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The Fairey Battle is a British single-engine light bomber that was designed and manufactured by the Fairey Aviation Company. It was developed during the mid-1930s for the Royal Air Force (RAF) as a monoplane successor to the Hawker Hart and Hind biplanes. The Battle was powered by the same high-performance Rolls-Royce Merlin piston engine that powered various contemporary British fighters such as the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire. As the Battle, with its three-man crew and bomb load, was much heavier than the fighters, it  was therefore much slower. Though a great improvement over the aircraft that preceded it, its relatively slow speed, limited range and inadequate defensive armament of only two .303 (7.7 mm) machine guns left it highly vulnerable to enemy fighters and anti-aircraft fire.

The Fairey Battle was used on operations early in the Second World War. During the "Phoney War" the type achieved the distinction of scoring the first aerial victory of an RAF aircraft in the conflict. In May 1940, the Battles of the Advanced Air Striking Force suffered many losses, frequently in excess of 50 per cent of aircraft sorties per mission. By the end of 1940 the type had been withdrawn from front-line service and relegated to training units overseas. As an aircraft that had been considered to hold great promise in the pre-war era, the Battle proved to be one of the most disappointing aircraft in RAF service.

Development

Origins
In April 1933, the British Air Ministry issued Specification P.27/32 which sought a two-seat single-engine monoplane day bomber to replace the Hawker Hart and Hind biplane bombers then in service with the Royal Air Force (RAF). A requirement of the prospective aircraft was to be capable of carrying  of bombs over a distance of  while flying at a speed of . According to aviation author Tony Buttler, during the early 1920s, Britain had principally envisioned that a war with France as its enemy and the range to reach Paris was sought. According to aerospace publication Air International, a key motivational factor in the Air Ministry's development of Specification P.27/32 had been for the corresponding aircraft to act as an insurance policy in the event that heavier bombers were banned by the 1932 Geneva Disarmament Conference.

The Fairey Aviation Company were keen to produce a design to meet the demands of Specification P.27/32 and commenced work upon such a design. The Belgian aeronautical engineer Marcel Lobelle served as the aircraft's principal designer. One of the early decisions made by Lobelle on the project was the use of the newly developed Rolls-Royce Merlin I engine, which had been selected due to its favourable power and compact frontal area. The Merlin engine was quickly paired to a de Havilland Propellers-built three-bladed variable-pitch propeller unit. The choice of engine enabled the designing of the aircraft to possess exceptionally clean lines and a subsequently generous speed performance. The resulting design was an all-metal single-engine aircraft, which adopted a low-mounted cantilever monoplane wing and was equipped with a retractable tail wheel undercarriage.

A total of four companies decided to formally respond to Specification P.27/32, these being the Fairey, Hawker Aircraft, Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft, and Bristol Aeroplane Company. Of the submissions made, the Air Ministry selected Armstrong Whitworth and Fairey to produce prototypes to demonstrate their designs. On 10 March 1936, the first Fairey prototype, K4303, equipped with a Merlin I engine capable of generating , performed its maiden flight at Hayes, Middlesex. The prototype was promptly transferred to RAF Martlesham Heath, Woodbridge, Suffolk for service trials, during which it attained a maximum speed of 257 MPH and reportedly achieved a performance in advance of any contemporary day bomber.

Even prior to the first flight of the prototype, some members of the Air Staff had concluded that both the specified range and bomb load, to which the aircraft had been designed to, were insufficient to enable its viable use in a prospective conflict with a re-emergent Germany. Despite these performance concerns, there was also considerable pressure for the Battle to be rapidly placed into mass production in order that it could contribute to a wider increase of the RAF's frontline combat aircraft strength in line with similar strides being made during the 1930s by the German Luftwaffe. As such, the initial production order placed for the type, for the manufacture of 155 aircraft built as per the requirements of Specification P.23/35, which had received the name Battle, had been issued in advance of the first flight of the prototype.

Production

In 1936, further orders were placed for Fairey to build additional Battles to Specification P.14/36. In June 1937, the first production Battle, K7558, conducted its maiden flight. K7558 was later used to perform a series of official handling and performance trials in advance to the wider introduction of the type to operational service. During these trials, it demonstrated the Battle's ability to conduct missions of a 1,000-mile range while under a full bomb load. The first 136 Fairey-built Battles were the first to be powered by the Merlin I engine. By the end of 1937, 85 Battles had been completed and a number of RAF squadrons had been re-equipped with the type, or were otherwise in the process of re-equipping.

As the RAF embarked on what became a substantial pre-war expansion programme, the Battle was promptly recognised as being a priority production target. At one point a total of 2,419 aircraft were on order for the service. In June 1937, the first aircraft was completed at Hayes, but all subsequent aircraft were manufactured at Fairey's newly completed factory at Heaton Chapel, Stockport, Cheshire. Completed aircraft were promptly dispatched for testing at the company's facility adjacent to RAF Ringway, about 6 miles away. A total of 1,156 aircraft were produced by Fairey. Subsequently, as part of government-led wartime production planning, a shadow factory operated by the Austin Motor Company at Cofton Hackett, Longbridge, also produced the type, manufacturing a total of 1,029 aircraft to Specification P.32/36. On 22 July 1938, the first Austin-built Battle, L4935, conducted its maiden flight. At that point, concerns that the aircraft was obsolete had become widespread, but due to the difficulties associated with getting other aircraft types into production, and the labour force having already been established, stop-gap orders were maintained, and production continued at a steady rate through to late 1940.

A further 16 were built by Fairey for service with the Belgian Air Force. The Belgian Battles were delivered in early 1938, and were differentiated from British-built examples by having a longer radiator cowling and a smoother camouflage finish. In September 1940, all production activity came to a close and the final assembly lines were shuttered. Overall production of the Battle during its entire manufacturing life was 2,201 machines, including 16 for Belgium.

A number of Battles which had been originally completed as bombers were later converted to serve in different roles, such as target tugs and trainer aircraft.

Design

The Fairey Battle was a single-engine monoplane light bomber, powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. Production aircraft were progressively powered by various models of the Merlin engine, such as the Merlin I, II, III (most numerous) and V but all bomber variants were called the Battle Mk I. The Battle had a relatively clean design, having adopted a slim oval-shaped fuselage which was manufactured in two sections. The forward section, in front of the cockpit, included a steel tubular structure to support the engine; the rear section was of a metal monocoque structure comprised hoop frames and Z-section stringers which was built on jigs. The structure of the aircraft involved several innovations and firsts for Fairey, it had the distinction of being the company's first low-wing monoplane; it also was the first light-alloy stressed-skin construction aircraft to be produced by the firm.

The wing of the Battle used a two-part construction, the centre section being integral with the fuselage. The internal structure of the wings relied upon steel spars which varied in dimension towards the wing tips; the ailerons, elevators and rudder all were metal-framed with fabric coverings, while the split trailing edge flaps were entirely composed of metal.

The Battle had a crew of three, pilot, observer/bomb aimer and radio operator/air gunner, under one long continuous canopy which extended between the two cockpits set at the leading and trailing edges of the wing. The aircraft had a fixed .303 Browning machine gun mounted in the starboard wing for the pilot and a free .303 Vickers K machine gun in the rear cockpit for the gunner. The forward view past the long canopy from the observer's station was virtually non-existent. The bomb aiming position was in the bottom of the aircraft with sighting done in a prone position through an open aiming panel behind the radiator outlet. If the pilot's canopy was open a rush of hot air and glycol/oil mist through the open panel would prevent the bomb aimer from using the Mk. VII Course Setting Bomb Sight.

The armament and crew of the aircraft were similar to the Bristol Blenheim bomber: three crew, 1,000 lbs standard bomb load and two machine guns, although the Battle was a single-engine bomber with less horsepower. The Battle had a standard payload of four  bombs which was carried in cells contained within the internal space of the wings. Maximum bomb load was , with two additional  bombs on under-wing racks or with two  bombs carried externally under bomb bays and two  bombs on under-wing racks. The bombs were mounted on hydraulic jacks and were normally released via trap doors; during a dive bombing attack, they were lowered below the surface of the wing.

The Battle was a robust aircraft which was frequently described as being easy to fly, even for relatively inexperienced pilots. The pilot was provided with good external visibility and the cockpit was considered to be roomy and comfortable for the era but the tasks of simultaneously deploying the flaps and the retractable undercarriage, which included a safety catch, has been highlighted as posing considerable complication. Climate control within the cockpit was also reportedly poor.

By the time that the Battle was entering service in 1937 it had already been rendered obsolete by the rapid advances in aircraft technology. The performance and capabilities of fighter aircraft had increased to outstrip the modest performance gains that the light bomber had achieved over its biplane antecedents. For defence, the Battle had been armed only with a single Browning machine gun and a trainable Vickers K in the rear position; in service, these proved to be woefully inadequate. The Battle lacked other common defensive features of the era, such as an armoured cockpit and self-sealing fuel tanks. The Battle was considered well-armoured by the standards of 1940, although there was an emphasis on protection against small-arms fire from the ground. No RAF bombers were fitted with self-sealing tanks at the beginning of the war, although they were hastily fitted once the necessity became apparent. Since it was some time before self-sealing tanks could be mass-produced, it was a common stop-gap in 1940, even into 1941, to simply armour the rear of the fuel tanks with single or double layers of 4 mm armour. The Battle, along with the rest of the early-war inventory, was taken out of front-line duties before it had a chance to be fitted with self-sealing tanks.

Operational history

Introduction

In June 1937, No. 63 Squadron, based at RAF Upwood, Cambridgeshire, became the first RAF squadron to be equipped with the Fairey Battle. On 20 May 1937, the delivery of the first Battle to No. 63 occurred; following further deliveries, the squadron was initially assigned to perform development trials. The type holds the distinction of being the first operational aircraft powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine to enter service, having beaten the debut of the Hawker Hurricane fighter by a matter of months.

By May 1939, there were a total of 17 RAF squadrons that had been equipped with the Battle. While many of these were frontline combat squadrons, some, under the No. 2 Group, were assigned to a non-mobilising training role; on the eve of the outbreak of war, these squadrons were reassigned to operate under No. 6 Training Group or alternatively served as reserve squadrons.

Wartime bomber service

The Battle was obsolete by the start of the Second World War, but remained a front-line RAF bomber owing to a lack of a suitable replacement. On 2 September 1939, during the "Phoney War", 10 Battle squadrons were deployed to pre-selected airfields in France to form a portion of the vanguard of the British RAF Advanced Air Striking Force, which was independent of the similarly-tasked Army-led British Expeditionary Force. Once the Battles arrived, the aircraft were dispersed and efforts were made to camouflage or otherwise obscure their presence; the envisioned purpose of their deployment had been that, in the event of German commencement of bombing attacks, the Battles based in France could launch retaliatory raids upon Germany, specifically in the Ruhr valley region, and would benefit from their closer range than otherwise possible from the British mainland.

Initial wartime missions were to perform aerial reconnaissance of the Siegfried Line during daylight, resulting in occasional skirmishes and losses. On 20 September 1939, a German Messerschmitt Bf 109 was shot down by Battle gunner Sgt F. Letchford during a patrol near Aachen; this occasion is recognised as being the RAF's first aerial victory of the war. Nonetheless, the Battle was hopelessly outclassed by Luftwaffe fighters, being almost  slower than the contemporary Bf 109 at . That same day, three Battles were engaged by German fighters, resulting in two Battles being lost. During the winter of 1939–1940, the Advanced Air Striking Force underwent restructuring; some of the Battle-equipped squadrons were returned to the UK while their place was taken by Bristol Blenheim-equipped squadrons instead. The activities of the Advanced Air Striking Force were principally restricted to training exercises during this time.

Upon the commencement of the Battle of France in May 1940, Battles were called upon to perform unescorted, low-level tactical attacks against the advancing German army; this use of the type placed the aircraft at risk of attack from Luftwaffe fighters and within easy range of light anti-aircraft guns. In the first of two sorties carried out by Battles on 10 May 1940, three out of eight aircraft were lost, while a further 10 out of 24 were shot down in the second sortie, giving a total of 13 lost in that day's attacks, with the remainder suffering damage. Despite bombing from as low as , their attacks were recorded as having had little impact on the German columns. During the following day, nine Belgian Air Force Battles attacked bridges over the Albert Canal that connects to the Meuse River, losing six aircraft and in another RAF sortie that day against a German column, only one Battle out of eight survived.

On 12 May, a formation of five Battles of 12 Squadron attacked two road bridges over the Albert Canal; four of these aircraft were destroyed while the final aircraft crash-landing upon its return to its base. Two Victoria Crosses were awarded posthumously for the action, to Flying Officer Donald Garland and air observer/navigator sergeant Thomas Gray of Battle serial P2204 coded PH-K, for pressing home the attack in spite of the heavy defensive fire. The third crew member, rear gunner Leading Aircraftsman Lawrence Reynolds, did not share the award. Both fighters and flak had proved lethal for the Battles. Although Garland's Battle managed to destroy one span of the bridge, the German army quickly erected a pontoon bridge to replace it.

On 14 May 1940, in a desperate attempt to stop German forces crossing the Meuse, the Advanced Air Striking Force launched an "all-out" attack by all available bombers against the German bridgehead and pontoon bridges at Sedan. The light bombers were attacked by swarms of opposing fighters and were devastated. Out of a strike force of 63 Battles and eight Bristol Blenheims, 40 (including 35 Battles) were lost. After these abortive raids, the Battle was switched to mainly night attacks, resulting in much lower losses.

A similar situation befell the German Luftwaffe during the early days of the Battle of Britain, when the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bomber suffered equivalent losses in a similar role. With the exception of a few successful twin-engine designs such as the de Havilland Mosquito, Bristol Beaufighter and Douglas A-20, low-level attack missions passed into the hands of single-engine, fighter-bomber aircraft, such as the Hawker Hurricane, Hawker Typhoon and Republic P-47 Thunderbolt.

On 15 June 1940, the last remaining aircraft of the Advanced Air Striking Force returned to Britain. In six weeks almost 200 Battles had been lost, with 99 lost between 10 and 16 May. After the return from France, for a short period of time, the RAF continued to rely on the light bomber. Reforming No. 1 Group and later equipping four new Polish squadrons with the type, it continued to be deployed in operations against shipping massed in the Channel ports for Operation Sealion. Their last combat sortie was mounted on the night of 15/16 October 1940 by No. 301 (Polish) Squadron in a raid on Boulogne, and Nos 12 and 142 Squadrons bombing Calais. Shortly afterwards Battle squadrons of No. 1 Group were re-equipped with Vickers Wellington medium bombers. Battles were operated into 1941 by 88 and 226 Squadrons in Northern Ireland and 98 Squadron in Iceland, for coastal patrol work.

East Africa
The South African Air Force were also supplied with some Battles. In August 1940, No. 11 Squadron took possession of at least four, which were flown north to be operated in the Italian East Africa (Ethiopia, Italian Somaliland and Eritrea) campaign. They conducted bombing and reconnaissance operations. Whereas in France the RAF's Battles had encountered modern German fighters in large numbers, the South Africans faced a smaller number of Italian biplane fighters (Fiat CR.32 and CR.42), which enabled the aircrews to contribute more effectively to the campaign; but not without several losses, especially when surprised above some predictable targets (air bases, ports etc.). Italian biplanes dived as fast as possible over the bombers, trying to shoot them down in the first pass.

Greece
The last combat operations carried out by Fairey Battles were during the Italian and German invasion of Greece, from the end of 1940 until April 1941. A few Fairey Battles of the RAF and about a dozen belonging to the RHAF – serial numbers starting from B274 – participated in secondary bombing roles against enemy infantry. Most of them were destroyed on the ground by Luftwaffe air attacks on the airfields of Tanagra and Tatoi north of Athens between end of March and mid April 1941. No significant contribution of this type was reported during this period, although some hits were recorded by the Greek Air Force.

Prior to the Second World War, in spring 1939, the Polish government had placed an order for 100 Battle bombers, but none of these were delivered before the outbreak of war. The first 22 aircraft were sent in early September 1939 on two ships to Constanta in Romania, to be received there by the Polish crews, but the ships were ordered back while in Istanbul when the fall of Poland became inevitable. They were next offered to Turkey.

Some sources state that the Fairey Battle was licence-produced in Denmark for the Danish Air Force before the German invasion in 1940, but no such plane is known to have been completed.

Trainer role

While found to be inadequate as a bomber aircraft in the Second World War, the Fairey Battle found a new niche in its later service life. As the Fairey Battle T, for which it was furnished with a dual-cockpit arrangement in place of the standard long canopy, the type served as a trainer aircraft. The Battle T was equipped with dual-controls in the cockpit and optionally featured a Bristol-built Type I gun turret when employed as a bombing/gunnery training. As the winch-equipped Fairey Battle TT (target tug), it was used as a target-towing aircraft to support airborne gunnery training exercises. Furthermore, Battles were not only used in this role by the RAF, several overseas operators opted to acquire the type as a training platform.

In August 1939, the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) received its first batch of eight Battles at RCAF Station Borden, Ontario, Canada. A total of 802 Battles were eventually delivered from England, serving in various roles and configurations, including dual-control trainers, target-tugs, and gunnery trainers for both the Bombing and Gunnery schools of the Commonwealth Air Training Plan. Canadian use of the Battle declined as more advanced aircraft, such as the Bristol Bolingbroke and North American Harvard, were introduced; the type remained in RCAF service until shortly after the end of hostilities in 1945.

The Battle served as a trainer with the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), which allocated it the prefix A22. On 30 April 1940, the first four RAAF Battles were delivered to No. 1 Aircraft Depot; on 29 June 1940, the first assembled aircraft, P5239, conducted its first flight. Deliveries occurred at a steady pace until the last Battle was received on 7 December 1943. These aircraft were a mix of bomber, target tug, and dual-control trainer variants; they were mainly used by Bombing and Gunnery schools until 1945; the last aircraft were phased out in 1949.

Following an initial evaluation using a handful of aircraft, the SAAF purchased a number of Battles. Operated in the Western Desert and East Africa, SAAF Battles were used into early 1942. Battles were also sold to the Turkish Air Force, which was reportedly pleased by the type's manoeuvrability. The type remained in RAF service, in secondary roles, until 1949.

Engine testbed

While the Battle was no longer viable as a frontline combat aircraft, its benign handling characteristics meant that it was an ideal platform for testing engines, and it was used in this role to evaluate engines up to  including the Rolls-Royce Exe, Fairey Prince (H-16) and Napier Dagger. These trials were often conducted to support the development of other aircraft, such as the Fairey Spearfish, as well as the suitability of the individual engines.

As part of a study of potential alternative engines in the event of supply interruptions of the Merlin engine, which normally powered the type, were encountered, a single Canadian Battle, R7439, was re-engined by Fairchild Aircraft with a Wright R-1820 Cyclone radial engine. R7439 was the sole aircraft to be equipped with this powerplant.

In 1939, one Battle, K9370, underwent extensive modifications in order to test the Fairey Monarch  or higher engine; in addition to the engine itself, K9370 was furnished with electrically-controlled three-bladed contra-rotating propellers and a large ventral radiator. According to Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1946–47, the aircraft was shipped to the US after 86 hours test time in December 1941. Testing continued for a time at Wright Airfield, Liberty County, Georgia.

Two aircraft, K9270 and L5286, acted as flying testbeds for the Napier Sabre engine. Modifications included the adoption of a fixed undercarriage, large ventral radiator, and an auxiliary intake. The two Sabre-equipped Battles accumulated roughly 700 flight hours.

Variants
Fairey Day Bomber Prototype (K4303).
Battle Mk I Three-seat light bomber version. Powered by a  Rolls-Royce Merlin I, a  Merlin II, Merlin III or Merlin V inline piston engines (sometimes known unofficially as Battle I, II, III, V respectively).
Battle T After May 1940, a number of Battle Mk Is, IIs and Vs were converted into training aircraft.
Battle IT After May 1940, a number of Battle Mk Is, IIs and Vs were converted into training aircraft with a turret installed in the rear.
Battle IIT In October 1940, a sole RCAF Battle Mk I was converted into a prototype for a future series, powered by an  Wright Cyclone R-1820-G38. The Battle IIT was conceived as a stopgap conversion in the likelihood that Merlins were unavailable.
Battle TT After May 1940, a number of Battle Mk Is, IIs and Vs were converted into target tug aircraft; 100 built.
Battle TT.Mk I Target tug version. This was the last production version; 226 built.

Operators

In addition to the units listed, many Battles were operated by training schools, particularly for bombing and gunnery training.

 Royal Australian Air Force received 366 aircraft which were used for training purposes

 Belgian Air Force operated 16 aircraft.

 Royal Canadian Air Force received 739 aircraft.

 Indian Air Force received four Battles in 1942.

 Irish Air Corps interned 1 ex-RAF target tug in 1942. It was in use as a target tug from 1944 to 1946.

 Hellenic Air Force received 12 aircraft.

 Polish Air Forces on exile in Great Britain
 No. 300 Polish Bomber Squadron Ziemi Mazowieckiej
 No. 301 Polish Bomber Squadron Ziemi Pomorskiej
 No. 304 Polish Bomber Squadron Ziemi Śląskiej im. Ks. Józefa Poniatowskiego
 No. 305 Polish Bomber Squadron Ziemi Wielkopolskiej im. Marszałka Józefa Piłsudskiego

 South African Air Force received approximately 340 aircraft.
 11 Squadron SAAF

 Turkish Army Air Force received 30 aircraft, including 1 Target Tug.

 Royal Air Force

 No. 12 Squadron RAF
 No. 15 Squadron RAF
 No. 35 Squadron RAF
 No. 40 Squadron RAF
 No. 52 Squadron RAF
 No. 63 Squadron RAF
 No. 88 Squadron RAF
 No. 98 Squadron RAF
 No. 103 Squadron RAF
 No. 105 Squadron RAF
 No. 106 Squadron RAF
 No. 141 Squadron RAF
 No. 142 Squadron RAF
 No. 150 Squadron RAF
 No. 185 Squadron RAF
 No. 207 Squadron RAF
 No. 218 Squadron RAF
 No. 226 Squadron RAF
 No. 234 Squadron RAF
 No. 235 Squadron RAF
 No. 239 Squadron RAF
 No. 242 Squadron RAF
 No. 245 Squadron RAF
 No. 253 Squadron RAF
 No. 266 Squadron RAF
 No. 616 Squadron RAF

 Fleet Air Arm (operated 3 aircraft)

Accidents and incidents
On 16 December 1939 a recently qualified flyer, Pilot Officer Harold G. Tipple of 264 Squadron RAF was tasked with ferrying Fairey Battle Mk.I (N2159) from RAF Little Risington to RAF Martlesham Heath in company with a more experienced officer in another Battle. Tipple had never flown the type previously and received only brief instruction before takeoff. Once in the air the aircraft was observed to be trailing smoke. By the time the pair had reached Hintlesham, Suffolk the aircraft was losing altitude and Tipple attempted to bail out. The aircraft crashed at Little Wenham, Babergh, Suffolk and the pilot was killed. Tipple is buried in Hintlesham churchyard and is commemorated on the adjacent war memorial.

On 2 August 1940, Richard Ormonde Shuttleworth, a racing motorist, aviator and prolific collector of veteran cars and aircraft was killed when Fairey Battle L4971 of No. 12 Operational Training Unit RAF Benson crashed into a hill during a solo night flying exercise.

On 23 September 1940, Fairey Battle K9480 on a training flight, crashed onto a house, killing the Polish pilot and five civilians from one family in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire.

Surviving aircraft
 L5343/L5340 – Battle I on static display at the Royal Air Force Museum London in London. In July 1940, it was with No. 98 Squadron RAF, based at Kaldadarnes, Iceland for anti-invasion operations supporting British forces. L5343 was the first RAF aircraft to land on Icelandic soil, and crashed during subsequent operations. In 1972, the RAF recovered the wreck for restoration, which was completed at the Michael Beetham Conservation Centre of the Royal Air Force Museum Cosford using parts from L5340.
 N2188 – Battle I under restoration at the South Australian Aviation Museum in Port Adelaide, South Australia. The aircraft was recovered from a tidal swamp near Port Pirie in South Australia.
 R3950 – Battle TT.I on static display at the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History in Brussels, Belgium. This aircraft spent much of its career in Canada. It was acquired by the Brussels museum in 1990 as representative of aircraft that served with the Belgian Air Force in 1940.
 R7384 – Battle IT on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. It was built as a pilot trainer in 1940, and taken on strength by the RCAF in 1941. Converted to a gunnery trainer with a turret in 1942, it was used until stored in 1943. The aircraft was transferred to the Canada Aviation Museum in 1964, and was restored in the 1990s.
 Unknown – Unknown under restoration at the Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum in Brandon, Manitoba.

Specifications (Mk.II)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Boyne, Walter J. Clash of Wings. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. .
 Buttler, Tony. British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950. Midland Publishing, 2004. .
 "Elegantly Obsolete...the Fairey Battle". Air International, Vol. 20, No. 3, March 1981, pp. 127–134. ISSN 0306-5634.
 Ethell, L. Jeffrey. Aircraft of World War II.  Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 1995. .
 Garcia, Dionisio. "Air Force on the Edge: Belgian Military Aviation in 1940". Air Enthusiast, No. 96, November/December 2001, pp. 65–68. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing.
 Gifford, Simon. "Lost Battles: The Carnage of May 10 to May 16, 1940". Air Enthusiast, No. 109, January/February 2004, pp. 18–25. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing.
 Harrison, W. A. "Database: Fairey Battle". Aeroplane, Vol. 44, No. 6, June 2016. pp. 87–101. .
 Huntley, Ian D. Fairey Battle, Aviation Guide 1. Bedford, UK: SAM Publications, 2004. .

 Lever, John. Fairey Battle in the RAAF. Koorlong, Victoria, Australia: John Lever, 2002. .
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
 March, Daniel M. British Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace, 1998. .
 Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber Since 1914. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1994. .
 Matricardi, Paolo. Aerei Militari: Bombardieri e da trasporto (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori Electa, 2006. No ISBN.
 Molson, Kenneth M. et al. Canada's National Aviation Museum: Its History and Collections. Ottawa: National Aviation Museum, 1988. .
 Moyes, Philip, J. R. The Fairey Battle. Aircraft in Profile Number 34. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
 Moyes, Philip, J. R. The Fairey Battle. Aircraft in Profile, Volume 2 (nos. 25–48). Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications, 1971. .
 Moyes, Philip, J. R. Royal Air Force Bombers of World War II (Volume 1).  Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Hylton Lacey Publishers Ltd., 1968. .
 Neulen, Hans Werner. In the Skies of Europe: Air Forces Allied to the Luftwaffe 1939–1945. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 1998. .
 Pacco, John. "Fairey Battle". Belgisch Leger/Armee Belge: Het Militair Vliegwezen/l'Aeronautique Militare 1930–1940 (bilingual French/Dutch). Aartselaar, Belgium: J. P. Publications, 2003, pp. 52–55. .
 Richards, Denis. The Hardest Victory: RAF Bomber Command in the Second World War. London: Coronet, 1995. .
 Richards, Denis. Royal Air Force 1939–1945: Volume I, The Fight at Odds. London: HMSO, 1953.
 Shaile, Sidney and Ray Sturtivant. The Battle File. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1998. .
 Taylor, H. R. Fairey Aircraft since 1915. London: Putnam, 1974. .
 Taylor, John W. R. "Fairey Battle". Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. .
 Willis, David. "Battles for Power"]. FlyPast, January 2009.

External links

 Austin & Longbridge Aircraft Production
 "Designed for mass-production". Flight, 19 August 1937
 "Building the Battle". Flight, 17 June 1937

1930s British bomber aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Battle
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
World War II British bombers


text:
Roman Pilat (ur. 13 lipca 1846 we Lwowie, zm. 6 kwietnia 1906 tamże) – polski historyk literatury, profesor i rektor Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego, członek Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie, twórca lwowskiej szkoły historycznoliterackiej, członek Towarzystwa Historycznego we Lwowie.

Życiorys
Był synem Stanisława (pisarza, pamiętnikarza, pedagoga) i Rudolfiny z Gnatkowskich, bratem Tadeusza (prawnika) i Władysława (ekonomisty i socjologa), stryjem Stanisława (chemika, zamordowanego w 1941). Uczęszczał do gimnazjum klasycznego we Lwowie do 1864. W tym roku zdał egzamin dojrzałości w Gimnazjum Dominikańskim we Lwowie (innymi abiturientami zostali też wtedy m.in. Gwido Battaglia, August Szczurowski). Następnie studiował prawo (1864-1866) i filologię (1866-1868) na Uniwersytecie Lwowskim. Podczas studiów był pierwszym prezesem Czytelni Akademickiej. W 1869 obronił doktorat z filozofii pod kierunkiem Antoniego Małeckiego. W 1871 habilitował się; była to pierwsza na Uniwersytecie Lwowskim habilitacja w języku polskim. Został docentem języka i literatury polskiej. w Katedrze Historii Literatury Polskiej. W 1874 objął kierownictwo tej katedry (do 1901) oraz Seminarium Filologicznego (do 1904); w 1876 został profesorem nadzwyczajnym, w 1880 profesorem zwyczajnym. Trzykrotnie pełnił funkcję dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego (1882/1883, 1890, 1895/1896), był również rektorem (1890/1891) i prorektorem (1891/1892). Od 1905 wykładał jako profesor honorowy.

Od 1880 był członkiem korespondentem Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie (późniejszej PAU). W 1886 był w gronie członków założycieli Towarzystwa Literackiego im. Adama Mickiewicza, do 1900 był jego prezesem. W latach 1887-1898 redagował "Pamiętnik Towarzystwa Literackiego im. A. Mickiewicza". W 1905 został odznaczony Orderem Żelaznej Korony III klasy.

Zajmował się historią literatury polskiego średniowiecza i romantyzmu, metodologią historii literatury, gramatyką historyczną. Był uważany za twórcę tzw. lwowskiej szkoły historycznoliterackiej, do grona jego uczniów należeli m.in. Ludwik Bernacki, Wilhelm Bruchnalski, Ludwik Finkel, Andrzej Gawroński, Bronisław Gubrynowicz, Wiktor Hahn. Dokonał szerokiej analizy krytycznej Bogurodzicy. Wspólnie z Wilhelmem Bruchnalskim zainicjował wydanie Dzieł wszystkich Mickiewicza, na podstawie analizy rękopisów dokonał rekonstrukcji stopniowego rozrostu Pana Tadeusza. Badał także twórczość Aleksandra Fredry.

Został pochowany na Cmentarzu Łyczakowskim we Lwowie.

Publikacje
 O literaturze politycznej Sejmu Czteroletniego, 1788-1792 (1872)
 Ueber das polnische Participium praes. act. auf "szy" (1878)
 Pieśń Boga-rodzica. I restytucja tekstu pieśni (1879)
 Początek publicystyki literackiej w Polsce (1882)
 Jak należy wydawać dzieła polskich pisarzów XVI i XVII wieku (1884)
 Historia literatury polskiej (1907-1926, 5 tomów pod redakcją Wilhelma Bruchnalskiego; praca zawierała spisane wykłady Pilata)
 Gramatyka języka polskiego (1909, 2 tomy)

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Biogramy uczonych polskich, Część I: Nauki społeczne, zeszyt 3: P-Z, Wrocław 1985

Linki zewnętrzne
 Publikacje i rękopisy Romana Pilata w bibliotece Polona

Absolwenci i studenci Uniwersytetu Franciszkańskiego we Lwowie
Członkowie Towarzystwa Historycznego we Lwowie
Pochowani na Cmentarzu Łyczakowskim we Lwowie
Polacy odznaczeni Orderem Korony Żelaznej
Polscy teoretycy kultury
Polscy historycy literatury
Rektorzy Uniwersytetu Franciszkańskiego we Lwowie
Wykładowcy Uniwersytetu Franciszkańskiego we Lwowie
Urodzeni w 1846
Zmarli w 1906
Ludzie urodzeni we Lwowie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The second season of The Fine Brothers' web series MyMusic premiered on Tuesday, August 20, 2013. Unlike with the first season, which had its episodes uploaded to the MyMusicShow YouTube channel, the second season was uploaded to the TheFineBros channel.

Plot
Following the burning of the MyMusic building at the conclusion of the first season, Indie has the MyMusic team returning to its roots. Indie also has the MyMusic crew focusing more on social media and the MyMusic blog.

Announcement and production

In May 2013, the Fine Brothers announced the second season of MyMusic, having released an announcement video on the MyMusicShow channel.

The Fine Brothers were cited saying "We had an overwhelming fan response in Season 1 and we definitely couldn't have made it to a second season without their viewership and participation."

The production of the second season began on May 14, 2013, with filming taking place at YouTube Space LA.

The Fine Brothers have also been releasing several photos, daily, of production. Videos, or "Production Diaries", have also been released on TheFineBros2, weekly.

The second season saw Lee Newton and Paul Butcher join the MyMusic cast. Toby Turner was also announced to reprise his role as Satan. A production diary video was uploaded featuring Lee Newton as Country, confirming reports that she would be joining the cast, as well as featuring Harley Morenstein as Jesus.

The extended trailer for Season 2, posted on TheFineBros YouTube channel on July 30, revealed the season would begin on August 20.

The budget for MyMusic is "nothing close to a TV size budget."

There will be sitcom versions of the arc episodes after all the webisodes air. The Fine Brothers confirmed this in their vlog, Fine Time.

Cast

Main cast
The main cast from the first season were announced to have reprised their roles.
 Adam Busch as Indie
 Jarrett Sleeper as Metal
 Jack Douglass as Intern 2/Flowchart
 Lainey Lipson as Scene
 Mychal Thompson as Hip Hop/Nerdcore
 Tania Gunadi as Techno
 Chris Clowers as Dubstep
 Lee Newton as Country
 Grace Helbig as Idol

Recurring
 Toby Turner as Satan
 Lia Marie Johnson as Rayna
 Lisa Schwartz as Tina
 Paul Butcher as Jeff Pookie

Notable guest appearances
 Freddie Wong as DJ Elephant ("Ghosts!!!")
 Harley Morenstein as Jesus ("Saying Goodbye :(")
 Janet Varney as Nancy Spackman ("I Can't See!!!")
 Joey Graceffa as Vampire Temp ("I Can't See!!!, "Attention & Affection", "Stand Up for Yourself!", "Someone's Quitting!", "Insane Wife!", and "Wedding Plans!")
 Colleen Ballinger as Receptionist ("Wedding Plans!")

Episodes

References

2010s YouTube series seasons


text:
Włoczewo – wieś w Polsce położona w województwie mazowieckim, w powiecie płockim, w gminie Stara Biała.

W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość administracyjnie należała do województwa płockiego.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Stara Biała (gmina)


text:
Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti la Famila Wüber Schio nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 2010-2011.

Stagione
La stagione 2010-2011 è stata la diciannovesima consecutiva che la squadra scledense ha disputato in Serie A1.

Verdetti stagionali

Competizioni nazionali
 Serie A1: (32 partite)
 stagione regolare: 1º posto su 12 squadre (21-1);
 play-off: finale vinta contro Taranto (3-2).
 Coppa Italia: (4 partite)
 finale vinta contro Umbertide.
 Supercoppa italiana: (1 partita)
 gara persa contro Taranto (72-75).

Competizioni europee
 EuroLega: (13 partite)
 stagione regolare: 3º posto su 6 squadre nel gruppo D (6-4);
 Ottavi di finale persi contro Spartak Regione di Mosca.

Roster

Collegamenti esterni

2010
Schio, Pallacanestro Femminile


text:
Der Nipebreen (norwegisch für Gipfelgletscher) ist ein breiter Gletscher im ostantarktischen Königin-Maud-Land. Im Gebirge Sør Rondane liegt er zwischen den Austkampane und dem Menipa.

Norwegische Kartografen, die ihn auch benannten, kartierten ihn 1957 anhand von Luftaufnahmen der US-amerikanischen Operation Highjump (1946–1947).

Weblinks
  (englisch)
 Nipe Glacier auf geographic.org (englisch)

Sør Rondane


text:
Джермейн Джексон (, , Гэри, Лейк, Индиана, США) — американский певец, автор песен, продюсер, аранжировщик, бас-гитарист, участник группы The Jackson 5. Исполнил несколько песен в дуэте с молодой Уитни Хьюстон.

Детство
Джермейн является четвёртым ребёнком  и Кэтрин Джексон. Он родился 11 декабря 1954 года в Гэри (шт. Индиана). Других детей Джозефа и Кэтрин звали Ребби, Джеки, Тито, Ла Тойя, Марлон, Майкл, Рэнди и Джанет. Мать воспитывала его как Свидетеля Иеговы, но после поездки в Бахрейн в 1989 году он принял ислам. Джермейн Джексон участвовал в группе The Jackson 5 и помогал своему брату Майклу на протяжении многих лет. В 1973 году Джермейн окончил высшую школу Бирмингема в Лос-Анджелесе (шт. Калифорния).

The Jackson 5
В 1968 году Джермейн и его братья подписали контракт с Motown Records. Вместе с Майклом он спел «I Want You Back», «I'll Be There», «The Love You Save», «Dancing Machine» и многих других песнях. В 1973 году Джермейн женился на дочери Берри Горди Хейзел. В 1975 году, когда The Jackson 5 заключил контракт с записывающей компанией Epic Records, но Джермейн, в отличие от братьев, продолжил свою сольную карьеру в Motown Records. В 1983 году он воссоединился со своими братьями для телепередачи Motown 25. После успеха Motown 25 он вернулся в группу для записи альбома  и принял участие в туре по Канаде и США (). Он остался в группе до записи последнего альбома «2300 Jackson Street». В сентябре 2001 года он участвовал в шоу, посвященному 30-летию сольной карьеры Майкла.

Сольная карьера

Личная жизнь
15 декабря 1973 года Джексон женился на Хейзел Джой Горди, которая является дочерью основателя Motown Records Берри Горди. У Джермейна и Хейзел родились трое детей: Джермейн Ла Джон Джексон младший (р. 27 января 1977), Отэм Джой Джексон (р.10 июля 1978), Джейми Джексон (р. 17 марта 1987). В 1988 году Джексон развёлся с Хейзел и стал жить с Маргарет Мальдонадо, у которой родилось двое детей: Джереми Джексон (р. 26 декабря 1986), Джордан Джексон (р. 5 января 1989). После расставания с Мальдонадо, Джексон начал отношения с бывшей подругой своего младшего брата Рэнди, у которой уже было двое детей от Рэнди, Алехандрой Оазиазой. Она родила Джермейну двух сыновей: Данте Рэндал (р. 13 июня 1992) — усыновленный, Джаафар Джексон (р. 25 июля 1996), Джермаджести Джексон (р. 7 октября 2000).

В настоящее время Джексон женат на Халиме Рашид. Всего у Джексона 7 детей: Трое от Хейзел, двое от Маргарет, и двое от Алехандры.

Дискография

Cтудийные альбомы

 Jermaine (1972)
 Come Into My Life (1973)
 My Name Is Jermaine (1976)
 Feel the Fire (1977)
 Frontiers (1978)
 Let's Get Serious (1980)
 Jermaine (1980)
 I Like Your Style (1981)
 Let Me Tickle Your Fancy (1982)
 Jermaine Jackson a.k.a. Dynamite (1984)
 Precious Moments (1986)
 Don't Take It Personal (1989)
 You Said (1991)
 I Wish You L.O.V.E (2012)

Cборники

 Motown Superstar Series (1981)
 Greatest Hits & Rare Classics (1991)
 Dynamite (The Encore Collection) (1999)
 Heritage Collection (2000)
 Ultimate Collection (2001)
 Big Brother Jermaine: The Jermaine Jackson Collection (2007)
 Greatest Hits (2009)
 S.O.U.L. (2011)
 Playlist: The Very Best of Jermaine Jackson (2014)

Концертный альбом

 You Are Not Alone: The Musical (2014)

Домашнее видео

 Dynamite Videos (1985)
 You Are Not Alone (2014)

Продюсер в альбомах других исполнителей

 Switch — Switch (1978, также исполнительный продюсер)
 Switch — Switch II (1979, также исполнительный продюсер)
 Switch — Reaching For Tomorrow (1980, также исполнительный продюсер)
 LoveSmith — LoveSmith (1981, исполнительный продюсер)
 Switch — Switch V (1981)
 Сайрита Райт — The Spell (1983)
 Говард Джонсон — The Vision (1985)
 Уитни Хьюстон — Whitney Houston (1985)
 Мэнди Ли — Mendy Lee (1990)
 Эл Уэйзер — InternationAL (2004)

Список песен
В список вошли песни официально выпущенные Джермейном Джексоном сольно. Также в таблице находятся песни, в которых Джермейн был в качестве приглашённого исполнителя или бэк-вокалиста.

См. также: Список песен The Jackson 5

Также Джермейн в составе The Jackson 5 пел бэк-вокалы в некоторых ранних сольных песнях Майкла Джексона (точно в каких именно, установить трудно).

Песни созданные для The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons

Песни созданные Джермейном для других исполнителей
Перечислены те песни, где Джермейн не появляется вокально.

Примечания

Семья Джексонов
Исполнители Arista Records
Исполнители Motown
Поп-вокалисты США
Члены Зала славы рок-н-ролла


text:
USS Du Pont je ime več plovil Vojne mornarice ZDA:

 USS Du Pont (DD-152)
 USS Du Pont (DD-941)

Du Pont


text:
Mohammed Al-Kharashi is a Saudi Arabian football manager.

Career
In the 1994 FIFA World Cup Asian qualifiers, he tool charge the Saudi Arabian national soccer team for their final match, after their original manager kendono was fired. He led Saudi Arabia to a 4-3 victory against Iran, leading them to qualify for the finals.

in the 1994 gulf tournament he lad them for their first title.

In the 1998 FIFA World Cup finals, he took charge of the Saudi Arabia national football team for their final group match, after original manager Carlos Alberto Parreira was fired after two losses and saw the team eliminated from contention. Saudi Arabia played South Africa to a 2–2 draw in that match.

References

Saudi Arabian football managers
1995 King Fahd Cup managers
1998 FIFA World Cup managers
Living people
Saudi Arabia national football team managers
Year of birth missing (living people)


text:
Beatrice Masala (* 2. September 1963 in Hausham, Bayern) ist eine deutsche Schauspielerin.

Leben
Von 1984 bis 1990 absolvierte sie ein Sportstudium an der FH Berlin, eine Gesangsausbildung an der Musikschule Bonn sowie eine Schauspiel- und Tanzausbildung in Berlin und Bonn.

Erste Erfahrungen als Schaudarstellerin sammelte sie ab 1989 an verschiedenen Theaterhäusern, beispielsweise in Berlin, Bonn oder Köln. Daneben war sie in diversen Fernsehproduktionen in Episodenrollen zu sehen. Bekannt wurde sie vor allem durch die Rolle der Yvette Westermeier in der ARD-Vorabendserie Marienhof, die sie mit einigen Unterbrechungen von Oktober 1998 bis 14. April 2000 verkörperte.

Masala wurde in englischer Sprache aufgezogen, daneben spricht sie fließend Deutsch, Französisch, Italienisch und Spanisch. Derzeit lebt sie in Königswinter.

Filmografie

Kino
 2004: Samba in Mettmann (als Felicidade Amoroso-Kischewski alias Filippo Amoroso)

Fernsehen
 1992: Sterne des Südens
 1993: Einsatz für Lohbeck (als Miriam)
 1994: Alte Freunde küsst man nicht (als Babsi)
 1995: Große Freiheit (als Bille)
 1997: First Love – Die große Liebe (als Vivian)
 1997: Voll daneben (als Andrea)
 1998: Der Bulle von Tölz – Tod am Rosenmontag (als Zigeunerin)
 1998–2000: Marienhof (als Yvette Westermeier)
 1998: Aus heiterem Himmel – Amelie (als Wanda)
 1999: Jagd auf Amor (als Vanessa)
 1999: Ich wünsch dir Liebe (als Amanda)
 1999: SOKO 5113 – Abschiedsfeier (als Abena Bartenheimer)
 1999: Die Sternbergs – Ärzte, Brüder, Leidenschaften (als Dr. Isabell de Santos)
 2001: Dr. Stefan Frank – Der Arzt, dem die Frauen vertrauen (als Imana Utabe)
 Zu zweit und doch allein
 Körperverletzung
 2004: Mit Herz und Handschellen (als Maria Fabrius)
 2008: Der Arzt vom Wörthersee (als Veronika Alexander)
 Ein Wink des Himmels
 Ein Rezept für die Liebe
 2009: Ein Mann, ein Fjord! (als Rezeptionistin 2)
 2010: Aktenzeichen XY … ungelöst (als Dr. Tanja Mohn)

Theater
 Theater des Westens Berlin – Der kleine Prinz (als Tänzerin)
 Schillertheater Berlin – Das Liebeskonzil (als Salome)
 Kleines Theater Bonn, Städtische Bühnen Erfurt, Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden u. a. – Der kleine Horrorladen (als Soulgirl)
 Staatstheater Darmstadt – Frankenstein (als Angela Bugatti)
 Theâtrè de Capitol, Toulouse – Romeo und Julia (als Lady Capulet)
 Neue Bühne Villach – Nathan der Weise (als Sittah)

Weblinks

 Beatrice Masala auf der Webseite der CP Agentur

Literatur

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Deutscher
Geboren 1963
Frau


text:
Романонес () — муниципалитет в Испании, входит в провинцию Гвадалахара, в составе автономного сообщества Кастилия-Ла-Манча. Население — 130 человек (на 2010 год).

Население

Примечания

Ссылки
 La Cikuta & Chivero's Pub

Муниципалитеты Гвадалахары


text:
Рябовский — хутор в  Обливском районе Ростовской области.

Входит в состав Обливского сельского поселения.

География

Улицы

Население

Примечания

Ссылки
 Рябовский (хутор)

Населённые пункты Обливского района


text:
Statistiche

Statistiche da allenatore
Statistiche aggiornate al 9 febbraio 2020.

Palmarès

Giocatore

Competizioni internazionali

Villarreal: 2003, 2004

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni


text:
(expression anglaise pouvant se traduire en français par village indien) fait généralement référence à un village rural en Inde ou à un village amérindien.

Lieux

, un village de l'État de Jawnpur.

, communauté du comté d'Inyo
Indian Village, quartier de Chicago

, ville du comté de St. Joseph County,
,
,
,

.


text:
Чечу́ро Генна́дій Семе́нович (; 30 серпня 1939, Воронеж — 23 червня 2000, Київ) — радянський український баскетбольний тренер. Заслужений майстер спорту СРСР (1967).

Біографія
Народився 30 серпня 1939 року в Воронежі. Ігрову кар'єру починав у Вінниці, де вчився у педінституті на факультеті фізвиховання, в 1956—1958 роках виступав за «Буревісник» (Вінниця). Незабаром за баскетболістом приїхали з Києва і відвезли в армійський клуб до Наполеона Каракашьяна. Практично всю свою кар'єру Чечуро провів у київському СКА. Грав за різні збірні: Києва, України, СРСР. На Спартакіаді народів СРСР 1963 року збірна України, багато в чому завдяки Чечуро, який блискуче провів ключовий поєдинок з командою Грузії, зайняла друге місце.

У 1967 році, Чечуро був запрошений до збірної СРСР, яка виграла чемпіонат світу в Уругваї. Він стає чемпіоном світу і заслуженим майстром спорту.

Після закінчення ігрової кар'єри Чечуро повернувся в СКА, де працював на тренерських та адміністративних посадах. В останні роки він був президентом БК ЦСКА. Йому вдалося відродити колишню славу армійського клубу, залучити до лав команди найкращих українських гравців. При серйозних фінансових проблемах армійцям вдалося гідно виступити і в чемпіонаті України, і в Кубку Корача.

Жив у Києві. Помер 23 червня 2000 року. Похований на Берковецькому кладовищі.

Посилання
 Некрополі Києва

Уродженці Воронежа
Випускники Вінницького педагогічного університету
Радянські баскетболісти
Баскетболісти «ЦСКА» (Київ)
Баскетболісти «Донецька»
Заслужені майстри спорту СРСР
Померли в Києві
Поховані на Берковецькому кладовищі


text:
Alt Empordà este o comarcă, din provincia Girona în regiunea Catalonia (Spania).

Comărci catalone


text:
Die Breite Straße (1284: lateinisch Platea lata) ist das Rückgrat der Fußgängerzone in der Altstadt der Hansestadt Lübeck und eine der vier Straßen des Haupt-Nord-Süd-Verbindungssystems der Stadtplanung des 12. Jahrhunderts.

Sie beginnt am Koberg zwischen der Jakobikirche und der Schiffergesellschaft und dem Haus der Kaufmannschaft. In diesem ersten Abschnitt ist die Bebauung der Vorkriegszeit noch größtenteils erhalten, während ansonsten viele Gebäude beim Luftangriff auf Lübeck am 29. März 1942 zerstört wurden. An der Ecke Beckergrube biegt der Straßenverkehr ab. Auch wenn die Breite Straße nach Ansicht von Fachleuten als Fußgängerzone zu klein geraten ist, finden sich dann im folgenden Abschnitt an St. Marien und dem Kanzleigebäude vorbei bis zum Rathaus am Markt die tragenden Säulen einer jeden Fußgängerzone, allerdings noch mit wenigen lokalen Spezialisten (wie Niederegger) durchsetzt. Vor dem Kanzleigebäude geht am Marienkirchhof die durch Thomas Mann weltberühmt gewordene Mengstraße rechts ab zum nahegelegenen Buddenbrookhaus. Sein Bruder Heinrich Mann wurde 1871 in der Breiten Straße geboren. An der Stelle seines Geburtshauses wurde nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg ein Neubau errichtet, an dem sich eine Gedenktafel für Heinrich Mann befand. Derzeit (2009) wird hier ein neues Geschäftshaus erbaut, auch der Thomas-Mann-Stein des Bildhauers Ulrich Beier (1975) ist derzeit nicht zu sehen. Die kleineren individuellen Geschäfte Lübecks finden sich in den rechtwinklig verlaufenden kleineren Rippenstraßen, wie der Wahmstraße, der Hüxstraße, der Fleischhauerstraße und der Dr.-Julius-Leber-Straße.
Die Breite Straße endet am Kohlmarkt an der Kreuzung mit der Wahmstraße. Ihre Verlängerung ist die Sandstraße, die über den Klingenberg und die Mühlenstraße nach Süden aus der Altstadt führt. In der Breiten Straße 18 hat die Sparkasse zu Lübeck ihren Sitz in einem Bau von 1965. Von 1906 bis 1921 bestand in der Breiten Straße das Kino Metropol.

An der Ecke zur Mengstraße wurde 1991 die Brunnenplastik Der Goldene Sod von Johannes Michler errichtet. Der Brunnen befindet sich an der Stelle des Goldenen Sods aus dem Mittelalter. Dort trafen die vier historischen Quartiere Marien-Magdalenen Quartier, Marien Quartier, Jakobi Quartier und Johannis Quartier zusammen.

Denkmalgeschützte Bauwerke
Unter Denkmalschutz stehen die Gebäude Nr. 1–5, 9, 27, 75–77 ungerade und Nr. 2–8, 28–34 gerade sowie das Rathaus mit dem Kanzleigebäude.

Ehemalige Gebäude

Weblinks

 Historische Fotos der Breiten Straße

Einzelnachweise

Straße in Lübeck-Altstadt
Straße in Europa
Lubeck


text:
Nchelenge – miasto w Zambii, w Prowincji Luapula. Według danych szacunkowych na rok 2010 liczy 28 013 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Miasta w Zambii


text:
Socialist German Workers Youth (, abbreviated SDAJ) is a political youth organization in Germany. It is a Marxist–Leninist organization and related to the Deutsche Kommunistische Partei (German Communist Party). SDAJ is a member of World Federation of Democratic Youth.

History

1968–1977
SDAJ was formed on May 5, 1968, the 150th birthday of Karl Marx. The SDAJ participated in social movements that arose from 1968's student movement. It became one of the leading left-wing youth organizations in West Germany and enjoyed a high political profile – for example, in actions against fare increases ("Red Dot Actions"). The SDAJ claimed over 35,000 members.

1978–1987
From 1978 to 1988, the SDAJ organized the Festival of Youth biannually together with the Marxist Student Association Spartacus (MSB). The Festival was held mid-May on the grounds of the Dortmund exhibition. Internationally known artists attended. For example, the 1978 festival included figures such as Jutta Weinhold, Snowball, Udo Lindenberg, Pudys and the Titi Winterstein Quintet. Political debates were a common feature. According to the SDAJ, more than 100,000 visitors attended.

Until the fall of the GDR, the SDAJ maintained contact with Free German Youth (FDJ), a sibling organization.

In the 1980s, the SDAJ played a major role in the West German peace movement.

1988–1997
In 1988, conflicts emerged in SDAJ and DKP as reformist tendencies gained strength. At the SDAJ Federal Congress of 1989 the organization split, as the majority of the delegates voted for a proposal that would keep the SDAJ as a Marxist working class youth organization. The defeated faction grouped around then national chairman Birgit Radow and left the Congress. The Radow group failed to create a nationwide organization. Many former leading members switched to the youth structures of the PDS.

The fall of the GDR and the reunification of Germany, produced a crisis in SDAJ and DKP. Funding from GDR was discontinued and employees were laid off. Until about 1993, the SDAJ remained virtually without functioning central coordination. In 1994 the reorganization and reactivation of district and local associations began. As of the late 1990s local groups stabilized and new groups established in areas including Leipzig, Dresden, Gera, Potsdam, Rostock, Gadebusch and Berlin.

1998–present
Due to the slight increase in membership, the bi-annual Festival of Youth was refounded in 2008 in Jugendpark of Cologne.

In October 2011, the SDAJ held its 20th national congress of Hanover, Lower Saxony.

References

External links

Youth wings of communist parties
Youth wings of political parties in Germany


text:
Стоян Енев (роден на 6 юли 1989 г. във Варна) е български щангист. Европейски вицешампион.

Източници

Български щангисти
Родени във Варна


text:
Alex Raymond, nascido Alexander Gillespie Raymond (New Rochelle, 2 de Outubro de 1909 - Westport, 6 de Setembro de 1956) foi desenhista dos Estados Unidos, criador de personagens como Rip Kirby (1946) (br.: Nick Holmes),  Agente Secreto X-9 (1934) e Flash Gordon (1934). Seu virtuosismo e realismo nos desenhos inspirou o estilo de vários artistas e até muitos anos depois da sua morte, continua a influenciar o trabalho dos artistas de quadrinhos.

Depois de alguns trabalhos como assistente no final dos anos 20, nas séries Tim Tyler's Luck e Tillie the Toiler, Raymond alcançou a notoriedade quando foi contratado em 1934 para desenhar Flash Gordon, um personagem concorrente de Buck Rogers, o primeiro heróis espacial do gênero. Para completar a página, ele desenhou Jungle Jim (br.:Jim das Selvas), inspirado nas aventuras da selva de Tarzan. Seus personagens pareciam criados por encomenda para concorrerem com outros. Assim, Jim das Selvas veio para fazer frente ao Tarzan, o Agente X-9 a Dick Tracy e Flash Gordon ao Buck Rogers. Esta semelhança levou a Johnny Weissmuller (o eterno Tarzan) dar vida também ao Jim das Selvas no cinema. E Buster Crabbe, o primeiro a(c)tor que interpretou Flash Gordon, a também encarnar a figura de Tarzan.

Depois dos êxitos nos anos 30 e início dos anos 40, Raymond interrompeu em 1944 a carreira para lutar na Segunda Guerra Mundial, servindo como fuzileiro nas batalhas do Pacífico. Ao retornar da Guerra, ele retomou o trabalho artístico anterior, criando outro personagem de sucesso internacional: Rip Kirby. Por esse trabalho ele recebeu o prêmio Reuben em 1949, concedido pela National Cartoonists Society.

Flash Gordon
Autores de banda desenhada dos Estados Unidos
Ilustradores de banda desenhada
Ganhadores do Prêmio Eisner


text:
Sandringham can refer to:

Places
 Sandringham, New South Wales, Australia
 Sandringham, Queensland, Australia
 Sandringham, Victoria, Australia
Sandringham railway line
Sandringham railway station
Electoral district of Sandringham
 Sandringham, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
 Sandringham, New Zealand, New Zealand
 Sandringham, Gauteng, Johannesburg, South Africa
Sandringham, Norfolk, England, UK
Sandringham House, one of the private residences of the British monarch

Other uses
HMS Sandringham, the name of a number of Royal Navy ships
Sandringham College, in Melbourne, Australia
Sandringham Football Club, an Australian rules football club in Melbourne, Australia
Sandringham School, in St Albans, England
Short Sandringham, a civilian version of the Short Sunderland flying boat

See also

Sandringham Hotel (disambiguation)
Sandringham Summit, a 2020 meeting to discuss the future of the Duke and Duchess of Sussex
Sandringham time, the idiosyncratic timekeeping at the royal estate under Edward VII


text:
Penicíllium salámii — вид несовершенных грибов (телеоморфная стадия неизвестна), относящийся к роду .

Описание
На CYA колонии на 7-е сутки 2,5—3,5 см в диаметре, бархатистые, с обильным серо-зелёнвм спороношением. Экссудат иногда присутствует в виде мелких бесцветных капелек. Реверс коричневый, кремово-коричневый, жёлто-коричневый, оранжево-коричневый, бежевый. На агаре с солодовым экстрактом (MEA) колонии бархатистые, спороношение серо-зелёное, реверс без пигментации или коричневый. На агаре с дрожжевым экстрактом и сахарозой (YES) спороношение обильное, реверс от кремово-жёлтого до коричневого.

Нередко образует склероции 180—400 мкм в диаметре, наиболее обильные при 15—21 °C на CYA и MEA.

Конидиеносцы трёхъярусные, иногда с примесью четырёхъярусных, 400—1500 мкм длиной, 3,5—5 мкм толщиной. Веточки 12—20 мкм длиной. Метулы 10—14 мкм длиной, в мутовках по 3—6. Фиалиды фляговидные, 9—11 × 3—3,5 мкм. Конидии в основном эллипсоидальные, иногда с несколько усечёнными концами, иногда грушевидные до цилиндрических, 3—4 × 2,5—3 мкм.

Отличия от близких видов
Определяется по длинным широким ножкам конидиеносцев, несущих трёхъярусные кисточки. Продуцент хризогина и ксантоэпоцина.

В пределах вида выделяются две морфологически несколько различающиеся линии. Первая группа — медленно-растущие обитатели природных местообитаний с температурным максимумом роста 27 °C, обильно образующие склероции. Вторая — быстрорастущие, иногда образующие коричневатые склероции, близкие , но отличающиеся от него всё-таки более медленным ростом. Другой близкий вид — , отличающийся чёрно-коричневым реверсом колоний на CYA и обилием погружённых в среду пигментированых гиф с утолщёнными клетками, напоминающих склероции.

Экология и значение
Часто встречается на мясных продуктах по всему миру. Выделяется из почвы и других природных местообитаний.

Таксономия
,  193: 93 (2014).

Примечания

Литература

salamii


text:
Rendez-Vous is een album van de Franse musicus en producer Jean-Michel Jarre. Het is zijn vijfde reguliere studioalbum en werd uitgebracht in 1986. Van het album werden ongeveer drie miljoen exemplaren wereldwijd verkocht. De saxofoonpartij van het laatste nummer op het album zou gespeeld worden door astronaut Ron McNair vanuit de ruimte. Echter, op 28 januari 1986 verongelukte hij met het hele Challenger-team. De shuttle explodeerde 73 seconden na het opstijgen. Op het album wordt de saxofoonpartij gespeeld door Pierre Gossez.

In april 1986 gaf Jarre een openluchtconcert in Houston, Texas: Rendez-Vous Houston. Het 150-jarig jubileum van Texas en het 25-jarig jubileum van de NASA werd gevierd. Na de Challenger-ramp werd het concert echter eveneens een eerbetoon aan de omgekomen astronauten. De show trok een publiek van 1,3 miljoen mensen, een wereldrecord. Dit concert was Jarres tweede binnenkomst in het Guinness Book of Records voor het grootste aantal toeschouwers bij een openluchtconcert, na zijn concert op de Place de la Concorde in 1979 met 1 miljoen toeschouwers.

In oktober 1986 gaf Jarre in zijn geboorteplaats Lyon het concert Rendez-Vous Lyon om het bezoek van Paus Johannes Paulus II aan de stad te vieren.

Tracklist
 "First Rendez-Vous" – 2:54
 "Second Rendez-Vous" – 10:55
 "Third Rendez-Vous" – 3:31
 "Fourth Rendez-Vous" – 3:57
 "Fifth Rendez-Vous" – 7:41
 "Last Rendez-Vous: Ron's Piece" – 6:04

Alternatieve tracklist
Vroege edities van het album bevatten een iets andere indeling. De nummers Second Rendez-Vous en Fifth Rendez-Vous zijn hier gesplitst in delen. Ook de tijdsduur is iets anders.
 "First Rendez-Vous" – 2:53
 "Second Rendez-Vous: Part I" – 2:35
 "Second Rendez-Vous: Part II" – 3:16
 "Second Rendez-Vous: Part III" – 2:18
 "Second Rendez-Vous: Part IV" – 2:42
 "Third Rendez-Vous" – 3:30
 "Fourth Rendez-Vous" – 3:57
 "Fifth Rendez-Vous: Part I" – 2:58
 "Fifth Rendez-Vous: Part II" – 1:12
 "Fifth Rendez-Vous: Part III" – 3:45
 "Last Rendez-Vous: Ron's Piece" – 5:47

Personeel
 Jean-Michel Jarre – Seiko DS-250, Elka Synthex, Moog synthesizer, Roland JX 8P, Fairlight CMI, E-mu Emulator II, Eminent 310U, EMS Synthi AKS, Laser Harp, RMI Harmonic Synthesizer, Oberheim OB-X, Yamaha DX100, Matrisequencer, Roland TR-808, Linn 9000, Sequential Circuits Prophet-5, Casio CZ 5000, ARP 2600
 Michel Geiss – ARP 2600, Eminent BV, Matrisequencer, Roland TR-808
 Dominique Perrier – Memorymoog
 Joe Hammer – E-mu Drumulator, percussie
 David Jarre – Baby Korg persoonlijk keyboard op "Fifth Rendez-Vous (Part II)"
 Pierre Gossez – Saxofoon  op "Last Rendez-Vous (Ron's Piece)"
 Het koor van Radio France, onder leiding van Sylvain Durand – vocale muziek op "Second Rendez-Vous"

Hitnoteringen
Het album was populair in Zwitserland, Oostenrijk, Zweden en Nieuw-Zeeland, maar de kroon spande het Verenigd Koninkrijk met 38 weken notering met een negende plaats als hoogste.

Nederlandse Album Top 100

Externe link
  Rendez-Vous op Discogs

Muziekalbum van Jean Michel Jarre
Muziek in 1986


text:
Maumelle é uma cidade localizada no estado americano do Arkansas, no Condado de Pulaski.

Demografia
Segundo o censo americano de 2000, a sua população era de 10.557 habitantes.
Em 2006, foi estimada uma população de 14.901, um aumento de 4344 (41.1%).

Geografia
De acordo com o United States Census Bureau tem uma área de 24,0 km², dos quais 22,8 km² cobertos por terra e 1,2 km² cobertos por água.

Localidades na vizinhança
O diagrama seguinte representa as localidades num raio de 24 km ao redor de Maumelle.

Ligações externas

Cidades do Arkansas
Localidades do condado de Pulaski (Arkansas)


text:
Patronyme

Pagès est le mot Catalan et Occitan pour paysan (du latin *pagensis, dérivé de pagus avec le suffixe -ensis).

 François Pagès (1740-1792), officier de marine, aventurier et explorateur français ;
 François-Xavier Pagès de Vixouze (1745-1802), mémorialiste et journaliste français ;
 Joseph Pagès (1754-1814), général français ;
 Jean-Pierre Pagès (1784-1866), homme politique français ;
 Gaspard Antoine Pagès (1793-1864), homme politique français ;
 Léon Pagès, (1810-1887), homme politique français ;
 Félix Pagès (1858-19?), clarinettiste classique français ;
 Amédée Pagès (1865-1952), romaniste et médiéviste français ;
 Georges Pagès (1867-1939), historien moderniste français ;
 Victorin-Nymphas Pagès (1885-1966), frère des écoles chrétiennes, missionnaire ;
 Émile Pagès (1893-1963), écrivain de romans policiers de langue française ;
 Jean Pagès (1903-1976), artiste français ;
 Edmond Pagès (1911-1987), coureur cycliste français ;
 Renée Perini-Pagès (1914-2005), communiste et résistante française ;
 Robert Pagès (1919-2007), psychologue et sociologue français ;
 Olivier Pagès (1925-2021), petit-fils de Georges, historien de l'art français ;
 Max Pagès (1926-2018), psychothérapeute et professeur français ;
 Gustavo Biosca Pagès (1928-2014), footballeur et entraîneur espagnol ;
 Robert Pagès (1933-2011), homme politique français ;
 Bernard Pagès (1940-), sculpteur français ;
 Évelyne Pagès (1942-2011), journaliste et animatrice de radio et télévision ;
 Frédéric Pagès (1950-), journaliste et écrivain français ;
 Alain Pagès (1950-), universitaire français ;
 Philippe Pagès (1953-), pianiste français ;
 Brigitte Boccone-Pagès (1959-), femme politique monégasque.
 Yves Pagès (1963-), romancier français ;
 Luc Pagès (1968-) directeur de la photographie, cinéaste et scénariste français ;
 Thomas Pagès (1985-), pilote français de moto-cross ;
 Pierre Pagès (1990-), joueur de rugby à XV français ;
 Olivier Pagès (19?-), acteur français ;
Patronyme français


text:
David Arthur Granger (Georgetown, 15 juli 1945) is een Guyanees politicus en voormalig militaire officier. Hij was van 2015 tot 2020 de president van Guyana.

Granger diende enige tijd als commandant van de Guyana Defence Force en vervolgens als National Security Adviser van 1990 tot 1992. Van 2012 tot 2015 was hij oppositieleider in de Nationale Assemblee van Guyana.

Granger was presidentskandidaat van de oppositiecoalitie in de algemene verkiezingen van november 2011, maar werd verslagen. Hij werd verkozen tot president in de algemene verkiezingen van mei 2015.

Op 21 december 2018 verloor hij een motie van wantrouwen. Er werd pas na lange tijd verkiezingen uitgeschreven en deze vonden op 2 maart 2020 plaats. Diverse internationale partijen hielden toezicht bij de verkiezingen. Granger eiste de overwinning op ondanks waarnemersgroepen en diplomaten uit de Verenigde Staten en de Europese Unie die onregelmatigheden hadden opgemerkt. De uitslag werd fel aangevochten en na een nationale hertelling werd op 2 augustus 2020 de macht overgedragen aan de oppositiepartij Progressive People's Party met de presidentskandidaat Irfaan Ali.

President van Guyana
Guyaans militair


text:
The living creatures, living beings, or hayyot (Hebrew חַיּוֹת ḥayyōṯ) are a class of heavenly beings in Jewish mythology. They are described in the prophet Ezekiel's vision of the heavenly chariot in the first and tenth chapters of the Book of Ezekiel. References to the sacred creatures recur in texts of Second Temple Judaism, in rabbinical merkabah ("chariot") literature, in the Book of Revelation in the New Testament, and in the Zohar.

According to Jewish and Christian traditions, there are four living creatures, although their description varies by source. The symbolic depiction of the four living creatures in religious art, especially Christian art, is called a tetramorph.

Ezekiel's four living creatures
Ezekiel's vision of the four living creatures in Ezekiel 1 are identified as cherubim in Ezekiel 10,  who are God's throne bearers. Cherubim as minor guardian deities of temple or palace thresholds are known all over the Ancient East. Each of Ezekiel's cherubim have four faces, that of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle. However, the fact that they manifest in human form  sets them apart from the griffin-like cherubs and lamassu of Babylonia and Assyria. Concerning their ability to move, Ezekiel's cherubim do not need to turn, since they face all compass points simultaneously. This description of movement differs from that of the seraphim in Isaiah's vision () who have an extra set of wings, giving them the ability to fly.

Revelation's four living beings
In , four living beings (Greek: ζῷον, zōion) are seen in John's vision. These appear as a lion, an ox, a man, and an eagle, much as in Ezekiel but in a different order. They have six wings, whereas Ezekiel's four living creatures are described as only having four. In verse 6, they are said to have "eyes all over, front and back", suggesting that they are alert and knowledgeable, that nothing escapes their notice. The description parallels the wheels that are beside the living creatures in Ezekiel 1.18; 10.12, which are said to be "full of eyes all around". The Hebrew word for "wheel" (ôpannîm) was also used in later Jewish literature to indicate a member of the angelic orders (1 Enoch 71.7; 3 Enoch 1.8; 7.1; 25.5–6, etc.). In this passage in Revelation, the four beasts surround "the one" on the red throne (which is of ruby and sardius), which is contrasted with the white throne in  and .

Comparing the living creatures in Ezekiel with Revelation's is a prominent apocalyptic study in Western Christianity. An example is the 18th Century works of Jonathan Edwards' recorded interpretation of 1722/23. The four living creatures that John of Patmos sees in the Book of Revelation, is the author's reworking of the living creatures in the visions of Ezekiel () and Isaiah ().

William D. Mounce noted a belief that the living creatures may have been associated with the four principal (or fixed) signs of the zodiac (Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, and Aquarius), but other scholars have doubted this interpretation.

In a critical analysis of John's vision, April De Conick's 2006 essay outlines that the hayyot in Ezekiel are perhaps not original with the author of Revelation. De Conick suggests that John may have drawn from other merkabah-related texts and by subtly working with images already known to his audience, he reshaped them for his own purposes. With John blending and transforming the images of his sources, it has given way to different interpretations.

Religious views
In Judaism, the living beings are considered angels of fire, who hold up the throne of God. According to the Zohar, they hold up the firmament itself. They are ranked first in Maimonides' Jewish angelic hierarchy. They have also been correlated with four biblical archangels: "Michael is the 'lion-headed', Raphael the "human-headed", Uriel the "bull-headed", and Gabriel the "eagle-headed".

In Christianity, the four living creatures are Cherubim. A prominent early interpretation, variously modified by different interpreters, has been to equate the four creatures with the Four Evangelists. Throughout church history, the most common interpretation (first laid out by Victorinus), but not the original or the only, is that the lion represents Mark, the calf Luke, the man Matthew, and the eagle John. Irenaeus was the first to make the association with the evangelists, but the interpretation laid out by Victorinus and adopted by Jerome, Gregory the Great, and the Book of Kells became dominant. Its influence has been on art and sculpture and is still prevalent in Catholicism  and Anglicanism. A view held by many modern commentators is that the four living creatures of Revelation are agents of God and heavenly representatives of the created order, who call every living thing to worship the Creator.

See also

Quotes

Notes

References

External links

 Jewish Encyclopedia: Angelology

Angels in Christianity
Angels in Judaism
Animals in Christianity
Animals in Judaism
Book of Ezekiel
Book of Revelation
Classes of angels
Cherubim


text:
Richard Crompton (* 1973) ist ein britischer Schriftsteller, Journalist und Produzent.

Leben
Richard Crompton lebt und arbeitet seit 2005 in Ostafrika. Er war als Produzent und Journalist für die BBC und andere internationale Sender tätig. 2013 veröffentlichte er den ersten seiner Kriminalromane, in denen der Massai Polizist Mollel ermittelt.

Crompton lebt mit seiner Frau und Familie in Nairobi.

Werke

 Wenn der Mond stirbt (The honey guide), dt. von Claudia Feldmann, dtv, München 2014, ISBN 978-3-423-26015-2
 Hell's Gate (Hell's Gate), dt. von Christine Blum. dtv, München 2015, ISBN 978-3-423-26062-6
 Night Runners, 2017

Weblinks

 Webpräsenz von Richard Crompton

Autor
Kriminalliteratur
Brite
Geboren 1973
Mann


text:
Óscar Serrano González (Madrid, 12 de octubre de 1973) es un deportista español que compitió en atletismo adaptado. Ganó una medalla de bronce en los Juegos Paralímpicos de Sídney 2000 en la prueba de 1500 m (clase T12).

Palmarés internacional

Referencias

Atletas con discapacidad de España
Medallistas paralímpicos de bronce de España
Nacidos en Madrid


text:
Heiligenstadt war bis 1891 eine eigenständige Gemeinde und ist heute ein Stadtteil Wiens im 19. Wiener Gemeindebezirk Döbling sowie eine der 89 Wiener Katastralgemeinden.

Geografie
Heiligenstadt liegt auf einer Strandterrasse am Wiener Donaukanal (einem früheren Donauarm) und zieht sich in einem schmalen Streifen nordwestlich bis zum Kahlenberg hinauf. Die Katastralgemeinde nimmt eine Fläche von 219,46 ha ein. Im Norden wird Heiligenstadt von Nußdorf und Josefsdorf, im Westen von Grinzing und im Süden von Unter- und Oberdöbling begrenzt. Die Probusgasse ist die ehemalige Dorfstraße und der heutige Kern von Heiligenstadt.

Heiligenstadt erstreckt sich über 3 Gräben, die vom Wienerwald im Westen zur Donau im Osten verlaufen: im Norden der Graben des Schreiberbachs (Wildgrube, Muckental), im Ortszentrum der Graben des von Grinzing kommenden Nesselbachs und im Süden der des von Neustift und Sievering (Zubringer Arbesbach) kommenden Krottenbachs, der südlich des Höhenzugs Hungerberg – Hohe Warte verläuft.

Geschichte

Namensherkunft
Der Name Heiligenstadt leitet sich vermutlich davon ab, dass in diesem Gebiet bereits in heidnischer Zeit ein heiliger Ort lag. Erstmals erwähnt wurde der Ort 1120 jedoch als St. Michael. Der Erzengel Michael wird auch am Wappen dargestellt. Erst Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts taucht der Zusatz Sanctum Locum (Heiligenstadt) in den Urkunden auf. Letztlich ist jedoch ungeklärt, worauf sich die bezeichnete heilige Stätte bezieht. Die These, dass der Heilige Severin von Noricum hier gelebt hat, wurde mittlerweile widerlegt.

Heiligenstadt bis zur Neuzeit

Heiligenstadt ist ein uraltes Siedlungsgebiet, das bereits vor 5000 Jahren besiedelt war. Auch die Römer hinterließen hier ihre Spuren. 1872 wurden im Bereich der Heiligenstädter Straße-Pokornygasse-Bauernfeldgasse Mauerreste gefunden, die einen Wehrturm des Limes in diesem Gebiet belegen. Daneben fand man bei Ausgrabungen in der Nähe der Jakobskirche einen römischen Friedhof und in der Nähe ein Awarengrab aus dem 6. Jahrhundert. Die Franken begannen schließlich um 900 mit der Besiedelung von Heiligenstadt. Der Ortskern gruppierte sich ursprünglich um den heutigen Pfarrplatz mit der ältesten Kirche dieses Gebietes. Die Bewohner waren wiederum Bauern, die im Wesentlichen für den Eigenbedarf produzierten. Auch der Fang von Krebsen und Fischen im westlichsten Arm der Donau (heute Heiligenstädter Straße) spielte eine Rolle. Für den Verkauf wurde Wein angebaut. Bis heute liegen am Hügelabhang zur Heiligenstädter Straße die Kellereien der Weingroßhändler. Bereits 1250 besaß das Stift Klosterneuburg Weingärten in Heiligenstadt. Nach dem Tod des Pfarrers Heinrich übertrug Bischof Weinhardt von Passau 1304 dem Stift das Recht, die Pfarre Heiligenstadt in Besitz zu nehmen. Heiligenstadt war im Mittelalter einer der reicheren Orte in der Umgebung. Bereits 1318 ist eine Schule urkundlich erwähnt, wahrscheinlich die einzige weit und breit. Heiligenstadt litt jedoch wie viele Vororte von Wien stark unter den Verheerungen ab dem 15. Jahrhundert. 1484 plünderte Matthias Corvinus Heiligenstadt, 1529 beschädigten die Plünderungen der Türken im Zuge der Ersten Wiener Türkenbelagerung Jakobskirche und Michaelskirche schwer. Durch die Opferbereitschaft der Bewohner von Döbling, Grinzing, Nußdorf und Heiligenstadt (die alle noch zu dieser Pfarre gehörten) konnte jedoch die Michaelskirche bereits 1534 wiederhergestellt werden.

Heiligenstadt in der Neuzeit

Die Reformation spielte in Heiligenstadt nur eine untergeordnete Rolle, jedoch setzte die Zweite Wiener Türkenbelagerung dem Ort stark zu. 1683 wurden viele Bewohner niedergemetzelt, woran die Blutgasse erinnert. Die Verwüstungen waren so stark, dass der Ort einer Einöde glich. Die Wirtschaft erholte sich erst im 18. Jahrhundert, als die Viehwirtschaft und der Obstbau die Wiener Märkte eroberten. Zum Aufschwung des Ortes trug das Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts errichtete öffentliche Badehaus in Heiligenstadt bei, das eine heiße Quelle nutzte. Bis zu 300 Menschen täglich besuchten das Heilbad mit angeschlossenem Gasthaus.

In einem Wanderführer aus dem Biedermeier, dem Werk "Wien's Umgebungen auf zwanzig Stunden im Umkreise" von Adolf Schmidl aus dem Jahre 1835, wird diese Heilquelle erwähnt:
Ein gewisser Johann Burger fand darin Heilung vor Gliederschmerzen, und ließ zur Dankbarkeit die Quelle reinigen, fassen und in seinen Garten, bei dem jetzigen Badhause, leiten. […] Schon 1784 verfaßte Dr. Klinger eine Analyse der Quelle (*Dr. Joh. Klinger: Beschreibung der Eigenschaften und Wirkungen des Heiligenstädter Badwassers, Wien 1791), von der die böse Welt freilich behaupten wollte, daß man der Kraft des Wassers durch hineingeworfene Eisengitter zu Hülfe gekommen sey!
In der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts versiegte jedoch die Quelle, anstelle des Bades wurde der Heiligenstädter Park errichtet. Im 19. Jahrhundert erlangte Heiligenstadt auch seinen Ruf als Sommerfrischeort, es siedelten sich dadurch auch in Heiligenstadt reiche Wiener Bürger an, und in der Sommermonaten wurde der Ort von Touristen frequentiert. Auch Ludwig van Beethoven lebte zeitweise in Heiligenstadt, hier schrieb er sein Heiligenstädter Testament. Johann Strauß komponierte 1850 die Heiligenstädter Rendez-vous-Polka.

1851 wurde die Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik, der staatliche meteorologische und geophysikalische Dienst Österreichs, auf der Hohen Warte gegründet.

Der heutige Heiligenstädter Friedhof wurde 1873 angelegt.

1795 gab es 60 Häuser mit 470 Einwohnern, die in drei Gassen im Bereich Grinzinger Straße, Probusgasse, Hohe Warte und Armbrustergasse lebten. 1832 lebten bereits 677 Einwohner in 94 Häusern, 1870 waren es bereits 3.393 Menschen in 244 Häusern. Um 1890 siedelten sich zahlreiche Industriebetriebe an, während die Einwohnerzahl inzwischen auf 5.579 Menschen gestiegen war. Innerhalb von 60 Jahren hatte sich die Zahl der Häuser mehr als verdreifacht. Dem Bauboom fiel auch der Heiligenstädter Teich zum Opfer. Dieser 6.000 m² große Ziegelteich wurde von den Bewohnern als Badeteich genutzt, wurde aber wegen der starken Verschmutzung zum Problem. In den 20er Jahren des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde er zugeschüttet.

Heiligenstadt nach der Eingemeindung

1892 wurde Heiligenstadt gemeinsam mit den benachbarten Wiener Vororten Sievering, Grinzing, Oberdöbling, Unterdöbling, Nußdorf und dem Kahlenbergerdorf zu Wien eingemeindet.

1898 wurde der von Otto Wagner gestaltete Bahnhof Wien Heiligenstadt als Umsteigebahnhof zwischen der 1870 eröffneten Kaiser-Franz-Josephs-Bahn und der Wiener Dampfstadtbahn eröffnet. Von letzterer endeten gleich drei Strecken in Heiligenstadt, namentlich die Vorortelinie, die Gürtellinie und die Donaukanallinie. Ab 1925 fuhr dann die Wiener Elektrische Stadtbahn auf zwei Wegen nach Heiligenstadt, die in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren schließlich in der U-Bahn Wien aufging. Die Vorortelinie wiederum gehört seit 1987 zur S-Bahn Wien. Heute ist Heiligenstadt außerdem auch noch ein wichtiger Busbahnhof für Busse innerhalb Wiens und nach Klosterneuburg.

Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg begann die sozialdemokratische Stadtregierung auch in Heiligenstadt den sozialen Wohnbau zu forcieren, um die elenden Wohnverhältnisse der Arbeiter zu verbessern. Hierzu wurde auf einem Gelände, das bis ins 12. Jahrhundert ein schiffbarer Donauarm gewesen war und später von Gärtnereien genutzt wurde, der riesige Karl-Marx-Hof errichtet. Zwischen 1927 und 1930 wurde vom Otto-Wagner-Schüler und Stadtbaumeister Karl Ehn die Anlage mit 1382 Wohnungen errichtet. Bekannt wurde der Karl-Marx-Hof kurze Zeit später auch durch den Februaraufstand, da sich in ihm zahlreiche aufständische Arbeiter verschanzten.

Wirtschaft
Die Bedeutung des Weins war zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts immer noch sehr hoch. 30 Prozent der Flurflächen wurden für den Weinanbau benutzt, ein weiteres Viertel für den Ackerbau. Darüber hinaus gab es einen Wiesenanteil von 20 Prozent und auf etwa acht Prozent der Fläche wurde Obst angebaut. Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts siedelten sich in Heiligenstadt jedoch auch die ersten Industriebetriebe an. In der Heiligenstädter Straße 135 entstand 1790 eine Schwefelsäurefabrik, die bis 1939 bestand hatte. Weitere bedeutende Betriebe waren die Parketterzeugung Barawitzka, später Engel (1838 bis 1932), die Maschinenfabrik Heinrich (1840 bis 1964) und die 1885 gegründete und noch heute in Niederösterreich bestehende Just-Leitern-AG in der Heiligenstädter Straße 125. Der Bedeutung Heiligenstadts als Wirtschaftsstandort wurde nach der Gründung des Bezirks Döbling Rechnung getragen, indem man das Gebiet zwischen Heiligenstädter Straße und Donaukanal als Industriegebiet widmete. Doch auch im Herzen von Heiligenstadt gab es wichtige Betriebe. So wurde ab 1889 in der Pokornygasse 7 eine Kaffeerösterei, eine Malz- und Feigenkaffeeerzeugung sowie eine Weinkellerei durch die Brüder Kunz errichtet. 1919 erzeugte man in der Gatterburggasse auch Pralinen, 1935 wurde der Betrieb an die Firma Meinl verkauft.

Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten
Die zentralen Teile um Pfarrplatz, Probusgasse und Armbrustergasse sowie entlang der Hohen Warte sind von der Stadt Wien als bauliche Schutzzone ausgewiesen, diese Schutzzone reicht teilweise auch nach Unterdöbling.

 Heiligenstädter Pfarrkirche St. Michael
 Heiligenstädter Kirche St. Jakob
 Unterheiligenstädter Pfarrkirche
 In der Probusgasse 6 verfasste Ludwig van Beethoven am 6. Oktober 1802 sein Heiligenstädter Testament.
 1817 wohnte Beethoven im urkundlich 1441 erwähnten Haus Engelhartszellerhof am Pfarrplatz 2 (Gedenktafel, derzeit Heuriger).
 Beethoven-Denkmal im Heiligenstädter Park
 Beethoven-Denkmal im Beethovengang, einem Lieblingsspazierweg Beethovens
 Berghof (Pfarrplatz 5) aus dem 12. Jahrhundert (derzeit Restaurant), es handelt sich dabei wohl um den ältesten Profanbau Wiens vor der Heumühle

Sport
 Der Sportplatz des aus dem benachbarten Bezirksteil Nußdorf stammenden Nußdorfer AC befindet sich in Heiligenstadt.
 Der First Vienna FC 1894 (kurz: Die Vienna) trägt seit 1899 seine Spiele im Stadion Hohe Warte aus.
 Das Döblinger Bad ist ein Frei- und Hallenbad auf der Hohen Warte.

Persönlichkeiten
 Josef Schuster (1873–1945), Maler, wurde in Heiligenstadt geboren
 Rudolf Wondracek (1886–1942), Architekt, wurde in Heiligenstadt geboren
 Fritz Sander (1889–1939), österreichisch-tschechoslowakischer Rechtswissenschaftler, wurde in Heiligenstadt geboren

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Wien
Döbling
Katastralgemeinde in Wien


text:
Malcolm X, conosciuto anche come Malcolm X: His Own Story as It Really Happened, è un film documentario del 1972 diretto da Arnold Perl. L'opera si basa sull'autobiografia del leader politico Malcolm X pubblicata nel 1965. Il film ricevette la candidatura ai premi Oscar del 1973 come miglior documentario.

Produzione
Il produttore Marvin Worth e Perl cominciarono a lavorare a Malcolm X nel 1969, quattro anni dopo l'assassinio dell'attivista. Inizialmente i due volevano girare un film drammatico che raccontasse la sua vita, ma alla fine optarono per un documentario quando alcune persone vicine a Malcolm si rifiutarono di parlare con loro. Nel 1993 Worth ricordò: «Ho voluto mostrare principalmente la figura pubblica, piuttosto che l'uomo privato. Volevo mostrare l'evoluzione dell'uomo e quello che aveva da dire. Volevo farlo attraverso i suoi discorsi pubblici».

Betty Shabazz, la vedova di Malcolm X, svolse la funzione di consulente per il film. Restò così soddisfatta del risultato, che portò al cinema tutte e sei le sue figlie a vedere il documentario. Poco tempo dopo, una di esse le chiese: «Papà era tutto per te, non è vero?».

Accoglienza
Secondo quanto riportato dal Los Angeles Times, Malcolm X ebbe "recensioni entusiastiche". Recensendo il film sul The New York Times, il critico cinematografico Howard Thompson lo descrisse "un film sorprendentemente equilibrato, spesso affascinante".

Nel 1993 Jay Carr scrisse sul The Boston Globe che Malcolm X era una "visione essenziale". Nel 2011 William Hageman scrisse sul Chicago Tribune che il documentario "era riuscito meglio a catturare l'epoca di Malcom X rispetto all'omonimo film di Spike Lee del 1992".

Home video
Il documentario è stato distribuito in DVD nel 2005 come contenuto speciale dell'edizione a doppio disco del film Malcolm X di Spike Lee.

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Film documentari statunitensi
Film documentari biografici


text:
Il Ruhnama (in italiano libro dell'anima) è un' opera aggiografica a sfondo ultranazionalistico e, in parte, celebrativa della vita del suo autore di riferimento, nominalmente scritta da Saparmyrat Nyýazow (1940-2006), presidente del Turkmenistan dal 1991 al 2006; è divisa in due parti, pubblicate rispettivamente nel 2001 e nel 2004. È stata redatta affinché fosse una "guida spirituale della nazione", nonché base delle arti e della letteratura: il testo include racconti mitologici e poesie, comprese quelle del poeta sufi Magtymguly Pyragy. L'opera si propone di creare un'immagine positiva del popolo turkmeno, un'interpretazione eroica della sua storia, una revisione dei costumi turkmeni e la definizione di "morale, norme familiari, sociali e religiose per i moderni turkmeni". Si può includere tra le opere di revisionismo storiografico, e l'interpretazione che dà di alcuni fatti storici è dubbia e contestata. Contiene elementi autobiografici: ciò rende il libro una parte integrante del culto della personalità di Saparmyrat Nyýazow, promossa durante gli anni del suo governo .

Nel centro della capitale del paese, Aşgabat, si trova un monumento che rappresenta il Ruhnama. Ogni sera il grande volume si apre producendo un rutilante spettacolo di luci.

Storia
Secondo Hudaýberdy Orazow, ex capo della Banca centrale del Turkmenistan, l'idea originale della stesura del libro venne durante gli ultimi giorni della SSR turkmena, quando, durante una convention di funzionari governativi, il decano del dipartimento di storia dell'università statale turkmena menzionò che il suo dipartimento stava raccogliendo informazioni storiche, culturali e folcloristiche sul Turkmenistan da quasi 20 anni e aveva pensato che sarebbe stato utile redigere un trattato di storia sul popolo turkmeno: i libri allora disponibili erano pochi e comunque scritti nel contesto della storiografia sovietica.

Il libro è stato inizialmente sviluppato da una collaborazione tra l'Università statale turkmena e altri istituti di Aşgabat sponsorizzati dalla presidenza turkmena, ma senza il coinvolgimento diretto del presidente Nyýazow, e fu intitolato "Ruhnama". Nel 1994, il decano e Nyýazow furono insoddisfatti del lavoro, e il presidente ordinò che il libro fosse ritirato, istituendo un comitato per riscriverlo "come [il decano] avrebbe dovuto volerlo". Tuttavia, il gruppo che Nyýazow costituì non era composto da accademici o storici professionisti, ma da un poeta, due scrittori di narrativa e uno storico (che Orazow sosteneva di essere rispettabili professionisti durante il periodo sovietico, ma che da allora erano caduti nell'alcolismo). Il libro risultante non riuscì di nuovo a soddisfare le aspettative di Nyýazow, quindi ordinò che fosse nuovamente ritirato, ma questa volta si assunse la responsabilità di scrivere il Ruhnama da solo.

Nyýazow pubblicò il primo volume dell'opera nel 2001, dicendo che avrebbe "eliminato tutte le carenze, per accrescere lo spirito dei Turkmeni". Nel 2004, Nyýazow pubblicò un secondo volume, relativo a morale, filosofia e stili di vita. Il Ruhnama fu introdotto nella cultura turkmena in modo graduale ma sempre più pervasivo. Per prima cosa Nyýazow distribuì copie nelle scuole e nelle biblioteche della nazione, ma in breve tempo arrivò a rendere obbligatorio il suo studio per superare l'esame della patente di guida. Divenne la regola leggere il Ruhnama in scuole, università e organizzazioni governative tanto che, durante i colloqui di lavoro, i nuovi dipendenti governativi venivano esaminati sulla conoscenza del Ruhnama. Il libro divenne una parte sostanziale del culto della personalità di Nyýazow e della politica di turkmenizzazione della sua amministrazione: il governo richiese alle librerie e agli uffici governativi di metterlo in risalto, e le moschee di metterlo in vista al pari del Corano. Dopo che alcuni imam rifiutarono di soddisfare questa richiesta, sostenendo che porre i due testi al pari livello fosse un atto blasfemo, lo stato ha demolito tali moschee. Nel maggio 2004, il sito web controllato dal governo "Turkmenistan: The Golden Age" ha rilasciato una dichiarazione in cui si annunciava la graduale eliminazione di "diverse materie educative e scientifiche di importanza minore". Al posto, gli studenti imparavano a memorizzare il Ruhnama e cantare slogan patriottici. Un ingegnere di 30 anni riferì: "[mio figlio] apprende tutto dai passaggi del Ruhnama, e ha iniziato a rimproverarmi perché conosce il libro meglio di me".

Nell'agosto 2005, il primo volume del Ruhnama fu lanciata in orbita in modo che potesse "conquistare anche lo spazio".

Nel marzo 2006, anno della sua morte, Nyýazow disse che chi avesse letto il libro sarebbe automaticamente entrato in paradiso.

Successivamente, la sua diffusione è rimasta elevata. Tuttavia la sua ubiquità è diminuita da quando il presidente Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow lo rimosse dal piano scolastico della scuola pubblica nel 2013 e interruppe la pratica di esaminare i candidati universitari sulla loro conoscenza del libro.È stato notato che i libri scritti da Berdimuhamedow, successore di Nyýazow, hanno iniziato a essere inclusi nei corsi scolastici. Luca Anceschi, un esperto della regione e professore dell'Università di Glasgow, vede questo come un trasferimento del culto della personalità di Nyýazow a Berdimuhamedow.

Capitoli
Turkmen: nel nome di Allah il più nobile
Il cammino dei Turkmeni
La nazione turkmena
Lo stato turkmeno - L'antico stato Oguz
Il mondo spirituale dei Turkmeni

Note

Voci correlate
Libro Verde

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Rukhnama in 4 languages – Traduzioni ufficiali del Ruhnama in inglese, russo, turkmeno e turco. Archiviato il 4 Novembre 2013.

Storia del Turkmenistan
Opere letterarie politiche


text:
Gerta Overbeck (* 16. Januar 1898 in Dortmund; † 2. März 1977 in Lünen) war eine deutsche Malerin und Vertreterin der Neuen Sachlichkeit.

Biografie
Gerta Overbeck – eine Tochter von Julius Overbeck und seiner Ehefrau Hedwig Overbeck, geb. Schmieding –  begann 1915 eine Zeichenlehrerausbildung in Düsseldorf. Von 1919 bis 1922 besuchte sie die Kunstgewerbeschule Hannover. Von 1922 bis 1931 war sie in Dortmund als Zeichenlehrerin an verschiedenen Gymnasien tätig. In dieser Zeit war Gerta Overbeck seit 1926 die Lebensgefährtin des Malers Ernst Thoms, den sie auch porträtierte.

In Dortmund nahm Gerta Overbeck 1931 an der 5. Großen Westfälischen Kunstausstellung teil. 1931 zog sie nach Hannover und arbeitete als freie Malerin und veröffentlichte kunsttheoretische Beiträge in der Zeitschrift "Der Wachsbogen". Sie hatte Kontakt zu den Künstlern Hans Mertens, Karl Rüter, Grethe Jürgens und lernte den Schriftsteller Gustav Schenk, ihren späteren Ehemann kennen. Im Mai 1932 wurden 23 ihrer Werke in der Ausstellung "Die Neue Sachlichkeit in Hannover" gezeigt. Politisch stand Gerta Overbeck der Kommunistischen Partei nahe und gehörte ihr auch kurze Zeit an.

Am 18. Januar 1937 wurde ihre Tochter Frauke geboren. Am 18. Mai 1937 heiratete sie Gustav Schenk, den Vater ihres Kindes. Die Ehe wurde am 15. März 1940 geschieden. Bereits 1938 kehrte sie zusammen mit ihrer Tochter nach Cappenberg bei Lünen zurück. Sie lebte dort abgeschieden und in wirtschaftlich bescheidenen Verhältnissen. Von 1958 bis 1961 belegte sie noch einmal Malkurse an der Kunstgewerbeschule in Braunschweig. Sie ist in Cappenberg auf dem Waldfriedhof beigesetzt. Ganz in der Nähe des Friedhofes und in der angrenzenden Stadt Lünen im Ortsteil Wethmar wurde je eine Straße nach ihr benannt. In Braunschweig ist die Gerta-Overbeck-Straße und in Wolfsburg der Gerta-Overbeck-Ring nach ihr benannt.

Zu ihrem engeren Freundeskreis gehörten Gertrud Heinersdorff, die Witwe des Berliner Glasmalers Gottfried Heinersdorff, sowie Anna Endell, die zweite Ehefrau des Designers August Endell. 1976 fand ihre erste Einzelausstellung in Hamburg statt. Gerta Overbeck gilt als herausragende Vertreterin der Malerei der Neuen Sachlichkeit. Einige ihrer Bilder wurden wiederentdeckt und dem Kunstmarkt zugeführt.

Ausgewählte Werke
 Kinder mit Handwagen, 1924
 Stahlwerk, 1925
 Jazzkapelle, 1925
 Hippodrom auf der Reeperbahn, 1926
 Bildnis Toni Overbeck, 1926
 Bildnis Ernst Thoms, 1926
 Dünenlandschaft, 1927
 Weißes Haus an der Halde, 1927
 Straßenarbeiter, 1931
 Teerkocher, 1932
 Selbstbildnis mit Zigarette, 1934
 Selbst vor Staffelei, 1936

Literatur (Auswahl)
 Ludwig Zerull (Red., Layout), Günter Barz, Michael Herling (Fotos): Hannoversche Maler der Neuen Sachlichkeit, Begleitschrift zur (Wander-)Ausstellung der Niedersächsischen Sparkassenstiftung mit Bildern aus den Sammlungen der Stadtsparkasse Hannover, der Niedersächsischen Sparkassenstiftung und des Sprengel Museum Hannover, Hrsg.: Niedersächsische Sparkassenstiftung, Eigenverlag, Hannover: Th. Schäfer Druckerei, 1991, passim
 Hildegard Reinhardt: Die Neue Frau gegen den Strich gebürstet, in: Die Neue Frau? Malerinnen und Grafikerinnen der Neuen Sachlichkeit. Bietigheime-Bissingen 2015 (Auss. Kat. Städt. Galerie Bietigheim-Bissingen).
 Hildegard Reinhardt. Gerta Overbeck (1898-1977), in: Britta Jürgs (Hrsg.). Leider hab ich's Fliegen ganz verlernt. Portraits von Künstlerinnen und Schriftstellerinnen der Neuen Sachlichkeit. Berlin 2000.
 Marsha Meskimmon: Grethe Jürgens, Gerta Overbeck und die "Frauenkultur" in der Weimarer Republik. In: Christian Fuhrmeister (Hrsg.):  "Der stärkste Ausdruck unserer Tage". Neue Sachlichkeit in Hannover. Olms, Hildesheim u. a. 2001, ISBN 3-487-11440-2 (Ausstellungskatalog, Hannover, Sprengel-Museum, 9. Dezember 2001 – 10. März 2002).
 Hildegard Reinhardt: Grethe Jürgens und Gerta Overbeck. Bilder der zwanziger Jahre. Bonner Kunstverein 1982.
 Hildegard Reinhardt: Gerta Overbeck – Späte Anerkennung. In: Artis, Heft 7, 32. Jg., Juli 1980, S. 18–19.
 Hildegard Reinhardt: Gerta Overbeck 1898-1977. Eine westfälische Malerin der Neuen Sachlichkeit in Hannover, in: Niederdeutsche Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte. München/Berlin 1979, Bd. 18, S. 225–248.
 Corinna Heins, Anne Jäger: Frauen in der List / Gerta Overbeck, Malerin (1898–1977), in: Hannoversche Geschichtsblätter, Neue Folge Band 60 (2006), S. 248–251

Weblinks
  von Renate Rochner
 Gerta Overbeck, 1898–1977. Eine bedeutende Malerin der Neuen Sachlichkeit. In: Frauenruhrgeschichte.

Einzelnachweise

Person (Lünen)
Maler (Dortmund)
Neue Sachlichkeit
Deutscher
Geboren 1898
Gestorben 1977
Frau


text:
Bułła (; ) – wieś na Białorusi, w obwodzie brzeskim, w rejonie iwacewickim, w sielsowiecie Milejki, nad Bulanką.

Znajduje się tu zabytkowa parafialna cerkiew prawosławna pw. św. Jana Chrzciciela.

W dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym miejscowość leżała w Polsce, w województwie poleskim, w powiecie kosowskim/iwacewickim, w gminie Kosów. Po II wojnie światowej w granicach Związku Sowieckiego. Od 1991 w niepodległej Białorusi.

Uwagi

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 Bułła na mapie WIG

Wsie w rejonie iwacewickim


text:
Der Orden für Verdienste um das Handwerk (fr. Ordre du Mérite artisanal) wurde am 11. Juni 1948 per Dekret durch den französischen Staatspräsidenten Vincent Auriol gestiftet und war zur Belohnung von Personen vorgesehen, die sich auf dem Gebiet des Handwerks um die Französische Republik verdient gemacht hatten.

Die Verleihung der Auszeichnung erfolgte auf Vorschlag des Handelsministers.

Klassen
Der Orden besteht aus drei Klassen und die Zahl der jährlichen Verleihungen war reglementiert.
 Kommandeur (4 Verleihungen)
 Offizier (20 Verleihungen)
 Ritter (70 Verleihungen)

Im Jahre 1951 wurde per Dekret die Anzahl der jährlichen Verleihungen in der II. Klasse auf 26 und in der III. Klasse auf 140 Mitglieder erhöht.

Um mit dem Orden ausgezeichnet zu werden, musste man das 40. Lebensjahr vollendet haben und seit mindestens 20 Jahren auf diesem Gebiet tätig gewesen sein. Die Verleihung des Offizierkreuzes konnte frühestens acht Jahren nach der Ernennung zum Ritter, die des Kommandeurkreuzes frühestens fünf Jahren nach der Ernennung zum Offizier erfolgen.

Ordensdekoration
Das Ordenszeichen ist ein Silber vergoldetes fünfarmiges Kreuz (Ritter ohne Vergoldung) mit jeweils kleinen Strahlenbündeln zwischen den Kreuzarmen. Im Medaillon, das von einem blau emaillierten Reif mit der Inschrift REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE · 1948 (Republik Frankreich) umschlossen ist, der Kopf der Marianne. Rückseitig im Medaillon eine nach unten zeigende ausgestreckte Hand, die von dem bereits beschriebenen Reif mit der Inschrift MERITE ARTISANAL · LABEUR · QUALITE (Handwerkliches Verdienst · Arbeit · Qualität) umgeben ist.

Zwischen Ordenszeichen und Tragering befindet sich ein Lorbeerkranz.

Trageweise
Getragen wird das Kommandeurkreuz als Halsorden. Die Ordenszeichen der Offiziere und Ritter am Band auf der linken Brustseite, wobei auf dem Band des Offizierskreuzes noch eine Rosette angebracht ist.

Das Ordensband ist blau mit vier weißen Mittelstreifen.

Sonstiges
Die Verleihung des Ordens für Verdienste um das Handwerk wurde 1963 im Zuge der Reorganisation des französischen Ordenswesens und der Stiftung des Nationalverdienstordens eingestellt.

Siehe auch
 Meilleur Ouvrier de France

Literatur
 André Souyris-Rolland: Guide des Ordres Civil Français et Étrangers, des Médailles d'Honneur et des Médailles des Sociétés. Paris 1979.

Verdienstehandwerk