text:
William, Willie, Will, Bill, or Billy Smith may refer to:

Academics
 William Smith (Master of Clare College, Cambridge) (1556–1615), English academic
 William Smith (antiquary) (c. 1653–1735), English antiquary and historian of University College, Oxford
 William Smith (scholar) (1711–1787), classical scholar and Anglican Dean of Chester
 William Smith (Episcopal priest) (1727–1803), First Provost of the University of Pennsylvania
 William Pitt Smith (1760–1796), American physician, educator and theological writer
 William Smith (lexicographer) (1813–1893), English lexicographer
 William Robertson Smith (1846–1894), philologist, physicist, archaeologist, and Biblical critic
 William Benjamin Smith (1850–1934), professor of mathematics at Tulane University
 William Ramsay Smith (1859–1937), Australian anthropologist
 William Hall Smith (1866–?), President of the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, 1916–1920
 William Cunningham Smith (1871–1943), American academic of English literature, university administrator, and writer
 William Charles Smith (1881–1972), English musicologist
 William Newton-Smith (born 1943), Anglo-Canadian philosopher of science
 William George Smith (1866–1918), Scottish psychologist
 William Andrew Smith (1802–1870), American college president and clergyman
 William Roy Smith, American academic historian

Arts and entertainment
 Will Smith (born 1968), American actor, rapper and film producer
 William "Gentleman" Smith (1730–1819), English actor
 William H. Smith (author), the main writer of the 1844 temperance play The Drunkard
 William Smith (actor) (1933–2021), American actor
 William Smith (teacher) (born 1939), South African television science and mathematics teacher
 Will Smith (comedian) (born 1971), British comedian, actor and writer

Art and literature
 Bill Smith (jewelry designer) (born 1933), American jewelry designer
 William Arthur Smith (1918–1989), American artist
 William Brooke Smith (died 1908), American artist
 William Collingwood Smith (1815–1887), English painter
 William Craig Smith (1918–1986), American art director
 W. Eugene Smith (1918–1978), American photojournalist
 William Gardner Smith (1927–1974), African-American novelist
 William Hart-Smith (1911–1990), New Zealand/Australian poet
 William Jardine Smith (1834–1884), Australian writer and editor
 William Jay Smith (1918–2015), American poet
 William Smith (poet) (15??–16??), English poet
 William Thompson Russell Smith, Scottish-American painter
 William E. Smith (artist) (1913–1997), African American artist
 William Twigg-Smith (1883–1950), New Zealand artist
 Willi Smith (1948–1987), American fashion designer

Characters
 Bill Smith (Red Green Show character), from Canadian comedy The Red Green Show, played by Rick Green
 Billy Smith (SNL), a recurring character on the live television variety show Saturday Night Live
 Billy Smith, a character in Coronation Street
 Will Smith (The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air), from American sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, based on the real-life rapper
 Will Smith (Home and Away), from Australian soap opera Home and Away
 Will Smith, child character in Wee Sing The Best Christmas Ever!

Music
 Barkin' Bill Smith (1928–2000), American Chicago blues singer
 Bill Smith (Canadian musician) (born 1938), Canadian record producer, musician, writer, editor
 Bill Smith (jazz musician) (1926–2020), folk jazz clarinetist, professor of music at the University of Washington
 Major Bill Smith (1922–1994), American record producer and executive
 William Smith (composer) (1603–1645), English composer from the city of Durham
 William "Smitty" Smith (1944–1997), keyboardist and session musician
 Willie "Big Eyes" Smith (1936–2011), blues drummer and singer
 Willie Smith (alto saxophonist) (1910–1967), jazz alto saxophonist
 Willie "The Lion" Smith (1893–1973), jazz pianist
 William Oscar Smith, jazz double bassist and music educator

Business
 William Henry Smith (1792–1865), entrepreneur whose business was about both newsagents and book shops
 William Henry Smith (1825–1891), son of the above, and politician
 William Smith (businessman) (1818–1912), nurseryman and donor to Hobart and William Smith Colleges
 William Reardon Smith (1856–1935), British shipowner
 Willie Reardon Smith (1887–1950), British shipowner
 William Wensley Smith (1887–1955), founder of W.W. Smith Insurance Ltd

Law and crime
 Sir William Cusack-Smith, 2nd Baronet (1766–1836), baronet
 William A. Smith (Iowa judge) (1870–1958), justice of the Iowa Supreme Court
 William A. Smith (Kansas judge) (1888–1968), Associate Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court
 William E. Smith (judge) (born 1959), judge on the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island
 Sir William James Smith (1853–1912), British judge who served as the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Cyprus, British Guiana and the Transvaal
 William Francis Smith (1904–1968), judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
 William Kennedy Smith (born 1960), physician and Kennedy family scion who was acquitted of rape in 1991
 William Nimmo Smith, Lord Nimmo Smith (born 1942), former Senator of the College of Justice and a judge of the Supreme Courts of Scotland
 William Owen Smith (1848–1929), lawyer involved in overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii
 William Redwood Smith (1851–1935), Associate Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court
 William Scott Smith (born 1959), American serial killer and kidnapper
 William Smith (judge, born 1728) (1728–1793), historian, Chief Justice of the Province of New York, and Chief Justice of the Province of Quebec and later Lower Canada
 William Smith (judge, born 1697) (1697–1769), father of John Smith, Doctor Thomas Smith, Joshua Hett Smith, and Chief Justice William Smith
 William Smith (murderer) (1957–2005), executed by the State of Ohio in 2005
 William "Tangier" Smith (1655–1705), Chief Justice of the Province of New York from 1692
 William Trickett Smith, American lawyer who was disbarred
 William Trickett Smith II (born 1981), his son, American drug trafficker convicted of murdering his wife in Peru in 2007

Military
 Sir Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer) (William Sidney Smith, 1764–1840), British admiral
 William Smith (1746–1787), commanding officer of the Lincoln minutemen in the battles of Lexington and Concord; see Captain William Smith House
 William Alexander Smith (Boys' Brigade) (1854–1914), founder of the Boys' Brigade
 William Danvers Smith, 2nd Viscount Hambleden (1868–1928), known as Frederick Smith, officer in the British Army
 William Douglas Smith (1865–1939), British general
 William D. Smith (1933–2020), United States Navy admiral
 William Duncan Smith (1825–1862), career United States Army officer
 William Farrar Smith (1824–1903), Union Army general
 William F. Smith (US Army Air Corps), piloted the US Army Air Corps B-25 Billy Mitchell Bomber that crashed into the Empire State Building
 William H. Smith (Medal of Honor) (1847–1877), American Indian Wars soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 William James Lanyon Smith, New Zealand naval officer
 William Osborne Smith (1833–1887), first Acting Commissioner of the North West Mounted Police
 William Ruthven Smith (1868–1941), United States Army officer
 William Smith (c. 1872–1941), Master of the SS Sauternes, English merchant seaman killed in World War II
 William Smith (Medal of Honor, 1864) (1826–?), American Civil War sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
 William Smith (Medal of Honor, 1869) (1838–?), American Indian Wars soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 William Smith (Royal Navy officer) (died 1756), served as Commander-in-Chief of the Jamaica Station and rose to Rear Admiral
 William Smith (ship captain) (1768–1846), American ship captain and Revolutionary War veteran
 William Smith (Virginia governor) (1797–1887), Governor of Virginia (1846–1849, 1864–1865) and Confederate general
 William Sooy Smith (1830–1916), American Civil War general
 William Thomas Smith (1896–1994), World War I flying ace
 William Watson Smith (1892–?), World War I flying ace
 William W. Smith (admiral) (1888–1966), United States Navy admiral during World War II
 William Y. Smith (1925–2016), United States Air Force general

Religion
 William Smith (minister) (died 1647), buried in the Prophet's Grave near Largs, North Ayrshire, Scotland
 William Smith (Archdeacon of Armagh) (died 1673), English priest in Ireland
 William Smith (Provost of St Andrew's Cathedral, Aberdeen), 18th-century Scottish priest
 William Smith (Latter Day Saints) (1811–1893), younger brother of Joseph Smith, Jr. and himself a Mormon leader
 William Smith (bishop) (1819–1892), Catholic archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh
 William R. Smith (Mormon) (1826–1894), Mormon leader in Davis County, Utah Territory
 William Saumarez Smith (1836–1909), Anglican bishop/archbishop of Sydney
 William Smith (monsignor) (1939–2009), Catholic theologian
 William Carr Smith (1857–1930), Church of England clergyman
 William Angie Smith (1894–1974), bishop of the Methodist Church and the United Methodist Church

Science and architecture
 Bill Smith (Motorola engineer) (1929–1993), one of the creators of Six Sigma
 William Gardner Smith (botanist) (1866–1928), Scottish botanist and ecologist
 William Smith (architect) (1817–1891), Scottish architect
 William Smith (geologist) (1769–1839), English geologist
 William Wright Smith (1875–1956), Scottish botanist and horticulturalist
 W. Wheeler Smith (c. 1838–c. 1908), American architect and real estate developer

Sports

American football
 Bill Smith (American football, born 1912) (1912–1999), American football end
 Bill Smith (American football, born 1926) (1926–2009), American football tackle and end
 Billy Ray Smith Jr. (born 1961), American football player
 Billy Ray Smith Sr. (1935–2001), American football player
 Wee Willie Smith (American football) (1910–1996), American football player
 William F. Smith (American football) (1888–?), American college football player and coach
 Willie Smith (American football coach) (born 1931), 12th head college football coach for the North Carolina Central University Eagles
 Willie Smith (offensive tackle, born 1937) (born 1937), former American football player
 Willie Smith (offensive tackle, born 1986) (born 1986), American football offensive tackle
 Willie Smith (tight end) (born 1964), American football tight end
 Will Smith (defensive end) (1981–2016), American football defensive end
 Will Smith (linebacker, born 1992), American football linebacker

Association football
 Bill Smith (footballer, born 1887) (1887–1929), English footballer with Brentford, Southampton and Halifax Town
 Bill Smith (footballer, born 1897) (1897–?), English footballer with Durham City and York City
 Bill Smith (footballer, born 1906) (1906–1979), English footballer with Norwich City and Exeter City
 Bill Smith (footballer, born 1926) (1926–2014), English footballer with Birmingham City and Blackburn Rovers
 Bill Smith (footballer, born 1938), Scottish footballer with Raith Rovers and Darlington
 Bill Smith (soccer), Canadian soccer player, active 1943–1963
 Billy Smith (footballer, born 1872) (1872–?), English footballer with Wolverhampton Wanderers
 Billy Smith (footballer, born 1873) (1873–1914), Scottish footballer for Newcastle United
 Billy Smith (footballer, born 1882) (1882–?), English footballer for West Bromwich Albion and Birmingham
 Billy Smith (footballer, born 1895) (1895–1951), English footballer with Huddersfield Town
 Billy Smith (footballer, born 1900) (1900–?), English footballer with Hartlepool United, Huddersfield Town and Rochdale
 Billy Smith (footballer, born 1906) (1906–1963), English footballer with South Shields, Portsmouth and Stockport County
 Billy Smith (Scottish footballer) (c. 1931–2009), Scottish footballer with Aberdeen
 Buxton Smith (William Smith), English footballer with Buxton and Manchester City
 Stockport Smith (William Smith), English footballer with Stockport and Manchester United
 William A. Smith (footballer), English footballer with Blackburn Rovers
 William Smith (footballer, born 1865) (1865–?), English goalkeeper with Burnley
 William Smith (footballer, born 1868) (1868–1907), English footballer with Lincoln City, Loughborough, Notts County and Nottingham Forest
 William Smith (footballer, born 1886) (1886–1956), footballer with Bradford City and Stoke
 William Smith (footballer, born 1903) (1903–?), English footballer
 William Smith (Scottish footballer), footballer with Hibernian
 Willie Smith (footballer, born 1943), Scottish footballer with Brentford
 Willie Smith (footballer, born 1948), English footballer with Wimbledon
 Will Smith (footballer, born 1998), English footballer for Harrogate Town
W. J. "Billy" Smith, football manager, Aston Villa

Baseball
 Big Bill Smith (1869–?), Negro leagues baseball catcher and manager
 Bill Smith (baseball executive) (born 1958), Minnesota Twins general manager
 Bill Smith (baseball manager), National Association player-manager for the Baltimore Marylands
 Bill Smith (pitcher) (1934–1997), American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball, 1958–59; 1962
 Bill Smith (outfielder) (1865–1886), American baseball outfielder for the 1884 Cleveland Blues
 Billy Smith (baseball coach) (born 1930), American minor league first baseman and manager and Major League coach and scout
 Billy Smith (1980s pitcher) (born 1954), American pitcher in Major League Baseball, 1981
 Billy Smith (1880s pitcher) (1861–1928), American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball, 1886
 Billy Smith (second baseman) (born 1953), American infielder in Major League Baseball, 1975–79; 1981
 Willie Smith (outfielder) (1939–2006), American outfielder in Major League Baseball, 1963–1971
 Willie Smith (third baseman), American third baseman in Negro league baseball, 1938
 Willie Smith (1940s pitcher), American pitcher in Negro league baseball, 1948
 Willie Smith (1990s pitcher) (born 1967), American pitcher in Major League Baseball, 1994
 Will Smith (pitcher) (born 1989), American pitcher in Major League Baseball
 Will Smith (catcher) (born 1995), American baseball catcher
 Dark Night Smith (William C. Smith), American pitcher in Negro league baseball, 1920–1924

Basketball
 Bill Smith (basketball, born 1939), American basketball player
 Wee Willie Smith (1911–1992), American basketball player
 William Smith (basketball, born 1949), American basketball player
 Willie Smith (basketball) (born 1953), American professional basketball player

Cricket
 Bill Smith (cricketer) (1937–2018), English cricketer
 William Brook-Smith (1885–1952), New Zealand cricketer
 William Smith (cricketer, born 1839) (1839–1897), first class cricketer for Yorkshire
 William Smith (cricketer, born 1875) (1875–1942), first-class cricketer for London County
 William Smith (cricketer, born 1882) (1882–?), English cricketer
 William Smith (cricketer, born 1900) (1900–1990), English cricketer
 William Smith (cricketer, born 1902) (1902–1937), Scottish cricketer
 William Smith (Kent cricketer) (1819–1883), English cricketer
 William Smith (Somerset cricketer) (1871–1946), English cricketer
 Willie Smith (cricketer) (1885–1964), English cricketer
 Will Smith (cricketer) (born 1982), English cricketer

Rugby football
 Bill Smith, Australian rugby league footballer in the Bulimba Cup
 Bill Smith, rugby league right wing of the 1950s for Whitehaven
 Billy Smith (rugby league, born 1942), Australian rugby league player
 Billy Smith (rugby league, born 1999), Australian rugby league player
 Will Smith (rugby league) (born 1992), Australian rugby league player
 William Smith (rugby union) (1881–1945), New Zealand rugby union player

Other sports
 Bill Smith (Australian rules footballer) (1936–2010), Australian rules footballer for Fitzroy
 Billy Smith (Australian footballer) (1894–1953), played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League
 Bill Smith (fell runner) (1936–2011), fell runner and author on the sport
 Bill Smith (motorcyclist) (born 1935), former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer
 Bill Smith (poker player) (1934–1996), professional poker player
 Bill Smith (swimmer) (1924–2013), two-time gold medalist in the 1948 Olympic games
 Billy Dee Smith (born 1982), professional lacrosse player
 Billy Smith (ice hockey) (born 1950), Canadian ice hockey goaltender
 Mysterious Billy Smith (1871–1937), Canadian boxer
 William Alexander Smith (boxer) (1904–1955), South African boxer of the 1920s
 William Smith (cyclist) (1893–1958), South African Olympic cyclist
 William Smith (field hockey) (1886–1937), British field hockey player who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics
 William Smith (golfer) (1865–1936), American golfer
 William Smith (sport shooter) (1877–1953), Canadian Olympic sport shooter
 William Smith (wrestler) (1928–2018), 1952 Olympic gold medalist
 Willie Smith (billiards player) (1886–1982), English professional player of snooker and English billiards
 Willie Smith (golfer) (1876–1916), Scottish golfer
 Willie Smith (hurdler) (born 1977), Namibian track and field hurdler
 Willie Smith (sprinter) (1956–2020), American 400 metres runner

Politics

Australia
 William Collard Smith (1830–1894), treasurer in colonial Victoria (Australia)
 William Laird Smith (1869–1942), Australian representative for Denison, 1910–1922 and Minister for the Navy, 1920–1921
 William Forgan Smith (1887–1953), Premier of the Australian state of Queensland, 1932–1942
 William Kennedy Smith (Australian politician) (1888–1933)

Canada
 William Smith (Nova Scotia politician) (died 1779), merchant, judge and politician in Nova Scotia
 Amor De Cosmos (William Alexander Smith, 1825–1897), Premier of British Columbia
 William Henry Smith (Canadian politician) (1826–1890), lawyer and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada
 William Smith (Canadian politician) (1847–1931), member of Canadian House of Commons 1887–1921
 William C. Smith (politician) (1875–1968), politician from Alberta, Canada
 William Haslam Smith (1891–?), businessman and political figure in Nova Scotia, Canada
 William Duncan Smith (politician) (1899–1977), Canadian politician in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
 Bill Smith (Alberta politician) (born 1935), former mayor of Edmonton
 William Smith (Newfoundland politician) (1910–1965), politician in Newfoundland
 J. William Smith, member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick

New Zealand
 William Mein Smith (1798–1869), key actor in the early settlement of New Zealand's capital city, Wellington
 William Cowper Smith (1843–1911), Liberal Party Member of Parliament in New Zealand

United Kingdom
 William Goldsmith alias Smith (died 1517), MP for Gloucester
 William Smith (fl. 1553–54), MP for Newport (Cornwall)
 William Smith (died 1591), MP for Wells
 William Smith (MP for Ripon) (1550–1626), MP for Ripon
 William Smith (MP for Aylesbury) (1568–1620), MP for Aylesbury, 1604
 William Smith (surveyor), fl 1726
 William Smith (Ordnance) (1721–1803), of Chichester, UK, Treasurer of the Ordnance
 William Smith (abolitionist) (1756–1835), grandfather of Florence Nightingale, dissenter and British MP
 William Smith of Carbeth Guthrie (1787–1871), Lord Provost of Glasgow
 William Henry Smith (1825–1891), MP and Cabinet Minister (First Lord of the Admiralty, War Secretary)
 William Masters Smith (1802–1861), Member of Parliament for West Kent
 William Smith (1849–1913), Member of Parliament for North Lonsdale, 1892–1895
 William Smith, 3rd Viscount Hambleden (1903–1948), British peer
 William Smith, 4th Viscount Hambleden (1930–2012), British peer
 William Smith (loyalist) (1954–2016), Northern Irish loyalist politician

United States
 William Smith (Maryland politician) (1728–1814), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland (1789–1791)
 William Smith (New York state senator) (1720–1799), New York politician and judge
 William Smith (Oregon politician), Oregon state senator (1890s)
 William Smith (South Carolina representative) (1751–1837), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina (1797–1798)
 William Smith (South Carolina senator) (1762–1840), U.S. senator from South Carolina (1815–1830)
 William Smith (Virginia governor) (1797–1887), Governor of Virginia (1846–1849, 1864–1865) and Confederate general
 William Smith (Virginia representative), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia (1821–1827)
 William Alden Smith (1859–1932), member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1895–1906) and Senator (1905–1918) from Michigan
 William Alexander Smith (politician) (1828–1888), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina (1873–1874)
 William Burns Smith (1844–1917), mayor of Philadelphia
 William C. Smith Jr. (born 1982), Maryland State legislator
 William E. Smith (politician) (1824–1883), Governor of Wisconsin (1878–1882)
 William Ephraim Smith (1829–1890), member of the Confederate (1863–1865) and U.S. (1875–1881) House of Representatives from Georgia
 William Ernest Smith (1890–1973), mayor of Murray, Utah, 1946–1947
 William F. Smith (New York politician) (1901–1950), member of the New York State Assembly (1926–1933)
 William French Smith (1917–1990), U.S. Attorney General (1981–1985)
 William Grover Smith (1857–1921), Lieutenant Governor of Colorado, 1889–1891
 William H. Smith (Connecticut politician) (1842–1915), warden of the Borough of Norwalk, Connecticut
 William Henry Smith (American politician) (1833–1896), newspaper editor and politician, Ohio Secretary of State 1865–1868
 William Hugh Smith (1826–1899), Governor of Alabama (1868–1870)
 William Jay Smith (Tennessee politician) (1823–1913), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee
 William L. Smith (barber) (1878–?), Socialist barber from Milwaukee who served three terms in the Wisconsin State Assembly
 William Loughton Smith (1758–1812), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina (1789–1798)
 William Lyman Smith (1878–1964), telephone businessman who served one term in the Wisconsin State Assembly and two in the Wisconsin State Senate
 William M. Smith, Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives
 William Nathan Harrell Smith (1812–1889), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from North Carolina (1859–1860)
 William Orlando Smith (1859–1932), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania (1903–1906)
 William R. Smith (Mormon) (1826–1894), member of the Utah Territory House of Representatives
 William Robert Smith (1863–1924), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas (1903–1916)
 William Rudolph Smith (1787–1868), politician in the states of Pennsylvania and Wisconsin
 William Russell Smith (1815–1896), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Alabama (1851–1856)
 William Stephens Smith (1755–1816), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York (1813–1816) and son-in-law of President John Adams
 William T. Smith (1916–2010), member of the New York State Senate

Other persons
 William Smith (conservationist) (1852–1942), New Zealand gardener, naturalist and conservationist
 William Smith (shearer) (1896–1947), perhaps the most skilled sheep-shearer in the first half of the 20th century
 William Smith (mariner) (1790–1847), British mariner and discoverer of the South Shetland Islands
 William Smith (physician), Scottish American physician
 William Smith (registrar) (1816–1895), Ghanaian civil servant
 William Crawford Smith (1837–1899), American architect
 William R. Smith (physician) (born 1973), American emergency physician and wilderness medicine consultant
 William Robert Smith (physician) (1850–1932), British public health expert
 William Tyler Smith (1815–1873), English obstetrician, medical writer and journalist
 William Wragg Smith (1808–1875), American planter, lawyer, naturalist, translator and poet

See also
 Hobart and William Smith Colleges, a private liberal arts college in Geneva, New York
 William Smith House (disambiguation), several buildings
 W. Smith (rugby league), Australian rugby league player
 Billy Ray Smith (disambiguation)
 Willard Smith (disambiguation)
 William Smyth (disambiguation)
 William Smythe (disambiguation)
 William Schmidt (disambiguation)
 Wilhelm Schmidt (disambiguation)
 List of people with surname Smith


text:
Па́нда может означать:
  — бамбуковый медведь, одно из известнейших редких животных, занесённых в международную Красную книгу; единственный современный представитель рода  и подсемейства Ailuropodinae.
  — красная панда, животное семейства пандовых (Ailuridae).
 «Панда» — одна из искусственно выведенных пород золотой рыбки.
 Euspinolia militaris, или муравей-панда, — вид ос-немок.

Персоналии
 Панда, Антония (род. 1977) — сербская гребчиха-байдарочница.
  (род. 1954) — индийский актёр.

Panda
 Fiat Panda — особо малый автомобиль итальянской фирмы Fiat.
 Gold Panda (наст. имя Дервин Шлекер; род. 1980) — британский электронный музыкант и продюсер.
 Panda Bear (наст. имя Ноа Бенджамин Леннокс; род. 1978) — музыкант и один из основателей группы Animal Collective.
 Panda Cloud Antivirus — антивирусное программное обеспечение с функциями брандмауэра, разрабатываемое Panda Security.
 Panda Security SL, прежде Panda Software — компания, работающая в сфере компьютерной безопасности.
 pandas — библиотека анализа данных для языка программирования Python.
  — вид рыб рода .
  — вид жуков семейства стафилиниды (Staphylinidae).
 Panda — песня американского рэпера Desiigner'а.
 Panda E — дебютная песня белорусского рэпера CYGO.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Checkers, is a restaurant with rooms in Montgomery, Powys, Wales. Historically, the building was used as a coaching inn dating from the 17th century. Until the 2000s, it was used as a pub/hotel. It was converted into a French restaurant in 2012 and under chef Stephane Borie, it was awarded a Michelin star later that year. There are two main rooms in the restaurant, and three hotel rooms. It has received a mixed reception from critics, who have praised particular dishes but criticised the atmosphere. It serves both modern and classic French dishes, and in 2016, switched to only using set menus. In 2018, The Checkers moved away from their Michelin star and opened a breakfast and lunch restaurant renamed Checkers Pantry.

Description
The restaurant is located on Broad Street in the town of Montgomery, Powys, a short distance from Montgomery Castle. There is a separate dining room and bar/lounge area in the restaurant. The dining room has low-slung beams, and an open brick fireplace, around which are placed Laura Ashley sofas. The chestnut wood flooring of the restaurant was created from a fallen tree on the Francis family farm. There is room to serve up to 40 diners, with 12 members of staff working there. There are three en-suite rooms available to hire on a hotel basis.

Menu
The menu uses locally grown produce from Powys and Shropshire, and is a combination of classic and modern French cuisine with seasonal changes. Dishes include a pork belly main from the nearby Neuadd Fach baconry, which is served with an apple mousseline, pear and au jus. A monkfish main course comes served with a langoustine consommé and a Brussels sprout purée. Other French courses include a French onion soup and a cheese soufflé. Desserts served include a nougat tube filled with white chocolate and passion fruit mousse, and a trio of lemon pots.

In early 2016, the a la carte menu was stopped and the restaurant moved to serving only set menus. This was attributed to a desire to reduce the food waste produced by the restaurant, which staff hoped that could drop by half as a result of the change. The children's menu consists of smaller portions of the main menu.

History
The building dates from the 17th century, and was originally used as a coaching inn. References to the Checkers Inn in Montgomery within the British Newspaper Archives appear as far back as 1855, when Rebecca Davies' annual ball was due to take place in the large room there. In 1870, the inn was run by Charles Williams. During the early 2000s, the building was operated as a hotel and pub,. with Eric Whittingham as landlord.

Head chef Stephane Borie trained with Michel Roux at the three Michelin star restaurant The Waterside Inn in Bray, Berkshire for seven years, where he met pastry chef Sarah Francis. Borie and Francis went on to run the Herbert Arms near Montgomery in 2008 with Sarah's sister Kathryn running the front of house service. The trio took over The Checkers in March 2011, refurbishing the former pub as a restaurant. They praised the customer base following them from the Herbert Arms to the new venture.

The restaurant was awarded a Michelin star for 2012. The list was announced in October 2011, only seven months after the restaurant opened. Borie said "I am very surprised, but it is teamwork obviously, we didn't really expect anything because we have been in business for such a small amount of time." Following the star, Borie increased the number of kitchen staff from three to six.

In 2018, however, the restaurant owners decided to move away from their Michelin star and to reopen the restaurant to serve only breakfast and lunch but not dinner. They reopened as Checkers Pantry in mid-November 2018.

Reception
Neil Thomas visited the restaurant shortly after it was awarded a Michelin star. He gave it a rating of five out of five in his review for the Shropshire Star. He praised the Cerwyn cheese soufflé and the pheasant pithiviers starters, as well as three of the mains; a roast duck dish, the pork belly dish, and a venison dish. Around the same time, Sally Williams reviewed the restaurant for the Western Mail, who also praised the soufflé. She called the atmosphere "comfortable" and stated that it had a home-like quality to it. In 2013, the restaurant was ranked as the second best in Wales, behind The Walnut Tree in Abergavenny, in the Sunday Times list of the 100 best restaurants in the UK.

Matthew Norman gave the restaurant three and a half stars out of five, following a visit in early 2014 for The Daily Telegraph. He praised the soufflé and the French onion soup, but called the monkfish "bland". The pork belly dish was described by his colleague as "superb, just the right side of too intimately piggy". Norman concluded that the restaurant was a "slick operation", but the "character, vibrancy and fun had been slaughtered on the altar of satisfying the inspectorate".

References

External links
Official website

Hotels in Wales
Restaurants in Wales
Michelin Guide starred restaurants in the United Kingdom


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La geografia de l'arxipèlag de les Illes Balears comprèn Mallorca i les adjacents illes de Cabrera, Es Conills i Sa Dragonera i les més menudes de Na Redona, Plana i Foradada; Menorca amb les illes de Colom i L'Aire; i les Pitiüses (Eivissa, Formentera i les adjacents illes de Tagomago, Santa Eulària, Sa Conillera, S'Espardell, S'Espalmador, Es Vedrà, Es Bosc, Ses Bledes i Ses Margalides). En total el territori fa 4.492 km² i va des del nivell del mar fins a 1432 m d'altitud al Puig Major de la Serra de Tramuntana de Mallorca. Les coordenades geogràfiques estan entre els 40º5'48' i 38° 40′ 30″ de latitud N i entre 1° 12′ 47″ i 4º19' de longitud E. Eivissa està separada de la costa del País Valencià per només 75 km de mar, aquesta mateixa distància separa Mallorca d'Eivissa. La distància mínima que separa Mallorca de Menorca és de 35 km.

Geografia física

Superfície i longitud de costa
Les Illes Balears sumen una superfície total de 498.459,03 hectàrees, distribuïdes de la manera següent (veure la taula):

La longitud de costa total és de 1.723,45 km, amb la distribució següent per illes, incloent-hi els seus illots:

Relleu
Mallorca és una illa de la Mediterrània, la més gran de les Illes Balears[2]–per això també se l'anomena la Balear Major–, i és lloc d'origen dels mallorquins.

Pel gran pes demogràfic de la capital, Palma, l'illa es va dividir tradicionalment entre Ciutat i la Part Forana. La Part Forana és la ruralia, la terra situada fora de població. A Mallorca, es fa servir aquest terme per a denominar de forma global totes les poblacions que no són la capital, Palma.
L'arxipèlag balear es troba sobre un sòcol submarí separat de la costa del llevant de la península Ibèrica per un canal amb una fondària superior als 1000 m. Les illes tenen el seu origen en el geosinclinal profund on es varen dipositar materials del Secundari i del Terciari, que és el mateix que originà les serralades Bètiques.
El fet que a Menorca la sedimentació del burdigalià apareix horitzontal porta a pensar que Menorca va aparéixer abans que les altres illes de l'arxipèlag i per això només a Menorca es troben sediments del paleozoic, en canvi a les altres illes l'emersió es degué produir a partir de l'inici de l'era secundària. A Menorca també és l'únic territori de les Illes balears on apareixen, en part, sòls àcids. Mallorca presenta una morfologia molt variada en contrast amb la resta de l'arxipèlag.

 Mallorca està constituïda per dues serres de muntanyes, orientades de nord-est a sud-est i per una plana baixa, més o menys accidentada, situada entremig de les dues serralades. La Serra de Tramuntana està a la banda nord-oest de l'illa, té nombrosos cims de més de 1000 metres d'altitud, hi predomina el modelat càrstic. La Serra de Llevant, paral·lela a la costa, al sud-est de Mallorca és més baixa i de morfologia més suau, l'altitud màxima és al Puig de sa Talaia Freda de 561 m d'altitud. La plana central de Mallorca presenta pujols i baixes muntanyes on hi destaca el Puig de Randa amb 548 m.
 Menorca és una illa baixa, la màxima altitud és a la Muntanya del Toro amb només 358 m. El sud de l'illa de menorca és calcari però el nord és àcid ambroques silícies.
 Eivissa és una illa calcària i muntanyosa els cims de la qual no són gaire elevats (Sa Talaiassa 475 m).
 Formentera també és calcària encara que més baixa (Sa Mola 192 m).

L'arxipèlag està format per dos grans grups:
 les Gimnèsies: Menorca, Mallorca, Cabrera i els illots menors que les envolten (les Balears pròpiament dites en l'antigor).
 les Pitiüses: Eivissa, Formentera i els illots menors que les envolten.

Aigües terrestres

L'únic riu de les Illes Balears, i de qualsevol illa de l'Estat Espanyol, és el riu de Santa Eulària a Eivissa. Aquest riu recorre part del nord de l'illa. Desemboca a la vila de Santa Eulària des Riu. Fins a mitjan  portava aigua tot l'any però actualment es comporta com un torrent, ja que només hi circula aigua quan plou. De tota manera l'aigua hi circula, encara, de manera subterrània per la llera del riu. L'alimentació d'aquest riu és a través d'aigües subterrànies. Malgrat això és discutible que actualment se'l pugui anomenar "riu", ja que pràcticament no hi circula ja aigua per la superfície. La major part de l'illa d'Eivissa està formada per muntanyes calcàries, permeables, no gaire altes, per això la major part de l'illa forma un gran aqüífer, amb diverses fonts.

Formentera és una illa relativament petita amb muntanyes molt poc elevades i amb les precipitacions més escasses (uns 370 litres) de totes les illes Balears. A aquests característiques desfavorables s'hi afegeix una crostra calcària que obstaculitza la infiltració. Hi ha alguns torrents que només porten aigua després d'intenses precipitacions. Els pous es van salinitzar per sobreexplotació i des de 1995 l'aigua per a consum domèstic prové d'una planta dessaladora.

Les illes Balears són majoritàriament de litologia calcària, només part de Menorca és una excepció, i per tant s'hi presenten els fenomes càrstics. Així La xarxa hidrogràfica de les illes tenen diverses conques (unes dotze a Mallorca). pel règim de pluges mediterrani la irregularitat pluviomètrica i d'emmagatzemament d'aigua és gran. la calcària afavoreix la infiltració de l'aigua. Per la mateixa raó són abundants les fonts càrstiques especialment al peu de la Serra de Tramuntana mentre als plans hi ha aigua freàtica subterrània a poca fondària i cursos subterranis com els de les coves de Manacor.

A Menorca per la seva constitució geològica no hi ha gaires aigües subterrànies, en canvi és l'illa on hi plou més (uns 650 litres anuals). Hi ha torrents de curs més ràpid al nord de l'illa i més suaus al sud. En aquesta part de l'illa hi ha barrancs oberts amb meandres alimentats per l'escolament de les aigües terrestres i per alguna entrada d'aigües del mar. Popularment se'ls anomena rius d'Algendar, de son Bou, des Gorg i de Trebalúger, aquesta aigua s'aprofita per regar horts. A la meitat nord de Menorca es poden utilitzar algunes aigües subterrànies, depenent de l'època geològica on s'han emmagatzemat. Per exemple les del Miocè resulten massa dures i salades per a beure però encara aptes per regar.

Clima

El clima de les Illes Balears és plenament del tipus mediterrani. En general és força similar al del País Valencià i, més concretament, la ciutat de Mallorca té un clima gairebé idèntic al de la ciutat de València.

La diferència de latitud entre les illes queda reflectit en la disminució de les precipitacions de nord a sud: Menorca 650 litres anuals, Mallorca uns 500, Eivissa uns 400 i Formentera uns 370. Es presenta el màxim pluviomètric a les muntanyes més altes (Serra de Tramuntana) que poden interceptar els fronts de pluja i fer-los ascendir i incrementar la precipitació. El règim pluviomètric és del tipus mediterrani sense excepcions tant si la precipitació no arriba als 400 litres com passa a Formentera com si ultrapassa els mil litres en alguns punts de la Serra de Tramuntana de Mallorca. La pluja és irregular d'un any a l'altre i també irregular per a un mes determinat. Els gran episodis de pluja ocorren normalment quan hi arriba el vent de llebeig i el vent de llevant, ja que ambdós estan carregats d'humitat en passar pel Mediterrani, també acostumen a ser molt intenses les precipitacions de tardor i ocasionar inundacions. Les pluges de tardor marquen el màxim anual, la pluja continua de manera més moderada als mesos d'hivern però a la primavera s'inicia un descens, que fa que aquesta sigui força seca, continua el descens fins a arribar al mínim de juliol que és extremadament sec, ja que només cobreix el 5% de l'evapotranspiració mensual. El dèficit pluviomètric mitjà anual respecte l'evapotranspiració oscil·la de nord a sud entre 300 i 500 litres.

També s'aprecia la disminució de les temperatures mitjanes anuals de sud cap a nord: Formentera 18 °C Maó 17 °C. La diferència entre el mes més càlid, juliol, i el mes més fred, gener, arriba a un valor de 15 °C que es força elevat si es compara amb els calors d'amplitud tèrmica de les illes oceàniques (9 °C d'amplitud tèrmica a Irlanda, per exemple) aquest és un tret generalitzat a tota la mediterrània i en part s'explica per la major variació anual de la temperatura de la Mediterrània respecte a la que té l'Atlàntic. Com és general a la Conca del Mediterrani la primavera resulta més freda que la tardor i l'estiu tèrmic dura quatre mesos (de Juny a Setembre). A l'estiu les Balears estan més exposades, que la resta dels Països Catalans, a algunes entrades d'aire càlid del nord d'Àfrica que fan elevar la temperatura de manera considerable

L'hivern a les Balears resulta relativament suau amb temperatures mitjanes mensuals per sobre dels 10 °C, tenint en compte que les temperatures mensuals per sota de 10 °C es consideren de tipus hivernal, en estar les Balears (just) per sobre d'aquest valor es podria dir que, de mitjana no existeix un veritable hivern tèrmic, tanmateix les Balears no estan lliures d'esporàdiques entrades d'aire fred que fan baixar les temperatures a nivells molt menors.

Taula climàtica de Palma

Flora

La vegetació de les Illes Balears té característiques netament mediterrànies des de la plana fins als cims més alts. Pel que fa a la flora comprèn unes 1.300 espècies de plantes vasculars de les quals el 65% són d'àrea mediterrània amb un percentatge de tàxons endèmics del 3,4% mentre que les plantes de distribució medioeuropea representen menys del 5% del total de plantes A les Balears pràcticament no hi ha espècies caducifòlies, els roures que hi creixen es creu que no són autòctons sinó d'origen antròpic.
La vegetació actual té un 33% de conreus i un 45% de terreny forestal essents dominants les successions secundàries com són les pinedes de pi blanc (Pinus halepensis) i les màquies i garrigues. La vegetació potencial a la Serra de Tramuntana de Mallorca per sobre dels 1.100-1.200 m d'altitud és u tipus Teucrium subspinosi amb l'eixorba-rates blanc.
A Mallorca i Menorca potencialment el territori estaria ocupat per Cyclamini-Quercetum ilicis amb pa porcí i alzina, mentre que en llocs una mica salinitzat pel vent de tramuntana s'hi fan claps de Prasio Oleetum (ullastrar menorquí).

El domini de vegetació Cnero-ceratonietum és una màquia amb olivella i garrofer a més d'altres plantes.

Finalment el domini Cneoro-Pistacietum amb olivella i mata mentre que el tipus Rosmarino-Ericion conté romer, xipell, etc., acompanyats de pi blanc i savina (Juniperus phoenicia var. lycia).

Fauna

Entre la fauna antiga ja extinta, el Myotragus balearicus va arribar a conviure amb l'home i a ser, com a mínim semidomesticat. El darrer vell marí fou abatut a trets l'any 1958. L'àguila reial va desaparèixer a finals del .

Espècies interessant d'amfibis són el calàpet (Bufo viridis balearica) que és una subespècie endèmica. i l'emblemàtic ferreret (Alytes muletensis) que és una espècie endèmica amb un descobriment d'història apassionant.

D'ocells n'hi ha unes 300 espècies de les quals unes 130 són migradores. Entre les aus de mida gran que només es troben a la Serra de Tramuntana o hi tenen la seva localitat més important, destaquen el voltor negre, (Aegypius monachus) la milana (Milvus milvus) el falcó marí (Falco eleonorae) l'àguila pescadora (Pandion haliaetus) o el corb (Corvus corax)
Cal fer esment a una espècie endèmica com és la baldriga pufí baleàrica.

Entre els mamífers destaca l'absència de l'esquirol. La majoria de mamífers són de distribució europea però l'eriçó (Erinaceus albirus) és d'origen africà.
La fauna de Formentera és més pobra que la de la resta de les illes poblades de les Balears però també té endemismes.

La fauna de les Illes Balears destaca per un gran nombre d'endemismes. Hi ha uns dos-cents trenta endemismes animals catalogats (fins a l'any 2000), el 99% són invertebrats. Entre els rèptils endèmics destaquen les sargantanes, com la sargantana balear i la sargantana de les Pitiüses, també destaquen les poblacions balears de la tortuga mediterrània, la tortuga d'estany, la serp blanca i la serp d'aigua. Entre les aus destaca la colònia mallorquina del voltor negre i l'àguila peixatera. Entre els mamífers destaca l'absència del porc senglar però hi és present la marta.

No cal dir que la informació existent no és la mateixa per a cada tàxon. Els vertebrats són els més ben estudiats. Els invertebrats tenen grups sencers dels quals es té molt poca informació. En el passat, la fauna de les Gimnèsies i de les Pitiüses era ben diferent. Sembla, que llevat de les espècies voladores (aus, ratespinyades i insectes voladors), no compartien quasi cap espècies terrestre. Diferents comunitats vegetals, diferents herbívors, diferents carnívors.

Un dels grans esdeveniments faunístics a les illes, relativament recent, ha estat la desaparició de tota una fauna de mamífers insulars endèmica.
Durant el Plio-Quaternari es desenvolupà a les Gimnèsies peculiar fauna terrestre:
 Myotragus: espècies amb aparença de cabra, encara que estan poc emparentades amb elles
 Eliomys morpheus: la rata cellarda autòctona, un rosegador
 Soriculus hidalgoi: la musaranya autòctona, un insectívor
L'arribada de l'home a les illes va conduir a la desaparició d'aquesta fauna (s'han trobat ossos en les excavacions dels poblats talaiòtics)

A les Pitiüses, a partir del Plistocè superior, la fauna es troba desproveïda de mamífers terrestres i d'amfibis. Però és una fauna molt rica en ocells. Algunes desaparicions es van donar just en les primeres albors de presència humana (les darreres evidències de la seva presència són de fa uns 6600 anys):
 Haliaeetus albicilla: l'àguila marina
 Anser sp.: l'oca d'Eivissa

Sòls
El sòl de les Balears és un sòl jove poc evolucionat i per tant relativament prim especialment a les àrees de relleu accidentat com són les Serres de Tramuntana, de Llevant i les zones muntanyoses d'Eivissa. Es tracta d'un sòl calcari amb dolomia i marga de reacció bàsica. A la zona del nord de Menorca, en canvi, hi abunden els materials silicis que tenen una reacció àcida. Les condicions climàtiques actuals no en permeten una major evolució. Les calices i les dolomies s'alteren més lentament i no afavoreixen el desenvolupament de sòls profunds. A l'est de Mallorca hi ha sòls del tipus leptosòl i arenosòl que són sòls prims i d'estructura sorrenca amb perill d'erosió si no es prenen mesures.

A les parts més planeres de les illes es pot formar un sòl més evolucionat com passa a Es Raiguer, Sa Pobla, Muro i es Pla de Sant Jordi, a Mallorca.

El sòl menys evolucionat es troba en zones humides com s'Albufera d'Alcúdia o es Salobrar de Campos, a Mallorca; ses Salines, a Eivissa i Formentera; es Grau, a Menorca. i també a les illes petites deshabitades.

Paleogeografia

L'origen geològic de les Illes Balears, exceptuant part de Menorca, ha de ser entès com una continuació al mar de les serralades Bètiques. Al secundari es van acumulant al mar sediments procedents del massís hespèric al geosinclinal bètico-rifeny, que són aixecats i elevats durant el plegament alpí. Així, Mallorca i les Pitiüses presenten clarament una disposició SO-NE. A més, les muntanyes d'ambdues illes s'encavalquen en aquesta mateixa direcció i presenten gran multitud de materials secundaris, especialment calcaris. Aquests materials calcaris són responsables del modelat càrstic de les serres mallorquines i de gairebé tota Eivissa, amb canons i importants coves i aqüífers. Posteriorment, entre el Terciari i el Quaternari, apareixen per sedimentació els plans, tant Es Pla de Mallorca com els altres petits plans de les dues illes. L'origen geològic de Menorca és discutit. Menorca s'ha de dividir en dues parts, Tramuntana i Migjorn, on la part de Tramuntana està formada per materials primaris i el Migjorn per materials secundaris i terciaris igual que Mallorca i les Pitiüses. Alguns geòlegs lliguen la Tramuntana menorquina a les serralades litorals catalanes, si bé hi ha altres hipòtesis i encara no hi ha conclusions clares. El fet que la Tramuntana menorquina estigui formada per materials primaris explica el seu litoral desigual, que alterna grans caps amb grans ports naturals. Al Terciari es forma Formentera, formada essencialment per dos massissos de sediments (Cap de Barbaria i la Mola) units per un cordó de dunes litificat.

Al Quaternari Gimnèsies i Pitiüses han tingut una història geogràfica diferent. Durant les glaciacions del quaternari, degut a l'acumulació de l'aigua en forma de glaç en els casquets polars i a les grans serralades, mars i oceans van baixar de nivell. Això va donar que s'unissin Menorca i Mallorca per un cantó, i Eivissa i Formentera per l'altre. Totes les faunes i flores aleshores es van barrejar però entre la Gran Gimnèsia i la Gran Pitiüsa no va ser així perquè va romandre un canal marí de més de 70 km, infranquejable per la fauna terrestre.

La menor mida de la Gran Gimnèsia (2000 km²) i un clima més àrid (300 mm) va provocar l'extinció de la fauna terrestre i la manca de poblaments vegetals arboris notables.

Geografia humana

Població
L'any 2008 les balears van arribar a 1.072.844 habitants

Des de 1900 a 2006 ha passat d'una població de 311.649 a una altra de 1.001.162

Històricament a Eivissa, al contrari de la resta de les Balears la població havia estat de caràcter dispers

Menorca va tenir un creixement extraordinari durant el , ja que passà de 16.000 habitants els 1723 a 38.000 el 1838 gràcies a les condicions polítiques i econòmiques auge comercial quan l'illa era part de l'Imperi Britànic.

En els darrers 50 anys s'observen quatre períodes demogràfics:
 1960-70 augment demogràfic.
 1973 davallada de la natalitat (general a l'Estat Espanyol).
 1981-96/1986-1991 recessió per descens de migració i davallada de la natalitat.
 1991-2009 creixement demogràfic per augment de la migració i augment de la natalitat

Els immigrants provenen sobretot d'Andalusia, Castella-La Manxa i Catalunya. Darrerament també hi ha residents comunitaris europeus, alemanys i britànics principalment.

En el cens del 2001 consten 67 municipis a les Illes Balears, però 8 municipis agrupen les dues terceres parts de la població total: Calvià, Inca, Llucmajor, Manacor i Palma (amb el 40% de la població total de les Balears); Ciutadella i Maó Vila d'Eivissa.
El 79% de la població total resideix a Mallorca, el 9% a Menorca, l'11% a Eivissa i el 0,8% a Formentera. En total el 91% tenien la nacionalitat espanyola amb un 3% estrangers d'origen no comunitari.

Geografia econòmica
Els principals sectors econòmics de les Balears són el turisme i la construcció. A continuació apareixen els sectors industrials: pell, calçat, mobles, ceràmica, perles cultivades, joieria, bijuteria i el sector primari: agricultura, ramaderia, pesca, mineria. El turisme es presenta de manera desconcentrada a totes les illes, Calvià és el municipi balear amb més oferta hotelera. L'any 2009 es va sentir la crisi econòmica amb un descens en ingressos per turisme al primer semestre del 3%.

L'any 2008 la distribució econòmica (VAB, valor afegit brut) per sectors econòmics era: Mallorca 79,5%, Pitiuses 12,2% i Menorca 8,3%
 Primari 1,6%
 Energia i indústria 6,4%
 Construcció 11,4%
 Serveis 80,6% (engloba turisme, transports, etc.)

Vegeu també
 Xarxa viària de les Illes Balears

Referències


text:
The following lists events that happened during 1818 in New Zealand.

Incumbents

Regal and viceregal
Head of State – King George III. With Prince George, Prince of Wales as prince regent.
Governor of New South Wales – Lachlan Macquarie

Events
January (early) – Te Morenga leads 400 against Ngāiterangi and Ngāti Porou. They destroy the Matarehu pā on Motiti Island but the Ngāiterangi chief, Te Waru, is absent. They proceed to East Cape and campaign for several months against Ngāti Porou.
 7 February – Hongi Hika leads a second Ngā Puhi campaign against Ngāti Porou. They ravage many villages in the Bay of Plenty before passing East Cape and attacking Ngāti Porou in Hicks Bay.
November – Te Morenga returns to the Bay of Islands.
12 November – Thomas Holloway King, the first European born in New Zealand, dies, and is buried at Rangihoua.
Undated
Thomas Kendall's school at Rangihoua closes.
Kendall sends a manuscript spelling book of Māori to the Church Missionary Society but Professor Lee raises some doubts over it. (see 1820)

Births
 28 July (in England): Thomas Mason, horticulturist and politician.
undated
 (in England): James FitzGerald, politician.
 Frederick Merriman, politician.

Deaths

See also
History of New Zealand
List of years in New Zealand
Military history of New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica
Timeline of the New Zealand environment

References


text:
Het PDC William Hill World Darts Championship 2020 was de 27ste editie van het World Darts Championship, dat georganiseerd wordt door de Professional Darts Corporation. Het toernooi begon op 13 december 2019 en werd traditiegetrouw gehouden in het Alexandra Palace te Londen. De winnaar was Peter Wright, die in de finale verrassend met 7-3 won van titelverdediger Michael van Gerwen.

Opzet en gekwalificeerde spelers
Het deelnemersveld bestond uit 96 spelers. De top-32 spelers van de PDC Order of Merit op 26 november 2019 (na de Players Championship Finals) plaatsten zich direct voor het toernooi.

Via de Pro Tour Order of Merit kwalificeerden de tweeëndertig hoogste niet-gekwalificeerde spelers van de PDC Pro Tour 2019 zich.

Deelnemers:

Prijzengeld
De prijzenpot van het PDC World Darts Championship 2020 bedroeg £2.500.000. Er werd een bonus uitgeloofd voor degene die in het hele toernooi TWEE 9-darters zou gooien. Er werd er echter niet één gegooid.

Verdeling prijzengeld

Speelschema

Eerste ronde (laatste 96)
In de eerste ronde waren de geplaatste spelers vrijgeloot.

Tweede ronde en verder (vanaf laatste 64)

Darts in 2019
Darts in 2020
2020


text:
Xylophanes irrorata is een vlinder uit de familie van de pijlstaarten (Sphingidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1865 gepubliceerd door Augustus Radcliffe Grote.

Pijlstaarten


text:
Iván Benito Ruíz Cuesta (born March 26, 1977) is a retired volleyball player from Cuba. A one-time Olympian (2000), he played as a wing-spiker and won the gold medal with the Men's National Team at the 2001 World Grand Champions Cup.

Honours
 1997 FIVB World League — 2nd place
 1998 FIVB World League — 1st place
 1999 FIVB World League — 2nd place
 2000 FIVB World League — 8th place
 2000 Olympic Games — 7th place
 2001 FIVB World League — 5th place
 2001 World Grand Champions Cup — 1st place
 2002 FIVB World League — 13th place

References
 FIVB Profile
 sports-reference

1977 births
Living people
Cuban men's volleyball players
Volleyball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic volleyball players of Cuba
Place of birth missing (living people)
Pan American Games medalists in volleyball
Pan American Games gold medalists for Cuba
Medalists at the 1999 Pan American Games


text:
Mniszek kok-sagiz, mniszek gumodajny, kok-sagiz (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin) – gatunek rośliny wieloletniej z rodziny astrowatych (Asteraceae). W stanie dzikim rośnie w Azji Środkowej: w Kirgistanie, południowo-wschodnim Kazachstanie oraz w zachodnich krańcach Chin. W dawnym ZSRR był główną rośliną kauczukodajną. W Polsce uprawiany w czasie II wojny światowej.

Morfologia
 Pokrój Bylina do 30 cm wysoka, z wyglądu podobna do mniszka lekarskiego, z białym sokiem mlecznym.
 Liście Lancetowate, zatokowo wcinane, zebrane w przyziemną rozetę.
 Kwiaty Języczkowate, koloru żółtego, tworzące koszyczki osadzone na szczycie bezlistnej łodygi.
 Owoc Niełupka z puchem kielichowym.
 Korzeń Gruby, palowy.

Zastosowanie
Roślina uprawiana dla kauczuku (w korzeniu kilkuletnim zawiera go do 20% w soku mlecznym), który znajduje się w soku korowej części korzeni. W krajach byłego ZSRR uzyskiwano średni plon korzeni 50–100 q z hektara.

Producent opon Continental AG z Instytutem Biologii Molekularnej i Ekologii Stosowanej Fraunhofer opracował metodę, która pozwala na wykorzystanie kauczuku z korzeni tego gatunku przy produkcji opon. Jak potwierdzają przedstawiciele koncernu, guma z tej rośliny ma lepsze właściwości, niż ta pochodząca z drzew kauczukowca z Ameryki Południowej.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Rośliny użytkowe, Wiedza Powszechna, W-wa, 1966

Cichorioideae


text:
Carlos Pérez (nascido em 29 de outubro de 1970) é um ex-ciclista argentino.

Olimpíadas
Participou, representando a Argentina, dos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1992 na prova de perseguição por equipes do ciclismo de pista.

Ciclistas olímpicos da Argentina
Ciclistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 1992
Ciclistas de pista


text:
Tectaria exauriculata är en ormbunkeart som beskrevs av Holtt. Tectaria exauriculata ingår i släktet Tectaria och familjen Tectariaceae. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Kärlväxter
exauriculata


text:
Первомайский переулок — название улиц в разных городах Российской Федерации.

 Первомайский переулок — улица в Курске;
 Первомайский переулок — улица в Петергофе (Санкт-Петербург);
 Первомайский переулок — улица в Томске.


text:
Lesueurigobius friesii es una especie de peces de la familia de los Gobiidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

Morfología
Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 13 cm de longitud total.

Alimentación
Come poliquetos, pequeños crustáceos y moluscos.

Depredadores
Es depredado por Trachurus mediterraneus .

Hábitat
Es un pez de mar y, de clima subtropical y demersal que vive entre 10-130 m de profundidad.

Distribución geográfica
Se encuentra en el Atlántico oriental (Mauritania y desde la península ibérica hasta Skagerrak y Kattegat) y el Mediterráneo (Mar de Mármara ).

Costumbres
Se encuentra a menudo asociado con el  crustáceo  decápodo  Nephrops norvegicus .

Observaciones
Es inofensivo para los humanos.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Breder, C.M. y D.E. Rosen, 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos. 941 p.
 Crespo, J., J. Gajate y R. Ponce, 2001. Clasificación científica e identificación de nombres vernáculos existentes en la base de datos de seguimiento informático de recursos naturales oceánicos. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Madrid, España.
 Erzini, K., 1991. A compilation of data on variability in length-age in marine fishes. Fisheries Stock Assessment, Title XII, Collaborative Research Support Program, University of Rhode Island. Working paper 77, 36p.
 Gros, P., 1980. Description mathématique de la croissance de Lesueurigobius friesii (Teleostei, Gobiidae). Essai de synthèse. Oceanol. Acta 3:161-168.
 Morte, M.S., M.J. Redon y A. Sanz-Brau, 1997. Trophic relationships between two gurnards Trigla lucerna and Aspitrigla obscura from the western Mediterranean. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 77:527-537.

Enlaces externos

 AQUATAB
 World Register of Marine Species (en inglés)
 ITIS (en inglés)
 World Register of Marine Species (en inglés)

friesii


text:
Aaron Lawrence (Summit, 29 de marzo de 1971) es un actor pornográfico estadounidense.

Recibió una licenciatura en psicología de la universidad estatal de Iowa en 1993 y una maestría de artes en asuntos de administración estudiantiles de la universidad estatal de Míchigan en 1995. Reside actualmente en Berkeley Heights, Nueva Jersey, con su pareja Jeff a quien conoció en 1992 y con el que se casó en 1999.

Él mismo se considera versátil y actúa como activo y como pasivo. Su sitio en internet dice que se siente cómodo haciendo todo lo que es básicamente "gay" pero no tiene las habilidades para hacer lo que se considera "kink" o "perverso"

Acompañante

Lawrence trabajó como acompañante por primera vez en 1993 y escoltó regularmente por un corto tiempo en 1995. Dejó de ser acompañante en ese mismo año a petición de su prometido, Jeff, pero volvió a escoltar a mediados de 1996. Eventualmente empezó a pasar cada vez menos tiempo escoltando debido a que estaba produciendo filmes y anunció un periodo de retiro de un año en el 2002. Regresó como acompañante 8 meses después sólo para anunciar su retiro de la industria menos de 2 meses después. Después de una ausencia de tres años y medio, regresó a escoltar en septiembre de 2006.

Mientras escoltaba viajó con clientes a varios destinos en los Estados Unidos tales como Mt. Rainier, el Gran Cañón, Hawái y Las Vegas. También viajó con clientes a México y a varios lugares de Europa incluyendo Hungría, Alemania, Irlanda y la República Checa.

A lo largo del tiempo en que fue acompañante, Lawrence fue nominado para (y recibió) varios premios incluyendo el Male Escort Review de 1999 como "Acompañante del Año". Ganó como "Mejor Escolta Pasivo" y "Mejor Escolta Versátil" en los premios anuales Joey and Carlo Escort Awards en el 2001 y fue introducido en su "Salón de la Fama de Escoltas" en el 2002.

Filmes
En 1997, Lawrence apareció en un filme pornográfico de bajo presupuesto llamado Pushover y comenzó a grabar y producir sus propios videoaficionados en ese mismo año. El primer filme producido por él, Aaron Jacks Off (Aaron se masturba), fue seguido de Aaron's Boys Tell All (Los chicos de Aaron lo dicen todo) en 1998. El primero de sus filmes "viajeros", Aaron's American Tour 1 y Aaron's American Tour 2 fueron grabados en el 2000 mientras viajaba por los Estados Unidos. Grabó su primer filme en país extranjero en el 2001, hecho de dos partes: Aaron's Adventures in Amsterdam 1 and 2 (Las aventuras de Aarón en Ámsterdam 1 y 2). Después grabaría películas en Rusia (en donde actuaban miembros del ejército ruso), Londres, Tailandia, Ucrania, Letonia, República Checa y Eslovaquia. Produjo un total de 36 filmes aficionados terminando con Aaron's Bareback Orgy (La Orgía de Aarón sin Condones) en el 2003. Mientras que en su sito de internet, Lawrence afirma que siempre usa protección, Orgy es un filme en que los actores no usan condones.

Durante la producción de sus videos aficionados, continuó actuando en filmes profesionales para otros estudios; en 1999 apareció en Virgin No More, un filme producido por All Worlds Video. Por su actuación en Dream Team recibió una nominación como "Mejor Actor de Reparto" de los premios Gay VN Award. Aunque el premio se lo llevó Thomas Lloyd, el filme se llevó cuatro, entre ellos "Mejor Video Gay" y "Mejor Director". También actuó en Eric Magyar Goes West, un video aficionado que no produjo él.

Su película Aaron's Russian Boy Orgy recibió una nominación como "Mejor Video Aficionado" en los Gay Entertainment Award del 2002; Aaron fue nominado como "Mejor Actor Amateur" y "Mejor Autor Gay".

Libros
Es autor de dos libros: Suburban Hustler, Stories of a High-Tech Callboy, publicado en 1999, es un recuento de sus propias experiencias como acompañante. En el 2000, su segundo libro The Male Escort's Handbook: Your Guide to getting Rich the Hard Way, fue publicado. El libro es una guía para aquellos que deseen convertirse en acompañantes. También ha escrito artículos para otras publicaciones como Anything that Moves y Unzipped. En el 2004, comenzó otro proyecto como webmaster para "Gay Geek", un sitio en internet que lista y revisa sitios de internet para adultos con orientación gay.

Videografía

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Actores pornográficos de Estados Unidos
Actores pornográficos gais de Estados Unidos
Directores de cine de Estados Unidos
Directores de cine LGBT
Editorialistas de Estados Unidos
Escritores gais
Personas LGBT de Estados Unidos
Prostitutos y gigolós de los Estados Unidos
Alumnado de la Universidad Estatal de Míchigan
Alumnado de la Universidad Estatal de Iowa


text:
Horatio Sanz (Santiago, 4 de junho de 1969) é um ator chileno radicado nos Estados Unidos desde sua infância. Foi o primeiro integrante latino do elenco do Saturday Night Live.

É torcedor fanático do Chicago Cubs, time de beisebol.

Imitações

 Saddam Hussein
 Elton John
 Ozzy Osbourne

Filmografia

 1993 - Miracle on 34th Street
 1998 - Saturday Night Live
 2000 - Road Trip
 2001 - Tomcats
 2002 - The New Guy
 2003 - Boat Trip (Cruzeiro das Loucas)
 2005 - Rebound
 2005 - The Man
 2006 - Saturday Night Live
 2015 - Don Quixote

Ligações externas

Norte-americanos de ascendência chilena
Atores dos Estados Unidos
Humoristas dos Estados Unidos
Membros do elenco do Saturday Night Live
Naturais de Santiago (Chile)
Norte-americanos nascidos no estrangeiro


text:
Faronta diffusa is een vlinder uit de familie van de uilen (Noctuidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1856 door Francis Walker. De soort werd gevonden in Nova Scotia.

diffusa


text:
St Peter's Church is in the village of Waverton, Cheshire, England. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester, the archdeaconry of Chester and the deanery of Malpas. Its benefice is combined with those of St John, Aldford and St Mary, Bruera.

History

The earliest documentary evidence of a place of worship on the site is in a charter of confirmation dated 1093. Later references are in a will dated 1599 and in documents relating to the building of a north chapel in 1640 by John Tilston of Lower Huxley Hall. In the 19th century, restorations of the body of the church took place, one in 1845 and another in 1888 by John Douglas when the clerestory was rebuilt. The pyramidal roof was added to the tower in the late 19th century.

Architecture

Exterior
The church is built in ashlar Waverton red sandstone with a Lakeland green slate roof. The plan consists of a large west tower, a nave of three bays with a clerestory, a chancel of one bay, and north and south aisles. The tower is large and, in the opinion of Richards, disproportionate to the size of the church. It is in three stages with a four-light Perpendicular window dated 1888 on the west face. Above this are square openings with quatrefoils, a single string course, three-light bell openings and an embattled parapet. The pyramidal roof is recessed and shingled. The doorway on the west face is Tudor in style and it leads to a porch containing a weathered statue of the Virgin and Child between shields of the Dutton and Hatton families.

Interior
The 17th-century roofs of the nave and aisles were retained during the restorations and are dated 1635. The octagonal font is from the 17th century. The chancel walls are timber-framed internally and are possibly medieval, but more likely a later copy of the original walls. Memorials are to previous rectors of the church and to members of the Dutton family of Hatton. The east window has three lights and is Perpendicular in style. The pulpit dated 1903 is a memorial to the 1st Duke of Westminster. In the tower are the royal arms of Charles II, painted in 1663, and a table of tithes. There is a ring of eight bells. Four of these are dated 1615 by George Lee, two dated 1908 are by John Taylor and Company, and the other two are dated 2008 by Taylors Eayre & Smith Ltd. The parish registers date from 1582 and the churchwardens' accounts from 1744.

External features

The gates, gatepiers and churchyard walls, which are almost complete, are listed at Grade II. In the churchyard is a red sandstone sundial dated 1731 which is also listed at Grade II. The churchyard also contains the war graves of two soldiers of World War I, and an airman of World War II.

See also

Grade II* listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
Listed buildings in Waverton, Cheshire
List of church restorations, amendments and furniture by John Douglas

References

Further reading

Church of England church buildings in Cheshire
Grade II* listed churches in Cheshire
English Gothic architecture in Cheshire
Gothic Revival architecture in Cheshire
John Douglas buildings
Diocese of Chester


text:
The 2005 British National Track Championships were a series of track cycling competitions held from 6–9 October 2005 at the Manchester Velodrome. They are organised and sanctioned by British Cycling, and were open to British cyclists.

Medal summary

Men's Events

Women's Events

References

National Track Championships
British National Track Championships


text:
Mika Pekka Kari, född 19 augusti 1967 i Lahtis, är en finländsk socialdemokratisk politiker. Han är ledamot av Finlands riksdag sedan 2011. Kari är samhällspedagog till utbildningen.

Kari blev omvald i riksdagsvalet 2015 med 6 867 röster från Tavastlands valkrets.

Noter

Ledamöter av Finlands riksdag för Socialdemokraterna
Finländska politiker under 2000-talet
Personer från Lahtis
Födda 1967
Levande personer
Män


text:
Die Gmina Raszyn [] ist eine Landgemeinde im Powiat Pruszkowski der Woiwodschaft Masowien in Polen. Ihr Sitz ist das gleichnamige Dorf mit etwa 6800 Einwohnern.

Geographie

Die Gemeinde grenzt im Norden an die Landeshauptstadt Warschau. Die weiteren Nachbargemeinden sind Lesznowola, Michałowice und Nadarzyn.

Geschichte
Die Landgemeinde wurde 1973 gebildet. Ihr Gebiet gehörte bis 1975 zur Woiwodschaft Warschau und zum Powiat Piaseczyński. Es kam dann bis 1998 zur stark verkleinerten Woiwodschaft gleichen Namens, der Powiat wurde in dieser Zeit aufgelöst. Zum 1. Januar 1999 kam die Gemeinde zur Woiwodschaft Masowien und zum Powiat Pruszkowski.

Bis 1954 bestand auf dem Gemeindegebiet die Gmina Falenty, die 1954 in Gromadas aufgelöst wurde.

Gliederung
Die Landgemeinde (gmina wiejska) Raszyn besteht aus einer Reihe von Orten mit 22 Schulzenämtern (sołectwa):
 Dawidy
 Dawidy Bankowe
 Falenty (Osiedle)
 Falenty Duże
 Falenty Nowe
 Janki
 Jaworowa I &a II
 Laszczki
 Łady
 Nowe Grocholice
 Podolszyn Nowy
 Puchały
 Raszyn I & II
 Rybie I, II & III
 Sękocin Nowy
 Sękocin Stary
 Słomin
 Wypędy

Bauwerke
 Schloss in Falenty, eine Anlage des frühen Barocks
 Der Langwellensender Raszyn befindet sich bei Łazy auf dem Gebiet der Nachbargemeinde Lesznowola

Persönlichkeiten
 Magdalena Abakanowicz (1930–2017), Bildhauerin und Textilkünstlerin; geboren in Falenty.

Weblinks

 Webpräsenz der Gemeinde (polnisch)

Fußnoten


text:
Bent Rold Andersen (født 1. juni 1929 i København, død 7. oktober 2015) var en dansk politiker og tidligere minister. Han var fra 1956 til 1999 medlem af Socialdemokraterne, fra 25. marts 2007 til 2009 medlem af Det Radikale Venstre) og siden juni 2012 medlem af Enhedslisten.

Han var søn af kemograf Erland Andersen og Karen Andersen (født Olsen).

Bent Rold Andersen blev student fra Frederiksberg Gymnasium i 1948 og cand.polit. i 1955. Fra 1972 til 1975 var han professor i socialpolitik og arbejdsmarkedspolitik ved RUC. Udnævnt til æresdoktor ved Kwansei-Gakuin Universitetet i Osaka i 1998.

Han var formand for Det Økonomiske Råd 1976-78 og socialminister i Regeringen Anker Jørgensen V fra 27. april 1982 til 10. september 1982.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Socialministre fra Danmark
Danske ministre fra Socialdemokraterne
Tidligere folketingsmedlemmer fra Socialdemokraterne
Folketingsmedlemmer i 1980'erne
Økonomiske vismænd fra Danmark
Ansatte ved Roskilde Universitet
Æresdoktorer
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)
Personer fra København
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Debattører fra Danmark
Dansksprogede forfattere fra Danmark


text:
Vellozia ramosissima är en enhjärtbladig växtart som beskrevs av Lyman Bradford Smith. Vellozia ramosissima ingår i släktet Vellozia och familjen Velloziaceae. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Enhjärtbladiga blomväxter
ramosissima


text:
I is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, I is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter  after having gone through the Gupta letter . As an Indic vowel, "I" comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The "I" sign was used to modify a consonant's value , but the independent vowel letter did not have an inherent value by itself.

Historic I
There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. I as found in standard Brahmi,  was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian I  has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including I are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

Brahmi I
The Brahmi letter , I, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Ayin , and is thus related to the modern Latin O and Greek Omicron. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi I can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Tocharian I
The Tocharian letter  is derived from the Brahmi . Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.

Kharoṣṭhī I
The Kharoṣṭhī letter I is indicated with the vowel mark . As an independent vowel, I is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter A .

Devanagari I

I (इ) is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ઇ, and the Modi letter 𑘂.

Devanagari Using Languages
The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of  Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, इ is pronounced as . Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

Bengali I

I (ই) is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, इ.

Bengali Script Using Languages
The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, ই is pronounced as . Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.

Gujarati I

I (ઇ) is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari I , and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

Gujarati-using Languages
The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઇ is pronounced as . Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

Javanese I

Telugu I

I (ఇ) is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಇ. Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.

Malayalam I

I (ഇ) is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter  i. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.

Odia I

I (ଇ) is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter  i. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia. Unlike other vowels, ଇ has an alternate subjoined matra form used on letters with an open top - ଖ (Kha), ଥ (Tha) and ଧ (Dha).

Comparison of I
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including I, are related as well.

Character encodings of I
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter I in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. I from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

References

Indic letters


text:
Back Home is the eighth studio album by Irish boy band Westlife, released on 5 November 2007 through Syco Music, Sony Music and RCA Records, the band's ninth major album release under them as well. The album was produced by Steve Mac, Quiz & Larossi, Per Magnusson, David Kreuger and Rami Yacoub, who also produced some of the group's previous material. Back Home was the group's final album before their temporary break from music in 2008. It was also the band's fourth album to be released as a four-piece.

The album was preceded by the lead single "Home", a cover version of the Michael Bublé song, which was sent to radio stations in September 2007, and was eventually released as a digital download and CD single on 29 October 2007. Two more singles were released to promote the album, namely "Us Against the World" and "Something Right". A DVD also accompanied the album's release, including some of the group's recent music videos and exclusive footage of the group.

The album was met with mixed reviews, however the album was a commercial success. The album debuted atop the UK Albums Chart, selling 132,000 copies in its first week of release and remained in the top three spots for eight consecutive weeks. It also spent five weeks at number two. One of those weeks have the highest sales for a number two in a week of the year 2007 in the United Kingdom. While in Ireland, this is the third best-selling album of 2007.

Background
The track listing for the album was released on the band's official website on 3 October 2007, with track-by-track videos by the band. The release date of the album was brought forward to 5 November 2007 from the initial 12 November 2007. The album contains a collection of brand new tracks along with a few covers. The cover songs on the album are "Have You Ever?", a Diane Warren penned ballad previously recorded by Brandy, and "I'm Already There", a song recorded by Lonestar.
The first single from the album is a cover of the ballad "Home", originally by Michael Bublé, and was released on 29 October 2007 The song debuted at number three on the UK Singles Chart. "Us Against the World", an original song dedicated to Westlife fans worldwide, was released as the band's second single on 3 March 2008 in the UK and Ireland. Meanwhile, "Something Right", which is an original up-tempo song, was released as the third single in Asia and Europe. When Westlife announced the release date for the album, the Spice Girls immediately withdrew from the chart battle and delayed their Greatest Hits album release by a week to 12 November 2007. Westlife and the Spice Girls were then engaged in a war of words where each accused the other party of avoiding each other's release. The Spice Girls claimed that their album was to be released on 12 November 2007 and that this has always been the case. However, music retailers revealed that the Spice Girls' album was initially marked with a 5 November 2007 release date.

An accompanying DVD was released on the week of the album's release. It featured backstage footage of the group, Up Close and Personal segments, and the music videos of "Home", "You Raise Me Up", "When You Tell Me That You Love Me", "Amazing" and "The Rose". The DVD was available exclusively at Woolworths. It charted at number one on the UK Visuals Chart and was certified Platinum.

Track listing

 "Something Right" is also referred to as "Something's Right".
 "I'm Already There" is also referred to as "Already There".
 "The Easy Way" is also referred to as "Easy Way".
 "I Do" is also referred to as "I Do (The Best Is Yet to Come)".

Credits

*Numbers in brackets represents the track number on the album.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

Release history

References

2007 albums
Westlife albums
Albums produced by Rami Yacoub
Albums produced by Steve Mac
Albums produced by Per Magnusson
Albums produced by David Kreuger
Sony BMG albums
RCA Records albums


text:
Lee Sheppard is a tax commentator and contributing editor at Tax Analysts' Tax Notes. She studied law at Northwestern University, but following a stint with McDermott Will & Emery in Chicago, Sheppard has not practiced tax law since the 1970s, but instead specializes in financial issues and the taxation of multinational corporations.

Sheppard was named one of the "Global Tax 50 most influential players in international taxation by International Tax Review, Her weekly column is considered "a must-read for tax practitioners."''

References

External links

American columnists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


text:
DJ Shadow (bürgerlich Joshua Paul Davis; * 29. Juni 1972 in San José, Kalifornien) ist ein US-amerikanischer Hip-Hop-DJ, Vinylsammler und Musikproduzent.

Werdegang
Davis wurde 1972 in San José geboren und wuchs im kalifornischen Hayward auf.

Ab den frühen 1990er Jahren etablierte er sich unter dem Pseudonym DJ Shadow als einer der Vorreiter des Turntablism. Er gilt als wichtige Figur bei der Entwicklung des experimentellen Hip-Hops, der gemeinhin mit dem Londoner Label Mo' Wax von James Lavelle verbunden wird. Zu diesem trug er mit seiner Single In/Flux und dem in Zusammenarbeit mit DJ Krush entstandenen Stück Duality maßgeblich bei.

Shadow begann seine musikalische Karriere als DJ im College Radio. Die Idee, als DJ im Hintergrund zu bleiben, reizte ihn, weshalb er den Namen DJ Shadow wählte. Gemeinsam mit Musikern wie Blackalicious und Lyrics Born produzierte er ab 1991 erste Mixtapes und gründete 1993 das Underground-Label Solesides. Als erste Veröffentlichung des Labels erschien 1993 die Single Entropy.

Sein erstes Album Endtroducing..... aus dem Jahr 1996 stellt einen Meilenstein in der Hip-Hop-Szene dar und war das erste Album, das ausschließlich aus Samples zusammengestellt wurde. Bis 1998 arbeitete er mit James Lavelles Projekt UNKLE zusammen und veröffentlichte mit ihm das Album Psyence Fiction (Gastinterpreten: Thom Yorke, Beastie Boys, Richard Ashcroft).

Seine älteren Produktionen bestehen zu 100 Prozent aus Samples aller Richtungen. Plattenspieler und Mischpult werden als Instrument begriffen und eingesetzt. Ein Großteil seiner Produktionen sind auf einer einzelnen Akai MPC 60 entstanden. Mittlerweile setzt er allerdings auch Synthesizer ein.

2006 trat er im Vorprogramm der britischen Trip-Hop-Band Massive Attack auf.

Davis produzierte den Soundtrack des 2013 erschienenen Videospiels Grand Theft Auto V von Rockstar Games, dessen Musik von Tangerine Dream, The Alchemist, Woody Jackson und Oh No komponiert wurde.

Im Juni 2016 erschien sein fünftes Studioalbum The Mountain Will Fall, für das Davis unter anderem mit dem Rap-Duo Run the Jewels und dem deutschen Komponisten Nils Frahm zusammenarbeitete. Im Juli 2017 folgte die EP The Mountain Has Fallen mit Gastbeiträgen von Nas, Danny Brown und Oscar-Preisträger Steven Price.

Am 15. November 2019 erschien sein Doppelalbum Our Pathetic Age (11 Tracks Instrumentals und 15 Tracks Kooperationen u. a. mit De La Soul, Nas und Run The Jewels).

Diskografie

Studioalben

Mixalben
 1997: Camel Bobsled Race – mixed by DJ QBert
 1999: Brainfreeze – with Cut Chemist
 2000: Schoolhouse Funk
 2001: Product Placement – with Cut Chemist
 2003: Diminishing Returns
 2005: Schoolhouse Funk II
 2005: Funky Skunk – with Shepard Fairey
 2007: The Hard Sell – with Cut Chemist
 2008: The Hard Sell (Encore) – with Cut Chemist

Remixalben
 2003: The Private Repress
 2005: Endtroducing..... Excessive Ephemera
 2010: The DJ Shadow Remix Project

Livealben
 2004: In Tune and on Time – Live
 2006: Live at Brixton Academy

Kompilationen

Weitere Kompilationen
 2007: The 4-Track Era Volume 1 – Best of the KMEL Mixes 1991
 2007: The 4-Track Era Volume 2 – Best of the Remixes and Megamixes 1990–1992
 2008: The 4-Track Era Volume 3 – Best of the Original Productions 1990–1992
 2012: Total Breakdown – Hidden Transmissions from the MPC Era 1992–1996
 2012: Reconstructed – The Best of DJ Shadow

EPs
 2006: Bay Area EP
 2011: I Gotta Rokk
 2011: I'm Excited
 2014: The Liquid Amber EP
 2017: The Mountain Has Fallen

Singles

Weitere Singles
 1993: Entropy
 1998: The Number Song
 2002: Monosylabik
 2002: Mashin' on the Motorway
 2005: 3 Freaks
 2006: Enuff
 2007: Gabracadabra
 2010: Def Surrounds Us
 2016: Nobody Speak (feat. Run the Jewels, US: )
 2017: Systematic (feat. Nas)

Kooperationen
 1998: UNKLE: Psyence Fiction
 1999: Quannum: Quannum Spectrum

Soundtracks
 2000: Dark Days, Dokumentarfilm; Komposition
 2013: Grand Theft Auto V, Computerspiel; Produktion

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webpräsenz (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Shadow
Hip-Hop-Produzent
Pseudonym
Komponist (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1972
Mann


text:
Хорешты () — село в Яловенском районе Молдавии. Относится к сёлам, не образующим коммуну.

География
Село расположено на высоте 78 метров над уровнем моря.

Население
По данным переписи населения 2004 года, в селе Хорешть проживает 3615 человек (1772 мужчины, 1843 женщины).

Этнический состав села:

Примечания

Населённые пункты Яловенского района


text:
A Rosenborg kastély (dánul Rosenborg Slot) reneszánsz stílusban épült kastély Dánia fővárosában, Koppenhágában.

Története
A kastélyt IV. Keresztély király építtette 1606-ban, hogy Koppenhága határában mulatságai színhelyéül szolgáljon. Az épület holland reneszánsz stílusban készült Bertel Lange és ifjabb Hans van Steenwinckel tervei alapján. 1607-re elkészült, ám 1613-1615, 1616-1624 között és 1633-ban kibővítették. A király nagyon kedvelte kastélyát és 1648-ban itt is halt meg. Halála után fiára, III. Frigyesre szállt, aki feleségével, Zsófia Amáliával együtt modernizáltatta az épületet. Az utolsó király, aki huzamosabb ideig itt élt IV. Frigyes volt, de 1710 után az uralkodók átköltöztek a Frederiksborg palotába. Ezután még két alkalommal szolgált rövid ideig lakóhelyül: 1794-ben, amikor leégett a Christiansborg palota és 1801-ben, amikor a napóleoni háborúk keretén belül a brit flotta megtámadta Koppenhágát. 1833-ban művészeti múzeumot rendeztek be a kastélyban, amit 1838-ban megnyitottak a nagyközönség számára. Ahogyan a múzeum kollekciója gyarapodott, Rosenborg már szűkösnek bizonyult, ezért 1994-ben a Glücksburg-házhoz tartozó uralkodók anyagát átvitték az Amalienborg kastélyba, Rosenborg pedig az Oldenburgok kincseit mutatja be.

Látnivalók
A kastély alagsorában levő kincstárakban őrzik a Dán Királyság koronázási ékszereit: IV. és V. Keresztély, valamint a királyné koronáját, a jogart, az állam kardját és az országalmát. Megtekinthető a koronázási szőnyeg, egy 17. századi iszfaháni perzsaszőnyeg. A második emeleti trónteremben (amely eredetileg bálterem volt) található a dán uralkodók narválagyarakból készült trónja. A trónt három életnagyságú, 130 kilós ezüstoroszlán őrzi.

A 17. század végén V. Keresztély a skånei háború jeleneteit ábrázoló kárpitokkal fedette be a trónterem falait.

A kastély körül terül el a Kongens Have (a Király Kertje), az ország legrégebbi királyi parkja, amit az 1700-as évek elején megnyitottak a nagyközönség számára és ma a koppenhágaiak kedvelt séta- és piknikhelye.

A Királyi Testőrség őrségváltása minden nap 11:30 és 12:00 között masírozik át a Rosenborg kastélytól az Amalienborg palotához.

A Rosenborg kastély a dán fővárost meglátogató turisták kedvelt célpontja, évente közel 3 millió látogatót fogad.

Galéria

Források
Rosenborg Palace The Monarchy of Denmark
Rosenborg Castle www.kopenhagenet.dk
Rosenborg Castle The Danish Royal Collections

További információk

Koppenhága építményei
Dánia 17. századi építményei
Dánia kastélyai, palotái


text:
Als charakteristische Funktion bezeichnet man in der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie eine spezielle komplexwertige Funktion, die einem endlichen Maß oder spezieller einem Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaß auf den reellen Zahlen beziehungsweise der Verteilung einer Zufallsvariable zugeordnet wird. Dabei wird das endliche Maß eindeutig durch seine charakteristische Funktion bestimmt und umgekehrt, die Zuordnung ist also bijektiv.

Wesentlicher Nutzen von charakteristischen Funktionen liegt darin, dass viele schwerer greifbare Eigenschaften des endlichen Maßes sich als Eigenschaft der charakteristischen Funktion wiederfinden und dort als Eigenschaft einer Funktion leichter zugänglich sind. So reduziert sich beispielsweise die Faltung von Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaßen auf die Multiplikation der entsprechenden charakteristischen Funktionen.

Definition
Gegeben sei ein endliches Maß  auf . Dann heißt die komplexwertige Funktion

definiert durch

die charakteristische Funktion von . Ist  ein Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaß, so folgt die Definition analog. Ist speziell eine Zufallsvariable  mit Verteilung  gegeben, so ist die charakteristische Funktion gegeben durch

mit dem Erwartungswert .

Damit ergeben sich als wichtige Sonderfälle:
 Besitzt  eine Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichtefunktion (bezüglich des Riemann-Integrals) , so ist die charakteristische Funktion gegeben als
 .
 Besitzt  eine Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion , so ist die charakteristische Funktion gegeben als
 .
In beiden Fällen ist die charakteristische Funktion die (stetige bzw. diskrete) Fourier-Transformierte der Dichte bzw. Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion.

Als Schätzfunktion der charakteristische Funktion auf einer Stichprobe  dient die empirische charakteristische Funktion:

Elementare Beispiele
Ist  Poisson-verteilt, so besitzt  die Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktion
.

Mit der oben aufgeführten Darstellung für die charakteristische Funktion mittels Wahrscheinlichkeitsfunktionen ergibt sich dann

Ist  exponentialverteilt zum Parameter , so besitzt  die Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichtefunktion

Damit ergibt sich

Weitere Beispiele für Charakteristische Funktionen sind weiter unten im Artikel tabelliert oder befinden sich direkt im Artikel über die entsprechenden Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen.

Eigenschaften als Funktion

Existenz
Die charakteristische Funktion existiert für beliebige endliche Maße und somit auch Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaße bzw. Verteilungen von Zufallsvariablen, da wegen

das Integral stets existiert.

Beschränktheit
Jede charakteristische Funktion ist immer beschränkt, es gilt für eine Zufallsvariable , dass
.
Im allgemeinen Fall eines endlichen Maßes  auf  gilt
.

Symmetrie
Die charakteristische Funktion  ist genau dann reellwertig, wenn die Zufallsvariable  symmetrisch ist.

Des Weiteren ist  stets hermitesch, das heißt, es gilt
.

Gleichmäßige Stetigkeit
  ist eine gleichmäßig stetige Funktion.

Charakterisierung
Interessant ist insbesondere, wann eine Funktion  die charakteristische Funktion eines Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaßes ist. Eine hinreichende Bedingung liefert der Satz von Pólya (nach George Pólya):
Ist eine Funktion

 konvex auf  sowie
 stetig und gerade

und gilt außerdem , so ist sie die charakteristische Funktion eines Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaßes.

Eine notwendige und hinreichende Bedingung liefert der Satz von Bochner (nach Salomon Bochner):

Satz von Bochner
Eine stetige Funktion

ist genau dann die charakteristische Funktion eines Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaßes auf , wenn  eine positiv semidefinite Funktion ist und  gilt.

Weitere Eigenschaften

Lineare Transformation
   für alle

Umkehrbarkeit

Ist  integrierbar, dann lässt sich die Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte von  rekonstruieren als

Momenterzeugung
   für alle natürlichen , falls .
In dieser Eigenschaft ist die charakteristische Funktion ähnlich zur momenterzeugenden Funktion.

Insbesondere ergeben sich die Spezialfälle

Wenn für eine natürliche Zahl  der Erwartungswert  endlich ist, dann ist  -mal stetig differenzierbar und in eine Taylor-Reihe um  entwickelbar:

Ein wichtiger Spezialfall ist die Entwicklung einer Zufallsvariablen  mit  und :

Faltungsformel für Dichten
Bei unabhängigen Zufallsvariablen  und  gilt für die charakteristische Funktion der Summe

denn wegen der Unabhängigkeit gilt

Charakteristische Funktion von zufälligen Summen
Sind  unabhängig identisch verteilte Zufallsvariablen und  eine -wertige Zufallsvariable, die von allen  unabhängig ist, so lässt sich die charakteristische Funktion der Zufallsvariable

als Verkettung der wahrscheinlichkeitserzeugenden Funktion  von  und der charakteristischen Funktion von  darstellen:
 .

Eindeutigkeitssatz

Es gilt der folgende Eindeutigkeitssatz: Wenn ,  Zufallsvariablen sind und  für alle  gilt, dann ist , d. h.  und  haben die gleiche Verteilungsfunktion. Folglich kann damit die Faltung einiger Verteilungen leicht bestimmt werden.

Aus dem Eindeutigkeitssatz lässt sich der Stetigkeitssatz von Lévy folgern: Wenn  eine Folge von Zufallsvariablen ist, dann gilt  (Konvergenz in Verteilung) genau dann, wenn  für alle  gilt. Diese Eigenschaft kann bei zentralen Grenzwertsätzen ausgenutzt werden.

Beispiele

Allgemeinere Definitionen

Definition für mehrdimensionale Zufallsvariablen

Die charakteristische Funktion lässt sich auf -dimensionale reelle Zufallsvektoren  wie folgt erweitern:

 ,

wobei  das Standardskalarprodukt bezeichnet.

Definition für nukleare Räume

Auch für nukleare Räume existiert der Begriff der charakteristischen Funktion. Die Funktion , definiert auf dem nuklearen Raum , heißt charakteristische Funktion, wenn folgende Eigenschaften gelten:

  ist stetig,
  ist positiv definit, d. h. für jede Wahl  ist

  ist normiert, d. h.

In diesem Fall besagt der Satz von Bochner-Minlos, dass  ein Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaß auf dem topologischen Dualraum  induziert.

Für zufällige Maße
Die charakteristische Funktion lässt sich auch für zufällige Maße definieren. Sie ist dann jedoch ein Funktional, ihre Argumente sind also Funktionen. Ist  ein zufälliges Maß, so ist die charakteristische Funktion gegeben als

für alle beschränkten, messbaren reellwertigen Funktionen  mit kompaktem Träger. Das zufällige Maß ist durch die Werte der charakteristischen Funktion an allen positiven stetigen Funktionen mit kompaktem Träger eindeutig bestimmt.

Beziehung zu anderen erzeugenden Funktionen
Außer den charakteristischen Funktionen spielen noch die wahrscheinlichkeitserzeugenden Funktionen und die momenterzeugenden Funktionen eine wichtige Rolle in der Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie.

Die wahrscheinlichkeitserzeugende Funktion einer -wertigen Zufallsvariable  ist definiert als . Demnach gilt der Zusammenhang .

Die momenterzeugende Funktion einer Zufallsvariable ist definiert als . Demnach gilt der Zusammenhang , wenn die momenterzeugende Funktion existiert. Im Gegensatz zur charakteristischen Funktion ist dies nicht immer der Fall.

Außerdem gibt es noch die kumulantenerzeugende Funktion als Logarithmus der momenterzeugenden Funktion. Aus ihr wird der Begriff der Kumulante abgeleitet.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

 Eugene Lukacs: Characteristic functions. Griffin, London 1960. 2., erweiterte Auflage 1970, ISBN 0-85264-170-2
 Achim Klenke: Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie. 2. Auflage. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-540-76317-8

Weblinks

Stochastik