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Sialkot (Punjabi, ) is a city located in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the capital of the Sialkot District and is the 13th most populous city in Pakistan. The boundaries of Sialkot are joined with Jammu (the winter capital of Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir) in the north east, the districts of Narowal in the southeast, Gujranwala in the southwest and Gujrat in the northwest.

Sialkot is believed to be the successor of Sagala, the capital of the Madra kingdom razed by Alexander the Great in 326 BCE, and then made the capital of the Indo-Greek kingdom by Menander I in the 2nd century BCE—a time during which the city greatly prospered as a major center for trade and Buddhist thought. In 6th century, it was again made capital of the Taank Kingdom, which ruled Punjab for the next two centuries. Sialkot continued to be a major political centre until it was eclipsed by Lahore around the turn of the first millennium. The city rose again in prominence during the British era and is now one of Pakistan's most important industrial centers. The city is also the birthplace of Muhammad Iqbal, Pakistan's national poet.

Sialkot is wealthy relative to other cities in South Asia, with an estimated 2021 per capita income of $18,500(nominal). The city has been noted for its entrepreneurial spirit and productive business climate that has made Sialkot an example of a small Pakistani city that has emerged as a "world-class manufacturing hub." The relatively small city exported approximately $2.5 billion worth of goods in 2017, or about 10% of Pakistan's total exports.

The city has been labelled as the Football manufacturing capital of the World, as it produces over 70% of footballs manufactured in the world. Sialkot is also home to the Sialkot International Airport; Pakistan's first privately owned public airport. Along with the nearby cities of Gujranwala and Gujrat, Sialkot forms part of the so-called "Golden Triangle" of industrial cities with export-oriented economies. Through exports, Sialkot-based industries are obtaining foreign exchange to more than $2.5 billion annually to strengthen the national exchequer. Sialkot has a GDP(nominal) of $13 Billions, which make it 4th largest in Pakistan.

History

Ancient

Founding

Sialkot is likely the capital of the Madra Kingdom Sagala, Sakala (), or Sangala () mentioned in the Mahabharata, a Sanskrit epic of ancient India, as occupying a similar area as Greek accounts of Sagala. The city may have been inhabited by the Saka, or Scythians, from Central Asia who had migrated into the Subcontinent. The region was noted in the Mahabharata for the  "loose and Bacchanalian" women who lived in the woods there. The city was said to have been located in the Sakaladvipa region between the Chenab and Ravi rivers, now known as the Rechna Doab.

Greek
The Anabasis of Alexander, written by the Roman-Greek historian Arrian, recorded that Alexander the Great captured ancient Sialkot, recorded as Sagala, from the Cathaeans, who had entrenched themselves there. The city had been home to 80,000 residents on the eve of Alexander's invasion, but was razed as a warning against any other nearby cities that might resist his invasion.

Indo-Greek

The ancient city was rebuilt, and made capital by the Indo-Greek king Menander I of the Euthydemid dynasty, in the 2nd century BCE. The rebuilt city was shifted slightly from the older city, as rebuilding on exactly the same spot was considered inauspicious.

Under Menander's rule, the city greatly prospered as a major trading centre renowned for its silk. Menander embraced Buddhism in Sagala, after an extensive debating with the Buddhist monk Nagasena, as recorded in the Buddhist text Milinda Panha. the text offers an early description of the city's cityscape and status as a prosperous trade centre with numerous green spaces. Following his conversion, Sialkot developed as a major centre for Buddhist though.

Ancient Sialkot was recorded by Ptolemy in his 1st century CE work, Geography, in which he refers to the city as Euthymedia (Εύθυμέδεια).

Alchon Huns
Around 460 CE, the Alchon Huns invaded the region from Central Asia, forcing the ruling family of nearby Taxila to seek refuge in Sialkot. Sialkot itself was soon captured, and the city was made capital of the Alchon Huns around 515, during the reign of Toramana. During the reign of his son, Mihirakula, the empire reached its zenith. The Alchon Huns were defeated in 528 by a coalition of princes led by Prince Yashodharman

Late antiquity
The city was visited by the Chinese traveller Xuanzang in 633, who recorded the city's name as She-kie-lo. Xuanzang reported that the city had been rebuilt approximately 15 li, or 2.5 miles, away from the city ruined by Alexander the Great. During this time, Sialkot served as the political nucleus of the Punjab region. The city was then invaded in 643 by princes from Jammu, who held the city until the Muslim invasions during the medieval era.

Medieval
Around the year 1000, Sialkot began to decline in importance as the nearby city of Lahore rose to prominence. Following to fall of Lahore to the Ghaznavid Empire in the early 11th century, the capital of the Hindu Shahi empire was shifted from Lahore to Sialkot. Ghaznavid expansion in northern Punjab encouraged local Khokhar tribes to stop paying tribute to the Rajas of Jammu.

Sialkot became a part of the medieval Sultanate of Delhi after Muhammad Ghauri conquered Punjab in 1185. Ghauri was unable to conquer the larger city of Lahore, but deemed Sialkot important enough to warrant a garrison. He also extensively repaired the Sialkot Fort around the time of his conquest of Punjab, and left the region in charge of Hussain Churmali while he returned to Ghazni. Sialkot was then quickly laid siege to by Khokhar tribesmen, and Khusrau Malik, the last Ghaznavid sultan, though he was defeated during Ghauri's return to Punjab in 1186.

In the 1200s, Sialkot was the only area of western Punjab that was ruled by the Mamluk Sultanate in Delhi. The area had been captured by the Ghauri prince Yildiz, but was recaptured by Sultan Iltutmish in 1217. Around 1223, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, the last king of the Khwarazmian dynasty of Central Asia that had fled invasion of Genghis Khan there, briefly captured Sialkot and Lahore, before being driven out by Iltutmish's forces towards Uch Sharif. During the 13th century, Imam Ali-ul-Haq, Sialkot's most revered Sufi warrior-saint, arrived from Arabia, and began his missionary work in the region that successfully converted large numbers of Hindus to Islam, thereby transforming Sialkot into a largely Muslim city. The saint later died in battle, and is revered as a martyr.

Sialkot fell to Shaikha Khokhar around 1414. Sialkot's population continued to grow in the 1400s under the rule of Sultan Bahlul Lodi, who had granted custodianship of the city to Jammu's Raja Biram Dev, after he helped Lodhi defeat the Khokhars. Sialkot was sacked during the Lodhi period by Malik Tazi Bhat of Kashmir, who attacked Sialkot after the governor of Punjab, Tatar Khan, had left the city undefended during one of his military campaigns.

Sialkot was captured by armies of the Babur in 1520, when the Mughal commander Usman Ghani Raza advanced towards Delhi during the initial conquest of Babur.  Babur recorded a battle with Gujjar raiders, who had attacked Sialkot, and allegedly mistreated its inhabitants.<ref>{{quote|29th December: We dismounted at Sialkot. If one enters Hindustan the Jats and Gujjars always pour down in countless hordes from hill and plain for loot of bullocks and buffalo. These ill-omened peoples are senseless oppressors. Previously, their deeds did not concern us because the territory was an enemy's. But they did the same senseless deeds after we had captured it. When we reached Sialkot, they swooped on the poor and needy folk who were coming out of the town to our camp and stripped them bare. I had the witless brigands apprehended, and ordered a few of them to be cut to pieces.'Babur Nama page 250 published by Penguin}}</ref> In 1525–1526, Alam Khan, uncle of Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, invaded from Afghanistan, and was able to capture Sialkot with the aid of Mongol forces.

Pre-modern
 Mughal
During the early Mughal era, Sialkot was made part of the subah, or "province," of Lahore. According to Sikh tradition, Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, visited the city, sometime in the early 16th century. He is said to have met Hamza Ghaus, a prominent Sufi mystic based in Sialkot, at a site now commemorated by the city's Gurdwara Beri Sahib.

During the Akbar era, Sialkot's pargana territory was placed in the jagir custodianship of Raja Man Singh, who would repair the city's fort, and sought to increase its population and develop its economy. In 1580 Yousuf Shah Chak of Kashmir sought refuge in the city during his exile from the Valley of Kashmir. Paper-makers from Kashmir migrated to the city during the Akbar period, and Sialkot later became renowned as the source of the prized Mughal Hariri paper – known for its brilliant whiteness and strength. The city's metalworkers also provided the Mughal crown with much of its weaponry.

During the reign of Jahangir, the post was given to Safdar Khan, who rebuilt the city's fort, and oversaw a further increase in Sialkot's prosperity. Numerous fine houses and gardens were built in the city during the Jehangir period. During the Shah Jahan period, the city was placed under the rule of Ali Mardan Khan.

The last Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb, appointed Ganga Dhar as faujdar  of the city until 1654. Rahmat Khan was then placed in charge of the city, and would build a mosque in the city. Under Aurangzeb's reign, Sialkot became known as a great centre of Islamic thought and scholarship, and attracted scholars because of the widespread availability of paper in the city.

 Post-Mughal
Following the decline of the Mughal empire after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, Sialkot and its outlying districts were left undefended and forced to defend itself. In 1739, the city was captured by Nader Shah of Persia during his invasion of the Mughal Empire. The city was placed under the governorship of Zakariya Khan, the Mughal Viceroy of Lahore, who in return for the city promised to pay tribute to the Persian crown.

In the wake of the Persian invasion, Sialkot fell under the control of Pashtun powerful families from Multan and Afghanistan – the Kakayzais and Sherwanis. Sialkot was crept upon by Ranjit Deo of Jammu, who pledged nominal allegiance to the Mughal crown in Delhi. Ranjit Deo did not conquer Sialkot city from the Pashtun families which held the city, but switched allegiance to the Pashtun ruler Ahmed Shah Durrani in 1748, effectively ending Mughal influence in Sialkot. The city and three nearby districts were amalgamated into the Durrani Empire.

 Sikh
Sikh chieftains of the Bhangi Misl state encroached upon Sialkot, and had gained full control of the Sialkot region by 1786, Sialkot was portioned into 4 quarters, under the control of Sardar Jiwan Singh, Natha Singh, Sahib Singh, and Mohar Singh, who invited the city's dispersed residents back to the city.

The Bhangi rulers engaged in feuds with the neighbouring Sukerchakia Misl state by 1791, and would eventually lose control of the city. The Sikh Empire of Ranjit Singh captured Sialkot from Sardar Jiwan Singh in 1808. Sikh forces then occupied Sialkot until the arrival of the British in 1849.

 Modern
British

Sialkot, along with Punjab as a whole, was captured by the British following their victory over the Sikhs at the Battle of Gujrat in February 1849. During the British era, an official is known as The Resident who would, in theory, advise the Maharaja of Kashmir would reside in Sialkot during the wintertime.

During the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the two Bengal regiments based in Sialkot rebelled against the East India Company, while their native servants also took up arms against the British. In 1877, the Sialkot poet Allama Iqbal, who is credited for inspiring the Pakistan Movement, was born into a Kashmiri family that had converted to Islam from Hinduism in the early 1400s. British India's first bagpipe works opened in Sialkot, and today there are 20 pipe bands in the city.

Sialkot's modern prosperity began during the colonial era. The city had been known for its paper making and ironworks prior to the colonial era, and became a centre of metalwork in the 1890s. Surgical instruments were being manufactured in Sialkot for use throughout British India by the 1920s. The city also became a centre for sports goods manufacturing for British troops stationed along with the North West Frontier due to the availability of nearby timber reserves.

As a result of the city's prosperity, large numbers of migrants from Jammu region of  Jammu and Kashmir came to the city in search of employment. At the end of World War II, the city was considered the second most industrialised in Punjab, after Amritsar. Much of the city's infrastructure was paid for by local taxes, and the city was one of the few in British India to have its own electric utility company.

Partition
The first communal riots between Hindus/Sikhs and Muslims took place on 24 June 1946, a day after the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan as a separate state. Sialkot remained peaceful for several months while communal riots had erupted in Lahore, Amritsar, Ludhiana, and Rawalpindi. The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement.

While Muslim refugees had poured into the city escaping riots elsewhere, Sialkot's Hindu and Sikh communities began fleeing in the opposite direction towards India. They initially congregated in fields outside the city, where some of Sialkot's Muslims would bid farewell to departing friends. Hindu and Sikh refugees were unable to exit Pakistan towards Jammu on account of conflict in Kashmir, and were instead required to transit via Lahore.

Post-independence
After independence in 1947 the Hindu and Sikh minorities migrated to India, while Muslim refugees from India settled in Sialkot. The city had suffered significant losses as a result of communal rioting that erupted because of Partition. 80% of Sialkot's industry had been destroyed or abandoned, and the working capital fell by an estimated 90%. The city was further stressed by the arrival of 200,000 migrants, mostly from Jammu, who had arrived in the city.

Following the demise of industry in the city, the government of West Pakistan prioritised the re-establishment of Punjab's decimated industrial base. The province lead infrastructure projects in the area, and allotted abandoned properties to newly arrived refugees. Local entrepreneurs also rose to fill the vacuum created by the departure of Hindu and Sikh businessmen. By the 1960s, the provincial government laid extensive new roadways in the district, and connected it to trunk roads to link the region to the seaport in Karachi.

During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, when Pakistani troops arrived in Kashmir, the Indian Army counterattacked in the Sialkot Sector. The Pakistan Army successfully defended the city and the people of Sialkot came out in full force to support the troops. In 1966, Government of Pakistan awarded a special flag of Hilal-e-Istaqlal to Sialkot, along with Lahore and Sargodha in Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]for showing severe resistance in front of enemy as these cities were target of enemy's advances. Every year on Defence Day, this flag is hoisted in these cities as a symbol of recognition of the will, courage and perseverance of the dwellers of these cities. The armoured battles in the Sialkot sector like the Battle of Chawinda were the most intense since the Second World War.

Geography
Climate
Sialkot features a humid subtropical climate (Cwa) under the Köppen climate classification, with four seasons. The post-monsoon season from mid-September to mid-November remains hot during the daytime, but nights are cooler with low humidity. In the winter from mid-November to March, days are mild to warm, with occasionally heavy rainfalls occurring. Temperatures in winter may drop to , but maxima are very rarely less than .

Cityscape
Sialkot's core is composed of the densely populated old city, while north of the city lies the vast colonial era Sialkot Cantonment – characterised by wide streets and large lawns. The city's industries have evolved in a "ribbon-like" pattern along the cities main arteries, and are almost entirely dedicated to export. The city's sporting good firms are not concentrated in any part of the city, but are instead spread throughout Sialkot. Despite the city's overall prosperity, the local government has failed to meet Sialkot's basic infrastructure needs.

 Demographics
 Religion

 Economy
Sialkot is a wealthy city relative to the rest of Pakistan, with a GDP (nominal) of $13 Billions and a per capita income in 2021 estimated at $18500. The city was considered to be one of British India's most industralised cities, though its economy would later be largely decimated by violence and capital flight following the Partition. The city's economy rebounded, and Sialkot now forms part of the relatively industriazised region of northern Punjab that is sometimes referred to as the Golden Triangle.Sialkot has been noted by Britain's The Economist magazine as a "world-class manufacturing hub" with strong export industries. As of 2017, Sialkot exported US$2.5 billion worth of goods which is equal to 10% of Pakistan's total exports (US$25 billion). 250,000 residents are employed in Sialkot's industries, with most enterprises in the city being small and funded by family savings. Sialkot's Chamber of Commerce had over 6,500 members in 2010, with most active in the leather, sporting goods, and surgical instruments industry. The Sialkot Dry Port offers local producers quick access to Pakistani Customs, as well as to logistics and transportation.

Despite being cut off from its historic economic heartland in Kashmir, Sialkot has managed to position itself into one of Pakistan's most prosperous cities, exporting up to 10% of all Pakistani exports. Its sporting goods firms have been particularly successful, and have produced items for global brands such as Nike, Adidas, Reebok, and Puma. Balls for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, 2018 FIFA World Cup and 2022 FIFA World Cup were made by Forward Sports, a Sialkot-based company.

Sialkot's business community has joined with the local government to maintain the city's infrastructure, as the local government has limited capacity to fund such maintenance. The business community was instrumental in the establishment of Sialkot's Dry Port in 1985, and further helped re-pave the city's roads. Sialkot's business community also largely funded the Sialkot International Airport—opened in 2011 as Pakistan's first privately owned public airport.

Sialkot is also the only city in Pakistan to have its very own commercial airline, Airsial. This airline is managed by the business community of Sialkot based at the Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industries and offers  direct flights from Sialkot to Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

 Industry

Sialkot is the world's largest producer of hand-sewn footballs, with local factories manufacturing 40–60 million footballs a year, amounting to roughly 60% of world production. Since the 2014 FIFA World Cup, footballs for the official matches are being made by Forward Sports, a company based in Sialkot. Clustering of sports goods industrial units has allowed for firms in Sialkot to become highly specialised, and to benefit from joint action and external economies. There is a well-applied child labour ban, the Atlanta Agreement, in the industry since a 1997 outcry, and the local industry now funds the Independent Monitoring Association for Child Labour to regulate factories.

Sialkot is also the world's largest centre of surgical instrument manufacturing. Sialkot was first noted to be a centre of metalwork in the 1890s, and the city's association with surgical instruments came from the need to repair, and subsequently manufacture, surgical instruments for the nearby Mission hospital. By the 1920s, surgical instruments were being manufactured for use throughout British India, with demand boosted by further by World War II.

The city's surgical instrument manufacturing industry benefits from a clustering effect, in which larger manufacturers remain in close contact with smaller and specialised industries that can efficiently perform contracted work. The industry is made up of a few hundred small and medium size enterprises, supported by thousands of subcontractors, suppliers, and those providing other ancillary services. The bulk of exports are destined for the United States and European Union.

Sialkot first became a centre for sporting goods manufacturing during the colonial era. Enterprises were initially inaugurated for the recreation of British troops stationed along the North West Frontier. Nearby timber reserves served to initially allure the industry to Sialkot. The city's Muslim craftsmen generally manufactured the goods, while Sikh and Hindu merchants of the Sindhi Bania, Arora, and Punjabi Khatri castes acted like middle men to bring goods to market. Sialkot now produces a wide array of sporting goods, including footballs and hockey sticks, cricket gear, gloves that are used in international games comprising the Olympics and World Cups.

Sialkot is also noted for its leather goods. Leather for footballs is sourced from nearby farms, while Sialkot's leather workers craft some of Germany's most prized leather lederhosen'' trousers.

Sialkot also has a large share in the agricultural sector. It predominantly produces Basmati rice varieties, wheat and sugarcane. Its area is , at least  are under cultivation. Potato and sunflower were evident among the minor crops of the district.

Public-Private Partnerships
Sialkot has a productive relationship between the civic administration and the city's entrepreneurs, that dates to the colonial era. Sialkot's infrastructure was paid for by local taxes on industry, and the city was one of the few in British Raj to have its own electric utility company.

Modern Sialkot's business community has assumed responsibility for developing infrastructure when the civic administration is unable to deliver requested services. The city's Chamber of Commerce established the Sialkot Dry Port, the country's first dry-port in 1985 to reduce transit times by offering faster customs services. Members of the Chamber of Commerce allowed paid fees to help resurface the city's streets. The Sialkot International Airport was established by the local businesses community, is the only private airport in Pakistan.

Transportation

Highways
A dual-carriageway connects Sialkot to the nearby city of Wazirabad, with onward connections throughout Pakistan via the N-5 National Highway, while another dual carriageway connects Sialkot to Daska, and onwards to Gujranwala and Lahore. Sialkot and Lahore are also connected through the motorway M11.

Rail
The Sialkot Junction railway station is the city's main railway station and is serviced by the Wazirabad–Narowal Branch Line of the Pakistan Railways. The Allama Iqbal Express travels daily from Sialkot to Karachi via Lahore, and then back to Sialkot.

Air

The Sialkot International Airport is located about 20 km from the center of the city near Sambrial. It was established in 2007 by spending 4 billion rupees by Sialkot business community. It is Pakistan's only privately owned public airport, and offers flights throughout Pakistan, with also direct flights to Bahrain, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, France, the UK and Spain.

Notable people

 Abdul Hakim Sialkoti, Islamic scholar
 Muhammad Iqbal, poet
 Gulzarilal Nanda, Indian Prime Minister and politician
 Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti, Islamic scholar
 Faiz Ahmed Faiz, poet
 Faiz-ul Hassan Shah, Islamic religious scholar, orator, poet and writer
 Akhtar Ali Vario, Politician
 Rajendra Kumar, actor
 Usman Dar, politician
 Zaheer Abbas, cricketer
 Shahnaz Sheikh, hockey player
 Shoaib Malik, cricketer
 Haris Sohail, cricketer
 Khawaja Asif, politician
 Firdous Ashiq Awan, politician
 Armghan Subhani,politician

Awards
In 1966, the Government of Pakistan awarded a special flag, the Hilal-i-istaqlal to Sialkot (also to Sargodha and Lahore) for showing severe resistance to the enemy during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 as these cities were targets of the Indian aggression. Every year on Defence Day (6 September), this flag is hoisted in these cities in recognition of the will, courage and perseverance of their people.

Twin towns – sister cities

Sialkot is twinned with:
 Bolingbrook, Illinois, United States

See also
 Sialkot Chamber of Commerce and Industry
 List of educational institutions in Sialkot
 List of cities in Punjab, Pakistan by area
 Sialkot Stallions
 Shivala Teja Singh temple

Notes

References

External links

 Sialkot District Government website
 Sialkot Chamber of Commerce & Industry

Jat princely states
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Cities and towns in Sialkot District
Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Populated places in Punjab, Pakistan


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Людмила Титовна Стебнева (25 октября 1936, дер. Лемяховка, Починковский район, Смоленская область — 16 марта 2017, дер. Мачулы, там же) — советский передовик сельскохозяйственного производства, доярка племзавода имени Коминтерна Починковского района Смоленской области. Герой Социалистического Труда (1975).

Биография
Родилась в семье работников сельского хозяйства. В 1949 году окончила пять классов школы и начала работать телятницей, а затем дояркой в совхозе имени Коминтерна Починковского района. С 1953 года работала дояркой на племзаводе имени Коминтерна.

Добилась постоянных высоких надоев молока от закреплённой за ней группы коров — не менее 5000 килограммов от каждой из голов. Многократно становилась победительницей социалистического соревнования животноводов. Особых успехов добилась в IX пятилетке, раздоив 19 коров до класса «элита-рекорд» и «элита», дающих по 6000-7000 килограммов молока каждая. Это позволило ей выполнить свой личный пятилетний план за четыре года.

Указом Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 10 февраля 1975 года за «выдающиеся успехи, достигнутые во Всесоюзном социалистическом соревновании, и проявленную трудовую доблесть в досрочном выполнении заданий девятой пятилетки и принятых обязательств по увеличению производства и продажи государству продуктов животноводства» Людмила Титовна Стебнева была удостоена высокого звания Героя Социалистического Труда с вручением ордена Ленина и медали «Серп и Молот».

Неоднократно избиралась членом Починковского районного комитета КПСС, депутатом Починковского районного совета.

Похоронена в деревне Мачулы Починковского района Смоленской области.

Награды и звания
Герой Социалистического Труда (1975).

Награждена орденом Трудового Красного Знамени и рядом медалей.

Примечания

Доярки
Похороненные в Починковском районе (Смоленская область)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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iNaturalist – projekt z zakresu nauki obywatelskiej oraz serwis społecznościowy przyrodników, wolontariuszy oraz biologów oparty na idei nanoszenia na mapy i publikowania obserwacji gatunków roślin, zwierząt i grzybów. Obserwacje (zwykle dokumentowane zdjęciem) mogą zostać opublikowane poprzez stronę internetową oraz aplikację mobilną. Informacje zebrane przez projekt są wartościowym, publicznie dostępnym źródłem danych wykorzystywanym przez różne projekty naukowe, muzea, ogrody botaniczne, parki oraz inne organizacje. Aplikacja i strona internetowa są dostępne w języku angielskim.

Historia
Strona iNaturalist.org została utworzona w 2008 roku na Uniwersytecie Kalifornijskim w Berkeley w Berkeley School of Information jako projekt magisterski studentów Nate Agrina, Jessiki Kline oraz Ken-ichi Ueda. Nate Agrin oraz Ken-ichi Ueda kontynuowali pracę nad stroną wraz z Seanem McGregorem. W 2011 Ueda rozpoczął współpracę z Scottem Loarie, pracownikiem naukowym na Uniwersytecie Stanforda i wykładowcą na UK w Berkeley. Ueda i Loarie są obecnie dyrektorami iNaturalist.org. 24 kwietnia 2014 iNaturalist.org rozpoczął współpracę z California Academy of Sciences. W 2014 roku liczba zgromadzonych obserwacji przekroczyła pierwszy milion, a na początku 2017 roku ich liczba wynosiła już ponad 3,5 miliona.

Udział w iNaturalist
Platforma wykorzystuje koncept crowdsourcingu danych, poprzez otwarty dostęp dla wszystkich internautów. Użytkownicy iNaturalist mogą publikować obserwacje organizmów w formie fotografii, nagrań audio lub obserwacji wizualnych. Obserwacje mogą zostać zaklasyfikowane jako dane "zwykłe" oraz "badawcze" - włączane baz danych online, gdzie są dostępne dla naukowców.

Platforma umożliwia także tworzenie projektów, gdzie użytkownicy mogą dodawać obserwacje gatunków zawierających się w poszczególnych grupach lub powiązanych z określonym tematem. Istnieje także możliwość tagowania publikowanych obserwacji. Przykładowe projekty dotyczą badań bioblitz dotyczące poszczególnych taksonów i obszarów, obserwacji zwierząt zabitych na drogach, tropów zwierząt oraz dokumentacji rozprzestrzeniania się gatunków inwazyjnych.

Amerykański National Park Service współpracował z iNaturalist w archiwizowaniu obserwacji badań bioblitz przeprowadzonych w parkach narodowych USA w 2016 roku. W 2011 roku iNaturalist był wykorzystany jako platforma dla równoległych globalnych badań bioblitz nad płazami i gadami (ang. Global Amphibian BioBlitz i Global Reptile BioBlitz). Dane gromadzone w platformie iNaturalist sukcesywnie importowane są także do innych baz danych, takich jak na przykład Calflora, będąca atlasem rozmieszczenia roślin w Kalifornii.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Strona internetowa iNaturalist

Serwisy społecznościowe
Aplikacje na platformę Android
Ochrona przyrody


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«Компьютер-бильд» (Computer Bild) — европейский журнал о компьютерах, предназначенный для рядовых пользователей. Впервые выпущен в Германии в 1996 году. С 2001 года комплектовался CD с программами. С 2006 года издавался в России. C 2007 года вместо CD комплектуется DVD со специальными версиями программ и фильмом. Издатель в мире (и в России до 2013 года) — «Аксель Шпрингер-ферлаг», c 20 марта 2013 года в России журнал издавался ЗАО "Издательский дом «Бурда», с 18 июня 2015 года выпуск журнала в России прекращён. В помощь читателям журнала на каждом диске размещается программа-каталогизатор DataBase, разработанная независимым программистом.

Ориентация
Журнал рассчитан на начинающих пользователей, делающих свои первые шаги в интересном компьютерном мире. Главной особенностью журнала являются уникальные практические курсы — пошаговые инструкции, рассказывающие о том, как работать с тем или иным приложением или интернет-сервисом. Российская версия журнала сильно оптимизирована под требования читателей. При подготовке статей и таких курсов, редакция использует программы, переведенные на русский язык. Лишь в некоторых случаях (когда перевода программы на русский язык не существует), редакция использует программы с английским интерфейсом. Несмотря на своё немецкое происхождение, российская редакция журнала не использует программ с немецким интерфейсом. Поэтому, даже если редакция использует переводную статью из оригинального издания, то перед появлением на страницах российского журнала каждый текст проходит стадию адаптации. Проверяется наличие в России самого продукта (программы, сервиса, устройства), о котором идет речь в статье. Недостающие данные, такие как адреса и телефоны представителей компании в России приводятся в соответствие с действительной ситуацией. Изображения также корректируются — скриншоты программ на немецком языке полностью заменяются аналогичными изображениями на русском. Таким образом, читатель получает максимально упрощенную инструкцию, позволяющую выполнить то или иное действие с компьютером, программой или каким-либо интернет-сервисом. В настоящий момент содержание журнала состоит из 15 % переводного контента — основную долю статей готовит российская редакция, опираясь на многочисленные традиции и опыт оригинального издания, но избегая прямого заимствования содержимого.

График выхода
Журнал выходит в графике один раз в две недели. Это выгодно отличает данный журнал от различных других печатных продуктов той же категории, издаваемых в России. Тираж каждого номера варьируется в зависимости от сезона продаж и спроса на несколько последних номеров. В отличие от многих других журналов, «Компьютер-бильд» никогда не попадал в скандальный список изданий, завышающих свои тиражи. Честный тираж неоднократно был подтвержден «Ассоциацией Распространителей Печатной Продукции» (АРПП), о чём свидетельствуют многочисленные награды и дипломы, ежегодно получаемые редакцией.

Состав редакции
В состав редакции входят профессионалы индустрии технической прессы. В настоящий момент коллектив насчитывает 15 штатных сотрудников. Штатное расписание представлено должностями главного редактора, заместителя, четырёх тематических редакторов, корреспондента, тремя сотрудниками отдела верстки, тремя сотрудниками отдела литературной правки, инженером тестовой лаборатории и редактором сайта. Многие из сотрудников ранее работали в таких проектах, как CHIP, c't, Hard'n'Soft и Компьютерра.

Состав DVD
К каждому номеру журнала прилагается уникальное DVD-приложение. На диске размещаются программы: как бесплатные версии, доступные на сайтах разработчиков, так и специальные версии платных программ. На протяжении 5 лет, на диске размещаются антивирусные продукты от таких компаний как «Лаборатория Касперского» и ESET, к которым прилагается специальный ключ короткого срока действия. Также, диск наполняется прочими программами, предоставляемыми как производителями, так и распространителями. В связи с потерей актуальности медиаформата DVD, редакция приняла решение прекратить выпуск фильмов на диске. Начиная с № 14-2012, на диске не будут размещаться фильмы. Вместо них редакция предложит электронные книги. Таким образом, последним фильмом, опубликованным журналом в № 13-2012 стал фильм «Казино Джек» с Кевином Спейси в главной роли. Также, начиная с № 14-2012, на DVD-диске журнала размещается средство аварийного восстановления системы. Теперь читателю, чей компьютер вышел из строя вследствие каких-либо программных ошибок, не придется обращаться в сервис — достаточно лишь вставить в DVD-привод загрузочный диск, прилагаемый к журналу, и воспользовавшись средством аварийного восстановления системы восстановить работоспособность ПК.

Сайт
В июне 2012 года редакция журнала «Компьютер-бильд» запустила обновленный интернет-сайт computerbild.ru (на реконструкции), а также настроила переадресацию на короткое имя — cobi.ru. Старый сайт пока продолжает своё функционирование, он расположен на поддомене old.computerbild.ru. Главной особенностью нового сайта стала первая страница, оформленная в виде ежедневно обновляемой ленты новостей, на которую выводятся как самые горячие новости из области компьютеров и высоких технологий, так и статьи, подготовленные для сайта или журнала. Также на сайте размещен большой архив программного обеспечения, распространяемого на бесплатной основе, и запущен функциональный блок «вопросы и ответы», в рамках которого любой посетитель может задать интересующий вопрос редакции. Примечательно, что при создании нового сайта журнала «Компьютер-бильд», редакция решила использовать систему рейтингов пользователей. Теперь каждый посетитель сайта может комментировать любые публикации и оценивать опубликованные новости и комментарии других лиц. С ростом количества положительных голосов, полученных за комментарии, у посетителя изменяется показать влиятельности на сайте — так называемый рейтинг «кармы» пользователя. При достижении порогового значения кармы у посетителя откроется возможность публикации собственных статей и новостных материалов на сайте. Однако право написания статей всё так же легко утратить — написание неудачных статей, негативно встреченных другими посетителями, влечёт за собой сокращение уровня «кармы».

«Компьютер-бильд» в странах мира
 Франция, с 1998 года: Computer Plus (больше не издаётся)
 Испания, с 1998 года: Computer Hoy
 Польша, с 1998 года: Komputer Świat
 Чехия, с 2003 года: Svět Počítačů
 Италия, с 2004 года: Computer Bild Italia
 Литва, с 2004 года: Computer Bild Lietuva
 Румыния, с 2005 года: Computer Bild Romania
 Россия, с 2006 года: Computer Bild Russia (не издается с 18 июня 2015 г.)
 Болгария, с 2006 года: Computer Bild Болгария

Примечания

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт журнала

Компьютерные журналы
Журналы Германии
Журналы России по алфавиту


text:
Henry B. Roberts was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly during the 1848 session. Roberts represented the 2nd District of Racine County, Wisconsin. He was a Democrat.

References

People from Racine County, Wisconsin
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Democratic Party members of the Wisconsin State Assembly


text:
Anthony Dymoke Powell, CH, CBE (* 21. Dezember 1905 in London; † 28. März 2000 in Frome, Somerset) war ein britischer Schriftsteller und Literaturkritiker.

Leben
Anthony Powell (/ˈpoʊəl/ POH-əl) besuchte das Eton College in Eton und studierte 1923–1926 am Balliol College in Oxford Geschichte. Unter seinen Altersgenossen waren Evelyn Waugh, Henry Green, Graham Greene und George Orwell. 1926 trat er in das bekannte Londoner Verlagshaus Duckworth & Co. ein und arbeitete in verschiedenen Funktionen (Lektor, Vertreter, Herausgeber). 1934 heiratete er Lady Violet Pakenham. Aus der Ehe gingen die Söhne Tristram (* 1940) und John (* 1946) hervor.

1936 – fünf Jahre nach dem Erscheinen seines ersten Romans – übersiedelte Powell aufgrund eines Halbjahresvertrages als Texter bei Warner Brothers Filmstudios nach Hollywood. Hier lernte er F. Scott Fitzgerald kennen, der damals ebenfalls für den Film arbeitete. Ein Jahr später kehrte Powell nach England zurück und schrieb regelmäßig Beiträge für The Spectator und den Daily Telegraph, während er bis zum Beginn des Zweiten Weltkrieges soviel Zeit wie möglich dem Schreiben von Romanen widmete. Auch seine Ehefrau trat mit eigenen Romanen und als Literaturkritikerin hervor. Sie war zudem Basis der Figur Isobel Tolland in "A Dance to the Music of Time".

Während des Krieges diente Powell zunächst in einem walisischen Bataillon der Landstreitkräfte, später beim militärischen Geheimdienst als Verbindungsoffizier zu den Alliierten, besonders zu den Exilregierungen von Belgien, Luxemburg und der Tschechoslowakei. Während dieser Zeit begann er mit der Arbeit an der 1948 erschienenen Biographie über John Aubrey. 1947 wurde er Literaturredakteur ("fiction editor") des Times Literary Supplement, von 1953 bis 1958 war er in derselben Position beim satirischen Magazin Punch tätig. Von 1958 bis 1990 schrieb er regelmäßig Kritiken für den Daily Telegraph. 1977 wurde er als Ehrenmitglied in die American Academy of Arts and Letters gewählt.

Sein Hauptwerk ist die zwölfbändige Romanreihe "A Dance to the Music of Time" (1951–1975). Da es sich nicht nur des Umfangs wegen um ein in vielem mit Prousts Auf der Suche nach der verlorenen Zeit vergleichbares Werk handelt, wird Powell häufig auch als der englische Proust bezeichnet. Den Hinweis bzw. den Vergleich finden manche Literaturwissenschaftler zwar "nahe liegend, aber oberflächlich".

Zu dem Titel für dieses Werk hat sich Powell durch das gleichnamige Gemälde von Poussin in der Wallace Collection inspirieren lassen. Vielfach ist zu lesen, dass das Werk den Niedergang der englischen "Upperclass" im 20. Jahrhundert schildere. Viele der an die 400 Figuren der Romanfolge rekrutieren sich jedoch nicht aus der "Oberschicht"; dies gilt besonders für die "Kriegstrilogie" (Bände 7–9): Offiziere, einfache Soldaten, englischsprachige walisische Bürgerliche und Arbeiter. Ein Thema der Romanfolge ist soziale Mobilität, Aufstieg wie Abstieg. Nicholas Jenkins, der Ich-Erzähler, beklagt nicht den Verfall der Aristokratie, sondern ist ein objektiver, kontemplativ-melancholischer Beobachter sozialen Wandels.

Abgesehen von einer Fülle von intertextuellen Bezügen zu nicht nur englischsprachiger Literatur sind die Bände reich an Anspielungen auf Geschichte, Politik, Musik, bildende Kunst und Architektur, mittels derer Figuren der Handlung direkt und indirekt kommentiert und so u. a. die Eindimensionalität der Erzählperspektive aufgebrochen werden.

Die vom Berliner Elfenbein Verlag 2015 begonnene Gesamtübersetzung aller zwölf Romane wurde im Oktober 2018 abgeschlossen. Sie schließt an die in den 80er Jahren erschienenen Übertragungen der ersten drei Bände des Literaturwissenschaftlers Heinz Feldmann an.

Vor "A Dance to the Music of Time" waren bereits fünf Romane erschienen; nach der Fertigstellung der zwölfbändigen Romanfolge verfasste Powell zwei weitere Romane; weiters erschienen zwei Bühnenstücke, Memoiren, Tagebücher ("Journals") und drei Bände mit gesammelten Rezensionen bzw. Essays.

Werke

A Dance to the Music of Time
(besteht aus folgenden 12 Bänden:)

 A Question of Upbringing (1952)
Eine Frage der Erziehung, dt. von Heinz Feldmann; Ehrenwirth, München 1985. Neu durchgesehen: Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-941184-36-7.
 A Buyer's Market (1952)
Tendenz: steigend, dt. von Heinz Feldmann; Ehrenwirth, München 1986. Neu durchgesehen: Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-941184-37-4.
 The Acceptance World (1955)
Die neuen Herren, dt. von Heinz Feldmann; Ehrenwirth, München 1987. Neu durchgesehen und unter dem Titel Die Welt des Wechsels: Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-941184-38-1.
 At Lady Molly's (1957)
Lady Molly's Menagerie, dt. von Katharina Focke; Cotta, Stuttgart 1961.
 Bei Lady Molly, dt. von Heinz Feldmann; Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-941184-39-8.
 Casanova's Chinese Restaurant (1960)
Casanovas chinesisches Restaurant, dt. von Heinz Feldmann; Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-941184-40-4.
 The Kindly Ones (1962)
Die Wohlwollenden, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-941184-41-1.
 The Valley of Bones (1964)
Das Tal der Gebeine, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-941184-42-8.
 The Soldier's Art (1966)
Die Kunst des Soldaten, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-941184-43-5.
 The Military Philosophers (1968)
Die Philosophen des Krieges, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-941184-43-5.
 Books Do Furnish a Room (1971)
Bücher schmücken ein Zimmer, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-941184-45-9.
 Temporary Kings (1973)
Könige auf Zeit, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-941184-46-6.
 Hearing Secret Harmonies (1975)
Der Klang geheimer Harmonien, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, Elfenbein Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-941184-47-3.

Romane, Biografien und anderes
 1928 The Barnard Letters
 1934 Caledonia: A Fragment (Pamphlet, Privatdruck)
 1931 Afternoon Men (Roman)
 Die Ziellosen, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, Berlin: Elfenbein Verlag, 2021, ISBN 978-3-96160-054-0.
 1932 Venusberg (Roman)
Venusberg, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, Berlin: Elfenbein Verlag, 2021, ISBN 978-3-96160-055-7
 1933 From a View to a Death (Roman)
 Tod am Morgen, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, Berlin: Elfenbein Verlag, 2022, ISBN 978-3-96160-056-4.
 1934 The Watr'y Glade, in The Old School: Essays by Divers Hands, hg. von Graham Greene
 1936 Agents and Patients (Roman)
 Handelnde und Duldende, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, Berlin: Elfenbein Verlag, 2022, ISBN 978-3-96160-057-1.
 1939 What's Become of Waring (Roman)
 1948 John Aubrey and His Friends (Biografie)
 1983 O, How the Wheel Becomes It! (Roman)
 1986 The Fisher King (Roman)
 1987 The Album of Anthony Powell's "Dance to the Music of Time" [Hardcover, with 224 illustrations], Anthony Powell (Preface), Violet Powell (Hrsg.), John Bayley (Introduction)
 1988 John Aubrey and His Friends Newly Revised by the Author (Biografie)
 2001 A Writer's Notebook
 2011 Caledonia: A Fragment. By Anthony Powell. With an Introduction by Grey Gowrie. Greville Press Pamphlets (Reprint des Privatdrucks 1934; bisher zugänglich in New Oxford Book of Light Verse, 1978, Hrsg. von Kingsley Amis)

Dramen
 1971 Two Plays by Anthony Powell. The Garden God & The Rest I'll Whistle (zwei Bühnenstücke)

Gesammelte Rezensionen, Essays und Briefe
 1990 Miscellaneous Verdicts. Writings on Writers 1946–1989
 1991 Under Review. Further Writings on Writers 1946–1989
 2005 Some Poets, Artists & 'A Reference for Mellors'
 2011 The Acceptance of Absurdity. Anthony Powell & Robert Vanderbilt: Letters 1952–1963. Hrsg. von John Saumarez Smith & Jonathan Kooperstein. Maggs Brothers, London 2011

Autobiografie
 To Keep the Ball Rolling: Memoirs of Anthony Powell
 1976 Infants of the Spring (vol. 1)
 1978 Messengers of Day (vol. 2)
 1980 Faces in My Time (vol. 3)
 1982 The Strangers All are Gone (vol. 4)
 2001 To Keep the Ball Rolling: The Memoirs of Anthony Powell (einbändige, vom Autor autorisierte, gekürzte Fassung der vierbändigen Memoiren)

Tagebücher
 1995 Journals 1982–1986
 1996 Journals 1987–1989
 1997 Journals 1990–1992

Hörbuch
 A Dance to the Music of Time / Ein Tanz zur Musik der Zeit
Eine Frage der Erziehung, dt. von Heinz Feldmann; gelesen von Frank Arnold, speak low, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-940018-24-3
 Tendenz steigend, dt. von Heinz Feldmann; gelesen von Frank Arnold, speak low, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-940018-26-7
 Die Welt des Wechsels, dt. von Heinz Feldmann; gelesen von Frank Arnold, speak low, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-940018-27-4
 Bei Lady Molly, dt. von Heinz Feldmann; gelesen von Frank Arnold, speak low, Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-940018-58-8
 Casanovas chinesisches Restaurant, dt. von Heinz Feldmann, gelesen von Frank Arnold, speak low, Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-940018-59-5

Literatur
 zu den 12 Bänden von A Dance to the Music of Time: Hilary Spurling: A Handbook to Anthony Powell's Music of Time, 1977 (An Invitation to the Dance; dt.: Einladung zum Tanz. Übersetzung von Sabine Franke. Berlin: Elfenbein Verlag 2018).
 Robert Selig: Time and Anthony Powell. A Critical Study, Cranbury 1991
 Peter Kislinger: Some Truths Seem Almost Falsehoods and some Falsehoods almost Truths. Erzähltechnik, romaninhärente Poetik und intertextuelles Erzählen als "konstruktiv-ironische" Demonstration der Wahrheit des Romans in Anthony Powells A Dance To The Music of Time. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades an der geisteswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Wien 1993.
 Peter Kislinger: Rezension zu: Isabelle Joyau: Investigating Powell's ´A Dance to the Music of Time´, London 1994, in: Sprachkunst 27 (1996/2), S. 374–383 (engl. in: Anthony Powell Society Newsletter 3/Spring 2001).
 Christopher Hitchens: Anthony Powell: An Omnivorous Curiosity (Review of To Keep the Ball Rolling), in: Arguably. Essays by Christopher Hitchens, S. 276–289, New York 2011 (Erstveröffentlichung in The Atlantic, Juni 2001).
 Nicholas Birns: Understanding Anthony Powell, University of South Carolina 2004
 Michael Barber: Anthony Powell. A Life, London 2004
 Dirk-Gerd Erpenbeck: So nicht im Baedeker: Helsingval oder Tallifors? Anmerkungen zu Anthony Powell's baltischem Roman Venusberg, in: Heinrich Bosse (u. a.) (Hrsg.): Buch und Bildung im Baltikum. Münster 2005, S. 581–598.
 Michael Maar: Leoparden im Tempel. H.C. Andersen, Borges, Canetti, Chesterton, Kafka, Lampedusa, Thomas Mann, Robert Musil, Nabokov, Powell, Proust, Virginia Woolf, Berlin Berenberg Verlag 2007
 Hilary Spurling: Anthony Powell : dancing to the music of time, [London] : Hamish Hamilton, 2017, ISBN 978-0-241-14383-4 (dt.: Anthony Powell. Tanzen zur Musik der Zeit. Übersetzung von Heinz Feldmann. Berlin: Elfenbein Verlag 2019, ISBN 978-3-96160-002-1).

Weblinks

 Anthony Powell Society (engl.)
 Anthony Powell Gesellschaft
 Marjorie Hakala: Seven Reasons to Read A Dance to the Music of Time auf: The Millions
 Andreas Isenschmid: Lange lebe die Upperclass in: Die Zeit, 19. November 2015, abgerufen am 29. Januar 2016
 Michael Maar: Die ganze Welt mit allen ihren Seiten auf Anthony Powell.de (ursprünglich in FAZ 17. Dezember 2005)
 Tariq Ali: Come dancing, in: The Guardian, 26. Januar 2008
 Peter Kislinger: Zielgerichtete Untersuchung an Wirrköpfen, 3. Dezember 2020, abgerufen am 5. Dezember 2020
 Peter Kislinger: Der mit dem Zwölfbänder tanzt: Ein Tanz zur Musik der Zeit / Die Kunst des Soldaten (ursprünglich in FALTER 11/2017, 17. März 2017, Seite 16), abgerufen am 5. Dezember 2020

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literaturkritiker
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Roman, Epik
Biografie
Autobiografie
Tagebuch
Drama
Essay
Herausgeber
Schriftsteller (London)
Person im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Commander des Order of the British Empire
Mitglied des Order of the Companions of Honour
Träger des James Tait Black Memorial Prize
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Letters
Brite
Geboren 1905
Gestorben 2000
Mann


text:
Finał Mistrzostw Europy w Piłce Nożnej 1968 – finał piłkarskich mistrzostw Europy, który odbył się w dniach 8 czerwca (pierwszy mecz) i 10 czerwca (drugi mecz) 1968 roku o godzinie 21:15 na Stadio Olimpico w Rzymie. Spotkały się w nim reprezentacja Włoch (gospodarze turnieju) z reprezentacją Jugosławii. Sędzią pierwszego meczu był Szwajcar Gottfried Dienst, który przy stanie 1:0 dla Jugosławii nie uznał prawidłowo zdobytej bramki przez Dragana Džajicia. Zaliczył natomiast kontrowersyjną bramkę Angelo Domenghiniego z rzutu wolnego, wykonanego przed gwizdkiem. Sędzią drugiego meczu został natomiast Hiszpan José María Ortiz de Mendíbil. Pierwszy mecz zakończył się remisem 1:1 (dogrywka nie przyniosła rozstrzygnięcia), finał zatem powtórzono dwa dni później. Zwycięzcą drugiego spotkania, a tym samym mistrzem Europy, po raz pierwszy w historii zostali Włosi, którzy pokonali Jugosłowian 2:0 po bramkach Pietro Anastasiego i Luigiego Rivy.

Uczestnicy
 vs

Droga do finału

Pierwszy mecz finałowy

Drugi mecz finałowy

MISTRZ EUROPY 1968

WŁOCHY

PIERWSZY TYTUŁ

Uwagi

Przypisy

Mistrzostwa Europy w Piłce Nożnej 1968
Mecze finałowe Mistrzostw Europy w Piłce Nożnej

Reprezentacja Włoch w piłce nożnej
Reprezentacja Jugosławii w piłce nożnej


text:
Nancy Kruse est une réalisatrice, scénariste et animatrice américaine. Elle principalement connue pour son travail sur Les Simpson. Elle a commencé à travailler sur l'émission dans la première saison comme artiste d'ordonnancement. Après, elle a fait des plans des décors et des plans des personnages pendant plusieurs années avant de devenir une assistante réalisatrice. Elle a commencé à réaliser dans la saison 10.

Filmographie

Réalisatrice

Scénariste
 2013 : À cheval ! de Lauren MacMullan
 2016-2017 : Rick et Morty
 2021 :   Encanto de Byron Howard et Jared Bush (Head Of Story)

Animatrice
 1989-2005 : Les Simpson (57 épisodes)
 1990 : Do the Bartman
 1994 : Profession : critique (1 épisode)
 2012 : Les Mondes de Ralph
 2007 : Les Simpson, le film

Storyboardeuse
 2002-2005 : Les Simpson (5 épisodes)
 2012 : Les Mondes de Ralph
 2013 : À cheval !

Liens externes

Réalisatrice américaine
Scénariste américain
Animateur américain
Date de naissance non renseignée (XXe siècle)


text:
Cécile Bidault (née en 1993) est une artiste plasticienne, peintre et illustratrice française, notamment en littérature jeunesse.

Biographie
Elle a suivi une formation à l'École Estienne, où elle a obtenu une MANAA, puis de 2012 à 2016 à l'école nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs (ENSAD), où elle a appris les techniques d'animation. Elle vit à Paris.

Distinction
Elle a obtenu plusieurs prix, notamment :

 2010 :
 Festival d'Angoulême : Concours de la BD scolaire ; graphisme : Espace Saint Jean à Melun
 concours général d'Arts Plastiques - second accessit
 2011 :
 concours de la BD scolaire d'Angoulême - prix graphisme
 concours général d'Arts Plastiques - second accessit
 concours ECV - premier prix
 2012 : concours de la BD scolaire d'Angoulême - prix graphisme
 2013 : concours Jeune Talent d'Angoulême - finaliste
 2015 :
 concours bande dessinée Crous-Cnous - premier prix
 concours Libération – Apaj, catégorie dessin - premier prix

 2018 :
 Festival d'Angoulême : nomination pour L'Écorce des choses (sélection Jeunesse)
 Prix Artémisia, Prix Avenir pour L'Ecorce des Choses

Publications
Cécile Bidault a participé à plusieurs œuvres en tant qu'auteure ou illustratrice, dont :
 Kyym, le petit mammouth, Jean-Michel Chevry, illustrations de Cécile Bidault, Éd. du Bout de la rue, 2013
 L'écorce des choses, Éd. Warum, 2017
 Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café, roman graphique, d'après Agnès Martin-Lugand, adaptation et scénario de Véronique Grisseaux, dessiné par Cécile Bidault, Michel Lafon (2019)

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1993
Illustratrice française
Illustrateur français du XXIe siècle
Illustratrice de livres d'enfance et de jeunesse
Élève de l'École Estienne
Élève de l'École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs


text:
After Words is an American television series on the C-SPAN2 network's weekend programming schedule known as Book TV. The program is an hour-long talk show, each week featuring an interview with the author of a new nonfiction book. The program has no regular host. Instead, each author is paired with a guest host who is familiar with the author or the subject matter of their book.

References

2011
After Words


text:
GB18030 je čínská státní norma popisující jazykovou a znakovou podporu závaznou pro software prodávaný v Čínské lidové republice. Kromě definice "kódové stránky GB18030" stanovuje, jaká písma musí být podporována, potřebné fonty, atd.

GB18030 jako kódová stránka
GB18030 je kódovaní registrované IANA pro oficiální znakovou sadu pro Čínu, která nahrazuje kódování GB2312. Formální název standardu je "Čínský národní standard GB 18030-2005: Informační technologie – čínská kódovaná znaková sada". GB je zkratka za , což čínsky znamená národní standard. Standard byl publikován Čínským vydavatelstvím standardů v Pekingu 8. listopadu 2005. Povinná je pouze část standardu, a všechen software prodávaný v Čínské lidové republice musí od 1. května 2006 tuto povinnou podmnožinu GB18030 podporovat. Díky své ekvivalenci s Unicode podporuje GB18030 zjednodušené i tradiční čínské znaky.

Starší verze standardu, známá jako "Čínský národní standard GB 18030-2000: Informační technologie – kódovaná znaková sada čínských ideogramů pro výměnu informací – Rozšíření základní sady", byla publikována 17. března 2000. Obě verze používají stejné kódovací schéma, došlo však k prohození kódových bodů pro znaky  a . Nový standard definuje díky aktualizaci standardu Unicode více kódových bodů, především přidává Jednotné ideografické rozšíření CJK B. Také byly doplněny některé znaky používané etnickými menšinami v Číně, jako například mongolské znaky a tibetské znaky (GB 16959-1997 a GB/T 20542-2006).

GB18030 může reprezentovat celý rozsah kódových bodů Unicode, proto jej lze považovat za transformační formát Unicode. GB18030 je stejně jako UTF-8 nadmnožinou kódování ASCII a je také nadmnožinou kódování GB2312. GB 18030-2005 zachovává kompatibilitu se starší znakovou sadou a s kódovou stránkou 936 ve Windows, označovanou také jako GBK, což je rozšířená verze GB2312 firmy Microsoft, až na znak Euro, který má v pozdější verzi GBK od Microsoftu jednobytový kód 0x80 a v GB18030 dvoubytový kód A2 E3. GB 18030-2005 je také kompatibilní s "Chinese Internal Code Specification, Version 1.0", známou jako GBK 1.0, která je mírným rozšířením Windows Codepage 936 z roku 1995. Pro 81 znaků však bylo mapování do Unicode změněno, protože těmto znakům byly v GBK 1.0 dočasně přiřazeny kódové body v Unicode oblastech pro soukromé použití (), a později jim byl přidělen kód v Unicode. Tyto znaky jsou uvedeny v příloze E standardu GB 18030-2005. Ve standardu GB 18030-2005 zbývá 24 znaků, které jsou stále mapovány na oblasti pro soukromé použití v Unicode.

Součástí zobrazení dat je vyhledávací tabulka (podobně jako u GBK). Zbytek transformace se počítá algoritmicky. Nový standard naneštěstí zdědil špatné aspekty starších standardů, ze kterých vychází (hlavním je, že vyžaduje speciální kód pro bezpečné nalezení ASCII znaků v GB18030 řetězci).

Povinná část GB 18030-2005 sestává z jedno- a dvoubytových kódování, spolu s čtyřbytovými kódováními pro rozšíření CJK Unified Ideographs. Odpovídající kódové body Unicode této podmnožiny leží všechny v BMP.

Před uvedením standardu GB 18030-2005 v platnost používala většina velkých počítačových firem jako primární kódování pro své binární formáty a služby operačního systému některou verzi Unicode. Většina těchto kódování však podporovala pouze 16bitový rozsah kódových bodů definovaný v Unicode 1.0, který dovoluje používat nejvýše 65536 znaků z BMP. Novinkou ve verzi GB 18030-2005 je povinná podpora některých kódových bodů mimo BMP. To znamená, že software již nemůže považovat znaky za entity s pevnou šířkou 16 bitů (jako v kódování UCS-2), ale musí buď používat formát s proměnnou šířkou (např. UTF-8 nebo UTF-16) nebo přejít na formát s pevnou šířkou s větším rozsahem (např. UTF-32). Microsoft provedl změnu z UCS-2 na UTF-16 ve Windows 2000.

Podpora GB18030 ve Windows

Kódování
Pro podporu kódování GB18030 ve Windows 2000 musí být nainstalován balíček podpory GB18030 . Windows XP podporují GB18030 nativně. Microsoft SQL Server nepodporuje (ani ve verzi SQL Server 2008) GB18030, protože místo UTF-16 používá UCS-2 (kromě použití varbinary blobů). Databáze PostgreSQL s otevřeným zdrojovým textem podporuje GB18030 díky své plné podpoře UTF-8.

Podpora kódování GB18030 ve Windows znamená, že funkce MultiByteToWideChar a WideCharToMultiByte podporují kódovou stránku 54936. Díky zpětné kompatibilitě lze mnoho souborů v kódování GB18030 úspěšně otevřít s podporou starší kódové stránky 936 (GBK), i když kódová stránka 54936 není podporována. To však platí pouze tehdy, když soubor obsahuje pouze GBK znaky. Pokud soubor obsahuje znaky, které v GBK neexistují, jeho načtení nebude úspěšné (viz příklady níže).

Glyfy
Balíček pro podporu GB18030 obsahuje sadu TrueTypových fontů SimSun18030.ttc, které kombinují dva čínské fonty, SimSun-18030 a NSimSun-18030.

Font SimSun 18030 obsahuje všechny znaky z Unicode 2.1 a nové znaky, které jsou v Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A, ale přes svoje jméno neobsahuje glyfy pro všechny znaky z GB 18030. Pomocí GB 18030 lze zakódovat více než milión kódových bodů z Unicode v intervalu 0 až U+10FFFF, tedy "font, který plně podporuje GB 18030", znamená, že obsahuje glyfy pro všechny znaky Unicode, nejen pro znaky CJK. HAN NOM A a HAN NOM B  jsou volně dostupné fonty, které obsahují všechny znaky z Rozšíření A a Rozšíření B, a jsou úplnější než SimSun-18030 nebo Simsun (Founder Extended), ale stejně nepodporují všechny kódové body definované v Unicode 5.0.0.

Technické detaily
Čtyřbytové kódy můžeme považovat za složené ze dvou dvoubytových jednotek. Každá jednotka má podobný formát jako dvoubytové znaky GBK, ale hodnota druhého bytu leží v intervalu 0x30–0x39 (což jsou ASCII kódy pro desítkové číslice). Hodnota prvního bytu leží v intervalu 0x81 až 0xFE, jako dříve. To znamená, že funkce pro hledání řetězců, které jsou bezpečné pro GBK, musí být také bezpečné pro GB18030 (stejně jako je základní bytově orientované vyhledávání bezpečné pro kódování EUC). To dává celkem 1587600 (126×10×126×10) možných čtyřbytových posloupností, což bohatě postačuje na pokrytí 1111998 přiřazených a rezervovaných kódových bodů z Unicode (17×65536 – 2048 kódů pro náhradních páry v UTF-16 – 66 ne-znaků). (Náhradní páry a ne-znaky jsou považovány za navržené ale ne přiřazené.)

Naneštěstí neexistují jednoduchá pravidla pro převod mezi čtyřbytovou posloupností a jí odpovídajícím kódovým bodem. Místo toho jsou kódy alokovány sekvenčně (přičemž první byte obsahuje nejvýznamnější část a poslední byte nejméně významnou část) pouze pro kódové body Unicode, které nejsou mapované jinak. Například:

 U+00DE (Þ) → 81 30 89 37
 U+00DF (ß) → 81 30 89 38
 U+00E0 (à) → A8 A4
 U+00E1 (á) → A8 A2
 U+00E2 (â) → 81 30 89 39
 U+00E3 (ã) → 81 30 8A 30

Odkazy

Reference

Související články
 GBK
 Kód Guobiao
 CJK
 Čínský znakový kód
 Porovnání Unicode kódování

Externí odkazy
 IANA Charset Registration pro GB18030
 Shrrnutí GB 18030-2000 v angličtině
 Úvod do GB18030 včetně vývoje od GB2312 a GBK (Sun/Internet Archive)
 GB18030: Mega-kódová stránka (IBM DeveloperWorks)
 Autoritativní tabulka zobrazení mezi GB18030-2000 a Unicode
 ICU Converter Explorer: GB18030
 Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A (PDF, 1.5MB)
 Unicode CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B (PDF, 13 MB)
 GB18030 Balíček podpory pro Windows 2000/XP, včetně čínského písma, tibetského písma, Yi, mongolského písma a thajského fontu firmy Microsoft (Internet Archive)
 Freewarové fonty, editory a dokumentace od SIL

Kódování znaků
Kódování asijských jazyků
Transformační formáty Unicode


text:
El Pa de Sucre es una montaña de los Pirineos con una altitud 2863 metros,  está situado en el límite de las comarcas de la Alta Ribagorza y el Valle de Arán, las dos en la provincia de Lérida.

Descripción

El Pa de Sucre está situado en la Sierra del Tumeneia, sierra en el límite de los municipios del Alto Arán (Valle de Arán) y Valle de Bohí (Alta Ribagorza), en esta sierra se encuentran los picos de la Punta d'Harlé (2893 m), Tumeneia (2783 m) y el Tuc de Monges (2707 m).

En la vertiente norte del pico se encuentra el Lago de Mar situado en el valle del río Valarties. En la vertiente sur del pico se encuentran los lagos glaciares del Estany de Tumeneia de Dalt, el Estany de Tumeneia de Baix y Estany Cloto, lagos que alimentan el embalse de Cavallers, todos ellos situados dentro del Parque nacional de Aiguas Tortas y Lago de San Mauricio.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Editorial Alpina, SL. Mapa Val d'Aran (2005-2006). Escala 1:40.000. Elaborado a partir de la Base Cartográfica del Servicio Geográfico del Ejército. ISBN 84-8090-191-8
 Generalitat de Catalunya. Atles dera Val d'Aran, Atles comarcal de Catalunya (1994). ISBN 84-393-2928-8

Enlaces externos

Dosmiles de los Pirineos de la provincia de Lérida
Alto Arán


text:
Charles Bunbury may refer to:

Sir Charles Bunbury, 4th Baronet (1708–1742), MP
Sir Charles Bunbury, 6th Baronet (1740–1821), MP
Sir Charles James Fox Bunbury, 8th Baronet (1809–1886)
Sir Charles Henry Napier Bunbury, 11th Baronet (1886–1963) of the Bunbury baronets


text:
Мария Гавриловна Пелых (род. 12 февраля 1935) — передовик советского машиностроения, шлифовщица Южного машиностроительного завода Министерства общего машиностроения СССР, город Днепропетровск Днепропетровской области, Герой Социалистического Труда (1976).

Биография
Родилась в 1935 году в селе Лучки, ныне Кобеляцкого района Полтавской области, в украинской крестьянской семье. В период Великой Отечественной войны проживала в родном селе на оккупированной территории.

В 1954 году трудоустроилась на Южный машиностроительный завод. Сначала работала на разгрузке угля, затем была шлифовщицей, токарем, пришлось трудиться на зубодолбёжных станках в цехе по производству тракторов. По решению руководства, ей приходилось работать в зоне по обслуживанию сразу 19 станков.

Указом Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 29 марта 1976 года за получение высоких показателей в машиностроение и отличные производственные показатели Марии Гавриловне Пелых было присвоено звание Героя Социалистического Труда с вручением ордена Ленина и медали «Серп и Молот».

Продолжала трудиться на заводе до выхода на заслуженный отдых в 1990 году.

Проживает в городе Днепре.

Награды
За трудовые успехи была удостоена:
 золотая звезда «Серп и Молот» (29.03.1976)
 Два ордена Ленина (26.04.1971, 29.03.1976)
 другие медали.

Примечания

Литература
 Шевченко С., Кучеров Е., Дорошев С. Трудовая слава Днепропетровщины. - Днепропетровск, 2013.

Ссылки

Токари
Делегаты XXV съезда КПСС
Рабочие СССР
Сотрудники «Южмаша»


text:
Menzhulyuk () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Starooskolsky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 71 as of 2010. There are 2 streets.

Geography
Menzhulyuk is located 59 km southeast of Stary Oskol (the district's administrative centre) by road. Preobrazhenka is the nearest rural locality.

References

Rural localities in Starooskolsky District


text:
Хобо:

 Хобо — странствующий рабочий, бродяга. Термин появился на западе США в конце XIX века.
 «Хобо» — издательство литературной группы ничевоков.
 Хобо, Чарлз Оуэн (род. 1961) — астронавт НАСА.


text:
Ring Ring Ring (Ha Ha Hey) est un single du groupe De La Soul.

Histoire
Sortie en 1991, la chanson est également présente sur l'album De La Soul Is Dead (1991) dont c'est le seconde single après A Roller Skating Jam Named "Saturdays" (1991).

La chanson utilise le sample de Act Like You Know (1982) de Fat Larry's Band, elle-même étant samplée de Help Is on the Way (1981) des Whatnauts. Néanmoins, 'autres samples sont présents comme Pass the Peas (1972) des J.B.'s ou Name and Number (1989) de .

La chanson atteint la première place du hit-parade suisse et finlandais notamment.

Notes et références

Chanson de 1991
Chanson de hip-hop américaine
Single numéro un en Suisse


text:
The women's 50 metre butterfly S7 event at the 2018 Commonwealth Games was held on 5 April at the Gold Coast Aquatic Centre. Per Commonwealth Games regulations, as only four participants entered the event, only a gold and silver medal would be awarded.

Records
Prior to this competition, the existing world, Commonwealth and Games records were as follows:

Schedule
The schedule is as follows:

All times are Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10)

Results

Heats

Final

References

Women's 50 metre butterfly S7
Common


text:
Zoe Zaoutzaina, född okänt år, död i maj 899, var en bysantinsk kejsarinna, gift med kejsar Leo VI.

Hon var dotter till byråkraten Stylianos Zaoutzes och först gift med en anonym hovman vid namn Thedodore Gouniatzizes. År 889 ska Zoe och Leo VI ha blivit förälskade i varandra. Zoes make avled, och ryktades ha blivit förgiftad av Leo, medan Leos maka Teofano Martiniake gick i kloster år 893. Därefter gifte sig Zoe och Leo och Zoe flyttade in i palatset och fyllde rollen som kejsarinna i hovritualerna. Det råder dock motsägelsefulla uppgifter om huruvida deras äktenskap var legalt, eftersom Leos förra maka fortfarande levde, och det noteras att Zoe och Leo gifte sig en gång till efter Teofanos död 897 och att Zoe blev krönt till kejsarinna först då. Zoe ska ha fått två döttrar under sitt äktenskap med Leo.

Källor

Kvinnor
Bysantinska kejsarinnor
Födda 800-talet
Avlidna 899
Personer i Bysantinska riket under 800-talet
Gravsatta i Apostlakyrkan


text:
Navneet Gautam is an Indian professional Kabaddi player. He was a member of the kabaddi team that won a gold medal in the 2010 Asian games in Guangzhou.

References

Living people
Indian kabaddi players
Asian Games medalists in kabaddi
Kabaddi players at the 2006 Asian Games
Kabaddi players at the 2010 Asian Games
Kabaddi players at the 2014 Asian Games
Year of birth missing (living people)
Asian Games gold medalists for India
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Place of birth missing (living people)
Recipients of the Arjuna Award


text:
The Fort of Zambujal, also referred to as the Fort of Casas Velhas, is located near the town of Zambujal-Casas Velhas, in the parish of Carvoeira, municipality of Mafra, Lisbon District, Portugal. Constructed in 1809–10, at 102 metres above sea level, it was one of the forts and other military works built by British and Portuguese troops to protect Lisbon from French forces, forming part of the Second Line of defence of the so-called Lines of Torres Vedras. Each work was given a number and Zambujal was No. 95.

History
The threat of invasion of Portugal by the French during the Peninsular War (1807–14) led to the construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras, to protect Lisbon from Napoléon Bonaparte's troops. The defences were ordered by the British commander, the Duke of Wellington after two French invasions had already been repelled. By so doing he was also seeking to protect his own retreat and possible evacuation if overwhelmed by French forces. The fort was built on a hill, allowing it to defend the surrounding gorge and valley and the road from Ericeira to Sintra. A third French invasion, headed by Marshal André Masséna, advanced to the Lines of Torres Vedras but could not pass them and after five months the French troops were forced to retreat. At its peak the fort was garrisoned by 250 soldiers and equipped with two cannon.

Built into rock the stronghold of the fort has a hexagonal design and is surrounded by a moat. It was built with a pronounced bastion for the cannon, connected to the stronghold by a tunnel through the rock.  In 2009 archaeological excavations were carried out to analyze the construction techniques used.  In the same year conservation and restoration works to control erosion and restore the fort were also carried out using funds from the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism allocated to restoration of the Lines of Torres Vedras.

See also

List of forts of the Lines of Torres Vedras

References

Zambujal
National monuments in Lisbon District
Lines of Torres Vedras

External links
Friends of the Lines of Torres Vedras


text:
Ad Astra è un film di fantascienza del 2019 diretto da James Gray.

Presentato in concorso alla 76ª Mostra internazionale d'arte cinematografica di Venezia, il film è stato accolto positivamente da parte della critica ma ha avuto un risultato inferiore del previsto al botteghino, incassando 133 milioni di dollari a fronte di un budget di 87 milioni. È stato candidato al miglior sonoro ai premi Oscar 2020.

Trama
In un futuro non lontano, le missioni spaziali hanno esplorato la maggior parte del sistema solare interno, fino a quando esso ha cominciato a venire periodicamente colpito da misteriosi picchi d'energia, le cui conseguenze minacciano la vita sulla Terra. Sopravvissuto a un grave incidente causato da uno di questi picchi mentre lavorava su un'antenna nell'orbita terrestre, il maggiore Roy McBride, figlio dell'uomo che è arrivato più lontano dalla Terra di chiunque altro, l'astronauta Clifford McBride, viene segretamente informato dalla SpaceCom (il comando spaziale statunitense) di una terribile scoperta: la causa dei picchi potrebbe essere un danneggiamento del sistema di generazione di energia ad antimateria che alimentava la nave spaziale del Progetto LIMA, la missione comandata proprio dal padre Clifford, lanciata 29 anni prima per cercare forme di vita intelligenti non umane e di cui non si sono più avute notizie dopo il suo ingresso nell'orbita di Nettuno, 16 anni prima. Informato del fatto che Clifford potrebbe essere ancora vivo, Roy accetta di recarsi in una base sotterranea della SpaceCom su Marte, che è immune ai picchi ed è l'avamposto umano più vicino a Nettuno, per inviare delle trasmissioni con cui stabilire un contatto con Clifford in virtù del suo legame filiale e cercare di fermare il fenomeno.

Nella missione Roy viene affiancato da un vecchio collega del padre, il colonnello Thomas Pruitt, con cui si reca sulla Luna, dove si imbarcherà su un vettore spaziale che lo porterà su Marte. Per raggiungere la base di lancio, i due devono attraversare un lungo tratto della superficie lunare privo di giurisdizione e soggetto ad attività di pirateria: mentre vengono scortati su dei rover da un gruppo di militari armati, il gruppo viene attaccato da dei rover pirata. Nonostante la morte degli uomini della scorta, Roy riesce a trarre Pruitt in salvo, ma il colonnello è fortemente indebolito e deve sottoporsi urgentemente ad un intervento chirurgico, quindi non può proseguire il viaggio: prima di separarsi, Pruitt confida a Roy che, se Clifford si rivelerà ostile, sarà suo compito eliminarlo. Roy sale insieme ad altri astronauti sul veicolo spaziale Cepheus. Durante il viaggio, la nave riceve una chiamata di soccorso da parte di una stazione spaziale norvegese dedicata alla ricerca biomedica: Roy e il capitano della Cepheus Lawrence Tanner si recano ad indagare, ma quest'ultimo viene attaccato e ucciso da dei babbuini inferociti, che erano le cavie della stazione e ne hanno ucciso tutto il personale dopo essersi liberati. Roy riesce a bloccare i babbuini in un modulo esterno che poi depressurizza, uccidendoli. Dopo un breve rito funebre di sepoltura nello spazio in onore del capitano Tanner, la Cepheus si appresta ad arrivare su Marte, quando si manifesta un altro picco energetico che danneggia la nave, facendole perdere l'allineamento necessario ed obbligandola a toccare il suolo marziano con una procedura manuale, che viene portata a termine con un atterraggio in tutta sicurezza grazie alle abilità da pilota di Roy.

Nella base marziana, Roy incontra Helen Lantos, direttrice della struttura, e viene accompagnato a registrare la trasmissione da inviare al Progetto LIMA. Il primo messaggio non riceve risposta; durante la registrazione del secondo, Roy si lascia prendere dall'emotività e lancia un appello commosso al padre. La trasmissione ottiene risposta, ma Roy viene immediatamente rimosso dal suo incarico da parte della SpaceCom, che sostiene che il suo eccessivo coinvolgimento affettivo potrebbe compromettere l'esito della missione. Nonostante protesti per poter ascoltare il messaggio del padre, Roy viene condotto in isolamento. Lì viene visitato da Helen, la quale gli rivela di essere figlia di due membri del Progetto LIMA, per poi mostrargli segretamente dei filmati del sistema di sorveglianza della nave del Progetto, che rivelano che l'equipaggio si era ammutinato, non riuscendo più a sopportare i tanti anni di permanenza nello spazio e desiderando tornare sulla Terra, evento a cui Clifford, irremovibile nella sua intenzione di proseguire la missione, reagì disattivando tutte le comunicazioni e i sistemi di supporto vitale dell'equipaggio, uccidendo così gli altri membri del Progetto, tra cui i genitori della donna. Roy viene inoltre informato del motivo per cui è stato rimosso dall'incarico: una volta localizzata la provenienza esatta della comunicazione da parte di Clifford, la sua presenza non è più di alcuna utilità per la SpaceCom, che intende eliminare la nave del Progetto LIMA mediante la detonazione di un ordigno nucleare portato a bordo della Cepheus. Helen spiega a Roy che l'equipaggio che lo ha condotto su Marte sta ripartendo con la Cepheus alla volta di Nettuno, quindi Roy decide di affrontare Clifford di persona ed Helen lo aiuta a raggiungere di nascosto la piattaforma di lancio.

Roy si introduce nell'astronave in fase di decollo; dopo averlo scoperto, l'equipaggio cerca di neutralizzarlo per ordine dalla SpaceCom, ma uno degli uomini, nel tentativo di colpirlo, spara ad una bombola che libera un gas letale: Roy, essendo l'unico ad indossare una tuta spaziale che lo protegge, rimane l'unico in vita all'interno della nave. Durante il lungo e solitario viaggio, Roy, disattivati i sistemi di localizzazione e comunicazione, riflette sul rapporto anaffettivo che ha sempre avuto verso la vita, con suo padre e la sua ex moglie Eve. Dopo più di due mesi, giunge finalmente alla stazione spaziale del Progetto LIMA, in orbita intorno a Nettuno. Per avvicinarsi alla base portando con sé l'ordigno è costretto ad uscire dalla Cepheus con un piccolo modulo, che viene però danneggiato attraversando gli anelli di Nettuno, anche a causa di un improvviso picco d'energia; non riuscendo ad attraccare la navetta alla base, vi entra tramite una passeggiata spaziale. Roy colloca la bomba e si prepara ad innescarla, ma in quel momento gli si manifesta suo padre, ormai infermo e semi-cieco.

In tutti quegli anni, Clifford aveva continuato a lavorare ossessivamente al Progetto; i dati che raccoglieva continuavano a mostrare la totale assenza di forme di vita intelligenti e non umane nell'universo osservabile, ma lui non era mai stato in grado di accettare ciò. Clifford conferma anche la teoria della SpaceCom riguardo ai picchi d'energia, causati dal nucleo ad antimateria della stazione, danneggiato durante l'ammutinamento, e ne accetta la distruzione. Dopo aver scaricato su un supporto di memoria i dati raccolti dal padre, Roy attiva il timer dell'ordigno e si prepara a tornare sulla Cepheus con lui, ma quest'ultimo usa i propulsori a getto della tuta spaziale per lanciarsi alla deriva nello spazio profondo. Roy, con immenso strazio interiore, lo lascia andare, raggiungendo poi la nave usando un portello staccato dallo scafo della base del Progetto come scudo per proteggersi dai frammenti rocciosi degli anelli di Nettuno. Ritrovatosi senza carburante a sufficienza per il viaggio di ritorno, Roy sfrutta l'onda d'urto dell'esplosione nucleare che distrugge la fonte dei picchi per far sì che la Cepheus riceva una spinta abbastanza forte da imprimere l'accelerazione e la velocità aggiuntiva necessaria per allontanarsi rapidamente e arrivare fino alla Terra. Atterrato e allo stremo delle forze, viene soccorso dagli uomini della SpaceCom.

Avendo ottenuto prove sperimentali del fatto che l'umanità sarebbe l'unica forma di vita intelligente nell'universo osservabile, Roy inizia ad apprezzare maggiormente la propria vita, tornando assieme ad Eve e ricongiungendosi con le persone a lui più vicine.

Produzione

Sviluppo
Il progetto è stato annunciato al Festival di Cannes 2016 dal regista James Gray, che, paragonando il film al racconto Cuore di tenebra, ha dichiarato di voler portare sullo schermo «la miglior rappresentazione dello spazio mai vista in un film».

Nell'aprile del 2017, Gray ha annunciato che Brad Pitt sarebbe stato il protagonista. Nel mese di giugno, Tommy Lee Jones è entrato nel cast nel ruolo del padre del personaggio di Pitt. Ad agosto, Ruth Negga, John Finn, Donald Sutherland e Jamie Kennedy si sono uniti al cast.

Riprese
Le riprese del film sono cominciate a metà agosto 2017 a Santa Clarita, in California, e sono durate 60 giorni. A seguito dei bassi risultati ottenuti dal film nei test screening preliminari, la produzione ha ordinato una sessione di riprese aggiuntive, a cui Pitt non ha partecipato a causa di altri impegni lavorativi, aumentando il budget da 80 milioni di dollari a 90 milioni.

Post-produzione
Per realizzare le scene ambientate nello spazio, sulla Luna e in altri pianeti, la produzione ha avuto l'aiuto di astronauti e compagnie aerospaziali, tra le quali la NASA, la Jet Propulsion Laboratory e la SpaceX, affinché le sequenze risultassero più plausibili e veritiere possibili. Il regista si è inoltre consultato con gli studiosi di cinema sperimentale Gregory Zinman e Leo Goldsmith per ispirarsi all'aspetto visivo del film.

Agli effetti visivi del film hanno lavorato la Moving Picture Company, Method Studios, Mr. X, Weta Digital, Brainstorm Digital e Capital T, supervisionati da Allen Maris (vfx supervisor), Christopher Downs, Guillaume Rocheron, Ryan Tudhope, Aidan Fraser, Olaf Wendt, Anders Langlands, Eran Dinur e Jamie Hallett.

Colonna sonora
La colonna sonora del film è stata composta principalmente da Max Richter, con l'aggiunta di musiche composte da Lorne Balfe.

Promozione
Il primo trailer del film è stato diffuso online il 5 giugno 2019.

Distribuzione
Il film è stato presentato in anteprima il 29 agosto 2019 alla 76ª Mostra internazionale d'arte cinematografica di Venezia, nel concorso principale.

È stato distribuito nelle sale cinematografiche statunitensi a partire dal 20 settembre 2019 da Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, sotto il logo della 20th Century Fox, mentre in quelle italiane dal 26 settembre. La data di uscita del film originariamente era fissata per il 11 gennaio 2019, prima di essere posticipata al 24 maggio e poi ulteriormente posticipata.

Edizione italiana
L'edizione italiana del film è stata curata da Marco Guadagno, direttore del doppiaggio e anche autore di dialoghi, con la supervisione di Rosetta Fortezza, mentre il doppiaggio italiano fu eseguito dalla 3Cycle S.r.l. e la sonorizzazione è stata affidata alla CDC Sefit Group.

Accoglienza

Incassi
Ad Astra ha incassato  $ negli Stati Uniti e in Canada, più altri  $ nel resto del mondo, per un totale di  $. Secondo il sito web Deadline.com, in previsione di un incasso finale di 150 milioni di dollari, il risultato commerciale al di sotto delle aspettative del film avrebbe causato alla Fox perdite fino a 30 milioni.

In Nord America, dove il film ha esordito assieme a Downton Abbey e Rambo: Last Blood, le previsioni d'incasso per il suo weekend d'apertura erano tra i 15 e i 20 milioni di dollari. Il film ha incassato 7,2 milioni il suo primo giorno di programmazione, terminando il weekend con un totale di 19 milioni, classificandosi al 2º posto dietro Downton Abbey. I sondaggi effettuati da CinemaScore tra gli spettatori hanno avuto come risultato un punteggio in media pari a "B-" su una scala da A+ a F, mentre quelli intervistati da PostTrak hanno dato 2 stelle e mezzo su 5, con un 40% di spettatori a dichiarare che avrebbero raccomandato il film. Deadline ha paragonato il risultato a quello di First Man - Il primo uomo (2018), anch'esso un film drammatico sull'esplorazione spaziale accolto calorosamente dalla critica e più freddamente dal pubblico, incassando quindi poco in relazione al suo cast e budget. Il film ha poi incassato 10,1 milioni nel suo secondo weekend nordamericano e 4,4 nel terzo, scendendo rispettivamente al 5º e al 6º posto.

Critica
Ad Astra ha avuto un'accoglienza critica generalmente positiva: sull'aggregatore Rotten Tomatoes riceve l'84% delle recensioni professionali positive, con un voto medio di 7,5 su 10 basato su 366 critiche, mentre su Metacritic, che utilizza una media aritmetica ponderata, il film ottiene un punteggio di 80 su 100 basato su 56 recensioni da parte della critica, ad indicare «giudizi tendenzialmente favorevoli».

Richard Roeper del Chicago Sun-Times ha assegnato al film 3 stelle e mezzo su 4, definendolo «uno dei più belli dell'anno, anche nei momenti in cui smette di avere un senso e l'interpretazione di Brad Pitt oscilla tra le sue migliori e non esattamente migliori di sempre». David Ehrlich di IndieWire ha assegnato al film un punteggio pari ad "A", definendolo «una delle epopee spaziali più meditative, riservate e stranamente ottimistiche dai tempi di Solaris», nonché «una delle migliori». Ehrlich lo ha poi inserito nella sua classifica dei migliori film dell'anno, posizionandolo al 4º posto. Grant Hermanns di ComingSoon.net lo posiziona invece al 7º posto. Peter Travers di Rolling Stone assegna al film quattro stelle su cinque, lodando l'interpretazione «implosiva» di Pitt e l'approccio di Gray allo scenario fantascientifico, paragonandolo per tematiche e stile a Gravity (2013) e Interstellar (2014).

Meno positivo è invece Mark Kermode del Guardian che, pur trovando «incoraggiante un film sullo spazio da 80 milioni di dollari le cui ambizioni artistiche mirano alle stelle, piuttosto che semplicemente a riciclare cliché intergalattici», ne critica la fattura e i toni, scrivendo che: «Pitt esprime il suo tormento interiore in monologhi pseudo-malickiani, intervallati da immagini da pubblicità di profumi con Liv Tyler [...] Se First Man - Il primo uomo era una lezione pratica di show, don't tell al cinema, Ad Astra sembra invece determinato a "mostrare" e "raccontare" in ogni occasione, fino all'artificiosa conclusione». Adam Graham del Detroit News gli assegna un punteggio pari a "C", definendolo «cinema lento e ottuso, senza legami emotivi». Similmente, Nora Lee Mandel di Film Forward trova che «Ad Astra immagina nel dettaglio aspetti pratici e interpersonali dell'insediamento sulla Luna e oltre, ma le sue intuizioni sulla natura umana rimangono al più semplicistico livello di psicologia pop».

Riconoscimenti
 2020 - Premio Oscar
 Candidatura per il miglior sonoro a Tom Johnson, Gary Rydstrom e Mark Ulano
 2019 - Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
 Miglior utilizzo degli effetti speciali
 2019 - National Film & TV Awards
 Candidatura per il miglior film
 Candidatura per il miglior attore non protagonista a Tommy Lee Jones
 2019 - Golden Tomato Awards
 Film di fantascienza meglio recensito
 2019 - Mostra internazionale d'arte cinematografica
 In competizione per il Leone d'oro al miglior film
 2019 - San Diego Film Critics Society Awards
 Candidatura per la miglior fotografia a Hoyte van Hoytema
 2020 - Critics' Choice Awards
 Candidatura per i migliori effetti speciali
 Candidatura per il miglior film di fantascienza / horror
 2021 - Saturn Award
 Candidatura per il miglior film di fantascienza
 Candidatura per i migliori costumi a Albert Wolsky
 Candidatura per i miglior effetti speciali a Scott R. Fisher ed Allen Maris

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Film d'avventura
Film thriller drammatici
Film IMAX
Film girati in California
Film ambientati nel futuro


text:
Reign of Darkness is a 2015 release by American heavy metal band Circle II Circle. It was the band's seventh studio full-length release and their third in a row on earMUSIC.

Track listing
 "Over-Underture" – 02:27
 "Victim of the Night" – 05:18
 "Untold Dreams" – 04:49
 "It's All Over" – 03:42
 "One More Day" – 03:48
 "Ghost of the Devil" – 03:33
 "Somewhere" – 04:35
 "Deep Within" – 04:45
 "Taken Away" – 04:08
 "Sinister Love" – 04:00
 "Solitary Rain" – 05:15

Personnel
 Zachary Stevens – lead vocals
 Paul Michael Stewart – bass, vocals
 Christian Wentz – guitars, vocals
 Bill Hudson – guitars
 Henning Wanner – keyboards
 Marcelo Moreira – drums

Production
 Recorded/mixed at Immaculate Production Studios in Oakland, California
 Produced by Christian Wentz
 Mixed by Ron Keeler
 Mastered by James Murphy at Safe House Production

References

External links
 Official Circle II Circle website
 Reign of Darkness on Encyclopaedia Metallum

2015 albums
Circle II Circle albums


text:
The 2015–16 B Group was the 61st season of the Bulgarian B Football Group, the second tier of the Bulgarian football league system.

A total of 16 teams contested the league: 10 of which returning from the 2014–15 season, 4 of which promoted from third division and two new teams - the reserves team of Ludogorets Razgrad and Litex Lovech.

This season was different compared to previous seasons in terms of promotion. Since the league structure was changed for the first and second tiers, as well as the licensing criteria needed for teams entering the First League, a select number of teams were promoted administratively to the First League, without consideration of their league positions, which was reflected in the league table.

Stadia and locations

League table

Results

Promotion play-offs

Season statistics

Top scorers

Updated on 1 June 2016

Hat-tricks

References

2015-16
Bul
2


text:
Paul Christopher Maynard (né le ) est un homme politique du Parti conservateur britannique. Il est élu aux élections générales de 2010 en tant que député de Blackpool North et Cleveleys. Le , il est nommé sous-secrétaire d'État parlementaire au département des transports du ministère Johnson.

Jeunesse
Né à Crewe, Cheshire, Maynard subi une paralysie cérébrale et un trouble de la parole quand il a été étranglé par le cordon ombilical à la naissance. À l'âge de 22 ans, il développe une épilepsie, ce qui signifie qu'il doit être Abstème pour éviter d'avoir des crises. Il fréquente une école spécialisée de 3 à 5 ans avant de passer à l'enseignement ordinaire au St. Ambrose College, un lycée basé à Altrincham, et obtient un diplôme d'histoire de première classe au University College d'Oxford. Maynard est un lecteur de son église locale et est également gouverneur de son école primaire catholique locale.

Carrière politique
Après avoir quitté l'université, Maynard travaille comme conseiller du député conservateur Liam Fox et rédacteur de discours pour William Hague - le député conservateur et chef de l'opposition. Le , il se présente sans succès comme candidat conservateur dans le quartier de Custom House et Silvertown du conseil de Newham. Il est arrivé quatrième quand il s'est présenté sans succès en tant que candidat conservateur dans le quartier de Beckton du Conseil de Newham le  et n'a par la suite pas été élu conseiller dans le quartier de Custom House du Conseil de Newham le . Il est également candidat conservateur à Twickenham aux élections générales de 2005, terminant deuxième avec 32,4% des voix.

Maynard est sélectionné pour Blackpool North et Cleveleys en , après avoir été sur la "liste A" des conservateurs et déménage dans la circonscription pour y vivre. Maynard est élu à la Chambre des communes lors des élections générales de 2010 avec une majorité de 2 150 voix. Il est la deuxième personne atteinte de paralysie cérébrale à devenir député britannique; Le conservateur Terry Dicks ayant été le premier.

En , Maynard raconte au Times les mauvais traitements qu'il a subis de la part des députés travaillistes, qui s'étaient moqués de son handicap lors d'un débat à la Chambre des communes sur l'abolition du Child Trust Fund le . Diverses sources du Parti travailliste ont confirmé qu'un tel comportement était inacceptable et Rosie Winterton, la whip en chef du Parti travailliste, et son adjoint Alan Campbell auraient parlé aux députés de l'incident peu de temps après. Quelques jours après l'interview du Maynard Times, John Bercow, le président de la Chambre des communes, a publié une déclaration écrite avertissant les députés que de tels abus étaient inacceptables.

Maynard, qui s'identifie comme catholique, vote contre le projet de loi sur le mariage (couples de même sexe) en 2013.

Lors des élections générales de 2015, Maynard est réélu en tant que député pour son siège, avec une majorité accrue de 3 340 voix.

Maynard soutient le Brexit avant le référendum de 2016.

En , la nouvelle Première ministre Theresa May nomme Maynard pour remplacer Claire Perry au poste de sous-secrétaire d'État parlementaire au ministère des Transports. Il est responsable des grands projets ferroviaires, de la sécurité et de la sûreté ferroviaires, des services aux passagers, du financement des transports, de l'accessibilité, des tarifs ferroviaires et de la billetterie. Il fait face à des critiques en raison d'une action revendicative non résolue et de la perturbation majeure des services qui en a résulté sur la ligne sud (Govia Thameslink Railway).

Maynard est réélu député en 2017, mais avec une majorité réduite de 2023 voix. Le , la Première ministre Theresa May nomme Maynard comme whip du gouvernement en lui attribuant le rôle de Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury et il cesse de travailler en tant que sous-secrétaire d'État parlementaire au ministère des Transports.

Maynard a fait campagne sur un éventail de questions, telles que le maintien des prix du carburant à un bas niveau et l'investissement pour la reconstruction du Collège catholique St Mary. Il a longtemps été un défenseur des handicaps, avec des liens actifs avec la RAD, Scope et Trailblazers. En , Maynard joue un rôle actif dans l'amélioration de l'accessibilité à l'apprentissage pour les personnes ayant des troubles d'apprentissage. En collaboration avec un groupe de travail, il produit une liste de recommandations qui seront examinées par le BRI et le DWP.

Au Parlement, Maynard a précédemment siégé au comité du travail et des pensions et au comité des transports.

En , il est nommé sous-secrétaire d'État parlementaire à la Justice au sein du ministère du 2 mai jusqu'en .

Références

Liens externes

Député du 58e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 57e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 56e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du 55e Parlement du Royaume-Uni
Député du Parti conservateur (Royaume-Uni)
Étudiant de l'University College (Oxford)
Naissance en décembre 1975


text:
Villa Bella is a village in the Vaca Díez Province, in the Beni Department of Bolivia.

References

Populated places in Beni Department


text:
È fratello di Steinar Nilsen, anch'egli allenatore di calcio ed ex calciatore.

Carriera

Giocatore
Iniziò la sua carriera professionistica nel 1987 nel Tromsø. Nel 1989 passò al Viking, con cui vinse la Tippeligaen nel 1991. Dopo una stagione in prestito al Colonia, nel 1993 si trasferì in Inghilterra, allo Sheffield United, dove rimase per sei stagioni. Nella fase conclusiva della carriera ha vestito le maglie di Tottenham Hotspur, , , Bryne e Stavanger.

Con la Nazionale di calcio norvegese ha disputato 32 partite, segnando 2 gol, ed ha preso parte al  negli Stati Uniti.

Allenatore

Nel 2006 si è ritirato dal calcio giocato ed ha intrapreso la carriera da allenatore, guidando lo Stavanger e portandolo alla promozione in Seconda Divisione norvegese. Al termine della stagione ha lasciato il club per assumere l'incarico di vice-allenatore del Viking.

In vista della stagione 2018 è diventato il nuovo allenatore del Vidar.

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Calciatori della Nazionale norvegese


text:
Die Ionischen Inseln sind:
 eine griechische Inselgruppe, siehe Ionische Inseln
 eine griechische Verwaltungsregion, siehe Ionische Inseln (griechische Region)
 im frühen 19. Jahrhundert eine Republik unter britischer Oberhoheit, siehe Republik der Ionischen Inseln


text:
Wężewo peut désigner :

Toponymie
dans la voïvodie de Mazovie
 Wężewo, un village

dans la voïvodie de Varmie-Mazurie
 Wężewo, un village dans la powiat d'Olecko
 Wężewo, un village dans la powiat de Pisz


text:
Balai è una località del comune di Porto Torres  affacciata sul golfo dell'Asinara.

Vi sorgono le chiesette di san Gavino a mare e Santu Bainzu ischabizzaddu e una serie di piccole spiagge, calette e grotte marine. Il territorio è stato in passato la sede del martirio dei santi e patroni della città Gavino, Proto e Gianuario.

Geografia fisica
Il litorale di Balai è prevalentemente alto con formazioni rocciose di natura calcarea. È delimitato ad ovest dal porto commerciale e ad est dalla torre di Abbacurrente, dalla popolazione l'area viene suddivisa in Balai vicino e Balai lontano in riferimento alla distanza dal centro cittadino.

Monumenti e luoghi d'interesse

Architetture religiose

 Chiesette di san Gavino a mare e Santu Bainzu ischabizzaddu.

Aree naturali
 Spiaggia di Balai;
 Spiaggia dello scoglio ricco;
 Grotta di Balai;
 Grotta dell'inferno;
 Cala dell'Inferno;
 Rocca de lu Silesu.

Infrastrutture e trasporti

Strade
L'intero litorale è raggiungibile appena dall'uscita del porto proseguendo sulla strada provinciale per Platamona. Inoltre è presente un itinerario ciclopedonale che costeggia l'intero tratto costiero dalla spiaggia fino alla chiesetta di Balai lontano.

Media

Fumetti
Balai è stata una delle ambientazioni de "Il Tesoro di Barbarossa", episodio della serie a fumetti Dago.

Note

Voci correlate
 Porto Torres
 Golfo dell'Asinara

Altri progetti

Porto Torres
Coste della Sardegna
Spiagge della Sardegna


text:
El tronco de cono, cono truncado o tronco de Garófalo es el sólido de revolución generado al rotar un trapecio rectángulo tomando como eje de giro su lado perpendicular a las bases.

Medidas

Un tronco de cono recto, de bases paralelas, es la porción de cono comprendido entre dos planos que lo cortan y son perpendiculares a su eje. Queda determinado por los radios de las bases,  y , la altura, , y la generatriz, , entre las cuales se cumple la relación del teorema de Pitágoras:

Áreas

El área lateral de un tronco de cono se puede hallar mediante la semisuma de los perímetros de las bases concatenadas a nivel del esternón, por la generatriz:

El área total de un tronco de cono, la cual es el área lateral más el área de las bases menor y mayor , se puede hallar mediante la fórmula:

Volumen
El volumen de un tronco de cono se puede hallar utilizando el producto entre la altura del tronco y la media heroniana del área de las bases:

También puede considerarse el cono original de altura H y radio r1 al que se le trunca un cono de altura H-h cuya base tendrá radio r2 (ésta base será la tapa superior del tronco de cono):

Dado que el cono original y la parte trucanda comparten el ángulo de semiabertura se tienen las siguientes proporcionalidades:

Sustituyendo esta última relación en  se llega a la fórmula anterior dada para el volumen:

Véase también
 Tronco (geometría)
 Tronco de pirámide
 Media heroniana
 Volumen
 Área
 Conicidad

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Derivation of formula for the volume of frustums of pyramid and cone (Mathalino.com)
 Problema práctico sobre el volumen de un tronco de cono elíptico

Figuras geométricas