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What If...? is an American animated anthology series created by A. C. Bradley for the streaming service Disney+, based on the Marvel Comics series of the same name. It is the fourth television series in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) produced by Marvel Studios, and the studio's first animated series from Marvel Studios Animation. The series explores alternate timelines in the multiverse that show what would happen if major moments from the MCU films occurred differently. Bradley serves as head writer for the first two seasons, with Bryan Andrews directing.

Jeffrey Wright stars as the Watcher, who narrates the series, alongside many MCU film actors reprising their roles. Marvel Studios was developing the series for Disney+ by the end of 2018, with Bradley and Andrews on board. It was officially announced in April 2019. Marvel Studios' head of visual development Ryan Meinerding helped define the series' cel-shaded animation style, which was designed to reflect the films and take inspiration from classic American illustrators. Animation for the first season is provided by Blue Spirit, Squeeze, Flying Bark Productions, and Stellar Creative Lab, with Stephan Franck as head of animation.

The first season of What If...? premiered on August 11, 2021, and ran for nine episodes until October 6 as part of Phase Four of the MCU. A second nine-episode season is expected to be part of Phase Five, and a third season is in development. The series has received generally positive reviews, with praise for the voice acting, animation, creative storylines, and scenarios, although the episode length and writing received some criticism. A Marvel Zombies series, based on one of the What If...? episodes, is in development.

Premise
Following the establishment of the multiverse in the season one finale of Loki, What If...? explores various alternate timelines across the multiverse in which major moments from the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films occur differently, as observed by the Watcher. In the second season, following the formation of the Guardians of the Multiverse, the Watcher continues to explore more strange worlds, meeting new heroes and keeping the multiverse safe.

Episodes

Season 1 (2021)

Season 2

An episode, written by Ryan Little and directed by Andrews, will introduce an original MCU character named Kahhori, a young Mohawk woman who seeks to discover her powers after the Tesseract crash-lands in the Haudenosaunee Confederacy in pre-colonial America.

Cast and characters
The series is narrated by Jeffrey Wright as the Watcher, a member of the alien Watcher race who observes the multiverse, in a similar role to Rod Serling's in The Twilight Zone. Head writer A. C. Bradley said the character is "above everything else" and compared him to a viewer of the "pizza rat" video, observing and not interfering as he has "no interest in becoming friends with the rat, living amongst the rat, or doing rat things... That is the Watcher's relationship with humanity." Executive producer Brad Winderbaum felt Wright's performance inspired a sense of humanity while explaining the episodes, and Bradley explained that Wright was cast because his voice mixes power, charisma, and authority with a "warm personality". Wright approached the character like he would a live-action role, learning as much as he could about the Watcher so his voice could reflect the character's "uniquely powerful, all-seeing, sagely presence". Wright chose a contemporary American accent rather than having the character sound like "some Oxford-educated, old, fusty guy in a tudor parlor somewhere", and, aside from researching the character's comic book appearances, took inspiration from the series' tone, visuals, and animation when developing the character's voice. The comic book name "Uatu" is not used in the series because this would imply that there was more than one being watching the series' events when Bradley instead wanted to focus on the narrative of "the Watcher" observing the different characters and realities and how those affect him.

Each episode features different versions of characters from the MCU films, with many actors reprising their roles for the series. The final two episodes bring together characters from earlier episodes to form the "Guardians of the Multiverse", including Benedict Cumberbatch as Doctor Strange Supreme, Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter / Captain Carter, Lake Bell as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow, Chadwick Boseman as Star-Lord T'Challa, Michael B. Jordan as Killmonger, and Chris Hemsworth as Thor. Other new versions of characters who also return for the finale include Kurt Russell's Ego and Brian T. Delaney's Peter Quill from the second episode, Tom Hiddleston's Loki and Samuel L. Jackson's Nick Fury from the third, Ozioma Akagha's Shuri from the sixth, and Toby Jones's Arnim Zola and Ross Marquand's Ultron from the eighth. Additionally, Cynthia McWilliams and Mick Wingert reprise their respective roles of Gamora and Tony Stark / Iron Man from an episode that was cut from the first season but will be included in the second.

The second season sees the introduction of a young Mohawk woman named Kahhori, who is an original MCU character.

Production

Development
By September 2018, Marvel Studios was developing several series for its parent company Disney's streaming service, Disney+; Marvel Studios President Kevin Feige was set to take a "hands-on role" in each series' development, focusing on "handling" the actors who would be reprising their roles from the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) films. One of these was an animated series for Disney+ based on the Marvel Comics run What If...?. The anthology series, which would be produced by Feige, would explore how the MCU would be altered if certain events had occurred differently, such as if Loki wielded Thor's hammer Mjolnir. The hope was to have the actors who portray the characters in the MCU films voice them in the series as well. A. C. Bradley was suggested as head writer for the series by Marvel Studios executive Jonathan Schwartz after unsuccessfully pitching as a writer for Captain Marvel (2019). Bradley was eager to write a Marvel film due to her love for the franchise, and felt What If...? was her opportunity to create many Marvel stories. Marvel Studios was impressed that some of Bradley's ideas for the series matched concepts they were planning for films, and she joined the project in October 2018. Bryan Andrews, a storyboard artist on many of the major action sequences from the MCU films, met with Brad Winderbaum—the Marvel Studios executive in charge of the series—about directing the series as early as 2018. Bradley and Andrews were officially announced in their roles in August 2019.

In April 2019, Disney and Marvel officially announced the series. Marvel Studios had discussed adapting the What If...? comics in the past, but decided not to do so until after the conclusion of the Infinity Saga so they would have enough storylines to create alternate options of. Making the series animated allowed the studio to explore all of these ideas "unbounded". Winderbaum said it was not a coincidence that the series was set for release so soon after the first season finale of Loki, which introduced the multiverse, since What If...? explores facets of the multiverse in a way that Winderbaum believed made the series as important as any other MCU property; Bradley confirmed that all episodes of the series are canon to the MCU multiverse, with most of the episodes taking place in their own universe. Since work began on What If...? before the development of Loki and Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), Bradley was unsure how those projects would be exploring and explaining the MCU version of the multiverse. She chose to focus on the possibilities within the alternate timelines of the multiverse, which she described as a "sampler of assorted chocolates", and left elements such as the Time Variance Authority to be explained by those other projects. Feige and Winderbaum kept the creative teams of Loki and Multiverse of Madness informed of what was happening in What If...? as work on those projects began. The creative team of What If...? met with Loki executive producers Stephen Broussard and Kevin Wright as well as WandaVision (2021) co-executive producer Mary Livanos to establish a "rule book" regarding the multiverse, its branch timelines, and nexus events.

Executive producers for the series include Winderbaum, Feige, Louis D'Esposito, Victoria Alonso, Andrews, and Bradley, with Carrie Wassenaar producing. The episodes are approximately 30 minutes in length. In December 2019, Feige revealed that the first season would consist of 10 episodes, and that work had already begun on a second 10-episode season. However, because of the production delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the tenth episode of the first season was not completed in time and moved to the second season; the second season was also reduced to nine episodes. In July 2021, ahead of the release of What If...?, Alonso noted that Marvel Studios was creating an "animation branch and mini studio", known as Marvel Studios Animation, to focus on more animated content beyond What If...?.

Work on a third season began by July 2022, when Bradley revealed that the second season was her final project with Marvel Studios. During Marvel Studios Animation's panel at the 2022 San Diego Comic-Con, What If...? and the other projects discussed were introduced as being part of the "Marvel Animated Multiverse".

Writing
Feige explained with the series' announcement that it would take "pivotal moments" from throughout the MCU and change them. For example, the first episode features Peggy Carter taking the Super Soldier Serum instead of Steve Rogers. Winderbaum felt it was "creatively healthy" to think of What If...? as its own parallel world that "lives and breathes on its own terms" and did not need to have exact adaptions from the main MCU or comics. He added that it was liberating to work within the multiverse concept because the series could take greater risks or opportunities that other MCU projects are not afforded when they are concerned with connecting to future properties. Alonso said the series was an opportunity to introduce more diversity to the MCU and take advantage of more of the 6,000 characters that Marvel Studios had access to. The writers were initially unsure if they could use Spider-Man in the series due to Sony Pictures owning the character's live-action film rights, but they were ultimately allowed to. Marvel Comics characters who have yet to appear in the MCU are not introduced in the series, but the writers considered creating new characters if it helped the story.

Before considering "what if" scenarios, the writers examined all of the MCU heroes to determine "what makes them tick". They wanted to ensure that there was story potential beyond the inciting "what if" change of each episode, so they could use the different scenarios to explore "the hero behind the shield". Bradley described the series' balance between character examination and action as "Die Hard (1988) meets Wes Anderson". 30 potential episodes were conceived and written by Bradley, Andrews, Winderbaum, story editor Matthew Chauncey, junior executive Simona Paparelli, and script coordinator Ryan Little. The What If...? comics provided inspiration for potential story points, as did the Ultimate Marvel comic book imprint (which told alternate stories to the main Marvel universe) since it was an example of a fully realized alternate universe. Bradley first created simple scenarios out of concern for the series' budget, but was told by Marvel to "go nuts". Feige chose his favorite concepts from the 30 options, which were then narrowed down to the 10 episodes for the first season. After each episode was incorrectly rumored to focus on one film from the Infinity Saga, Bradley clarified that multiple films and characters would be represented in each episode and most of the characters from all the films would appear throughout the season. Winderbaum hoped the episodes would intrigue viewers to revisit the original films, like how reading a What If comic could lead a reader to the original comic story.

Each episode and its alternate storyline is introduced and concluded by the Watcher, presenting it as "a cautionary tale in the spirit of The Twilight Zone". The episode's tones vary, with some being darker or lighter than the MCU films that they play off. For example, one episode is a political thriller, the episode centered on Stephen Strange is a "dark... tragic love story", and another allowed Bradley to "goof off" and draw inspiration from films she enjoyed when growing up such as Can't Hardly Wait (1998) and the National Lampoon films. What If...? also has a horror, a heist, and a murder mystery episodes. Various films served as touchstones for each episode, such as 1940s serials and war films for the Peggy Carter episode. Some of the writers' concepts were rejected because they matched with story ideas that Marvel already planned to use, such as Professor Hulk, an older Steve Rogers, and Pepper Potts in the Rescue suit, who all appear in Avengers: Endgame (2019); Loki becoming a hero as he does in Loki; Jane Foster becoming Thor, which was planned for Thor: Love and Thunder (2022); and an episode that was "half the [planned] plot" of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023). Other unused pitches include an episode where Spider-Man turns into a real spider that was deemed "too dark and too body horror" for Marvel's target PG-13/TV-14 rating; a Jurassic Park (1993)-inspired episode featuring the Avengers as dinosaurs during prehistory; and a crossover with Star Wars characters like Luke Skywalker.

Despite the series' anthology format, the writers conceived a story device for the first season that allowed them to have some connectivity between the episodes; this begins to be revealed in the season's eighth episode before the finale in the ninth. Additionally, after the Watcher begins the season distant and appearing in the background, he becomes more apparent as the season progresses. Bradley likened the character to the audience, since "as he suffers [the heroes] triumphs and their tragedies, he becomes also more emotionally invested, and therefore becomes more and more part of their world and wants to be more part of their world even though he knows he's not supposed to". Each episode also ends with a twist or question that could potentially be resolved in a sequel episode, similar to the MCU films' post-credit scenes, though these endings are also a reference to the twist endings of the What If...? comics that were not always resolved. Bradley called these endings "fun" while differentiating them from post-credit teasers which she considered "a promise". Many of the endings for the first season's episodes are resolved in the final episode of the season. Regarding the dark tones and tragic plot points of the first season, Bradley explained that being able to feature things that would never happen in the live-action MCU, such as killing off heroes, was the "most liberating part" of the series, and that some of the episodes ended in tragedy for reasons tied into the first season's overall plan.

As the writers were developing the scripts, they realized that Captain Carter would "bubble up and became more important" alongside the Watcher, and decided to revisit her story in each future season. Bradley was asked to only explore "what if" concepts for existing MCU stories, so Phase Four characters do not appear until the second season. Some of the initial 30 concepts that were not chosen for the first season also appear in future seasons. Andrews noted that following the first season, in which the "what if" concept were only small changes from what was established, further seasons were able to "expand out" beyond these small moments and "get a little bit wackier".

Casting and voice recording

Marvel's plan for the series was to have actors who portray characters in the MCU films reprise their roles in What If...?, with more than 50 doing so. Feige revealed half of these actors at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2019: Michael B. Jordan as Erik "Killmonger" Stevens, Sebastian Stan as James "Bucky" Barnes, Josh Brolin as Thanos, Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk, Tom Hiddleston as Loki, Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury, Chris Hemsworth as Thor, Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter / Captain Carter, Chadwick Boseman as Star-Lord T'Challa, Karen Gillan as Nebula, Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton, Paul Rudd as Scott Lang, Michael Douglas as Hank Pym / Yellowjacket, Neal McDonough as Dum Dum Dugan, Dominic Cooper as Howard Stark, Sean Gunn as Kraglin Obfonteri, Natalie Portman as Jane Foster, David Dastmalchian as Kurt, Stanley Tucci as Abraham Erskine, Taika Waititi as Korg, Toby Jones as Arnim Zola, Djimon Hounsou as Korath the Pursuer, Jeff Goldblum as the Grandmaster, Michael Rooker as Yondu Udonta, and Chris Sullivan as Taserface. Feige also announced that Jeffrey Wright had been cast as the Watcher, who narrates the series. Boseman was one of the first actors to agree to appear in the series.

Voice recording began by August 2019 and continued into early 2020, taking place remotely when on-site work at the Walt Disney Studios lot was suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic. Wright did some recording in a make-shift recording studio at his home. In January 2021, Frank Grillo said he had worked on the series, reprising his role of Brock Rumlow. Additional voice recording was planned for February. By July, Seth Green was reprising his role as Howard the Duck, as was Andy Serkis as Ulysses Klaue.

Ahead of the series' premiere, additional actors were revealed to be reprising their roles in the series, including Angela Bassett as Ramonda, Benedict Cumberbatch as Dr. Stephen Strange and Doctor Strange Supreme, Benedict Wong as Wong, Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector, Bradley Whitford as John Flynn, Carrie Coon as Proxima Midnight, Clancy Brown as Surtur, Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson, Cobie Smulders as Maria Hill, Danai Gurira as Okoye, Don Cheadle as James Rhodes, Emily VanCamp as Sharon Carter, Evangeline Lilly as Hope van Dyne, Georges St-Pierre as Georges Batroc, Jaimie Alexander as Sif, John Kani as T'Chaka, Jon Favreau as Harold "Happy" Hogan / Zombie Happy, Kat Dennings as Darcy Lewis, Kurt Russell as Ego, Leslie Bibb as Christine Everhart, Ophelia Lovibond as Carina, Paul Bettany as Vision and J.A.R.V.I.S., Rachel House as Topaz, Rachel McAdams as Christine Palmer, Tilda Swinton as the Ancient One, and Tom Vaughan-Lawlor as Ebony Maw.

In July 2021, Variety reported that several characters, such as Tony Stark, Steve Rogers, and Carol Danvers, would be voiced by different actors than those who portrayed them in MCU films. Winderbaum attributed some of the replacements to scheduling conflicts with the original actors, and explained that the creatives did not want the series to be "defined by the actors we thought we could get". When casting replacements, they looked to prioritize the performance for this series over an actor sounding the same as the original. He felt the series' exploration of the multiverse gave a "cerebral justification" for the different actors. Dave Bautista, who portrays Drax in the films, indicated that he was not asked by Marvel to be a part of the series, despite the character's inclusion. Winderbaum expressed surprise at Bautista's claims, assuming that there was some miscommunication at some point as all MCU actors were asked through their agents or directly to participate in the series. Josh Keaton voices Skinny Steve Rogers / Hydra Stomper and Steve Rogers; Ross Marquand voices Johann Schmidt / Red Skull and Ultron; Fred Tatasciore voices Drax, Corvus Glaive, and Volstagg; Brian T. Delaney voices Peter Quill; Lake Bell voices Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow; Mick Wingert voices Tony Stark / Iron Man; Stephanie Panisello voices Betty Ross; Mike McGill voices Thaddeus Ross; Alexandra Daniels voices Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel; Hudson Thames voices Peter Parker / Spider-Man; Kiff VandenHeuvel voices Obadiah Stane; Beth Hoyt voices Pepper Potts; Ozioma Akagha voices Shuri; Josette Eales voices Frigga; David Chen voices Hogun; Max Mittelman voices Fandral; and Cynthia McWilliams voices Gamora.

In November 2022, Cate Blanchett was revealed to be reprising her role as Hela for the second season.

Animation

Stephan Franck serves as head of animation on the series, which features a cel-shaded animation style with character likenesses based on the actors from the films. Ryan Meinerding, the head of visual development at Marvel Studios, developed the animation style for the series with Andrews. They considered using different styles for each episode, or basing the look on comic art by Jack Kirby or Steve Ditko, before settling on a single style inspired by classic American illustrators such as J. C. Leyendecker, Norman Rockwell, Tom Lovell, and Mead Schaeffer. Andrews felt this resulted in a "kind of heroic, hyper-realized, super-idealized look that feels iconic" while not being "pushed or cartoony", while Meinerding felt this was a unique approach to translating cinematic superheroes into animation that took advantage of the medium's stylization without losing the realistic, "monumental and powerful" feeling of the films. Disney's Lady and the Tramp (1955) was also an influence due to its lack of "harsh line work" and because they felt it was "beautifully painted". Traditional 2D animation was considered, but was abandoned when Marvel could not find studios who could handle the necessary work. Instead, the animation is "2.5D", with 3D models rendered with 2D lighting to appear like flat drawings.

Alonso said the medium of animation allowed Marvel Studios to work with new companies around the world. Blue Spirit worked on two of the first season's episodes, with Squeeze handling animation for four episodes, Flying Bark Productions working on four, and Stellar Creative Lab working on one. Bradley said Marvel was "trying to use the color palette, the lighting, [and] the character design to tell as much story as you can" like they do in live-action films, adjusting the camera and color palettes between each episode. Production Designer Paul Lasaine and his team painted all of the backgrounds for the series, basing these on frames from the films as well as the concept art and set plans from those productions. Discussing the apparent exaggeration of action and abilities in the series, Franck said they were trying to be consistent with what is seen in the films, but "every medium has its own poetry and reads differently, and there's a level of abstraction and exaggeration that is inherent to animation". Andrews enjoyed the opportunity to mix his knowledge of animation with the MCU, believing there was "an embarrassment of riches" in the storytelling they were able to achieve. Graham Fisher and Joel Fisher edit the series, starting during the storyboard phase.

The series' opening title sequence was designed by Perception, who sought to emphasize the series' themes by displaying "the beauty and idea of space". The sequence draws inspiration from the work of film poster artist Bob Peak, particularly his artwork for Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) and Excalibur (1981), and uses imagery of glass shattering to symbolize the branching of the Sacred Timeline.

Music

By October 2020, Laura Karpman was set to compose music for the series, which she called "the perfect composer playground" since she was able to reference existing MCU scores but also deviate from them. Karpman and the producers were inspired by Alan Silvestri's approach to the Avengers: Endgame score for how to incorporate existing music from different MCU films. She explained that Silvestri weaved his own music into other composer's themes, and generally just touched on different elements from the existing music, so her approach for the series became "touch on [existing themes], then go on". Karpman had access to the sheet music and recordings of previous MCU scores but also adapted some elements by ear. For each episode, she looked at how the story aligned with the MCU, how it deviated from the MCU, and what the story itself required musically.

When writing the series' main theme, Karpman knew that the opening sequence would feature images of shattered glass. She recorded the sound of shattering glass and manipulated it to create sound effects that were added to the theme. The main melody is played on a French horn, with Karpman singing in the background as a reference to 1960s science fiction scores that featured female vocalists. Additional choir is also used in the main theme, singing phrases backwards such as "what if", "Marvel", and "Stan Lee". Soundtrack albums for each episode of What If...?, featuring Karpman's score, were released digitally by Marvel Music and Hollywood Records. The first episode's album was released on August 13, with subsequent albums releasing shortly after their corresponding episode.

Karpman is joined by her wife Nora Kroll-Rosenbaum to compose the second season.

Marketing
Footage from the series' first episode was shown during the D23 2019, with footage from the series also included in Expanding the Universe, a Marvel Studios special that debuted on Disney+ on November 12. The first trailer was released in December 2020. Based on the trailer, io9s James Whitbrook felt the series was "looking great". Chris Evangelista at /Film also thought it looked "pretty damn cool" and felt What If...? was a good "excuse to essentially blow up the MCU as we know it and tell completely new, weirder stories that would never get their own feature films". Writing for Polygon, Petrana Radulovic felt the trailer showed "the full extent of [narrative] possibilities". An extended look at the first episode of the series was shown during the Women In Animation panel at the Annecy International Animation Film Festival in June 2021. Also in the month, Hyundai Motor Company partnered with Marvel Studios for a marketing campaign to promote the Hyundai Tucson along with What If...?, WandaVision, The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, and Loki. The commercials were produced by Marvel and were meant to tell an "in-world" story set within the narrative of the series. The What If...? commercial was released in August 2021, which saw Party Thor driving the Hyundai Tucson into a battle against Ultron's robots with Captain Carter, Star-Lord T'Challa, and Doctor Strange Supreme. Adam Bentz at Screen Rant felt Hyundai's "Question Everything" campaign was the perfect match for What If...? and its concept, and added the content of the commercial likely was not a spoiler for the series, since the ads for the other MCU series did not correlate with actual plot lines. Barney Goldberg, executive creative director of Innocean, the creative agency working with Hyundai, noted there was "an incredible amount of coordination" to get the ad released at the proper time, in order for them to be relevant and not too late, while not spoiling aspects of the series.

An official trailer and poster for the first season were released on July 8, 2021. Nick Romano of Entertainment Weekly felt they provided more insight into the various "what if" stories the series would be exploring, and said it would be "one to watch" along with MCU films that explore the multiverse like Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) and Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness. Chaim Gartenberg at The Verge called the trailer "the best look yet" at the series. Writing for Screen Rant, Rachel Labonte said the trailer was a "wild ride" and felt like "almost every MCU character imaginable is glimpsed for at least a few seconds... it's clear there are a lot of exciting stories ahead". Vanessa Armstrong of /Film said she was not a fan of animation, but, after seeing the trailer, believed What If...? would "convert a lot of folks [like her] who are resistant" to the medium. Armstrong was "excited to see how these different realities play out" and noted the impressive amount of content and questions that were posed in the trailer. Three episodes of the series Marvel Studios: Legends were released on August 4, exploring Peggy Carter, the Avengers Initiative, and the Ravagers using footage from their MCU film appearances.

In January 2021, Marvel announced their "Marvel Must Haves" program, which reveals new toys, games, books, apparel, home decor, and other merchandise related to each episode of What If...? following an episode's release. In July, Funko Pops, Lego sets, and Marvel Legends figures based on the series were revealed. The "Must Haves" merchandise for the episodes began on August 13, 2021.

Release
What If...? debuted on Disney+ on August 11, 2021; the first season consists of nine episodes that were released weekly until October 6. It is part of Phase Four of the MCU. A second season will also consist of nine episodes, and was originally announced to be released in early 2023, though by February 2023, the season was reportedly unlikely to premiere that year as Disney and Marvel Studios were re-evaluating their content output. It will be part of Phase Five. Winderbaum said it was their intention to release a new season of What If...? annually.

Reception

Critical response

The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 94% approval rating with an average rating of 7.90/10, based on 103 reviews for the first season. The site's critical consensus reads: "What If...? may not add much to the larger MCU narrative, but surprising takes on beloved characters and some of the best action sequences in the entire franchise make for engaging viewing." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the first season a score of 69 out of 100 based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Liz Shannon Miller at Collider, reviewing the first three episodes, felt the series lived up to the promise of showing "totally fresh but familiar spins" on the MCU. Regarding the animation, though Miller felt at times it "lacks depth" and wished varying styles were used to fit each story being told, the action sequences were "beautifully executed, with an extra bit of comic book flare to heighten the reality of the show, enhancing the whole aesthetic". For Miller, while some of the returning voice actors were not able to capture "the essence of their characters" as well as others, simply having them return enhanced the series, with praise also going to the new actors voicing established characters and noting Wright was a "pitch-perfect" casting as the Watcher. She concluded that What If...? was "seriously an MCU superfan's dream at times, though once you get past the initial discovery of each short's "What if...", it's sometimes hard to stay invested". Giving the first three episodes 3.5 out of 5 stars, Alan Sepinwall of Rolling Stone said the series was "uneven in the way almost any anthology series is. It's fun simply because the level of quality control at Marvel is pretty high these days... and because some of the ideas are either inherently appealing or are used to cleverly tweak what we know from the films. But not every installment lives up to the title's seemingly limitless potential." In his review of the first three episodes, Tyler Hersko from IndieWire felt the series was a "paradox" since it was both "the  Marvel Cinematic Universe title yet" while also "the first MCU installment in years that doesn't feel burdened by the need to meticulously fit into the franchise's canon or blatantly tease future installments". He called this "a breath of fresh air", with What If...? "offer[ing] the fans exactly what they want while still clinging to a few surprises", presenting plenty of in-universe references and jokes for long time fans, while still creating standalone stories that could appeal to all viewers. Hersko called the animation "an absolute pleasure to witness in motion", and gave the episodes a "B+".

The Hollywood Reporters Angie Han believed "for a series set in the infinite vastness of a multiverse, What If…? is dreaming awfully small", with some "what if" concepts were not as compelling as others. She added that Wright gave each episode "a boost of gravitas", but noted the animation was awkward at times, with some scenes approaching the uncanny valley and that some of the returning actors gave "robotic" voice performances without the charisma of their live-action portrayals. She concluded, "Dare to hope for more than superficial amusement, though, and What If…? tends to disappoint... It's possible future episodes will do a better job of balancing big concepts with a half-hour run time, or that the season is building to some grander design. If that's the case, What If…? is taking its sweet time showing what it can do." Etan Anderson of /Film called the results of the first three episodes "mixed" with "some glaring shortcomings", such as the "clunky" animation when it was not showing action sequences, the voice acting from some of the returning stars, and the short run times which did not allow enough time for viewers to "fully engage" with these new versions of characters. Anderson added that some of the humor struggled and felt "awkwardly contrived" and believed "the creators seem to be trying too hard to keep the secrets of the series instead of being more forthcoming about the exciting twists and turns within". He concluded that this appeared to be the first Marvel Studios series that might not be "necessary viewing" and one that could be "an uphill battle" for general audiences to continue watching, though dedicated fans would find What If...? to be "a satisfying remix". Following the release of the first season, Adam B. Vary of Variety said the season had been "a fascinating experiment for Marvel Studios", with "fizzy adventures... [that] also leaned into real darkness".

Accolades

Documentary special

In February 2021, the documentary series Marvel Studios: Assembled was announced. The special on this series, Assembled: The Making of What If...?, goes behind the scenes of the making of the series, and was released on Disney+ on October 27, 2021.

Future

Marvel Zombies
In November 2021, a Marvel Zombies animated series was announced, with Andrews returning to direct and Zeb Wells serving as head writer, focusing on "a new generation of heroes" battling zombies. It is a continuation of the reality first introduced in the fifth episode of the series, that "look[s] at that universe with a different lens". It is scheduled to debut on Disney+ in 2024, and will consist of four episodes.

Potential projects
Winderbaum said there was potential for the variant characters in the series to appear in live-action, just as "what if" concepts from the Marvel Comics eventually made their way into the main comics continuity. Andrews and Hayley Atwell both expressed interest in a live-action film starring the latter as Captain Carter, though Atwell wanted the right creative team that could "pave the way for [Carter] to tap into the cultural consciousness of today and become a modern heroine of our times". Atwell first reprised the role in live-action in Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness as an alternate version of the character from Earth-838 (separate from the versions seen in What If...? and the main MCU) who is a member of the Illuminati. A spin-off series centered on Star-Lord T'Challa had been in development but was left in "limbo" after Boseman's death.

Notes

References

External links

2020s American animated television series
2020s American anthology television series
2020s American science fiction television series
2021 American television series debuts
American animated action television series
American animated adventure television series
American animated science fiction television series
American animated superhero television series
American animation anthology series
Animated series produced by Marvel Studios
Animated television series based on Marvel Comics
Annie Award winners
Cel-shaded animation
Disney+ original programming
Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Four television series
Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Five television series
Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series
Television series about multiple time paths
Television series about parallel universes
Television series by Marvel Studios


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Horimbo (1039—1092) was a chieftain of the Wanyan tribe, the most dominant among the Jurchen tribes which later founded the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). He was the second son of Ukunai. Like his grandfather, Šilu, Horimbo was appointed chieftain of the Wanyan tribe by the Khitan-led Liao dynasty, which ruled northern China between the 10th and 11th centuries.

In 1145, Horimbo was posthumously honoured with the temple name Shizu (世祖) by his descendant, Emperor Xizong of the Jin dynasty.

Family
Parents
 Father: Ukunai
 Mother: Lady Tankko (唐括氏), posthumously honoured as Empress Zhaosu (昭肃皇后)
Consorts and issue
Empress Yijian, of the Nalan clan (翼簡皇后 拏懶氏, d. 1085)
Wanyan Uyašu, Emperor Kangzong (金康宗完顏烏雅束, 1061 – 1113), 1st son
Wanyan Aguda, Emperor Taizu (金太祖完顏阿骨打, 1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123), 2nd son
Wanyan Odai (斡帶), Prince Dingsu of Wei (魏定肅王 完顏斡带), 3rd son
Wanyan Sheng, Emperor Taizong (金太宗完顏晟, 25 November 1075 – 9 February 1135), 4th son
Wanyan Gao, Prince Zhilie of Liao (遼智烈王 完顏杲, d. September 1130), 5th son
Concubine, of the Tudan clan (次室徒单氏)
Wnayan Osei, Prince of Wei (衛王完顏斡賽), 6th son
Wanyan Oje, Prince of Lu (魯王 完顏斡者), 7th son
Concubine, of the Pusan clan (次室仆散氏)
Wanyan Wugunai, Prince of Han (漢王 完顏烏故乃), 8th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Dumu, Prince Zhuangxiang of Lu (魯莊襄王 完顏闍母), 9th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Chala, Prince of Yi (沂王 完顏查剌), 10th son
Concubine, of the Ukurin clan (烏古論氏)
 Wanyan Ang, Prince of Yun (鄆王 完顏昂), 11th son

References

Citations

Sources

 Jing-shen Tao, The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China. University of Washington Press, 1976, .

Jurchen rulers
1039 births
1092 deaths


text:
Richard Gottehrer est un auteur-compositeur et producteur américain né en 1940.

Dans les années 1960, il forme le trio  avec Bob Feldman et Jerry Goldstein. Ils écrivent ensemble plusieurs chansons à succès, comme  ou .

En 1966, il fonde la maison de disques Sire Records avec Seymour Stein.

À partir des années 1970, il devient producteur pour des artistes comme Blondie, les Go-Go's, les Raveonettes ou Dum Dum Girls.

En 1997, il fonde The Orchard, l'une des premières entreprises de distribution musicale numérique.

Albums produits

 1974 :  de Renaissance
 1976 : Blondie de Blondie
 1977 :  de Blondie
 1977 :  de Richard Hell and The Voidoids
 1978 :  de Dr. Feelgood
 1980 :  de Joan Armatrading
 1981 :  des Go-Go's
 1982 :  de Marshall Crenshaw
 1982 :  des Go-Go's
 2003 :  des Raveonettes
 2005 :  des Raveonettes
 2010 :  de Dum Dum Girls
 2011 :  de Dum Dum Girls
 2012 :  des Raveonettes
 2014 :  de Dum Dum Girls

Liens externes

Naissance en 1940
Auteur-compositeur américain
Producteur américain de musique


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Montcusel és un municipi francès situat al departament del Jura i a la regió de Borgonya - Franc Comtat. L'any 2007 tenia 175 habitants.

Demografia

Població
El 2007 la població de fet de Montcusel era de 175 persones. Hi havia 72 famílies de les quals 16 eren unipersonals (12 homes vivint sols i 4 dones vivint soles), 16 parelles sense fills, 36 parelles amb fills i 4 famílies monoparentals amb fills.

La població ha evolucionat segons el següent gràfic:

Habitants censats

Habitatges
El 2007 hi havia 92 habitatges, 67 eren l'habitatge principal de la família, 17 eren segones residències i 8 estaven desocupats. 82 eren cases i 10 eren apartaments. Dels 67 habitatges principals, 54 estaven ocupats pels seus propietaris, 12 estaven llogats i ocupats pels llogaters i 1 estava cedit a títol gratuït; 1 tenia dues cambres, 9 en tenien tres, 23 en tenien quatre i 34 en tenien cinc o més. 58 habitatges disposaven pel capbaix d'una plaça de pàrquing. A 31 habitatges hi havia un automòbil i a 34 n'hi havia dos o més.

Piràmide de població
La piràmide de població per edats i sexe el 2009 era:

Economia
El 2007 la població en edat de treballar era de 115 persones, 101 eren actives i 14 eren inactives. De les 101 persones actives 98 estaven ocupades (54 homes i 44 dones) i 3 estaven aturades (2 homes i 1 dona). De les 14 persones inactives 4 estaven jubilades, 5 estaven estudiant i 5 estaven classificades com a «altres inactius».

Ingressos
El 2009 a Montcusel hi havia 67 unitats fiscals que integraven 169,5 persones, la mediana anual d'ingressos fiscals per persona era de 19.990 €.

Activitats econòmiques
Dels 5 establiments que hi havia el 2007, 4 eren d'empreses de fabricació d'altres productes industrials i 1 d'una empresa de construcció.

L'únic servei als particulars que hi havia el 2009 era una lampisteria.

Equipaments sanitaris i escolars
El 2009 hi havia una escola elemental integrada dins d'un grup escolar amb les comunes properes formant una escola dispersa.

Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

 Résumé statistique Fitxa resum de dades estadístiques de Montcusel a l'INSEE.
 Évolution et structure de la population Fitxa amb el detall de dades de Montcusel a l'INSEE
 France par commune Dades detallades de tots els municipis de França accessibles a partir del mapa.

Municipis del Jura


text:
Фоні Яррол — один з 6 районів округу Західний Гамбії. Населення — 5 943 (2003). Фульбе — 20,04 %, мандінка — 24,37 %, 37,96 % — Діола (1993).

Примітки

Райони Гамбії
Західний берег (округ Гамбії)


text:
(2642) Vésale ist ein Asteroid des Hauptgürtels, der am 14. September 1961 vom belgischen Astronomen Sylvain Julien Victor Arend in Ukkel entdeckt wurde.

Der Asteroid ist nach dem flämischen Anatomen Andreas Vesalius benannt.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Asteroiden

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser


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Fyodorovskoye () is a rural locality (a selo) in Nebylovskoye Rural Settlement, Yuryev-Polsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 631 as of 2010.

Geography
It is located on the Toma River, 9 km north-west from Nebyloye, 18 km south-east from Yuryev-Polsky.

References

Rural localities in Yuryev-Polsky District


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A União Brasileira de Compositores, conhecida como UBC, foi fundada em 22 de junho de 1942 como uma união, especializada na administração dos direitos dos compositores musicais, objetivando principalmente a defesa e a distribuição dos rendimentos de direitos autorais, e o desenvolvimento cultural.
Fazem parte de seu quadro de associados os compositores, autores, editores musicais, intérpretes, músicos e produtores fonográficos (gravadoras). Fazem também parte da UBC artistas famosos como Milton Nascimento e Gilberto Gil

Uma de suas principais atividades atualmente é a de representar seus associados junto ao ECAD - Escritório Central de Arrecadação de Direitos Autorais, criado em 1973.

De acordo com pesquisas da UBC, apenas nove mulheres estão na lista dos cem maiores arrecadadores de direitos autorais na música brasileira. O levantamento mostrou ainda que os rendimentos como intérprete para as mulheres têm importância econômica de 25,1%, enquanto  para os homens tem 13,5%, e que ambos os gêneros faturam mais como compositores, no caso, os homens faturam 76,5%, e as mulheres 65,3%.

Desde 2017, a UBC homenageia anualmente compositores brasileiros através do Prêmio UBC. O primeiro vencedor do prêmio foi Gilberto Gil, Erasmo Carlos foi o homenageado em 2018, Milton Nascimento em 2019, e Alceu Valença em 2022

Paradas musicais

Top 10 Streaming
A partir  de 6 de janeiro de 2019, a UBC começou a publicar rankings sobre as canções que mais são executadas por meio da contagem de streaming no país a partir dos dados exclusivos da Crowley Broadcast Analysis afim de dar mais destaque para os compositores do Brasil e fora.

Top 10 Rádio

Na mesma data que foi lançado o Top 10 Streaming, a entidade também começou a publicar um ranking com as 10 canções mais tocadas nas rádios brasileiros, também por dados da Crowley Broadcast Analysis. O Top 10 Rádios é basicamente as das 10 primeiras músicas do chart Top 100 Brasil atualizado semanalmente no site da Crowley.

Ver também
 APCA
 ABCA
 ABCA
 SBAT

Ligações externas

ECAD
Teatro do Brasil


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Іоанніс Колетіс (; 1773 або 1774 — 17 вересня 1847) — грецький політичний діяч, за походженням волох.

Життєпис
Пройшовши курс медицини в італійських університетах, став лікарем Алі-паші янінського, й на цій посаді зав'язав тісні стосунки з багатьма албанцями.

1821 року, коли почалась Грецька революція, він підбурив заколот у себе на батьківщині, а після його провалу переїхав до Мореї, де командував загоном інсургентів.

1822 року Колетіс був депутатом Перших Національних зборів, брав участь в опрацюванні епідаврської конституції, а потім, 1824, став de facto главою тимчасового уряду, офіційним головою якого був Георгіос Кундуріотіс.

1827 року ворожо налаштований проти Колетіса Александрос Маврокордатос поклав на нього обов'язки з підготовки та проведення оборони Аттики та Евбеї проти турків, чого, однак, Колетіс здійснити не зміг, попри отриману ним блискучу перемогу при Каристосі (на Евбеї).

На тройзенських Зборах (1827) палко відстоював обрання Каподистрії, який після прибуття до Греції призначив його членом панелленіону (державної ради). Невдовзі, однак, ще за життя Каподистрії, Колетіс, який не відзначався твердістю й певністю політичних переконань, перейшов до опозиції та виступив як голова французької партії, що мала назву синтагматиків.

До періоду анархії, що настав після вбивства Каподистрії, належить найблискучіший період діяльності Колетіса. Спочатку Сенат призначив його разом із Августиносом Каподистрією та Теодоросом Колокотронісом членом тимчасового уряду. Але оскільки Августинос Каподистрія, обраний після того президентом, і його прибічник Колокотроніс, не визнавали тимчасового уряду, то Колетіс виявився на чолі тимчасового уряду, який багато хто, особливо в Румелії (де Колетіс був досить популярним), визнавав законним.

Колетіс керував військовими діями у братерській війні, що призвела до падіння Августиноса Каподистрії. В новому тимчасовому уряді (комітет п'яти), призначеному сенатом, Колетіс опинився у рішучій меншості. Спритним дипломатичним маневром він зумів вивести його з-під впливу Колокотроніса й перетворити на комітет семи, в якому став головним.

Коли 1833 року до Греції нарешті прибув король Оттон, Колетіс, який неохоче погодився на його обрання, зумів прилаштуватись до нового керівництва. Стоючи на чолі французької партії, Колетіс продовжував ворогувати з Маврокордатосом, головою англійської партії. Спочатку він входив до різних міністерських комбінацій, потім був посланцем у Парижі, поки революція 1843 року не покликала його на батьківщину, де невдовзі (1844–1847) він став міністром-президентом. За його міністерства почались особливі фінансові складнощі Греції.

Примітки

Джерела

 Ελιόπουλος, « Ίωάυυης Κωλέττης» (Афины, 1890)

Дипломати Греції
Міністри внутрішніх справ Греції
Міністри національної оборони Греції


text:
Панайотис Секерис  (, Триполис, Аркадия 1785 год — Нафплион 1846 год) — греческий революционер, член «Верховного Начала» тайного революционного общества Филики Этерия, его казначей и основной финансист.

Биография
Секерис родился в Триполисе, в 1785 году. Школу окончил в городке Димитсана. Отец его был видным торговцем. На глазах у маленького Панайота, отец был убит турками в ходе коммерческого спора. Панайотис выбрался к дяде на остров Спеце и работал в его торговом деле. После чего уехал в Константинополь, где открыл своё торговое дело, разбогател, стал судовладельцем и открыл два торговых филиала в России — в Одессе и в Москве..
Панайотис Секерис привлёк к своей коммерческой деятельности своих братьев Афанасия и Георгия.

В октябре 1814 года один из основателей тайного революционного общества Филики Этерия, Скуфас, Николаос, посвятил в Общество Георгия Секериса, который будучи студентом в Париже, был проездом в Москве. Георгий Секерис стал первым посвящённым в общество, после трёх его организаторов.

В 1816 году Скуфас остановился в Одессе, в доме Афанасия Секериса, и посвятил в Общество Афанасия и его служащего П. Анагностопулоса, который в свою очередь посвятил в Общество старшего из братьев, Панайотиса Секериса, в Константинополе в мае 1818 года.

Взнос Секериса в Общество составил 10 тысяч грошей, сумма баснословная для революционеров, в два раза превышавшая сумму собранную ими до того за 4 года деятельности, что означало спасение Общества. Руководители Общества не доверяли богатым соплеменникам, но братья Секерис стали исключением.

Секерис стал одним из 12 членов «Невидимого Верховного Начала», получив код А. К. и псевдонимы «короткий», «Анастасиос Кариму», «покладистый», «золотое число 12».

После смерти Скуфаса , Панайотис Секерис стал одним из 3-х столпов Общества.

С началом Греческой революции 1821 года и волны террора охватившей Османскую империю ,Секерис был вынужден покинуть Константинополь и перебрался в Одессу.

В 1830 году он прибыл с семьёй из Придунайских княжеств в свободную Грецию и обосновался в городе Нафплион.Будучи скромным человеком, Секерис, отдавший всё своё состояние делу освобождения Отечества, не требовал для себя компенсации и высоких должностей и довольствовался работой таможенника, сначала на острове Идра, а затем в Нафплионе, где и умер в крайней бедности в 1846 году.

Встреча с Оттоном
Когда баварец король Оттон посетил Идру, он пожелал увидеть таможенника Секериса. Увидев что у Секериса не было не то что ордена, но и памятной медали Освободительной войны, король сказал Секерису написать прошение для выдачи ему ордена Креста Спасителя.

Секерис ответил:
Я не привык просить. К тому, же ордена сегодня скатились до того, что не должны украшать такую грудь, как мою
.

Архив Секериса
Архив Секериса, который он сохранил при всех своих перипетиях и привёз в Грецию — один из самых значительных и достоверных источников истории Филики Этерии. Архив содержит информацию о организации и иерархии Общества, десятки посланий самого Секериса и других членов Этерии, сопроводительные письма, счета Этерии, которые Секерис вёл осторожно, но и скрупулёзно, каталог 520 этеристов с их кодовыми именами и знаками.

Архив хранится в Историческом и Этнологическом Обществе Греции ().

Примечания

Источники
 Δημήτρης Φωτιάδης, Η Επανάσταση του 21, Τόμος Ι
 Ιωάννης Μελετόπουλος, Η φιλική Εταιρεία. Αρχείον Π.Σέκερη.

Революционеры Греции
Таможенники


text:
Christine Helen Dobson (born 24 November 1966) is an Australian former field hockey player who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Australian female field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players of Australia
Field hockey players at the 1992 Summer Olympics


text:
New York State Route 324 (NY 324) is an east–west state highway located in the western portion of New York in the United States. Officially, NY 324 begins at NY 384 in Niagara Falls and overlaps Interstate 190 (I-190, the Niagara Section of the New York State Thruway) south to Grand Island, where it separates from I-190 and continues southward as Grand Island Boulevard. As signed, however, NY 324 begins at the southern end of the official overlap and is contained entirely within Erie County. At the southern edge of Grand Island, NY 324 joins I-190 to cross over to the mainland, where it runs due east across three towns before reaching its eastern end at a junction with NY 5 in the town of Clarence.

NY 324 is known by two names along its routing: Grand Island Boulevard on Grand Island and Sheridan Drive in the northern suburbs of Buffalo. As the latter, the route serves as a major commercial strip for Tonawanda, Amherst, and Clarence. NY 324, assigned , is one of two routes to occupy part of Sheridan Drive; the other is New York State Route 325, which follows the westernmost  of the street. NY 324 once extended northwest to downtown Niagara Falls; however, it was truncated to its current western terminus on January 1, 1962.

Route description

According to the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT), NY 324 begins at NY 384 in eastern Niagara Falls. NY 324 heads south, overlapping with I-190 (the Niagara Section of the New York State Thruway) across the North Grand Island Bridge to Grand Island, where it leaves the expressway at exit 20. However, as signed, NY 324 begins at the north end of Grand Island, where it splits off from the Interstate Highway as Grand Island Boulevard. South of exit 20, the official and signed routings are identical.

Maintenance of the route is split between NYSDOT, the New York State Thruway Authority (NYSTA), and Erie County. All but the northernmost  of the portion of the route that overlaps with I-190 is maintained by NYSTA. The two county-maintained sections extend from exit 20B to Grand Island Boulevard on Grand Island and from exit 15 to Grand Island Boulevard in Tonawanda, where NY 324 utilizes small portions of the county-owned Long Road and Kenmore Avenue, respectively. The remainder of NY 324 is maintained by NYSDOT.

From I-190 exit 20, NY 324 runs in a more southeasterly direction, serving as the main commercial strip on Grand Island, before it overlaps I-190 in order to cross the Niagara River. Once on the mainland, the structure of exits on I-190 allows only the westbound portion of NY 325 to use Grand Island Boulevard west of I-190's exit 15, following Grand Island Boulevard past the exit to an intersection with NY 266, then turning right to follow it to exit 17 to merge with I-190. The eastbound route of NY 324 is unable to do so; instead, it parts company with the Interstate Highway on the other side of the river at exit 15, where it turns north to parallel I-190 on Kenmore Avenue. The eastbound portion of Grand Island Boulevard on this stretch is maintained as reference route 950C. After , it veers east onto Tonawanda's portion of Grand Island Boulevard for  to a junction with Sheridan Drive. The latter carries NY 325, a  route that begins at NY 266 on the banks of the Niagara and passes through a commercial and industrial area of the town of Tonawanda. NY 324 takes on the Sheridan Drive name here and assumes a more due easterly course across northern Erie County. Though the street is signed as a state highway on both NY 324 and NY 325, most residents simply refer to this road by its local name.

Through much of this portion, the road is divided, with a tree-lined median strip. Businesses, both local and national, line both sides of the road and traffic is heavy. It crosses some other major strips such as Niagara Falls Boulevard (U.S. Route 62 or US 62), a major contributor to traffic on Sheridan due to the proximity of the Boulevard Mall, and Millersport Highway (NY 263), which feeds the Amherst campus of the University at Buffalo. In Amherst it meets the Youngmann Expressway (I-290) where NY 240 (Harlem Road), reaches its northern end. Past the Youngmann development abates, green returns to the roadside and the median ends, although the road remains four-lane and high-volume. There is another pocket of development around the Wegmans supermarket north of Williamsville, which has seen some rapid growth in the last few years.

NY 324 crosses its last major route, Transit Road (NY 78), on an overpass just north of the once-thriving Eastern Hills Mall, which had been the premier mall in the Buffalo area until it began losing tenants and customers to the larger Walden Galleria in Cheektowaga. Beyond Transit, the road is still four-lane but primarily residential as it enters the Town of Clarence. After Harris Hill Road, the highway bends to the southeast once again for a final mile into its eastern end at Main Street (NY 5). This last section was widened from two lanes to four in the mid-1990s, and has seen some development but still remains lightly trafficked most of the day.

History

Sheridan Drive was constructed during the early 1920s as a town of Tonawanda project to help alleviate the anticipated growth of the village of Kenmore. Despite its construction, the new road was not without controversy. During construction, new traffic lights were put in with concrete supports were opposed heavily by the town of Tonawanda and its residents, resulting in the traffic lights not having been built for many years. The town also felt that the construction of a superhighway in the middle of the country in Tonawanda was unjustified with the average traffic in that area. After construction of Sheridan Drive was completed in 1925, a monument with a statue of General Phillip Sheridan was constructed to commemorate the new road. However, the taxpayers feeling enough money had already been spent on the road, the statue of Sheridan was never constructed and only the monument to the road's construction was completed. In order to give the road a new look, the road had large trees planted throughout what was considered a desolate area at the time.

Due to an archaic law in Erie County, the town of Tonawanda and the town of Amherst, who completed the road in 1925, were requested in 1935 to take over $2 million (1935 USD) in debts bonded for its construction. The county noted that the towns' inability to pay for the road made the new road a financial burden for the county. To make things worse, the new road did not bring the immediate influx of business that was advertised and was looking early on as a giant mistake on the part of the county and towns.

When NY 324 was assigned , it began at NY 384 (River Road; now NY 266) in the town of Tonawanda and followed Sheridan Drive eastward to NY 5 in the town of Clarence. By 1935, what is now NY 324 between Niagara Falls and Tonawanda via Grand Island was designated as NY 325. NY 324 was extended northward to NY 384 in Niagara Falls , supplanting the entirety of NY 325. The NY 325 designation was reassigned to the short piece of Sheridan Drive not designated as NY 324. The route was extended one final time by 1948 to follow NY 384 westward from the North Grand Island Bridge into downtown Niagara Falls.

NY 324 remained unchanged until January 1, 1962, when the overlap with NY 384 was removed. Although the overlap with the new I-190 on the North Grand Island Bridge was also removed from maps during the same period, and is no longer signed, this overlap was never officially removed from either NYSDOT's description of the route or the annual NYSDOT Traffic Data Report.

Major intersections

See also

Bibliography

References

External links

Transportation in Erie County, New York
Transportation in Niagara Falls, New York
324


text:
Lasioptera manilensis är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Ephraim Porter Felt 1918. Lasioptera manilensis ingår i släktet Lasioptera och familjen gallmyggor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Gallmyggor
manilensis


text:
Castelli – miejscowość i gmina we Włoszech, w regionie Abruzja, w prowincji Teramo.

Według danych na rok 2004 gminę zamieszkiwało 1387 osób, 28,3 os./km².

Miasto słynie z ceramiki. W Castelli znajdują się liczne wytwórnie ceramiki i sklepy z ceramiką.

Bibliografia
 Źródło danych: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica

Miejscowości w prowincji Teramo


text:
Die Körnerlinde ist eine jahrhundertealte Linde in Eichigt im sächsischen Vogtland die als Naturdenkmal gilt. Im Jahre 2003 wies sie einen Umfang von 8,16 m auf.

Name

Die Linde hat ihren Namen Berichten zu verdanken, wonach die Lützower Jäger am 8./9. Juni 1813 auf der Wiese neben der Kirche biwakiert haben sollen, als sie die Stadt Hof in Oberfranken überfallen wollten, um deren Bevölkerung für den Befreiungskampf gegen Napoleon zu gewinnen.  Während Adolf Freiherr von Lützow beim damaligen Pastor Wirth gastliche Aufnahme gefunden hatte, soll der Dichter Theodor Körner im Biwak bei der Linde geschlafen haben. Von Lützow schrieb aus Eichigt zwei Berichte über die Erfolge seiner Unternehmungen an den Feldherrn Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher. Körner schrieb aus Eichigt einen Brief an seine Gönnerin Henriette von Pereira-Arnstein in Wien.

Die Wiese erhielt wegen des Biwaks den Namen Husarenwiese. Hier sollen damals auch noch ein Birnbaum und eine Eiche gestanden haben, die Husarenbirne und Husareneiche genannt wurden. Seit wann es diese beiden Bäume nicht mehr gibt, ist nicht bekannt. An der damaligen Straße soll es zwischen Pfarrhaus und Husarenwiese Pferdeställe gegeben haben.

Über diese Darstellung durch Pfarrer Max Allwill Bühring von 1910 in der "Sächsischen Kirchengalerie" machten sich die alten Eichigter immer lustig. Diesem Sachverhalt verdanken wir unsere neueren Erkenntnisse. Irritiert hatte uns schon immer, dass Theodor Körner in dem uns vorliegenden, oben angeführten Brief geschrieben hatte: "aus einem Bivauc auf einer Wiese zwischen Klosterschenke und Dorfstraße".

Wie aus inzwischen bekannt gewordenen Quellen zu ermitteln war, stand die Klosterschänke dort, wo sich heute das Stallgebäude des Eichigter Bürgermeisters Karlheinz Penzel befindet, der inzwischen im Ruhestand ist.

Auf den Namen Klosterschenke machten sich die alten Eichigter auch so ihren Reim. Sie vermuteten, dass selbige den Namen deshalb erhalten hätte, weil auf einem dort gegenüber befindlichen kleinen Hügel möglicherweise eine Art Kirchlein gestanden haben könnte, wie es sie auch in Bayern auf manchen Bergen gibt. Wir haben nun jedoch erfahren, dass an dem Namen offensichtlich viel mehr dran ist, als sie sich das so dachten. Neueren Informationen zufolge gab es Verbindungen zwischen dem Kloster Langheim bei Staffelstein und Eichigt. Die Klosterschänke wurde damals vermutlich durch Mönche des Klosters Langheim betrieben. Das Kloster war auch – wie wir aus sicherer Quelle erfahren haben – Patron der Kirche zu Bobenneukirchen.

Weblinks

 Kommunale Homepage Eichigt (Informationen auch unter Sportfest 2003)
  Deutsche Fotothek Dresden, Kartensammlung, TK25 - Blatt Adorf - Ausgabe 1913 (Digitalisat)

Einzelnachweise

Einzelbaum in Sachsen
Geographie (Vogtlandkreis)
Eichigt
Gedenkbaum
Theodor Körner (Schriftsteller) als Namensgeber
Einzelbaum in Europa
Individuelle Linde oder Baumgruppe mit Linden
Naturdenkmal in Sachsen


text:
Sybra densestictipennis är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Stefan von Breuning 1975. Sybra densestictipennis ingår i släktet Sybra och familjen långhorningar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Långhorningar
densestictipennis


text:
L'École de Newlyn est une colonie d'artistes basée dans la région de Newlyn, un village de pêcheurs tout proche de Penzance, en Cornouailles, des années 1880 jusqu'au début du . Son installation rappelle celle de l'École de Barbizon en France, où des artistes avaient fui Paris pour peindre dans un cadre plus pur en bénéficiant de la lumière naturelle. Comme elle et un mouvement californien apparenté, l'école de Newlyn s'inscrit dans le mouvement de la peinture en plein air.

Newlyn possédait de nombreux atouts pour attirer les peintres : une lumière magnifique, un faible coût de la vie et la disponibilité de modèles bon marché. Elle était aussi relativement facile d'accès grâce à l'extension du réseau de la  à l'Ouest de la Cornouailles en 1877. Ces peintres ont été fascinés par le travail des pêcheurs et la vie quotidienne sur le port et dans les villages voisins. Certaines de leurs œuvres montrent les risques et les tragédies de la vie des habitants, comme l'anxiété des femmes au bord de la mer au départ des navires, ou une jeune femme en pleurs à l'annonce d'un naufrage. Lamorna Birch a été un des principaux acteurs de la colonie d'artiste. L'école de peinture Forbes, fondée par Stanhope Forbes et sa femme Elizabeth en 1899, a promu l'étude de la peinture de figures.

En 2011 a été créé une  financée par l' ; beaucoup de cours y sont donnés par des artistes célèbres de Cornouailles.

Membres

Pour une liste complète, voir : George Bednar. Every Corner was a Picture: A checklist compiled for the West Cornwall Art Archive of 50 artists from the early Newlyn School painters through to the present.

Notes et références

Liens externes

  Newlyn School (Encyclopedia of Irish and World Art)
  Newlyn artists (The Lamorna Society)

Cornouailles
Mouvement artistique
Époque victorienne


text:
Verbosus is a browser-based LaTeX editor which allows a user to create and handle LaTeX projects in a browser. The graphical user interface (GUI) does deliberately not resemble non-browser-based Editors such as TeXworks. It was designed to function and being used in a browser.

Verbosus requires no installation of any software packages like MiKTeX, TeX Live, etc.

As it is the case in other non-browser-based Latex tools a PDF-Viewer is integrated which allows to generate a .pdf out of the Latex-Code. A preview is displayed on the side of the Latex Code. Additionally, the editor supports syntax highlighting which increases the readability as well as code completion.

The connection between the web browser and server is secured by using the HTTPS protocol which provides encryption and secure identification of the server.

Technology
The client side of Verbosus was developed entirely in JavaScript. In addition, it uses the Dojo Toolkit for server communication. The integrated approach of using JavaScript-On-Demand allows the (for the user transparent) reloading of contents without the need to reload the whole page. Since JavaScript is used as the core-technology no additional plug-in (like Adobe Flash Player, etc.) is required.

Mobile platforms
VerbTeX is an application for Android, iOS and Windows that uses the interface of Verbosus to synchronize data and generate the PDF from LaTeX code. Since version 3.4 there exists a native Android App called Anoc which is an Octave editor that also uses the interface of Verbosus to generate the result and create plots.

Collaboration
Verbosus supports simultaneous, collaborative editing of the same project by different users. A built-in tool that implements the diff-algorithm displays conflicting changes and allows a user to resolve conflicts after deciding which version is the correct one.

See also
 Comparison of TeX editors

References

TeX editors
Online word processors


text:
Le temple Tashi Tcheulang Gawai Tsel est un temple bouddhiste français situé à Saint-Pierre, sur l'île de La Réunion. Inauguré le , il s'agit du premier temple du bouddhisme tibétain dans la zone océan indien.

Références

Édifice religieux à Saint-Pierre (La Réunion)
Bouddhisme tibétain


text:
Dmitrij Władimirowicz Sopot, ros. Дмитрий Владимирович Сопот (ur. 1 maja 1998 w Twerze) – rosyjski łyżwiarz figurowy, startujący w parach sportowych z Anastasiją Połujanową. Srebrny medalista zimowej uniwersjady (2019), medalista zawodów z cyklu Challenger Series, brązowy medalista mistrzostw świata juniorów (2016), zwycięzca finału Junior Grand Prix (2015) oraz brązowy medalista mistrzostw Rosji (2016).

Osiągnięcia

Z Anastasiją Połujanową

Z Jekatieriną Borisową

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Rosyjscy łyżwiarze figurowi
Medaliści Zimowej Uniwersjady 2019
Ludzie urodzeni w Twerze
Urodzeni w 1998


text:
Zlatko Šnajder (Obrež kraj Pećinaca, 5. ožujka 1903. - Zagreb, travanj 1931.) bio je hrvatski komunist i jedan od sedmorice sekretara SKOJ-a.

Rođen je 5. ožujka 1903. godine u Obrežu kraj Zemuna. Obitelj mu se isprva preselila u Slavonski Brod, a 1916. godine u Zagreb. Kao učenik Prve realne gimnazije u Zagrebu, postao je član Saveza komunističke omladine Jugoslavije. Ubrzo je napustio školovanje i potpuno se posvetio revolucionarnom radu.

Prvi put je bio uhićen 1920. godine, a u zatvoru je proveo šest mjeseci. Godinu dana poslije, ponovno je bio uhićen zbog "aktivne komunističke djelatnosti". Uređivao je časopise "Omladinska borba" i "Mladi radnik".

Godine 1924., izabran je za sekretara (tajnika) Centralnog komiteta (središnjeg odbora) SKOJ-a i predstavnika SKOJ-a u Centralnom komitetu Komunističke partije Jugoslavije.

Krajem 1926. godine, ponovno je uhićen i osuđen na godinu dana zatvora. Poslije nekog vremena, ponovno mu je suđeno i kazna povećana na pet godina. Kaznu je služio u zatvorima u Adi Ciganliji, Srijemskoj Mitrovici, Zenici i Lepoglavi.

Zbog posljedica pretrpljenih mučenjem u zeničkom zatvoru, teško se razbolio, pa je pušten na slobodu. Umro je u travnju 1931. godine u Zagrebu, od posljedica bolesti i mučenja.

Godine 1968. sahranjen je u Grobnici narodnih heroja na zagrebačkom groblju Mirogoju.

Literatura
 Mala enciklopedija Prosveta, Beograd 1959. godina.

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvatski komunisti do 1945.


text:
Victor Krylov () is a Russian-born British academic. He is emeritus professor of acoustics and vibration at Loughborough University.

Biography

Krylov was born in Tambov, Russia. He received his PhD in physics and mathematics (specialisation in acoustics) from the Moscow State University in 1981.  In 1989 he received his DSc in the same disciplines from the Moscow State University and the Higher Attestation Commission of the former USSR. He then pursued an academic career in various universities leading to his present position at Loughborough University.

Krylov has been awarded the Lenin Komsomol Prize in 1984 and the Rayleigh Medal in 2000.

Work

Krylov carried out research into Rayleigh waves, including their propagation at hypersonic frequencies, their propagation and scattering on curved and statistically rough surfaces. Further topics include acoustic emission from cracks developing in brittle solids, laser generation of sound in solids, localised vibrations propagating along edges of elastic wedges.

From 1993 Krylov worked in the UK, conducting research on ground vibrations generated by railway trains and by road vehicles. His prediction of ground vibration boom from high-speed trains travelling at speeds larger than Rayleigh wave velocity in the supporting ground has received public attention in connection with the proposed High Speed Rail system HS2 in the UK.

Krylov predicted the existence of localised elastic waves in immersed solid wedges and proposed to use them for wave-like aquatic propulsion of marine vessels. He suggests using electric motors or shape-memory materials to emulate  the propulsion of some fish, such as  stingrays, a process less efficient but quieter than conventional propellers. He also investigated the method of damping structural vibrations based on the "acoustic black hole effect" for flexural waves propagating in plates of variable local thickness.

Krylov has published several books and numerous papers on topics related to acoustics and vibration.

Books

Krasil'nikov, V.A. and Krylov, V.V. (1984),  Introduction to Physical Acoustics, Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).
Krasil'nikov, V.A. and Krylov, V.V. (1985),  Surface Acoustic Waves, Znanie, Moscow (in Russian).
Krylov, V.V. (1989),  Basic Principles of Sound Radiation and Scattering, Moscow University Press, Moscow (in Russian).
Biryukov, S.V., Gulyaev, Y.V., Krylov, V.V. and Plessky, V.P. (1995), Surface Acoustic Waves in Inhomogeneous Media, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Krylov, V.V. (ed) (2001), Noise and Vibration from High Speed Trains, Thomas Telford, London.
Krylov, V.V. (ed) (2019), Ground Vibrations from High-Speed Railways: Prediction and Mitigation, ICE Publishing, London.

References

Living people
Academics of Loughborough University
Russian expatriates in England
Russian acoustical engineers
Moscow State University alumni
People from Tambov
Year of birth missing (living people)
Soviet physicists
20th-century Russian physicists


text:
Adolphe Napoléon Didron (1806–1867) was a French art historian and archaeologist.

Biography
Adolphe Napoléon Didron was born in Hautvillers on 13 March 1806. He began his education as a student of law. He then completed his early studies at the preparatory seminaries of Meaux and Reims.

He became a professor of history in Paris in 1826, and devoted his leisure hours to following courses of law, medicine, etc. In 1830, he began, on the advice of Victor Hugo, a study of the Christian archaeology of the Middle Ages. After visiting and examining the principal churches, first of Normandy, then of central and southern France, he was on his return in 1835 appointed by Guizot secretary to the Historical Committee of Arts and Monuments; and in the following years he delivered several courses of lectures on Christian iconography at the Bibliothèque Royale.

In 1839, he visited Greece for the purpose of examining the art of the Eastern Church, both in its buildings and its manuscripts. In 1844, he originated the Annales archéologiques, a periodical devoted to his favorite subject, which he edited until his death. In 1845 he established at Paris a special archaeological press, and at the same time a stained glass factory. In the same year he was admitted to the Légion d'honneur.

His most important work is the Iconographie chrétienne, of which, however, the first portion only, Histoire de Dieu, was published, in 1843. It was translated into English by E. J. Millington. Among his other works may be mentioned the introduction and comments to Manuel d'iconographie chrétienne grecque et latine (by Dionysios of Fourna, translated by Paul Durand), published in 1845, the Iconographie des chapiteaux du palais ducal de Venise of 1857, and the Manuel des objets de bronze et d'orfèvrerie, published in 1859.

He died on 13 November 1867.

Notes

References
Catherine Brisac & Jean-Michel Leniaud, Adolphe-Napoléon Didron ou les media au service de l'art chrétien, in Revue de l'Art, 77, 1987, pp. 33–42.

1806 births
1867 deaths
People from Marne (department)
French art historians
French archaeologists
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur


text:
Scrophularia frutescens subsp. frutescens é uma variedade de planta com flor pertencente à família Scrophulariaceae.

A autoridade científica da variedade é L., tendo sido publicada em Sp. Pl. 621 (1753).

Portugal

Trata-se de uma variedade presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental.

Em termos de naturalidade é nativa da região atrás indicada.

Protecção

Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.

Bibliografia

 Sequeira M, Espírito-Santo D, Aguiar C, Capelo J & Honrado J (Coord.) (2010). Checklist da Flora de Portugal (Continental, Açores e Madeira). Associação Lusitana de Fitossociologia (ALFA).
 Checklist da Flora do Arquipélago da Madeira (Madeira, Porto Santo, Desertas e Selvagens) - Grupo de Botânica da Madeira
 Scrophularia frutescens - Portal da Biodiversidade dos Açores
 Scrophularia frutescens var. frutescens - The Plant List (2010). Version 1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/ (consultado em 14 de dezembro de 2014).
 Scrophularia frutescens - International Plant Names Index

Ligações externas

 Scrophularia frutescens - Flora Digital de Portugal. jb.utad.pt/flora.
 Scrophularia frutescens var. frutescens - Flora-on
 Scrophularia frutescens var. frutescens - The Euro+Med PlantBase
 Scrophularia frutescens - Flora Vascular
 Scrophularia frutescens - Biodiversity Heritage Library - Bibliografia
 Scrophularia frutescens var. frutescens - JSTOR Global Plants
 Scrophularia frutescens var. frutescens - Flora Europaea
 Scrophularia frutescens var. frutescens - NCBI Taxonomy Database
 Scrophularia frutescens var. frutescens - Global Biodiversity Information Facility
 Scrophularia frutescens var. frutescens - Encyclopedia of Life

Flora de Portugal
f


text:
Пло́щадь Ле́нина — главная площадь Воронежа. Расположена в Центральном и Ленинском районах. Названа в честь В. И. Ленина, которому в центре площади установлен памятник работы Н. В. Томского. На площади также расположен Кольцовский сквер, в котором установлен монумент А. В. Кольцову. Площадь пересекает Плехановская улица. Примыкают: проспект Революции, улица Кирова, улица Станкевича, улица Кардашова, улицы 9 Января и Платонова.

Площадь представляет собой архитектурный ансамбль, возникший в 50-е годы XX века по замыслу советских архитекторов в ходе восстановления Воронежа после Великой Отечественной войны. В этот ансамбль входят Дом Советов (ныне здание Правительства Воронежской области), здания областной научной библиотеки имени Никитина, театра оперы и балета, административные здания, культурные и образовательные учреждения и жилые дома.

История названия
Первоначально название – Конная площадь. Оно связано с тем, что на площади торговали лошадьми. В 1870—1880 годы торговля лошадьми была перенесена на площадь, на территории которой сейчас располагается Комсомольский сквер. Площадь стала называться Староконной. В 1937 году, после того, как власти решили сделать её главной городской площадью,  она была переименована в площадь XX-летия Октября. В 1956 году площадь получает современное название — площадь Ленина.

История площади
Площадь Ленина является одной из старейших площадей города, возникшая в 70-х годах XVIII века как торговая площадь за пределами старого городского вала. В 1770-х годах на площади появилось казённое здание «соляных амбаров».

Юго-западная часть площади с начала XIX века использовалась для торговли лошадьми. Поэтому она называлась Конной. В 1869 году на северной стороне площади (на месте нынешнего театра оперы и балета) были построены трёхъярусная водонапорная башня.

В 1870—1880 годы торговля лошадьми была перенесена на площадь, на территории которой сейчас располагается Комсомольский сквер. Площадь стала называться Староконной. В 1892 году на площадь перевели Толкучий рынок. Торговцы этого рынка  в 1892 году построили часовню во имя Смоленской иконы Божией Матери.

В северо-восточной части площади до 1-й половины 1860-х годов существовал военный плац. В 1860-х годах на этом месте был создан сквер. В 1868 году в сквере был открыт памятник А. В. Кольцову, и с тех пор сквер стал называться «Кольцовским». В 1876—1877 годах в сквере появился один из первых городских фонтанов. Рядом в 1878 году было построено здание городской думы. В 1881—1882 годах справа от него было построено здание Коммерческого банка. За ним в 1900-х годах появился электротеатр «Тауматограф». Левее здания городской думы в 1890-х годах был построен двухэтажный дом Тимофеева.

На юго-восточной стороне площади, которая считалась продолжением Большой Дворянской улицы, находились частные дома. В 1907 году было завершено строительство модно-галантерейного магазина братьев Тер-Парносовым. В 1913 году рядом с ним был открыт кинотеатр «Ампир». Юго-западная сторона площади также была занята частными усадьбами и домами.

После Октябрьской революции в кинотеатре «Ампир» состоялось общегородское собрание, а 29 октября прошёл рабочий митинг, и на следующий день в городе была установлена Советская власть. 11 мая 1918 года городская дума и управа были упразднены, и их здание занял городской совет. В годы НЭПа на площади вновь появился Толкучий рынок. В связи с возросшим автомобильным движением на углу проспекта Революции и Плехановской улицы было поставлено четыре регулировщика, а затем и первый в городе светофор.

В 1935 году главной площадью Воронежа решено было сделать Старо-Конную площадь, которая в начале 30-х годов была расширена, благоустроена и переименована в площадь XX-летия Октября. Там же было запроектировано и главное здание города — здание обкома и облисполкома. В результате конкурса был принят проект архитектора А. И. Попова-Шамана, здание было достроено в 1938году.

В 1939 году трестом Теапроект разработан проект  музыкально-драматического театра (архитектор  Б. В. Ефимович). Начатое строительство, прерванное оккупацией города, завершилось в 1962 году.

В 1939—1940 годах по проекту архитектора А. В. Миронова была построена гостиница «Воронеж».

В 1940 году перед зданием обкома партии и облисполкома установлен памятник Ленину (скульптор Н.В. Томский).

7 ноября 1941 года на площади прошёл парад подразделений Юго-Западного фронта, отступивших с Украины, на котором присутствовал командующий фронтом С. К. Тимошенко. Во время оккупации Воронежа немецкие войска взорвали здание обкома партии и облисполкома, на территории Кольцовского сквера было устроено кладбище немецких солдат и офицеров, памятник Ленина сначала использовался для казни, а затем вместе с памятником Петру I вывезен из Воронежа.

В 1943 году на постаменте появилась бетонная фигура Ленина, изготовленная скульптором С. Д. Меркуровым. В 1950 году скульптор Н. В. Томский сделал копию самого первого памятника, и эта копия была установлена в день 80-летия со дня рождения Ленина.

в 1956 году площадь получает современное название — площадь Ленина.

Ансамбль площади

Дом Советов (№ 1)

Дом Советов был построен в ходе послевоенного восстановления Воронежа в 1953—1959 годах. По первоначальному проекту академика архитектуры Л. В. Руднева и архитектора В. Е. Асса здание должно было завершаться двухъярусной башней в стиле сталинских высоток. Проект был изменён уже в ходе строительства: после начала борьбы с «архитектурными излишествами» в 1955 году новый проект здания выполнил воронежский архитектор А. В. Миронов. Ему удалось сохранить монументальность здания и сомасштабность с размерами площади и другими зданиями на ней.

Стены здания облицованы керамической плиткой, цоколь — розовым гранитом, главный вход обрамлён высоким порталом.

Здание областной научной библиотеки (№ 2)

Современное здание библиотеки было построено в 1950-х годах как часть послевоенного ансамбля площади Ленина. Оно было запроектировано на месте разрушенного здания обкома и облисполкома. По проекту Л. В. Руднева и И. З. Чернявского (1952), здание библиотеки и расположенное напротив здание театра оперы и балета должны были зрительно уравновесить друг друга. Именно поэтому оба здания поставлены точно против друг друга и имеют почти одинаковую высоту. Предполагался колонный портик в плоскости главного фасада, украшенного также скульптурами и фризами. Строительство началось в 1953 году.

После начала борьбы с «архитектурными излишествами» проект был переработан Н. Я. Неведровым и стал значительно скромнее. Тем не менее, чтобы здание не выпадало из ансамбля площади, архитектор оставил колонны на главном фасаде, несмотря на новую архитектурную политику. Фасад украшен лепными изображениями корифеев отечественной изящной словесности.

Жилые дома (№№ 3—5)
Пятиэтажные жилые дома 3, 4, 5 были построены по проекту В. С. Левицкого к 1956 году. Фасады решены в торжественно строгом ключе и имеют одинаковую высоту. На первых этажах находятся большие арочные витрины магазинов и конторских помещений.
В доме № 3 жили Герои Советского Союза А. А. Новиков (мемориальная доска) и П. Т. Ивушкин (мемориальная доска).

Жилой дом (№ 6)

Построен в 1930-х годах по проекту архитектора Мясниковой в стиле конструктивизм. Во время Великой Отечественной войны был разрушен. В 1951 году восстановлен по проекту Н. В. Троицкого и Р. В. Березиной с добавлением неоклассического декора. В 2000-х годах огорожен и признан аварийным. Планируется к сносу, исторический фасад собирались повторить на фасаде новом доме в знак уважения к Троицкому. Дом имел скруглённую часть на углу площади Ленина и Плехановской улицы, был пышно декорирован полуколоннами и лепниной. В настоящее время снесён.

Театр оперы и балета (№ 7)

В конце 1930-х годов состоялся конкурс на лучший проект музыкального театра. В первом туре одержал победу Н. Я. Неведров, во втором принимали участие также архитекторы московского института «Теапроект», из воронежских проектов был признан лучшим проект А. В. Миронова и А. В. Данилова, из московских — Б. В. Ефимовича. Для создания окончательного проекта Миронов был приглашён в «Теапроект». Строительство началось в 1940 году и было прервано войной. Только в 1961 году театр был открыт.

Театр занимает островное положение. Он решён как цельный величественный и симметричный объём. На фасаде размещено шесть колонн коринфского ордера, которые поддерживают мощный, во всю ширину здания треугольный фронтон. Боковые фасады оформлены спаренными полуколоннами. Изначально планировалось размещать зрителей только в партере с уклоном и амфитеатре, но после войны было решено добавить бельэтаж и балконы. Внутренняя планировка и отделка интерьеров были разработаны архитекторами воронежского «Облпроекта» В. Н. Казанцевым, Л. С. Сизовым, Р. В. Березиной и др.

Гостиница «Воронеж» (№ 8)

Здание построено в 1939—1940 годах по проекту архитектора П. Н. Твардовского. Во время оккупации было сильно разрушено. Здание восстановили к 1951 году по проекту архитектора А. В. Миронова при участии П. Н. Твардовского.

Здание имеет небольшую башню с часами на три стороны, наверху башни — металлический шпиль с парусником. Кораблик, как и шпиль на котором он держится, был надстроен к зданию в 1985 году. Корабль символизирует то, что Воронеж является родиной военно-морского флота. Угол здания дополнительно выделен мощными пилястрами, высотой в три этажа, увенчанными коринфскими капителями. Часы на башню были добавлены в 1986 году.

Жилой дом (№ 9)
До войны на этом месте стоял двухэтажный дом В. Н. Тимофеева, построенный в 1890-х годах. Он был восстановлен в 1954 году и надстроен двумя этажами. Для прохода и проезда к площади Парижской коммуны (ныне не существует) была устроена арка. В 1957—1997 годах в этом доме жила народная артистка СССР М. Н. Мордасова. Мемориальная доска была установлена в 1998 году.

Корпуса ВГУ (№№ 10 и 10а)

Корпус строительного техникума (архитектор Н. Я. Неведров) было решено построить на месте разрушенного здания городской думы. Ныне это 2-й корпус ВГУ. Строительство было завершено в 1960 году. Здание по своей архитектуре лаконично — его выделяют чёткий ритм оконных проёмов, пилястры на третьем и четвёртом этажах и вход-портал.

В 2000-х годах был построен высотный 9-й корпус ВГУ для юридического факультета, который расположен позади 2-го корпуса. В его архитектуре использован модернизированный классицизм. Основной объём здания примыкает ко 2-му корпусу ВГУ и зданию университетского издательства на Пушкинской улице. Меньший объём примыкает к основному и завершается башней, увенчанной шпилем.

Дворец бракосочетания (№ 11)

Одноэтажное здание Коммерческого банка было построено по проекту С. Л. Мысловского в 1880 году. В 1930-х годах здание было решено надстроить несколькими этажами для размещения жилых квартир. Проект был разработан Н. В. Троицким в 1934 году в стиле классицизма.

Трёхэтажная жилая надстройка была осуществлена в 1935 году. В ней хорошо проработана тема ордера и прорисовка деталей, благодаря чему здание стало одним из самых красивых в городе. Однако для жилого дома эта надстройка подходила мало ввиду того, что не была отражена ячейковая структура многоквартирного жилого дома. Балконы имеются только на третьем этаже и имеют скорее декоративную функцию. Очевидно, из-за этого и было решено провести внутреннюю перепланировку для размещения в здании Дворца бракосочетаний (консультантом при этом выступал и Н. В. Троицкий).

Филармония (№ 11а)

Здание было построено в 1908 году для второго в городе кинотеатра, называвшегося «Тауматограф». В 1915 году здание расширили. На фасаде появились лепные изображения с грифонами, а кинотеатр переименовали в «Кино». После революции кинотеатр снова был переименован — в «Комсомолец». После восстановления в 1943 году в здании ненадолго возобновили показ фильмов. Вскоре здесь разместился Театр музыкальной комедии, а 1961 году здание перешло к областной филармонии. В 1950-х годах здание планировалось надстроить до 4-х этажей, чтобы подвести под единый карниз все дома на этой стороне площади.

Административное здание (№ 12)
Ансамбль площади с северо-восточной стороны замкнуло перекрывшее Театральную улицу административное здание, построенное по проекту Ю. В. Львова в 1964 году. Архитектор с помощью лаконичных средств смог придать зданию монументальность и строгость. Перед главным входом помещён большой козырёк. Здание трапециевидное в плане, на фасаде сочетаются широкие окна и рамки без переплётов. В целом здание достаточно удачно завершило формирование застройки площади. Изначально в здании находился Совнархоз Центрально-Чернозёмного района, ныне в здании — многие областные и государственные службы.

Кинотеатр «Спартак» (№ 13)

Бывший электротеатр «Ампир». После Великой Отечественной войны 16 января 1955 года здание было восстановлено по проекту Н. Я. Неведрова. К 2009 году проведены новые реконструкции. Сейчас здание преобразовано в центр отдыха с шестизальным кинотеатром, залами для игры в боулинг и бильярд.

Жилые дома (№№ 14—15)

Два протяжённых пятиэтажных жилых дома (№№ 14, 15) с магазинами на первом этаже (архитектор В. С. Левицкий). По первоначальным планам угол с Плехановской улицей должен был завершаться шестиэтажным корпусом с башней, похожей на находящуюся напротив башню гостиницы «Воронеж». Этот замысел не удалось реализовать из-за начавшейся борьбы с архитектурными излишествами, однако автору удалось интересно оформить угловую часть (1959).

Кольцовский сквер

Сквер был создан в 1860-х годах на месте военного плаца. В 1868 году в сквере был открыт памятник А. В. Кольцову, и с тех пор сквер стал называться «Кольцовским». В 1876—1877 годах в сквере появился один из первых городских фонтанов. В ходе послевоенного восстановления Воронежа сквер расширили и перепланировали так, чтобы главная аллея ориентировалась на памятник Ленину.

Сквер Платонова
Сквер, расположенный позади Дома Советов, появился в ходе послевоенного восстановления Воронежа. Это самая тихая и малолюдная часть площади. Сквер ограничен улицей Платонова, проезжими частями площади Ленина и задним корпусом Дома Советов, в котором расположен зал конференций.

Памятники

 Памятник В. И. Ленину был торжественно заложен 24 октября 1939 года, на двадцатую годовщину освобождения Воронежа от «белых». Он открылся 7 ноября 1940 года. Автор — известный московский скульптор Н. В. Томский. Во время оккупации Воронежа в годы Великой Отечественной войны немецкие солдаты сняли и увезли скульптуру. После освобождения города пьедестал более года пустовал, пока на него не поставили временную скульптуру С. Д. Меркурова из бетона. 22 апреля 1950 года скульптура Томского снова была поставлена на постамент.
 Памятник А. В. Кольцову в Кольцовском сквере был открыт 27 октября 1868 года. Это беломраморный бюст, выполненный скульптором Агостино Трискорни.

Фильмография

 На этой площади проходили съёмки ряда эпизодов новогодней кинокомедии Тимура Бекмамбетова «Ёлки 3» (2013)

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки
 Площадь Ленина  на сервисе Яндекс.Панорамы.

Площади Воронежа
Площади, названные в честь Владимира Ленина


text:
A competição do decatlo masculino no Campeonato Mundial de Atletismo de 2019 foi realizada em Doha, no Catar, entre os dias 2 de outubro e 4 de outubro.

Recordes
Antes da competição, os recordes eram os seguintes:

Medalhistas

Tempo de qualificação

Cronograma

Resultados

100 metros
A prova foi realizada dia 2 de outubro às 16:35.

Salto em distância
A prova foi realizada dia 2 de outubro às 17:30.

Arremesso de peso
A prova foi realizada dia 2 de outubro às 18:50.

Salto em altura
A prova foi realizada dia 2 de outubro às 20:40.

400 metros
A prova foi realizada dia 2 de outubro às 23:15.

110 metros com barreiras
A prova foi realizada dia 3 de outubro às 16:35.

Lançamento de disco
A prova foi realizada dia 3 de outubro às 17:30.

Salto com vara
A prova foi realizada dia 3 de outubro às 19:05.

Lançamento de dardo
A prova foi realizada dia 3 de outubro às 22:05.

1500 metros
A prova foi realizada dia 4 de outubro às 00:25.

Classificação final
A classificação final foi a seguinte.

Campeonato Mundial de Atletismo de 2019


text:
Милтън Хайланд Ериксън () е американски психиатър специализирал медицинска хипноза и фамилна терапия. Той е основател и президент на Американското общество за клинична хипноза и член на Американската психиатрична асоциация, Американската психологическа асоциация и Американската психопатологическа асоциация. Той е прочут с подхода си към несъзнаваното като творческо и генериращо решения. Също е прочут с влиянието си върху Краткотрайната терапия, Стратегическата фамилна терапия, Фамилна системна терапия, Краткотрайна терапия фокусирана върху решението и Невролингвистично програмиране.

Източници

Книги
 Hypnotic Realities ISBN 0-8290-0112-3 (With Ernest L. Rossi)
 Hypnotherapy – An Exploratory Casebook ISBN 0-8290-0244-8 (With Ernest L. Rossi)
 Experiencing Hypnosis ISBN 0-8290-0246-4 (With Ernest L. Rossi)
 The Practical Application of Medical and Dental Hypnosis ISBN 0-87630-570-2 (with Seymour Hershman and Irving I. Secter) (out of print)
 Time Distortion in Hypnosis ISBN 1-899836-95-0 (With Linn F. Cooper)

Неговите клинични писания са събрани в четири тома:
 Collected Papers on Hypnosis: Volume 1 – Nature of Hypnosis and Suggestion ISBN 0-8290-1206-0 (Ernest L. Rossi, Editor)
 Collected Papers on Hypnosis: Volume 2 – Sensory, Perceptual and Psychophysiological Processes ISBN 0-8290-1207-9 (Ernest L. Rossi, Editor)
 Collected Papers on Hypnosis: Volume 3 – Hypnotic Investigation of Psychodynamic Processes ISBN 0-8290-1208-7 (Ernest L. Rossi, Editor)
 Collected Papers on Hypnosis: Volume 4 – Innovative Hypnotherapy ISBN 0-8290-1209-5 (Ernest L. Rossi, Editor)
- note, these four volumes are sometimes made available digitally under the misleading (and erroneous) name 'Complete Works'.

Външни препратки
 The Erickson Foundation is part of an international organization that carries on his work and promotes the Erickson approach to therapy.
 Study Of Ericksonian Hypnosis Information, articles and transcripts of Ericksonian Hypnosis.

Американски психиатри
Починали във Финикс


text:
The 92nd Punjabis were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment was raised in 1800 as a battalion of Madras Native Infantry. It was designated as the 92nd Punjabis in 1903 and became 4th Battalion (Prince of Wales's Own) 8th Punjab Regiment in 1922. In 1947, it was allocated to Pakistan Army, where it continues to exist as 4th Battalion of The Baloch Regiment.

Early history
The regiment was raised on 1 January 1800 at Madura as the 2nd Battalion 16th Regiment of Madras Native Infantry by Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Dyce and was known as Dyce ki Paltan (Dyce's Battalion). It was composed mostly of Muslims, Tamils and Telugus. In 1801, it took part in suppressing a rebellion of the Poligars (local feudal chieftains) of Madura and Tinnevelly in South India. In 1809, it took part in the Travancore War and in 1824, it participated in the First Anglo-Burmese War. The same year, it was redesignated as the 32nd Regiment of Madras Native Infantry. During the Great Indian Rebellion of 1857, it operated in Central India.

In 1890, the 32nd Madras Infantry was reconstituted with Punjabi Muslims and Sikhs, and permanently based in Burma. Its designation was changed to 4th Regiment of Burma Infantry, and in 1891, to 32nd Regiment (4th Burma Battalion) of Madras Infantry. In 1901, its title was changed to 32nd Burma Infantry. The Burma Battalions were special units raised to police the new territories acquired in the Third Anglo-Burmese War and pacify the rebellious hill tribes inhabiting the frontier regions of Burma. In 1890 and 1894, the regiment operated in the Shan States, where it repulsed an incursion by the French. In 1891, it operated in the Chin Hills against recalcitrant hill tribes.

92nd Punjabis
Subsequent to the reforms brought about in the Indian Army by Lord Kitchener in 1903, all former Madras units had 60 added to their numbers. Consequently, the regiment's designation was changed to 92nd Punjabis. In 1910, Major General ES Hastings, CB, DSO, who had commanded the regiment from 1891 to 1907, was appointed the Colonel of 92nd Punjabis. In 1910, the Burma Battalions were delocalized from Burma and in 1913, the 92nd Punjabis moved to Benares in India.
On the outbreak of the First World War, the 92nd Punjabis sailed for Egypt in November 1914, where they defended the Suez Canal against the Turkish attack in February 1915. Moving to Mesopotamia in December 1915, they were engaged in fierce fighting on the Tigris Front, as the British made desperate efforts to raise the Siege of Kut al Amara, and later, during the British advance northwards. The regiment took part in the Battles of Sheikh Sa'ad, the Wadi, Hanna, the three Battles of Sannaiyat, and the Actions of Shawa Khan, Istabulat, Daur and Tikrit. It fought with great gallantry and suffered grievous losses in the long and bloody campaign. In 1918, the 92nd Punjabis proceeded to Palestine and took part in the Battle of Megiddo, which led to the annihilation of Turkish Army in Palestine.
During the war, the 92nd Punjabis suffered 1591 casualties including 271 killed. For their exceptional bravery and excellent performance in the war, the 92nd Punjabis were made Prince of Wales's Own and on 1 January 1922, Edward, the Prince of Wales was gazetted as their Colonel-in-Chief.

Subsequent History
After the First World War, the	92nd (Prince of Wales's Own) Punjabis were grouped with the 90th Punjabis, 91st Punjabis (Light Infantry), 93rd Burma Infantry and the two battalions of 89th Punjabis to form the 8th Punjab Regiment in 1922. The battalion was redesignated as the 4th Battalion (Prince of Wales's Own) 8th Punjab Regiment. During the Second World War, 4/8th Punjab (PWO) served in Iran and Iraq. In 1947, the 8th Punjab Regiment was allocated to Pakistan Army. In 1956, it was merged with the Baluch Regiment and 4/8th Punjab was redesignated as 4 Baluch (now 4 Baloch). During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the battalion again distinguished itself on the Sialkot Front.

Genealogy

1800 - 2nd Battalion 16th Regiment Madras Native Infantry
1824 - 32nd Regiment Madras Native Infantry
1885 - 32nd Regiment Madras Infantry
1890 - 4th Regiment Burma Infantry
1891 - 32nd Regiment (4th Burma Battalion) Madras Infantry
1901 - 32nd Burma Light Infantry
1903 - 92nd Punjabis
1922 - 92nd Prince of Wales's Own Punjabis
1922 - 4th Battalion (Prince of Wales's Own) 8th Punjab Regiment or 4/8th Punjab
1956 - 4th Battalion The Baluch Regiment or 4 Baluch
1991 - 4th Battalion The Baloch Regiment or 4 Baloch

References

Further reading
 Ahmad, Maj Rifat Nadeem, and Ahmed, Maj Gen Rafiuddin. (2006). Unfaded Glory: The 8th Punjab Regiment 1798-1956. Abbottabad: The Baloch Regimental Centre.
 Ahmad, Lt Col Rifat Nadeem. (2010). Battle Honours of the Baloch Regiment. Abbottabad: The Baloch Regimental Centre.

 Phythian-Adams, Lt Col EG. (1943). Madras Infantry 1748-1943. Madras: The Government Press.
 Wilson, Lt Col WJ. (1882–88). History of the Madras Army. Madras: The Government Press.

See also
Baloch Regiment
8th Punjab Regiment
Madras Army
Colonel Charles James William Grant, VC (Victoria Cross recipient, 1891)

Baloch Regiment
British Indian Army infantry regiments
Military units and formations established in 1800
Military units and formations disestablished in 1922
Indian World War I regiments