text:
Квинт Марций Крисп () е военачалник при Гай Юлий Цезар.

Биография
Произлиза от фамилията Марции.

От 57 пр.н.е. до 55 пр.н.е. той е легат на проконсул Луций Калпурний Пизон Цезонин в Македония и Цицерон го нарича близък приятел и смел мъж. След това става едил, през 54 пр.н.е. претор. При избухването на гражданската война през 49 пр.н.е. е на страната на Гай Юлий Цезар.

През март 46 пр.н.е. като легат с три кохорти, стрелци и множество военни съоръжения той има задачата да завладее село Табена. Селото е помолило за помощ и се намира наблизо до град Тапс, където след това се състои битката при Тапс с победа на Цезар.

През 45 пр.н.е. Крисп е управител на провинция Витиния. Когато през 44 пр.н.е. в Сирия пристига Луций Стай Мурк и се бори с бунтовника Квинт Цецилий Бас, той се намесва в конфликта на страната на Мурк с три легиона и двамата успяват да обкражат Бас в град Апамея. В началото на 43 пр.н.е. в Сирия пристига цезаровият убиец Гай Касий Лонгин и превзема легионите на Бас, Крисп и Мурк. Той признава Лонгин за главнокомандващ, но не иска да служи при него и има право да се оттегли ненаказан. Цицерон бил написал писмо, в което им казва да предат легионите си на Касий (писмото е запазено).

Вероятно през 36 пр.н.е. той става суфектконсул заедно с Луций Ноний Аспрена, известен само с името Марций.

Литература
 Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton: The magistrates of the Roman republic. Band 3: Supplement. Scholars Press, Atlanta 1986, S. 137.
 Friedrich Münzer: Marcius 52). In: Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). Band XIV,2, Stuttgart 1930, Sp. 1555 – 1556.

Източници

Древноримски политици
Римски военачалници
Римски управители
Римски републикански консули
Марции


text:
Бранденбуршки концерти (, оригинални назив ) су група од шест концерата за камерни оркестар Јохана Себастијана Баха (-{BWV}- 1046–1051). Бах их је посветио грофу Кристијану Лудвигу од Бранденбург-Шведа (1677–1734), кога је зиме 1718/1719. упознао у Берлину. Септембра 1721. послао му је партитуру са посветом.

Име Бранденбуршки концерти појавило се у Баховој биографији из 1873–1879, и од тада се задржало.

Шест концерата показују велику разноврсност стилова и структуре.

Концерти

Јохан Себастијан Бах
Музичка дела

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
fou un aixecador austríac que va competir durant les dècades de 1920 i 1930.

El 1936 va prendre part en els Jocs Olímpics de Berlín, on guanyà la medalla d'or en la modalitat del pes lleuger, ex aequo amb Anwar Mesbah.

En el seu palmarès també destaca una medalla de plata al Campionat del món d'halterofília de 1937 i quatre al Campionat d'Europa, dues d'or, una de plata i una de bronze, entre 1929 i 1935.

El 1937 va ser guardonat amb l'Orde al Mèrit de la República d'Àustria. Després de l'Anschluss de 1938 va ser exclòs de la competició esportiva pels nazi per ser jueu.

Referències

Aixecadors vienesos
Medallistes austríacs als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1936
Morts a Viena
Naixements del 1907


text:
Catharine Hermine Kølle (født 29. februar 1788 på Snarøya i Asker (nu Bærum), Akershus ; død 27. august 1859 i Bergen) var en norsk vandrer, rejseskribent og maler, især kendt for sine beretninger fra mange fodture i Norge og i Europa, såvel som de akvareller hun malede efter skitser taget på rejserne.
Tegne- og maleundervisning havde hun modtaget som ganske ung ved besøg hos sin morbror David Monrad i København.

1803 boede familien i Kopervik på øen Karmøy, hvor moren blev syg og derfor sat i pleje. 1807 flyttede faren med de tre døtre Catharine, Helene og Ambrosia til Holmen i Ulvik i Hardanger, som blev Catharine Kølles faste holdepunkt livet ud. Efter farens død 1814 boede hun der med søstrene. Om vinteren inviterede de efter kirketid til samvær, hvor man udvekslede nyheder og læste højt fra bøger og aviser, det såkaldte "Ulviksparlamentet".

Anlednigen til Catharine Kølles mange vandringer de sidste årtier af hendes liv var et råd fra en læge i København som hun havde opsøgt i 1826. Han anbefalede hende at gå, og resten af livet foretog hun lange vandringer, hvor hun lavede skitser der senere om vinteren kunne danne grundlag for de mange akvareller.

Catharine Kølle døde af kræft 1859. Naboen Ole Lekve arvede søstrene og overlod efterladte papirer og mange akvareller til Historisk Museum i Bergen. Universitetsbiblioteket dér har en stor samling skriftlig materiale, og Kølles rejsejournal fik Bergens Museum fra en slægtning, konsul Wollert D. Krohn.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
  Wikimedia Commons har flere filer relaterede til Catharine Hermine Kølle
 Catharine Kølle i Norsk biografisk leksikon af Glenny Alfsen
 Catharina Hermine Kølle i Norsk kunstnerleksikon af Glenny Alfsen
 Catharina Hermine Kølle i Store norske leksikon
 "Catharine Hermine Kølles samlinger" fra Marcus.uib.no − Med arkivmateriale og malerier
 "Vandringar med Catharine Kølle" fra Pahoyden.khrono.no − Længere artikel med billeder. Af Ola Søndenå, 2019

Malere fra Norge
Kvindelige kunstnere fra Norge
Rejsebogsforfattere fra Norge
Nordmænd i 1700-tallet
Nordmænd i 1800-tallet
Personer døde af kræft


text:
Galla kan syfta på:

 Galla – en gulaktig kroppsvätska utsöndrad i levern
 Gallbildning – en onormal tillväxtförändring på växter
 Gallafolket – äldre namn på en folkgrupp i Etiopien, se oromo
 Mount Galla – ett berg i Antarktis

Personer
 Galla av Rom (död 550), en romersk änka och välgörare
 Galla Placidia (390–450), en centralfigur i Västroms politiska liv
 Galla Placidias mausoleum
 Galla Gaulo – Venedigs femte doge
 Galla (kejsarinna) – Kejsarinna född född på 370-talet


text:
Marek Sadok (ur. 1964) – polski koszykarz występujący na pozycji skrzydłowego.

Osiągnięcia
 Klubowe
  Wicemistrz Polski (1984)
 Finalista pucharu Polski (1983)

Bibliografia
 Profil na plkhistory.ugu.pl
 Profil na historiawisly.pl
 R. Pyjos, A. Pyjos Pod wiślackim koszem kobiet i mężczyzn. 1928-2006, Kraków 2006

Polscy koszykarze
Koszykarze Wisły Kraków
Urodzeni w 1964


text:
Carriera
Dopo aver concluso la carriera da calciatore, trascorsa quasi esclusivamente con la maglia del Grazer AK, Stessl diviene allenatore. Allena Leibnitz e Wolfsberg prima di passare al Kapfenberger, club col quale sfiora la promozione in massima divisione terminando il proprio girone al secondo posto della seconda divisione austriaca. Trasferitosi sulla panchina del Grazer AK, nel 1975 vince il torneo di seconda divisione austriaca, nella sua prima edizione a girone unico, davanti al  e ottiene la promozione in prima divisione. Nel biennio seguente riesce a mantenere il Grazer AK nella prima serie, quindi è contattato dall': al suo primo anno vince nettamente il campionato austriaco del 1978. Stessl partecipa con l'Austria Vienna alla Coppa delle Coppe: gli austriaci eliminano  (1-0),  (1-1, per la regola dei gol fuori casa),  (2-2, vincendo ai rigori) e  (3-3, nuovamente ai rigori), accedendo alla finale di Parigi, persa contro l' con un netto 4-0. L'anno seguente, il tecnico vince il suo secondo campionato consecutivo. Nel 1978-1979, l'Austria Vienna è impegnato in Coppa Campioni: esclude  (4-3),  (4-1) e  (3-2), uscendo dalla massima competizione europea in semifinale, dopo aver perso per 1-0 il ritorno della sfida contro il  (0-0 all'andata).

Nel 1979 è chiamato sulla panchina dei campioni di Grecia dell', ma l'allenatore austriaco finisce al quarto posto in campionato che non consente alla squadra ateniese la partecipazione alle competizioni europee nonostante i due punti di distanza dall' vincitore. L'anno dopo, passa ai portoghesi del : finisce secondo il campionato del 1981 e terzo quello del 1982, raggiungendo la finale di Coppa nel 1981 e vincendo la Supercoppa nazionale del 1981 grazie alla vittoria sul  per 4-1 nella partita di ritorno, dopo aver perso la finale d'andata 2-0. Dopo aver guidato anche ,  e , Stessl torna all'Austria Vienna e vince il suo terzo campionato austriaco nel 1986. Allena anche a Zurigo e Santander, tornando in patria nel 1992. Fa un secondo ritorno all'Austria Vienna nello stesso anno, chiudendo la stagione con il suo quarto successo nella prima divisione. Nel 1995 siede sulla panchina dei campioni nazionali dell', finendo all'ottavo posto. È la sua ultima stagione da allenatore: termina la carriera dopo aver vinto otto titoli.

Palmarès

Allenatore

Grazer AK: 1974-1975

Austria Vienna: 1977-1978, 1978-1979, 1985-1986, 1992-1993

Porto: 1981

Austria Vienna: 1985-1986

Austria Vienna: 1992

Collegamenti esterni

 Profilo su austria-archiv.at


text:
Le Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune du Cameroun () est la structure de l'administration camerounaise chargé de l'élaboration, de la mise en œuvre et de l'évaluation de la politique du Gouvernement en matière de forêt et de faune. Il a été créé en 2004, en remplacement au Ministère de l'Environnement et des Forêts.

Histoire
Le Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune a été créé en 2004 par décret  du  portant organisation du gouvernement. Il est créé en remplacement du Ministère de l'Environnement et des Forêts.

Organisation
Le Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune a à sa tête un ministre. Il est assisté dans ses tâches par un secrétariat particulier ; deux conseillers techniques ; une inspection générale ; une brigade nationale des opérations de contrôle forestier et de lutte anti-braconnage ; une administration centrale ; des services déconcentrés ; des services rattachés.

Missions
Le Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune est responsable :

 De la gestion et de la protection des forêts du domaine national ;
 De la mise au point et du contrôle de l'exécution des programmes de régénération, de reboisement, d'inventaire et d'aménagement des forêts ;
 Du contrôle du respect de la réglementation dans le domaine de l'exploitation forestière par les différents intervenants ;
 De l'application des sanctions administratives lorsqu'il y a lieu ;
 De la liaison avec les organismes professionnels du secteur forestier ;
 De l'aménagement et de la gestion des jardins botaniques ;
 De la mise en application des conventions internationales ratifiées par le Cameroun en matière de faune et de chasse.

Services rattachés
Deux services sont rattachés au Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune : le Centre de Promotion du Bois et le Centre de Télédétection et de la Cartographie Forestière.

Écoles de formation
Deux écoles de formation sont placées sous la tutelle du Ministère des Forêts et de la Faune. La première est l'École Nationale des Eaux de Forêts, créée en 1949, qui est située à Mbalmayo dans le département du Nyong et So'o, région du Centre. Elle forme les agents techniques, des techniciens et techniciens supérieurs des eaux et forêts.

La deuxième est l'École de Faune de Garoua (EFG), qui a été créée par décret présidentiel le , et est située dans la ville de Garoua, département de la Bénoué, région du Nord du Cameroun.

Liste des ministres

Notes et références

Ministère camerounais


text:
Cornești – wieś w Rumunii, w okręgu Marmarosz, w gminie Călinești. W 2011 roku liczyła 423 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Wsie w okręgu Marmarosz


text:
Čagona ([ˈtʃaːɡɔna], ) é um assentamento no município de Cerkvenjak no nordeste da Eslovênia. Situa-se na orla das colinas eslovenas () e parcialmente no vale de Pesnica. A área faz parte da tradicional região da Estíria e agora está incluída na Região Estatística de Drava.

Geografia da Eslovénia


text:
Lisa Alther (* 23. Juli 1944 in Kingsport, Tennessee als Elisabeth Greene Reed) ist eine US-amerikanische Schriftstellerin.

Sie studierte am Wellesley College englische Literatur und schloss 1966 mit dem BA ab. Am Radcliffe College besuchte sie den Publishing Procedures Course. Nach ihrem Studium arbeitete sie als Publizistin in New York bei Atheneum Publishers und zog nach Hinesburg in Vermont, wo sie ca. 30 Jahre lang lebte und am St. Michael's College in Winooski Südstaatenliteratur unterrichtete. Zwischendurch lebte sie immer wieder in London und Paris.
Sie heiratete 1966 Richard Alther, einen Maler. Die gemeinsame Tochter Sara Halsey, geboren am 15. November 1968, lebte nach der Scheidung der Eltern bei der Mutter.

Durch die intensive Beschäftigung mit Schriftstellerinnen aus den amerikanischen Südstaaten wie Eudora Welty, Flannery O'Connor, Katherine Anne Porter und Carson McCullers wurde sie angeregt, selbst zu schreiben, in erster Linie Romane. Nachdem ihre Manuskripte, wie sie selbst mitteilte, 250 mal abgelehnt worden waren, gelang es ihr im Jahr 1976, ihren ersten Roman Kinflicks zu veröffentlichen. Die im Roman geschilderte sexuelle Freizügigkeit wird mit dem Roman Fear of Flying von Erica Jong (1973) verglichen.

Der Erfolg des Romans ermöglichte es der Autorin, lange an ihren Texten zu arbeiten und vier bis fünf Entwürfe zu verfassen, bis sie den jeweiligen Roman veröffentlichte, weshalb ihre Romane in großen zeitlichen Abständen erschienen. Alle Romane wurden Bestseller, von ihren fünf Romanen, übersetzt in fünfzehn Sprachen, wurden insgesamt sechs Millionen Exemplare verkauft.
Der Roman Birdman and the Dancer wurde nur in den Niederlanden, Dänemark und Deutschland veröffentlicht.

Eine Besonderheit dieser Schriftstellerin, die zum Erfolg beigetragen haben dürfte, ist die ironische Färbung und teilweise Komik, mit der sie in ihren Romanen und Kurzgeschichten Themen wie Rassismus, Religion und die Benachteiligung von Frauen behandelt.

Bibliographie
 Kinflicks, Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1976
 deutsch: Hautkontakte, übersetzt von Gisela Stege, Ullstein, Berlin 1977.
 A Good Man is Hard to Find and other stories, 1980.
 Original Sins, Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1981.
 deutsch: Als das Paradies verlorenging, übersetzt von Gisela Stege, Ullstein, Frankfurt, Berlin 1986.
 Other Women, Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1984.
 deutsch: Schlechter als morgen besser als gestern, übersetzt von Adelheid Zöfel, Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1987, ISBN 3-499-15942-2.
 Bedrock, Alfred A. Knopf, New York  1990, Penguin Books, London 1990, ISBN 0-14-013407-7.
 deutsch: Eine besondere Frau, Übers.: Cornelia Holfelder-von der Tann, Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1991, ISBN 3-498-00051-9.
 Five Minutes in Heaven, Dutton, New York 1995, ISBN 0-525-93893-1.
 deutsch: Fünf Minuten im Himmel, übersetzt von Cornelia Holfelder-von der Tann, Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-498-00051-9.
  Birdman and the Dancer, Gyldendal, Kopenhagen 1993; Contact, Amsterdam 1994.
 deutsch: Der Vogelmann und die Tänzerin, übersetzt von Cornelia Holfelder-von der Tann, Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1996, ISBN 3-8052-0566-X.
 mit Françoise Gilot: About Women: Conversations Between a Writer and a Painter. Nan A. Talese, New York 2015, ISBN 978-0-385-53986-9.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Autor
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1944
Frau


text:
Casa Blanca is a pre-Columbian Maya archeological site in Chalchuapa, El Salvador. The site possesses several pyramids dating to the Late Preclassic period (500 BC – AD 250) and the Classic period (AD 250–900). This ruin is part of the Chalchuapa archaeological zone and displays influences from the Olmecs and from Teotihuacan. It is closely related to the ruins of Tazumal and San Andrés. The government purchased the park in 1977 and it was given the name of the coffee plantation upon which it was situated. There are many pyramids at Casa Blanca but only two have been partially restored. Casa Blanca is located in the department of Santa Ana. Casa Blanca has been closed to the public and is undergoing restoration work; it has a site museum with exhibits that include Maya ceramics and other artifacts.

References

Further reading

Maya sites in El Salvador
Olmec sites
Former populated places in El Salvador
Archaeological sites in El Salvador
Pyramids in El Salvador
Santa Ana Department


text:
Shirley L. Fulton (January 2, 1952 – February 8, 2023) was an American judge and prosecutor. She was the first African American woman to serve as a judge in the Superior Court of North Carolina, a position she held for 14 years. Earlier in her career, she had served as the first black female prosecutor in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina.

Early life and education
Born on January 2, 1952, Fulton was the second of five children of Jacob Fulton, a farm laborer in Kingstree, South Carolina. As a child, she helped pick cotton and tobacco before school every morning, along with her siblings. While in high school, she worked at a funeral home operated by Virgil Dimery. Dimery encouraged her to volunteer for voter registration drives, and took her along to political rallies.

Fulton left home at age 16 to attend college in North Carolina. Fulton dropped out of college after three years, before completing a bachelor's degree at North Carolina A&T State University in 1977. In 1980, she earned her Juris Doctor degree at Duke University.

Career
Upon graduating from college, Fulton worked at the Guilford County register of deeds office in North Carolina, and decided to study law. After law school, she worked for a small law firm in Durham, before moving to Charlotte.

In 1982, Fulton was appointed as an assistant district attorney, the start of her 20-year career in the Mecklenburg County courthouse. She was the first black female prosecutor in the county, and served under District Attorney Peter Gilchrist.

In 1987, Fulton was appointed a District Court judge, replacing Terry Sherrill, who had been the only black judge among eleven in Mecklenburg. She was selected by Governor James G. Martin after receiving the largest number of votes in an election conducted by the Mecklenburg County Bar. In 1988, Judge Fulton was elected to the bench of the North Carolina Superior Court, in the newly created, predominantly African American district of Mecklenburg. She became chief resident judge, the highest ranking judge in the Superior Court, after Chase Saunders retired in 1997.

During her tenure as judge, Fulton led several high-profile initiatives, including what became known as "the Fulton Plan", an effort to reform handling of criminal cases system-wide to make them more racially equitable, and more efficient in the face of a significant backlog. She also campaigned for bonds to raise funds to build a new courthouse. In addition, she introduced programs to improve the court's handling of cases involving non-English speakers, offering free Spanish classes to judges, lawyers, and court clerks. Judge Fulton gave death sentences to three convicted murderers, a decision she later said forced her to reexamine her beliefs.

Fulton left the bench to enter private practice in 2002, and was a founding partner at Tin Fulton Walker & Owen, where she practiced business and real estate law. She later formed her own alternative dispute resolution firm, Fulton Consulting, and practiced with Singletary Law Firm.

Civic activities
A past president of the Wesley Heights Community Association, Fulton was an advocate of community development and neighborhood improvement. She served as a board chair of the Charlotte Housing Authority, and was a co-organizer of the Queen City Congress, a coalition of downtown neighborhoods such as Washington Heights and Dilworth.

Fulton restored the historic George Pierce Wadsworth House, which she acquired in 2001, and turned it into a conference and events center in Wesley Heights. During the 2012 Democratic National Convention held in Charlotte, North Carolina, Fulton hosted 400 delegates and guests from New Jersey and Maryland at Wadsworth House.

In 2015, Fulton presided over a mock grand jury hearing in Raleigh, North Carolina, organized by the North Carolina Medicaid Expansion Coalition. The hearing was organized to "shame" state legislators who had voted to block expansion of government assistance to low-income households.

Fulton served as the chair of the former Charlotte School of Law's board of advisors, working with the school to provide scholarships to students. She also served on the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools Task Force. In Mecklenburg County, she served as co-chair of the local chapter of United Agenda for Children, and was a past president of the county bar association.

Awards and accolades
In 2009, Fulton was the recipient of a Citizen Lawyer Award from the North Carolina Bar Association. In 2010, Fulton received the Order of the Long Leaf Pine in recognition of her service to North Carolina.

In 2014, Fulton was presented with the Chief Justice's Professionalism Award, "for her selfless dedication and commitment to the principles of professionalism and public service in North Carolina".

In 2018, Fulton was inducted as a Legal Legend of Color by the NCBA Minorities in the Profession Committee. Other accolades included the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Medallion, awarded by the Charlotte Community Relations Committee.

Personal life and death
While studying at university, Fulton was a single mother raising a toddler son.

In 1993, Fulton was diagnosed with breast cancer, and took a leave of absence in 1995 to undergo treatment, including a double mastectomy and stem cell transplant, at Duke. She was named chief judge of the North Carolina Superior Court after returning to work full-time in 1997.

Fulton was married to Leon Orr, who preceded her as president of the Wesley Heights Community Association. The couple first moved to Wesley Heights when Fulton was elected judge, buying a duplex which they restored into a single-family home, which became a local landmark.

Fulton died in hospice on February 8, 2023, of complications from gallbladder cancer.

References

External links

 Official portrait of Judge Shirley Fulton

1952 births
2023 deaths
Deaths from gallbladder cancer
People from Kingstree, South Carolina
Duke University School of Law alumni
North Carolina A&T State University alumni
North Carolina state court judges
20th-century American judges
20th-century American women judges
21st-century American judges
21st-century American women judges


text:
The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today. It is named after its inventors, the German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, who developed it in the first decade of the 20th century. The process converts atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by a reaction with hydrogen (H2) using a metal catalyst under high temperatures and pressures:

Though this reaction is exothermic (i.e. it releases energy, albeit not very much), it results in a decrease in entropy, which is the central reason why it is very challenging to carry out.

Before the development of the Haber process, it had been difficult to produce ammonia on an industrial scale, with early methods, such as the Birkeland–Eyde process and the Frank–Caro process, all highly inefficient.

During World War I, the Haber process provided Germany with a source of ammonia for the production of explosives, compensating for the Allied Powers' trade blockade on Chilean saltpeter.

History

During the 19th century, the demand for nitrates and ammonia for use as fertilizers and industrial feedstocks had been steadily increasing. The main source was mining niter deposits and guano from tropical islands. At the beginning of the 20th century it was being predicted that these reserves could not satisfy future demands, and research into new potential sources of ammonia became more important. Although atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is abundant, comprising ~78% of the air, it is exceptionally stable and does not readily react with other chemicals. Converting N2 into ammonia posed a challenge for chemists globally.

Haber, with his assistant Robert Le Rossignol, developed the high-pressure devices and catalysts needed to demonstrate the Haber process at a laboratory scale. They demonstrated their process in the summer of 1909 by producing ammonia from the air, drop by drop, at the rate of about  per hour. The process was purchased by the German chemical company BASF, which assigned Carl Bosch the task of scaling up Haber's tabletop machine to industrial-level production. He succeeded in 1910. Haber and Bosch were later awarded Nobel Prizes, in 1918 and 1931 respectively, for their work in overcoming the chemical and engineering problems of large-scale, continuous-flow, high-pressure technology.

Ammonia was first manufactured using the Haber process on an industrial scale in 1913 in BASF's Oppau plant in Germany, reaching 20 tonnes per day the following year. During World War I, the production of munitions required large amounts of nitrate. The Allies had access to large deposits of sodium nitrate in Chile (Chile saltpetre) controlled by British companies. Germany had no such resources, so the Haber process proved essential to the German war effort. Synthetic ammonia from the Haber process was used for the production of nitric acid, a precursor to the nitrates used in explosives.

Today, the most popular catalysts are based on iron promoted with K2O, CaO, SiO2, and Al2O3. Earlier, molybdenum was also used as a promoter. The original Haber–Bosch reaction chambers used osmium as the catalyst, but it was available in extremely small quantities. Haber noted uranium was almost as effective and easier to obtain than osmium. Under Bosch's direction in 1909, the BASF researcher Alwin Mittasch discovered a much less expensive iron-based catalyst, which is still used today. A major contributor to the elucidation of this catalysis was Gerhard Ertl.

During the interwar years, alternative processes were developed, the most notably different being the Casale process, Claude process, and the Mont-Cenis process by Friedrich Uhde Ingenieurbüro, founded in 1921. Luigi Casale and Georges Claude proposed to increase the pressure of the synthesis loop to , thereby increasing the single-pass ammonia conversion and making nearly complete liquefaction at ambient temperature feasible. Georges Claude even proposed to have three or four converters with liquefaction steps in series, thereby omitting the need for a recycle. Nowadays, most plants resemble the original Haber process ( and ), albeit with improved single-pass conversion and lower energy consumption due to process and catalyst optimization.

Process

This conversion is typically conducted at pressures above 10 MPa (100 bar; 1,450 psi) and between , as the gases (nitrogen and hydrogen) are passed over four beds of catalyst, with cooling between each pass for maintaining a reasonable equilibrium constant. On each pass, only about 15% conversion occurs, but any unreacted gases are recycled, and eventually, an overall conversion of 97% is achieved.

The steam reforming, shift conversion, carbon dioxide removal, and methanation steps each operate at pressures of about , and the ammonia synthesis loop operates at pressures ranging from , depending upon which proprietary process is used.

Sources of hydrogen
The major source of hydrogen is methane from natural gas. The conversion, steam reforming, is conducted with steam in a high-temperature and pressure tube inside a reformer with a nickel catalyst, separating the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the natural gas, yielding hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide waste (converted to carbon dioxide later in the process). Other fossil fuel sources include coal, heavy fuel oil and naphtha.  Green hydrogen is produced without fossil fuels or carbon dioxide waste from biomass, electrolysis of water and the thermochemical (solar or another heat source) splitting of water, however, these sources of hydrogen are not competitive with the steam reforming process. Green ammonia can become competitive with current trends in technology improvements and e.g. carbon taxes.

Reaction rate and equilibrium
Nitrogen gas (N2) is very unreactive because the atoms are held together by strong triple bonds. The Haber process relies on catalysts that accelerate the scission of this triple bond.

Two opposing considerations are relevant to this synthesis: the position of the equilibrium and the rate of reaction. At room temperature, the equilibrium is strongly in favor of ammonia, but the reaction doesn't proceed at a detectable rate due to its high activation energy. Because the reaction is exothermic, the equilibrium constant becomes unity at around  (see Le Châtelier's principle).

Above this temperature, the equilibrium quickly becomes quite unfavorable for the reaction product at atmospheric pressure, according to the Van 't Hoff equation. Lowering the temperature is also unhelpful because the catalyst requires a temperature of at least 400 °C to be efficient.

Increased pressure does favor the forward reaction because there are 4 moles of reactant for every 2 moles of product, and the pressure used () alters the equilibrium concentrations to give a substantial ammonia yield. The reason for this is evident in the equilibrium relationship, which is

where  is the fugacity coefficient of species ,  is the mole fraction of the same species,  is the pressure in the reactor, and  is standard pressure, typically .

Economically, pressurization of the reactor is expensive: pipes, valves, and reaction vessels need to be strengthened, and there are safety considerations when working at 20 MPa. In addition, running compressors takes considerable energy, as work must be done on the (very compressible) gas. Thus, the compromise used gives a single-pass yield of around 15%

While removing the product (i.e., ammonia gas) from the system would increase the reaction yield, this step is not used in practice, since the temperature is too high; it is removed from the equilibrium mixture of gases leaving the reaction vessel. The hot gases are cooled enough, whilst maintaining a high pressure, for the ammonia to condense and be removed as a liquid. Unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen gases are then returned to the reaction vessel to undergo further reaction. While most ammonia is removed (typically down to 2–5 mol.%), some ammonia remains in the recycle stream to the converter. In academic literature, a more complete separation of ammonia has been proposed by absorption in metal halides and by adsorption on zeolites. Such a process is called an absorbent-enhanced Haber process or adsorbent-enhanced Haber–Bosch process.

Catalysts

The Haber–Bosch process relies on catalysts to accelerate the hydrogenation of N2. The catalysts are "heterogeneous", meaning that they are solids that interact with gaseous reagents.

The catalyst typically consists of finely divided iron bound to an iron oxide carrier containing promoters possibly including aluminium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, potassium hydroxide, molybdenum, and magnesium oxide.

Production of iron-based catalysts
In industrial practice, the iron catalyst is obtained from finely ground iron powder, which is usually obtained by reduction of high-purity magnetite (Fe3O4). The pulverized iron is burnt (oxidized) to give magnetite or wüstite (FeO, ferrous oxide) particles of a specific size. The magnetite (or wüstite) particles are then partially reduced, removing some of the oxygen in the process. The resulting catalyst particles consist of a core of magnetite, encased in a shell of wüstite, which in turn is surrounded by an outer shell of metallic iron. The catalyst maintains most of its bulk volume during the reduction, resulting in a highly porous high-surface-area material, which enhances its effectiveness as a catalyst. Other minor components of the catalyst include calcium and aluminium oxides, which support the iron catalyst and help it maintain its surface area. These oxides of Ca, Al, K, and Si are unreactive to reduction by the hydrogen.

The production of the required magnetite catalyst requires a particular melting process in which used raw materials must be free of catalyst poisons and the promoter aggregates must be evenly distributed in the magnetite melt. Rapid cooling of the magnetite melt, which has an initial temperature of about 3500 °C, produces the precursor desired highly active catalyst. Unfortunately, the rapid cooling ultimately forms a catalyst of reduced abrasion resistance. Despite this disadvantage, the method of rapid cooling is often preferred in practice.

The reduction of the catalyst precursor magnetite to α-iron is carried out directly in the production plant with synthesis gas. The reduction of the magnetite proceeds via the formation of wüstite (FeO) so that particles with a core of magnetite surrounded by a shell of wüstite are formed. The further reduction of magnetite and wüstite leads to the formation of α-iron, which forms together with the promoters of the outer shell. The involved processes are complex and depend on the reduction temperature: At lower temperatures, wüstite disproportionates into an iron phase and a magnetite phase; at higher temperatures, the reduction of the wüstite and magnetite to iron dominates.

The α-iron forms primary crystallites with a diameter of about 30 nanometers. These form crystallites a bimodal pore system with pore diameters of about 10 nanometers (produced by the reduction of the magnetite phase) and of 25 to 50 nanometers (produced by the reduction of the wüstite phase). With the exception of cobalt oxide, the promoters are not reduced.

During the reduction of the iron oxide with synthesis gas, water vapour is formed. This water vapor must be considered for high catalyst quality as contact with the finely divided iron would lead to premature aging of the catalyst through recrystallization, especially in conjunction with high temperatures. The vapour pressure of the water in the gas mixture produced during catalyst formation is thus kept as low as possible, target values are below 3 gm−3. For this reason, the reduction is carried out at high gas exchange, low pressure, and low temperatures. The exothermic nature of the ammonia formation ensures a gradual increase in temperature.

The reduction of fresh, fully oxidized catalyst or precursor to full production capacity takes four to ten days. The wüstite phase is reduced faster and at lower temperatures than the magnetite phase (Fe3O4). After detailed kinetic, microscopic, and X-ray spectroscopic investigations it was shown that wüstite reacts first to metallic iron. This leads to a gradient of iron(II) ions, whereby these diffuse from the magnetite through the wüstite to the particle surface and precipitate there as iron nuclei.

In industrial practice, pre-reduced, stabilised catalysts have gained a significant market share. They are delivered showing the fully developed pore structure, but have been oxidized again on the surface after manufacture and are therefore no longer pyrophoric. The reactivation of such pre-reduced catalysts requires only 30 to 40 hours instead of the usual time period of several days. In addition to the short start-up time, they also have other advantages such as higher water resistance and lower weight.

Catalysts other than iron
Since the industrial launch of the Haber–Bosch process, many efforts have been made to improve it. Many metals were intensively tested in the search for suitable catalysts: The requirement for suitability is the dissociative adsorption of nitrogen (i. e. the nitrogen molecule must be split into nitrogen atoms upon absorption). At the same time, the binding of the nitrogen atoms must not be too strong, otherwise, the catalyst would be blocked and the catalytic ability would be reduced (i. e. self-poisoning). The elements in the periodic table at the left of the iron group show such a strong bond to nitrogen. The formation of surface nitrides makes for example chromium catalysts ineffective. Metals to the right of the iron group, in contrast, adsorb nitrogen too weakly to be able to activate it sufficiently for ammonia synthesis. Haber initially used catalysts based on osmium and uranium. Uranium reacts to its nitride during catalysis, while osmium oxide is rare.

Due to the comparatively low price, high availability, easy processing, lifespan, and activity, iron was ultimately chosen as a catalyst. The production of 1800 tons of ammonia per day requires a gas pressure of at least 130 bar, temperatures of 400 to 500 °C, and a reactor volume of at least 100 m³. According to theoretical and practical studies, further improvements of the pure iron catalyst are limited. It was noticed that the activity of iron catalysts was increased by the inclusion of cobalt.

Second-generation catalysts
Ruthenium forms highly active catalysts.  Allowing milder operating pressures and temperatures, Ru-based materials are referred to as second-generation catalysts. Such catalysts are prepared by the decomposition of triruthenium dodecacarbonyl on graphite. A drawback of activated-carbon-supported ruthenium-based catalysts is the methanation of the support in the presence of hydrogen. Their activity is strongly dependent on the catalyst carrier and the promoters. A wide range of substances can be used as carriers, including carbon, magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, zeolites, spinels, and boron nitride.

Ruthenium-activated carbon-based catalysts have been used industrially in the KBR Advanced Ammonia Process (KAAP) since 1992. The carbon carrier is partially degraded to methane; however, this can be mitigated by a special treatment of the carbon at 1500 °C, thus prolonging the lifetime of the catalyst. In addition, the finely dispersed carbon poses a risk of explosion. For these reasons and due to its low acidity, magnesium oxide has proven to be a good alternative. Carriers with acidic properties extract electrons from ruthenium, make it less reactive, and have the undesirable effect of binding ammonia to the surface.

Catalyst poisons
Catalyst poisons lower the activity of the catalyst. They are usually impurities in the synthesis gas (a raw material). Concerning gaseous catalyst poisons, a distinction should be made between permanent poisons causing an irreversible loss of catalytic activity and temporary poisons which lower the activity while present in the synthesis gas. Sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, arsenic compounds, and chlorine compounds are permanent catalyst poisons. Oxygenic compounds like water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen are temporary catalyst poisons.

Although chemically inert components of the synthesis gas mixture such as noble gases or methane are not catalyst poisons in the strict sense, they accumulate through the recycling of the process gases and thus lower the partial pressure of the reactants, which in turn has a negative effect on the conversion.

Industrial production

Synthesis parameters

The formation of ammonia occurs from nitrogen and hydrogen according to the following equation:

The reaction is an exothermic equilibrium reaction in which the gas volume is reduced. The equilibrium constant Keq of the reaction (see table) is obtained from the following equation:

Since the reaction is exothermic, the equilibrium of the reaction shifts at lower temperatures to the side of the ammonia. Furthermore, four volumetric parts of the raw materials produce two volumetric parts of ammonia. According to Le Chatelier's principle, a high pressure therefore also favours the formation of ammonia. In addition, high pressure is necessary to ensure sufficient surface coverage of the catalyst with nitrogen. For this reason, a ratio of nitrogen to hydrogen of 1 to 3, a pressure of 250 to 350 bar, a temperature of 450 to 550 °C and α iron are used as catalysts.

The catalyst ferrite (α-Fe) is produced in the reactor by the reduction of magnetite with hydrogen. The catalyst has its highest efficiency at temperatures of about 400 to 500 °C. Even though the catalyst greatly lowers the activation energy for the cleavage of the triple bond of the nitrogen molecule, high temperatures are still required for an appropriate reaction rate. At the industrially used reaction temperature of 450 to 550 °C an optimum between the decomposition of ammonia into the starting materials and the effectiveness of the catalyst is achieved. The formed ammonia is continuously removed from the system. The volume fraction of ammonia in the gas mixture is about 20%.

The inert components, especially the noble gases such as argon, should not exceed a certain content in order not to reduce the partial pressure of the reactants too much. To remove the inert gas components, part of the gas is removed and the argon is separated in a gas separation plant. The extraction of pure argon from the circulating gas is carried out using the Linde process.

Large-scale technical implementation
Modern ammonia plants produce more than 3000 tons per day in one production line. The following diagram shows the set-up of a Haber–Bosch plant:

Depending on its origin, the synthesis gas must first be freed from impurities such as hydrogen sulfide or organic sulphur compounds, which act as a catalyst poison. High concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, which occur in synthesis gas from carbonization coke, are removed in a wet cleaning stage such as the sulfosolvan process, while low concentrations are removed by adsorption on activated carbon. Organosulfur compounds are separated by pressure swing adsorption together with carbon dioxide after CO conversion.

To produce hydrogen by steam reforming, methane reacts with water vapor using a nickel oxide-alumina catalyst in the primary reformer to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The energy required for this, the enthalpy ΔH, is 206 kJ/mol.

The methane gas reacts in the primary reformer only partially. To increase the hydrogen yield and keep the content of inert components (i. e. methane) as low as possible, the remaining methane gas is converted in a second step with oxygen to hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the secondary reformer. The secondary reformer is supplied with air as the oxygen source. Also, the required nitrogen for the subsequent ammonia synthesis is added to the gas mixture.

In the third step, the carbon monoxide is oxidized to carbon dioxide, which is called CO conversion or water-gas shift reaction.

Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide would form carbamates with ammonia, which would clog (as solids) pipelines and apparatus within a short time. In the following process step, the carbon dioxide must therefore be removed from the gas mixture. In contrast to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide can easily be removed from the gas mixture by gas scrubbing with triethanolamine. The gas mixture then still contains methane and noble gases such as argon, which, however, behave inertly.

The gas mixture is then compressed to operating pressure by turbo compressors. The resulting compression heat is dissipated by heat exchangers; it is used to preheat raw gases.

The actual production of ammonia takes place in the ammonia reactor. The first reactors were bursting under high pressure because the atomic hydrogen in the carbonaceous steel partially recombined into methane and produced cracks in the steel. Bosch, therefore, developed tube reactors consisting of a pressure-bearing steel tube in which a low-carbon iron lining tube was inserted and filled with the catalyst. Hydrogen that diffused through the inner steel pipe escaped to the outside via thin holes in the outer steel jacket, the so-called Bosch holes. A disadvantage of the tubular reactors was the relatively high-pressure loss, which had to be applied again by compression. The development of hydrogen-resistant chromium-molybdenum steels made it possible to construct single-walled pipes.

Modern ammonia reactors are designed as multi-storey reactors with a low-pressure drop, in which the catalysts are distributed as fills over about ten storeys one above the other. The gas mixture flows through them one after the other from top to bottom. Cold gas is injected from the side for cooling. A disadvantage of this reactor type is the incomplete conversion of the cold gas mixture in the last catalyst bed.

Alternatively, the reaction mixture between the catalyst layers is cooled using heat exchangers, whereby the hydrogen-nitrogen mixture is preheated to the reaction temperature. Reactors of this type have three catalyst beds. In addition to good temperature control, this reactor type has the advantage of better conversion of the raw material gases compared to reactors with cold gas injection.

Uhde has developed and is using an ammonia converter with three radial flow catalyst beds and two internal heat exchangers instead of axial flow catalyst beds. This further reduces the pressure drop in the converter.

The reaction product is continuously removed for maximum yield. The gas mixture is cooled to 450 °C in a heat exchanger using water, freshly supplied gases, and other process streams. The ammonia also condenses and is separated in a pressure separator. Unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are then compressed back to the process by a circulating gas compressor, supplemented with fresh gas, and fed to the reactor. In a subsequent distillation, the product ammonia is purified.

Mechanism

Elementary steps
The mechanism of ammonia synthesis contains the following seven elementary steps:

 transport of the reactants from the gas phase through the boundary layer to the surface of the catalyst.
 pore diffusion to the reaction center
 adsorption of reactants
 reaction
 desorption of product
 transport of the product through the pore system back to the surface
 transport of the product into the gas phase

Transport and diffusion (the first and last two steps) are fast compared to adsorption, reaction, and desorption because of the shell structure of the catalyst. It is known from various investigations that the rate-determining step of the ammonia synthesis is the dissociation of nitrogen. In contrast, exchange reactions between hydrogen and deuterium on the Haber–Bosch catalysts still take place at temperatures of  at a measurable rate; the exchange between deuterium and hydrogen on the ammonia molecule also takes place at room temperature. Since the adsorption of both molecules is rapid, it cannot determine the speed of ammonia synthesis.

In addition to the reaction conditions, the adsorption of nitrogen on the catalyst surface depends on the microscopic structure of the catalyst surface. Iron has different crystal surfaces, whose reactivity is very different. The Fe(111) and Fe(211) surfaces have by far the highest activity. The explanation for this is that only these surfaces have so-called C7 sites - these are iron atoms with seven closest neighbours.

The dissociative adsorption of nitrogen on the surface follows the following scheme, where S* symbolizes an iron atom on the surface of the catalyst:

 N2 → S*–N2 (γ-species) → S*–N2–S* (α-species) → 2 S*–N (β-species, surface nitride)

The adsorption of nitrogen is similar to the chemisorption of carbon monoxide. On a Fe(111) surface, the adsorption of nitrogen first leads to an adsorbed γ-species with an adsorption energy of 24 kJmol−1 and an N-N stretch vibration of 2100 cm−1. Since the nitrogen is isoelectronic to carbon monoxide, it adsorbs in an on-end configuration in which the molecule is bound perpendicular to the metal surface at one nitrogen atom. This has been confirmed by photoelectron spectroscopy.

Ab-initio-MO calculations have shown that, in addition to the σ binding of the free electron pair of nitrogen to the metal, there is a π binding from the d orbitals of the metal to the π* orbitals of nitrogen, which strengthens the iron-nitrogen bond. The nitrogen in the α state is more strongly bound with 31 kJmol−1. The resulting N–N bond weakening could be experimentally confirmed by a reduction of the wave numbers of the N–N stretching oscillation to 1490 cm−1.

Further heating of the Fe(111) area covered by α-N2 leads to both desorption and the emergence of a new band at 450 cm−1. This represents a metal-nitrogen oscillation, the β state. A comparison with vibration spectra of complex compounds allows the conclusion that the N2 molecule is bound "side-on", with an N atom in contact with a C7 site. This structure is called "surface nitride". The surface nitride is very strongly bound to the surface. Hydrogen atoms (Hads), which are very mobile on the catalyst surface, quickly combine with it.

Infrared spectroscopically detected surface imides (NHad), surface amides (NH2,ad) and surface ammoniacates (NH3,ad) are formed, the latter decay under NH3 release (desorption). The individual molecules were identified or assigned by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and Ir Spectroscopy.

On the basis of these experimental findings, the reaction mechanism is believed to involve the following steps (see also figure):
 N2 (g) → N2 (adsorbed)
 N2 (adsorbed) → 2 N (adsorbed)
 H2 (g) → H2 (adsorbed)
 H2 (adsorbed) → 2 H (adsorbed)
 N (adsorbed) + 3 H (adsorbed) → NH3 (adsorbed)
 NH3 (adsorbed) → NH3 (g)

Reaction 5 occurs in three steps, forming NH, NH2, and then NH3. Experimental evidence points to reaction 2 as being slow, rate-determining step. This is not unexpected, since the bond is broken, the nitrogen triple bond is the strongest of the bonds that must be broken.

As with all Haber–Bosch catalysts, nitrogen dissociation is the rate-determining step for ruthenium-activated carbon catalysts. The active center for ruthenium is a so-called B5 site, a 5-fold coordinated position on the Ru(0001) surface where two ruthenium atoms form a step edge with three ruthenium atoms on the Ru(0001) surface. The number of B5 sites depends on the size and shape of the ruthenium particles, the ruthenium precursor and the amount of ruthenium used. The reinforcing effect of the basic carrier used in the ruthenium catalyst is similar to the promoter effect of alkali metals used in the iron catalyst.

Energy diagram

An energy diagram can be created based on the Enthalpy of Reaction of the individual steps. The energy diagram can be used to compare homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions: Due to the high activation energy of the dissociation of nitrogen, the homogeneous gas phase reaction is not realizable. The catalyst avoids this problem as the energy gain resulting from the binding of nitrogen atoms to the catalyst surface overcompensates for the necessary dissociation energy so that the reaction is finally exothermic. Nevertheless, the dissociative adsorption of nitrogen remains the rate-determining step: not because of the activation energy, but mainly because of the unfavorable pre-exponential factor of the rate constant. Although hydrogenation is endothermic, this energy can easily be applied by the reaction temperature (about 700 K).

Economic and environmental aspects

When first invented, the Haber process competed against another industrial process, the cyanamide process. However, the cyanamide process consumed large amounts of electrical power and was more labor-intensive than the Haber process.

As of 2018, the Haber process produces 230 million tonnes of anhydrous ammonia per year. The ammonia is used mainly as a nitrogen fertilizer as ammonia itself, in the form of ammonium nitrate, and as urea. The Haber process consumes 3–5% of the world's natural gas production (around 1–2% of the world's energy supply). In combination with advances in breeding, herbicides, and pesticides, these fertilizers have helped to increase the productivity of agricultural land:

The energy-intensity of the process contributes to climate change and other environmental problems such as the leaching of nitrates into groundwater, rivers, ponds, and lakes; expanding dead zones in coastal ocean waters, resulting from recurrent eutrophication; atmospheric deposition of nitrates and ammonia affecting natural ecosystems; higher emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), now the third most important greenhouse gas following CO2 and CH4. The Haber–Bosch process is one of the largest contributors to a buildup of reactive nitrogen in the biosphere, causing an anthropogenic disruption to the nitrogen cycle.

Since nitrogen use efficiency is typically less than 50%, farm runoff from heavy use of fixed industrial nitrogen disrupts biological habitats.

Nearly 50% of the nitrogen found in human tissues originated from the Haber–Bosch process.  Thus, the Haber process serves as the "detonator of the population explosion", enabling the global population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 7.7 billion by November 2018.

See also
 Hydrogen production
 Industrial gas
 Other contemporary nitrogen sources
 Chilean saltpeter
 Guano
 Other nitrogen fixation processes
 Birkeland–Eyde process
 Cyanamide process
 Paradas method

References

External links

 BASF – Fertilizer out of thin air
 Britannica guide to Nobel Prizes: Fritz Haber
 Haber Process for Ammonia Synthesis
 Haber–Bosch process, most important invention of the 20th century, according to V. Smil, Nature, 29 July 1999, p. 415 (by Jürgen Schmidhuber)
 Nobel e-Museum – Biography of Fritz Haber
 Uses and Production of Ammonia

BASF
Chemical processes
Industrial processes
Equilibrium chemistry
Peak oil
Catalysis
History of mining in Chile
German inventions
Industrial gases
Name reactions
Fritz Haber
1909 in science
1909 in Germany


text:
Madison Pomeroy Hildebrand (born October 28, 1980) is an American media personality and realtor specializing in the luxury real estate market located in Malibu, California. A broker with Partners Trust Real Estate, Hildebrand formerly co-starred in the Bravo television series Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles, alongside Josh Flagg and Josh Altman. In 2009, Hildebrand released a book, Activate Your Passion, Create Your Career. In 2013, Hildebrand launched a scented candle collection called The Malibu Life By Madison Hildebrand. He is also a brand ambassador for the eSignature company, DocuSign, and produces a national seminar tour where Hildebrand coaches realtors across the country.

Personal life
Hildebrand graduated from Pepperdine University, in Malibu. Openly gay, having come out in December 2009, Hildebrand appeared on The Millionaire Matchmaker looking for love. His brother, John Hildebrand, is the owner of Sicky's Eyewear. Hildebrand is an inactive member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

References

External links
 Futon Critic interview with Madison Hildebrand
 Sicky's Eyewear
 Madison Hildebrand Real Estate Website

American television personalities
Living people
Gay men
LGBT people from Arizona
LGBT people from California
Pepperdine University alumni
1980 births
Former Latter Day Saints
Participants in American reality television series


text:
Danané è una città, sottoprefettura e comune della Costa d'Avorio, situata nella regione di Tonkpi. È capoluogo dell'omonimo dipartimento e conta una popolazione di  abitanti (censimento 2014).

Note

Voci correlate
 Sottoprefetture della Costa d'Avorio
 Comuni della Costa d'Avorio

Altri progetti

Sottoprefetture del dipartimento di Danané
Comuni della regione di Tonkpi


text:
Incendies est un film dramatique québécois réalisé par Denis Villeneuve, qui a écrit le scénario avec Valérie Beaugrand-Champagne et sorti en 2010. Le film est inspiré de la pièce de théâtre Incendies de Wajdi Mouawad, elle-même inspirée de la vie de Souha Bechara.

Il est présenté en première mondiale lors de la  Mostra de Venise et sélectionné dans la catégorie du meilleur film en langue étrangère en vue de la  des Oscars. Le film remporte neuf prix à la  des Jutra le , dont celui du meilleur film et du meilleur scénario. Incendies est considéré comme l'un des 10 meilleurs films de 2011 par The New York Times.

Le film évoque les jumeaux Jeanne et Simon qui, à la suite du décès de leur mère Nawal Marwan, se voient remettre deux lettres par le notaire Jean Lebel. L'une qu'ils doivent donner à leur père qu'ils n'ont jamais connu et qu'ils croyaient mort, et l'autre à leur frère dont ils ignoraient l'existence. Commence alors pour les jumeaux une longue quête vers leurs origines, et le dévoilement de la vie secrète de leur mère.

Synopsis
L'intrigue repose sur le conflit entre musulmans et chrétiens durant une guerre civile dans un pays imaginaire, aux toponymes inventés. On pense au Liban, bien que le mot ne soit jamais prononcé dans le film, mais le réalisateur a voulu « rester dans un univers imaginaire. Incendies est un film qui parle de politique sans être lui-même politique : il s'agit de traiter de la colère, pas de la provoquer. »

L'histoire commence dans la partie chrétienne, au nord d'une contrée fictive du Moyen-Orient. Nawal Marwan, de confession chrétienne, est forcée d'abandonner son premier fils, Nihad, à sa naissance car il était le fruit d'une relation avec un musulman. La grand-mère de Nawal le marque toutefois au talon droit de trois points alignés verticalement à titre de signe distinctif, après quoi l'enfant est placé dans un orphelinat à Daresh — la capitale fictive de ce pays fictif —, où sa mère se promet de venir le rechercher, une fois qu'elle aura terminé ses études.

Mais les tensions éclatent dans le pays et, voulant retrouver son enfant, Nawal se rapproche de la zone de conflits. Quand elle arrive à l'orphelinat, il est trop tard : le bâtiment a été détruit par des milices musulmanes qui ont emmené les enfants avec eux, du côté des camps de réfugiés de Deressa. Elle prend donc un bus à destination de ce camp. Mais le bus est attaqué par des chrétiens à la solde d'un chef politique, qui massacrent les passagers musulmans, et Nawal ne doit son salut qu'à la croix qu'elle porte autour du cou. Quand elle arrive enfin à Deressa, elle découvre les ruines du camp de réfugiés, entièrement détruit par les chrétiens. Dans ces conditions, avec son fils avalé par la guerre, le père de son fils assassiné, elle n'a plus rien à perdre et rejoint un groupe radical musulman. Elle infiltre le camp adverse en tant que professeur de français et réussit à assassiner un dirigeant politique chrétien.

Pour ce meurtre, elle est condamnée sans procès et enfermée pendant 15 ans à la prison secrète de Kfar Ryat, dans le sud, qui évoque la prison de Al-Khiam, à l'époque sous contrôle israélien. Elle y est régulièrement torturée et violée par Abou Tarek, un ancien tireur d'élite recyclé en bourreau. Elle chante souvent pour ne pas sombrer dans le désespoir et la folie. Durant sa détention, elle tombe enceinte de son bourreau et accouche de jumeaux, ceux-là mêmes qui rechercheront leurs origines.

C'est que son fils, Nihad de Mai (surnom provenant de la date de son inscription dans les registres de l'orphelinat de Daresh), avait entretemps été recruté et formé par les milices musulmanes. Tireur d'élite hors pair, il veut devenir martyr afin de retrouver sa mère, mais son chef, Chamsedinne, s'y oppose. Sans famille, sans attache, il devient possédé par la guerre. Franc-tireur, il est désormais « soldat de la mort ». Mais il finit par être capturé par le camp chrétien qui en fait un gardien de prison. Et c'est là que Nihad Harmanni, qui va prendre le nom d'Abou Tarek, devient le bourreau de sa propre mère — dont il ignore tout.

À sa sortie de prison, « la femme qui chante » apprend que ses jumeaux sont encore vivants. Elle les retrouve, et son ancien chef de milice les exfiltre tous les trois au Canada, une récompense pour « services rendus ». Là-bas, bien des années plus tard, alors qu'elle se baigne dans une piscine publique, elle voit un homme au bord du bassin, qui lui tourne le dos. Elle aperçoit alors le tatouage que l'homme porte au talon, et reconnaît les trois points qui avaient été tatoués à son fils, quarante ans auparavant, avant qu'elle ne doive l'abandonner. Cet homme n'est donc autre que Nihad. Mais très vite l'horreur saisit Nawal quand il se retourne et qu'elle reconnaît en lui son bourreau, Abou Tarek. Le choc est alors si grand qu'elle meurt peu de temps après, confiant seulement son secret au notaire Lebel.

Après avoir appris la vérité, les jumeaux remettent les deux lettres à Nihad Harmanni. Nawal a enfin droit à son épitaphe, . La scène finale du film montre Harmanni se recueillant sur la tombe de sa mère.

Fiche technique

 Titre original : Incendies
 Réalisation : Denis Villeneuve
 Scénario : Denis Villeneuve et Valérie Beaugrand-Champagne, adapté de la pièce Incendies de Wajdi Mouawad
 Musique : Grégoire Hetzel
 Supervision musicale : Pascal Mayer
 Conception visuelle : André-Line Beauparlant
 Décors : Diane Gauthier
 Costumes : Sophie Lefebvre
 Maquillage : Kathryn Casault
 Coiffure : André Duval
 Photographie : André Turpin
 Son : Jean Umansky, Sylvain Bellemare, Jean-Pierre Laforce
 Montage : Monique Dartonne
 Production : Kim McCraw, Luc Déry
 Coproduction : Miléna Poylo, Gilles Sacuto, Anthony Doncque
 Production associée : Phoebe Greenberg, Penny Mancuso
 Production déléguée : Stephan Traynor, Sylvie Trudelle
 Sociétés de production : Micro Scope, TS Productions (coproduction), Phi Group (en association)
 Sociétés de distribution : Sony Pictures Classics (États-Unis), Happiness Distribution (France), Christal Films, Les Films Séville (Québec)
 Budget :
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue : français, arabe, anglais
 Format : couleur (Technicolor) — 35 mm — 1,85:1 — son Dolby Digital
 Genre : drame
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :  (première mondiale lors de la  de la Mostra de Venise)
 Belgique :  (Festival international du film francophone de Namur (FIFF))
 États-Unis :  ( du Festival du film de Telluride)
 Canada :  (première canadienne lors de la  du Festival international du film de Toronto (TIFF))
 Canada :  (sortie en salle au Québec)
 Canada :  (DVD et Blu-ray)
 Belgique :
 France :
 Italie :
 États-Unis :

 Classification :
 États-Unis : R
 France : Tous publics avec avertissement (visa d'exploitation  délivré le )
 Québec : 13+

Distribution
Pour ce film, le réalisateur a travaillé avec de nombreux amateurs en Jordanie, pays du tournage.

 Lubna Azabal : Nawal Marwan
 Mélissa Désormeaux-Poulin : Jeanne Marwan
 Maxim Gaudette : Simon Marwan
 Rémy Girard : le notaire Jean Lebel
 Abdelghafour Elaaziz : Abou Tarek / Nihad de Mai / Nihad Harmanni
 Allen Altman : le notaire Maddad
 Mohamed Majd : Wallat Chamseddine
 John Dunn-Hill : le professeur Said Haidar
 Nabil Sawalha : Fahim Harrsa
 Baya Belal : Maika, infirmière de la prison
 Bader Alami : Nicolas Marwan
 Majida Hussein : la grand-mère de Nawal
 Karim Babin : le garde du corps de Chamseddine
 Yousef Shweihat : Sharif, guide de Deressa

Production

Le film a été tourné au Canada et en Jordanie.

Réception

Sortie
À peine sorti en DVD et en Blu-ray au Québec, depuis le , le film Incendies fait un tabac dans les magasins et clubs vidéo. Selon le palmarès pour la semaine du 14 au , il était premier tant dans les locations que dans les ventes, en DVD et en Blu-ray, dans les magasins Archambault et Le SuperClub Vidéotron. Même dans les librairies Renaud-Bray, le film est également au sommet du palmarès des ventes. Christian Théberge, directeur des ventes, section divertissement maison (Québec) chez le distributeur Séville, a indiqué : .

Box-office

Québec
Au début d'octobre 2010, après dix-sept jours d'exploitation, le film franchit le cap du million de dollars canadiens au box office. Présenté sur trente-six écrans dans la province de Québec, le film se classe en deuxième position derrière Le réseau social lors de sa troisième fin de semaine en salles. Après neuf semaines, le film occupe le huitième rang au box-office avec des recettes totalisant environ  de dollars. À la fin de l'année 2010, le film a engrangé environ , ce qui en fait le deuxième film ayant engendré le plus de recettes cette année-là après Piché, entre ciel et terre. Après cinq mois à l'affiche au Québec, ce film dépasse les trois millions de dollars. Avec la nomination du meilleur film étranger aux Oscars récemment, le film a connu un regain d'intérêt au Québec. Pour répondre aux demandes des spectateurs, depuis le , ce film est à l'affiche de trente-trois salles partout au Québec, soit vingt salles supplémentaires en plus des treize salles déjà disponibles depuis une semaine. À la vingt-quatrième semaine, les recettes québécoises ont dépassé les trois millions et demi de dollars. Le film est toujours à l'affiche depuis six mois, du rarement vu. Même si le DVD est disponible dans les vidéoclubs, le film est encore projeté en douze salles de cinéma et vient surpasser le film le plus populaire de 2010, Piché, entre ciel et terre avec 3,7 millions de dollars.

Canada
Pour la recette totale, y compris le Canada anglais, depuis la sortie, Incendies a rapporté , dont  au Québec.

France
Incendies sort sur soixante-six écrans en France en . Après une semaine, on dénombre environ .
Après trois semaines, il a grimpé à quelque , ce qui se trouve être un excellent score pour un film québécois en France. À la quatrième semaine, il vient dépasser les , confirmant son succès avec une constance remarquable. Le nombre d'écrans a été augmenté à , vingt-cinq de plus qu'il y a un mois. Même s'il ne figure plus dans le box-office français, le nombre d'entrées continue de grimper lentement et, le , Isabel Dubar, la directrice du distributeur Happiness, est fière d'annoncer que le film a dépassé les . Aucun film québécois n'a réussi à atteindre les  depuis Les Invasions barbares. Alors que la distribution ne compte aucune vedette et que le réalisateur est inconnu en Europe, le bouche-à-oreille est la cause de ce succès remarquable. Le , Incendies continue de séduire la France avec plus de  qui l'ont vu depuis la sortie. Près de quatre mois après la sortie, le film est toujours à l'affiche, où il dépasse maintenant . Finalement, ce sont quelque  qui ont vu le long-métrage québécois.

États-Unis
Le film sort le  aux États-Unis. Pour le premier week-end, trois salles étaient à l'affiche à New-York et à Los Angeles et le long-métrage a obtenu des recettes de plus de , soit une moyenne de  par écran. Près de deux mois plus tard, avec cent écrans à travers le pays, il est monté à 1,4 million de dollars. Plus de quatre mois après la sortie, le film est toujours à l'affiche dans certains villes où il a connu des succès comme à Washington, où il a récolté deux millions de dollars. À la fin de , le site Indiewire.com a dressé la liste des dix longs métrages en langue étrangère qui ont amassé le plus de recettes en sol américain. Incendies se figure en cinquième place, ce qui est considéré comme un succès.

Monde
Alors que le film Incendies est déjà disponible en DVD au Québec et bientôt en France, les cinquante pays qui ont acheté ses droits viennent de commencer à diffuser ce film dans les salles obscures, notamment en Islande, au Moyen-Orient et en Australie. Il le sera bientôt en Angleterre et en Scandinavie. Déjà, en Australie, Incendies est un gros succès, et a déjà un million de dollars.

Accueil critique

Québec
Incendies est bien accueilli par la critique, qui apprécie l'adaptation cinématographique de la pièce : le cinéma de Villeneuve apporte à l'œuvre un réalisme qui complète à merveille la dimension profondément tragique et iconique de la pièce de Mouawad. Le site Mediafilm.ca a accordé au film une note remarquable, soulignant que  The Gazette a attribué la mention rare de « chef-d'œuvre » à ce film pour décrire la performance étonnante d'Azabal. Le site Rue Frontenac lui a donné 4,5 étoiles sur cinq possibles, et La Presse, Le Soleil, Le Journal de Montréal, Échos Vedettes, Cinoche.com et Ici Weekend ont tous accordé quatre étoiles sur cinq.

France
En France, le site Allociné propose une moyenne de 3,8/5 étoiles à partir de l'interprétation de dix-huit titres de presse. Le Journal du dimanche, Le Point et Télé 7 jours ont particulièrement aimé le film. Les critiques les moins bonnes proviennent des Cahiers du cinéma et de Studio Ciné Live avec 2/5 étoiles parce qu'Incendies n'a

États-Unis
Les premières critiques sont plus que positives. Le film Incendies arrive en tête des nouveautés cinéma de la semaine les mieux cotées par les critiques, selon le site spécialisé Indie Wire. Sur le célèbre site internet Rotten Tomatoes, le film de Denis Villeneuve obtient une cote impressionnante de 93 % pour le bilan des critiques des différents médias nord-américains. Le magazine Entertainment Weekly a accordé une excellente note de A- au film, tandis que le New York Magazine parle d'un . Joshua Rothkopf dans le Time Out New York a écrit que, . A.O. Scott, du New York Times, a choisi ce film de la semaine pour de cette . Bob Mondello, de la prestigieuse radio publique NPR, a ajouté que c'est . Peter Travers, du magazine Rolling Stone, a écrit que ce film est

Si la précieuse statuette de l'Oscar du meilleur film étranger a échappé à Denis Villeneuve (il a été récemment remis à Revenge de Susanne Bier), Joe Morgenstern du Wall Street Journal écrit malgré tout : . Toutefois, le film connaît quelques critiques négatives dont celle du Village Voice qui trouve au film de Villeneuve . Le tabloïd New York Post reproche au film un regard jugé . Mais dans l'ensemble, le film obtient un véritable succès critique.

Distinctions

Récompenses
  Festival international du film de Toronto (Toronto), meilleur film canadien
  Festival international du film de l'Atlantique (Halifax), meilleur film canadien
  Festival international du film francophone de Namur (Belgique), prix du public.
  Semaine du cinéma international de Valladolid (Espagne), prix du public, prix du meilleur scénario et prix du jury des jeunes
  Festival du film de Varsovie (Pologne), Grand prix du jury
  Festival international du film de Rotterdam (Pays-Bas), prix du public .
 Prix du Centre national des Arts du Canada.
  Prix Genie, huit statuettes :
 Meilleur film
 Meilleure réalisation
 Meilleure actrice (Lubna Azabal)
 Meilleure adaptation
 Meilleure direction-photo
 Meilleur son d'ensemble
 Meilleur montage sonore
 Meilleur montage
 des Jutra, neuf prix :
 Meilleur film
 Meilleure réalisation : Denis Villeneuve
 Meilleure actrice : Lubna Azabal
 Meilleur scénario : Denis Villeneuve, avec la collaboration de Valérie Beaugrand-Champagne
 Meilleure direction de la photographie : André Turpin
 Meilleure direction artistique : André-Line Beauparlant
 Meilleur son : Sylvain Bellemare, Jean Umansky et Jean-Pierre Laforce
 Meilleur montage : Monique Dartonne
 Meilleurs costumes : Sophie Lefebvre
 Lumières de la presse internationale 2012 : Meilleur film francophone
 Meilleure actrice au Magritte du cinéma

Nominations
  des Oscars, Incendies était parmi les cinq finalistes dans la catégorie du meilleur film en langue étrangère. L'Oscar a été décerné au film danois Revenge.
  des British Academy Film Awards, Incendies est nommé dans la catégorie du meilleur film en langue étrangère. Le gagnant est La piel que habito de Pedro Almodóvar.
 David di Donatello du meilleur film étranger en 2011.
 Césars 2012 du meilleur film étranger, le César est remis au film iranien Une séparation () de Asghar Farhadi.

Analyse
Aux États-Unis, le film Incendies connaît un très bon départ pour la première semaine, gagnant  par écran. En comparaison du film Revenge de Susanne Bier, qui a le même distributeur américain, Sony Pictures Classics, que le film Incendies, la gagnante de l'Oscar du meilleur film étranger avait une moyenne d'environ  par écran à sa sortie américaine il y a un mois.

Les critiques américains positifs pour un film québécois sont très rares. Selon le baromètre de « fraîcheur » de Rotten Tomatoes, si la cote du film Incendies atteint 93 %, Les Invasions barbares de Denys Arcand, lauréat de l'Oscar du meilleur film en langue étrangère, a cumulé une cote aussi très enviable de 82 % depuis 2003. Avec le résultat de 93 %, Incendies est actuellement le deuxième film le mieux coté par la critique aux États-Unis, après la comédie satirique américaine Les Winners et devant le film français Des hommes et des dieux, de Xavier Beauvois.

Conjecture de Syracuse
Jeanne, la sœur, est mathématicienne. Au début du film, elle introduit un cours de mathématiques à propos de la conjecture de Syracuse, selon laquelle la suite de Syracuse de n'importe quel entier strictement positif atteint 1. Cette conjecture n'est pas étrangère à l'histoire de cette famille : la quête des jumeaux les amène à conclure que « 1 + 1 = 1 ». L'analogie ne tient que parce que d'une suite multiple on arrive au chiffre 1.

Cependant on peut aussi faire remarquer qu'une suite de Syracuse stationne sur un cycle de trois chiffres, dit trivial, ce qui n'est pas sans rappeler que les survivants de la famille, à savoir les deux jumeaux, le frère et le père, ne représentent finalement que trois personnes. De plus, la conjecture de Syracuse n'a jamais été démontrée, ni expliquée : ceci pourrait faire écho au dénouement du film qui ne propose aucune explication rationnelle à la tragédie vécue par cette famille mais montre plutôt ses survivants acceptant la paix et le pardon comme seules solutions viables.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Ouvrages

Articles

Annexes

Article connexe
 Liste des longs métrages canadiens proposés à l'Oscar du meilleur film en langue étrangère

Liens externes

Film québécois sorti en 2010
Film dramatique québécois
Film québécois à narration non linéaire
Film réalisé par Denis Villeneuve
Film avec une musique composée par Grégoire Hetzel
Adaptation d'une pièce de théâtre québécoise au cinéma
Film canadien inspiré de faits réels
Film se déroulant à Montréal
Film se déroulant au Liban
Film tourné en Jordanie
Film sur l'inceste
Film sur le viol
Film sur le deuil
Film sur des crimes de guerre
Film sur la guerre du Liban
Film mettant en scène des jumeaux ou jumelles
Islam au cinéma
Christianisme au cinéma
Film nommé aux Oscars
Film récompensé au Festival international du film de Toronto
Film sur les enfants soldats


text:
Latolistek kleopatra (Gonepteryx cleopatra) – motyl dzienny z rodziny bielinkowatych (Pieridae). Liczny w strefie śródziemnomorskiej Europy. Spotkać go można w nasłonecznionych lasach i zaroślach do 1800 m n.p.m. W zależności od miejsca występowania mogą być dwa lub jedno pokolenie w roku.

 Wygląd
Rozpiętość skrzydeł 5–7 cm, specyficzny kształt, pomarańczowe plamy na przednich skrzydłach, samice większe i jaśniejsze. Zielononiebieska gąsienica.

 Pożywienie
Szakłak pospolity

 Występowanie
Hiszpania, południe Francji, Włochy, Grecja, Wyspy Kanaryjskie.

Na Bałkanach oraz na Wyspach Jońskich i na wyspach wschodniej części Morza Egejskiego występuje także latolistek blady (Gonepteryx farinosa).

Bibliografia

Bielinkowate
Motyle Afryki
Motyle Europy
Gatunki i podgatunki zwierząt nazwane w 1767 roku


text:
El Torcal es una estación de la línea 2 del Metro de Málaga. Se sitúa en la Avenida de Velázquez, en el barrio de El Torcal del distrito Carretera de Cádiz de Málaga capital, España. Inicialmente iba a ser llamada Estación de Las Delicias. Fue inaugurada junto al resto de tramos originales de la red el 30 de julio de 2014.

Notas y referencias

Véase también
 Metro de Málaga

Estaciones del metro de Málaga
Estacion de el torcal


text:
Cuong Vu (Saigon, 19 september 1969) is een Amerikaanse jazz-trompettist en -zanger, actief in de geïmproviseerde muziek. Zijn muziek bevat elementen van de hedendaagse jazz, rockmuziek, noise-pop, elektronische muziek, groove en ambient-muziek.

In 1975 verhuisde zijn familie naar Seattle, waar hij vanaf zijn elfde trompet leerde spelen. Hij studeerde aan de New England Conservatory of Music, waar hij onder andere les kreeg van Dave Holland. Hij luisterde naar de grote jazzlegenden en avant-garde-musici, maar raakte ook geïnteresseerd in allerlei klassieke componisten, van Mozart tot en met Arnold Schönberg. Na zijn studie ging hij naar New York, waar zijn ster als innoverend muzikant snel steeg. Hij was een van de oprichters van de band Ragged Jack, die in allerlei clubs speelde, zoals Knitting Factory. Hij werkte samen met (en nam op met) vooruitstrevende musici als Laurie Anderson, Dave Douglas, Myra Melford, Gerry Hemingway en David Bowie en toerde met Pat Metheny, waarmee hij ook platen opnam, als trompettist en zanger. Twee platen van Metheny met Cuong Vu kregen een Grammy, in 2002 en 2005. Cuong Vu leidt enkele eigen bands, waarin onder meer de Japanse bassist Stomu Takeishi speelt. Cuong Vu heeft verschillende albums als leider opgenomen, maar is ook te horen op plaatopnames van onder meer Chris Speed, Assif Tsahar, Orange Then Blue en Andy Laster.

Discografie

als leider:

 'Bound', OmniTone, 2000
 'Pure', Knitting Factory, 2000
 'Come Play With Me', Knitting Factory, 2001
 'It's Mostly Residual', ArtistShare, 2005
 'Vu-Tet', ArtistShare, 2007
 'Leaps of faith', Origin Records, 2011

Externe links
 Website Cuong Vu
 Cuong Vu bij Vrije Geluiden met Bob van Luijt en Yonga Sun

Amerikaans componist
Amerikaans jazzcomponist
Amerikaans jazztrompettist
Amerikaans jazzzanger


text:
Aruküla () är en småköping () i landskapet Harjumaa i norra Estland. Aruküla är centralort i Raasiku kommun och ligger cirka 25 km sydost om huvudstaden Tallinn. Invånarantalet var  personer 1 januari 2013.

Källor
Estlands lantmäteri

Orter i Harjumaa
Småköpingar i Estland
Raasiku kommun


text:
Søskende kan være:

 Søskende – hovedbetydning; personer, der er fælles om en eller begge forældre.
 Søskende (film) – en dansk film


text:
De Indische honingvogel (Dicaeum ignipectus) is een zangvogel uit de familie
Dicaeidae (bastaardhoningvogels).

Verspreiding en leefgebied
Deze soort telt 8 ondersoorten:
 Dicaeum ignipectus ignipectus: van de Himalaya tot oostelijk China, noordelijk en centraal Indochina, noordelijk Thailand en Myanmar.
 Dicaeum ignipectus cambodianum: oostelijk Thailand en Cambodja.
 Dicaeum ignipectus dolichorhynchum: Maleisië.
 Dicaeum ignipectus beccarii: Sumatra.
 Dicaeum ignipectus formosum: Taiwan.
 Dicaeum ignipectus luzoniense: Luzon (de noordelijke Filipijnen).
 Dicaeum ignipectus bonga: Samar (de oostelijk-centrale Filipijnen).
 Dicaeum ignipectus apo: de zuidelijke Filipijnen.

Externe link
Avibase

Bastaardhoningvogels
IUCN-status niet bedreigd
Dier uit het Oriëntaals gebied


text:
Raipura è un sottodistretto (upazila) del Bangladesh situato nel distretto di Narsingdi, divisione di Dacca. Si estende su una superficie di 312,77 km² e conta una popolazione di 413.766 abitanti (dato censimento 1991).

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Upazila


text:
Die Droga wojewódzka 737 (DW 737) ist eine 31 Kilometer lange Droga wojewódzka (Woiwodschaftsstraße) in der polnischen Woiwodschaft Masowien, die Radom mit Aleksandrówka verbindet. Die Strecke liegt in der Kreisfreien Stadt Radom, im Powiat Radomski und im Powiat Kozienicki.

Streckenverlauf

Woiwodschaft Masowien, Kreisfreie Stadt Radom
  Radom (S 7, DK 7, DK 9, DK 12, DW 740, DW 744)
Woiwodschaft Masowien, Powiat Radomski
 Antoniówka
  Siczki (DW 699)
 Jedlnia
 Poświętne
  Pionki (DW 691, DW 787)
Woiwodschaft Masowien, Powiat Kozienicki
  Aleksandrówka (DK 79)

Weblinks

Droga wojewodzka
Woiwodschaftsstraße in der Woiwodschaft Masowien


text:
Neuroscience is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of neuroscience. It was established in 1976 with P.G. Kostyuk, Rodolfo Llinás, and A.D. Smith as founding editors-in-chief and originally published by Pergamon Press. The current editor-in-chief is Juan Lerma Gómez (Spanish National Research Council). The journal is published by Elsevier on behalf of the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO).

The journal continues the IBRO News section formerly published in Brain Research.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, Neuroscience has a 2020 impact factor of 3.590.

Notable articles
, the following articles are the most downloaded according to the publisher's data:

References

External links

Neuroscience journals
Elsevier academic journals
Publications established in 1976
English-language journals


text:
Nová Ves I – gmina w Czechach, w powiecie Kolín, w kraju środkowoczeskim. Według danych z dnia 1 stycznia 2013 liczyła 1 120 mieszkańców.

Podział gminy
 Nová Ves I
 Ohrada

Przypisy

Gminy w powiecie Kolín


text:
The Lifan Xuanlang (轩朗) is a 7-seater MPV produced by Lifan for the Chinese market.

Overview

The Lifan Xuanlang was unveiled on the 2016 Guangzhou Auto Show in China and was priced from 69,800 yuan to 106,800 yuan at launch.

Styling of the Lifan Xuanlang was controversial as the exterior design of the Lifan Xuanlang was heavily inspired by the 2015 Ford S-Max.

References

External links

Lifan Motors website

Xuanlang
Minivans
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2016
2010s cars
Cars of China


text:
Alfred Heinz Kettmann (* 17. März 1912 in Annaberg, Erzgebirge; † 28. Dezember 2010 in Crailsheim) war ein deutscher Maler und Grafiker.

Nach dem Abitur begann Alfred Heinz Kettmann 1932 eine Ausbildung als Grafiker und war bis 1938 in Chemnitz und München als Gebrauchsgrafiker tätig. Ab 1938 bis 1945 arbeitete er als Industriegrafiker in Brandenburg (Havel) und in Schlesien. Nach dem Krieg ließ er sich als freier Künstler in Bamberg nieder. Dort gestaltete er von 1950 bis 1979 Kurse an der Volkshochschule.

Die Dominikanerinnen vom Heiliggrab fertigten nach dem Entwurf von Kettmann einen eindrucksvollen Wandteppich, der die gen Osten gerichtete Stirnwand der 1966 erbauten Aussegnungshalle des Friedhofs Bamberg schmückt.

In den späteren Jahren seines Schaffens konzentrierte sich Kettmann mehr und mehr auf abstrahierende Graphik. Seine Werke "z. T. beeinflusst von asiatischer Kalligrafie gehören der kalligraphischen Abstraktion an, die vor allem, durch Mark Tobey (1890–1976) international bekannt geworden ist".

Der Kunstverein Bamberg verlieh den Berganzapreis 2007 an Kettmann.

Die Staatsbibliothek Bamberg verwaltet seit 2009 einen umfangreichen Nachlass.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Grafiker (Deutschland)
Maler (Bamberg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1912
Gestorben 2010
Mann


text:
Larochemillay és un municipi francès, situat al departament del Nièvre i a la regió de Borgonya - Franc Comtat. L'any 2007 tenia 293 habitants.

Demografia

Població
El 2007 la població de fet de Larochemillay era de 293 persones. Hi havia 134 famílies, de les quals 53 eren unipersonals (37 homes vivint sols i 16 dones vivint soles), 49 parelles sense fills, 16 parelles amb fills i 16 famílies monoparentals amb fills.

La població ha evolucionat segons el següent gràfic:

Habitants censats

Habitatges
El 2007 hi havia 299 habitatges, 145 eren l'habitatge principal de la família, 139 eren segones residències i 15 estaven desocupats. 287 eren cases i 8 eren apartaments. Dels 145 habitatges principals, 119 estaven ocupats pels seus propietaris, 16 estaven llogats i ocupats pels llogaters i 9 estaven cedits a títol gratuït; 2 tenien una cambra, 11 en tenien dues, 33 en tenien tres, 49 en tenien quatre i 49 en tenien cinc o més. 90 habitatges disposaven pel capbaix d'una plaça de pàrquing. A 70 habitatges hi havia un automòbil i a 51 n'hi havia dos o més.

Piràmide de població
La piràmide de població per edats i sexe el 2009 era:

Economia
El 2007 la població en edat de treballar era de 166 persones, 90 eren actives i 76 eren inactives. De les 90 persones actives 85 estaven ocupades (58 homes i 27 dones) i 5 estaven aturades (1 home i 4 dones). De les 76 persones inactives 31 estaven jubilades, 16 estaven estudiant i 29 estaven classificades com a «altres inactius».

Ingressos
El 2009 a Larochemillay hi havia 134 unitats fiscals que integraven 254 persones, la mediana anual d'ingressos fiscals per persona era de 12.457 €.

Activitats econòmiques
Dels 13 establiments que hi havia el 2007, 1 era d'una empresa alimentària, 2 d'empreses de construcció, 1 d'una empresa de transport, 5 d'empreses d'hostatgeria i restauració, 1 d'una empresa financera, 2 d'empreses de serveis i 1 d'una entitat de l'administració pública.

Dels 4 establiments de servei als particulars que hi havia el 2009, 2 eren guixaires pintors i 2 restaurants.

Dels 2 establiments comercials que hi havia el 2009, 1 era una botiga de menys de 120 m² i 1 una joieria.

L'any 2000 a Larochemillay hi havia 26 explotacions agrícoles que ocupaven un total de 1.512 hectàrees.

Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

 Résumé statistique Fitxa resum de dades estadístiques de Larochemillay a l'INSEE.
 Évolution et structure de la population Fitxa amb el detall de dades de Larochemillay a l'INSEE
 France par commune Dades detallades de tots els municipis de França accessibles a partir del mapa.

Municipis del Nièvre


text:
El cantó de Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante és una divisió administrativa francesa situat al departament de Guadalupe a la regió de Guadalupe.

Composició
El cantó comprèn la comuna de Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante.

Administració

Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante


text:
Il ritorno audio, anche noto come n-1, RX o mix-minus, è il segnale che viene inviato dallo studio verso una o più sorgenti remote, nell'audio professionale. Come si vede nello schema a lato, lo studio riceve il segnale completo dall'unità remota, e le invia il proprio segnale di ritorno.

Composizione del segnale
L'espressione n-1 si rifà alla notazione del principio di ricorrenza completa di Henri Poincaré, n+1, e indica il missaggio completo dei segnali audio dello studio meno quello ricevuto dall'unità remota. Dal punto di vista concettuale, quindi l'unità remota riceve di ritorno un segnale audio che comprende l'intero prodotto dello studio meno se stessa.

Il problema della latenza del segnale
Il segnale di ritorno è usato nel caso di trasmissioni in diretta per alimentare le spie di studio e anche eventuali auricolari, in modo che pubblico e conduttori possano sentire la trasmissione generata dallo studio principale.

La necessità del segnale n-1 è dovuta al fatto che il segnale inviato dall'unità remota allo studio può avere una notevole latenza. Solo un ponte radio terrestre analogico può trasferire un segnale televisivo in tempo reale, mentre via satellite c'è sempre un certo ritardo dovuto al tempo che il segnale impiega per compiere il tragitto. Viaggiando alla velocità della luce, è comunque necessario un tempo di circa un terzo di secondo per percorrere i 72.000 km di andata e ritorno dal satellite in orbita geostazionaria. Naturalmente, in realtà la distanza è maggiore perché il satellite non è sullo zenit della parabola.

In caso di una trasmissione digitale, ogni codifica o decodifica MPEG-2 introduce una latenza di 600 ms sul segnale.

In aggiunta a tutto questo, solo in rari casi l'unità remota può disporre di un ritorno video dedicato, e dovrà sintonizzare il segnale dell'emittente con cui si collega tramite un normale ricevitore o decoder, aggiungendo un ulteriore ritardo. Nel caso di trasmissione e ricezione digitale via satellite, si può arrivare a quasi tre secondi di ritardo fa il momento in cui l'unità remota invia il segnale e il momento in cui questa la riceve.

Nell'uso pratico, anche una latenza minima rende il segnale inutilizzabile come ritorno, per via del fastidioso effetto di eco che il giornalista, per esempio, avrebbe tra il momento in cui parla e quello in cui si risente. Inoltre, non è consigliabile fornire un segnale completo agli auricolari, per via del rischio di inneschi. Questo comporta la necessità di avere un segnale di ritorno non ritardato e senza la propria sorgente.

Mezzo di trasmissione
Il segnale di ritorno viene trasportato da una linea telefonica del tipo a 2 o 4 fili, o qualche volta da un ponte radio terrestre. Una buona alternativa, anche se meno stabile, è l'uso di telefoni cellulari, anche se si preferisce evitarlo per via della poca stabilità (il tempo di connessione necessario può essere di alcune ore). L'interfaccia tra gli impianti audio dello studio e delle unità remote e la linea telefonica è costituita da un ibrido telefonico.

Ritorni multipli
Discostandosi un po' dalla teoria, l'n-1 è spesso un segnale unico per tutte le unità remote di un singolo programma. Una consuetudine diffusa prevede la generazione di due o tre ritorni, assegnati in base a quali unità remote debbano interagire tra di loro: con lo stesso n-1, infatti, due unità non sono in grado di sentirsi a vicenda. Talvolta, il ritorno audio è semplicemente un'ausiliaria del mixer audio a cui sono assegnati i segnali da inviare all'unità remota, ottenendo un segnale che è utilizzabile come ritorno ma che non è tecnicamente un n-1.

Altri campi di applicazione
L'uso del segnale n-1 è comune nell'ambito della diffusione sonora, per esempio nel caso di una sala conferenze dove ogni singolo microfono viene amplificato. Ogni postazione riceve il proprio n-1, cioè l'insieme di tutti gli altri microfoni meno il proprio. Questo permette una buona diffusione dell'insieme microfonico ma minimizza l'insorgenza di inneschi.

Tecnologia televisiva
Tecnologia audio
Ingegneria acustica


text:
O ano 188 foi um ano bissexto que começou numa segunda-feira do calendário juliano. suas letras dominicais foram G e F.

Eventos

Império Romano
 Pertinax torna-se procônsul de África.

Nascimentos
 Caracala, imperador romano (m. 217).

Falecimentos


text:
William Daniels (ur. 31 marca 1927 w Brooklynie) – amerykański aktor.

W dzieciństwie występował w rodzinnym zespole wokalno-tanecznym The Daniels Family, który działał na terenie stanu Nowy Jork, brał także udział w eksperymentalnej transmisji telewizyjnej w 1941. W 1949 ukończył studia na Northwestern University w Evanston (Illinois).

Jako aktor broadwayowski zyskał m.in. uznanie za rolę prezydenta Johna Adamsa w musicalu 1776 (1969); był nominowany do nagrody Tony, ale nominacji tej nie przyjął, ponieważ ze względów proceduralnych nie zgłoszono go w kategorii "główna rola męska". Grał prezydenta Adamsa także w wersji filmowej 1776 (1972). W innych produkcjach kreował role jeszcze dwóch Adamsów – prezydenta Johna Quincy'ego oraz organizatora herbatki bostońskiej Samuela.

Z innych znanych ról Danielsa można wymienić postać ojca Benjamina Braddocka (granego przez Dustina Hoffmana) w filmie Absolwent (1967). Grał w serialach St. Elsewhere (1982-1988, jako doktor Mark Craig; za tę rolę wyróżniony nagrodą Emmy) oraz Boy Meets World (1993-2001, jako nauczyciel George Feeny). Sławę przyniosła mu również rola głosowa – udzielał głosu mówiącemu samochodowi K.I.T.T. w serialu Nieustraszony (ang. Knight Rider, 1982-1986). W 2005 roku występował w serialu telewizyjnym Podkomisarz Brenda Johnson.

Znany z działalności charytatywnej, wielokrotnie odwiedzał szpitale dziecięce. W latach 1999-2001 kierował związkiem zawodowym Screen Actors Guild. Od 1951 jest żonaty z aktorką Bonnie Bartlett, ma dwoje dzieci. Występował wspólnie z żoną zarówno w Boy Meets World, jak i St. Elsewhere (gdzie tworzyli parę małżeńską również na ekranie). W 1986 oboje zostali laureatami telewizyjnej nagrody Emmy za St. Elsewhere.

Linki zewnętrzne

Amerykańscy aktorzy filmowi
Urodzeni w 1927
Ludzie urodzeni w Nowym Jorku


text:
Desa Giriasih kan syfta på följande platser:

Indonesien

 Desa Giriasih (administrativ by i Indonesien, Yogyakarta),
 Desa Giriasih (administrativ by i Indonesien, Jawa Barat),

Robotskapade Indonesienförgreningar


text:
Aalborg Kommune war bis Dezember 2006 eine dänische Kommune im damaligen Nordjyllands Amt im nördlichen Jütland. Seit Januar 2007 ist sie zusammen mit  den Kommunen Nibe, Hals und Sejlflod Teil der neuen Aalborg Kommune.

Aalborg Kommune entstand im Zuge der Verwaltungsreform von 1970 durch Vereinigung der Städte Aalborg und Nørresundby mit den Landgemeinden Ellidshøj-Svenstrup, Ferslev-Dall-Volsted, Gunderup-Nøvling, Hasseris, Horsens-Hammer, Nørholm, Romdrup-Klarup, Sønderholm-Frejlev und Sønder Tranders, sowie dem größten Teil der Landgemeinde Sulsted-Ajstrup und einem kleineren Teil der Landgemeinde Øster Hornum.

Einwohnerentwicklung der Kommune
Einwohnerzahl (jeweils 1. Januar):

 2


text:
is a Japanese voice actress from Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.

Voice roles

Anime

TV
1997
Cojicoji (Harehare)
1998
Fushigi Mahou Fun Fun Pharmacy (Pinchy)
Kocchi Muite! Miiko (Miiko Yamada)
1999
Ojamajo Doremi series (Misaki Shibayama, various others)
Digimon Adventure (Koushiro Izumi) aka izzy
Magic User's Club (Michiko Mikote, Rie)
Hunter × Hunter (Ponzu, Zushi, Kortopi)
2000
Digimon Adventure 02 (Koushiro Izumi)
2002
Digimon Frontier (Pandamon)
Full Moon o Sagashite (Sora)
2004
Battle B-Daman (Jinbee)
2005
Mahoraba Heartful Days (Asami Kurosaki)
2006
Digimon Savers (Pandamon)
2010
Digimon Xros Wars (Pandamon)

OVA
2002
Hunter × Hunter OVA (Kortopi)

Movie
2000
Digimon Adventure (Koushiro Izumi)
2001
Digimon Adventure 02 (Koushiro Izumi)

Video games
Summon Night (Akane)
Digimon World (Main Character)

External links
Umi Tenjin at Ryu's Seiyuu Info

Living people
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
Voice actresses from Tochigi Prefecture
Year of birth missing (living people)


text:
Albo d'oro

Statistiche
Qui sono riportati i vincitori della Coppa UEFA/Europa League secondo le risoluzioni della istituzione di governo del calcio europeo.

Edizioni vinte e secondi posti per squadra

Edizioni vinte e secondi posti per nazione

Sedi delle finali in gara unica per nazione

Finali con squadre della stessa nazione
Nella storia della Coppa UEFA/Europa League per dieci volte le finaliste appartenevano alla stessa nazione:

 nel 1971-1972:  e .
 nel 2018-2019:  e , per la prima volta nella competizione si affrontano in finale due squadre della stessa città.

 nel 1979-1980:  ed ; altre due tedesche, il  e lo , erano in semifinale.

 nel 1989-1990:  e .
 nel 1990-1991:  e .
 nel 1994-1995:  e .
 nel 1997-1998:  e .

 nel 2006-2007:  e ; una terza spagnola, l', era in semifinale.
 nel 2011-2012:  e ; una terza spagnola, il , era in semifinale.

 nel 2010-2011:  e ; una terza portoghese, il , era in semifinale.

Note

Voci correlate
Albo d'oro della UEFA Champions League
Albo d'oro della UEFA Europa Conference League
Albo d'oro della Coppa delle Coppe UEFA
Albo d'oro e statistiche della Supercoppa UEFA

UEFA Europa League


text:
Marcel Fischer, né le  à Bienne, est un escrimeur suisse, pratiquant l'épée.

Biographie
Marcel Fischer commence l'escrime en 1987 au Cercle d'escrime de Bienne. En 1998, il décroche une troisième place aux Mondiaux juniors de Valence. Aux Jeux olympiques de Sydney, en 2000, il se retrouve à la quatrième place avec une différence d'un point (le score était de 15-14) en faveur de son adversaire. L'arbitrage s'était avéré particulièrement litigieux. Mais quatre ans plus tard, peu de temps après avoir passé ses examens de médecine, avec le même arbitre, il remporte la médaille d'or à Athènes, après avoir eu des difficultés à se qualifier. Après avoir échoué à se qualifier aux Jeux olympiques de Pékin et deux semaines après avoir affirmé continuer de pratiquer l'escrime encore un an, Marcel Fischer annonce qu'il prend sa retraite en tant qu'escrimeur, afin de se consacrer à sa famille et à son travail de médecin.

Club
 Cercle d'escrime de Bienne (1987-1999)
 Société d'escrime de Bâle (1999-2008)

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques d'été
  Médaille d'or en épée aux Jeux olympiques de 2004 à Athènes

Championnats suisses
  2005 :  par équipes épée.
  2005 :  épée.

Championnats d'Europe
  2004 Copenhague : Champion d'Europe par équipes épée.

Coupe du monde
- 5 victoires en coupe du monde :
 2000 : Jockey Club Argentino Buenos Aires
 2003 : Coupe du monde de Bratislava
 2003 : Coupe du monde d'Innsbruck
 2004 : Grand prix de Berne
 2004 : Grand prix de Stockholm

Références

Liens externes

Épéiste (homme) suisse
Champion olympique suisse
Champion olympique d'escrime
Escrimeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2004
Naissance en août 1978
Naissance à Bienne
Escrimeur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2000
Citoyen d'honneur d'Athènes


text:
Il collegio elettorale uninominale Sicilia 1 - 03 è un collegio elettorale uninominale della Repubblica Italiana per l'elezione della Camera dei deputati.

Territorio
Come previsto dalla legge n. 51 del 27 maggio 2019, il collegio è stato definito tramite decreto legislativo all'interno della circoscrizione Sicilia 1.

È formato dal territorio di 59 comuni della città metropolitana di Palermo: Alia, Alimena, Aliminusa, Altavilla Milicia, Bagheria, Baucina, Bisacquino, Blufi, Bolognetta, Bompietro, Caccamo, Caltavuturo, Campofelice di Fitalia, Campofelice di Roccella, Campofiorito, Castelbuono, Casteldaccia, Castellana Sicula, Castronovo di Sicilia, Cefalà Diana, Cefalù, Cerda, Chiusa Sclafani, Ciminna, Collesano, Contessa Entellina, Corleone, Ficarazzi, Gangi, Geraci Siculo, Giuliana, Godrano,
Gratteri, Isnello, Lascari, Lercara Friddi, Marineo, Mezzojuso, Montemaggiore Belsito, Palazzo Adriano, Petralia Soprana, Petralia Sottana, Polizzi Generosa, Pollina, Prizzi, Roccamena, Roccapalumba, San Mauro Castelverde, Santa Flavia, Sciara, Scillato, Sclafani Bagni, Termini Imerese, Trabia, Valledolmo, Ventimiglia di Sicilia, Vicari, Villabate e Villafrati.

Il collegio è parte del collegio plurinominale Sicilia 1 - 01.

Eletti

Dati elettorali

XIX legislatura
Come previsto dalla legge elettorale, 147 deputati sono eletti con sistema a maggioranza relativa in altrettanti collegi uninominali a turno unico.

Note

Voci correlate
 Collegi elettorali della Camera dei deputati del 2020

Collegi elettorali della Camera dei deputati del 2020 in Sicilia
Collegi elettorali uninominali della Camera dei deputati del 2020