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A língua de sinais coreana ou língua gestual coreana, (em coreano: 한국 수화 언어; em hanja: 韓國手話言語; RR:  Hanguk Suhwa Eoneo) ou 한국 수어 (em hanja: 韓國手語; RR: Hanguk Sueo) é a língua de sinais da Coreia do Sul é a língua de sinais (pt: língua gestual) usada pela comunidade surda na Coreia do Sul. Tem origem na língua de sinais japonesa, com a qual mantém muitas similaridades. Muitas vezes é referido simplesmente como 수화 (hanja: 手話; romanização: suhwa), que significa assinar em geral.

História
O início da Língua de Sinais Coreana data de 1889, embora os esforços de padronização só tenham começado em 2000. A primeira escola sul-coreana para surdos foi fundada em 1º de abril de 1913, em Seul, e foi renomeada como Escola Nacional para Surdos em 1945, que mais tarde foi renomeada como Escola para Surdos de Seul, em 1951.

Embora as origens da KSL sejam anteriores ao período colonial japonês (governo de jure, começando em 1910), a língua de sinais desenvolveu algumas características em comum com a gramática da Língua de Sinais Japonesa (Japanese Sign Language - JSL) quando a Coreia estava sob o domínio japonês. A Língua de Sinais Coreana é considerada parte da família da Língua de Sinais Japonesa.

De acordo com o Ministério de Saúde e Bem-Estar da Coreia do Sul haviam 252.779 pessoas com deficiência auditiva e 18.275 pessoas com distúrbios de linguagem na Coreia do Sul no final de 2014. Os números estimados recentes para a quantidade de surdos na Coreia do Sul variam de 180.000 a 300.000. Isso é aproximadamente entre 0,36% e 0,6% da população da Coreia do Sul.

Status oficial
Em 31 de dezembro de 2015, a Assembleia Nacional da Coreia do Sul aprovou uma legislação para reconhecer a língua de sinais coreana como uma das línguas oficiais da Coreia. Houveram dois projetos de lei e duas políticas aprovadas de acordo com esta legislação, que eram "Korean Sign Language Standard Policy" ("Política padrão da língua de sinais coreana", em português), "Sign Language Bill" ("Projeto da língua de sinais", em português), "Korean Sign Language Bill" ("Lei da língua de sinais coreana", em português) e "Sign Language and Deaf Culture Standard Policy" ("Política padrão da língua de sinais e cultura surda", em português), fundidas como A Lei Fundamental da Língua de Sinais Coreana.  A legislação abriu o caminho para um melhor acesso e melhor comunicação na educação, emprego, ambientes médicos e legais, bem como práticas religiosas e culturais. As propostas dentro da legislação consistiam na política nacional e regional e na promulgação para a educação da Língua de Sinais Coreana, que promove e distribui as informações para a criação de um ambiente melhor para o uso da Língua de Sinais Coreana. Além disso, o Planejamento de Melhoria da Língua de Sinais Coreana precisa ser conduzido a cada cinco anos e a pesquisa e investigação do uso da Língua de Sinais Coreana para Surdos precisa ser conduzida a cada três anos.

A Lei da Língua de Sinais Coreana (coreano: 한국 수화 언어 법; hanja: 韓國手話言語法; RR: Hanguk Suhwa Eoneo Beop), que foi adotada em 3 de fevereiro de 2016 e entrou em vigor em 4 de agosto de 2016, estabeleceu a Língua de Sinais Coreana como um idioma oficial para surdos na Coreia do Sul igual em status à Língua Coreana. A lei também estipula que os governos nacionais e locais são obrigados a fornecer serviços de tradução em língua de sinais coreana para indivíduos surdos que deles necessitem. Depois que a Língua de Sinais Coreana foi estabelecida como língua oficial, tornou-se uma exigência que houvesse interpretações assinadas no tribunal. A Língua de Sinais Coreana também é usada durante eventos públicos e programas de serviços sociais. A Coreia do Sul oferece cursos de língua de sinais para pessoas não surdas, e cursos especiais de instrução de língua de sinais estão disponíveis para pais com filhos surdos (Frawley, 2003).

Os gestos da Língua de Sinais Coreana são avaliados usando três critérios de usabilidade: intuitividade, preferência e estresse físico. Intuitividade é o elo entre o próprio gesto e seu significado. Preferência é o quanto gostamos ou não gostamos do gesto quando apresentado. O estresse físico se refere a quanta tensão o gesto coloca no corpo para realizar. O gesto ideal é aquele que tem uma ligação clara com o seu significado, é muito apreciado como expressão física e não causa estresse desnecessário ao apresentar.

Um estudo foi realizado em 2013 para testar os gestos da língua de sinais coreana sob os três critérios. Este estudo descobriu que os gestos projetados pelo usuário costumam ter um desempenho melhor do que os gestos da Língua de Sinais Coreana oficiais nas áreas de preferência e estresse físico. O estudo também mostrou que existe uma forte ligação entre a intuitividade de um gesto e a preferência do usuário. Um elo mais fraco foi mostrado entre preferência e estresse físico, tornando a intuitividade um ponto forte de avaliação na Língua de Sinais Coreana. Este estudo mostrou os pontos fracos do formato KSL atual em comparação com os pontos fortes dos gestos projetados pelo usuário.

O estudo realizado pelo Instituto Coreano de Ciência e Tecnologia em 2013 concluiu que "comparado com outras modalidades de interação, o uso de gestos tem muitas vantagens" (Woojin, 2013). Essas vantagens incluem: os gestos são a forma básica de interação, ao lado da fala, e são capazes de transmitir uma série de significados; isso está presente por meio de outras línguas de sinais, como a Língua de sinais americana (ASL). A KSL tem usos militares, como um método de comunicação quando a interação baseada em voz e teclado e mouse não é possível. Os comandantes fazem sinais com as mãos a outros membros para transmitir mensagens uns aos outros sem alertar as forças próximas. A KSL também é usado em ambientes hospitalares dentro das salas de cirurgia, quando os gestos são usados para se comunicar em ambientes onde a necessidade de saneamento impede outras formas de comunicação. Os gestos estimulam a fragmentação das informações e cada gesto tem um significado, aliviando o fardo da interação humano-computador. Os gestos são facilmente usados com outros métodos, como comunicação vocal. Isso é visto em outras línguas de sinais através da boca e a palavra de cada gesto. Usar as mãos para se comunicar por meio de gestos reduz o estresse físico por meio de gestos simples que exercem pouca pressão sobre os braços e as mãos.

A Língua de Sinais Coreana é gerenciada e catalogada pelo Instituto Nacional da Língua Coreana (National Institute of the Korean Language - NIKL), que é uma agência governamental encarregada de fornecer comentários confiáveis sobre a língua coreana em geral. O Instituto Nacional da Língua Coreana, junto com o Ministério da Cultura, Esportes e Turismo, tem trabalhado para padronizar a Língua de Sinais Coreana desde 2000, publicando o primeiro dicionário oficial da KSL em 2005, bem como um livro de frases comum em 2012.

Um dicionário online pesquisável para a Língua de Sinais Coreana pode ser encontrado em uma página da web do Instituto Nacional da Língua Coreana.

Marcadores funcionais
A Língua de Sinais Coreana, assim como outras linguagens de sinais, incorpora marcadores não manuais com funções lexicais, sintáticas, discursivas e afetivas. Isso inclui levantar e franzir as sobrancelhas, franzir a testa, balançar a cabeça e inclinar e mover o tronco.

Alfabeto manual coreano
O alfabeto manual coreano é usado pelos surdos na Coreia do Sul que utilizam a língua de sinais coreana. É um alfabeto de uma mão que imita as formas das letras em Hangul (o alfabeto oral e escrito coreano) e é usado ao signalar em coreano, além de ser integrado à Língua de Sinais Coreana.

Consoantes
A  única letra com movimento como componente é ssang siot (ㅆ), que começa como dois dedos cruzados apontando para baixo e então se abre.

Vogais

A diferença na orientação entre eo, yeo e os ditongos com base neles, e, ye não é significativa.

Língua de sinais coreana no K-pop

BtoB
Na música "Missing You", o grupo incluiu, por sugestão dos próprios integrantes, sinais que representam "estou sentindo saudades", "um ano" e "passou". Além disso, o grupo lançou uma versão completa da canção em língua de sinais, para um vídeo especial do canal do Dingo Music no Youtube.

B1A4
Na música "Lie" foram incluídos três sinais em língua de sinais coreana. Ao bater na palma da mão duas vezes e colocar o dedo indicador na frente do nariz, os integrantes representam a palavra "mentira", e ao movimentar as mãos para longe do corpo, representaram "ir embora". Também na música há o sinal para "felicidade", feito por meio de um afago no queixo.

BOL4
Em 2018, o até então duo Bolbbalgan4 fez uma apresentação especial da música "First Love" para o canal Dingo, no YouTube. A apresentação conta com as duas integrantes e uma intérprete de língua de sinais coreana ao lado das cantoras.

Mamamoo
O grupo Mamamoo representou na música "Starry Night" a frase "as estrelas estão brilhando".

Seventeen
O grupo Seventeen também já incluiu a língua coreana de sinais em três de suas coreografias - "Pretty U", "Clap" e "Thanks" - em "Thanks", foram incluídos os sinais de "promessa" e o de "obrigado".

Em celebração para o Dia das Mães, o integrante Boo Seung Kwan, juntamente de Park Se Hyun, apareceram em um vídeo para o canal Dingo Music e performaram a música "Why Mom's Profile Picture Is A Flower Garden", do cantor Kim Jin Ho. O cenário do vídeo foi de um jardim e o vocalista principal do grupo Seventeen realizou a performance enquanto expressava as emoções da música via uso da língua de sinais, juntamente com Park Se Hyun. O vídeo contou ainda com vocais da mãe de Seung Kwan e com a participação da mãe de Park Se Hyun, que também expressou a mensagem da música com a ajuda da língua de sinais.

T-ara
Na música "Tiamo", o girl group T-ara incluiu sinais que representam as frases "nossa senha secreta" e "para a pessoa que eu amo".

Weki Meki
A música "Butterfly", que foi lançada como um single especial para os Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno em Pyeongchang em 2018, tem a coreografia toda em língua de sinais.

BTS
Em 9 de julho de 2021, através do videoclipe da música "Permission to Dance", o grupo sul-coreano BTS apresentou uma coreografia com sinais da língua de sinais coreana e também da língua de sinais internacional. Em uma entrevista do grupo para a rede de televisão sul-coreana SBS, o integrante J-Hope explicou os sinais incluídos na coreografia: "Existem 3 sinais no total (na coreografia). No primeiro, abra os dois polegares e dobre os outros dedos, e depois faça um gesto parecido como se estivesse coçando o corpo; esse significa 'divertir-se'. Já no segundo, estenda sua mão como um palco e posicione seus dedos (indicador e médio) como se fossem suas pernas; se você os sacudir para a esquerda e para a direita, simboliza 'dançar'. Por último, fazer dois sinais de 'V' com os dedos significa 'paz'". Na mesma entrevista, J-Hope afirmou que o grupo decidiu incluir a língua de sinais porque queriam "transmitir uma energia positiva, conforto e esperança a muitas pessoas em todo o mundo". Segundo a empresa que administra o grupo, Big Hit Music, os membros do BTS e sua equipe de coreografia tomaram um cuidado extra com a precisão dos sinais. "Depois de escolhermos palavras-chave e gestos simbólicos, transformamos isso em coreografia, e passamos por um processo de realizar muitas discussões com especialistas, incluindo pessoas surdas e intérpretes de língua gestual, para ter certeza de que o significado estava se tornando claro", afirmou a empresa.

Membros da comunidade surda da Coreia do Sul também falaram sobre a coreografia. Kim Dong-ho, intérprete de língua de sinais para as sessões de informação da COVID-19 pelo governo sul-coreano, afirmou: "Para os surdos, a música é um dos gêneros mais distantes em termos de cultura. Há uma distância cultural que significa que você tem que passar por outro passo para entender a letra e dançar junto. Mesmo para as pessoas que podem ouvir a música, os sons parecem vibrações que ressoam, mas o BTS ajudou a vencer essa distância desta vez, usando a língua de sinais na coreografia que se adapta à letra para que as pessoas surdas possam pegar o significado imediatamente e se juntar à diversão".

Os meninos do BTS continuam sendo uma fonte de inspiração e aprimoramento para pessoas ao redor do mundo e agora, eles se tornaram uma ferramenta para transformar a vida de pessoas com deficiência auditiva. Foi anunciado que Saori Fujimoto, artista de língua de sinais, tem usado o BTS e suas músicas como método para se conectar com os surdos, uma ferramenta que tem recebido críticas favoráveis e resultados positivos. A artista tem tocado músicas como "ON" e "Dynamite", com o objetivo de trazer calor e uma mensagem positiva do BTS às pessoas com deficiência auditiva.

Já a iniciativa de passar a mensagem da música Permission to Dance às pessoas com deficiência auditiva partiu do próprio grupo. RM, líder do BTS, explicou que "A ideia surgiu e percebemos que nunca tínhamos pensado nisso antes, então acabamos experimentando", depois de perceberem que eles nunca tinham inserido a língua de sinais em suas danças, decidiram coletivamente tentar. Com o lançamento, o artista declarou que ficou muito feliz com a boa recepção de "Permission to Dance": "Tivemos feedback de muitas pessoas que foram tocadas por nosso trabalho, o que foi muito bom".

O diretor-geral da Organização Mundial da Saúde, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus também postou em sua conta do Twitter, no dia 10 de julho, uma mensagem para o grupo: "Obrigado, BTS, por incluir a língua de sinais em seu videoclipe de 'Permission to Dance'. Como 1,5 bilhões de pessoas no mundo são afetadas pela perda auditiva, a língua dos sinais pode ajudá-las a continuar desfrutando de música que pode trazer alegria à vida".

Outra estrela do K-Pop que aprendeu a língua de sinais para se comunicar com os fãs foi o V do BTS. BTS participou do evento "Class of 2020", um projeto do YouTube. A participação foi feita via vídeos pré-gravados, em que eles discursaram mensagens de esperança para os formandos durante o período de pandemia. Durante o vídeo do V, ele desejou para todos "boa sorte". Antes de terminar o seu tempo de tela, ele fez o sinal de "aplausos" para animar e parabenizar os graduandos. Além do "Class of 2020",  V continuou a demonstrar seu apoio ao uso da língua de sinais.

Na BangBangCon The Live, show on-line do grupo, V comunicou que o fandom ARMY está sempre "junto" com o grupo BTS com o uso da língua de sinais.

Em uma polaroid da sessão de fotos escolhida para promover a era de "Butter" canção do grupo, o cantor sinalizou a palavra "manteiga" na palma de uma de suas mãos em honra ao comeback do grupo. Na língua de sinais, para comunicar a palavra "manteiga" é necessário deslizar os dedos indicador e médio para baixo na palma da mão oposta.

Luna (f(x))
Em 2012, a cantora Luna do grupo f(x) aprendeu a língua de sinais para performar no programa Immortal Songs, após receber uma carta de um fã surdo. Na carta, o fã conta que amava as performances da Luna, mesmo não conseguindo escutá-las. A idol cantava e expressava as emoções da música com a ajuda da língua de sinais para o fã que estava na plateia do programa.

Red Velvet
O grupo Red Velvet aprendeu a língua de sinais e utilizou no MV de comeback intitulado "Red Flavor". O videoclipe foi inspirado nos noticiários coreanos, em que aparece no canto da tela um tradutor fazendo sinais. No início do vídeo, é possível ver as integrantes do grupo traduzindo as "notícias" em língua de sinais.

IU
A cantora IU, assim como seu lado de atriz que leva o nome Lee Jieun, também já utilizou a língua de sinais. Não muito distante da personagem Lee Ji An da série My Ahjussi, em que a personagem utilizava a língua de sinais para se comunicar com a avó, a cantora IU já chegou a utilizar a língua de sinais durante um fanmeeting. IU aprendeu a seguinte frase "Obrigada a todos vocês por serem meus fãs" como uma forma de agradecimento.

CL
Durante o vídeo "I Quit", lançado em 2019, a cantora optou por não aparecer no vídeo. Porém, o MV se tornou algo especial após CL deixar o palco livre para seus dançarinos, que foram os responsáveis por transmitir a mensagem da música para o público via uso da língua de sinais.

Seolhyun (AOA) e Kim Min Suk (Melomance)
Em um vídeo para o canal Dingo, Seolhyun, do grupo AOA, e Kim Min Suk, da dupla Melomance, apresentaram um medley especial com cinco músicas - "Sweet Heart", de SEENROOT, "Line", de Yoo Seung Woo e OOHYO, "Dream", de Suzy e Baekhyun, "Some" de Junggigo e Soyou e "I Happen to Love You", de Gain e Jo Kwon. O medley conta com dois intérpretes de língua coreana de sinais.

WEi
Em um cover especial da música "Spring Day", do BTS, o grupo WEi acrescentou na coreografia os sinais que representam "sinto sua falta", "tempo" e "fique aqui".

Got7
Ao final de sua performance em "You Calling My Name" os integrantes do grupo Got7 acrescentaram em sua coreografia o sinal de "nome".

Língua de sinais coreana nos K-dramas

Tell Me What You Saw
Tell Me What You Saw (em coreano: 본 대로 말하라) é uma série de televisão sul-coreana de 2020 estrelada por Jang Hyuk, Choi Soo-young e Jin Seo-yeon que foi ao ar na OCN de 1 de fevereiro a 22 de março de 2020. A série conta a história de Oh Hyun Jae que costumava ser um profiler genial. Ele resolveu muitos casos com suas habilidades, mas uma explosão causada por um assassino em série, acabou com a vida de sua noiva. Após o terrível incidente, ele desapareceu e agora vive em reclusão. Cha Soo Young é uma policial em uma área rural que tem a habilidade de lembrar de tudo que já viu. Devido à sua aptidão ela é selecionada como a nova parceira informal de Oh Hyun Jae.

Durante a trama, a língua de sinais é usada por Cha Soo Young, pois tanto seu pai quanto a sua mãe são surdos. Em um dos episódios, a policial também se comunica com uma criança, um menino, usando a língua de sinais. Neste episódio em específico, é possível perceber a dificuldade que as pessoas que dependem da língua de sinais têm em se comunicar, já que um vigilante não conseguia entender o menino.

The Beauty Inside
The Beauty Inside (em coreano: 뷰티 인사이드) é uma série de televisão sul-coreana, baseada no filme de 2015 de mesmo nome; estrelada por Seo Hyun-jin, Lee Min-ki, Lee Da-hee e Ahn Jae-hyun. A série foi ao ar na JTBC de 1° de outubro a 20 de novembro de 2018.

The Beauty Inside conta a história de amor de Han Se-gye (Seo Hyun-jin), que é uma atriz de primeira linha. Ela é conhecida como uma encrenqueira e objeto de muitos rumores. Sua vida é um mistério, mas, na realidade, ela sofre de um fenômeno incomum. A certa altura do mês, sua aparência muda para uma pessoa diferente. Seo Do-jae (Lee Min-ki), que é diretor executivo de uma companhia aérea, parece perfeito. Ele é atraente e inteligente, mas na verdade sofre de prosopagnosia.

Na série há um episódio no qual falam sobre a necessidade de adaptar a prestação de serviços de uma companhia aérea a língua de sinais, um dos personagens tem uma fala bem interessante: "Eu posso lhe dizer o que eu quero, mas e as pessoas que não sabem falar?".

No drama podemos ver Han Se Gye (interpretada por Seo Hyun Jin) interagir com uma criança através da língua de sinais coreana. A menina não era coreana e aprendeu a língua de sinais coreana só para se comunicar com atriz.

Doctor Prisoner
Doctor Prisoner (em coreano:  닥터 프리즈 너) é uma série de televisão sul-coreana, estrelada por Namkoong Min, Kwon Nara e Kim Byung-chul. A série foi ao ar nas quartas e quintas-feiras no canal KBS2, entre 20 de março a 15 de maio de 2019.

A trama conta a história de um médico qualificado que é forçado a parar de trabalhar em um hospital após ser acusado de negligência médica. Ele começa a trabalhar em uma prisão com o objetivo de adquirir conexões suficientes para se vingar.

No drama Doctor Prisoner, a mãe de Na Yi Jae (interpretado por Namkoong Min) é surda e também há a interação dele com ela pela língua de sinais.

My Ahjussi
My Mister (coreano: 나의 아저씨) é uma série de televisão sul-coreana, estrelada por Lee Sun-kyun e Lee Ji-eun. A série foi dirigida por Kim Won-seok, escrita por Park Hae-young e produzida pela Chorokbaem Media. Foi ao ar na tvN de 21 de março a 17 de maio de 2018, às quartas e quintas-feiras às 21h30 (horário de Brasília). O drama foi aclamado pela crítica, ganhando o prêmio de Melhor Drama no 55º Baeksang Arts Awards.

A avó da personagem Lee Ji An (interpretada por IU) é surda, nesse drama também há muitas cenas no qual as duas conversam pela língua de sinais. Inclusive, a IU fez uma doação para a Associação Coreana de Surdos devido ao seu personagem. "IU explicou-nos que ela havia começado recentemente a aprender sobre as dificuldades enfrentadas por pessoas com deficiências auditivas. Ela pediu que suas doações fossem usadas para idosos, pois enfrentam mais desafios devido à idade. Somos muito gratos a ela", afirmou a Associação Coreana de Surdos.

The Heirs
The Heirs (em coreano: 왕관을 쓰려는 자, 그 무게를 견뎌라 – 상속자들) é uma série de televisão sul-coreana estrelada por Lee Min-ho e Park Shin-hye. Escrito por Kim Eun-sook, o drama foi ao ar pela SBS de 9 de outubro a 12 de dezembro de 2013 e contou com um total de vinte episódios. Devido a fama do elenco, o drama conseguiu ter os direitos internacionais de transmissão vendidos para treze países. Os protagonistas da série venceram os Prêmios de Excelência em Drama Especial na premiação SBS Drama Awards.

A mãe da protagonista Eun Sang (Park Shin-hye), a personagem Park Hee-nam, é uma empregada doméstica da família Kim. Ela perdeu a voz quando tinha três anos de idade, após uma febre alta. Por ser muda, Park Hee-nam se comunica com sua filha com a ajuda da KSL, Língua Coreana de Sinais. Com os demais personagens, ela utiliza a escrita e, por isso, sempre tem consigo uma caderneta e caneta para se expressar e até mesmo se manifestar contra sua chefe.

18 Again
18 Again (em coreano: 18 어게인) é uma série de televisão sul-coreana inspirada no filme 17 Outra Vez do roteirista Jason Filardi. Estrelado por Kim Ha-neul, Yoon Sang-hyun e Lee Do-hyun, o drama foi ao ar na JTBC de 21 de setembro a 10 de novembro de 2020, às segundas e terças às 21h35 (horário de Brasília).

A trama conta a história do casal Jung Da-jung (Kim Ha-neul) e Hong Dae-young (Yoon Sang-hyun) e pais dos gêmeos fraternos Hong Shi-ah (Roh Jeong-eui) e Hong Shi-woo (Ryeo Un). Apesar de terem sido pais quando adolescentes e mesmo não possuindo boas condições financeiras, eles viviam uma feliz vida de casados até que, anos depois, o casamento feliz começa a desmoronar quando a esposa Jung Da-jung, com 37 anos de idade, decide assinar os papéis do divórcio e o Hong Dae-young se vê desempregado. Desejando voltar no tempo e mudar o destino da própria vida, o Dae-young de 37 anos milagrosamente volta ao corpo de seu eu de 18 anos (Lee Do-hyun), mas continua com a mentalidade do homem de 37 anos de idade.

No episódio 8 da série, no qual muitos telespectadores ficaram comovidos com a história, que envolve o personagem Hong Dae-young de 18 anos (Lee Do Hyun) e seu pai Hong Joo Man (Lee Byung Joon), há uma cena em que o personagem de Lee Do Hyun, durante um jogo de basquete, revela a seu pai que ele é seu filho com o uso da língua de sinais. "Foi a primeira vez que fiz língua de sinais e não foi fácil. Eu queria que parecesse natural, então pratiquei várias vezes enquanto pensava sobre o significado de cada um dos movimentos", afirmou o ator Lee Do Hyun. Além deste episódio, na série também há cenas em que a mãe do personagem Hong Dae-young aparece ensinando a língua de sinais.

Flower of Evil
Flower of Evil (em coreano: 악의 꽃) é uma série de televisão sul-coreana exibida pela emissora tvN de 29 de julho a 23 de setembro de 2020, estrelada por Lee Joon-gi, Moon Chae-won, Jang Hee-jin e Seo Hyun-woo. Lee e Moon já estrelaram Criminal Minds, e foi o retorno de Lee à televisão depois de dois anos.

Em um dos episódios da trama, vemos que a família de Baek Hee-sung procura contratar uma funcionária que seja muda a fim de que os segredos da família fiquem seguros. Enquanto trabalha lá, vemos a mulher se comunicar com a patroa usando a Língua de sinais coreana.

Move to Heaven
Move to Heaven (em coreano: 무브 투 헤븐: 나는 유품 정리 사 입니다; em português: A caminho do céu) é uma série de televisão sul-coreana de 2021, dirigida por Kim Sung-ho e escrita por Yoon Ji-ryeon. É uma série original da Netflix, estrelada por Lee Je-hoon, Tang Joon-sang, Ji Jin-hee, Lee Jae-wook e Hong Seung-hee. A série fala sobre Geu-ru (Tang Joon-sang), um jovem com síndrome de Asperger, e Sang-gu (Lee Je-hoon), seu guardião. A série foi lançada mundialmente pela Netflix em 14 de maio de 2021.

Ao mostrar a história de Geu-ru, a série explica como, devido à síndrome de Asperger, a comunicação do personagem era feita por meio da Língua de sinais coreana, já que Geu-ru não se expressava pela linguagem oral.

Ver também

Lista de línguas gestuais

Coreana


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Хрватски народни одпор била је усташка терористичка емигрантска организација. Циљ ове организације је био уништење Југославије и обнављање Независне Државе Хрватске, онако како су је били замислили Анте Павелић и Миле Будак. Ову организацију је основао 1955. године усташки ратни злочинац Вјекослав Лубурић, један од управника усташког логора Јасеновац.

Док је овом организацијом руководио Лубурић, Одпор је био у додиру са нацистичким удружењима ратних ветерана у Западној Немачкој и Франковој Шпанији. Одржавао је блиске везе са ветеранима шпанске "Плаве дивизије".

Главне активности Одпора су биле уцене, присиле, отмице, подметање бомби, убиства и покушаји убиства, те друге врсте криминала. После Лубурићеве смрти, нови руководиоци Одпора су настојали да успоставе криминалне везе са Коза ностром, Привременом ирском републиканском армијом, и хрватском мафијом у Сан Педру у Калифорнији. Програм Одпора је био базиран на ставу:

У складу са овим ставом, Лубурић је заговарао помирење усташа и хрватских комуниста од 1964. па до његове смрти. Идеју помирења је од Лубурића преузео Туђман 1990-их.

На чело Одпора у Западној Немачкој је, после Лубурићеве смрти, дошао усташа млађе генерације, Стјепан Биланџић. Биланџић је био осуђен на три и по године затвора у Западној Немачкој 25. јуна 1964, због учешћа у нападу на југословенско трговачко представништво у Бад Годесбергу, 29. новембра 1962. У том нападу усташе су убиле вратара представништва. Због покушаја убиства југословенског вице-конзула у Келну, Биланџић је поново затворен 25. маја 1978. Исте године у августу је група усташких терориста упала у конзулат Западне Немачке у Чикагу, где су неколико службеника и посетилаца конзулата терористи држали десет сати као таоце. Терористи су захтевали од немачких власти пуштање Биланџића на слободу под претњом да ће побити таоце ако се њиховом захтеву не удовољи. Након разговора терориста са једним хрватским римокатоличким свештеником и братом Биланџића, терористи су се предали.

Најспекаткуларнија терористичка акција Одпора је била отмица путничког авиона америчке ТВА компаније 10. септембра 1975. који је летео на линији Чикаго-Њујорк. Пет Одпорових отмичара је скренуло отети авион са путницима према Њуфаундленду, а одатле према Исланду и Паризу. Терористи су подметнули бомбу на Централ гранд стејшн у Њујорку. Након што су америчке власти удовољиле захтевима терориста, место где је подметнута бомба је било дојављено полицији. Приликом покушаја деактивирања бомбе, бомба је експлодирала и убила једног полицајца и ранила друга три.  Након што су терористи сазнали да је бомба експлодирала и убила полицајца, терористи су се предали француској полицији у Паризу и били депортовани у САД. Вође отмичара ТВА авиона Звонко Бушић и његова жена Џулијен Бушић, су били осуђени у САД на доживотни затвор због пиратства и убиства полицајца маја 1977. Џулијен Бушић је помилована 1989. године. Звонко Бушић је накратко побегао из затвора 16. марта 1987, али је био брзо ухваћен и враћен у затвор, два дана касније. Џулијен Бушић је Фрањо Туђман поставио на место политичког саветника хрватског амбасадора у САД. Ово наименовање осуђеног терористе на дипломатско место у САД је изазвало протест у САД децембра 1994. Протестовали су њујоршка Patrolmen's Benevolent Association и Кетлин Мари, удовица полицајца кога је убила бомба на Централ гранд стејшн у Њујорку 1976. године. Звонко Бушић је био помилован 2008. године и протеран у Хрватску.

Током 1980-их Одпор је извео пет бомбашких акција у САД. Бомбе су биле подметнуте (при чему није било жртава):
 у представништву Југобанке (17. марта 1980. године);
 у резиденцији тадашњег југословенског амбасадора у САД (3. јуна 1980.);
 у врховном суду државе Њујорк на Менхетну (23. јануара 1981.) о којој је претходно ова група дала обавештење полицији;
 у седишту ЈАТ-а у граду Њујорк (4. јула 1981.);
 у седишту путничке агенције у Асторији, држава Њујорк (4. јула 1982).

Одпор је био забрањен у Немачкој (1980-их) због њихових терористичких активности на тлу Немачке. У северној Америци Одпор је био активан полулегално између емигрантске организације и криминалног подземља. Вође Одпора су се трудиле да дистанцирају ову организацију од активности такозваних отпадничких чланова који су отимали авионе на интернационалним линијама или били у затвору због уцена и изнуђивања. Одпор је следио радикалну националистичку идеологију која је разликовала само у нијансама од усташке идеологије.

Ова усташка организација је организовала неколико терористичких напада на Југославију међу којима су били Барешићево убиство југословенског амбасадора у Стокхолму, Владимира Роловића, експлозија бомбе у београдском биоскопу 1968, терористичка акција у подручју Крајине у време тзв. "хрватског пролећа", те подметање бомбе у ЈАТ-ов авион 1972.

Усташки терористи Томислав Ребрина, Никола Лисац и Рудолф Прскало, чланови друге усташке организације (Хрватско револуционарно братство) су 15. септембра 1972. отели САС-ов авион (на линији Гетеборг-Стокхолм са 86 путника) и захтевали ослобођење убица Роловића, Барешића и Брајковића, и добили други авион и 500 000 шведских круна којим су одлетели у Шпанију. Шпанија је одбила екстрадицију отмичара и убица Шведској. Отмичарима је судио војни суд Прве ваздухопловне војне области у Мадриду где су сви отмичари добили по 12 година затвора. По одслужењу 3,5 година су били помиловани и било им је допуштено да се настане у Шпанији. Убице Роловића су пребачене из Мадрида у Парагвај.

Одпор је публиковао свој лист, Дрина. Ова терористичка организација се расформирала 1991. године по проглашењу Републике Хрватске.

Референце

Литература

Терористичке организације
Усташе
Хрватска дијаспора
Хрватски националистички тероризам

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Dendrothele nivosa är en svampart som först beskrevs av Berk. & M.A. Curtis ex Höhn. & Litsch., och fick sitt nu gällande namn av P.A. Lemke 1965. Dendrothele nivosa ingår i släktet Dendrothele och familjen Corticiaceae.   Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Basidiesvampar
nivosa


text:
Серково — деревня в Кстовском районе Нижегородской области. Входит в состав Прокошевского сельсовета.

Примечания

Ссылки

Населённые пункты Кстовского района


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Kārlis Skalbe, né le  à Vecpiebalga en Lettonie et mort le  à Stockholm en Suède, est un écrivain, poète et homme politique letton. Il est célèbre pour ses 72 contes de fée, qui toutefois ne ciblent pas réellement un public d'enfants. Dans son pays natal, il est appelé le « Roi des contes de fée ». La dédicace du Monument de la Liberté de Rīga est de lui. Son recueil Ziemas pasakas (1913) fait partie du Canon culturel letton.

Biographie
Kārlis Skalbe naît en 1879, dans la maison "Incēni", de Jānis Skalbe (1833-1888), forgeron, et de sa femme Ede (née Brūklene). La famille comptera au total 10 enfants. Il étudie à l'école de Veļķi de 1887 à 1890, puis à l'école paroissiale de Vecpiebalga de 1890 à 1896.

Jeune, Skalbe travaille comme agriculteur et colporteur avant d'obtenir son diplôme d'enseignant en 1901. Entretemps, en 1898, il fait publier son premier recueil de poésies - Pie jūras. Il travaille comme instituteur à l'école de Ērgļi de 1901 à 1904, puis se fait licencier pour ses opinions politiques. Skalbe se rapproche de Rūdolfs Blaumanis, Antons Austriņš, Jānis Akuraters, Jānis Poruks. Il se marie avec Lizete Erdmane. En 1905, il fonde le journal révolutionnaire Kāvi dont il sera également le rédacteur. En 1906, avec Janis Akuraters, Jānis Jaunsudrabiņš et d'autres jeunes écrivains lettons, Skalbe signe le manifeste publié par le journal Dzelme intitulé Mūsu mākslas motīvi [Motivations de notre art] en faveur de la liberté d'expression des hommes de lettres.
Fuyant la menace d'une arrestation en 1906, il s'exile en Suisse en passant par la Finlande, mais revient en Lettonie la même année. En 1907, il part pour la Norvège, où il reste jusqu'à 1909. Lors de cet exil, Skalbe étudie le folklore de différents pays, achève les recueils de poésies Zemes dūmos (1906), Veļu laikā (1907), Emigranta dziesmas (1909) et le livre de contes Ezerieša meita (1907).

Il rentre en Lettonie en 1909 et n'échappera pas à l'arrestation, les autorités n'ayant pas oublié ses penchants révolutionnaires. Il est interné de 1911 au 1913. En prison, il traduit des œuvres de Pouchkine et d'Oscar Wilde.

Lors de la Première Guerre mondiale Skalbe travaille comme correspondent du journal Līdums à Varsovie, puis, à Moscou comme responsable de la section artistique du bureau de culture lettonne. En 1919, il combat au sein des  Tirailleurs lettons, travaille dans la rédaction du journal Laiks puis dans le journal Jaunā Latvija. Il publie plusieurs recueils de poésie comme Kara gleznas (1914) ou Daugavas viļņi (1918). Skalbe était l'un des plus ardents partisans de l'indépendance lettonne. En 1918, il devient membre du conseil provisoire national de Lettonie, le LPNP (Latviešu Pagaidu Nacionālā padome). Après la guerre, Skalbe participe activement à de nombreux congrès, à la rédaction de divers périodiques à caractère politique, ainsi qu'à l'Assemblée constitutionnelle de la Lettonie (Satversmes sapulce). Il fut le député des deux Saeima.

Lors de l'occupation allemande, Skalbe dirige le journal Latvju Mēnešraksts [Le Mensuel letton]. Il réside en Lettonie jusqu'en 1944. Lorsque l'occupation des pays baltes par l'URSS devient imminente, l'écrivain s'exile en Suède et meurt quelques mois plus tard à Stockholm où il est inhumé. Le , l'urne contenant ses cendres et celles de son épouse Lizete est rapatriée à Saulrieti dans le pagasts de Vecpiebalga, où son ancienne résidence d'été avait accueilli le musée consacré à sa vie et à son œuvre depuis 1987.

Œuvres
 À la mer (Pie jūras, 1898)
 Les Rêves d'un prisonnier (1902)
 Quand fleurissent les pommiers (1904)
 Comment je suis allé voir la Fille du Nord (1904)
 Dans les fumées de la Terre (Zemes dūmos, 1906)
 Veļu laikā (Été de la Saint-Martin, 1907),
 Ezerieša meita (1907)
 Les Chants de l'émigrant (Emigranta dziesmas, 1909)
 Contes d'hiver (Ziemas pasakas, 1913)
 Le moulin du petit chat (1913)
 Tableaux de guerre (Kara gleznas, 1914)
 En Courlande (Kurzeme, 1919)
 Les Flots de la Daugava (Daugavas viļņi, 1918)
 Conte du fils ainé et autres contes (1924)
 La Légende de la mère (1928)
 La Chance de l'idiot (1932)
 Les Feux du soir (1927)
 Les Mélodies du silence (1941)

Bibliographie
 Ieva Zauberga, Andrejs Veisbergs, Bear's Ears: An Anthology of Latvian Literature, University of Latvia, 2003  135

Notes et références

Liens externes

Écrivain letton du XIXe siècle
Écrivain letton du XXe siècle
Rédacteur en chef
Professeur à l'université de Lettonie
Chevalier de l'ordre du grand-duc Gediminas
Commandeur de l'ordre des Trois Étoiles
Naissance en novembre 1879
Naissance dans le gouvernement de Livonie
Décès en avril 1945
Décès à Stockholm
Décès à 65 ans


text:
L'École supérieure internationale de commerce () de Botevgrad est une école supérieure privée indépendante.

Fondée en 1991 en tant que collège bulgaro-danois d'économie et de gestion, elle s'est transformée en École supérieure internationale de commerce en 2002.

Histoire
L'École supérieure internationale de commerce a reçu l'accréditation de l'agence bulgare d'évaluation et d'accréditation le .

L'école a obtenu l'enseigne d'honneur DSLabel de l'agence exécutive Éducation, Audiovisuel et Culture (EACEA) de l'Union européenne. À la fin de leurs études, les étudiants reçoivent avec leur diplôme une attestation européenne décrivant le niveau de formation, les contenus et statuts des enseignements suivis.

Niveaux de formation et spécialités
La formation délivrée aux étudiants inclut les niveaux licence et master dans différents domaines : sciences sociales, sciences économiques, droit, ainsi que les filières professionnelles administration et gestion, économie et tourisme. La formation peut être réalisée en parcours normal, en tant que formation à distance ou en formation par correspondance.

Ayant reçu l'accréditation de l'agence nationale d'évaluation et d'accréditation, l'école réalise un enseignement de niveau doctorat dans les spécialités d'administration et gestion, économie et gestion.

Activité de recherche scientifique et publications
La recherche scientifique se manifeste dans les plans de recherche, les programmes et projets, les activités de colloques, de conférences, d'expertise et de conseil, ainsi que dans la coopération internationale. Les éditions universitaires IBS-Presse font partie de la structure de l'ESIC, dans le but d'offrir des supports à la formation et aux activités de recherche scientifique.

Mobilité étudiante
La mobilité étudiante se réalise sur la base des accords bilatéraux entre l'ESIC et des universités des pays membres de l'Union européenne. Un programme Erasmus a été signé entre l'ESIC et The International Business Academy de la ville de Kolding au Danemark.

Collaborations internationales
L'ESIC réalise des collaborations avec des partenaires nationaux et internationaux, comme la Conférence des patrons et industriels de Bulgarie (CPIB), le réseau international des écoles de commerce (NIBS, signe anglais), l'Association des universités dans le domaine de la formation à distance (GUIDE, signe anglais) et le Réseau européen de formation à distance (EDEN, sigle anglais).

Le , l'École supérieur internationale de commerce signe un contrat de collaboration dans le domaine de l'éducation, de la science et de la culture avec l'université d'État de Tambov « G.R.Derjavin » de Russie. Ce contrat prévoit l'échange d'étudiants et d'enseignants ainsi que la réalisation de projets communs de formation. Membre d'organisations nationales et internationales de commerce.

Notes et références

Liens externes
 *  Site officiel

Enseignement supérieur en Bulgarie


text:
Thomas Huber (1963) – niemiecki aktor i tłumacz
 Thomas Huber (1966) – niemiecki wspinacz
 Thomas Huber – niemiecki malarz


text:
Major-General John David Moore-Bick CBE, DL (born 10 October 1949) is a former British Army officer who commanded United Kingdom Support Command (Germany).

Early and private life
Moore-Bick is the son of John Ninian Moore-Bick and his wife Kathleen (née Beall).   He is the younger brother of Sir Martin Moore-Bick, a Lord Justice of Appeal. He was educated at Stonegate CE Primary School in Wadhurst, The Skinners' School in Royal Tunbridge Wells, and at St Catherine's College, Oxford. He married Anne Horton in 1973.  They have one daughter.

Military career
Moore-Bick was commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1971 and transferred to the Royal Engineers in 1972, serving with 45 Commando and 23 Amphibious Engineer Squadron until 1979. He attended the German General Staff Course (Führerakademie der Bundeswehr) from 1980 to 1982. He became military assistant to the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee in 1987, served as Commanding Officer of 21 Engineer Regiment during the Gulf War. After attending the Higher Command and Staff Course at the Staff College, Camberley in 1994, he became chief engineer for the NATO Implementation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. He became Director of Staff Duties at the Ministry of Defence in 1997, became leader of the study team into Defence Postgraduate Academic Training in 1999 and was appointed military advisor to the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2000.

He became General Officer Commanding United Kingdom Support Command (Germany) in 2001 and then United Kingdom Special Defence Adviser to Serbia and Montenegro in 2003 before retiring in 2005. He was Colonel Commandant of the Royal Engineers from 2002 to 2012.

Later career
He was General Secretary of the Forces Pension Society from 2007 to 2015 and was Chairman of the Governors of The Skinners' School in Tunbridge Wells, Kent from 2005 until June 2015. He became Deputy Lieutenant of East Sussex in 2006. He was Master of the Skinners' Company in 2008–9.  He became a governor of Plumpton College in 2016.

References

British Army generals
1949 births
Living people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
British Army personnel of the Gulf War
Deputy Lieutenants of East Sussex
Alumni of St Catherine's College, Oxford
Royal Artillery officers
Royal Engineers officers


text:
Krokolaknölen är ett naturreservat i Torsby kommun i Värmlands län.

Området är naturskyddat sedan 2010 och är 488 hektar stort. Reservatet omfattar flera höjder med sluttningar/branter och våtmarker. Reservatet består av barrskog och sumpskog.

Källor
naturreservatet Krokolaknölen länsstyrelsen i Värmlands län

Naturreservat i Torsby kommun
Naturskyddsområden bildade 2010


text:
Augustin Blanco (fl. 1700–1725) was a pirate active in the Caribbean. He was noted for attacking in open boats, and for having a mixed-race crew.

History

Blanco was from Baracoa, Cuba, and had been operating in the Caribbean for some time: "an old robber among these Islands about 25 years." His crew was noted for being mixed-race, including "English, Scots, Spaniards, Mulattoes, and Negroes." His co-Captain was an Englishman, Richard Hancock. Blanco had received commission as a guarda costa privateer from Don Carlos de Suere, Governor of Santiago de Cuba; the English complained that the Spaniards abused these commissions to attack English towns, logwood cutters, and others. In March 1725 Blanco attacked the Jamaica-bound sloop Snapper by rowing alongside in an open periagua. Blanco threatened to attack New Providence and "give no quarter," and also claimed the Spanish Governor had forced him to attack the English and take prisoners who would be used as laborers by the Spanish. He landed on Eleuthera where some of the sloop's crew escaped, but where Blanco looted an English settlement and took several prisoners.

Bahamas Governor George Phenney armed two sloops with troops from his garrison and sent them after Blanco, but their search proved futile. Phenney sent letters of complaint to Governor of Havana Don Gregorio Guazo Calderon, who responded that he had no authority over Baracoa or Santiago de Cuba. Phenny further fortified Nassau but could not protect outlying islands where traders sailed to collect salt and logwood and requested the King send a warship to help secure the area from pirates.

See also
Richard Frowd, another pirate noted for his mixed-race crew.
Richard Noland, who like Hancock shared Captain duties with a Spaniard, in his case Don Benito.
Henry Johnson and Pedro Poleas - another English and Spanish pair who co-captained a pirate vessel.
Matthew Luke and Simon Mascarino, two other Spanish guarda costa privateers caught by English pirate hunters

References

Year of birth missing
18th-century pirates
Spanish pirates
Caribbean pirates
1725 deaths


text:
L'égalisation RIAA (ou correction RIAA) est la spécification de lecture/enregistrement de disques microsillons en vinyle standard, établie par la Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) et utilisée progressivement à partir de 1954 dans la fabrication des disques vinyles. Auparavant, de nombreuses normes différentes co-existaient . La norme RIAA permet d'atténuer les basses fréquences d'un son avant sa gravure sur disque vinyle et de les restituer au moment de la lecture du disque selon une même courbe inversée (dite « correction RIAA » ou « normalisation RIAA »).

Sans correction au moment de l'enregistrement, le burin graveur effectue des mouvements de grande ampleur pour inscrire les basses fréquences sur le disque ce qui a plusieurs inconvénients (difficulté physique pour le stylet de suivre précisément le mouvement imposé par les fréquences ce qui crée de la distorsion, occupation d'une place importante sur le disque réduisant la durée d'enregistrement possible).

Les fréquences sont restituées lors de la lecture sur une platine vinyle grâce à un circuit électronique spécialement conçu pour cet usage situé entre la platine et l'amplificateur par exemple à l'aide d'une D.I. conçue à cet effet ou d'un amplificateur « phono » incluant la correction RIAA qui permet de restituer les fréquences atténuées.

Courbe RIAA

Courbe RIAA originale
La Recording Industry Association of America a standardisé la courbe d'égalisation en 1954, remplaçant l'ensemble des autres courbes utilisées. La courbe RIAA (ou RIAA Reproduction Curve) s'obtient à l'aide de la formule suivante :

où
 est la fréquence,  la constante de temps des graves (),  la constante de temps des médiums () et la constante de temps des aigus ().

Courbe RIAA/IEC
En 1970, la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) a proposé la courbe RIAA/IEC, une nouvelle version de la courbe de reproduction RIAA à laquelle une constante de temps supplémentaire qui modifie les sons très graves a été ajoutée :

 où  est la constante de temps des très graves (). Elle n'a toutefois connu que peu de succès et la courbe RIAA originale reste à ce jour plus utilisée.

Notes et références

Article connexe
 Préamplificateur

Lien externe
  Schéma électronique d'un correcteur RIAA inverse

Amplificateur électronique


text:
Gilles Lefebvre, né le  à Montréal et  mort le  à Montréal, est un violoniste québécois, fondateur des Jeunesses musicales du Canada (1949) et du Centre d'arts Orford (1951), puis organisateur, administrateur.

Biographie
Gilles Lefebvre entreprend l'étude du violon à l'École supérieure de musique d'Outremont (aujourd'hui dite l'École de musique Vincent-d'Indy) durant ses études classiques au Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal, avant de poursuivre à l'Université d'Ottawa (1939-42), où il forme un quatuor à cordes et un ensemble instrumental. De 1942 et 1945, il fait partie de l'Aviation royale canadienne (ARC) à titre de musicien et donne pour les Forces armées quelques concerts. En 1945 à Montréal, il crée la sonate pour violon et piano d'André Mathieu, avec le compositeur au piano, et il étudie aussi auprès du violoniste Arthur Le Blanc cette année-là.

Il se rend en France en 1946, où il étudie à l'École normale de musique de Paris (1946-1947) avec Jacques Gentil (violon et musique de chambre) et Georges Dandelot (harmonie et analyse), et suit des cours privés (1948-1950), notamment avec Norbert Dufourcq et Georges Enesco.

En 1948-1949, une tournée d'une cinquantaine de récitals au Canada, avec Colombe Pelletier au piano, lui démontre l'intérêt des jeunes pour la musique mais  la carence de concerts dans les centres éloignés, ce qui le pousse à fonder l'Hélicon (1949), une association qui devient le noyau des Jeunesses musicales du Canada (JMC), qu'il dirige jusqu'en 1972, ainsi que le Camp musical JMC, qu'il fonde en 1951 à Orford et pour lequel il obtient une salle de concert (de  du temps), en 1960, qui sera plus tard hivérisée.

Il est directeur du Festival Mondial pour l'Expo 67 à Montréal et, la même année, au parc national du Mont-Orford, il fonde pour les JMC le célèbre Centre d'arts Orford, qui procure des installations permanentes toutes saisons au Camp musical JMC.

Il est président  de la Conférence canadienne des arts (1970-1972). Il est ensuite directeur du Centre culturel canadien à Paris (1972-1978).

Dans son dernier mandat, il est président du Conseil des Arts de la communauté urbaine de Montréal (1991-2001).

Honneurs
 1963 - Prix Calixa-Lavallée
 1967 - Officier de l'ordre du Canada
 1982 - Médaille du Conseil canadien de la musique
 1985 - Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Québec
 1999 - Prix Opus

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens internes

Liens externes

 Jeunesses musicales du Canada (site officiel).
 .
Fonds Gilles Lefebvre (R8108) à Bibliothèque et Archives Canada

Naissance en juin 1922
Naissance à Montréal
Violoniste classique québécois
Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Québec
Officier de l'Ordre du Canada
Décès en mai 2001
Décès à Montréal
Décès à 78 ans
Docteur honoris causa de l'Université Laval


text:
Assembly hall may refer to:

In general
An assembly hall, a large room for public meetings or a type of building

Or more specifically:
Church assembly hall, sometimes referring to the local churches, a Christian group affiliated with Watchman Nee and Witness Lee

United Kingdom
General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Assembly Hall Theatre, Tunbridge Wells in Royal Tunbridge Wells, England.

United States
State Farm Center, known as Assembly Hall until 2013, an arena in Champaign, Illinois.
Simon Skjodt Assembly Hall, known as Assembly Hall until 2016, an arena in Bloomington, Indiana.
Assembly Hall (Washington, Mississippi), a NRHP-listed tavern in Washington, Mississippi.
Old Municipal Assembly Hall, Victoria, Texas, listed on the NRHP in Victoria County, Texas
Salt Lake Assembly Hall, in Salt Lake City, Utah
Assembly Hall (Hunter College), in New York City

Other countries
Assembly Hall, Warwick, Australia
Mansudae Assembly Hall, North Korea
Former Tainan Assembly Hall, Taiwan

See also
Assembly rooms

Architectural disambiguation pages


text:
Naselja u Sloveniji
 Dolič (Destrnik, Slovenija), naselje u općini Destrnik
 Dolič (Kuzma, Slovenija), naselje u općini Kuzma
 Gornji Dolič, naselje u općini Mislinja
 Spodnji Dolič, naselje u općini Vitanje


text:
Alexander I. Lichtenstein (* 4. Mai 1955 in Swerdlowsk) ist ein aus Russland stammender deutscher Theoretischer Physiker und Hochschullehrer. Er ist Professor an der Universität Hamburg.

Werdegang
Lichtenstein studierte an der Universität in Jekaterinburg mit dem Diplom in Theoretischer Physik 1977 und der Promotion 1982 bei A. S. Moskvin (Magnetische Übergangszustände und die Theorie der Austauschwechselwirkung). Danach war er am Institut für Festkörperchemie in Jekaterinburg beschäftigt. Ab 1989 war er am Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung in Stuttgart und ab 1995 am Forschungszentrum Jülich tätig. 1998 wurde er Professor für Theoretische Physik an der Radboud-Universität Nijmegen und seit 2004 ist er Professor in Hamburg.

Er befasst sich insbesondere mit der Berechnung der Austauschwechselwirkung in magnetischen Materialien mit der Dichtefunktionaltheorie. Außerdem befasst er sich mit ab initio Bandstrukturberechnungen komplexer, elektronisch korrelierter Materialien aus Verbindung von LDA (Local Density Approximation, Lokale Dichtenäherung) mit DMFT (Dynamische Molekularfeldtheorie). Dabei entwickelte er analytische und numerische Verfahren für Berechnungen auf Supercomputern.

Auszeichnungen
1995 erhielt er den Russischen Staatspreis für Wissenschaft und Technologie. 2008 erhielt er den Intel-RUSNANO Prize for High-Performance Computing in Nanotechnology, 2014 den Max-Born-Preis. 2015 erhielt er die Ernst-Mach-Ehrenmedaille der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Tschechischen Republik.

Schriften
mit V. I. Anisimov Strong Coulomb Correlations in Electronic Structure Calculations, Advance in Condensed Matter Science, Gordon and Beach 2000, S. 97–161.
mit V. A. Gubanov, A. V. Postnikov Magnetism and the Electronic Structure of Crystals, Springer Series in Solid State Science, Band 98, 1992
mit V.I. Anisimov, V.P. Antropov, V.A. Gubanov, A.I. Ivanovsky, E.Z. Kurmaev, A.V. Postnikov: Electronic Structure of Impurities and Defects in Transition Metals, their Alloys and Compounds, Nauka, Moskau 1989
mit V. A. Gubanov, A. V. Postnikov Magnetism and Chemical Bonding in Crystal, Nauka, Moskau 1985
mit Emanuel Gull, Andrew J. Millis, Alexey N. Rubtsov, Matthias Troyer, Philipp Werner: Continuous-time Monte Carlo methods for quantum impurity models, Reviews of Modern Physics, Band 83, 2011, S. 349–404
mit M. I. Katsnelson,  Yu. V. Irkhin, L. Chioncel, R. A. de Groot: Half-metallic ferromagnets: From band structure to many-body effects, Reviews of Modern Physics, Band 80, 2008, S. 315–378

Weblinks
 Homepage, Universität Hamburg

Einzelnachweise

Physiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Physiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Hamburg)
Hochschullehrer (Radboud-Universität Nijmegen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1955
Mann


text:
Sun Myung Moon (; born Yong Myung Moon; 6 January 1920 – 3 September 2012) was a Korean religious leader, also known for his business ventures and support for conservative political causes. A messiah claimant, he was the founder of the Unification movement (members of which consider him and his wife Hak Ja Han to be their "True Parents"), and of its widely noted "Blessing" or mass wedding ceremonies, and the author of its unique theology the Divine Principle. He was an anti-communist and an advocate for Korean reunification, for which he was recognized by the governments of both North and South Korea. Businesses he promoted included News World Communications, an international news media corporation known for its American subsidiary The Washington Times, and Tongil Group, a South Korean business group (chaebol), as well as other related organizations.

Moon was born in what is now North Korea. When he was a child, his family converted to Christianity. In 1947, he was convicted by the North Korean government of spying for South Korea and given a five-year sentence to the Hŭngnam labour camp. Moon and the other prisoners were freed by United Nations and United States troops in 1950 during the Korean War. In 1954, he founded the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity in Seoul, South Korea, based on conservative, family-oriented teachings from new interpretations of the Bible. In 1971, he moved to the United States and became well known after giving a series of public speeches on his beliefs. In the 1982 case United States v. Sun Myung Moon, he was found guilty of willfully filing false federal income tax returns and sentenced to 18 months in federal prison.  His case generated protests from clergy and civil libertarians, who said that the trial was biased against him.

Moon was criticized for making high demands of his followers, who were very dedicated and often referred to in popular parlance as "Moonies". His wedding ceremonies also drew criticism, especially after members of other churches took part, including the excommunicated Roman Catholic archbishop Emmanuel Milingo. He was also criticized for his relationships with political and religious figures, including US presidents Richard Nixon, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev, North Korean president Kim Il-sung, and Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan.

Early life

Sun Myung Moon was born Yong Myung Moon on 6 January 1920, in modern-day North P'yŏng'an Province, North Korea, at a time when Korea was under Japanese rule. He was the younger of two sons in a farming family of eight children. Moon's family followed Confucianist beliefs until he was around 10 years old, when they converted to Christianity and joined the Presbyterian Church.

In 1941, Moon began studying electrical engineering at Waseda University in Japan. During this time he cooperated with Communist Party members in the Korean independence movement against Imperial Japan. In 1943, he returned to Seoul and married Choi Sun-kil (; ; Choe Seon-gil) on 28 April 1945. On 2 April 1946 their son Moon Sung-jin (; ; Mun Seong-jin) was born. In the 1940s, Moon attended a church in Sangdo dong that was led by , who said that he had been given by Jesus the mission to spread the message of a "new Israel" throughout the world. Around this time Moon changed his given name to Sun Myung.

Following World War II, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel into two trusteeships: the United States and the Soviet Union. Pyongyang was the center of Christian activity in Korea until 1945. From the late forties 166 priests and other religious figures were killed or disappeared in concentration camps, including Francis Hong Yong-ho, bishop of Pyongyang and all monks of Tokwon abbey. In 1947 Moon was convicted by the North Korean government of spying for South Korea and given a five-year sentence to the Hŭngnam labor camp. In 1950, during the Korean War, United Nations troops raided Hŭngnam, and the guards fled. Moon escaped and traveled to Busan, South Korea.

Founding the Unification movement
Moon emerged from his years in the labor camp as a staunch anti-communist. His teachings viewed the Cold War between democracy and communism as the final conflict between God and Satan, with divided Korea as its primary front line. In 1954, Moon formally founded the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity in Seoul. He quickly drew young acolytes who helped to build the foundations of church affiliated business and cultural organizations. At his new church, he preached a conservative, family-oriented value system and his interpretation of the Bible. On 8 January 1957, Moon and Choi divorced.

Beliefs

Moon has said that when he was fifteen years old Jesus anointed him to carry out his unfinished work by becoming parent to all of humanity. The  or Exposition of the Divine Principle () is the main theological textbook of the Unification movement. It was co-written by Moon and early disciple Hyo Won Eu and first published in 1966. A translation entitled Divine Principle was published in English in 1973. The book lays out the core of Unification theology, and is held to have the status of scripture by believers. Following the format of systematic theology, it includes (1) God's purpose in creating human beings, (2) the fall of man, and (3) restoration – the process through history by which God is working to remove the ill effects of the fall and restore humanity back to the relationship and position that God originally intended.

God is viewed as the creator, whose nature combines both masculinity and femininity, and is the source of all truth, beauty, and goodness. Human beings and the universe reflect God's personality, nature, and purpose. "Give-and-take action" (reciprocal interaction) and "subject and object position" (initiator and responder) are "key interpretive concepts", and the self is designed to be God's object. The purpose of human existence is to return joy to God. The "four-position foundation" (Origin, Subject, Object and Union) is another important and interpretive concept, and explains in part the emphasis on the family.

Second marriage and blessing ceremonies

Marriage to Hak Ja Han
Moon married his second wife, Hak Ja Han who was 17 at the time, on 11 April 1960, soon after Moon turned 40 years old, in a ceremony called the Holy Marriage.  Han is called "Mother" or "True Mother". She and Moon together are referred to as the "True Parents" by members of the Unification Church and their family as the "True Family". Jesus was divine but not God; he was supposed to be the second Adam who would create a perfect family by joining with the ideal wife and creating a pure family that would have begun humanity's liberation from its sinful condition. When Jesus was crucified before marrying, he redeemed mankind spiritually but not physically. That task was left to the "True Parents" – Moon and Han – who would link married couples and their families to God.

Blessing ceremonies

Although they initially lived communally, his followers gradually returned to the traditional Christian family form (monogamy). Blessing ceremonies have attracted attention in the press and in the public imagination, often being labeled "mass weddings". People who have never met, from completely different countries, were married by the Messiah of the Unification Church by "matching". They were informed that a certain person, specially chosen for him/her by the Messiah, would become their husband/wife. Some of them did not see their future partner until the day of the "marriage". Public mass blessing ceremonies followed. Some couples are already married and those that are engaged are later legally married according to the laws of their own countries. Meant to highlight the church's emphasis on traditional morality, they brought Moon both fame and controversy.

36 couples participated in the first ceremony in 1961 for members of the early church in Seoul. The ceremonies continued to grow in scale; over 2,000 couples participated in the 1982 one at New York's Madison Square Garden, the first outside South Korea. In 1992, about 30,000 couples took part in a ceremony and a record 360,000 couples in Seoul took part three years later.

Moon said that he matched couples from differing races and nationalities because of his belief that all of humanity should be united: "International and intercultural marriages are the quickest way to bring about an ideal world of peace. People should marry across national and cultural boundaries with people from countries they consider to be their enemies so that the world of peace can come that much more quickly."

Move to United States

In 1971, Moon moved to the United States, which he had first visited in 1965. He remained a citizen of the Republic of Korea and maintained a residence in South Korea. In 1972, Moon founded the International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences, a series of scientific conferences. The first conference had 20 participants, while the largest conference in Seoul in 1982, had 808 participants from over 100 countries. Participants included Nobel laureates John Eccles (Physiology or Medicine 1963, who chaired the 1976 conference)
and Eugene Wigner (Physics 1963).

In 1974, Moon asked church members in the United States to support President Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal when Nixon was being pressured to resign his office.  Church members prayed and fasted in support of Nixon for three days in front of the United States Capitol, under the motto: "Forgive, Love and Unite." On 1 February 1974 Nixon publicly thanked them for their support and officially received Moon. This brought the church into widespread public and media attention.

In the 1970s, Moon, who had seldom before spoken to the general public, gave a series of public speeches to audiences in the United States, Japan, and South Korea. The largest were a rally in 1975 against North Korean aggression in Seoul and a speech at an event organized by the Unification Church in Washington D.C.

United States v. Sun Myung Moon

In 1982, Moon was convicted in the United States of filing false federal income tax returns and conspiracy. His conviction was upheld on appeal in a split decision. Moon was given an 18-month sentence and a $15,000 fine. He served 13 months of the sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury before being released on good behavior to a halfway house.

The case was the center of national freedom of religion and free speech debates. Prof. Laurence H. Tribe of the Harvard University Law School argued that the trial by jury had "doomed (Moon) to conviction based on religious prejudice." The American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A, the National Council of Churches, the National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference filed briefs in support of Moon. Many notable clergy, including Jerry Falwell and Joseph Lowery, signed petitions protesting the government's case and spoke out in defense of Moon.   After his prison sentence Moon began calling himself humanity's Messiah, and officially conferred the title of "Messiah" on himself in 1992.

The Washington Times

In 1982 The Washington Times was founded by News World Communications, an international media conglomerate associated with Moon which also owned newspapers in South Korea, Japan, and South America, as well as the news agency United Press International. The political views of The Washington Times have often been described as conservative. The Times was read by many Washington DC insiders, including Ronald Reagan. By 2002 Moon had invested roughly $1.7 billion to support the Times, which he called "the instrument in spreading the truth about God to the world".

Twenty-first century events

In 2000, Moon sponsored a United Nations conference which proposed the formation of "a religious assembly, or council of religious representatives, within the structure of the United Nations."

In 2003, Moon sponsored the first Peace Cup international club football tournament. The Los Angeles Galaxy, which competes in Major League Soccer, played in South Korea in the Peace Cup. During the event Pelé, widely regarded as the best soccer player of all time and former Brazilian Sports Minister, met with Moon.

In 2009, Moon's autobiography, As a Peace-Loving Global Citizen (), was published by Gimm-Young Publishers in South Korea. The book became a best-seller in Korea and Japan. Said to be the inspiration of Gimm-Young CEO Eun Ju Park, a devout Buddhist, the book focused more on Moon's role as a Korean patriot and an international peace advocate than as a religious figure.

By 2010, Moon had given much of the responsibility for Family Federation for World Peace and Unification religious and business activities to his children, who were then in their 30s and 40s. In 2012, the South Korean press reported that Moon traveled worldwide in his private jet which cost $50 million.

Illness and death
On 14 August 2012, after suffering from pneumonia earlier in the month, Moon was admitted to Saint Mary's Hospital at The Catholic University of Korea in Seoul. On 15 August 2012, he was reported to be gravely ill and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of St. Mary's Hospital. On 31 August 2012, Moon was transferred to a church-owned hospital near his home in Gapyeong, northeast of Seoul, after suffering multiple organ failure. Moon died on the morning of 3 September 2012 (1:54 am KST) at the age of 92.

A two-week mourning period was conducted in honor of him. On 15 September, after a funeral service attended by tens of thousands of Unification Church followers, Moon was buried at a church-owned mansion in Gapyeong.

Activities and interests

Politics
In 1964, Moon founded the Korean Culture and Freedom Foundation, which promoted the interests of South Korea and sponsored Radio Free Asia. Former U.S. Presidents Harry S Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon were honorary presidents or directors at various times.

In 1972, Moon predicted the decline of communism, based on the teachings of the Divine Principle: "After 7,000 biblical years – 6,000 years of restoration history plus the millennium, the time of completion – communism will fall in its 70th year. Here is the meaning of the year 1978. Communism, begun in 1917, could maintain itself approximately 60 years and reach its peak. So 1978 is the border line and afterward communism will decline; in the 70th year it will be altogether ruined. This is true. Therefore, now is the time for people who are studying communism to abandon it."

In 1980, Moon asked church members to found CAUSA International as an anti-communist educational organization, based in New York. In the 1980s, it was active in 21 countries. In the United States it sponsored educational conferences for Christian leaders as well as seminars and conferences for Senate staffers and other activists. In 1986, it produced the anti-communist documentary film Nicaragua Was Our Home. CAUSA supported the Nicaraguan Contras.

In August 1985, the Professors World Peace Academy, an organization founded by Moon, sponsored a conference in Geneva to debate the theme "The situation in the world after the fall of the communist empire." In April 1990, Moon visited the Soviet Union and met with President Mikhail Gorbachev. Moon expressed support for the political and economic transformations under way in the Soviet Union. At the same time the Unification Church was expanding into formerly communist nations. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, some American conservatives criticized Moon for his softening of his previous anti-communist stance.

In 1991, Moon met with Kim Il Sung, the North Korean President, to discuss ways to achieve peace on the Korean peninsula, as well as on international relations, tourism, etc. In 1994, Moon was officially invited to the funeral of Kim Il Sung, in spite of the absence of diplomatic relations between North Korea and South Korea. Moon and his church are known for their efforts to promote Korean unification.

In 2003, Korean Unification Church members started a political party in South Korea. It was named "The Party for God, Peace, Unification, and Home." In its inauguration declaration, the new party said it would focus on preparing for Korean reunification by educating the public about God and peace. Moon was a member of the Honorary Committee of the Unification Ministry of the Republic of Korea. In 2012, Moon was posthumously awarded North Korea's National Reunification Prize.

In 2005, Rev. Sun Myung Moon and his wife, Dr. Hak Ja Han Moon, founded the Universal Peace Federation (UPF), an NGO in Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). "We support and promote the work of the United Nations and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals."

Moon's projects have been lobbied in the National Congress of Brazil by Brazilian MPs. Moon has held dialogues between members of the Israeli Knesset and the Palestinian Parliament as part of his Middle East Peace Initiatives.

Business
Tongil Group is a South Korean business group (chaebol "Tongil" is Korean for "unification," the name of the Unification Church in Korean is "Tongilgyo."), founded in 1963 by Moon as a nonprofit organization to provide revenue for the church. Its core focus was manufacturing but in the 1970s and 1980s it expanded by founding or acquiring businesses in pharmaceuticals, tourism, and publishing. Among Tongil Group's chief holdings are: The Ilwha Company, which produces ginseng and related products; Ilshin Stone, building materials; and Tongil Heavy Industries, machine parts including hardware for the South Korean military.

News World Communications is an international news media corporation founded by Moon in 1976. It owns United Press International, World and I, Tiempos del Mundo (Latin America), The Segye Ilbo (South Korea), The Sekai Nippo (Japan), the Zambezi Times (South Africa), and The Middle East Times (Egypt). Until 2008 it published the Washington D.C.-based newsmagazine Insight on the News. Until 2010, it owned the Washington Times. On 2 November 2010, Sun Myung Moon and a group of former Times editors purchased the Times from News World.

In 1982, Moon sponsored the film Inchon, an historical drama about the Battle of Inchon during the Korean War. It was not successful critically or financially, and was criticized for its unfair treatment of the North Korean government.

In 1989, Moon founded Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma, the second most successful soccer club in Korean football, having won a record 7 league titles, 2 FA Cups, 3 League Cups, and 2 AFC Champions League titles. Seongnam's record was beaten by Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors in 2020.

The church is the largest owner of U.S. sushi restaurants and in the Kodiak region of Alaska, is the area's largest employer. The church founded the first currently operating automobile manufacturing plant in North Korea, Pyeonghwa Motors, and is the second largest exporter of Korean goods.

In 2011, construction of $18 million Yeosu Expo Hotel was completed; the hotel located at Moon-owned The Ocean Resort in Yeosu, the venue of the Expo 2012. The opening ceremony was attended by the governor of the province. Another one, The Ocean Hotel, was completed in February 2012. Moon-owned Yeongpyeong Resort, The Ocean Resort and Pineridge Resort are scheduled to host the Expo 2012, 2018 Winter Olympics and Formula 1. Moon also managed the FIFA-accredited Peace Cup. The FIFA itself has funded more than $2m for the Peace Cup since 2003.

Race relations

Moon took a strong stance against racism and racial discrimination. In 1974 he urged Unification Church members to support an African American president of the United States:  "We have had enough of white presidents. So, let's this time elect a president from the Negro race. What will you do if I say so? There's no question there. We must never forget that we are brothers and sisters in a huge human family. In any level of community, we must become like a family."

In 1981 he said that he himself was a victim of racial prejudice in the United States (concerning his prosecution on tax charges in United States v. Sun Myung Moon), saying:  "I would not be standing here today if my skin were white or my religion were Presbyterian. I am here today only because my skin is yellow and my religion is Unification Church. The ugliest things in this beautiful country of America are religious bigotry and racism."

Several African American organizations and individuals spoke out in defense of Moon at this time including the National Black Catholic Clergy Caucus, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Conference of Black Mayors, and Joseph Lowery who was then the head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

In a later controversy over the use of the word "Moonie" by the American news media, which was said to be offensive, Moon's position was supported by civil rights activists Ralph Abernathy and James Bevel.

In 2000 Moon and The Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan got together to sponsor the Million Family March, a rally in Washington D.C. to celebrate family unity and racial and religious harmony; as well as to address other issues, including abortion, capital punishment, health care, education, welfare and Social Security reform, substance abuse prevention, and overhaul of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. In his keynote speech Farrakhan called for racial harmony.

Dance

In 1962, Moon and other church members founded the Little Angels Children's Folk Ballet of Korea, a children's dance troupe which presents traditional Korean folk dances. He said that this was to project a positive image of South Korea to the world. In 1984, Moon founded the $8-million Universal Ballet project, with Soviet-born Oleg Vinogradov as its art director and Moon's daughter-in-law Julia as its prima ballerina. It was described by The New York Times as the top ballet company in Asia. In 1989, Moon founded Universal Ballet Academy which changed its name later to Kirov Academy of Ballet in Washington, D.C.

Honorary degrees and other recognition

Moon held honorary degrees from more than ten universities and colleges worldwide; at least one of which, the University of Bridgeport, received significant funding from his organizations. He was a member of the Honorary Committee of the Unification Ministry of the Republic of Korea. In 1985, he and his wife received Doctor of Divinity degrees from Shaw University.

In 2004, Moon was honored as the Messiah at an event in the Dirksen Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.   This attracted much public attention and was criticized by The New York Times and The Washington Post as a possible violation of the principle of separation of church and state in the United States.  Some of the political figures who had attended the event later told reporters that they had been misled as to its nature.

Several months after his death, an award named after him and his wife (Sunhak Peace Prize) was proposed, inheriting his will to "recognize and empower innovations in human development, conflict resolution and ecological conservation."  Its laureates receive a certificate, a medal, and US$1 million.

Moon was posthumously awarded North Korea's National Reunification Prize in 2012 and a meritorious award by K-League. On the first anniversary of Moon's death, North Korean leader Kim Jong-un expressed condolences to Han and the family saying: "Kim Jong-un prayed for the repose of Moon, who worked hard for national concord, prosperity and reunification and world peace."

In 2013, Zimbabwean Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai stated: "I remain greatly inspired by people like Reverend Dr. Sun Myung Moon, whose work and life across continents continue to impact positively on the lives of millions of others in the world."

In 2021, Donald Trump praised Moon in an event linked to Unification Church. Previously, such events held by Unification Church named Rally of Hope, gathered speakers from Trump Administration, e.g. former Vice President Mike Pence, former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and Advisor Paula White.

Criticisms

Moon's claim to be the Messiah and the Second Coming of Christ has been rejected by both Jewish and Christian scholars. The Divine Principle was labeled as heretical by Protestant churches in South Korea, including Moon's own Presbyterian Church. In the United States it was rejected by ecumenical organizations as being non-Christian. Protestant commentators have also criticized Moon's teachings as being contrary to the Protestant doctrine of salvation by faith alone. In their influential book The Kingdom of the Cults (first published in 1965), Walter Ralston Martin and Ravi K. Zacharias disagreed with the Divine Principle on the issues of the divinity of Christ, the virgin birth of Jesus, Moon's belief that Jesus should have married, the necessity of the crucifixion of Jesus, a literal resurrection of Jesus, as well as a literal second coming of Jesus. Commentators have criticized the Divine Principle for saying that the First World War, the Second World War, the Holocaust, and the Cold War served as indemnity conditions to prepare the world for the establishment of the Kingdom of God. In 2003, George D. Chryssides of the University of Wolverhampton criticized Moon for introducing doctrines which tended to divide the Christian church rather than uniting it, which was his stated purpose in founding the Unification movement (originally named the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity). In his 2009 autobiography Moon himself wrote that he did not originally intend on founding a separate denomination.

During the Cold War, Moon was criticized by both the mainstream media and the alternative press for his anti-communist activism, which many said could lead to World War Three and a nuclear holocaust. Moon's anti-communist activities received financial support from controversial Japanese millionaire and activist Ryōichi Sasakawa. In 1977, the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations of the United States House of Representatives, while investigating the Koreagate scandal, found that the South Korean National Intelligence Service (KCIA) had worked with the Unification Church to gain political influence within the United States, with some members working as volunteers in Congressional offices. Together, they founded the Korean Cultural Freedom Foundation, a nonprofit organization which undertook public diplomacy for the Republic of Korea. The committee also investigated possible KCIA influence on Moon's campaign in support of Richard Nixon. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, some American conservatives criticized Moon for his softening of his previous anti-communist stance.

In the 1990s, when Moon began to offer the Unification marriage blessing ceremony to members of other churches and religions, he was criticized for creating possible confusion. In 1998, journalist Peter Maass, writing for The New Yorker, reported that some Unification members were dismayed and also grumbled when Moon extended the Blessing to non-members, who had not gone through the same course that members had. In 2001, Moon came into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church when 71-year-old Catholic archbishop Emmanuel Milingo and Maria Sung, a 43-year-old Korean acupuncturist, married in a blessing ceremony, presided over by Moon and his wife. Following his marriage, the archbishop was called to the Vatican by Pope John Paul II, where he was asked not to see his wife anymore and to move to a Capuchin monastery. Sung went on a hunger strike to protest their separation. This attracted much media attention. Milingo is now an advocate of the removal of the requirement for celibacy by priests in the Catholic Church. He is the founder of Married Priests Now!.

In 2000, Moon was criticized, including by some members of his church, for his support of controversial Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan's Million Family March. Moon was also criticized for his relationship with controversial Jewish scholar Richard L. Rubenstein, an advocate of the "death of God theology" of the 1960s. Rubenstein was a defender of the Unification Church and served on its advisory council, as well as on the board of directors of the church-owned Washington Times newspaper. In the 1990s, he served as president of the University of Bridgeport, which was then affiliated with the church. In 1998, the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram criticized Moon's possible relationship with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and wrote that the Washington Times editorial policy was "rabidly anti-Arab, anti-Muslim and pro-Israel."

Moon opposed homosexuality and compared gay people to "dirty dung-eating dogs". He said that "gays will be eliminated" in a "purge on God's orders". In 2009, Moon's support for the Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel was criticized in Japan and South Korea as a possible threat to both nations' interests and national identities. Other criticisms include Moon's apparent neglect of his wife, Hak Ja Han, and his appointments of their children and their spouses to leadership positions in the church and related businesses, including their daughter In Jin Moon to the presidency of the Unification Church of the United States against the wishes of some church members; his support of conservatives within the government of South Korea; his assignment of movement members and resources to business projects and political activism, including  The Washington Times; as well as the relationship between the Unification Church and Islam, especially following the September 11 attacks in New York City. Moon has also been criticized for his advocacy of a world-wide "automatic theocracy", as well as for advising his followers that they should become "crazy for God".

View of Moon by his followers

The Divine Principle itself says about Moon: "With the fullness of time, God has sent one person to this earth to resolve the fundamental problems of human life and the universe. His name is Sun Myung Moon. For several decades he wandered through the spirit world so vast as to be beyond imagining. He trod a bloody path of suffering in search of the truth, passing through tribulations that God alone remembers. Since he understood that no one can find the ultimate truth to save humanity without first passing through the bitterest of trials, he fought alone against millions of devils, both in the spiritual and physical worlds, and triumphed over them all. Through intimate spiritual communion with God and by meeting with Jesus and many saints in Paradise, he brought to light all the secrets of Heaven."

In 1978 Rodney Sawatsky wrote in an article in Theology Today: "Why trust Rev. Moon's dreams and visions of the new age and his role in it, we ask? Most converts actually have had minimal contact with him. Frederick Sontag (Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church, Abingdon, 1977) in his interviews with Moon appears to have found a pleasant but not an overwhelming personality. Charisma, as traditionally understood, seems hardly applicable here. Rather, Moon provides a model. He suffered valiantly, he knows confidently, he prays assuredly, he lives lovingly, say his followers. The Divine Principle is not an unrealizable ideal; it is incarnate in a man, it lives, it is imitable. His truth is experienced to be their truth. His explanation of the universe becomes their understanding of themselves and the world in which they live."

In 1980 sociologist Irving Louis Horowitz commented: "The Reverend Moon is a fundamentalist with a vengeance. He has a belief system that admits of no boundaries or limits, an all-embracing truth. His writings exhibit a holistic concern for the person, society, nature, and all things embraced by the human vision. In this sense the concept underwriting the Unification church is apt, for its primary drive and appeal is unity, urging a paradigm of essence in an overly complicated world of existence. It is a ready-made doctrine for impatient young people and all those for whom the pursuit of the complex has become a tiresome and fruitless venture."

In 1998 investigative journalist Peter Maass wrote in an article in The New Yorker: "There are, certainly, differing degrees of devotion among Moon's followers; the fact that they bow at the right moment or shout Mansei! in unison doesn't mean they believe everything Moon says, or do precisely what he commands. Even on important issues, like Moon's claiming to be the messiah, there are church members whom I met, including a close aide to Moon, who demur. A religious leader whom they respect and whose theology they believe, yes; the messiah, perhaps not."

In his 2004 book The New Religious Movement Experience in America Eugene V. Gallagher wrote: "The Divine Principle's analysis of the Fall sets the stage for the mission of Rev. Moon, who in the last days brings a revelation that offers humankind the chance to return to an Edenic state. The account in the Divine Principle offers Unificationists a comprehensive context for understanding human suffering."

See also
 Messiah
 List of messiah claimants
 Messiah complex

References

Further reading
 Bjornstad, James (1984). Sun Myung & the Unification Church. Rev. ed. Minneapolis, Minn.: Bethany House Publishers. 57 p. N.B.: Rev. ed. of The Moon Is Not the Sun, which had been published in 1976.
 Chryssides, George D., The Advent of Sun Myung Moon: The Origins, Beliefs and Practices of the Unification Church (1991) London, Macmillan Professional and Academic Ltd.
 Durst, Mose. 1984. To bigotry, no sanction: Reverend Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church. Chicago: Regnery Gateway.
 Fichter, Joseph Henry. 1985. The holy family of father Moon. Kansas City, Mo: Leaven Press.

 Gullery, Jonathan. 1986. The Path of a pioneer: the early days of Reverend Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church. New York: HSA Publications.
 Hong, Nansook, 1998, In the Shadow of the Moons, Boston, Little, Brown and Company
 Introvigne, M., 2000, The Unification Church, Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books,
 Moon, Sun Myung, 2009, As a Peace-Loving Global Citizen. Gimm-Young Publishers
 Peemoeller, Gehard, 2011, Bodyguard for Christ, Independent Publisher Services,
 Sherwood, Carlton. 1991. Inquisition: The Persecution and Prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Gateway.
 Sontag, Frederick. 1977. Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church. Nashville, Tenn: Abingdon Press.
 Tingle, D. and Fordyce, R. 1979, Phases and Faces of the Moon: A Critical Examination of the Unification Church and its Principles, Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press
 Ward, Thomas J. 2006. March to Moscow: the role of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon in the collapse of communism. St. Paul, Minn: Paragon House.
 Yamamoto, J. Isamu, 1995, Unification Church, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing House

External links

 Official website of the American Unification Church
 FFWPU USA - Family Federation for World Peace and Unification USA Church site
 Biography in church-sponsored encyclopedia
 Short biography at US church home page
 Teachings  Integrated videos and transcripts
 Universal Peace Federation founded by Moons in 2005

Converts to Presbyterianism
Deaths from pneumonia in South Korea
Former Presbyterians
Founders of new religious movements
Members of the clergy convicted of crimes
Newspaper founders
North Korean Christians
People from Chongju
People from North Pyongan
Prisoners and detainees of North Korea
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Recipients of the National Reunification Prize
Self-declared messiahs
South Korean anti-communists
South Korean Presbyterians
South Korean prisoners and detainees
South Korean religious leaders
South Korean Unificationists
The Washington Times people
Unification Church
Waseda University alumni
1920 births
2012 deaths
South Korean people convicted of tax crimes
Conservatism in South Korea


text:
Бегляр-мечеть ( — мечеть, розташована в місті Баку, в історичній частині Ічері-шехер, навпрои Воріт Мурада Палацу Ширваншахів.

Згідно з розпорядженням Кабінету Міністрів Азербайджанської Республіки «Про історичні та культурні пам'ятки» Бегляр-мечеть є «пам'яткою історії та культури національного значення».

Історія
Мечеть побудована в 1895 році на місці більш старої мечеті. У будівництві брали участь сини Мухаммеда Ашума аль-Бакуї — Гаджи-баба та Гаджи Джавад, а також Муртуза Мухтаров, каліграф Ібрагім Ширвані, Мир Алі ан-Нагі, Мир Тагі, архітектор Сеїд Гусейн.

При будівництві цієї мечеті, при збереженні місцевих рис архітектури, були закладені нові архітектурні традиції. Вперше тут була зроблена спроба застосувати прийоми, властиві архітектурній школі періоду правління ширваншахов  . Однак, в будові самої мечеті, якщо не враховувати мінарет і купол, немає нічого спільного з класичними рисами палацу ширваншахов в Баку.

Архітектура
В архітектурі мечеті поєднуються західні, східні та місцеві традиції  . Мечеть має вестибюль, молитовний зал і декорований михраб. Молитовний зал мечеті трьохнавний. Таке членування характерне для мечетей Азербайджану, що будувалися з другої половини XIX століття, і зустрічається не тільки у мечетей Баку та Апшерону, але й Ширвана, Карабаху, Куби, Шекі і Загатали. Схожі будівлі є у тюркських народів в епоху феодалізму .

Помітні елементи еклектики, які використані в об'ємній композиції і трактуванні фасаду. Портал опрацьований в дусі місцевих архітектурних традицій, вікна виконані у формі підкови . Стіни гострокінцевого куполу прикрашені різьбленням по каменю. Незважаючи на те, що стрілчасті склепіння, що підпирають купол, виражені тонким контуром, близьким до напівкруглої форми, характер будови інтер'єру, що тримають склепіння, колон і архітектурних деталей опрацьований з метою бути схожим на палац Ширваншахів .

Мінарет мечеті є прикладом тих, існуючих раніше мінаретів, які відродилися і отримали подальший розвиток у Ширвані з другої половини XIX століття.

Пізніше більшість споруджуваних в Баку і на Апшероні мечетей за винятком невеликих стилістичних відхилень, зберігали загальну архітектурну ідею, притаманну Бегляр-мечеті. До таких належить, наприклад мечеть Касум-бека, побудована в 90-х рр. XIX століття архітектором Мешаді Мірза Кафар Ізмайловим на вулиці Карантинній (нині — Азі Асланова) .

Примітки

Література

 Fətullayev-Fiqarov Ş. XIX—XX əsrin əvəllərində Azərbaycanda şəhərsalma və memarlıq. — Б.: Şərq-Qərb, 2013. — 480 с.

Споруди Баку
Архітектура Азербайджану
Пам'ятки Азербайджану
Посилання на Вікісховище безпосередньо в статті
Вікіпедія:Статті з іншим значенням на Вікіданих
Культові споруди, побудовані 1895


text:
Za Rzeką – część wsi Gilów w Polsce, położona w województwie świętokrzyskim, w powiecie skarżyskim, w gminie Bliżyn.

W latach 1975–1998 Za Rzeką administracyjnie należało do województwa kieleckiego.

Wierni Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego należą do parafii św. Ludwika w Bliżynie.

Przypisy

Gilów (województwo świętokrzyskie)


text:
Три-Сен-Леже́ () — коммуна во Франции, регион О-де-Франс, департамент Нор, округ Валансьен, кантон Ольнуа-ле-Валансьен. Пригород Валансьена, примыкает к нему с юго-запада, в 4 км от центра города, на берегу реки Эско (Шельда). В центре коммуны находится железнодорожная станция Три-Сен-Леже линии Лурш-Валансьен.

Население (2017) — 6 215 человек.

Экономика
Структура занятости населения:

 сельское хозяйство — 0,0 %
 промышленность — 46,5 %
 строительство — 8,0 %
 торговля, транспорт и сфера услуг — 23,4 %
 государственные и муниципальные службы — 22,1 %

Уровень безработицы (2017) — 20,7 % (Франция в целом — 13,4 %, департамент Нор — 17,6 %).
Среднегодовой доход на 1 человека, евро (2017) — 17 990 (Франция в целом — 21 110, департамент Нор — 19 490).

Демография
Динамика численности населения, чел.

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Администрация
Пост мэра Три-Сен-Леже с 2001 года занимает коммунист Доминик Савари (Dominique Savary). На муниципальных выборах 2020 года возглавляемый им список коммунистов победил в 1-м туре, получив 52,16 % голосов.

См. также
 Коммуны департамента Нор

Ссылки
 Национальный институт статистики
 Результаты муниципальных выборов 2014 года

Галерея

Города Нор — Па-де-Кале


text:
Huetia – rodzaj ssaka z podrodziny złotokrecików (Amblysominae) w obrębie rodziny złotokretowatych (Chrysochloridae).

Zasięg występowania
Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące w zachodniej, środkowej i wschodniej Afryce.

Morfologia
Długość ciała (bez ogona) 63–126 mm, długość tylnej stopy 9–10 mm; brak danych dotyczących masy ciała.

Systematyka

Etymologia
Huetia: Joseph Huet (1827–1903), francuski teriolog.

Podział systematyczny
Takson tradycyjnie umieszczany jako podrodzaj w obrębie Calcochloris jednak badania filogenetyczne oparte o cechy morfologiczne i dane molekularne wspierają odrębność rodzajową. Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki:
 Huetia leucorhina  – złotokrecinek kongijski
 Huetia tytonis  – złotokrecinek płomykówkowy

Przypisy

Złotokretowate