in a "Let's Go Mets" cheer during mundane activities such as business meetings.

He has his own Build-A-Bear Workshop store, but instead of at Citi Field, it's located at the Mets' flagship store on Manhattan's Fifth Avenue.

Mr. Met was featured on the remake of The Odd Couple. In it Oscar Madison was to throw out the first pitch. His estranged father (Garry Marshall) is with him and the senior Madison gets Oscar so mad that he hits Mr. Met in the head. The Mets get Oscar to, as a publicity stunt, apologize to Mr. Met.

In 2019, Mr. Met appeared in an episode of Madam Secretary. Newly elected President Elizabeth McCord, anxious about throwing a ceremonial pitch at a Mets game, dreams she knocks out Mr. Met instead.

Mr. Met and the Phillie Phanatic did a MasterCard commercial in 2013 to raise money for ending cancer.  According to his 2019 Topps Opening Day Baseball Card , the "hustling humanoid [still] loves getting selfies taken with fans and raising money for charitable causes."

See also

 List of Major League Baseball mascots

References

External links

New York Mets
Met, Mr.
Mascots introduced in 1962
Fictional anthropomorphic characters
Culture of Queens, New York


text:
Rugby 7
Paises Bajos
La selección de rugby 7 de los Países Bajos es un equipo nacional de siete menores. Han competido en Seven de Hong Kong desde la década de 1980. Se les considera tradicionalmente como "pececillos", pero no han fracasado por completo.

Rob Cuthbertson, miembro de EURFC, ha sido agregado recientemente al equipo después de un exitoso viaje a Casablanca. Habiendo tenido experiencia previa a nivel internacional con Inglaterra, se espera que agregue un talento muy necesario al equipo.

Participaciones

Copa del Mundo de Rugby 7

Véase también

 Selección de rugby de los Países Bajos
 Selección femenina de rugby 7 de los Países Bajos

Referencias


text:
Tamara Nikolayevna Moskvina (en  ), née Tamara Nikolayevna Bratus, est une patineuse artistique russe ayant patiné dans les années 1950 et 1960 sous les couleurs de l'Union soviétique. Elle est née le  à Leningrad. Patinant seule jusqu'en 1966, elle devient la partenaire d'Alexander Gavrilov en 1964 puis d'Alexeï Michine jusqu'à sa fin de carrière en 1969.

Biographie

Carrière sportive
Avec Michine, elle est notamment vice-championne du monde et vice-championne d'Europe.

Reconversion
Elle reçoit de son pays la médaille de l'Ordre du Drapeau rouge du Travail en 1984.

Elle devient ensuite entraîneur de patinage artistique aux États-Unis, menant plusieurs couples à un palmarès :
 Irina Vorobieva et Igor Lisovski, champions du monde et champions d'Europe 1981
 Elena Valova et Oleg Vassiliev, champions olympiques 1984 et 1988
 Natalia Mishkutenok et Artur Dmitriev, champions olympiques 1992 et vice-champions olympiques 1994
 Elena Bechke et Denis Petrov, vice-champions olympiques 1992
 Oksana Kazakova et Artur Dmitriev, champions olympiques 1998
 Elena Berejnaïa et Anton Sikharulidze, champions olympiques 1992, vice-champions olympiques 1998
 Kyoko Ina et John Zimmerman, triples champions des États-Unis
 Yuko Kavaguti et Alexandre Smirnov, champions d'Europe 2010

Palmarès

En individuel

En couple artistique
Avec deux partenaires :
 Aleksandr Gavrilov (1 saison : 1964-1965)
 Alexeï Michine (4 saisons : 1965-1969)

Liens externes

Patineuse artistique soviétique
Patineuse artistique russe
Naissance en juin 1941
Naissance à Saint-Pétersbourg
Naissance en RSFS de Russie
Patineuse artistique aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 1968
Entraîneur russe de patinage artistique
Récipiendaire de l'ordre du Drapeau rouge du Travail


text:
Iwan Tönnes Edvard Aminoff, född 8 maj 1868 i Stockholm, död 6 april 1928 i Gävle, var en svensk författare och arméofficer. Pseudonymer: Radscha och Vox.

Biografi
Föräldrar var sjökaptenen Iwan Fredrik Aminoff och Anna Constance Aminoff, född Hummel. Aminoff blev underlöjtnant vid Bohusläns regemente 1888, major vid Skaraborgs regemente 1913 och överstelöjtnant vid Karlskrona grenadjärregemente 1916. 1896-1897 tjänstgjorde han vid franska armén i Alger och var 1917 kommenderad till Västfronten. Aminoff blev 1923 chef för Stora Kopparberg bergslags skeppningskontor i Gävle.

Aminoff debuterade som författare 1899 och gav ut ett fyrtiotal skönlitterära verk och därtill några fackböcker. Han betraktas som en svensk pionjär inom deckargenren.

Han gifte sig första gången 2 december 1892 med Hanna Sofia Ekström och andra gången 28 december 1898 med Olga Elvira Wallerstedt.

Källor

Externa länkar

Födda 1868
Avlidna 1928
Män
Svenska författare
Svenskspråkiga författare
Militärer från Stockholm
Iwan
Författare från Stockholm
Gravsatta på Mariebergs kyrkogård


text:
FEAL — блоковий шифр, запропонований Акіхіро Симідзу і Седзі Міягуті.

У ньому використовуються 64-бітовий блок і 64-бітовий ключ. Його ідея полягає і в тому, щоб створити алгоритм, подібний DES, але з більш сильною функцією етапу. Використовуючи менше етапів, цей алгоритм міг би працювати швидше. На жаль, дійсність виявилася далекою від цілей проекту.

Алгоритм
Як вхід процесу шифрування використовується 64-бітовий блок відкритого тексту. Спочатку блок даних підлягає операції XOR з 64 бітами ключа. Потім блок даних розщеплюється на ліву і праву половини. Об'єднання лівої і правої половин за допомогою XOR утворює нову праву половину. Ліва половина і нова права половина проходять через N етапів (спочатку 4). На кожному етапі половина об'єднується за допомогою функції F з 16 бітами ключа і за допомогою XOR — з лівою половиною, створюючи нову праву половину. Вихідна права половина (на початок етапу) стає новою лівою половиною. Після N етапів (ліва і права половини не переставляти після N-го етапу) ліва половина знову об'єднується з допомогою XOR з правою половиною, утворюючи нову праву половину, потім ліва і права об'єднуються разом в 64-бітове ціле. Блок даних об'єднується за допомогою XOR з іншими 64 бітами ключа і алгоритм завершується.

Примітки

Див. також
Хеш-функція
N-Hash

Криптографія


text:
Patriarchaat Antiochië (pre-Chalcedon) voor de oude geschiedenis van dit patriarchaat, voor de splitsing tussen het Grieks-orthodoxe en het Syrisch-orthodoxe patriarchaat
 Oosters-orthodoxe kerken:
 het Grieks-orthodox patriarchaat van Antiochië met zetel in Damascus (Syrië)
 Oriëntaals-orthodoxe kerken:
 het patriarchaat van de Syrisch-Orthodoxe Kerk van Antiochië met zetel in Damascus (Syrië)
 Oosters-katholieke kerken:
 Maronitische Kerk:
Maronitisch patriarchaat van Antiochië met zetel in Bsharri (Libanon)
Syrisch-Katholieke Kerk:
Syrisch-katholiek patriarchaat van Antiochië met zetel in Beiroet (Libanon)
 Melkitische Grieks-Katholieke Kerk:
Melkitisch Grieks-katholiek patriarchaat van Antiochië met zetel in Damascus (Syrië)
 Rooms-Katholieke Kerk:
 het historische Latijns patriarchaat van Antiochië, dat van 1099 tot 1268 bestond, en daarna tot 1964 als titulair patriarchaat.

Zie ook
 Lijst van patriarchen van Antiochië (tot 544)
 Lijst van Grieks-orthodoxe patriarchen van Antiochië (512/544-heden)
 Lijst van Syrisch-orthodoxe patriarchen van Antiochië (512/544-heden)
 Lijst van maronitische patriarchen (938-heden)
 Lijst van Syrisch-katholieke patriarchen van Antiochië (1662-1702 en 1782-heden)
 Lijst van melkitische Grieks-katholieke patriarchen van Antiochië (1724-heden)
 Lijst van Latijnse patriarchen van Antiochië (1099-1268/1964)

Antiochie


text:
Burum (also known as Yaknge or Somba-Siawari after its two dialects and Mindik in the language itself) is a Papuan language spoken in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Its closest related language is Borong (also known as Kosorong).

Orthography

References

External links

 Burum-Mindik Swadesh List

Languages of Morobe Province
Huon languages


text:
Volero Publilius Philo (fl. 399 av. J.-C.) était un homme politique de la Rome antique.

Vie
Il fut tribun militaire à pouvoir consulaire en 399 av. J.-C..

Bibliographie
 Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et Continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale, Oxford University (R.-U.), Linacre College,  « Prosopographica & Genealogica », 597, 2000 .

Tribun militaire à pouvoir consulaire du IVe siècle av. J.-C.
Date de naissance incertaine (IVe siècle)


text:
Ву́лиця Миха́йла Рома́нова — вулиця в Голосіївському районі міста Києва, місцевість Віта-Литовська. Пролягає від Бродівської до Лісоводної вулиці.

Історія
Вулиця виникла на початку 2010-х років під проектною назвою Лінія 4. Сучасна назва на честь радянського актора і режисера Михайла Романова — з 2011 року.

Примітки

Джерела

Вулиці Голосіївського району Києва
Вулиці Києва, названі на честь людей


text:
Troy Blacklaws est un écrivain et professeur sud-africain.

Biographie
Il est né le 9 septembre 1965 à Pinetown, dans la province du Natal. Après ses études à Paarl Boys' High School, il a étudié à l'Université de Rhodes avant d'être enrôlé dans les forces de défense sud-africaine. Après avoir servi dans l'armée, Blacklaws a commencé à enseigner l'anglais. Son premier roman, Karoo Boy, a été publié en 2004. Le livre a été décrit comme "une vision tumultueuse du Cape Town de 1976 " par la revue Village Voice et défini comme "sensuel et cinématographique" par le New York Times. Chris Martin, du groupe Coldplay, a dit de Karoo Boy qu'il était "le livre le plus coloré que j'ai jamais lu".

Son deuxième roman, Blood Orange, relatait l'histoire d'un garçon blanc en Afrique. Il a été publié en 2005 et était un mélange de souvenirs et de fiction. Le roman fut adapté pour la scène par Blacklaws lui-même, Greig Coetzee et Craig Morris. La pièce, dirigée par Coetzee, a été jouée pour la première fois au National Arts Festival de Grahamstown, en Afrique du Sud, en juillet 2006.

En 2010, Blacklaws a publié une fable : Bafana Bafana : A Story of Soccer, Magic and Mandela. Son troisième roman, Cruel Crazy Beautiful World, a été publié en 2011. Le titre est tiré d'une chanson de Johnny Clegg. L'histoire se déroule dans l'Afrique du Sud post-apartheid de 2004.

Œuvres

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1965
Écrivain sud-africain


text:
Athyrium kumaonicum är en majbräkenväxtart som beskrevs av Punetha. Athyrium kumaonicum ingår i släktet Athyrium och familjen Athyriaceae. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Kärlväxter
kumaonicum


text:
Die Society for Neuroscience (SfN) ist eine gemeinnützige Vereinigung von Neurowissenschaftlern und Ärzten mit Sitz in Washington, D.C.

Sie wurde 1969 gegründet und hat mehr als 42.000 Mitglieder in über 90 Ländern. Die SfN gibt wöchentlich das Journal of Neuroscience heraus. Zudem veranstaltet sie alljährlich das Neuroscience Meeting an dem etwa 30.000 Wissenschaftler aus aller Welt teilnehmen.

Präsidenten der Gesellschaft waren u. a. Vernon Mountcastle, Torsten N. Wiesel, Solomon H. Snyder, Eric Richard Kandel, Stephen F. Heinemann und David H. Hubel. Gegenwärtig (Stand 2020) ist Barry Everitt Präsident.

Weblinks
Website der SfN
Website des Journal of Neuroscience
Society for Neuroscience. In: Nature, 13. November 2005. doi:10.1038/news051114-4

Neurowissenschaften
Wissenschaftliche Organisation (Vereinigte Staaten)
Neurowissenschaften
Organisation (Washington, D.C.)
Gegründet 1969


text:
TelSell is a teleshopping channel broadcast in the United Kingdom on Sky Digital.  It was on channel 649 when it was broadcast, offering a range of products such as the Vibromass.

In November 2007 the company was under criticism, after customers' credit card information was obtained by hackers. The company failed to inform their customers, claiming it was not their responsibility.

A Dutch court has declared the Dutch-based home shopping networks Tel Sell and LiveShop bankrupt on 9 January 2008. However, TelSell returned to Dutch TV only a few months later.

External links
 Website
 Tel Sell up for sale

References

Foreign television channels broadcasting in the United Kingdom
Shopping networks


text:
Johannes Reinke (February 3, 1849 – February 25, 1931) was a German botanist and philosopher who was a native of Ziethen, Lauenburg. He is remembered for his research of benthic marine algae.

Academic background
Reinke studied botany with his father from the age of eight. Reinke studied theology at Rostock, but his focus later changed to botany. In 1879 he became a professor of botany at the University of Göttingen, where he established the institute of plant physiology. From 1885 until 1921, he was a professor at the University of Kiel. Reinke was a co-founder of the Deutsche Botanische Gesellschaft.

Contributions
Reinke had a keen interest in the systematics, developmental cycles, cytology and physiology of brown algae. From 1888 to 1892, he published a number of articles on marine algae from the North and Baltic Seas — in regards to the Baltic, he described several new genera of algae. He also published works on the algal families Tilopteridaceae (1889) and Sphacelariaceae (1890). Furthermore, he postulated that the encrusting algae genus called Aglaozonia was a stage in the life history of Cutleria. He has been credited for being the first to use the word  to refer to the propagule-producing area in lichens in an 1895 publication, introducing a term still in common use. Reinkella, a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Roccellaceae, was named in his honour in 1897.

Reinke was a proponent of scientific "neo-vitalism", and a critic of the Darwinian theory of evolution. Opposing the secularization of science, Reinke, along with his Lutheran friend Eberhard Dennert, founded the Keplerbund ("Kepler Association") in 1907. They opposed Haeckel's Monist League, which aimed to "replace" German churches with the evolutionary theory as a secular religion, and attempted to create a branch of popular science grounded in the Christian belief.

In 1901 he introduced the term "theoretical biology" to define biology from a standpoint of concepts and theories, and to differentiate it from traditional "empirical biology". Reinke attempted to explain the process of biological change through a concept of morphogenesis and genetic regulation he referred to as the "Dominanten" theory. Among his written works was a book that discussed the relationship of philosophy and religion to science.

He died in Preetz.

Selected publications
 Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen über die Dictyotaceen des Golfs von Neapel. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae naturae curiosorum, Bd. 40, 1 (1878) * Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Botanik, (Historical research into the development of Dictyotaceae from the Gulf of Naples), 1880
 Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Botanik (Textbook of general botany), 1880
 Atlas deutscher Meeresalgen  (Atlas of German marine algae), 1889 and 1891
 Einleitung in der theoretische Biologie (Introduction to theoretical biology), 1901, second edition 1910.
 Philosophie der Botanik (Philosophy of botany), 1905
 Haeckels Monismus und seine Freunde – ein freies Wort für freie Wissenschaft (Haeckel's monism and allies, a free word for free science), 1907
 Die Kunst der Weltanschauung (The Art of Belief), 1911
 Kritik der Abstammungslehre (Critique of the theory of evolution), 1920
 Naturwissenschaft, Weltanschauung, Religion, (Science, philosophy, religion), 1923
 Das dynamische Weltbild (The dynamic world view), 1926
 Wissemann, Volker (2012). Johannes Reinke: Leben und Werk eines lutherischen Botanikers. Volume 26 of Religion, Theologie und Naturwissenschaft / Religion, Theology, and Natural Science. Vandenhoeck & Ruprech. , 9783525570203

References

 List of publications copied from an article on Johannes Reinke at the German Wikipedia.

1849 births
1931 deaths
People from Herzogtum Lauenburg
19th-century German botanists
German Christians
Phycologists
Theoretical biologists
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Members of the Prussian House of Lords
Academic staff of the University of Kiel
Vitalists
20th-century German botanists


text:
Jordan Cronenweth, né le  à Los Angeles et mort le  dans la même ville, est un directeur de la photographie américain.

En 2003, il a été reconnu par ses pairs comme l'un des dix directeurs de photographie les plus influents du .

Biographie
Jordan Cronenweth a commencé à travailler comme assistant caméraman de Conrad L. Hall en 1961. Il a remporté le British Academy Film Award de la meilleure photographie en 1983 pour Blade Runner et a été nommé pour l'Oscar de la meilleure photographie en 1987 pour Peggy Sue s'est mariée. Il est le père de Jeff Cronenweth. Il est mort en 1996 des suites de la maladie de Parkinson qu'on lui avait diagnostiquée en 1978.

Il fut engagé comme directeur de la photographie pour le film Alien 3, mais après seulement deux semaines de tournage, des problèmes de santé l'ont contraint à céder sa place.

Filmographie
 1970 : Brewster McCloud, de Robert Altman
 1972 : Play It As It Lays, de Frank Perry
 1974 : Spéciale Première, de Billy Wilder
 1976 : Gable and Lombard, de Sidney J. Furie
 1977 : Légitime Violence, de John Flynn
 1980 : Au-delà du réel, de Ken Russell
 1981 : Cutter's Way, d'Ivan Passer
 1982 : Blade Runner, de Ridley Scott
 1982 : Best Friends, de Norman Jewison
 1984 : Stop Making Sense, de Jonathan Demme
 1986 : Peggy Sue s'est mariée, de Francis Ford Coppola
 1987 : Jardins de pierre, de Francis Ford Coppola
 1988 : U2: Rattle and Hum (partie en couleurs), de Phil Joanou
 1990 : Les Anges de la nuit, de Phil Joanou
 1992 : Sang chaud pour meurtre de sang-froid, de Phil Joanou
 1992 : Alien 3 de David Fincher (remplacé par Alex Thomson en cours de tournage)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Directeur de la photographie américain
British Academy Film Award de la meilleure photographie
Naissance en février 1935
Naissance à Los Angeles
Décès en novembre 1996
Décès à Los Angeles
Décès à 61 ans
Mort de la maladie de Parkinson


text:
Heavenly Melodies est un groupe burundais de musique gospel.

Historique

Créé le , à Bujumbura par Fabrice Nzeyimana et quelques chanteurs chrétiens dont certains sont devenus des artistes reconnus du gospel burundais comme Fortran, Ngabire ou Clark, Heavenly Melodies est une figure incontournable dans la sphère gospel burundaise regroupant près de quatre-vingts artistes (chanteurs, musiciens, danseurs) chrétiens de différentes nationalités et origines sociales qui ont décidé d'aller au-delà des différences (entre protestants, catholiques, anglicans, méthodistes etc.) et d'agir ensemble pour vivre leur passion et véhiculer le message de Dieu de par leur art.

Discographie

Ico Nipfuza,
En 2005, le groupe entre en studio et sort Ico Nipfuza, premier album comportant la chanson du même titre sur laquelle on retrouve les voix de Fabrice, Ngabire et Claudia qui devient un succès dès sa sortie  et qui est aujourd'hui l'une des chansons burundaises qui ont été le plus visionnées sur Internet via le site YouTube, la chanson Nyen'Ubutore, enregistrée avec Apollinaire aux sonorités empruntées au folk rwandais devient un succès en radio . La carrière du groupe décolle ainsi dès le premier album.

Umwizigirwa
Fabrice Nzeyimana, leader du groupe écrit une quinzaine de chansons pour le deuxième album du groupe et travaille avec Dudu, un de ses amis chanteur et producteur sur la réalisation de ce second projet studio, l'album, finalement, comptera dix titres et associe des styles qui vont du r&b au country en passant par le zouk, tandis que certains chanteurs du groupe rejoignent Fabrice au studio pour travailler sur l'album en préparation, d'autres suivent des cours de chant avec Ngabire (alors vice-présidente du groupe) en préparation à la série de concerts qui suivront pour accompagner l'album.

Au mois de , le second album de Fabrice et Heavenly Melodies sort sous le titre Umwizigirwa, l'album reçoit un accueil chaleureux en radio et est applaudi par la critique , les titres You are Holy, Muniache nimbe, Humura et Ndafis'Imana sont diffusés sur presque toutes les stations radio locales . Le , le groupe donne un concert dans l'amphithéâtre de l'école internationale de Bujumbura pour présenter ce nouvel album, alors qu'ils font salle comble, des problèmes techniques font que le concert commence avec une heure de retard, malgré quoi le concert est très applaudi.

Dans les premières semaines de l'année 2010, le premier clip vidéo extrait de l'album sort, Umukunzi reçoit un accueil mitigé, le second clip vidéo sera celui de la chanson désignée comme étant la plus célèbre de l'album ; c'est la chanson Humura sur laquelle on retrouve la voix de Ngabire, une des chanteuses du groupe et qui devient en peu de temps un tube, le titre aura un écho favorable jusqu'au Rwanda.

Ibihe
À la fin de l'année 2010, Fabrice enregistre le titre Ibihe en collaboration avec Chance, une des chanteuses alto de Heavenly Melodies, cette chanson lui inspire un album sur le thème des temps qui changent, construit sur un message d'espoir, il compose ainsi de nouvelles chansons et reprend des chansons qui n'avaient pas été retenues sur les albums précédents en vue de ce qui sera le troisième album de Fabrice et Heavenly Melodies.

Pour ce nouveau projet, le producteur sera Marc, un des pianistes du groupe, devenu producteur et qui avait enregistré le titre Isengesho ry'Igihugu incluant des voix de mass-choir, un style inédit car beaucoup d'autres producteurs avaient jugé la chose impossible en l'absence de studios très sophistiqués. Ainsi, cet album sera assez différent des précédents car le groupe est beaucoup plus mis en avant ; Fabrice et Marc qui travaillent jour et nuit en studio pour pouvoir sortir l'album à Pâques s'amusent à créer des styles nouveaux en incluant des sonorités africaines (comme sur les chansons Ikimpumuriza, Nyakati, Kira Mama) et orientales (sur le titre Umwe).

Ce troisième album, intitulé Ibihe (en français : les temps ou les saisons) s'annonce comme celui de la maturité artistique de Fabrice et Heavenly Melodies, il sera lancé officiellement deux jours avant Pâques, le vendredi  lors d'un concert du groupe à l'Institut Français du Burundi (nouvelle appellation du Centre Culturel Français de Bujumbura).

Concerts, récompenses et collaborations

En , Heavenly Melodies donne son premier concert à l'hôtel Novotel. L'année suivante, le groupe est choisi pour concourir dans la catégorie meilleur artiste ou groupe Gospel dans le concours « Vision pour Demain » organisé par la télévision nationale burundaise d'où il sort . En 2008, un groupe de chanteurs belges viennent donner un concert à Bujumbura et choisissent de se produire aux côtés de Heavenly Melodies. Quelques mois plus tard, le groupe accompagne Richard Nik, un célèbre chanteur rwandais qui est venu se produire au Burundi, la même année Heavenly Melodies remporte le trophée du Burundian Gospel Award 2008.

Un Groove Award au Kenya et un concert hors pair

En , Fabrice Nzeyimana (qu'il serait difficile de dissocier avec Heavenly Melodies car il a, non seulement créé ce groupe mais aussi écrit toutes les chansons des albums) est nommé dans la catégorie meilleur artiste burundais aux Groove Awards au Kenya, trophée qu'il remporte, il dira à ce sujet  .

Deux mois plus tard, le  au Centre Culturel Français, Heavenly Melodies crée l'évènement à Bujumbura avec un concert qui restera reconnu comme un des plus beaux jamais offert par des artistes burundais. Ils y interprètent leurs plus grands succès : ceux du premier album, principalement les chansons de l'album Umwizigirwa et des reprises de classiques, le concert offre un subtil mélange entre tradition et modernité. Le concert est aussi l'occasion de découvrir de nouveaux chanteurs qui se produisent en solo comme Claudia, Laude, Chance, Ngabire et d'autres ; l'un des moments clés du concert est l'hommage au Burundi avec la musique de l'hymne national (tout le public s'était levé) suivi de chants aux sonorités traditionnelles et de la chanson Isengesho ry'Igihugu (en français « prière pour le pays ») sur laquelle on retrouve dix chanteurs du groupe (qui figurera sur le troisième album de Heavenly Melodies). De ce concert live sortira une autre vidéo You Are Holy qui, avec Humura, est un des plus grands succès de l'album Umwizigirwa.

Groupe de gospel
Culture au Burundi


text:
El Dr.Gregorio García Lanza es considerado uno de los principales partícipes de la revolución del 16 de julio de 1809 en La Paz.

Biografía

Gregorio García Lanza nació en Coroico (), provincia de Yungas, Departamento de La Paz, el 12 de marzo de 1775. Sus padres eran Martín García Lanza y Nicolasa Mantilla, quienes disfrutaban de una desahogada situación económica y una influyente posición en la comunidad.

Cursó sus estudios iniciales en el Convento de San Francisco, en La Paz. Finalizados estos, lo enviaron junto a su hermano Victorio a estudiar en la Universidad de San Bernardo del Cuzco, donde se graduó en 1796. Regresó a La Paz en 1798, convirtiéndose en uno de los juristas más destacados y en asesor del Cabildo. En esa ciudad contrajo matrimonio con María Manuela Campos Seminario, siendo sus padrinos Joaquín Revuelta y María Josefa Medina. Tuvo con ella cuatro hijos: María Ángela (1804), Manuel Hilario (1806), Gonzalo (1808) y María Josefa Isabel (1809).

Los hermanos Lanza junto a Pedro Domingo Murillo, entre otros patriotas, fueron activos promotores de la causa independentista, tanto en el movimiento abortado de 1805 como en los sucesos que, tras la Revolución de Chuquisaca del 25 de mayo de 1809, desembocaron en la revuelta del 16 de julio. Esa noche al recibir el esperado aviso de la toma del cuartel, marchó a la Sala Capitular, donde de acuerdo a lo previsto el pueblo congregado lo aclamó como representante. Lanza, junto a los doctores Juan Basilio Catácora y Buenaventura Bueno, fueron quienes presentaron la demanda de deponer a las autoridades realistas, y la de condonar las deudas a la real Hacienda y quemar los documentos correspondientes.

El plan de gobierno ya preparado fue presentado al Cabildo el 21 de julio y aprobado al siguiente día.
El 24 se formó una junta de gobierno independentista denominada Junta Tuitiva, presidida por el coronel Pedro Domingo Murillo, nombrándose Secretario a Sebastián Aparicio, Escribano a Juan Manuel Cáceres y como vocales al Dr. Gregorio García Lanza, Dr. Melchor León de la Barra (cura de Caquiavire), José Antonio Medina (tucumano, cura de Sicasica), presbítero Juan Manuel Mercado (chuquisaqueño), Dr. Juan Basilio Catácora y Dr. Juan de la Cruz Monje y Ortega.
Se nombraron después otros vocales suplente o ciudadanos agregados: Sebastián Arrieta (tesorero), Dr. Antonio de Ávila, Francisco Diego Palacios y José María Santos Rubio (comerciantes), Dr. Buenaventura Bueno (maestro de latín) y Francisco X. Iturres Patiño (sochantre).
Gregorio García Lanza recibió a su cargo la secretaría de guerra.

El virrey de Perú José Fernando de Abascal ordenó la represión del movimiento y encomendó al brigadier José Manuel de Goyeneche el operativo, que a todos los efectos implicaba la invasión de otra jurisdicción, en tanto el Alto Perú era parte del Virreinato del Río de la Plata. Goyeneche, quien era uno de los principales responsables de los acontecimientos del 25 de mayo en Chuquisaca que habían actuado como disparador de los de La Paz, inició la concentración de sus tropas en el río Desaguadero, límite de ambos virreinatos.

Ante la amenaza, el 3 de septiembre Lanza pasó a Achacachi como comandante de las provincias de Omasuyos y Larecaja. El 12 de septiembre el Cabildo de La Paz resolvió a instancias de los patriotas Castro, Landaeta, Cossio, Arias, y Ordóñez declarar la guerra a la provincia de Puno y ordenar al sargento mayor Juan Bautista Sagárnaga avanzar hacia el Desaguadero. El 24 de septiembre partió la expedición, a la que Lanza se sumó como auditor de guerra.

Iniciada la represión, al aproximarse las fuerzas del Virreinato de Lima al mando de José Manuel de Goyeneche, la Junta Tuitiva se disolvió haciéndose cargo su presidente Pedro Domingo Murillo del mando político y militar. Murillo contaba sólo con unos mil hombres y para evitar deserciones se situó con el grueso a las afueras, en la localidad de Chacaltaya en los altos de La Paz, dejando a Juan Pedro de Indaburu con una compañía en la ciudad. El 18 de octubre Indaburu, puesto de acuerdo con un emisario de Goyeneche, traicionó el movimiento. Detuvo a los dirigentes revolucionarios que permanecían en la ciudad, entre ellos a los patriotas Jiménez, Medina, Orrantia, Cossio, Rodríguez, Iriarte y Zegarra, y al día siguiente alcanzó a ejecutar a Pedro Rodríguez, condenado por un consejo compuesto por el alcalde Diez de Medina, el edecán de Goyeneche Miguel Carrazas, Indaburo y el asesor Baltasar Aquiza.

Lanza regresó al campamento de Chacaltaya tras el suceso. El 25 de octubre las fuerzas de Pedro Murillo fueron finalmente derrotadas y dispersadas en los Altos de Chacaltaya por las tropas de Goyeneche. Gregorio Lanza resolvió entonces presentarse ante Goyeneche y fue puesto en prisión el 27 de octubre.

No obstante logró salir bajo fianza y se dirigió hacia las Yungas.
Allí, Castro, su hermano Victorio, Mariano Graneros y Sagárnaga entre otros patriotas se habían retirado con algunas fuerzas sobrevivientes. Castro se hizo fuerte en Coroico, Sagárnaga en Pacollo y Lanza en Chulumani. Desde allí junto con el patriota Apolinar Jaén habían escrito a Gregorio para que desistiera de su entrega y apoyara a su hermano manteniendo "la resistencia hasta el último momento".

En Pacollo tuvo una entrevista con Sagárnaga y en Coroico se alojó en casa de Castro. Goyeneche envió tras ellos el 30 de octubre a su primo el coronel Domingo Tristán con una fuerza de 550 hombres que convergieron sobre Irupana () y el 14 de noviembre otra de 300 hombres al mando de Narciso Basagoitia a la vecina Chulumani.

El 11 de noviembre Tristán atacó con la cooperación de La Santa, el depuesto obispo de la Paz, que incluso convirtió en soldados a algunos curas, y venció a los patriotas en el Combate de Irupana.

Castro y Victorio Lanza abandonaron el campo de batalla dirigiéndose a Chulumani, y de allí pasaron a Laza rumbo a Brasil perseguidos por partidas indias aliadas a las fuerzas de Goyeneche. Fueron alcanzados cerca del río Wiri y degollados el mediodía del 16 de noviembre.

Gregorio García Lanza fue capturado y enviado a La Paz adonde arribó el 23 de diciembre de 1809. Prestó declaración el 30 del mismo mes ante el fiscal López de Segovia y firmó su confesión el 9 de enero de 1810.

En la sentencia, considerado como "representantes del pueblo", fue incluido entre los "reos de alta traición, infames, aleves y subversores del orden público" y entre los condenados a "la pena ordinaria de horca, a la que serán conducidos arrastrados a la cola de una bestia de albarda". Fue ejecutado el 29 de enero. Su cadáver, que estuvo por siete horas en el cadalso, fue conducido a San Francisco y enterrado por la benevolencia del Padre Juan de Dios Delgado.

Véase también
 Historia de Bolivia

Referencias

Notas

Bibliografía
 Saguí, Francisco, Los últimos cuatro años de la dominación española, en Biblioteca de Mayo.
 Academia Nacional de la Historia (Argentina), Congreso Internacional de Historia de América, Academia, 1966
 Gabriel René Moreno, Luis H. Antezana J., Josep María Barnadas, Últimos días coloniales en el alto Perú: Documentos inéditos de 1808 y 1809, 2003.
 Archivo General de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Manuel Ricardo Trelles, Índice del Archivo del Gobierno de Buenos Aires Correspondiente al año de 1810, Imprenta de la Tribuna, Buenos Aires, 1860.
 Academia Colombiana de Historia, Boletín de historia y antigüedades, Imprenta Nacional, 1971.
 Gustavo Pons Muzzo, Alberto Tauro, Primer Congreso Constituyente, Comisión Nacional del Sesquicentenario de la Independencia del Perú, 1973.
 Demetrio Ramos Pérez, Historia general de España y América, Ediciones Rialp, 1992, ISBN 84-321-2110-X, 9788432121104
 Monteagudo, Bernardo (1812). Ensayo sobre la Revolución del Río de la Plata desde el 25 de mayo de 1809, Mártir o Libre, 25 de mayo de 1812
 Bidondo, Emilio A.: La guerra de la independencia en el Alto Perú. Círculo Militar. Buenos Aires 1979.
 Comisión Nacional del Centenario, Documentos del Archivo de San Martín, Impr. de Coni hermanos, 1910
 Archivo de Sucre, Fundación Vicente Lecuna, 1980

Enlaces externos
 Revolución en el Alto Perú, El Forjista

 Un "bautismo de sangre" anunció al mundo el grito de la Revolución.
 Iniciadores de la Guerra por la Independencia
 Efemérides de junio, portal de Salta.

Revolución de La Paz
Paceños


text:
Bicyclus martius, the black bush brown, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan and Uganda. The habitat consists of lowland primary forests and secondary growth.

The larvae feed on Paspalum conjugatum.

Subspecies
Bicyclus martius martius (Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo)
Bicyclus martius sanaos (Hewitson, 1866) (Nigeria, Bioko, Cameroon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Sudan, Uganda)

References

Elymniini
Butterflies described in 1793


text:
Magnificat, de lofzang van Maria in het evangelie volgens Lucas

 Composities van het Marialied
 Magnificat (Johann Sebastian Bach), een compositie van Johann Sebastian Bach
 Magnificat (Godár), een compositie van Vladimír Godár
 Magnificat (Hovhaness), een compositie van Alan Hovhaness
 Magnificat (Kilar), een compositie van Wojciech Kilar
 Magnificat (Parry), een compositie van Charles Hubert Parry
 Magnificat (Vivaldi), een compositie van Antonio Vivaldi

 Overige
 Magnificat (film), een Italiaanse film uit 1993


text:
La Tipo 93 13 mm (九三式十三粍機銃 Kyū-san Shiki Jū-san Mirimētoru Kijū en japonés), designada como Cañón automático antiaéreo Tipo Ho 13 mm (ホ式十三粍高射機関砲 Ho Shiki Jū-san Mirimētoru Kōsha Kikanhō) en el Ejército Imperial Japonés, era una versión producida bajo licencia de la ametralladora pesada Hotchkiss M1929 13,2 mm que fue empleada durante la Segunda guerra sino-japonesa y la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Historial de combate
La Tipo 93 formó parte del armamento antiaéreo de diversos buques de la Armada Imperial Japonesa, siendo empleada también en tierra por las Fuerzas Navales Especiales Japonesas. También fue el armamento principal de la tanqueta Tipo 92 Jyu-Sokosha y se instaló en el morro de una variante del bombardero medio Mitsubishi G4M.

Galería

Notas

Ametralladoras pesadas
Ametralladoras de 13 mm
Armamento de la Segunda Guerra Mundial de Japón
Armas de fuego de Japón


text:
va ser un tirador d'esgrima italià, especialista en sabre, que va competir durant la dècada de 1920.

Va prendre part en els Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de 1924 de París, on disputà dues proves del programa d'esgrima. Guanyà la medalla d'or en la competició de sabre per equips, mentre en la prova individual abandonà la final com a protesta per la desqualificació del seu company d'equip Oreste Puliti.

Quatre anys més tard, als Jocs d'Amsterdam, tornà a disputar dues proves del programa d'esgrima. Guanyà la medalla de plata en la prova de sabre per equips i la de bronze en la prova individual.

En el seu palmarès també destaca una medalla de bronze al Campionat del món d'esgrima de 1926 en la prova de sabre individual.

Referències

Medallistes italians als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1924
Medallistes italians als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1928
Tiradors d'esgrima italians
Esportistes de Liorna
Morts a Liorna


text:
Cengia Martini (česky Martiniho římsa) je skalní římsa ve stěně hory Kleine Lagazuoi tyčící se v pohoří Fanes nad průsmyky Valparola a Falzarego.

Historie
Během Horské války 1915–1918 procházela frontová linie bojů mezi Rakousko-Rakousko-Uherskem a Italským královstvím mezi Sasso di Stria a Kleine Lagazuoi a protínala oblast průsmyku Falzarego. Zde se obě válečné strany střetly v těsné blízkosti. Italské pokusy o útok průsmykem končily krvavými ztrátami v křížové palbě obránců z vyvýšených pozic na obou křídlech.

Cengia Martini byla nejdůležitějším stanovištěm v tomto úseku fronty. Zatímco Rakousko-Uhersko obsadilo vrchol Lagazuoi, dvě čety italských horských myslivců (Alpinů) obsadily mezi 18. a 19. říjnem 1915 skalní římsu v polovině stěny Kleine Lagazuoi.

Obsazení předcházely četné noční průzkumy na místě, ve velmi drsném a obtížném skalnatém terénu, v bezprostřední blízkosti rakouských pozic. Pod velením majora Ettore Martiniho se tak Alpinům podařilo obsadit Punta Berrino, skalnatý výběžek, který se vypíná východně od Anticimy, a obsadit a udržet výběžek, který protíná jižní stěnu Kleine Lagazuoi od západu k východu.

Tato skalní římsa se ukázala jako výhodná pozice pro údery na rakousko-uherské stanoviště Vonbank bránící průsmyk Valparolapass, protože umožňovalo Italům zasáhnout zákopy v průsmyku shora.

Rakušané se marně snažili vyhnat Italy z Martiniho římsy, která byla mezitím opevněna. Vojáci byli ubytováni v chatrčích, které se opíraly o skálu a mohly poskytnout útočiště celkem 140 mužům. Postupem času byla Cengia Martini vybavena chodbami, kuchyní, jídelnou, skladištěm, telefonem, telegrafní stanicí, šatnou, kovárnou, truhlárnou.

Byl také vykopán tunel, který umožňoval přístup na římsu ze základny Punta Berrino a chránil nosiče před dělostřelectvem na Sasso di Stria. Další tunel, známý jako tunel Amfiteátr, měl vycházet nad rakouskými zákopy na západní straně římsy, aby na ně bylo možné zaútočit shora, ale zůstal nedokončený.

Kolem Martiniho římsy zuřily boje po tři roky. Většina rakousko-uherského úsilí na této frontě se soustředila na snahu zahnat Italy od Cengia Martini, na hoře byly odpáleny 4 miny, které vytvořily rozsáhlé suťoviska, která je možné dosud vidět na úpatí Lagazuoi.

Boje ukončil až italský ústup v listopadu 1917.

Současnost
V současnosti je možné si díky rozsáhlým restaurátorským pracím navštívit také historické pozůstatky Cengia Martini, které jsou součástí rozsáhlého muzea Velké války pod širým nebem na Lagazuoi.

Galerii i římsu, lze navštívit buď výstupem z průsmyku Falzarego nebo sestupem od horní stanice lanovky u  chaty Lagazuoi. Trasa má několik míst vybavených zábradlím, ale je jednoduchá a velmi oblíbená. Přilba a svítilna jsou nepostradatelné. Od spodního vchodu do galerie Anticima vede cesta, která se dostává na římsu, protože spojovací galerie se částečně zřítila. Na římse si můžete prohlédnout zbytky přístřešků, kasáren, chodníků, schodů a cementových základů kuchyní a ochozu amfiteátru. Cesta na Cengia Martini je exponovaná a vhodná pouze pro zkušené turisty s odpovídajícím vybavením.

Při cestě lanovkou na Lagazuoi jsou po pravé straně dobře viditelná zrekonstruovaná kasárna italských důstojníků.

Reference

Dolomity
První světová válka


text:
Элсмир () — озеро на острове Южный в Новой Зеландии. Находится на территории региона Кентербери.

Элсмир представляет собой широкое, неглубокое озеро, расположенное к западу от полуострова Банкс и отделённое от вод Тихого океана узкой полоской суши под названием Каиторете-Спит. Она имеет длину в 28 км и образовалась около 6 тысяч лет из гравия, смываемого с берегов реки Ракаиа, впадающей в озеро. Хотя Элсмир не соединён естественным путём с водами Тихого океана, он напоминает прибрежную лагуну. При этом для регулирования уровня воды в озере несколько раз в год в Каиторете-Спит проделываются небольшие каналы, связывающие Элсмир с Тихим океаном.

Общая площадь озера составляет 180 км², что делает его крупнейшим озером Кентербери и пятым по площади озером Новой Зеландии. Длина Элсмира достигает 23 км, а ширина — 13 км. Средняя же глубина составляет всего 2 м. В озеро впадает река Селуин и многочисленные ручьи.

Местная орнитофауна отличается большим разнообразием: на озере обнаружено свыше 150 видов птиц, из которых 133 являются коренными видами. Вокруг Элсмира создано несколько заповедников.

Традиционное маорийское название Элсмира — Те-Уаихора (). В переводе с языка маори оно означает «широкие воды».

Примечания

Литература

Бассейн Тихого океана
Озёра Новой Зеландии
Водные объекты Кентербери


text:
Kommunal Samverkan med Folket I Focus (KSFF) är ett lokalt politiskt parti i Munkedals kommun. I valet 2006 erhöll partiet 311 röster, vilket motsvarade 5,27 procent. Därmed vann man representation i Munkedals kommunfullmäktige med två mandat. KSFF ingår i den styrande koalitionen tillsammans med Moderaterna, Centerpartiet, Kristdemokraterna och Miljöpartiet.

Referenser

Lokala politiska partier i Sverige
Munkedals kommun


text:
"Never Saw a Miracle" is a song by American singer Curtis Stigers, co-written by Stigers with Barry Mann. It was the fourth of the four charting singles released from his eponymous debut LP. The song became an international hit, reaching the British and Canadian top 40. It made a lesser showing on pop charts in the United States. "Never Saw a Miracle" was a bigger adult contemporary hit, reaching number 13 in Canada and number five in the US.

Charts

Weekly charts

Release history

References

External links

1992 songs
1992 singles
Arista Records singles
Song recordings produced by Glen Ballard
Songs written by Barry Mann


text:
Nu Hydrae ( Hydrae) é uma estrela na direção da constelação de Hydra. Possui uma ascensão reta de 10h 49m 37.43s e uma declinação de −16° 11′ 38.9″. Sua magnitude aparente é igual a 3.11. Considerando sua distância de 138 anos-luz em relação à Terra, sua magnitude absoluta é igual a −0.03. Pertence à classe espectral K0/K1III.

Ver também
Designação de Bayer
Designação de Flamsteed
Catálogo Henry Draper
Catálogo Hipparcos

Estrelas
Objetos de Bayer
Constelação de Hydra


text:
Mansueto puede hacer referencia a:
 Mansueto de Toul (f. 375), obispo de Toul.
 Mansueto de Milán (f. 685), obispo de Milán.
 José Mansueto Mansilla, militar y político peruano.
 Cesare Mansueto Giulio Lattes, (1924-2005), físico brasileño, descubridor del pion.


text:
The University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign was among the first institutions in the nation to offer an educational program in landscape architecture, with a degree program in place by 1907. It is the only accredited program in the state of Illinois to offer all three landscape degree options, BLA, MLA and Ph.D.

Today, the department sponsors one of the leading graduate-level academic and research programs in the country. The department was particularly influential in the modernization of landscape pedagogy through the teaching of Stanley Hart White, impacting the work of Peter Walker, Hideo Sasaki, Richard Haag, Charles Harris, Philip H. Lewis Jr. and others.

References

External links

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Landscape architecture schools


text:
Муктумер — река в России, протекает в Удмуртии и Татарстане. Левый приток Юрашки (бассейн Тоймы).

Описание
Длина реки 10 км, площадь водосборного бассейна 34,4 км². Исток на южных отрогах Можгинской возвышенности, в 2,5 км к северо-западу от деревни Гаранькино в Граховском районе Удмуртии. Течёт по оврагу на юго-восток через упомянутую деревню к Байтуганово. На выходе из Байтуганово принимает слева основной приток Гришкин, затем течёт на юг около 1 км по Менделеевскому району Татарстана и впадает в Юрашку по левому берегу чуть ниже деревни Илькино — в 7 км от устья. Сток реки зарегулирован.

Общая численность населения двух деревень в бассейне составляет  человек ( г.).

Данные водного реестра
По данным государственного водного реестра России относится к Камскому бассейновому округу, водохозяйственный участок реки — Кама от Нижнекамского гидроузла и до устья, без реки Вятка, речной подбассейн реки — бассейны притоков Камы до впадения Белой. Речной бассейн реки — Кама.

Код объекта в государственном водном реестре — 10010101512111100029225.

Примечания

Бассейн Тоймы
Реки Граховского района
Реки Менделеевского района


text:
De Nederlandsche Overzee Trust Maatschappij (NOT) was een Nederlandse handelsmaatschappij die op 24 november 1914 werd opgericht, in verband met de neutraliteitspolitiek van Nederland ten tijde van de Eerste Wereldoorlog.

Het was een naamloze vennootschap, opgezet door Nederlandse kooplieden, reders en bankiers onder leiding van C.J.K. van Aalst. Zij had als taak om tegenover de oorlogvoerende mogendheden te garanderen, dat de aan haar geadresseerde goederen uitsluitend voor binnenlands gebruik waren bestemd.

De aanleiding tot de oprichting was de eis van de Britten dat Nederland voor alle goederen die door Nederlandse schepen vervoerd werden, een miniatuurverbod zou instellen. De Nederlandse regering kon hiermee onmogelijk akkoord gaan, omdat dit door Duitsland terecht beschouwd kon worden als een schending door Nederland van zijn neutraliteit. Daarom richtte men de NOT op, waarmee individuele reders en kooplieden de garantie gaven dat de door hun schepen vervoerde goederen niet naar een vijandige natie zouden worden doorgeleverd. Hoewel dit voor alle belligerenten gold, kreeg in de praktijk de Entente hiermee de garantie dat allerlei goederen die zij als contrabande beschouwde niet naar Duitsland doorgevoerd zouden worden. De Britten kregen dus hun zin zonder dat de Nederlandse regering daar officieel bij betrokken was en Duitsland kon zich tegen deze constructie moeilijk verzetten.

Vanaf maart 1915 ging het zelfs om álle goederen die in Nederlandse havens werden ingevoerd. Omgekeerd berustte de NOT in een vaak goed georganiseerde en omvangrijke smokkelhandel op Duitsland. De NOT was trouwens onmachtig om daar verandering in te brengen, ook al zou ze dat gewild hebben.

Het gevolg van een en ander was wel dat, via het NOT, de Britten nu de Nederlandse overzeese handel onder controle hadden. Dit was een in feite onverdraaglijke zaak, aangezien het land voor graan, veevoer en andere grondstoffen volstrekt afhankelijk was van overzeese aanvoer. Anderzijds was men voor steenkoolaanvoer afhankelijk van Duitsland. Nederland stond echter machteloos en moest zich noodgedwongen bij deze situatie neerleggen.

Een vitaal belang van Nederland werd op deze manier uitbesteed aan een particuliere organisatie, waarin zakenlieden hun eigen belangen goed in de gaten konden houden. De NOT groeide zelfs uit tot een soort van staat binnen de staat, waarin - op haar hoogtepunt in 1917 - ongeveer duizend mensen werkten, terwijl op het departement van Buitenlandse Zaken in die jaren slechts enige tientallen ambtenaren werkzaam waren.

Eerste Wereldoorlog in Nederland
Eerste Wereldoorlog


text:
Aztecarpalus marmorus is een keversoort uit de familie van de loopkevers (Carabidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1970 door Ball.

Loopkevers


text:
Fântânele este o comună în județul Teleorman, Muntenia, România, formată numai din satul de reședință cu același nume.

Istoric
Comuna Fântânele a fost înființată la 13 iunie 1588, când Mihnea Turcitul întărește lui Nică, fost mare armaș și jupâniței lui, Maria, această așezare, fostă a Craioveștilor, în urma unor judecăți. Satul este cu mult mai vechi, el existând în secolul al XV-lea și chiar mai înainte, întrucât același document mai precizează că Fântânele "este veche și dreapta ocina și de moștenirea lor, agonisită și cumpărată de răposatul Pârvu ban".
Numele comunei Fântânele vine de la numărul mare de izvoare ce țâșneau de la poalele malului ce formează valea Dunării, cunoscute sub numele de fântânițe/fântânele. Mai târziu aceste izvoare, care țâșneau în mod natural de sub mal, au fost amenajate prin canalizării și bazine de piatră, dându-le diferite denumiri: "la țuțurcă", sau "fântâna lui Tudorce", după numele celui care a amenajat-o, ceea ce a contribuit la formarea nucleului acestei așezării omenești.
Vatra satului a fost pe malul dinspre nord al bălții Suhaia, până în anul 1930, când au început să se facă modificări ale vetrei satului, locuitorii mutându-se la șes, în câmpie de-a lungul șoselei Zimnicea –Tr.Măgurele. În perioada 1960-2004, comuna a fost transformată în sat, aparținând de comuna Suhaia.
La data de 18 aprilie 2004 s-a înființat comuna Fântânele, prin Legea nr.84/2004.
În prezent comuna se află așezată în întregime la șes, pe o lungime de 3 km și o lățime ce variază între 200 și 300 m.

Date geografice
Situat la intersecția paralelei 44°N cu meridianul de 25°E, teritoriul județului Teleorman se desfășoară pe 0°53`24" latitudine (între punctele extreme: nordic, comuna Sârbeni, 44°30`31"; sudic, orașul Zimnicea, 43°37`07") și 1°9` longitudine (între punctele extreme: estic, comuna Bujoreni, 25°48`; vestic, comuna Plopii Slăvești, 24°39`). Aproximativ în partea sudică a județului, în zona comunei Troianul, se intersectează paralela de 44°, cu meridianul de 25°.
Comuna Fântânele este situată în partea de sud a județului Teleorman, legătura comunei cu exteriorul realizându-se prin DN 51 A Zimnicea –Turnu Măgurele care străbate localitatea de la est la vest.
Localitatea beneficiază de legături rutiere permanente și rapide cu toate centrele urbane importante din zonă.
Comuna Fântânele se învecinează cu următoarele teritorii administrative:
 Est – teritoriul administrativ Zimnicea
 Vest –teritoriul administrativ Suhaia
 Sud – fluvial Dunare
 Nord – teritoriile administrative Izvoarele,Smardioasa.
Condițile geologice se pot caracteriza prin depozite de câmpie cuaternare în stratificație tubulară acoperite cu loessuri.
Clima este temperat – continentală și se caracterizează printr-un potențial caloric ridicat, prin amplitudini mari ale temperaturii aerului, prin cantități reduse de precipitații, adeseori în regim torențial, îndeosebi vara, precum și frecvente perioade de secetă, cantitatea medie anuală de precipitații fiind de 550-600 l/mp. Temperaturi maxime și minime absolute au fost: 42,9 °C (5 iulie 1916) și – 34,8 °C (24-25 ianuarie 1942).
Vânturile predominante sunt cele de vest și de est. Crivățul bate din est mai ales în miezul iernii, iar Austrul – vântul dinspre sud și sud–est, cu o frecvență mai redusă, este foarte uscat, fierbinte și prevestitor de secetă. În schimb, Băltărețul, dinspre Lunca Dunării, este un vânt cald și umed, favorabil dezvoltării vegetației.
Prezența văii largi a Dunării, explică și caracterul vânturilor sub multiplele lor aspecte. Valorile medii ale vitezei vânturilor sunt între 3,5–4 m/s pentru cele din vest și între 3,5-5,3 m/s pentru cele din est și nord-est. "Crivățul" bate din est și nord-est în perioada rece a anului, îndeosebi în zona estică a județului și își pierde din intensitate și frecvență spre vest. Vântul dinspre sud-est, cunoscut sub numele "Austrul" și căruia localnicii îi spun "Traista goală", are o frecvență și o intensitate mult mai reduse decât "Crivățul".
Precipitații medii anuale: 530 mm.
Din punct de vedere morfologic comuna se află într-o regiune de șes.
Suprafața comunei este de 4100 ha.

Demografie

Conform recensământului efectuat în 2011, populația comunei Fântânele se ridică la  de locuitori, în scădere față de recensământul anterior din 2002, când se înregistraseră  de locuitori. Majoritatea locuitorilor sunt români (98,71%). Pentru 1,29% din populație, apartenența etnică nu este cunoscută.
Din punct de vedere confesional, majoritatea locuitorilor sunt ortodocși (98,41%). Pentru 1,35% din populație, nu este cunoscută apartenența confesională.

Politică și administrație
Comuna Fântânele este administrată de un primar și un consiliu local compus din 9 consilieri. Primarul, , de la , este în funcție din . Începând cu alegerile locale din 2020, consiliul local are următoarea componență pe partide politice:

Economie

Principala activitate economică este agricultura. Terenurile agricole și pășunile naturale pot fi valorificate în scopul obținerii de produse agricole și zootehnice ecologice. Atragerea de întreprinzători în varii domenii va genera ocupare profesională, venituri crescute ale locuitorilor, o mai eficientă utilizare a resurselor locale, apariția resurselor financiare necesare demarării unor proiecte de reabilitare/extindere a infrastructurii fizice și sociale, de protecție a mediului, pentru promovarea zonei.

Sport
Echipa de handbal a școlii condusă de Prof. Piele Stelian a participat la numeroase concursuri obținând premii importante, atât în județ cât și pe plan național.

Cultura

Învățământ
În comuna Fântânele își desfășoară activitatea Școala cu clasele I-VIII, clădire construită în anul 1985. Numărul cadrelor didactice este de 21 din care titulari 10, iar numărul elevilor este de 106, din care 47 în învățământul primar și 59 în cel gimnazial. Grădinița Fântânele are un număr de trei educatoare și un număr de 48 copii, grupați pe trei grupe.

Biserica Fântânele
Biserica Fântânele poartă hramul Adormirea Maicii Domnului, fiind construită între anii când biserica era condusă de preotul Niță Gheorghe.
La construcția bisericii au participat toți locuitorii comunei, atât cu forță de muncă cât și cu alte materiale necesare.
Comuna Fântânele a avut onoarea ca la sfințirea bisericii să participe Preafericitul Teoctist Patriarhul României, cu un bogat sobor de preoți.
Parohia Fântânele este condusă de preotul paroh Dumitru Mihai și de preotul Pirontea Stan

Probleme
 infrastructură și bază materială în declin;
 resurse financiare insuficiente pentru practicarea și revitalizarea unor obiceiuri și forme de exprimare culturală tradițională;
 acces dificil sau restrictiv la surse de informare (mass-media, cărți, internet);
 abandonarea practicilor tradiționale în favoarea "modernității";
 lipsa unui cămin cultural.

Obiective pe termen mediu și lung
 practici tradiționale revitalizate și capabile de a fi transmise nealterate generațiilor viitoare;
 practici tradiționale puse în valoare;
 acces facil la surse de informație tradiționale sau moderne;
 infrastructură corespunzătoare cerințelor unei societăți în perpetuă mișcare;
 construirea unui cămin cultural;
 construirea unui sediu PAPI "Punct de Acces Public la Informație".

Proiecte pentru viitor
 reabilitare și asfaltare drumuri comunale;
 rețea de distribuție gaze naturale;
 rețea de canalizare și stație de epurare;
 construcție cămin cultural;
 captare izvoare de suprafață;
 împădurirea zonei de coastă a comunei;
 construire centru PAPI;
 amenajarea unui parc în suprafața de 10000 mp și amenajare spații verzi pe o lungime de 3 km și lățime de 1,5 m;
 reabilitare Școala cu clasele I-VIII: centrală termică, izolație termică, amenajare teren de sport;
 construcție cămin persoane vârstnice;
 consolidare biserică și monumente istorice, restaurare picturi biserică;

Note

Fântânele
Fântânele


text:
Nathaniel Adams Burpee (March 13, 1816- December 11, 1887) was an American politician from Maine.

Biography
Nathaniel Burpee was born on 13 March 1816 in Grafton, Massachusetts to Heman and Satira Burpee. He would go on to be the eldest of seven children.

In adulthood, Burpee founded a livery and blacksmith business with his younger brother Samuel. By 1830, their business had evolved to include undertaking and funeral services.

On 27 December 1838 he married Mary Jane Patridge, with whom he had five children.

A house painter from Rockland, Maine, Burpee served two single-year terms in the Maine House of Representatives (1854-1855) and four single-year terms in the Maine Senate (1858-1859; 1866-1867). During his final term, he was chosen to be President of the Maine Senate.

References

1816 births
1887 deaths
People from Grafton, Massachusetts
People from Rockland, Maine
Republican Party members of the Maine House of Representatives
Presidents of the Maine Senate
Republican Party Maine state senators
19th-century American politicians