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A coordination complex is a chemical compound consisting of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents.  Many metal-containing compounds, especially those that include transition metals (elements like titanium that belong to the Periodic Table's d-block), are coordination complexes.

Nomenclature and terminology
Coordination complexes are so pervasive that their structures and reactions are described in many ways, sometimes confusingly.  The atom within a ligand that is bonded to the central metal atom or ion is called the donor atom.  In a typical complex, a metal ion is bonded to several donor atoms, which can be the same or different. A polydentate (multiple bonded) ligand is a molecule or ion that bonds to the central atom through several of the ligand's atoms; ligands with 2, 3, 4 or even 6 bonds to the central atom are common. These complexes are called chelate complexes; the formation of such complexes is called chelation, complexation, and coordination.

The central atom or ion, together with all ligands, comprise the coordination sphere.  The central atoms or ion and the donor atoms comprise the first coordination sphere.

Coordination refers to the "coordinate covalent bonds" (dipolar bonds) between the ligands and the central atom. Originally, a complex implied a reversible association of molecules, atoms, or ions through such weak chemical bonds. As applied to coordination chemistry, this meaning has evolved. Some metal complexes are formed virtually irreversibly and many are bound together by bonds that are quite strong.

The number of donor atoms attached to the central atom or ion is called the coordination number. The most common coordination numbers are 2, 4, and especially 6. A hydrated ion is one kind of a complex ion (or simply a complex), a species formed between a central metal ion and one or more surrounding ligands, molecules or ions that contain at least one lone pair of electrons.

If all the ligands are monodentate, then the number of donor atoms equals the number of ligands. For example, the cobalt(II) hexahydrate ion or the hexaaquacobalt(II) ion [Co(H2O)6]2+ is a hydrated-complex ion that consists of six water molecules attached to a metal ion Co. The oxidation state and the coordination number reflect the number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands in the complex ion. However, the coordination number of Pt(en) is 4 (rather than 2) since it has two bidentate ligands, which contain four donor atoms in total.

Any donor atom will give a pair of electrons. There are some donor atoms or groups which can offer more than one pair of electrons. Such are called bidentate (offers two pairs of electrons) or polydentate (offers more than two pairs of electrons). In some cases an atom or a group offers a pair of electrons to two similar or different central metal atoms or acceptors—by division of the electron pair—into a three-center two-electron bond. These are called bridging ligands.

History

Coordination complexes have been known since the beginning of modern chemistry. Early well-known coordination complexes include dyes such as Prussian blue. Their properties were first well understood in the late 1800s, following the 1869 work of Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand. Blomstrand developed what has come to be known as the complex ion chain theory. In considering metal amine complexes, he theorized that the ammonia molecules compensated for the charge of the ion by forming chains of the type [(NH3)X]X+, where  X is the coordination number of the metal ion. He compared his theoretical ammonia chains to hydrocarbons of the form (CH2)X.

Following this theory, Danish scientist Sophus Mads Jørgensen made improvements to it. In his version of the theory, Jørgensen claimed that when a molecule dissociates in a solution there were two possible outcomes: the ions would bind via the ammonia chains Blomstrand had described or the ions would bind directly to the metal.

It was not until 1893 that the most widely accepted version of the theory today was published by Alfred Werner. Werner's work included two important changes to the Blomstrand theory. The first was that Werner described the two possibilities in terms of location in the coordination sphere. He claimed that if the ions were to form a chain, this would occur outside of the coordination sphere while the ions that bound directly to the metal would do so within the coordination sphere. In one of his most important discoveries however Werner disproved the majority of the chain theory. Werner discovered the spatial arrangements of the ligands that were involved in the formation of the complex hexacoordinate cobalt. His theory allows one to understand the difference between a coordinated ligand and a charge balancing ion in a compound, for example the chloride ion in the cobaltammine chlorides and to explain many of the previously inexplicable isomers.

In 1911, Werner first resolved the coordination complex hexol into optical isomers, overthrowing the theory that only carbon compounds could possess chirality.

Structures

The ions or molecules surrounding the central atom are called ligands. Ligands are classified as L or X (or a combination thereof), depending on how many electrons they provide for the bond between ligand and central atom. L ligands provide two electrons from a lone electron pair, resulting in a coordinate covalent bond. X ligands provide one electron, with the central atom providing the other electron, thus forming a regular covalent bond. The ligands are said to be coordinated to the atom. For alkenes, the pi bonds can coordinate to metal atoms. An example is ethylene in the complex  (Zeise's salt).

Geometry
In coordination chemistry, a structure is first described by its coordination number, the number of ligands attached to the metal (more specifically, the number of donor atoms). Usually one can count the ligands attached, but sometimes even the counting can become ambiguous. Coordination numbers are normally between two and nine, but large numbers of ligands are not uncommon for the lanthanides and actinides. The number of bonds depends on the size, charge, and electron configuration of the metal ion and the ligands. Metal ions may have more than one coordination number.

Typically the chemistry of transition metal complexes is dominated by interactions between s and p molecular orbitals of the donor-atoms in the ligands and the d orbitals of the metal ions.  The s, p, and d orbitals of the metal can accommodate 18 electrons (see 18-Electron rule). The maximum coordination number for a certain metal is thus related to the electronic configuration of the metal ion (to be more specific, the number of empty orbitals) and to the ratio of the size of the ligands and the metal ion. Large metals and small ligands lead to high coordination numbers, e.g. . Small metals with large ligands lead to low coordination numbers, e.g. . Due to their large size, lanthanides, actinides, and early transition metals tend to have high coordination numbers.

Most structures follow the points-on-a-sphere pattern (or, as if the central atom were in the middle of a polyhedron where the corners of that shape are the locations of the ligands), where orbital overlap (between ligand and metal orbitals) and ligand-ligand repulsions tend to lead to certain regular geometries. The most observed geometries are listed below, but there are many cases that deviate from a regular geometry, e.g. due to the use of ligands of diverse types (which results in irregular bond lengths; the coordination atoms do not follow a points-on-a-sphere pattern), due to the size of ligands, or due to electronic effects (see, e.g., Jahn–Teller distortion):

Linear for two-coordination
Trigonal planar for three-coordination
Tetrahedral or square planar for four-coordination
Trigonal bipyramidal for five-coordination
Octahedral for six-coordination
Pentagonal bipyramidal for seven-coordination
Square antiprismatic for eight-coordination
Tricapped trigonal prismatic for nine-coordination

The idealized descriptions of 5-, 7-, 8-, and 9- coordination are often indistinct geometrically from alternative structures with slightly differing L-M-L (ligand-metal-ligand) angles, e.g. the difference between square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal structures.

Square pyramidal for five-coordination
 Capped octahedral or capped trigonal prismatic for seven-coordination
 Dodecahedral or bicapped trigonal prismatic for eight-coordination
Capped square antiprismatic for nine-coordination

To distinguish between the alternative coordinations for five-coordinated complexes, the τ geometry index was invented by Addison et al. This index depends on angles by the coordination center and changes between 0 for the square pyramidal to 1 for trigonal bipyramidal structures, allowing to classify the cases in between. This system was later extended to four-coordinated complexes by Houser et al. and also Okuniewski et al.

In systems with low d electron count, due to special electronic effects such as (second-order) Jahn–Teller stabilization, certain geometries (in which the coordination atoms do not follow a points-on-a-sphere pattern) are stabilized relative to the other possibilities, e.g. for some compounds the trigonal prismatic geometry is stabilized relative to octahedral structures for six-coordination.

Bent for two-coordination
Trigonal pyramidal for three-coordination
Trigonal prismatic for six-coordination

Isomerism
The arrangement of the ligands is fixed for a given complex, but in some cases it is mutable by a reaction that forms another stable isomer.

There exist many kinds of isomerism in coordination complexes, just as in many other compounds.

Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomerism occurs with the same bonds in distinct orientations. Stereoisomerism can be further classified into:

Cis–trans isomerism and facial–meridional isomerism
Cis–trans isomerism occurs in octahedral and square planar complexes (but not tetrahedral). When two ligands are adjacent they are said to be cis, when
opposite each other, trans. When three identical ligands occupy one face of an octahedron, the isomer is said to be facial, or fac. In a fac isomer, any two  identical ligands are adjacent or cis to each other. If these three ligands and the metal ion are in one plane, the isomer is said to be meridional, or mer. A mer isomer can be considered as a combination of a trans and a cis, since it contains both trans and cis pairs of identical ligands.

Optical isomerism
Optical isomerism occurs when a complex is not superimposable with its mirror image.  It is so called because the two isomers are each optically active, that is, they rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions. In the first molecule shown, the symbol Λ (lambda) is used as a prefix to describe the left-handed propeller twist formed by three bidentate ligands.  The second molecule is the mirror image of the first, with the symbol Δ (delta) as a prefix for the right-handed propeller twist. The third and fourth molecules are a similar pair of Λ and Δ isomers, in this case with two bidentate ligands and two identical monodentate ligands.

Structural isomerism
Structural isomerism occurs when the bonds are themselves different. Four types of structural isomerism are recognized: ionisation isomerism, solvate or hydrate isomerism, linkage isomerism and coordination isomerism.
 Ionisation isomerism – the isomers give different ions in solution although they have the same composition. This type of isomerism occurs when the counter ion of the complex is also a potential ligand. For example, pentaamminebromocobalt(III) sulphate  is red violet and in solution gives a precipitate with barium chloride, confirming the presence of sulphate ion, while pentaamminesulphatecobalt(III) bromide  is red and tests negative for sulphate ion in solution, but instead gives a precipitate of AgBr with silver nitrate.
 Solvate or hydrate isomerism – the isomers have the same composition but differ with respect to the number of molecules of solvent that serve as ligand vs simply occupying sites in the crystal. Examples:  is violet colored,  is blue-green, and  is dark green. See water of crystallization.
 Linkage isomerism occurs with ligands with more than one possible donor atom, known as ambidentate ligands. For example, nitrite can coordinate through O or N. One pair of nitrite linkage isomers have structures  (nitro isomer) and  (nitrito isomer).
 Coordination isomerism – this occurs when both positive and negative ions of a salt are complex ions and the two isomers differ in the distribution of ligands between the cation and the anion. For example,  and .

Electronic properties
Many of the properties of transition metal complexes are dictated by their electronic structures. The electronic structure can be described by a relatively ionic model that ascribes formal charges to the metals and ligands. This approach is the essence of crystal field theory (CFT).  Crystal field theory, introduced by Hans Bethe in 1929, gives a quantum mechanically based attempt at understanding complexes.  But crystal field theory treats all interactions in a complex as ionic and assumes that the ligands can be approximated by negative point charges.

More sophisticated models embrace covalency, and this approach is described by ligand field theory (LFT) and Molecular orbital theory (MO). Ligand field theory, introduced in 1935 and built from molecular orbital theory, can handle a broader range of complexes and can explain complexes in which the interactions are covalent. The chemical applications of group theory can aid in the understanding of crystal or ligand field theory, by allowing simple, symmetry based solutions to the formal equations.

Chemists tend to employ the simplest model required to predict the properties of interest; for this reason, CFT has been a favorite for the discussions when possible. MO and LF theories are more complicated, but provide a more realistic perspective.

The electronic configuration of the complexes gives them some important properties:

Color of transition metal complexes
Transition metal complexes often have spectacular colors caused by electronic transitions by the absorption of light. For this reason they are often applied as pigments. Most transitions that are related to colored metal complexes are either d–d transitions or charge transfer bands.  In a d–d transition, an electron in a d orbital on the metal is excited by a photon to another d orbital of higher energy, therefore d–d transitions occur only for partially-filled d-orbital complexes (d1–9). For complexes having d0 or d10 configuration, charge transfer is still possible even though d–d transitions are not. A charge transfer band entails promotion of an electron from a metal-based orbital into an empty ligand-based orbital (metal-to-ligand charge transfer or MLCT).  The converse also occurs: excitation of an electron in a ligand-based orbital into an empty metal-based orbital (ligand-to-metal charge transfer or LMCT). These phenomena can be observed with the aid of electronic spectroscopy; also known as UV-Vis. For simple compounds with high symmetry, the d–d transitions can be assigned using Tanabe–Sugano diagrams.  These assignments are gaining increased support with computational chemistry.

Colors of lanthanide complexes
Superficially lanthanide complexes are similar to those of the transition metals in that some are colored. However, for the common Ln3+ ions (Ln = lanthanide) the colors are all pale, and hardly influenced by the nature of the ligand. The colors are due to 4f electron transitions. As the 4f orbitals in lanthanides are "buried" in the xenon core and shielded from the ligand by the 5s and 5p orbitals they are therefore not influenced by the ligands to any great extent leading to a much smaller crystal field splitting than in the transition metals. The absorption spectra of an Ln3+ ion approximates to that of the free ion where the electronic states are described by spin-orbit coupling. This contrasts to the transition metals where the ground state is split by the crystal field. Absorptions for Ln3+ are weak as electric dipole transitions are parity forbidden (Laporte forbidden) but can gain intensity due to the effect of a low-symmetry ligand field or mixing with higher electronic states (e.g. d orbitals). f-f absorption bands are extremely sharp which contrasts with those observed for transition metals which generally have broad bands. This can lead to extremely unusual effects, such as significant color changes under different forms of lighting.

Magnetism

Metal complexes that have unpaired electrons are magnetic. Considering only monometallic complexes, unpaired electrons arise because the complex has an odd number of electrons or because electron pairing is destabilized.  Thus, monomeric Ti(III) species have one "d-electron" and must be (para)magnetic, regardless of the geometry or the nature of the ligands.  Ti(II), with two d-electrons, forms some complexes that have two unpaired electrons and others with none. This effect is illustrated by the compounds TiX2[(CH3)2PCH2CH2P(CH3)2]2: when X = Cl, the complex is paramagnetic (high-spin configuration), whereas when X = CH3, it is diamagnetic (low-spin configuration). It is important to realize that ligands provide an important means of adjusting the ground state properties.

In bi- and polymetallic complexes, in which the individual centres have an odd number of electrons or that are high-spin, the situation is more complicated.  If there is interaction (either direct or through ligand) between the two (or more) metal centres, the electrons may couple (antiferromagnetic coupling, resulting in a diamagnetic compound), or they may enhance each other (ferromagnetic coupling).  When there is no interaction, the two (or more) individual metal centers behave as if in two separate molecules.

Reactivity
Complexes show a variety of possible reactivities:

 Electron transfers
 Electron transfer (ET) between metal ions can occur via two distinct mechanisms, inner and outer sphere electron transfers. In an inner sphere reaction, a bridging ligand serves as a conduit for ET.
 (Degenerate) ligand exchange
 One important indicator of reactivity is the rate of degenerate exchange of ligands.  For example, the rate of interchange of coordinate water in [M(H2O)6]n+ complexes varies over 20 orders of magnitude.  Complexes where the ligands are released and rebound rapidly are classified as labile.  Such labile complexes can be quite stable thermodynamically.  Typical labile metal complexes either have low-charge (Na+), electrons in d-orbitals that are antibonding with respect to the ligands (Zn2+), or lack covalency (Ln3+, where Ln is any lanthanide).  The lability of a metal complex also depends on the high-spin vs. low-spin configurations when such is possible.  Thus, high-spin Fe(II) and Co(III) form labile complexes, whereas low-spin analogues are inert.  Cr(III) can exist only in the low-spin state (quartet), which is inert because of its high formal oxidation state, absence of electrons in orbitals that are M–L antibonding, plus some "ligand field stabilization" associated with the d3 configuration.
 Associative processes
 Complexes that have unfilled or half-filled orbitals are often capable of reacting with substrates.  Most substrates have a singlet ground-state; that is, they have lone electron pairs (e.g., water, amines, ethers), so these substrates need an empty orbital to be able to react with a metal centre.  Some substrates (e.g., molecular oxygen) have a triplet ground state, which results that metals with half-filled orbitals have a tendency to react with such substrates (it must be said that the dioxygen molecule also has lone pairs, so it is also capable to react as a 'normal' Lewis base).

If the ligands around the metal are carefully chosen, the metal can aid in (stoichiometric or catalytic) transformations of molecules or be used as a sensor.

Classification
Metal complexes, also known as coordination compounds, include virtually all metal compounds.  The study of "coordination chemistry" is the study of "inorganic chemistry" of all alkali and alkaline earth metals, transition metals, lanthanides, actinides, and metalloids. Thus, coordination chemistry is the chemistry of the majority of the periodic table.  Metals and metal ions exist, in the condensed phases at least, only surrounded by ligands.

The areas of coordination chemistry can be classified according to the nature of the ligands, in broad terms:
 Classical (or "Werner Complexes"): Ligands in classical coordination chemistry bind to metals, almost exclusively, via their lone pairs of electrons residing on the main-group atoms of the ligand. Typical ligands are H2O, NH3, Cl−, CN−, en.  Some of the simplest members of such complexes are described in metal aquo complexes, metal ammine complexes,
 Examples: [Co(EDTA)]−, [Co(NH3)6]3+, [Fe(C2O4)3]3-
 Organometallic chemistry:  Ligands are organic (alkenes, alkynes, alkyls) as well as "organic-like" ligands such as phosphines, hydride, and CO.
 Example: (C5H5)Fe(CO)2CH3
 Bioinorganic chemistry: Ligands are those provided by nature, especially including the side chains of amino acids, and many cofactors such as porphyrins.
 Example: hemoglobin contains heme, a porphyrin complex of iron
 Example: chlorophyll contains a porphyrin complex of magnesium
 Many natural ligands are "classical"  especially including water.
 Cluster chemistry: Ligands include all of the above as well as other metal ions or atoms as well.
 Example Ru3(CO)12
 In some cases there are combinations of different fields:
Example: [Fe4S4(Scysteinyl)4]2−, in which a cluster is embedded in a biologically active species.

Mineralogy, materials science, and solid state chemistry – as they apply to metal ions – are subsets of coordination chemistry in the sense that the metals are surrounded by ligands.  In many cases these ligands are oxides or sulfides, but the metals are coordinated nonetheless, and the principles and guidelines discussed below apply. In hydrates, at least some of the ligands are water molecules. It is true that the focus of mineralogy, materials science, and solid state chemistry differs from the usual focus of coordination or inorganic chemistry. The former are concerned primarily with polymeric structures, properties arising from a collective effects of many highly interconnected metals. In contrast, coordination chemistry focuses on reactivity and properties of complexes containing individual metal atoms or small ensembles of metal atoms.

Nomenclature of coordination complexes
The basic procedure for naming a complex is:
 When naming a complex ion, the ligands are named before the metal ion.
 The ligands' names are given in alphabetical order. Numerical prefixes do not affect the order.
 Multiple occurring monodentate ligands receive a prefix according to the number of occurrences: di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, or hexa-.
 Multiple occurring polydentate ligands (e.g., ethylenediamine, oxalate) receive bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, etc.
 Anions end in o.  This replaces the final 'e' when the anion ends with '-ide', '-ate' or '-ite', e.g. chloride becomes chlorido and sulfate becomes sulfato. Formerly, '-ide' was changed to '-o' (e.g. chloro and cyano), but this rule has been modified in the 2005 IUPAC recommendations and the correct forms for these ligands are now chlorido and cyanido.
 Neutral ligands are given their usual name, with some exceptions: NH3 becomes ammine; H2O becomes aqua or aquo; CO becomes carbonyl; NO becomes nitrosyl.
 Write the name of the central atom/ion.  If the complex is an anion, the central atom's name will end in -ate, and its Latin name will be used if available (except for mercury).
 The oxidation state of the central atom is to be specified (when it is one of several possible, or zero), and should be written as a Roman numeral (or 0) enclosed in parentheses.
 Name of the cation should be preceded by the name of anion. (if applicable, as in last example)

Examples:

 [Cd(CN)2(en)2] → dicyanidobis(ethylenediamine)cadmium(II)
 [CoCl(NH3)5]SO4 → pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) sulfate
 [Cu(H2O)6] 2+  → hexaaquacopper(II) ion
 [CuCl5NH3]3− → amminepentachloridocuprate(II) ion
 K4[Fe(CN)6] → potassium hexacyanidoferrate(II)
 [NiCl4]2− → tetrachloridonickelate(II) ion (The use of chloro- was removed from IUPAC naming convention)

The coordination number of ligands attached to more than one metal (bridging ligands) is indicated by a subscript to the Greek symbol μ placed before the ligand name. Thus the dimer of aluminium trichloride is described by Al2Cl4(μ2-Cl)2.

Any anionic group can be electronically stabilized by any cation. An anionic complex can be stabilised by a hydrogen cation, becoming an acidic complex which can dissociate to release the cationic hydrogen. This kind of complex compound has a name with "ic" added after the central metal. For example, H2[Pt(CN)4] has the name tetracyanoplatinic (II) acid.

Stability constant

The affinity of metal ions for ligands is described by a stability constant, also called the formation constant, and is represented by the symbol Kf. It is the equilibrium constant for its assembly from the constituent metal and ligands, and can be calculated accordingly, as in the following example for a simple case:

xM (aq) + yL (aq)   zZ (aq)

where : x, y, and z are the stoichiometric coefficients of each species. M stands for metal / metal ion , the L for Lewis bases , and finally Z for complex ions. Formation constants vary widely.  Large values indicate that the metal has high affinity for the ligand, provided the system is at equilibrium.

Sometimes the stability constant will be in a different form known as the constant of destability. This constant is expressed as the inverse of the constant of formation and is denoted as Kd = 1/Kf . This constant represents the reverse reaction for the decomposition of a complex ion into its individual metal and ligand components. When comparing the values for Kd, the larger the value, the more unstable the complex ion is.

As a result of these complex ions forming in solutions they also can play a key role in solubility of other compounds. When a complex ion is formed it can alter the concentrations of its components in the solution. For example:

Ag + 2NH3  Ag(NH3)

AgCl(s) + H2O(l)  Ag + Cl

If these reactions both occurred in the same reaction vessel, the solubility of the silver chloride would be increased by the presence of NH4OH because formation of the Diammine argentum(I) complex consumes a significant portion of the free silver ions from the solution. By Le Chatelier's principle, this causes the equilibrium reaction for the dissolving of the silver chloride, which has silver ion as a product, to shift to the right.

This new solubility can be calculated given the values of Kf and Ksp for the original reactions. The solubility is found essentially by combining the two separate equilibria into one combined equilibrium reaction and this combined reaction is the one that determines the new solubility. So Kc, the new solubility constant, is denoted by:

Application of coordination compounds
As metals only exist in solution as coordination complexes, it follows then that this class of compounds is useful in a wide variety of ways.

Bioinorganic chemistry
In bioinorganic chemistry and bioorganometallic chemistry, coordination complexes serve either structural or catalytic functions. An estimated 30% of proteins contain metal ions.  Examples include the intensely colored vitamin B12, the heme group in hemoglobin, the cytochromes, the chlorin group in chlorophyll, and carboxypeptidase, a hydrolytic enzyme important in digestion. Another complex ion enzyme is catalase, which decomposes the cell's waste hydrogen peroxide. Synthetic coordination compounds are also used to bind to proteins and especially nucleic acids (e.g. anticancer drug cisplatin).

Industry
Homogeneous catalysis is a major application of coordination compounds for the production of organic substances.  Processes include hydrogenation, hydroformylation, oxidation.  In one example, a combination of titanium trichloride and triethylaluminium gives rise to Ziegler–Natta catalysts, used for the polymerization of ethylene and propylene to give polymers of great commercial importance as fibers, films, and plastics.

Nickel, cobalt, and copper can be extracted using hydrometallurgical processes involving complex ions. They are extracted from their ores as ammine complexes. Metals can also be separated using the selective precipitation and solubility of complex ions. Cyanide is used chiefly for extraction of gold and silver from their ores.

Phthalocyanine complexes are an important class of pigments.

Analysis
At one time, coordination compounds were used to identify the presence of metals in a sample. Qualitative inorganic analysis has largely been superseded by instrumental methods of analysis such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

See also

Activated complex
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
Coordination cage
Coordination geometry
Coordination isomerism
Coordination polymers, in which coordination complexes are the repeating units.
Inclusion compounds
Organometallic chemistry deals with a special class of coordination compounds where organic fragments are bonded to a metal at least through one C atom.

References

Further reading
 De Vito, D.; Weber, J. ; Merbach, A. E. "Calculated Volume and Energy Profiles for Water Exchange on t2g 6 Rhodium(III) and Iridium(III) Hexaaquaions: Conclusive Evidence for an Ia Mechanism" Inorganic Chemistry, 2004, Volume 43, pages 858–863.
 Zumdahl, Steven S.  Chemical Principles, Fifth Edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005. 943–946, 957.
 Harris, D., Bertolucci, M., Symmetry and Spectroscopy. 1989 New York, Dover Publications

External links

Naming Coordination Compounds
Transition Metal Complex Colors

Inorganic chemistry
Transition metals
Coordination chemistry


text:
Verkh-Slyudyanka () is a rural locality (a selo) in Mikhaylovsky Selsoviet, Ust-Kalmansky District, Altai Krai, Russia. The population was 144 as of 2013. There are 3 streets.

Geography
Verkh-Slyudyanka is located 61 km southeast of Ust-Kalmanka (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sibiryachikha and Beryozovka are the nearest rural localities.

References

Rural localities in Ust-Kalmansky District

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Tore Pedersen, norveški nogometaš, * 29. september 1969, Fredrikstad, Norveška.

Za norveško reprezentanco je odigral 45 uradnih tekem.

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text:
Eloise Bibb Thompson (June 26, 1878 – January 8, 1928) was an American educator, playwright, poet, and journalist. She married fellow journalist and activist Noah D. Thompson.

Early life
Eloise Alberta Veronica Bibb was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the daughter of Catherine Adele Brian Bibb and Charles H. Bibb. Her father was a federal customs inspector. She  trained as a teacher at New Orleans University, then attended Oberlin Academy from 1899 to 1901. She graduated from Howard University in 1907. She pursued further studies throughout her life, at Columbia University, University of Southern California, and New York University.

Career
Eloise Bibb taught school in New Orleans as a young woman. Bibb's first book of 26 poems was published in Boston in 1895. From 1908 to 1911 she worked as head resident at the Social Settlement House affiliated with Howard University. Howard University president Wilbur P. Thirkield said, "She is a woman who has accomplished a hard task of colored settlement work by putting her heart in it and her life under it and wrought wonderful results."

She moved to Los Angeles, California with her new husband in 1911, and wrote for various publications there, including the Los Angeles Tribune, Morning Sun Out West, and Tidings (published by the Diocese of Los Angeles). She was also active in the Catholic Women's Clubs of Los Angeles.  The Thompsons were considered members of the "Ink Slingers" literary circle in Los Angeles.

Eloise Bibb Thompson's A Reply to the Clansman (1915) was a screenplay in response to the film The Birth of a Nation. She wrote at least four plays: A Friend of Democracy (1920), Caught (1920), Africanus (1922, about the life of Marcus Garvey; it was directed by Olga Grey), and Cooped Up (1924), and she was associated with the National Ethiopian Art Theatre in New York.

Personal life
Eloise Bibb married editor and fellow writer Noah Davis Thompson in 1911, in Chicago. The couple moved from Los Angeles to New York in 1927, for his work in publishing. She died there from cancer early in 1928 at Edgecombe Sanitarium aged 49 years. She had first sought treatment for cancer in Vienna in 1914.

References

External links
 A 1922 letter from Eloise Bibb Thompson and Noah D. Thompson to W. E. B. DuBois, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.
 A poem by Eloise Bibb Thompson, "After Reading Bryant's Lines to a Waterfowl" (1924), in Maureen Honey, ed., Shadowed Dreams: Women's Poetry of the Harlem Renaissance (Rutgers University Press, 1989).
 A short story by Eloise Bibb Thompson, "Masks" (1927), appears in Judith Musser, ed., "Tell It to Us Easy" and Other Stories: A Complete Short Fiction Anthology of African American Women Writers in Opportunity Magazine (1923–1948) (McFarland 2011): 79–83, . It is also included in Lorraine Elena Roses, Ruth Elizabeth Randolph, eds, Harlem's Glory: Black Women Writing, 1900-1950 (Harvard University Press, 1996): 38–44, .

1878 births
1928 deaths
Howard University alumni
Dillard University alumni
American women writers
African-American Catholics


text:
Results of the 2011 Sri Lankan local government elections by province, district and local authority.

Province

District

Local authority

Footnotes

References

2011 Sri Lankan local government elections
Election results in Sri Lanka


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Adrianus Theodorus (Adri) Duivesteijn (Den Haag, 27 augustus 1950 – aldaar, 17 maart 2023) was een Nederlands politicus. Hij was namens de Partij van de Arbeid lid van de Eerste Kamer, Tweede Kamer en wethouder in Den Haag en Almere.

Loopbaan

Opleiding en start loopbaan
Duivesteijn volgde een opleiding aan de Katholieke Sociale Academie in Den Haag en studeerde twee jaar andragologie aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam. Daarna voltooide hij de VO-opleiding IVABO, een instituut voor Voortgezet Agogisch Beroepsonderwijs. Hij werkte vijf jaar als docent bij de SOSA (Stichting Haarlem) te Rotterdam.

Wethouder in Den Haag

Vanaf 1975 was hij lid van de gemeenteraad van Den Haag. In 1980 werd hij in die stad wethouder voor ruimtelijke ordening en stadsvernieuwing. Hij was onder andere verantwoordelijk voor de stadsvernieuwing in de Haagse Schilderswijk en was initiator van de bouw van het Haagse stadhuis van de Amerikaanse architect Richard Meier.

Uit onvrede met de sociale en architectonische kwaliteit van de stadsvernieuwing nam hij het initiatief voor de campagne 'Stadsvernieuwing als kulturele aktiviteit', waarmee hij zowel een architectonische als sociale vernieuwing van stadsvernieuwingswijken wilde bereiken. Met deze campagne nam Duivesteijn afstand van het 'productiedenken' dat de stadsvernieuwing in Nederland was gaan beheersen. Op 17 maart 1987 ontving Duivesteijn voor zijn initiatieven in de Haagse stadsvernieuwing de Dr. H.P. Berlageprijs.

In januari 1989 ontsnapte Duivesteijn aan een aanslag, gepleegd via een op zijn kantoor afgegeven tafellamp, waarin in de voet een explosief was verborgen. De bom, die door een mechanisch mankement niet afging, kon echter onschadelijk worden gemaakt. De dader bleek de Scheveningse crimineel Eef Hoos, die hiervoor tot een vrijheidsstraf werd veroordeeld.

Later dat jaar trad hij, op verzoek van de Haagse afdeling van de PvdA, af na een conflict met mede-wethouder Gerard van Otterloo over de inschatting van de risico's van de voorgestelde financiering van het nieuwe stadhuis. Ook Van Otterloo trad af. Naar aanleiding hiervan schreef Duivesteijn in 1994 samen met Fred Feddes het boek "Het Haagse stadhuis, bouwen in een slangenkuil".

Lid Tweede Kamer
Duivesteijn werd in 1989 de eerste directeur van het Nederlands Architectuurinstituut in Rotterdam. Bij de Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 1994 werd hij gekozen in het parlement. Hij hield zich in de Kamer bezig met volkshuisvesting en ruimtelijke ordening. Duivesteijn diende verschillende initiatiefvoorstellen in op het gebied van huren en wonen. Hij zat namens de PvdA in de parlementaire enquêtecommissie Bouwnijverheid (2002-2003). Van 2003 tot 2005 was hij voorzitter van de Tijdelijke Commissie Infrastructuur (TCI) die onderzoek deed naar de budgetoverschrijdingen bij grote projecten als de Betuwelijn en de HSL. Zijn rapport daarover was buitengewoon kritisch. Van 1998 tot 2006 was hij lid van de Raad van Europa en de WEU.

Wethouder in Almere
In april 2006 werd Duivesteijn gevraagd om wethouder te worden in Almere, en verliet hij de Kamer. Als wethouder was hij verantwoordelijk voor Ruimtelijke Ordening en Wonen. Hij deed zijn werk in Almere naar eigen zeggen als buitenstaander, wat onder meer inhield dat hij in Den Haag bleef wonen. Op 31 januari 2008 schortte Duivesteijn zijn werkzaamheden op nadat een groep anonieme ambtenaren hem via een brief aan de gemeentesecretaris ervan had beschuldigd gemeenschapsgeld te gebruiken voor privéreizen in dienstauto's en taxi's. Nadat de gemeenteraad twee dagen later het vertrouwen in Duivesteijn uitsprak, ging hij weer aan het werk.

Op 9 april 2008 presenteerde Duivesteijn samen met minister Jacqueline Cramer een plan voor een duurzame groei van Almere, de zogeheten Almere Principles. Op 17 oktober 2008 ontving hij uit handen van de Rotterdamse burgemeester Ivo Opstelten de Rotterdam-Maaskantprijs voor zijn bijdrage aan het ontwikkelen van ideeën over architectuur. Als verantwoordelijk wethouder bood Duivesteijn op 28 juli 2009 aan de minister van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieu Jacqueline Cramer en de minister van Verkeer en Waterstaat Camiel Eurlings de concept-Structuurvisie Almere 2.0 en de Ontwerpcasus Almere IJland aan. Beide plannen waren een uitwerking van het voornemen van het toenmalige kabinet om Almere in 2030 te laten groeien met 60.000 woningen en 100.000 arbeidsplaatsen.

Lid Eerste Kamer
Op 1 februari 2013 volgde hij Han Noten op als lid van de Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal. Kort daarna, op 21 maart 2013, stopte hij als wethouder in Almere. In een schrijven aan de Almeerse gemeenteraad en burgemeester liet hij in oktober weten dat de reden daarvoor niet alleen het senatorschap was, maar ook een ernstige ziekte waarvoor hij sinds september 2006 wordt behandeld.

In de avond van 17 december 2013 werd er een debat gevoerd over de verhuurdersheffing van minister Stef Blok rondom het woonakkoord van het kabinet-Rutte II waarin Duivesteijn een sleutelrol vervulde voor een meerderheid in de Senaat voor de bezuiniging van 1,7 miljard euro. Uiteindelijk stemde Duivesteijn in met het akkoord.

Op 16 december 2014 stemde hij samen met collega PvdA-senatoren Marijke Linthorst en Guusje ter Horst tegen een voorstel van minister van Volksgezondheid Edith Schippers om de vrije artsenkeuze (artikel 13) uit de Zorgverzekeringswet te schrappen, waardoor de verplichting om door niet-gecontracteerde aanbieders verleende zorg (gedeeltelijk) te vergoeden zou komen te vervallen. Er volgde een kabinetscrisis in het kabinet-Rutte II.

Latere jaren
Duivesteijn overleed op 72-jarige leeftijd aan de gevolgen van prostaatkanker.

Controversiële stijl
Duivesteijn werd in brede kring als een gedreven en deskundige politicus beschouwd. Hij beschikte over de geslepenheid om zijn plannen op de agenda te krijgen, maar hij was mede daardoor ook een politicus met vijanden. Zijn empathisch vermogen was niet bijster goed ontwikkeld, aldus oud-collega's. Duivesteijn wist in Den Haag de stadsvernieuwing op gang te brengen, maar met zijn compromisloze stijl dreef hij politici en ambtenaren ook tot wanhoop. Hij trok zich vaak niets aan van de regels. Een voorbeeld daarvan is de woontoren Witte Anna. In 1987 beloofde Duivesteijn - op eigen houtje en zonder enig vooroverleg met de gemeenteraad - 1,2 miljoen gulden uit het stadsvernieuwingsfonds aan de aannemer om op de top van de flat een restaurant te bouwen. Toen dit uitkwam ontstond een enorme rel (maar de gemeenteraad ging toch - zij het knarsetandend - akkoord, omdat het kwaad reeds was geschied). En - zoals hierboven reeds genoemd - in 1989 moest Duivesteijn opstappen in Den Haag na een hooglopende ruzie met collega-PvdA-wethouder over het nieuw te bouwen stadhuis.

Verkiezingsuitslagen

Wethouder van Den Haag
Wethouder van Almere
Tweede Kamerlid
Eerste Kamerlid
PvdA-politicus (Nederland)
Gemeenteraadslid van Den Haag


text:
Team America: World Police é um filme de comédia  teuto-estadunidense de 2004, escrito por Trey Parker, Matt Stone e Pam Brady e dirigido por Parker, os quais também são conhecidos por ser criadores da popular série televisiva de animação South Park. O filme conta com um elenco composto de marionetes. Team America se concentra em uma equipe fictícia de policiais conhecido como "Team America: World Police", que tentam salvar o mundo de uma conspiração terrorista violenta, liderada por Kim Jong-il.

O uso de marionetes, em vez de atores é uma referência ao Thunderbirds, um popular programa de televisão britânico da década de 1960. A dupla trabalhou no roteiro com o ex escritor de South Park Pam Brady por quase dois anos. O filme tinha um tempo problemático na produção, com vários problemas relacionados com as marionetes. Além disso, os cineastas lutaram com a Motion Picture Association of America, que retornou ao filme mais de nove vezes com uma classificação NC-17.

O filme estreou no Denver Film Festival em 14 de outubro de 2004 e foi lançado nos Estados Unidos no dia seguinte em 15 de outubro de 2004 pela Paramount Pictures. Recebeu críticas principalmente positivas dos críticos e arrecadou mais de US $ 51 milhões em todo o mundo com um orçamento de US $ 32 milhões.

Sinopse
Team America é uma equipe policial dos Estados Unidos que age em âmbito mundial, com a missão de proteger o planeta de ameaças e garantir sua estabilidade. Ao descobrir que um perigoso ditador está armazenando armas em seu país, uma equipe do Team America é enviada para combatê-lo. Entre eles está Gary Johnston, um astro da Broadway que recebe a missão de usar seus talentos dramáticos para combater a ameaça.

Elenco
 Trey Parker - Gary Johnston / Joe / Kim Jong Il / Hans Blix / Carson / Matt Damon / Bêbado no Bar / Tim Robbins / Sean Penn / Michael Moore / Helen Hunt / Susan Sarandon (Vozes)
 Matt Stone - Chris / George Clooney / Danny Glover / Ethan Hawke / Matt Damon (Vozes)
 Kristen Miller - Lisa (Voz)
 Masasa Moyo - Sarah (Voz)
 Daran Norris - Spottswoode (Voz)
 Phil Hendrie - I.N.T.E.L.L.I.G.E.N.C.E. / Terrorista(Voz)
 Maurice LaMarche - Alec Baldwin (Voz)
 Chelsea Marguerite - Mãe Francesa (Voz)
 Jeremy Shada - Jean Francois (Voz)
 Fred Tatasciore - Samuel L. Jackson (Voz)

Filmes com trilha sonora de Harry Gregson-Williams
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2004
Filmes de aventura dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia de ação dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de aventura da Alemanha
Filmes de comédia de ação da Alemanha
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes sobre aviação
Filmes ambientados no Egito
Filmes ambientados em Nova Iorque
Filmes ambientados na Coreia do Norte
Filmes ambientados em Paris
Filmes ambientados na Dakota do Sul
Filmes ambientados em Washington, D.C.
Filmes da Paramount Pictures
Filmes da Alemanha de 2004


text:
Unia Demokratyczna – polska partia polityczna
 Unia Demokratyczna – czeska partia polityczna
 Unia Demokratyczna – słowacka partia polityczna
 Unia Demokratyczna – włoska partia polityczna


text:
Kashuk or Keshuk or Kashook or Kishuk () may refer to:
 Kashuk-e Olya
 Kashuk-e Sofla


text:
Let in the Light is a 2007 album by Shannon Wright.

Track listing
Defy This Love – 3:39
St. Pete - 3:12
You Baffle Me - 3:04
Idle Hands - 2:12
When The Light Shone Down - 3:32
Don't You Doubt Me - 3:14
In The Morning - 3:23
Steadfast and True - 3:42
They'll Kill The Actor In The End - 3:14
Louise - 2:19
Everybody's Got Their Own Part To Play - 2:44

References

2007 albums
Shannon Wright albums


text:
Cyprania est un genre de collemboles de la famille des Bourletiellidae.

Liste des espèces
Selon Checklist of the Collembola of the World (version du 13 août 2019) :
 Cyprania gisae Bretfeld, 1992
 Cyprania inopinata Bretfeld, 1996

Publication originale
 Bretfeld, 1992 : Generic division of Prorastriopes Betsch, 1977 with description of Cyprania n. g. from Cyprus (Collembola, Symphypleona). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum der Universitaet Kiel,  Suppl., .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Bourletiellidae
Genre de collemboles (nom scientifique)


text:
Bayside es un lugar designado por el censo situado en el condado de Accomack, Virginia  (Estados Unidos). Según el censo de 2010 tenía una población de 120 habitantes.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2010, Bayside tenía una población en la que el 4,2% eran blancos; el 95% afroamericanos; el 0,0% eran indios americanos y nativos de Alaska; el 0,0% eran asiáticos; el 0,0% hawaianos y otros isleños del Pacífico; el 0,8% de otra raza, y el 0,0% a partir de dos o más razas. El 0,8% del total de la población eran hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades del condado de Accomack
Lugares designados por el censo en Virginia


text:
Berotha insulana är en insektsart som beskrevs av U. Aspöck och H. Aspöck 1981. Berotha insulana ingår i släktet Berotha och familjen Berothidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Nätvingar
insulana


text:
Мисак Саакович Оганян (род. 1924 год, село Каваклук) — табаковод, бригадир колхоза имени Берия Гагрского района Абхазской АССР, Грузинская ССР. Герой Социалистического Труда (1949).

Младший брат Героя Социалистического Труда Енофа Сааковича Оганяна.

Родился в 1924 году в крестьянской семье в селе Каваклук (сегодня — Амжикухуа). Участвовал в Великой Отечественной войне. После демобилизации возвратился в Абхазию, где трудился звеньевым полеводческого звена в колхозе имени Берия Гагрского района.

В 1948 году бригада Мисака Оганяна собрала в среднем по 18 центнеров листьев табака сорта «Самсун № 27» с каждого гектара на участке площадью 3 гектара. Указом Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 3 мая 1949 года «за получение высоких урожаев кукурузы и табака в 1948 году» удостоен звания Героя Социалистического Труда с вручением ордена Ленина и золотой медали «Серп и Молот».

Этим же указом были награждены званием Героя Социалистического Труда председатель колхоза имени Берия Авксентий Константинович Гурцкая, его старший брат Еноф Оганян и Зинайда Хусейновна Акушба.

После выхода на пенсию проживал в родном селе.

 Награды
 Герой Социалистического Труда
 Орден Ленина
 Орден Отечественной войны 2 степени (11.03.1985)

Ссылки


text:
Les élections législatives françaises de 1877 dans la  circonscription de Dunkerque se déroulent le .

Circonscription
La  circonscription de Dunkerque était composée en 1876 des cantons de Dunkerque-Est, Dunkerque-Ouest et Gravelines.

Contexte
Jean-Baptiste Trystram (Gauche républicaine), conseiller général du canton de Dunkerque-Ouest et président de la Chambre de commerce de Dunkerque se présente pour un second mandat face à lui Frédéric d'Arras, maire de Dunkerque depuis 1871.

Résultats
 Député sortant : Jean-Baptiste Trystram (Gauche républicaine)

Notes et références

Histoire de Dunkerque
Gravelines
Élections législatives à Dunkerque
Dunkerque


text:
Georg Kunisch (21 April 1893 – 1936) was a German freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He was born and died in Breslau. In 1912 he was eliminated in the first round of the 100 metre freestyle event. He was also a member of the German relay team which finished fourth in the 4x200 metre freestyle relay competition.

References

External links

1893 births
1936 deaths
German male swimmers
German male freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers of Germany
Swimmers at the 1912 Summer Olympics


text:
Jerzy Marek Makles (ur. 7 kwietnia 1932, zm. 4 lutego 2005) – trener lekkoatletyki i działacz sportowy.

Życiorys
Inicjator Crossów Ostrzeszowskich, w latach 1976-1979 Prezes Wojewódzkiej Federacji Sportu w Kaliszu, 1982-1985 – szef szkolenia młodzieży w Polskim Związku Lekkiej Atletyki. Pionier "Królowej Sportu" w Zjednoczonych Emiratach Arabskich, gdzie przebywał w okresie 1986-1995.

Po powrocie do kraju, osiadł w rodzinnym Ostrzeszowie, gdzie w latach 1998-2002 pełnił funkcję radnego.

Zmarł podczas obozu sportowego.

Przypisy

Ludzie związani z Ostrzeszowem
Polscy trenerzy lekkoatletyczni
Urodzeni w 1932
Zmarli w 2005


text:
Die Damallsvenskan 2006 war die 19. Spielzeit der Damallsvenskan, der höchsten Spielklasse im schwedischen Frauenfußball. Die Spiele fanden zwischen dem 17. April und 29. Oktober 2006 statt.

Umeå IK konnte den Titel erfolgreich verteidigen und wurde zum insgesamt fünften Mal schwedischer Meister. Während der Saison blieb die Mannschaft ungeschlagen. Lotta Schelin vom Göteborg FC wurde mit 21 Toren "Skyttedrottningar" (Torschützenkönigin).

Tabelle

|}

Zur Saison 2007 änderte Djurgården/Älvsjö seinen Namen in Djurgården Damfotboll. Die Frauenfußballabteilung von Malmö FF machte sich unter dem Namen LdB FC Malmö selbständig.

Torschützenliste

Statistiken
Insgesamt 422 Tore wurden in den 132 Spielen erzielt. Dies entspricht einem Schnitt von 3,2 pro Spiel. Der Zuschauerschnitt lag bei 814. Bestbesuchte Partie war das Spiel zwischen Linköpings FC und Umeå IK, das von 3.427 Zuschauern verfolgt wurde.

Damallsvenskan-Saison
Fußballsaison 2006


text:
Santa Cristina (oficialmente y ) es un lugar y una parroquia del concello de La Vega, en la comarca de Valdeorras, provincia de Orense, Galicia, España. Según el censo municipal de 2004 contaba con 22 habitantes (12 hombres y 10 mujeres), distribuidos en 2 entidades de población, lo que significa el mantenimiento en relación con el año 1999 cuando también contaba con 22 habitantes. Según el IGE, en 2014 su población había descendido a 11 habitantes, siendo 7 hombres y 4 mujeres.

Lugares
 As Lastras
 Santa Cristina

Referencias

Parroquias de La Vega


text:
The Dark Tunnel is the first novel by "one of the giants of twentieth century crime fiction", Kenneth Millar.  The first edition was published by Dodd, Mead & Co. in 1944 New York, a fine-condition copy of which was priced at  .  Millar's biography describes The Dark Tunnel as "a hybrid of old-fashioned puzzle-mystery, Buchanesque spy adventure, and Chandleresque exposé of sexual perversion.

As an author, Millar was influenced by John Buchan and Raymond Chandler, with The Dark Tunnel bearing a strong resemblance to The Thirty-Nine Steps, and echoing Chandler's hallmarks of "rough-and-ready humor, its extravagant similes, and its more lurid events and descriptions".

Millar's protagonist is Professor Robert Branch, a dichotomous character heavily influenced by the Professor Millar himself.  Branch has studied T. S. Eliot, W. C. Handy, Norse mythology, and William Shakespeare; Branch is skilled in lock picking, athletic, and possesses a Doctor of Philosophy.

References

1944 American novels
1944 debut novels
American mystery novels
American spy novels
Dodd, Mead & Co. books
novels by Ross Macdonald


text:
Cyamon argon är en svampdjursart som beskrevs av Dickinson 1945. Cyamon argon ingår i släktet Cyamon och familjen Raspailiidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Horn- och kiselsvampar
argon


text:
Magico inganno (Bad Hare Day) è il quarantunesimo libro della serie Piccoli brividi dell'autore statunitense R. L. Stine.

Trama

Tim Swanson è un dodicenne aspirante mago, che si diverte a fare spettacoli di magia a scuola per i suoi coetanei. Un giorno sua sorella di dieci anni Ginny svela tutti i segreti dei suoi trucchi al pubblico e dà al fratello un colpo di karate nello stomaco. Successivamente Tim e il suo amico Martin "Foz" Foster si recano ad un negozio di magia locale e il proprietario regala loro due biglietti per lo spettacolo del grande mago Amaz-O, l'idolo di Tim, ma i suoi genitori gli negano il permesso di andare poiché troppo piccolo. Il giorno dello spettacolo Tim organizza un nuovo spettacolo a casa sua prendendo in prestito il coniglio di Foz ma questi fugge, venendo però riacciuffato da Ginny. Quella sera Tim decide di disubbidire ai suoi genitori e di recarsi ugualmente allo spettacolo notturno di Amaz-O ma viene fermato da Ginny, la quale gli chiede di portarla con lui; i due assistono allo spettacolo e Amaz-O chiede a Tim di fargli da assistente, facendo vari trucchi di magia. Il mago, successivamente, fa entrare Tim in una scatola chiusa e il ragazzo finisce attraverso una botola nelle cantine del locale, riuscendo ad uscire e a raggiungere il camerino di Amaz-O: qui, per vendicarsi, Tim ruba la valigetta dei trucchi. Tornando a casa Ginny chiede a suo fratello di farle usare la valigetta ma lui glielo nega, utilizzandola lui stesso più tardi a casa e scoprendo nuovi trucchi.

Il sabato seguente Foz e Ginny assistono allo spettacolo di magia organizzato da Tim ma tutti i trucchi gli vanno storti. Sua sorella, però, vede una carota nella valigetta di Tim e la mangia, trasformandosi in un coniglio. I due decidono di recarsi da Amaz-O per chiedergli di riportare Ginny nella sua forma umana ma trovano il cadavere del mago, anche se in realtà si scopre che è solo un fantoccio: i due infatti sentono una voce proveniente da uno dei conigli di Amaz-O e scoprono che l'animale è in realtà il vero mago, trasformato in coniglio da uno stregone malvagio. Il fantoccio serviva ad Amaz-O per poter partecipare allo show e dice a Tim che sua sorella tornerà umana in meno di un'ora, chiedendogli di partecipare allo show come suo assistente e il ragazzo accetta, ignorando però che il suo ruolo sarà quello del coniglio del mago.

Episodio TV
Di questo libro è stata realizzata una trasposizione televisiva, chiamata "Il trucco del coniglio", che presenta delle sostanziali differenze rispetto al racconto:

 Ginny sparisce attraverso un mantello magico anziché divenire un coniglio e non pratica karate.
 Il personaggio di Foz ha un ruolo quasi marginale nell'episodio televisivo.
 Contrariamente al libro il coniglio, in realtà, è un mago malvagio di nome El Sydney il quale dice che è stato Amaz-O a tramutarlo in coniglio per evitare che prendesse il controllo del mondo. El Sydney, inoltre, mente a Tim dicendogli di essere un fan di Amaz-O e non vi è alcun accenno all'utilizzo di un fantoccio da parte dello stesso Amaz-O.
 Tim non utilizza il kit appena arrivato a casa ma lo usa con sua sorella il giorno dopo.
 Nel finale El Sydney torna umano e trasforma Tim e Amaz-O in due conigli che utilizza nel suo successivo spettacolo, attraverso il trucco della ghigliottina. Quando Amaz-O dice a Tim di riuscire a trovare un modo per fuggire si sente il suono inequivocabile della lama che scatta.

Edizioni

Collegamenti esterni


text:
La vice-royauté des Indes ou vice-royauté colombienne,  est le nom qui désigne le nombre de titres et de droits accordés à Christophe Colomb par les Rois catholiques en 1492 avant de se lancer dans son premier voyage qui a abouti la découverte de l'Amérique.

Origine

Histoire

La vice-royauté sous Christophe Colomb

La vice-royauté après la mort de Christophe Colomb

Annexes

Source de la traduction

Articles connexes
 Colonisation espagnole des Amériques
 Histoire coloniale de l'Amérique

Ancienne colonie espagnole
Colonisation espagnole des Amériques
Histoire de la République dominicaine
Histoire d'Haïti
Division administrative fondée au XVe siècle
Division administrative disparue
Territoire de la couronne de Castille
Disparition en 1535


text:
Monia Chokri (Quebec, 1983) é uma atriz quebequense.

Nascida em ela iniciou sua carreira após terminar seus estudos no Conservatoire d'art dramatique de Montréal em 2005.

Além de ter atuado em várias peças de teatro, em Montreal, ela conseguiu papéis muito diferentes em filmes apresentados no Festival de Cannes por cineastas canadenses: Denys Arcand e Xavier Dolan. Em Les Amours Imaginaires (Os Amores Imaginários), ela interpreta Marie, uma jovem que se apaixona pelo mesmo homem que seu amigo Francis. A qualidade de sua interpretação foi destacada pela crítica, notadamente por Les Inrockuptibles e pelo Jornal Le Monde.

Filmografia
 2007: L'Âge des ténèbres de Denys Arcand, Aziza
 2008: Frédérique au centre de Anne Émond, Frédérique
 2009: Hier, demain, hier de Xavier Rondeau-Beauchesne, Maya
 2010: Les Amours Imaginaires, de Xavier Dolan, Marie.
 2012: Laurence Anyways, de Xavier Dolan, Stéfanie Belair.
 2012: Babysitter, também diretora, Nadia.

Ligações externas

Atrizes do Canadá
Naturais de Quebec (cidade)


text:
Суханов-Подколзін Гаврило Гаврилович (1850—1900) — генерал-майор, камергер.
Батьки були знайомими Тарасові Шевченку. Відомі дитячі портрети: 8-річного Гаврила і його старшого брата Бориса, які малював Шевченко.

Закінчив Миколаївське кавалерійське училища (1869). У чині поручика командував резервним ескадроном лейб-гвардії Гусарського полку (8 жовтня 1872 — 23 вересня 1873).

Штабс-ротмістр — з 13 квітня 1875 роки; ротмістр — з 30 серпня 1878 року.

У період з 11 квітня 1879 до 2 вересня 1880 року було ад'ютантом при головнокомандуючому військами гвардії і Петербурзького військового округу; брав участь у російсько-турецькій війні 1877-78 рр. Потім, до 30 серпня 1890 року — ад'ютант при генерал-інспекторі кавалерії.

Полковник — з 20 квітня 1880 роки; генерал-майор — з 30 серпня 1890 року.

Великий землевласник Всесвятської волості Острогозького повіту.

Примітки

Джерела
 Г. Зленко.

Посилання
 Суханов-Подколзін Гаврило Гаврилович
Генерал-майори (Російська імперія)


text:
Bitwa pod Borejkami –  walki 28 pułku piechoty Strzelców Kaniowskich mjr. Jana Tabaczyńskiego z oddziałami 18 Dywizji Strzelców w czasie majowej ofensywy wojsk Michaiła Tuchaczewskiego  w okresie wojny polsko-bolszewickiej.

Przebieg działań

Działania wojsk przed bitwą
14 maja ruszyła pierwsza ofensywa wojsk Frontu Zachodniego Michaiła Tuchaczewskiego.

15 Armia Augusta Korka i Grupa Północna Jewgienija Siergiejewa uderzyły na pozycje oddziałów 8 Dywizji Piechoty i 1 Dywizji Litewsko-Białoruskiej w ogólnym kierunku na Głębokie, a 16 Armia Nikołaja Sołłohuba wykonała uderzenie pomocnicze w kierunku Mińska.
W rejonie Lepla i Uszacza oddziały 1 Dywizji L-B i 13 pułku piechoty z 8 Dywizji Piechoty nie wytrzymały uderzenia  4., 11., 56. i 5 Dywizji Strzelców i rozpoczęły odwrót.

21 maja 1 Armia gen. Stefana Majewskiego została wzmocniona ściągniętą z rejonu Wilna 10 Dywizją Piechoty. Dywizja ta obsadziła linię obronną  między Szarkowszczyzną a Kozianami. Umożliwiło to wycofującym się 8 DP i 1 DLB oderwanie się od przeciwnika i zreorganizowanie oddziałów.

Walki 28 pułku piechoty
22 maja pułki 10 Dywizji ruszyły do przeciwnatarcia. Jego celem było umożliwić 8 Dywizji Piechoty i 1 Brygadzie Jazdy oderwanie się od przeciwnika i reorganizację wykrwawionych oddziałów.
28 pp Strzelców Kaniowskich mjr. Jana Tabaczyńskiego otrzymał rozkaz uderzenia od północy na Gołbię i nawiązania łączności z oddziałami 6 Dywizji Piechoty. Wsparcie artyleryjskie zapewniała 3/10 pułku artylerii polowej.
Idący na czele kolumny  II/28 pp zaatakował oddziały sowieckiej 18 Dywizji Strzelców broniące się na skraju lasu w okolicach Borejek. Oba skrzydła pozycji sowieckiej osłaniał bagnisty i trudny do przebycia teren.
5. i 6. kompanie 28 pp pod ogniem nieprzyjaciela przebiegły 700 m groblę i opanowały mostki prowadzące do wsi, a następnie samą wieś.
Dalsze walki toczyły się w głębi lasu, a do walki weszły 7 i 8 kompania 28 pp.
Po opanowaniu skrzyżowania dróg pod Borejkami, dowódca pułku mjr Tabaczyński wprowadził do walki III batalion z zadaniem opanowania Gołbei. W trakcie marszu batalion wymiótł z kilku wiosek małe oddziały sowieckie, szturmem opanował wieś Olchwery i około 16.00 zdobył Gołbeje.

W tym czasie 6 Dywizja Piechoty zdobyła Duniłowicze, a rozpoznanie ustaliło, że skoncentrowana w rejonie Szarkowszczyzny sowiecka 56 Dywizja Strzelców dotkliwie odczuwa brak amunicji.
Dowódca grupy operacyjnej płk Małachowski wydał rozkaz uderzenia na Szarkowszczyznę i 28 pułk piechoty swoimi głównymi siłami ruszył do natarcia.
Na ubezpieczeniu w Gołbeje pozostawiono 9 kompanię por. Rogowskiego i 10 kompanię, zaś w Borejkach 7 kompanię por. Ciunelisa.

Gdy główne siły pułku odmaszerowały, ześrodkowane w okolicznych lasach oddziały sowieckiej 18 Dywizji Strzelców uderzyły na Gołbeje i rozbiły broniące się tam kompanie III batalionu. Pozostałe kompanie tegoż batalionu, wzmocnione 6 kompanią, okopały się na skrzyżowaniu dróg pod Borejkami. Około północy nieprzyjaciel obszedł lewe skrzydło III batalionu i uderzył na broniącą się w Borejkach 7 kompanię. Podpalone stodoły skutecznie oświetlały teren i przeciwnik został odparty.
Jednak dalsze pozostawanie w Borejkach groziło zniszczeniem całego pułku. Major Tabaczyński wydał rozkaz powrotu do wsi Bielki.

23 maja rozpoczął się ogólny odwrót wojsk polskich na linię Dryssa – Przedbrodzie – Duniłowicze – Budsław – rzeka Serwecz – Milcza – rzeka Omniszewka.

Bilans walk
Pułk nie utrzymał Borejek. Jednak jego działanie przyczyniło się do oderwania od nieprzyjaciela 8 DP i 1 DLB i zreorganizowania swoich oddziałów.
Nie są znane straty, jakie poniósł 28 pułk podczas walk w rejonie Borejek, ale przeszły one do tradycji pułku jako jedne z najkrwawszych. Zdobyto dwa karabiny maszynowe

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Bitwy wojny polsko-bolszewickiej
Bitwy w 1920


text:
Microcaecilia butantan é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Siphonopidae. Endêmica do Brasil, onde pode ser encontrada apenas no município de Belterra (Área de Proteção Ambiental Aramanaí), no estado do Pará.

Microcaecilia
Anfíbios do Brasil
Anfíbios descritos em 2015


text:
The 37th Aviation Division (, 37. ваздухопловна дивизија) was a unit originally established in 1944 as the 42nd Aviation Assault Division (, 42. ваздухопловна јуришна дивизија).  It was formed from Yugoslav Partisan aviators, trained and equipped by the Soviet Air Force.

History

42nd Aviation Assault Division
The 42nd Aviation Assault Division was established during the December 1944, in Novi Sad, from Yugoslav Partisan aviators with the assistance of the Soviet Air Force 17th Air Army's 10th Guards Assault Aviation Division (165.GShAD). It became independent of Soviet command and personnel in May 1945. The division was part of the Soviet Group of Aviation Divisions, and consisted of three fighter regiments. It took part in the final operations for the  liberation of Yugoslavia. During combat operations, its headquarters was at Novi Sad.
The division had about 1100 personnel, 114 officers, 254 NCO's and 732 soldiers. Of that number, 253 were pilots and 653 were technicians. It was equipped with 125 Ilyushin Il-2 assault aircraft.
In August 1945, the division was reorganized and renamed as the 2nd Aviation Mixed Division (, 2. ваздухопловна мешовита дивизија).

The commander of the division in this period was Jevrem Bjelica, and the political commissar was Enver Ćemalović.

2nd Aviation Division
The 2nd Aviation Mixed Division was formed on August 3, 1945, from the 42nd Aviation Assault Division with its headquarters in Zagreb. The division was directly under the Command of the Yugoslav Air Force. In 1947, the division was renamed the 2nd Aviation Assault Division (, 2. ваздухопловна јуришна дивизија).

In 1948, the division was again renamed, becoming the 37th Assault Aviation Division (, 37. ваздухопловна јуришна дивизија).

The commanders of the division in this period were Jevrem Bjelica and Viktor Bubanj. The political commissars were Enver Ćemalović and Stane Bobnar.

37th Aviation Division

The 37th Aviation Assault Division was formed by renaming the 2nd Aviation Assault Division in 1948. It underwent some minor organisational changes at this time.

In 1949, the division was attached to the 3rd Aviation Corps. It relocated its headquarters from Zagreb to Cerklje. In 1954, it was renamed as the Aviation Fighter-Bomber Division due to the replacement of Soviet aircraft with US-made fighter-bombers.

It was disbanded on June 27, 1959, under the "Drvar" reorganization plan. Its command was transformed into the headquarters of the 7th Air Command and its units were attached to the 5th Air Command.

The commanders of the division in this period were Viktor Bubanj, Vladimir Bakarić, Zlatko Predavec, Milan Simović and Svetozar Radojević. Its commissars were Enver Ćemalović and Veljko Ražnatović until 1953.

Assignments
Group of aviation divisions (1944-1945)
Command of Yugoslav Air Force (1945-1949)
3rd Aviation Corps (1949–1959)

Previous designations
42nd Aviation Assault Division (1944-1945)
2nd Aviation Mixed Division (1945-1947)
2nd Aviation Assault Division (1947-1948)
37th Aviation Assault Division (1948-1954)
37th Aviation Fighter-Bomber Division (1954-1959)

Organization

1944-1945
42nd Aviation Assault Division
421st Assault Aviation Regiment
422nd Assault Aviation Regiment
423rd Assault Aviation Regiment

1945
42nd Aviation Assault Division
422nd Assault Aviation Regiment
423rd Assault Aviation Regiment
112th Fighter Aviation Regiment

1945-1947
2nd Aviation Mixed Division
113th Fighter Aviation Regiment
421st Assault Aviation Regiment
422nd Assault Aviation Regiment
423rd Assault Aviation Regiment

1947-1948
2nd Aviation Assault Division
421st Assault Aviation Regiment
422nd Assault Aviation Regiment
423rd Assault Aviation Regiment

1948-1959
37th Aviation Assault/Fighter-Bomber Division
Training Squadron of 37th Aviation Division (1953-1959)
715th Independent Reconnaissance Squadron (1949-1952)
96th Assault Aviation Regiment
111th Assault Aviation Regiment
138th Assault Aviation Regiment (1949–1958)
474th Air Base

Headquarters
Novi Sad (1944-1945)
Zagreb (1945-1951)
Cerklje (1951-1959)

Commanding officers
Colonel Jevrem Bjelica
Colonel Viktor Bubanj
Colonel Vladimir Bakarić
Major Zlatko Predavec (defected with Po-2 aircraft to Austria in 1950.)
Colonel Milan Simović
Colonel Svetozar Radojević

Political commissars
Lieutenant-Colonel Enver Ćemalović
Colonel Stane Bobnar
Colonel Enver Ćemalović
Colonel Veljko Ražnatović

References

Notes and citations

Bibliography

Divisions of Yugoslav Air Force
Military units and formations established in 1944
Divisions of the Yugoslav Partisans
Military units and formations disestablished in 1959


text:
Джо́натан Майкл Ско́филд (; 10 мая 1985, Питерсфилд) — британский гребец-байдарочник, выступает за сборную Великобритании с 2007 года. Бронзовый призёр летних Олимпийских игр в Лондоне, серебряный и бронзовый призёр чемпионатов мира, трёхкратный чемпион Европы, победитель многих регат национального и международного значения.

Биография
Джонатан Скофилд родился 10 мая 1985 года в городе Питерсфилд графства Гэмпшир. Активно заниматься греблей начал с раннего детства, проходил подготовку в Лестере в каноэ-клубе колледжа Сор-Вэлли.

Впервые заявил о себе в сезоне 2002 года, одержав победу на юниорском чемпионате мира в Уэльсе. На взрослых первенствах мира дебютировал в 2007 году, в двойках на пятистах метрах разместился в итоговом протоколе лишь на девятой позиции и не смог квалифицировать на Олимпийские игры в Пекине.

Первого серьёзного успеха на взрослом международном уровне добился в 2010 году, когда попал в основной состав британской национальной сборной и побывал на чемпионате Европы в испанской Корвере, откуда привёз награду золотого достоинства, выигранную в зачёте двухместных байдарок на дистанции 200 метров. Кроме того, в этом сезоне выступил на чемпионате мира в польской Познани, где стал серебряным призёром в эстафете 4 × 200 м и бронзовым призёром в двойках на двухстах метрах. Год спустя в двухсотметровой программе байдароК-двоек одержал победу на европейском первенстве в Белграде и получил серебро на мировом первенстве в Сегеде.

В 2012 году на чемпионате Европы в хорватском Загребе Скофилд в третий раз подряд стал лучшим в двухсотметровой гонке двоек. Благодаря череде удачных выступлений удостоился права защищать честь страны на домашних летних Олимпийских играх в Лондоне — вместе со своим напарником Лиамом Хитом финишировал в двойках на двухстах метрах третьим, уступив только экипажам из России и Белоруссии, и завоевал тем самым бронзовую олимпийскую медаль.

После лондонской Олимпиады Джонатан Скофилд остался в основном составе гребной команды Великобритании и продолжил принимать участие в крупнейших международных регатах. Так, в 2013 году он добавил в послужной список серебряную награду, полученную в двухсотметровой гонке двухместных байдарок на чемпионате мира в немецком Дуйсбурге. В следующем сезоне представлял страну на мировом первенстве в Москве и выиграл бронзу в программе эстафеты 4 × 200 м.

Имеет высшее образование, в июне 2010 года окончил Университет Лафборо, где обучался на факультете антропобиологии. Ныне проживает в Мейденхеде, графство Беркшир.

Примечания

Ссылки

 Джонатан Скофилд — медали на крупнейших международных соревнованиях
 Списки чемпионов и призёров по гребле на байдарках и каноэ (1936—2007)

Гребцы на байдарках и каноэ Великобритании
Гребцы на байдарках и каноэ на летних Олимпийских играх 2012 года
Бронзовые призёры летних Олимпийских игр 2012 года
Чемпионы Европы по гребле на байдарках и каноэ
Гребцы на байдарках и каноэ на летних Олимпийских играх 2016 года
Серебряные призёры летних Олимпийских игр 2016 года


text:
The Imereti Lowlands (, ) is located in western Georgia (country) and continues on the coast of the Black Sea between the Mzymta and Psou rivers in the Krasnodar Krai, Russia. It meets the sea in the Adler district of Sochi city.

The name derives from the Georgian region of Imereti.

The Imereti Lowlands was an important bird area protected since 1911, most of which was destroyed during the construction of the Coastal cluster of the 2014 Winter Olympic Games. The project included hotel complexes that would have a combined total of 5,600 rooms. The largest of these hotels was built on 36 hectares in the Imereti Lowlands. The Lowlands would also have a four-star, 700-room hotel for dignitaries and guests attending the Games.

An ornithological park was officially created on 298,59 ha of lands left unoccupied by the olympic infrastructure, but mostly inadequate for the park purpose.

References
 www.ikd.ru — Жителям имеретинской низменности пообещали, что переселения не будет
 www.seu.ru — Строительство Олимпийских объектов окончательно погубит Имеретинскую низменность
 bp21.org.by — Реквием по Имеретинской низменности
 http://geo.opensochi.org - Природный орнитологический парк в Имеретинской низменности

Sochi
Landforms of Krasnodar Krai
Valleys of Russia


text:
Wally Tuck (12 August 1897 – 17 November 1983) was an  Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Notes

External links

1897 births
1983 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
St Kilda Football Club players
People educated at Xavier College


text:
La primavera della mia vita è il secondo album in studio del gruppo musicale italiano Colapesce Dimartino, pubblicato il 24 febbraio 2023 dalla CAM Sugar.

Descrizione
L'album contiene i brani tratti dalla colonna sonora del film La primavera della mia vita, nel quale Colapesce e Dimartino figurano come protagonisti.

Gli artisti hanno creato le musiche originali insieme a Giordano Colombo, Federico Nardelli, Giulia Emma Russo, Davide Rossi, Marco Giudici, Adele Altro e Madame; basandosi sulle opere di Franco Micalizzi, Ennio Morricone, Riz Ortolani, Fabio Frizzi e Piero Umiliani.

Tracce

Edizione digitale

Edizione CD e vinile

Note

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Katedra św. Ruperta w Salzburgu (niem. Salzburger Dom) – główna świątynia archdiecezji salzburskiej w Austrii. Została wybudowana w latach 1614–1628 w stylu barokowym według projektu włoskiego architekta Santino Solariego na miejscu średniowiecznej katedry wybudowanej przez św. Wirgiliusza, benedyktyńskiego biskupa. W katedrze był chrzczony Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Świątynia może pomieścić ok. 10 tys. wiernych.

Salzburg
Religia w Salzburgu
Salzburg
Zabytkowe kościoły w Austrii


text:
Diarsia rubifera, the red dart, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from coast to coast and from central and southern Canada and the northern United States. In the east it occurs as far south as western North Carolina, and in the west it has been recorded from south-western Montana and south-western Colorado. It has been recently recorded from Tennessee.

The wingspan is about 29 mm. Adults are on wing from July to August.

External links
Bug Guide
Images
The Noctuinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park, U.S.A.

Diarsia
Moths of North America
Moths described in 1875


text:
Noma neonatorum is a cutaneous condition, a manifestation of infection, usually Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis, and has been reported almost exclusively in developing countries. Despite the similarity of facial lesions, noma neonatorum is not related to noma.

See also
 Green nail syndrome
 List of cutaneous conditions

References

Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions


text:
Wałki – przystanek kolejowy w pobliżu miejscowości Jodłówka-Wałki.  Przystanek został przesunięty w stronę zabudowań podczas modernizacji linii kolejowej w latach 2011–2015 z km 91,982 na km 90,995.

W roku 2017 przystanek obsługiwał 10–19 pasażerów na dobę.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Stacje i przystanki kolejowe w powiecie tarnowskim
Jodłówka-Wałki


text:
Guinea-Bissau deltog med en trupp på fyra idrottare vid de olympiska sommarspelen 2020 i Tokyo som hölls mellan den 23 juli och 8 augusti 2021 efter att ha blivit framflyttad ett år på grund av coronaviruspandemin. Det var 7:e sommar-OS som Guinea-Bissau deltog vid. Ingen av landets deltagare erövrade någon medalj.

Brottning

Herrarnas fristil

Friidrott

Förkortningar
Notera– Placeringar avser endast det specifika heatet.
Q = Tog sig vidare till nästa omgång
q = Tog sig vidare till nästa omgång som den snabbaste förloraren eller, i teknikgrenarna, genom placering utan att nå kvalgränsen
i.u. = Omgången fanns inte i grenen
Bye = Idrottaren behövde inte tävla i omgången

Gång- och löpgrenar

Judo

Källor

Noter

2021 i Guinea-Bissau
Nationer i olympiska sommarspelen 2020
2020


text:
Paretroplus gymnopreopercularis is a species of cichlid from the vicinity of the confluence of the Amboaboa and Mangarahara Rivers near Mandritsara in northern Madagascar. Until its official scientific description in 2008, it was temporarily known as the Paretroplus nov. sp. "sofia". It is endangered because of habitat degradation, overfishing and invasive species. Following the construction of a dam on the Mangarahara River, surveys have failed to relocate P. gymnopreopercularis in this river.

This relatively elongate Paretroplus reaches about  in length and is closely related to P. kieneri, which it resembles. P. nourissati is found in the same region as P. gymnopreopercularis, but the latter appears to be restricted to deeper pools in the river (the former is from shallow, fast-flowing sections). The member of another cichlid genus, Ptychochromis insolitus, is also restricted to the region.

Its habitat is shallow, clear rivers with a fast current and many areas of small waterfalls and riffles, normally with a rocky river bed, with many boulders, with sandy area mixed in. This species shows a preference for deeper, more isolated pools.

References

gymnopreopercularis
Cichlid fish of Africa
Freshwater fish of Madagascar
Fish described in 2008
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


text:
Nepojmenované album je sedmé studiové album německé skupiny Rammstein, jež následovalo 10 let po předchozím studiovém albu Liebe ist für alle da. Album vyšlo 17. května 2019.

Album obsahuje, stejně jako všech 6 předchozích alb, 11 písní. Dne 28. března 2019 byl vydán první singl, "Deutschland".

Dne 16. dubna 2019 byly vydány úryvky dalších dvou skladeb, kde zaznělo jen pár tónů a zároveň byly odhaleny jejich názvy. Skupina v následujících dnech vydala úryvky všech skladeb, úryvky opět obsahovaly pár tónů a byl zároveň odhalen název skladeb.

Dne 26. dubna 2019 byl na oficiálním YouTube kanálu skupiny vydán černobílý videoklip k písni "Radio", což je v pořadí druhá skladba alba. Klip byl o den dříve také promítán živě v Berlině, Kolíně nad Rýnem a Hamburku. Klip se během následujícího týdne umístil na první pozici v kategorii Trendy na českojazyčné mutaci YouTube. Podle médií se jedná o kontroverzní videoklip, který mimo jiné obsahuje scény mladé ženy masturbující s použitím rádia nebo starší ženu kojící rádio. Samotná skladba byla vydána o den dříve, tedy 25. dubna, její premiéra byla zprostředkována několika rádii.

Dne 28. května 2019 byl vydán nový singl s názvem Ausländer. Videoklip pojednává o cizincích, kteří přijeli na ostrov a zpívají o tom, že jsou cizinci a musí se učit nové věci, jazyky a zvyky. Nakonec odjíždí z ostrova jen pět členů skupiny Rammstein. Flake zůstává na ostrově se svou novou přítelkyní a jeho dítětem a stává se vůdcem kmene.

Nevydané skladby
V průběhu nahrávání alba byla také nahráno více než 11 skladeb, které ovšem nemají videoklip a jsou jako nahrané jako audio. Skladby byly vydány jako audio bez videoklipu.

Seznam skladeb

Sestava
Rammstein
 Till Lindemann – zpěv
 Richard Z. Kruspe – kytara, doprovodné vokály
 Paul Landers – kytara, doprovodné vokály
 Oliver Riedel – baskytara
 Christoph Schneider – bicí
 Christian "Flake" Lorenz – klávesy
Produkce
 Olsen Involtini

Reference

Externí odkazy
 Oficiální stránky kapely
 České fanstránky

Alba z roku 2019
Alba Rammstein
Alba v němčině
Alba Universal Records
Eponymní alba


text:
Малиба́йський сільський округ (, ) — адміністративна одиниця у складі Аккулинського району Павлодарської області Казахстану. Адміністративний центр — село Малибай.

Населення — 1505 осіб (2009; 1942 в 1999, 3164 у 1989).

Станом на 1989 рік існувала Казинська сільська рада (села Кази, Кизил-Туз) та Малибайська сільська рада (села Казантай, Малибай, Сариозек). 2013 року до складу округу була включена територія ліквідованого Казинського сільського округу (село Кази).

Склад
До складу округу входять такі населені пункти:

Примітки

Сільські округи Аккулинського району


text:
Eine Sammelausgabe ist im Buchwesen eine gemeinsame Publikation mehrerer zunächst unabhängig erschienener (literarischer) Werke. Meist handelt es sich um Werke eines Autors, etwa die Bände eines Romanzyklus. Ein bekanntes Beispiel wäre die einbändige Paperback-Ausgabe von J. R. R. Tolkiens Der-Herr-der-Ringe-Trilogie.
Manchmal werden auch mehr oder minder thematisch verwandte Werke verschiedener Autoren in einer Sammelausgabe zusammengestellt, die dann mit "Drei Romane in einem Band" oder ähnlich beworben werden. Solche Publikationsformen sind relativ häufig bei Genreliteratur wie zum Beispiel Science-Fiction.

Von der Anthologie unterscheidet sich die Sammelausgabe dadurch, dass bei der Anthologie ein Herausgeber mehrere, meist kürzere Texte verschiedener Autoren unter dem Gesichtspunkt thematischer oder sonstiger Verwandtschaft auswählt, zusammenstellt und anordnet, wobei die einzelnen Texte auch oft mit einer Einleitung versehen werden.

Eine auswählende Zusammenstellung von Texten eines Autors wird als Werkauswahl bezeichnet und stellt eine besondere Form der Werkausgabe dar im Unterschied zur Gesamtausgabe der Werke eines Autors.

Im angelsächsischen Raum werden solche Ausgaben meist als Omnibus bezeichnet.

Eine besondere Form des Sammelbandes stellt die als Tête-bêche oder auch Dos-à-dos bezeichnete Bindeform dar, bei der zwei Werke Rücken an Rücken zusammengebunden werden. Auf diese Weise entstanden Bücher mit zwei "Vorder"-Deckeln: was normalerweise der Rückdeckel des einen Werkes wäre, wurde durch Drehung um 180° zum Vorderdeckel des anderen Werkes. Bekanntes Beispiel solcher Ausgaben sind die vom amerikanischen Verlag Ace Books zwischen 1952 und 1973 publizierten Ace Doubles, bei denen jeweils zwei Romane verschiedener Autoren Tête-bêche zusammengebunden wurden.

Die Sammelausgabe ist zu unterscheiden von der Sammlung, einer Zusammenstellung von meist kürzeren, zuvor im Allgemeinen nicht unabhängig publizierter Texte eines Autors, sowie vom Sammelband, eine vom Buchbinder in einem Band zusammen gebundene Zusammenstellung von ursprünglich nicht zusammengehörigen Verlagswerken, Druckschriften, Schriftstücken oder Manuskripten.

Literatur
 Helmut Hiller, Stephan Füssel: Wörterbuch des Buches. 7., grundlegend überarb. Aufl. Klostermann 2006, ISBN 3-465-03495-3, S. 282.
 Ursula Rautenberg: Reclams Sachlexikon des Buches: von der Handschrift zum E-Book. Reclam 2015, ISBN 978-3-15-011022-5, S. 344.

Einzelnachweise

Buchwesen
Publikation


text:
Prévinquières è un comune francese di 306 abitanti situato nel dipartimento dell'Aveyron nella regione dell'Occitania.

Società

Evoluzione demografica

Note

Altri progetti

Previnquieres


text:
The Myŏnghak Line is an electrified railway line of the Korean State Railway in South P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from Tŭkchang on the Tŭkchang Line to Myŏnghak.

Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.

References

Railway lines in North Korea
Standard gauge railways in North Korea


text:
Mijo Miletić (* 2. Juni 1998 in Kiseljak) ist ein bosnisch-kroatischer Fußballspieler.

Karriere
Miletić begann seine Karriere beim FK Željezničar Sarajevo. 2014 kam er in die Akademie des FK Sarajevo.

Im Juli 2017 wechselte er zum österreichischen Zweitligisten SV Ried, bei dem er einen bis Juni 2019 gültigen Vertrag erhielt. Zunächst spielte er allerdings für die Amateure in der OÖ Liga. Im September 2017 debütierte er schließlich für die Profis in der zweiten Liga, als er am 13. Spieltag der Saison 2017/18 gegen den FC Liefering in der 74. Minute für Severin Hingsamer eingewechselt wurde.

Zur Saison 2018/19 wechselte er zum Regionalligisten Union Gurten. In vier Jahren kam er zu 50 Einsätzen in der Regionalliga für Gurten. Zur Saison 2022/23 wechselte er zum fünftklassigen SK Schärding.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (SV Ried)
Fußballspieler (Union Gurten)
Fußballspieler (SK Schärding)
Bosnier
Kroate
Geboren 1998
Mann


text:
A Chengkouaspidae a háromkaréjú ősrákok (Trilobita) osztályának a Redlichiida rendjéhez, ezen belül a Redlichiina alrendjéhez tartozó család.

Rendszerezés
A családba az alábbi nemek tartoznak:

Aragotus
Bathynotus
Bathynotellus
Belliceps
Chengkouaspis
Elegestina
Inella
Pseudoresserops
Terechtaspis

Források
Wikifajok
http://www.trilobites.info/geotime.htm

Redlichiida
Trilobita-családok
Élővilág a kambriumban


text:
The 2013 Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro is the 12th edition of Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro, presented by Academia Brasileira de Cinema (Brazilian Academy of Cinema), honored the best Brazilians films of 2012. The ceremony took place on November 13, 2013, at Cidade das Artes, Rio de Janeiro and was televised by Canal Brasil.

Winners and nominees

Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.

Audience Awards
Best Film: Febre do Rato
Best Documentary: Raul - O Início, o Fim e o Meio
Best Foreign Film : The Intouchables

See also
 Cinema of Brazil

References

Brazilian film awards
Grande Premio do Cinema Brasileiro


text:
Valle de Guadalupe è un centro abitato del Messico, situato nello stato della Bassa California, nel municipio di Ensenada.

Collegamenti esterni

Centri abitati della Bassa California


text:
Coomans or Cooman () is a Dutch occupational surname most common in Belgium. The name derives via assimilation from the common surname Koopman ("merchant). Among variant forms are Comans, Coopman(s), De Cooman, Koeman(s), Kooman, Koomen, and Koopmans. People with this name include:

Cooman
Carson Cooman (born 1982), American composer and organist
Nelli Cooman (born 1964), Dutch sprinter of Surinamese origin
Coomans
Diana Coomans (1861–1952), Belgian painter, sister of Heva
Heva Coomans (1860–1939), Belgian painter, sister of Diana
Jacques Coomans (1888–1980), Belgian racing cyclist
Pierre Olivier Joseph Coomans (1816–1889), Belgian painter, father of Heva and Diana
De Cooman
Daan De Cooman (born 1974), Belgian judoka
 (1893–1949), Belgian painter
Kooman
 Andrew Kooman (born 1979), Canadian author playwright
 Michael Kooman (born 1984), American cabaret and musical composer

See also
Coman, surname, usually of Celtic origin
Charles Kennedy Comans (1914–2012), Australian lawyer and lecturer

References

Dutch-language surnames
Occupational surnames
Surnames of Belgian origin


text:
Cohard est un patronyme porté notamment par :

 Marius Cohard (1925-2015), résistant et homme politique belge ;
 Noël Cohard (1920-2018), résistant, puis déporté français.


text:
Saint Luke's Northland Hospital can refer to several hospitals including:

Saint Luke's North Hospital–Barry Road
Saint Luke's North Hospital–Smithville


text:
Benedikts Regel (latin Regula Benedicti) er en Munkeregel, der både er rettesnor for det monastiske fællesskab og et katalog over idealer (inspireret af stoikerne) og en liturgi (læst højt ved bordfællesskabet ved spisning – jf. randdatoer)).
Den stadige konflikt mellem idealer og praktiske foranstaltninger gjorde Benedikts Regel mulig i praksis på nedfældelsestidspunktet (dekonstruktion).

Benedikts Regel er ikke unik, men én blandt ca. 30. Men den bliver fra 800-tallet den dominerende under karolingernes herredømme og reformering af kirken.

Hvornår er den fra?
Benedikts Regel er muligvis skrevet i 535. Det ældste bevarede manuskript er angelsaksisk fra ca. 700 (750 ifølge Lawrence (1989)). Det bygger på Sankt Gallen-manuskriptet fra 817, der igen er en afskrift af et tabt Aachen-manuskript fra 787. Det er muligvis Benedikts eget bestilt af Karl den Store.

Hvem har skrevet den?
Benedikts Regel tilskrives den italienske abbed Benedikt af Nurcia. Det mener Pave Gregor den Store i Dialoger fra 594, en hagiografisk beskrivelse. Men Benedikts navn optræder kun i titlen, der omtaler ham som Sancti, dvs. efter hans helgenkåring af Gregor den Store. Sankt Gallen manuskriptet er bestilt af abbed Heito i Reichenauklosteret. Det tyder på at det blev anvendt i praksis.

Struktur

Benedikts Regel er skabt om citater fra Det gamle Testamente (Salmerne, Ordsprogenes Bog) og Det nye Testamente (Evangelierne, Apostlenes Gerninger og særligt Paulus breve).

Struktur:
Prolog + 73 kapitler.
 Efter omtale af klosterets ledelse (1-3, se også 21-34) omtales
 det åndelige fundament (4-7) og
 liturgien (8-20) – der får førstepladsen. Først nu følger
 regler for fællesskab, forvaltning, måltider, arbejde m.m.
 Disciplinære foranstaltninger behandles i 23-30 + 43-46.
 Regler for optagelse i klosteret (58-65) har stået sidst i den første recension af Benedikts Regel. Mange regler foregribes tidligt, og de strenge straffe defineres ikke (der arbejdes kun med opdragende og rensende straffe).
 Ifølge kap. 73 (Epilog) er den skrevet for nybegyndere.

Tekstens formål
Benedikts Regel indskriver det monastiske liv i en soteriologisk og eskatologisk ramme (særligt prologen og kap. 73) bestemt af lydighed over for Reglen, men i endnu højere grad over for abbeden (ifølge Lawrence 1989, s.29 a paternal autocracy). Ved at lægge vægt på abbeden som mellemled mellem de strenge regler og det menneskelige mulige er Benedikts Regel mere åben og realistisk mht. menneskelige fejl (fx 40,6-7 om vin, 43,4 om nattebøn, 49,1-2 om faste) end samtidige munkeregler. Benedikts Regels mådehold/mildhed begrundes med, at det forhindrer de svage i at flygte.
Benedikts Regel er henvendt til flere klostre (se bl.a. om dekanen, celleraren og epilogen).

Placering i traditionen
Benedikts Regel er central og efter Bibelen den tekst, der er overleveret os i flest manuskripter. Fra 800 til 1200-tallet er det den mest gældende regel for munke i Vesteuropas latinske kristendom. Den diskuteres, tolkes og udlægges forskelligt, men er stadig hovedstammen i den katolske monastiske tradition. Benedikts Regels utilstrækkelighed bevidnes af flere regelkommentarer (consuetudines) fra 800-tallet.

Realkommentarer

Benedikts Regel nævner ikke cølibatkravet (det ligger i monachos-begrebet), tonsur eller særlige kendetegn (ud over kutten og tavsheden – muligvis fordi det er et internt dokument for munke). Reglen foreskriver ikke disciplinære straffe for seksuelle afvigelser eller forhold til kvinder (se dog forbud mod fredskys uden bøn 53,5).

Seksuelle afvigelser er forekommet og er blevet straffet. Det vidner breve fra Peter den Ærværdige og Peter Damiani om. Abbederne blev oftest ikke valgt af klosteret selv, som foreskrevet i Benedikts Regel, men af den biskop klosteret var underlagt (jf. Benedikts Regel kap. 64-65). Først da Cluny fik paven som overhoved opnåedes en form for autoritet. Reformforsøgene og striden mellem Peter den Ærværdige og Bernard af Clairvaux viser, at munkene ikke udførte manuelt arbejde, hvilket cistercienserne (fra 1098) ville genindføre (Det kanoniske retsgrundlag for klosterlivet blev nedfældet omkring 1140 af juristen Gratian i Decretum, Causae 14-20).

Referencer
 Asad, Talal: (1993) Genealogies of Religion. Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
 Benedikts Regel: (1998) Udgivet med dansk oversættelse og kommentar af Jensen, Brian Møller. Museum Tusculanums Forlag, Københavns Universitet.
Benedikts Regel: (2017) Den klassiske munkeregel i ny dansk oversættelse. Oversat til dansk fra latin med indledning, bibelhenvisninger, ordliste og læseplan af Margarita Ingelise Schmidt og Anna-Maria Kjellegaard OSB. Katolsk Forlag.
 Benedikts Regel: Engelsk oversættelse på www.erzabtei.de
 Brown, Peter: (1982) Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity. University of California Press, Berkeley.
 Foucault, Michel: (1999) Religion and culture, selected and edited by Carette, Jeremy R. Routledge, New York.
 Lawrence, C. H.: (1989) Medieval monasticism. Forms of religious life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages.

Se også
 Benediktinerordenen – grundlagt i 529
 Cistercienserordenen – grundlagt i 1098
 Augustinerordenen – opstået i slutningen af det 11. århundrede
 Johanniterordenen – grundlagt i 1070
 Franciskanerordenen – grundlagt i 1210
 Dominikanerordenen – grundlagt i 1215
 Karmeliterordenen – stadfæstet i 1226

Romerskkatolske kirke i middelalderen
Kirkehistoriske skrifter


text:
Les élections cantonales ont eu lieu les 20 et .

Contexte départemental

Assemblée départementale sortante

Avant les élections, le conseil général de l'Ariège est présidé par Augustin Bonrepaux (PS). Il comprend 22 conseillers généraux issus des 22 cantons de l'Ariège. 11 d'entre eux sont renouvelables lors de ces élections.

Résultats à l'échelle du département

Résultats en nombre de sièges

Assemblée départementale à l'issue des élections

Résultats par canton

Canton de Lavelanet

*sortant

Canton du Fossat

Canton du Mas-d'Azil

*sortant

Canton d'Oust

Canton de Pamiers-Est

*sortant

Canton de Pamiers-Ouest

Canton de Quérigut

*sortant

Canton de Saint-Girons

*sortant

Canton de Sainte-Croix-Volvestre

*sortant

Canton de Tarascon-sur-Ariège

*sortant

Canton de Vicdessos

*sortant

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

 Arrondissements de l'Ariège
 Cantons de l'Ariège
 Conseil général de l'Ariège
 Élections cantonales françaises de 2004
 Élections cantonales françaises de 2008
 Élections cantonales françaises de 2011
 Liste des communes de l'Ariège
 Liste des conseillers généraux de l'Ariège

Liens externes
 Site du Conseil général de l'Ariège

Ariège
2011


text:
Butikkens sidste suk er en samling af seks danske portrætfilm fra 2005, der er instrueret af Hans Kragh-Jacobsen.

Handling
Seks korte portrætfilm fra københavnske butikker, hvor aktive mennesker virker i deres livs efterår. Det er fortællinger og billeder fra en butikskultur, der er ved at forsvinde.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2005


text:
Lake Coleman was a large lake, in the same basin as Lake Ontario, during an interglacial period, approximately 75,000 years ago.  Its level was  higher than Lake Ontario.

Lake Coleman was named after Arthur Philemon Coleman, a respected geologist whose excavations played a role in discovering the existence of the lake.

See also
Glacial Lake Iroquois, a prehistoric proglacial lake in the same basin as Lake Ontario that existed at the end of the last ice age approximately 13,000 years ago. The level of the lake was approximately 30 meters (~100 ft) above the present level of Lake Ontario.

References

Coleman


text:
Dasybasis chazeaui är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Trojan 1991. Dasybasis chazeaui ingår i släktet Dasybasis och familjen bromsar.

Artens utbredningsområde är Nya Kaledonien. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Bromsar
chazeaui


text:
Cajus Julius Caesar (Rinteln, NSZK, 1951. január 22. –) német erdőmérnök, politikus.

Politikán kívüli pályafutása

Középfokú tanulmányai 1967-ben fejezte be a Lübbeckei reáliskolában. Ezután erdőgazdasági képzésben vett részt, majd 1969 és 1971 között az arnsbergi tartományi erdészeti iskolában tanult, ahol megszerezte főiskolai abszolutóriumát. 1971 és 1974 között kerületi erdészjelölt, majd a második államvizsga letétele után erdőmérnöki diplomát szerzett.

1974-ben a lagei erdészeti hivatal erdőkerületének vezetője lett. 1978-ban a lippei területi erdészeti hivatalhoz került, majd 1980 és 1998 között a kalletali "Kirchberg" erdészeti kerületet vezette.

Politikai pályafutása

1969-ben lépett be a Fiatal Unióba (Junge Union), a CDU ifjúsági szervezetébe és magába a pártba is. 1990-ben a lippei kerületi pártszervezet elnökévé választották. Caesar 1980 és 1999 között a kalletali községi tanács tagja, 1984 és 1999 között a lippei kerületi gyűlés tagja is.

1998-ban jutott be először a német szövetségi gyűlésbe, a Bundestagba, az észak-rajna-vesztfáliai listáról. Amikor Wolfgang Schäuble akkori frakcióvezetőnek bemutatkozott, Caesarnak kérésére be kellett mutatnia személyi igazolványát, mert nem hitte el, hogy valóban így hívják. Első parlamenti felszólalásakor vastapsot kapott.

2002-ben újra bejutott az alsóházba az állam listájáról. A 2005-ös, előrehozott parlamenti választáson először úgy tűnt, hogy újra mandátumhoz jut, de mivel egy drezdai választókerületben egy képviselőjelölt halála miatt el kellett halasztani a szavazást és a bonyolult német számítási rendszernek köszönhetően végül mégse szerzett mandátumot. 2007 júliusában, Reinhard Göhner CDU-képviselő lemondása után újra tagja lett a Bundestagnak. A két időpont közötti időszakban a lippei római leleteket megmutató múzeumban volt tárlatvezető. Mandátumát 2009-ig viselte. 2011-ben ismét bejutott a Bundestagba, amikor Leo Dautzenberg lemondása után átvette annak mandátumát. A 2013-as Bundestag-választáson pártja észak-rajna-vesztfáliai listájáról szerzett mandátumot.

Nevének eredete

Vezetéknevének eredetét 1750-ig tudja visszavezetni, elsőként apja kapta a Cajus Julius keresztnevet. Caesar nem tartja valószínűnek, de nem zárja ki, hogy létezik valamiféle vérrokonság közte és a római államférfi, Caius Iulius Caesar között.

Családja

Nős, három gyermek édesapja, egyik fiát ugyanúgy Cajus Julius Caesarnak hívják.

Jegyzetek

További információk
 Cajus Julius Caesar hivatalos honlapja
 Cajus Julius Caesar a Bundestag honlapján
 A Magyar Nemzet Online beszámolója a kérdéses mandátumról

1951-ben született személyek
CDU-tagok
Élő személyek


text:
Daouitherium — це вимерлий рід ранніх хоботних (група, що включає сучасних слонів та їхніх вимерлих родичів), які жили в ранньому еоцені (іпрський етап) приблизно 55 мільйонів років тому в Північній Африці. Останки цієї тварини, фрагменти щелеп і зубів, були знайдені в басейні Оулед Абдун в Марокко. Вважається, що він важив від 80 до 170 кг, що робить його одним із найдавніших великих ссавців, відомих в Африці, і одним із найдавніших відомих хоботних. Інша оцінка дає вагу 200 кг.

Опис
Дауїтерій відомий лише з нижніх щелеп і пов'язаних із ними щічних зубів. Він мав лофодонтні та двофодонтні моляри, тобто моляри з великими виступами. Другий і третій премоляри мали помітно великий горбок, званий гіпоконідом. Gheerbrant та ін. описав зуби як схожі на зуби інших ранніх хоботних Phosphatherium, Numidotherium і Barytherium.

Примітки

Роди ссавців
Хоботні