text:
Lo shutout (acronimo SO) è una terminologia usata nell'hockey su ghiaccio per indicare quando un portiere termina una partita senza aver subito reti. Il portiere con più shutout nella storia dell'NHL, la più importante lega di hockey a livello mondiale, è il canadese Martin Brodeur, a quota 121, mentre la squadra che ha ottenuto il maggior numero di shutout in una stagione furono i Columbus Blue Jackets nella 2006-2007, che non subirono gol in 16 partite.

È accaduto, in diverse occasioni, che a causa di una sostituzione a più portieri sia stato attribuito lo stesso shutout, per esempio quando il 6 dicembre 2011 Roberto Luongo, in una gara tra i suoi Vancouver Canucks ed i Colorado Avalanche, respinse tutti i tiri nella sua porta fino, però, a subire un infortunio al collo; lo sostituì Cory Schneider che non ne incassò di ulteriori, assegnando a sé stesso ed al compagno lo shutout.

Il termine è utilizzato, seppur raramente, anche nel rugby, nel football americano e nel baseball quando una squadra termina la partita impedendo agli avversari di segnare anche un solo punto. Il termine, infine, presenta un equivalente nel calcio, ovvero clean sheet, utilizzato quando una squadra termina una partita senza subire gol; quest'espressione è però usata prevalentemente nel calcio anglosassone.

Terminologia dell'hockey su ghiaccio


text:
Leipoxais acharis är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Erich Martin Hering 1928. Leipoxais acharis ingår i släktet Leipoxais och familjen ädelspinnare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Ädelspinnare
acharis

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Esgaroth, or Lake-town, is a fictional community of Men upon the Long Lake that appears in the 1937 novel The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien. Constructed entirely of wood and standing upon wooden pillars sunk into the lake-bed, the town is south of the Lonely Mountain and east of Mirkwood. The town's prosperity is apparently built upon trade between the Men who inhabit it, and the Elves and the Dwarves of northern Middle-earth. The chief mode of transport of the people of Esgaroth is stated to be their boats.

At the time in which The Hobbit is set, Esgaroth appears to be a city-state, and a republic with no king (the only real republic shown in Middle-earth). The Master of Lake-town was said in-universe to be elected from among the "old and wise"; scholars have noted that all the same, he was trapped by his greed. Tolkien modelled the town closely on the real neolithic pile dwellings that were discovered near the Alps in the 19th century.

Fictional role

Geography

Esgaroth was located in north-eastern Wilderland, a large inland region of Middle-earth. It was situated on the western shores of the Long Lake, close to the inflow of the Forest River. The Forest River provided an upstream route to Mirkwood. The Lonely Mountain, which could be seen from the town and could be reached by travelling up the Long Lake and then up its northern inflow, the Celduin. The Celduin flowed out of the south of the lake, providing a travel route from Esgaroth all the way downstream to the land of Dorwinion on the Sea of Rhûn. It had been preceded by a larger town, also built over the lake on piles that could still be seen during droughts, but Tolkien never wrote any further account of this.

Language

The inhabitants of Esgaroth knew the language spoken by most of Tolkien's Middle-earth, Westron. Amongst themselves they spoke an ancient form of it, which was loosely related to but distinct from the also-ancient language of the Rohirrim. Tolkien "translated" Westron into English in his text, so to represent the ancient relative of it that the Rohirrim spoke, he substituted Old English.  Thus, Tolkien substituted Old Norse for the language of the Men of Esgaroth (in person and place names, etc.) because it is an ancient relative of Old English.

Master of Lake-town
Master of Lake-town is the title given to the elected leader of Esgaroth. The Master of the town when Bilbo and Thorin's Company arrived in The Hobbit was portrayed as a capable businessman, but more than a little greedy and cowardly. He was stated as having run off with a large amount of gold and dying in the epilogue.

Concept and artwork

Tolkien made a series of drawings of Bilbo's escape from the Elves, as he floated with the Dwarves in barrels down to Esgaroth. The finished drawing shows a town on wooden piles above the lake, accessed by a walkway. He modelled the town closely on the neolithic pile dwellings that have been found on Swiss lakes, probably based on an artist's conception of such a town such as in Robert Munro's 1908 Les stations lacustres d'Europe aux ages de la pierre et du bronze. The scholars Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull note that in an earlier drawing, two Dwarves can be seen crawling out of their barrels, with Bilbo still invisible as he was wearing the Ring, whereas the finished drawing shows the barrels without Dwarves, perhaps at the moment just before Bilbo started to let them out; an Elf, poling the raft, has been added. The text of The Hobbit states that night had fallen and the Men of the town had gone indoors to eat, while in the drawing, it is still day and swan-headed boats (based, they note, on those in Tolkien's painting The Halls of Manwë for The Silmarillion) are still being rowed about the lake.

Fictional etymology

Compared to Dale, the other town in the valley of the River Running, Esgaroth is the more "mannish" and vernacular settlement. Its masters do not have any elvish-sounding names as the former kings of Dale, nor is Esgaroth a monarchy. This stems from the fact that in the past, Esgaroth was less influenced by the refined Númenorean civilisation than Dale.

The meaning of the name Esgaroth is unclear. While it is not Sindarin, one of Tolkien's elvish languages, it may be "'Sindarized' in shape" as the author himself explained. In early manuscripts, Tolkien provides a root esek meaning "sedge" or "reed" in the early Elvish language of Ilkorin, but reeds are not mentioned in the description of Lake-town that was published in The Hobbit. The name has been compared to the Sumerian word gi meaning reed.

Interpretation

Esgaroth has been interpreted as Tolkien's criticism of capitalism featuring a ruling elite class that exploits the lower-class citizens. The human Master of Lake-Town, like the Dwarf Thorin Oakenshield who has become obsessed with the dragon's hoard, and the dragon Smaug himself, may all three be seen as illustrations of the "greedy, destructive side of capitalism". The Master, however, is rather trapped in his monotonic life of bureaucracy and cronyism, since he is both the chief capitalist and chief politician of the town. On the other hand, Esgaroth does not abandon capitalism after the destruction of Smaug. While the town experiences a new prosperity, the "managerial class" of merchants is not replaced. Although he portrays the highly capitalistical town in a bad light, Tolkien does not advocate a socialist system for the reconstructed Lake-town either. Instead the town's situation at the end of The Hobbit has been called an "orderly liberty".

The archaeologist Deborah Sabo, in Mythlore, calls the description of Lake-town as Bilbo arrives there "perhaps Tolkien's most vivid attempt to model a place in Middle-earth on real-world archaeology". She notes that pile dwellings were discovered at Lake Zurich in 1853–1854 when the water level was unusually low; Ferdinand Keller proposed that the village had been constructed on a platform on piles over the lake, creating "a sensation". By 1900, some hundreds of lake villages had been identified from Britain and Europe, and in a "lake-dwelling craze", children's books and newspaper and magazine articles provided pictures and descriptions of lake villages. In addition, Sabo writes that Tolkien characteristically viewed the past as far better than the present, and that after Smaug has fallen, dying, on the town, destroying it, people avoid the place: "few dared to cross the cursed spot, and none dared to dive into the shivering water or recover the precious stones that fell from his rotting carcase." She states that in this passage, Tolkien is projecting the tale into the future, when the new town too will be an archaeological site, complete with folklore beliefs about a haunted place containing bones, jewels, and the remains of the piles of the town.

It has been observed that there is an internal division in the minds of the people of Esgaroth. What they remember of the town's glorious past is preserved in songs and tales, but this lore is not considered actual history by the people but rather fiction. A few songs looked into the future foretelling the return of the dwarven kings and a new age of prosperity. The unexpected arrival of Thorin therefore causes great excitement among the Esgarothians who immerse "themselves in a fantasy that is only tangentially connected to the old prophecies ... and is almost completely detached from the world around them." The practical Master is capable of adapting to this new situation by assisting in the composition of new songs from which he profits. Eventually it is Bard though whose voice in the battle against the dragon is the voice of legend when he is revealed as the direct heir of Girion, Lord of Dale.

In other media

In Peter Jackson's 2012–2014 The Hobbit film series, Stephen Fry plays the role of the Master of Lake-town in The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.

In the 2006 strategy game The Battle for Middle-Earth II, the settlement of Esgaroth is featured in the campaign and available for skirmish.

References

Primary
This list identifies each item's location in Tolkien's writings.

Secondary

Sources

Middle-earth populated places
Fictional city-states


text:
Animal Tails is an American television variety show for teenage animal lovers. Hosted by comedian Mark Curry, the series highlights different features of the animal kingdom, from pets to more exotic animals. Reruns of this series currently air Saturday mornings on Bounce TV.

References

External links

PAX TV original programming
American educational television series
2000s American variety television series
2003 American television series debuts
English-language television shows


text:
Карои () је насеље и округ у провинцији Машаноленд Запад у Зимбабвеу. Град Карои се налази отприлике 85 км од Чинхојиа, и око 200 -{km}- северозападно од Харареа, дуж главног пута од Харареа до Карибе и Чирундуа. Карои се налази у пољопривредном крају, у близими града Чинхоји, седишта провинције Машоналенд Запад. Број становника града према попису из 1992. је био 14.763. У 2004. години процењено је 25.030 становника.

1945. Карои је постао резервисаноо подручје за већином беле ратне ветеране који су добили помоћ од владе да започну узгајање дувана.

Референце

Види још
 Списак градова у Зимбабвеу

Градови у Зимбабвеу
Википројект географија/Насеља у Зимбабвеу


text:
Lov, pris och ära vare dig är en morgonpsalm och aftonpsalm skriven av Martin Brunnerus. Den femte versen i 1695 års psalmbok är tillagd och skriven av Jesper Swedberg.

Publicerad i
Den svenska psalmboken 1694 som nummer 406 under rubriken "Morgon och Afton Psalmer".
1695 års psalmbok som nummer 346 under rubriken "Morgon- eller Afton-psalm".
Den svenska psalmboken 1819 som nummer 416 under rubriken "Med avseende på särskilda personer, tider och omständigheter: Morgon och afton: Morgonpsalmer".

Referenser

Noter

Svenska psalmer
Morgonpsalmer
Aftonpsalmer


text:
La giustizia è l'ordine virtuoso dei rapporti umani in funzione del riconoscimento e del trattamento istituzionale dei comportamenti di una persona o di più persone coniugate in una determinata azione secondo la legge o contro la legge. Per l'esercizio della giustizia deve esistere un codice che classifica i comportamenti non ammessi in una certa comunità umana, e una struttura giudicante che traduca il dettame della legge in una conseguente azione giudiziaria.

Al di là dell'azione giudiziaria istituzionalizzata, che opera con una giustizia impositiva e codificata, esiste un senso della giustizia, definito talvolta naturale in quanto ritenuto innato, che impegna ogni singolo individuo a tenere nei confronti dei propri simili o gruppi, in situazioni ordinarie o straordinarie di usare criteri di giudizio, e di conseguente comportamento, rispondenti a giustizia nel senso di onestà, correttezza e non lesività del prossimo. È in questo senso che la giustizia diventa una virtù morale, quindi privata e non codificata e istituzionalizzata, che è però di enorme portata assiologica, in base alla quale si osservano regole comportamentali che riguardano sé e gli altri nei doveri e nelle aspettative.

La giustizia, per sé, per gli altri e per chiunque, si traduce comunque in un dovere e in un diritto che coinvolge chiunque appartenga a una certa comunità, in senso riduttivo, e ogni persona umana in generale, in senso estensivo. La giustizia è la costante e perpetua volontà, tradotta in azione, di riconoscere a ciascuno ciò che gli è dovuto; questo è l'ufficio, deontologico e inviolabile, che il magistrato preposto deve porre in atto nei luoghi deputati a rendere giustizia: i tribunali. La giustizia, che è messa in atto sempre come volontà del popolo, è anche azione repressiva, potere legittimo di tutelare i diritti di tutti, quindi rendere a ognuno, nelle circostanze riconosciute, di accordare giustizia ascoltando richieste per essa e in nome di essa accordando ciò che è giusto quando è dovuto e a chi è dovuto.

La negazione della giustizia, ovvero la mancata applicazione dei criteri di giustizia, è l'ingiustizia, con diversi gradi di gravità della sua realizzazione a danno di una o più persone.

Etimologia
La parola deriva dal latino iustus, che significa giusto.

Definizioni e vari attributi
 Giustizia commutativa: regola i rapporti dei singoli tra due persone.
 Giustizia distributiva o legale: regola i rapporti tra la società e i suoi membri.
 Giustizia vendicativa o punitiva: regola l'esercizio del potere giudiziario.
 Giustizia amministrativa: è, in senso lato, quel complesso di istituti mediante i quali viene assicurata la difesa delle persone fisiche e degli enti pubblici a privati contro l'azione illegittima della pubblica amministrazione. Organi della giustizia amministrativa sono: il Consiglio di stato e il Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale (T.A.R.) che dal 10 febbraio 1953 legge n. 62 ha preso il posto della Giunta provinciale amministrativa.
 Giustizia sociale: è l'esigenza di sopprimere la miseria, la disuguaglianza, lo sfruttamento, l'oppressione dei lavoratori o della povera gente tramite un programma politico di attuazione di riforme particolari dell'economia e in generale della società.
 Giustizia della pubblica onestà (voce antica): impedimento matrimoniale fra un coniuge e i consanguinei di un altro coniuge.
 Congregazione dei Bianchi della Giustizia: antica confraternita di Napoli, istituita per il conforto e l'assistenza dei condannati a morte.
 Giustizia e Libertà: organizzazione clandestina antifascista, fondata in Francia nel 1929, da cui originò il Partito d'Azione nel 1942. Ebbe come esponente Carlo Rosselli, uomo politico di grande personalità intellettuale, assassinato nel 1937.
 Numero di giustizia: è il cinque, a metà esatta tra lo zero e il dieci.
 Giustizia sommaria. giustizia senza giusto processo

Nella filosofia

Nel mondo greco-romano il concetto di giustizia ha il fondamento non nell'uomo, ma nella realtà naturale, come principio materiale o come principio ideale. Da concetto della necessità che mantiene ogni cosa nel proprio ordine e nel proprio corso, la giustizia passa a significare un principio naturale di coordinazione e di armonia nei rapporti umani.
 I Pitagorici intesero la giustizia come il riflesso nella morale e nella politica dell'armonia del cosmo e la espressero simbolicamente nei numeri. La giustizia era rappresentata dal moltiplicarsi di un numero positivo maggiore di zero per sé stesso, cioè di un numero quadrato, a significare lo stesso valore dell'azione e della reazione conseguente; è quello che Dante chiama contrappasso.
 Per Platone la giustizia è l'armonia tra le facoltà dell'anima e anche tra le classi di cittadini, in quanto assegna ad ogni facoltà oppure ad ogni classe sociale quello che a ciascuno spetta, come attuazione del proprio compito (ta autou prattein).
 Aristotele amplia e corregge l'idea pitagorica dell'uguaglianza: la giustizia partecipa dell'essenza della virtù e dovrebbe rappresentare il giusto mezzo tra un difetto e un eccesso. Nel libro V dellEtica Nicomachea Aristotele però contrappone alla giustizia l'ingiustizia. Ciò si spiega pensando alla giustizia come virtù particolare e il concetto di medietà è riferito a due quantità estreme che sono il troppo e il troppo poco nell'assegnazione degli onori e beni pubblici o nello scambio privato dei beni. Perciò il mezzo della giustizia in senso stretto corrisponde all'eguale, e non è come per Pitagora in una quantità fissa, ma variabile. Non si tratta di dare a tutti in modo uguale, ma di dare a ciascuno il proprio. Si fa risalire ad Aristotele la distinzione tra giustizia distributiva e giustizia commutativa; la prima regola i rapporti pubblici (distribuzione di onori e pubbliche ricchezze), l'altra i rapporti privati (scambio di cose).
 Nel mondo romano viene conservato il significato naturalistico della giustizia, ma è posto in maggiore rilievo l'aspetto soggettivo della medesima. Cicerone nel De inventione scrive: Iustitia est habitus animi, communi utilitate conservata, suam cuique tribuens dignitatem (la giustizia è uno stato morale, osservata per l'utilità comune, che attribuisce a ciascuno la sua dignità). Ulpiano traduce la definizione di Cicerone in termini romani e a favore del giurista. Iustitia est constans et perpetua voluntas ius suum cuique tribuendi (la giustizia è la costante e perpetua volontà di riconoscere a ciascuno il proprio diritto). L'''habitus animi si trasforma nella constans et perpetua voluntas; la dignitas nello ius. La giustizia è come una virtù attiva; non è solo scienza o ratio che segue la natura, ma è arte e voluntas.
 Con il cristianesimo la giustizia si pone in rapporto alla nuova realtà divina. Il fondamento della giustizia non è più cercato nella natura, ma nella volontà di Dio. Quod Deus vult ipsa iustitia est (ciò che Dio vuole è la stessa giustizia), dice Sant'Agostino. Ma non basta la conoscenza di ciò che è giusto per operare giustamente: occorre la libera e attiva partecipazione e il sostegno dalla grazia divina. La giustizia diventa virtù morale e individuale. Per altre notizie vedi la sezione.
 La Scolastica intese associare gli elementi idealistici e volontaristici alla concezione aristotelica. Per San Tommaso d'Aquino la giustizia è la ragione stessa di Dio che governa il mondo. La volontà non determinata da ragione è arbitrio; la legalità può non essere la giustizia. Il medium iustitiae che per Aristotele è un rapporto di proporzioni tra due esseri diversi, per San Tommaso è un'eguaglianza proporzionale tra la cosa esterna che dobbiamo e la persona esterna a cui dobbiamo la cosa. L'uomo in rapporto con Dio non può essere veramente giusto, perché non può corrispondere laequale ossia tanto quanto gli deve; e San Tommaso dirà che la religione (pietas) è virtù che si unisce alla giustizia, come le sono annesse le virtù morali che non ammettono il contraccambio.
 Bacone e Cartesio derivavano la nozione di giustizia dal senso o dalla ragione. La concezione empirica della giustizia culmina nel saggio sulla giustizia di David Hume. L'idea della giustizia deriva dall'esperienza psicologica dell'uomo, che è né del tutto egoista, né del tutto altruista. Non potendo vivere nell'abbondanza di ogni cosa, né nell'estrema penuria, l'uomo stabilisce la proprietà privata e si associa con gli altri uomini. Da qui, solo per utilità e necessità, deriva la necessità di norme di giustizia che garantiscano l'esistenza individuale e la vita in comune.
 Leibniz approfondisce ancora la concezione razionalistica della giustizia. Fondata su considerazioni di utilità e di convenienza sociale, è la forma imperfetta della giustizia eterna. La suprema giustizia è charitas sapientis, e s'identifica con la pietas.
 I giusnaturalisti della scuola di Grozio cercano di adattare l'empirismo e il razionalismo alle esigenze della vita giuridica e politica. La giustizia civile si origina da un patto di rinunzia totale o parziale alla giustizia naturale, diretto a garantire il miglior godimento degli inviolabili diritti naturali.
 Kant ne diventa arbitro e supera queste dottrine. Il concetto della giustizia è il risultato di elementi empirici e razionali unificati dall'attività formale e sintetica della coscienza. La giustizia è anche un'idea della ragione pratica: gli esseri devono coesistere tra loro secondo una legge universale di ragione attuata in modo coattivo. È il compimento del cosiddetto processo di soggettivazione della giustizia, iniziato da Cartesio, continuato da Leibniz e dai giusnaturalisti. Alla concezione aristotelica naturalistica della giustizia come eguaglianza, si contrappone il concetto di giustizia come libertà, di cui l'eguaglianza è il limite oggettivo, formale.
 L'idealismo di Hegel applica alla determinazione del concetto di giustizia il processo dialettico per cui la giustizia, e lo spirito che la produce, non è, ma diviene risolvendo progressivamente in sé il suo contrario. La storicità è condizione di esistenza dell'idea del giusto e questa non può esistere se non nelle forme del relativo e del concreto. Per Hegel la giustizia è libertà, ma non esclude la necessità e la naturalità. La giustizia eterna, oggettiva, non è rivelazione di Dio o della natura, ma un prodotto dello spirito che ha superato nel suo incessante divenire il momento della naturalità e la sua stessa soggettività per vivere l'idea del giusto nella sua concretezza e nella sua universalità.
 Il positivismo di Auguste Comte, di Herbert Spencer, di Roberto Ardigò reagisce alle concezioni metafisiche e idealistiche della giustizia, ne cerca il fondamento nella biologia e nella sociologia. Spencer considera la giustizia l'etica della vita sociale, cioè un fatto naturale, sottoposto alla legge della causalità universale e dell'evoluzione. Le leggi della vita di associazione si convertono nella legge di retribuzione, secondo cui ogni individuo deve raccogliere i vantaggi e i danni della sua natura e della sua condotta. Ciò garantisce il progresso della specie, in quanto gl'individui meglio dotati sopravvivono. Se la giustizia è retribuzione, la libertà ne costituisce l'elemento essenziale, perché l'individuo ha il diritto naturale di non essere ostacolato nel suo agire e nel godimento dei risultati del suo agire, rispettando lo stesso diritto negli altri. La giustizia spenceriana non è dedotta, come in Kant, da postulati metafisici, ma è il risultato dell'adattamento biologico e sociale.
 Contro questo concetto di giustizia, da cui è bandita la spiritualità, vi fu una reazione nel senso di un ritorno a Kant, oppure a un nuovo idealismo.

 Nella religione
 Presso i greci e gli antichi ebrei

 Il termine greco per giustizia è dikaiosyne mentre il giusto è dikaios. Derivano dal sostantivo dike che significava in origine colei che indica, che indirizza e quindi direttiva, indicazione, ordine. A differenza della nomos, la legge cui sono sottomessi gli animali (di divorarsi), dike è stata data all'uomo per sviluppare ordinatamente la propria esistenza. È l'opposto della bie, la violenza, la potenza distruttrice. Il dikaios, il giusto, è colui che si comporta in modo conforme alla parte della società in cui vive e compie il suo dovere verso gli dei e verso i suoi simili. Dikaia zoe è la maniera di vivere civilmente contrapposta alla hybris e all'inciviltà, alla vita disordinata dei barbari.
 Nella mitologia Astrea o Dike è la figlia di Giove e di Temi, custode delle leggi e protettrice dei tribunali; durante l'età dell'oro discese sulla terra; ma, sopraggiunta l'età del bronzo, per la malvagità degli uomini, fu costretta a ritornare in cielo. Viene rappresentata come una donna che regge la spada e la bilancia, e anche oggi questa è la rappresentazione simbolica più comune della giustizia.
 Nel Vecchio Testamento l'idea della giustizia non si basa sulla corrispondenza di leggi e di comportamenti più o meno conformi ad una norma, ma sulla corrispondenza in una relazione o patto tra due parti. La giustizia di Dio si rivela nella maniera di operare verso il popolo con cui ha stretto un patto. Opera fino dai tempi più antichi dell'ebraismo. Della giustizia personale si parla poco: l'importante è rimanere nella giustizia che Dio ha dimostrato al suo popolo. Giustizia non è nemmeno la punizione. Il giusto è solo dichiarato giusto e il colpevole è dichiarato colpevole. Anche la giustizia umana è un rapporto tra persone. Dal tempo dell'esilio la legge diventa l'abito in cui si partecipa alla giustizia di Dio. Dio solo può dire che un uomo è giusto; di fronte a Dio non ha valore la propria giustizia; in tempi più vicini anche la bontà e la grazia vengono accostati al giudizio di Dio. Per il giudaismo rabbinico la giustizia è l'armonia con la legge (passione per l'ubbidienza e accumulo di meriti). La fede di Mosè bastò da sola a dividere il mare; nessuno può essere giusto se non ha la grazia, neppure i Padri antichi. I mediocri hanno dalla parte loro il merito e lo sforzo fatto per essere giusti. Nella comunità di Qumram si adduceva: Presso Dio sta la mia giustificazione.

 Nei Vangeli
 Il concetto di giustizia è alla base del Vangelo di Matteo. Il Battista è venuto per la via della giustizia (21, 32). Gesù si sottopone al battesimo di Giovanni perché sia adempiuta ogni giustizia 3, 15). Sono beati coloro che hanno fame e sete di giustizia (5,6), cioè tutti coloro che aspirano alla giustificazione che viene da Dio. I farisei e gli scribi che credevano di essere sulla via della giustizia, sono condannati da Gesù perché essi non la ritenevano un dono della libera grazia di Dio e quindi non volevano sottoporsi al battesimo di Giovanni. Da qui il loro mormorare perché Dio chiama gratuitamente a volte senza tener conto dei meriti. Preoccupati di distinguersi dagli ingiusti, scribi e farisei separavano il mondo tra buoni e cattivi, non ammettendo che la decisione ultima è riservata al giudizio di Dio. Ma Gesù afferma: Se la vostra giustizia non supererà quella degli scribi e dei farisei, non entrerete nel regno dei cieli (5, 20) ... Dio fa piovere sui giusti e sugli ingiusti (5, 44) ... Cercate prima il regno di Dio e la sua giustizia (6, 33).
 L'evangelista Luca fa apparire il cristianesimo come prosecuzione legittima del giudaismo (religione ammessa dai romani). Riporta i nomi dei giudei osservanti della legge (Zaccaria, Elisabetta, Simeone, Giuseppe d'Arimatea) e anche il centurione romano Cornelio chiamato aner dikaios (At 10, 22.35). La speranza di giudei nel ritorno di Elia prepara la strada al Vangelo e Gesù riconosce l'Elia che ritorna in Giovanni Battista, dal quale si fanno battezzare i peccatori per riconoscere la giustizia di Dio. I farisei e gli scribi invece ingannano se stessi e si esibiscono come giusti davanti agli uomini. Ci sarà più gioia in cielo per un peccatore convertito che per novantanove giusti (15, 7): è la possibilità di una nuova vita per gli uomini perduti, avvolti nel peccato, gli esclusi anche dal punto di vista sociale e religioso. Gesù è il giusto per eccellenza e Dio lo risuscita prima che avvenga la resurrezione di tutti i giusti e degli ingiusti e lo investe del potere di giudicare tutti i popoli con giustizia.
 In Giovanni (16, 10) il mondo non trova la giustizia in sé stesso e nemmeno nel più degno degli uomini: ma la giustizia proviene dal Padre e si trova presso di lui. Gesù si è separato dai discepoli perché essi non si illudessero con speranze terrene, ma sperassero unicamente nel Padre e nel Figlio, che sono una cosa sola.
 In San Paolo
 Per San Paolo l'opera divina e la giustizia divina si realizzano nonostante il peccato degli uomini e degli israeliti. Sorge così un nuovo popolo di Dio malgrado la maledizione del peccato. La parusia porterà il giudizio che giustifica (dikaiosis), la dichiarazione che proclama giusta la nuova umanità (dìkaioi katasthesontai). Pertanto:
 Nessun uomo potrà essere giustificato sulla base della legge, sulla perfetta ubbidienza. Non ci sarebbe stato bisogno della morte del Cristo se fosse bastata la legge a produrre la perfetta giustizia. Il peccato è la ricerca di una propria giustizia e giustificazione, non della giustizia di Dio.
 L'uomo può essere giustificato per la fede in Cristo cioè sulla grazia che Dio concede gratuitamente (Romani 3, 24).
 Il credente giustificato vive solo per Dio...liberati dal peccato, gli uomini sono diventati servi della giustizia (Romani 6, 18)
 La resurrezione è l'anticipazione della signoria pubblica e universale di Dio alla fine dei tempi, e pertanto anche la giustizia di ora è l'anticipazione della giustizia di Dio alla fine dei tempi. Noi non possiamo avere la giustizia, ma è la giustizia che ci possiede, al contrario del giudaismo la cui dottrina sulla salvezza poggiava sull'idea che l'uomo che osserva la legge è giusto e la giustizia deve ritenersi opera e merito dell'uomo.

 Secondo il Catechismo della Chiesa Cattolica (par.1807)
La giustizia è la virtù morale che consiste nella costante e ferma volontà di dare a Dio e al prossimo ciò che è loro dovuto. La giustizia verso Dio è chiamata « virtù di religione ». La giustizia verso gli uomini dispone a rispettare i diritti di ciascuno e a stabilire nelle relazioni umane l'armonia che promuove l'equità nei confronti delle persone e del bene comune. L'uomo giusto, di cui spesso si fa parola nei Libri Sacri, si distingue per l'abituale dirittura dei propri pensieri e per la rettitudine della propria condotta verso il prossimo. « Non tratterai con parzialità il povero, né userai preferenze verso il potente; ma giudicherai il tuo prossimo con giustizia » (Lv 19,15). « Voi, padroni, date ai vostri servi ciò che è giusto ed equo, sapendo che anche voi avete un padrone in cielo » (Col 4,1).

In sintesi (par. 1836 del Catechismo): la giustizia consiste nella volontà costante e ferma di dare a Dio e al prossimo ciò che è loro dovuto.

 Definizioni teologiche
 Giustizia originale: lo stato in cui Dio mise l'uomo quando fu creato e da cui è decaduto con il peccato.
 Giustizia divina: per la volontà divina i suoi rapporti con le creature sono conformi alla loro natura e alla giusta relazione con il Creatore.
 Signore della giustizia: è Dio.
 Sole della giustizia: è un attributo di Cristo Salvatore in quanto apportatore di giustificazione, cioè della trasformazione dell'anima dallo stato di peccato allo stato di grazia.

 Nel codice etico militare
L'etica cavalleresca
Nel basso e Alto Medioevo, con le crociate, si viene creando un codice etico militare, iniziato dalla cavalleria nei tornei e dei "beaux gestes" (belle gesta). Si forma un
ideale di cavaliere soldato, cristiano e gentiluomo, difensore dei deboli ed araldo della giustizia.
L'eredità contemporanea dell'etica cavalleresca trasformatasi con il tempo, è rappresentata oggi dagli ordini cavallereschiOrdini Cavallereschi Medievali

Bushidò
Nel codice etico del guerriero giapponese, chiamato Bushidò, a partire dall'epoca medioevale, la giustizia è la prima delle sette virtù personali. La giustizia e l'onestà vengono chiamate 義, Gi e prevedono che il samurai sia scrupolosamente onesto nei rapporti con gli altri, creda nella giustizia che proviene non dalle altre persone ma da sé stesso.

 Marines
Negli anni 2000 viene insegnato alle truppe lEthical marine warrior, catechismo etico di comportamento.

 Influenza culturale
La Giustizia compare nel videogioco Bayonetta dove viene chiamata con il suo nome latino, Iustitia. Il corpo è un aggregato di volti (sette in tutto) fusi in una sfera di terra, dalla bocca dei quali fuoriescono innumerevoli tentacoli, di cui tre presentano volti di bambino (alla cui radice è presente un "cuore") con i quali la Virtù riesce a comunicare, mentre gli altri sei (per un totale di nove tentacoli) sono dei bulbi spinati che permettono all'angelo di attaccare in vari modi, come emanare miasmi velenosi o secernere linfa immobilizzante; possiede il potere della terra dato che ne è composta e utilizza i sei tentacoli spinati per attaccare. Inoltre è presente il suo clone, Justice, che è lo stesso nome scritto in Inglese.

 Citazioni e proverbi sulla giustizia
 Diligite iustitiam, qui iudicatis terram: amate la giustizia, voi che governate la terra (Sapienza I, 1).
 Summum ius, summa iniuria: il diritto a tutti i costi diventa ingiuria (Cicerone, De officiis I, 10).
 Il buon giudice non deve essere giovane, ma anziano, uno che ha appreso tardi che cosa è l'ingiustizia, senza averla sentita come personale e insita nella sua anima; ma per averla studiata, come una qualità altrui, nelle anime altrui (Platone, La Repubblica, III, 409b).
 Ecco il giudicio uman come spesso erra (Lodovico Ariosto, Orlando furioso I, ottava 7).
 A giudicar per induzione, e senza la necessaria cognizione de' fatti, si fa alle volte gran torto anche ai birbanti (Alessandro Manzoni, I promessi sposi, cap. XVIII).
 Denari e amicizia non curan la giustizia (o rompon le braccia alla giustizia): con il denaro o le raccomandazioni si ottiene qualunque cosa.
 Ognuno vuole giustizia, ma a casa d'altri'': tutti difendono la giustizia, ma non vogliono che intralci i loro interessi.

Amministrazione della giustizia
La storia, la dottrina, l'ordinamento dell'amministrazione della giustizia sono oggetto di distinte materie:
 Ordinamento giudiziario
 Corte di cassazione
 Corte d'Appello
 Tribunale
 Giudice
 Competenza
 Incompetenza
 Potere giudiziario
 Giurisdizione
 Processo
 Sentenza

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
Dike
Diritto
Etica
Giudice
Giurisdizione
Giustizia amministrativa
Giustizia militare
Giustizia politica
Ipotesi del mondo giusto
Magistratura
Morale

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Virtù


text:
The DHR D Class was a  gauge  Garratt-type articulated steam locomotive used on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (DHR) in West Bengal, India.

Service history
The sole member of the class was built by Beyer, Peacock and Company in 1910, and entered service the following year, as no. 31 in the DHR fleet.  Its basic dimensions were designed to be roughly equivalent to those of two of the DHR's existing B Class  engines, with the intention that it would produce approximately double the power of those engines.  However, in practice it was only able to haul 65% more load than a single B Class unit.

Although the DHR did not acquire any further articulated locomotives, no. 31 remained in service until November 1954.

See also

Rail transport in India#History
Indian Railways
Locomotives of India
Rail transport in India

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Beyer, Peacock locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1911
Steam locomotives of India
0-4-0+0-4-0 locomotives
2 ft gauge locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Garratt locomotives
Individual locomotives


text:
Frederick Stephen "Fred" Upton (* 23. April 1953 in St. Joseph, Berrien County, Michigan) ist ein US-amerikanischer Politiker der Republikanischen Partei. Seit 1987 vertritt er den Bundesstaat Michigan im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Fred Upton besuchte zunächst die Shattuck School in Faribault (Minnesota) und studierte danach bis 1975 an der University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Zwischen 1976 und 1980 gehörte er zum Stab des Kongressabgeordneten David Stockman. Zwischen 1981 und 1985 arbeitete Upton für die Bundeshaushaltsbehörde (Office of Management and Budget).

Bei der Wahl des Jahres 1986 wurde Upton im 4. Kongresswahlbezirk Michigans in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 3. Januar 1987 die Nachfolge von Mark D. Siljander antrat. Seit 1993 vertritt er dort als Nachfolger von Milton Robert Carr den 6. Kongresswahlbezirk seines Heimatstaates. Zuletzt wurde er 2018 mit 50,2 % der Stimmen wiedergewählt.

Im Kongress ist Upton ein profilierter Gegner der Gesundheitsreform von Präsident Barack Obama (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act von 2010). Von 2011 bis 2017 war er Vorsitzender im Energie- und Handelsausschusses des Repräsentantenhauses. Außerdem gehört er dem Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction an.

Im Jahr 2007 gehörte Upton unter Präsident George W. Bush zu den Unterstützern des Energy Independence and Security Act, der u. a. die schrittweise Abschaffung konventioneller Glühbirnen einleitete. Noch 2009 bezeichnete er den Klimawandel als ein ernstes Problem, gegen das man mit allen Mitteln vorgehen müsse. Als er 2010 den Vorsitz des Energie- und Handelsausschusses anstrebte, revidierte er jedoch seine Positionen in diesem Bereich. Mit Tim Phillips, dem Leiter von Americans for Prosperity, einer von den Gebrüdern Koch (Koch Industries) finanzierten Interessengruppe, veröffentlichte er im Wallstreet Journal einen Artikel, in dem er eine klimaskeptische Position einnahm und die Besteuerung von Kohlendioxid-Emissionen als nicht verfassungsgemäß bezeichnete. Diesbezügliche Vorhaben der nationalen Umweltschutzbehörde (EPA) würden Millionen von Jobs kosten und müssten deshalb verhindert werden. Als Vorsitzender des Ausschusses trieb er dann eine Politik voran, für die ihn die Los Angeles Times 2011 als den größten Gegner des Planeten Erde im Kongress benannte. Er gehörte an besonders einflussreicher Stelle zu den vielen Abgeordneten, die 2010 unter dem Eindruck massiver Kampagnen von Koch Industries, Americans for Prosperity und anderer Organisationen gegen neue Umweltschutz-Vorschriften und auch gezielt gegen zur Wahl stehende Abgeordnete, die eine solche Politik unterstützten, sich für die Interessen der auf fossile Energieträger setzenden Wirtschaftszweige einspannen ließen.

Upton war 2021 einer der 10 republikanischen Abgeordneten des Repräsentantenhauses, die für die Amtsenthebung von Donald Trump stimmten. Im April 2022 kündigte Upton an, nicht mehr für das Repräsentantenhaus kandidieren zu wollen. Er ist der vierte Republikaner im Repräsentantenhaus, der nach einer Stimme für die Amtsenthebung von Trump nicht erneut antrat.

Upton ist verheiratet und hat zwei Kinder. Eine Nichte ist das Fotomodell Kate Upton.

Weblinks

 Webpräsenz beim Kongress (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Michigan
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1953
Mann


text:
Alain Bombard (* 27. Oktober 1924 in Paris; † 19. Juli 2005 in Toulon) war ein französischer Arzt, Biologe und Umweltpolitiker der Parti socialiste. Er war von 1981 bis 1994 Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments.

Leben
Alain Bombard wurde vor allem bekannt durch seine medizinisch-technischen Untersuchungen zur Möglichkeit des Überlebens von Schiffbrüchigen in den 1950er Jahren, die teilweise auf spektakulären Selbstversuchen beruhen. Ab Juli 1952 segelte er von Monaco nach Gran Canaria und von dort in 65 Tagen über den Atlantik, angeblich ohne Trinkwasser und Lebensmittel mitzuführen. Nach eigenen Angaben ernährte er sich unterwegs nur von (geringen Mengen) Meerwasser und Meerestieren, vor allem Fischen, deren ausgepresste Flüssigkeit er als Trinkwasser genutzt habe. Er kam am 23. Dezember auf Barbados an. Bombard verlor auf der Reise ca. 25 kg Gewicht und litt später an Wirbelsäulenbeschwerden, die auf seine Ozeanfahrt zurückgeführt wurden.

Bombards Selbstversuch wurde wenige Jahre später durch Hannes Lindemann angefochten. Lindemann gelang es nicht, Bombards Selbstversuch zu wiederholen, stattdessen benötigte er zum Überleben Regenwasser als Trinkwasser; er behauptete deshalb später, Bombard habe tatsächlich Süßwasser mit an Bord genommen und getrunken und sei außerdem auf dem Atlantik heimlich mit Lebensmitteln versorgt worden. Lindemanns von Bombard abweichende Ergebnisse nutzte die Weltgesundheitsorganisation für ihre Ratschläge für die Seefahrt.

Bombard propagierte außerdem das Mitführen von Schlauchbooten auf Schiffen anstelle der bisher üblichen hölzernen Rettungsboote.

Bombard wurde später in der Umweltpolitik aktiv. Im Jahr 1981 war er einen Monat lang als Staatssekretär im Umweltministerium Mitglied der französischen Regierung (Kabinett Mauroy). Außerdem war er von 1981 bis 1994 Abgeordneter im Europäischen Parlament, wo er in der Sozialdemokratischen Fraktion saß. Dort war er Mitglied im Ausschuss für Umweltfragen, Volksgesundheit und Verbraucherschutz sowie stellvertretender Vorsitzender der Delegation für die Beziehungen zu der Volksrepublik China (1984–89) bzw. der Delegation für die Beziehungen zu Australien und Neuseeland (1989–94).

Werke
 Naufragé volontaire, Paris, 1953. Deutsch: Im Schlauchboot über den Atlantik. Deutsche Buchgemeinschaft, Berlin, Darmstadt 1953
 Rapport technique de l'expérience de survie prolongée en mer à bord de l'Hérétique en 1952. Paris 1954

Weblinks

 Differenzierter Artikel von Spiegel Online zu Bombards Salzwasserthese

Einzelnachweise

Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für Frankreich
PS-Mitglied (Frankreich)
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Franzose
Geboren 1924
Gestorben 2005
Mann


text:
Le Championnat de France Superbike (FSBK-FE), anciennement nommé « Championnat de France Open », est le principal championnat motocycliste de vitesse en France. Il regroupe de nombreuses catégories, le Superbike, le Supersport, le Supersport 300 et le Side-car pour la saison 2022.

Créé en 1981 par le Président de la Fédération française de motocyclisme  de l'époque, Benjamin Savoye, afin de regrouper les Championnats de France Inters et Nationaux qui se couraient jusque-là séparément, le Championnat de France Superbike (ex Championnat de France Open de Vitesse) a vu passer, à un moment ou à un autre, la totalité des pilotes français qui se destinait au haut-niveau.

La toute première épreuve s'est déroulée le  à Nogaro et vit la victoire de Jacques Bolle en , de Jean-François Baldé en , de Marc Fontan en  et de Alain Michel en Side-car. Ces pilotes se virent également titrer à la fin de la saison, à l'issue des trois épreuves (Nogaro, Paul-Ricard, Le Mans) qui composaient le Championnat 1981. En effet, ce n'est que plusieurs années plus tard que le Championnat de France Superbike prit sa vitesse de croisière avec sept ou huit épreuves par saison, les premières éditions se contentant de trois ou quatre manches chaque année.

Les premières années du championnat virent la participation de tous les pilotes français de Grands Prix qui étaient fort nombreux à l'époque, certaines grilles de départ n'avaient pas grand-chose à envier aux grilles des Grands Prix.

Lors de sa création, ce championnat comportait quatre catégories (, ,  et Side-car). Depuis, de nombreuses évolutions sont intervenues et seule la catégorie Side-car perdure. Les ,  et  ont disparu, par contre de nouvelles catégories, telles le Supersport, le Superbike ou le Supersport 300, sont arrivées.

Historique

Le championnat est créé en 1981. Il s'appelle alors « Championnat de France Open » et comprend les catégories 125, 250, 500 et Side-car. En 1985, une première, le titre  est accordé à deux pilotes, Jean-François Baldé et Jean-Michel Mattioli, qui finissent à égalité parfaite au classement. Trois ans plus tard, la catégorie Production est créée, future Superbike.

1991 marque l'année de la suppression de la catégorie  et le changement de nom pour la catégorie « Production » qui devient « Superbike ». La catégorie Supersport est ajoutée aux championnats en 1993. Cette même année, Le titre Superbike n'est pas attribué (en raison d'une réclamation sur la nationalité du vainqueur).

En 1998 est créée une catégorie Stockbike réservée aux machines de  correspondant à la réglementation Promosport et une catégorie . L'année suivante, la catégorie Stockbike est rebaptisée « Stocksport ».

La catégorie Superbike est remplacée par la catégorie Super-Production en 2002. En 2004, des changements interviennent avec la création d'un championnat de France Cadets au sein du Championnat de France Open , réservé aux pilotes de moins de seize ans, et la suppression de la catégorie .

En 2007, le Championnat de France Open est rebaptisé « Championnat de France Superbike ». La catégorie Supersport est à son tour supprimée. La catégorie Super-Production est remplacée par la catégorie Superbike. En 2009, un seul changement, le Trophée de France Pirelli  devient « Trophée de France  ».

Les recordmens
Le recordman en matière de titres de Champions de France est David Muscat avec huit titres (cinq en Supersport, deux en Superbike et un en ) suivi de Jean-Claude Selini (sept titres en ) et Alain Michel (sept titres en Side-car).

On retrouve également des pilotes tels que Sébastien Delannoy (cinq titres en Side-car), Julien Da Costa (quatre titres dont deux en Supersport, un en Stocksport et un en Superbike) ou Christian Sarron (quatre titres dont deux en  et deux en ).

Palmarès

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Championnat de France Superbike 2009

Liens externes


text:
Primocerus is a Neotropical genus of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae represented by nine described species known from the Guiana Shield Region.

Taxonomy
The genus Primocerus was described for the first time by Girón & Short in 2019.

It belongs in the subfamily Acidocerinae and contains nine described species from Brazil (Pará), Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.

Description
Small to medium-sized beetles (2.4–4.9 mm), smooth and shiny dorsally, orange-brown, reddish brown, or dark brown in coloration, with moderately long maxillary palps. The elytral punctation ranges from shallow to strongly marked, forming impressed serial striae; all the species bear a well defined sutural stria. A complete diagnosis was presented by Girón and Short.

Habitat
According to Girón and Short, "The habitats occupied by members of Primocerus range from forested pools to seepages".

Species

 Primocerus cuspidis Girón and Short, 2019
 Primocerus gigas Girón and Short, 2019
 Primocerus maipure Girón and Short, 2019
 Primocerus neutrum Girón and Short, 2019
 Primocerus ocellatus Girón and Short, 2019
 Primocerus petilus Girón and Short, 2019
 Primocerus pijiguaense Girón and Short, 2019
 Primocerus semipubescens Girón and Short, 2019
 Primocerus striatolatus Girón and Short, 2019

References

Hydrophilidae
Insects of South America
Insects described in 2019


text:
Slováki (slovaško Slováci) so zahodnoslovanska etnična skupina, ki večinoma naseljuje območje Slovaške, njen materni jezik pa je slovaščina.

Na Slovaškem živi okoli 5 milijonov Slovakov, 300.000 jih živi na Češkem, okoli 80.000 v Srbiji (predvsem v Vojvodini), po 20.000 v Romuniji in na Poljskem ter 17.000 na Madžarskem, manjše skupine pa še v Ukrajini, Bolgariji, Rusiji in na Hrvaškem. Približno pol milijona izseljencev živi v ZDA in 20.000 v Kanadi. Slovaški izseljenci živijo tudi v Avstraliji in na drugih celih.

Že vsaj od 19. stoletja naprej so Slovaki, skupaj s Čehi in pripadniki drugih narodov Avstro-ogrske monarhije, pomembno prispevali h kulturi meščanstva v Ljubljani, Mariboru, Celju in drugod po Sloveniji.

Prva civilna žrtev v boju za samostojnost Slovenije (maja 1991, še pred začetkom same vojne za Slovenijo) je bil Josef Simčik, priseljenec slovaškega rodu.

Po širitvi Evropske unije leta 2004 je nekaj slovaških ekonomskih emigrantov, zlasti gradbenih delavcev in zdravnikov, prišlo tudi v Slovenijo.

Ljudje po narodnosti
Zahodni Slovani


text:
Senat Romunije () je zgornji dom Parlamenta Romunije, ki ga sestavlja 136 senatorjev. Nahaja se v Palači parlamenta v Bukarešti; do leta 2005 pa se je nahajal v Palači senata.

Trenutni predsednik senata (2021) je Florin Cîțu.

Zgodovina
17. junija 1946 je Petru Groza izdal zakon, s katerim je ukinil senat, kljub temu da je Ustava Romunije iz leta 1930 to preprečevala. Komunistična oblast je dokončno ukinila senat 15. julija istega leta .

Senatorji

Viri in opombe

Glej tudi
 seznam senatov
 Politika Romunije

Zunanje povezave
 Senat Romunije

Romunija
Parlament Romunije
Palača parlamenta, Bukarešta


text:
Veikko Suominen, né le  à Rauma en Finlande et mort le  à Tampere, était un joueur professionnel finlandais de hockey sur glace qui évoluait en position d'ailier. L'Ilves a retiré sont numéro 24.

Biographie

Carrière en club

Carrière internationale

Statistiques
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

| 1965-1966 || Hokki Kajaani || Suomi-sarja
|| 14 || 23 || 1 || 24 || 6 || || || || ||
|-
| 1966-1967 || Upon Pallo || Suomi-sarja
|| 14 || 16 || 4 || 20 || 4 || || || || ||
|-
| 1967-1968 || Upon Pallo || SM-sarja
|| 20 || 13 || 5 || 18 || 8 || || || || ||
|-
| 1968-1969 || Upon Pallo || SM-sarja
|| 22 || 4 || 2 || 6 || 10 || || || || ||
|-
| 1969-1970 || Kiekko-67 Turku || Suomi-sarja
|| 14 || 20 || 7 || 27 || 6 || 5 || 5 || 3 || 8 || 16
|-
| 1970-1971 || Kiekko-67 Turku|| SM-sarja
|| 21 || 14 || 8 || 22 || 16 || || || || ||
|-
| 1971-1972 || Ilves || SM-sarja
|| 32 || 16 || 9 || 25 || 24 || || || || ||
|-
| 1972-1973 || Ilves || SM-sarja
|| 36 || 18 || 12 || 30 || 14 || || || || ||
|-
| 1973-1974 || Ilves || SM-sarja
|| 36 || 22 || 15 || 37 || 8 || || || || ||
|-
| 1973-1974 || Ilves || SM-sarja
|| 35 || 25 || 7 || 32 || 10 || || || || ||
|-
| 1975-1976 || Ilves || SM-liiga
|| 36 || 17 || 12 || 29 || 32 || || || || ||
|-
| 1976-1977 || Ilves || SM-liiga
|| 36 || 32 || 14 || 46 || 10 || || || || ||
|-
| 1977-1978 || Ilves || SM-liiga
|| 36 || 25 || 17 || 42 || 12 || 7 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 2
|-
| 1978-1979 || Ilves || SM-liiga
|| 21 || 10 || 5 || 15 || 6 || || || || ||

Notes et références

Naissance en mai 1948
Naissance à Rauma (Finlande)
Décès en décembre 1978
Décès à 30 ans
Décès à Tampere
Sportif suicidé
Joueur finlandais de hockey sur glace
Joueur du Hokki Kajaani
Joueur de l'Ilves Tampere
Attaquant de hockey sur glace
Joueur du Kiekko-67 Turku
Suicide en Finlande


text:
Le menhir de Lehan est un menhir situé sur la commune de Treffiagat, dans le département du Finistère en France.

Historique
Il est classé au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du 6 mars 1923.

Description
Le menhir est un bloc de granite d'environ  de hauteur. Sa forme rappelle celle d'un écusson, la face orientale est plane mais la face occidentale est concave.

Sa situation actuelle, dans un marais, témoigne de la remontée du niveau de la mer depuis son érection au Néolithique : le cordon dunaire a constitué un barrage à l'écoulement naturel de l'eau du petit ruisseau voisin vers la mer et entraîné la constitution d'un marais.

Notes et références

Annexe

Bibliographie

Article connexe
 Sites mégalithiques du Finistère
 Liste des monuments historiques du Finistère

Lehan
Lehan
Monument historique dans le Finistère
Monument historique classé en 1923


text:
Sainte-Françoise is a parish municipality in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of Quebec, Canada.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sainte-Françoise had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of parish municipalities in Quebec

References

External links

Parish municipalities in Quebec
Incorporated places in Bas-Saint-Laurent


text:
Семиходы — железнодорожная станция на Украине, в ближайших окрестностях Чернобыльской АЭС и города Припять.

Общие сведения
Используется сотрудниками атомной станции, ездящими на работу из города Славутича. Входит в участок Чернигов — Овруч — однопутная железнодорожная линия длиной 177,5 км и шириной колеи 1520 мм, относящаяся к Юго-Западной железной дороге часть широтного хода, связывающего северо-восточные и северо-западные области Украины. Поезд, следующий на станцию, проезжает вблизи покинутой людьми Припяти, время в пути от Славутича 44-45 минут.

Платформа закрытая, как у станций метро типа горизонтальный лифт, электропоезд останавливается «дверь в дверь», чтобы пассажиры могли выйти. Станция оборудована постом полиции со стойками радиационного контроля, раздевалками, крытыми переходами.

Пассажирское сообщение
На участке Славутич — Семиходы для обслуживания персонала ГСП ЧАЭС и подрядных организаций курсируют арендованные Государственным Предприятием «Чернобыльсервис» у депо Чернигов Юго-Западной железной дороги электропоезда серии ЭР9Т сообщением Славутич — Семиходы (2—4 пары в зависимости от дня недели). Проверка наличия пропусков у пассажиров, садящихся на поезд в Славутиче обычно не производится, все они - работники ЧАЭС. Однако проверка возможна, а на самой станции уже происходит рутинно (и чревата ответственностью за проникновение в зону отчуждения). По пути до станции Семиходы поезд дважды пересекает границу с Белоруссией, въезжая на ее территорию по мосту через Днепр, но не останавливаясь на её территории. Пограничного контроля нет, всю железнодорожную ветку обслуживают украинские железнодорожники.

История
Открыта в 1987 году в рамках проекта по обеспечению сотрудников Чернобыльской АЭС транспортным сообщением с новым городом Славутичем.

Соседние станции

Примечания

Железнодорожные станции по алфавиту
Станции Юго-Западной железной дороги
Чернобыль


text:
James Gardens is a public botanical garden in the Etobicoke district of Toronto, Ontario, Canada along the Humber River. It was a former private estate sold to the City of Toronto and now managed by the Toronto Parks Department.

Overview
James Gardens consists of broad lawns, numerous flower beds, specimen plantings, rock gardens, nature trails, three large and four small ponds fed by a spring and connected by a stream, a carp pool, and a lawn bowling court. It is connected to the Humber River pedestrian and cycling trail.

Each year thousands of flowers and over 75,000 tulips are planted in the beds, whose designs and materials are changed annually in the rock gardens and under the well-pruned trees and shrubs. Each year, there are tens of thousands of visitors, and many weddings and receptions are held on the grounds of James Gardens.

History

It was the estate of Mr. and Mrs. Fred T. James. In 1908, Fred James purchased the property from his wife's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Rumney, as well as the adjoining land from the Home Smith Company. This purchase totalled  of hills, valleys, virgin forest, and bush meadow land on the west side of the Humber River in the area then part of Etobicoke.

The James family lived in a house situated on the top west corner of the estate at Edgehill Road. Preserved to this day, it is a two-story, red-gabled house built of Humber River stone. The building is now a community recreation centre operated by the City of Toronto Parks, Forestry and Recreation department. The horse stables were located below the house where the northwest stairs are now. Part of the original wall can still be seen. Various horseshoes, nails and coins have been found in the flower beds.

In the 1920s, the James family installed weeping tiles and water features. Various First Nations artifacts including spear points were found. These were examined in the early 2000s and dated to be 4,000 years old.

The park was purchased by Metro Toronto for  in 1955 and subsequently operated by its Parks Department.

CBC Television shot scenes at James Gardens for the program "This is the Law", with Paul Soles.

In 2013, Rob Ford, the former mayor of Toronto, lived near the entrance of the park. He was unsuccessful in buying a segment from the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. An investigation by a Toronto Star reporter led to a night-time confrontation by Ford with the reporter.

It is said to have a gruesome story from the 1900s and haunted by the mother of Fred James.
Many have different variations of the story but nothing definite. There is a safe in the basement of the house that the city has not been able to open, and it is said that blood has been detected with technology around the safe.

References

External links

Estate gardens in Canada
Parks in Toronto
Etobicoke
First Nations sites in Toronto


text:
Tiuholma kan syfta på följande platser:

Finland

 Tiuholma (ö i Kymmenedalen), Kotka-Fredrikshamn,
 Tiuholma (ö i Södra Österbotten), Järviseutu,

Robotskapade Finlandförgreningar


text:
II BRDC International Trophy byl 21. závodem formule 1 pořádaným v roce 1950 a zároveň 15 závodem nezapočítávaným do mistrovství světa. Závod se konal 26. srpna na okruhu Silverstone, systémem dvou rozjížděk na 15 kol a finálové jízdy na 35 kol, do které postupovali všichni, co dokončili některou z rozjížděk. Celkovým vítězem se stal Giuseppe Farina pro kterého to bylo po závodech v Británii, Švýcarsku a Bari již čtvrté vítězství v sezóně. Tento italský závodník zvítězil i v první rozjížďce před britskými piloty jedoucími na italských vozech Reg Parnellem (Maserati) a Peterem Whiteheadem (Ferrari). Farina si zajistil i nejlepší startovní pozici. Ve druhé rozjížďce, která byla o poznání pomalejší zvítězil Farinův týmový kolega Juan Manuel Fangio před dvěma vozy ERA Briana Shawe-Taylora a Boba Gerarda. Z pole position ve druhé rozjížďce startoval belgický pilot Johnny Claes. Ve finálové jízdě pak dominovali oba vozy Alfa Romeo, z pole positions startoval Juan Manuel Fangio, Farina startoval z druhého místa. Situace v závodě byla podobná, kdy se o první místo svedl souboj mezi oběma piloty Alfy Romeo, Farina byl tím šťastnějším a jen těsně zvítězil před Fangiem.

 26. srpna 1950
 Okruh Silverstone
 Dvě rozjížďky na 15 kol × 4,649 km / 69,736 km
 Finále 35 kol × 4,649 km / 162,716

Výsledky

Nejrychlejší kolo

 Juan Manuel Fangio & Giuseppe Farina (Alfa Romeo 158), 1:52

Postavení na startu

  Juan Manuel Fangio Alfa Romeo

První rozjížďka

Nejrychlejší kolo

 Giuseppe Farina (Alfa Romeo 158), 1:52

Postavení na startu

  Giuseppe Farina Alfa Romeo

Druhá rozjížďka

Nejrychlejší kolo

 Juan Manuel Fangio (Alfa Romeo 158), 1:52

Postavení na startu

  Johnny Claes Talbot

BRDC International Trophy
Motoristické sporty v roce 1950
Motoristické sporty ve Spojeném království
Sport ve Spojeném království v roce 1950


text:
Strzelec wyborowy ( lub , ,  lub , 1995) − film sensacyjny powstały w koprodukcji Stanów Zjednoczonych, Czech, Hiszpanii, Francji i Wielkiej Brytanii.

Światowa premiera filmu odbyła się w lipcu 1995 r. podczas Festiwalu Filmowego w Karlowych Warach.

Obsada
 Dolph Lundgren − Michael Dane
 Maruschka Detmers − Simone Rosset
 Assumpta Serna − Marta
 Gavan O'Herlihy − Dick Powell
 John Ashton − Alex Reed
 Simón Andreu − Alberto Torena
 Michael Dudikoff

Realizacja
Zdjęcia do filmu powstawały od 14 października do 3 grudnia 1994 roku. Plan zdjęciowy obejmował Pragę oraz Toronto.

Budżet filmu wynosił jedenaście milionów dolarów amerykańskich.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Plakat

Amerykańskie filmy akcji
Amerykańskie filmy sensacyjne
Brytyjskie filmy akcji
Brytyjskie filmy sensacyjne
Czeskie filmy akcji
Czeskie filmy sensacyjne
Francuskie filmy sensacyjne
Francuskie filmy akcji
Hiszpańskie filmy sensacyjne
Hiszpańskie filmy akcji
Filmy w reżyserii Teda Kotcheffa
Filmy wytwórni PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
Filmy wytwórni Newmarket Group
Amerykańskie filmy z 1995 roku
Brytyjskie filmy z 1995 roku
Czeskie filmy z 1995 roku
Francuskie filmy z 1995 roku
Hiszpańskie filmy z 1995 roku


text:
Em 5 de março de 2021, um helicóptero Robinson R44 caiu nos arredores de Xumabee, próximo à vila de Sojwe, no Botsuana. Havia duas pessoas no helicóptero de quatro lugares: Sasa Klaas, uma cantora motswana, que morreu no local; e Leonard Matenje, diretor da Air Technology Services, tesoureiro da Professional Hunters Association e da Botswana Wildlife Producers Association, que sobreviveu.

Helicóptero
O helicóptero envolvido no acidente era um Robinson R44, de matrícula ZS-SBM.

Investigações
O Ministério de Transportes de Comunicações divulgou um comunicado afirmando que a Direção de Investigação de Acidentes do ministério e a Autoridade de Aviação Civil do Botsuana começaram a investigar o acidente e, até o momento, ambas as agências não divulgaram qualquer informação.

Notas

Botswana
Acidentes e incidentes aéreos no Botsuana
Acidentes e incidentes aéreos de 2021


text:
Exilicrusta, monotipski rod crvenih algi iz potporodice Melobesioideae, dio porodice Hapalidiaceae. Jedina vrsta je morska alga E. parva uz englesku obalu (Isle of Wight)

I rod i vrsta taksonomski su priznati

Izvori

Hapalidiaceae


text:
Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi () is the fourth and current caliph of the Islamic State, starting from 30 November 2022. His position was announced by the IS spokesman Abu Omar Al-Muhajir in an audio recording stating that his predecessor Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi was killed in battle. Abu al-Hussein was described as a veteran of Islamic State and a loyal member of the group. In January 2023, a prominent dissident anti-IS leadership channel alleged that Abu al-Hussein is Iraqi like his predecessors and is appointed by shura council led by Abdul Raouf al-Muhajir emir of Islamic State's administration.

Rise to power
Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini took over leadership of the Islamic State after the death of the previous leader Abu al-Hasan. He was announced as caliph by Islamic State's official spokesmen Abu Umar al-Muhajir in an audio messaged broadcast by Al-Furqan Media foundation (Islamic State's primary media).

Leader of the Islamic State

As of January 2023, Abu al-Hussein has received pledges from all Islamic State provinces, and also from Islamic State supporters in around 40 countries & he has also received some pledges of support from outside people who were not previously part of the group.

Notes

References

Living people
21st-century caliphs
Salafi jihadists
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant members
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)


text:
Příjmení Ďuriš nebo Ďurišová nosí více osobností:

 Filip Ďuriš (* 1995) – slovenský fotbalista
 Irena Ďurišová (1918–1999) – slovenská politička
 Ivan Ďuriš – slovenský vědec
 Ján Ďuriš (* 1945) – slovenský kameraman
 Július Ďuriš (1904–1986) – slovenský komunistický politik
 Michal Ďuriš (* 1988) – slovenský fotbalista
 Peter Ďuriš (* 1981) – slovenský fotbalista
 Vítězslav Ďuriš (* 1954) – československý hokejista
 Zdeněk Ďuriš (1964–2020) – český fotbalista


text:
Eduard Gaikovich Abalov (Abalyan) (, ; 7 October 1927 – 5 August 1987) was a Soviet film actor and director.

Filmography

As director
 At a Quiet Harbor (1958)
 At a Far Point (1970)
 Northern Rhapsody (1974)

As actor
 Clean Ponds (1965) as officer
 The Cook (1966) as scammer in the market
 The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers (1968) as officer
 Train Stop – Two Minutes (1972) as train passenger
 Northern Rhapsody (1974) as Gurgen Khachaturovich
 The Twelve Chairs (1976) as barbeque chef

References

External links

1927 births
1987 deaths
Soviet film directors
Soviet male film actors
Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography alumni
Soviet emigrants to Canada
Soviet Armenians
Film people from Tbilisi


text:
Palpitomonas bilix is a protist species first described in 2010.

References

Cryptista


text:
The list of shipwrecks in August 1882 includes ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during August 1882.

1 August

2 August

4 August

5 August

7 August

8 August

9 August

10 August

11 August

13 August

15 August

16 August

18 August

19 August

20 August

21 August

23 August

25 August

26 August

29 August

30 August

31 August

Unknown date

References

1882-08
Maritime incidents in August 1882


text:
The Northwest Mountaineering Journal was a now defunct online magazine started in 2004 by Lowell Skoog to serve as a record of new climbs and ski descents, as well as to provide articles and stories pertinent to mountaineering in the Pacific Northwest of North America. The magazine was run by volunteers and hosted on the server of the Mountaineers and CascadeClimbers.com. It was published annually. Following the publication of the 2010 volume, Lowell Skoog stepped down as editor, and the magazine effectively ceased to exist. In 2014 the Mountaineers quit hosting the archives.

Historically, new routes were reported in the Mountaineers Annual through 1985. The American Alpine Journal documents routes around the world, including from Washington, but requires that routes be of at least a minimum seriousness (grade IV). Online interaction through forums such as CascadeClimbers.com, aerial photography by John Scurlock, and a critical mass of active climbers has helped spur a renaissance of route development and exploration, many of which are less than a grade IV, but there was not a venue for documenting these routes for posterity.

References

External links
 WayBack Machine archives
 Lowell Skoog's website
 John Scurlock's photo galleries
 CascadeClimbers

Annual magazines published in the United States
Online magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
English-language magazines
Magazines established in 2004
Magazines disestablished in 2010
Climbing magazines


text:
Christophe Impens (1969), athlète belge.
Josse Impens (1840-1905), peintre belge.
Rue Josse Impens à Bruxelles.


text:
Wavetable – synteza tablicowa, alternatywny w stosunku do syntezy FM sposób generowania dźwięków.

Krótkie próbki (ang. sample) danego instrumentu muzycznego są przetwarzane na dźwięk o odpowiedniej wysokości i czasie trwania. Technika ta opracowana została pod koniec lat 70. przez Wolfganga Palma i wprowadzona w 1979 r.

Poczynając od 1993 roku na rynku pojawiły się karty dźwiękowe Creative Labs Sound Blaster AWE32 i Gravis Ultrasound, których producenci wykorzystując hasło "wavetable" rozpoczęli stosowanie sampli PCM jako podstawy tworzenia dźwięków. Jednak tego typu karty dźwiękowe tak naprawdę nie korzystały z żadnej formy syntezy tablicowej, ale raczej z samplera i systemu syntezy subtraktywnej bazującej na technologii z rodziny emulatorów E-mu.

Multimedia
Synteza dźwięku

de:Wavetable
ja:デジタルシンセサイザー#ウェーブテーブル・シンセシス


text:
The 2006 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 60th season of Formula One motor racing. It featured the 57th Formula One World Championship which began on 12 March and ended on 22 October after eighteen races. The Drivers' Championship was won by Fernando Alonso of Renault for the second year in a row, with Alonso becoming the youngest ever double world champion at the time. Then-retiring seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari finished runner-up, 13 points behind. The Constructors' Championship was won by Renault, which defeated Ferrari by five points.

The season was highlighted by the rivalry between Alonso and Schumacher, who each won seven races. Renault and Ferrari drivers dominated the field, victorious in all but one race: the Hungarian Grand Prix was won by Honda's Jenson Button, and the four second-place finishes not achieved by Renault or Ferrari were accomplished by McLaren. For the first time since the  season, no British constructor won any race and only factory teams won all the races during this year (as in 1956). This season marked the beginning of the usage of 2.4L V8 engines in Formula One from the 3.0L V10 engines that were used in the previous seasons, which continued till the end of the  season. 2006 was also the first season since  and  respectively that various engine displacements and configurations were featured only for Scuderia Toro Rosso that had Cosworth TJ2005-2 3.0-litre V10 powerplant.

The season saw several changes occurring in the drivers' market starting already in December 2005 as Alonso sealed a move to McLaren for 2007. In September 2006, Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula One at the end of the season, with  and  championship runner-up Kimi Räikkönen being announced as his replacement at Ferrari. Among other notable departures included Juan Pablo Montoya, who left McLaren mid-season to pursue a career in NASCAR.

As of 2022, this is the last Constructors' Championship for Renault, and the last Drivers' Championship for a Spanish Formula One driver. It is also the last season for Michelin as a tyre supplier, the last season to have two tyre suppliers, and also the last season overall to have more than one tyre supplier,  as the French tyre company withdrew from Formula One at the end of the season.

Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers competed in the 2006 FIA Formula One World Championship.

Free practice drivers
Seven constructors entered free practice only drivers over the course of the season.

Team changes
 Three prominent names in the sport disappeared for this season, with Minardi, BAR and Jordan changing names under new ownership, while Sauber changed ownership, and one new team, Super Aguri, entered at the last moment. Minardi were taken over by Red Bull, becoming Toro Rosso, which is Italian for Red Bull. The Sauber name remained, although largely as a sentiment, as BMW had purchased 80% of the team, with Peter Sauber keeping only a 20% share. A year after Alex Shnaider had purchased the team and following a disappointing final season under the Jordan name, Jordan was renamed to MF1 Racing after Shnaider's Midland Group company. Late in the season, the team was bought by Spyker. Honda, who already owned a 45% stake in the BAR team, completed their takeover of the team and changed its name to Honda Racing F1 Team at the start of the season. Super Aguri F1 also entered their first season after having problems entering. They received backing from Honda including technology and engines, due to them running Honda factory driver Takuma Sato.
 Williams introduced numerous changes for 2006, particularly changing to Cosworth V8 engines after they and BMW split. Red Bull Racing (RBR) had Ferrari engines, replacing the Cosworth power which gained them seventh in the standings in . Williams and Toyota changed tyre suppliers to Bridgestone, due to Michelin's desire to supply fewer teams in the championship. Despite this, Toro Rosso, who under the Minardi name ran Bridgestone tyres, switched to Michelin in line with parent team RBR.

Driver changes
 Ferrari replaced Michael Schumacher's longtime teammate Rubens Barrichello with fellow Brazilian Felipe Massa, who moved from Sauber. Massa had previously tested with Ferrari in 2003. Massa was replaced at the newly renamed BMW Sauber team by Nick Heidfeld, who had driven for BMW's previous partners Williams for much of 2005. Poland's Robert Kubica took up the third driver's role at BMW Sauber.
 Barrichello moved to Honda, where he replaced the outgoing Takuma Sato. The Honda-backed Super Aguri team started the season with Sato and Yuji Ide, an all-Japanese driver line up. Franck Montagny moved from his Renault testing role to become Super Aguri's third driver. His position at Renault was taken by the GP2 runner-up Heikki Kovalainen.
 Williams promoted test driver Nico Rosberg, who had won the inaugural GP2 drivers' title, to their second seat alongside Mark Webber. Alexander Wurz, one of McLaren's test drivers from 2005, joined Williams as a third driver, alongside India's Narain Karthikeyan, who had raced for Jordan the previous season. Gary Paffett was promoted to a permanent testing role at McLaren alongside Pedro de la Rosa.
 Karthikeyan's seat at Jordan, now renamed as MF1, was taken by the 2005 Minardi driver Christijan Albers. MF1 decided to employ a rotation system for their third driver position. Minardi's other driver, Robert Doornbos, took up a test driving role at Red Bull. Vitantonio Liuzzi, who had shared Red Bull's second seat with Christian Klien in 2005, moved to Red Bull's newly acquired sister team Toro Rosso—previously Minardi—where he partnered his fellow Red Bull-backed driver Scott Speed. The Swiss driver Neel Jani became Toro Rosso's third driver.

Mid-season changes
 After the San Marino Grand Prix Super Aguri's Yuji Ide had his superlicence revoked by the FIA and could no longer race in Formula One. He was replaced by the team's reserve driver Franck Montagny for the next race. Super Aguri hired Sakon Yamamoto, one of Jordan's test drivers from 2005, to be their third driver from the British Grand Prix onwards, in place of the promoted Montagny. Yamamoto and Montagny switched places from the German Grand Prix onwards.
 After the United States Grand Prix, Juan Pablo Montoya announced he was moving to NASCAR for the 2007 season and leaving McLaren. The next day, McLaren announced that Montoya would be replaced in their driver line up by test driver Pedro de la Rosa, ending Montoya's five and a half-year F1 career since 2001.
 Robert Kubica was promoted to a race seat by BMW Sauber at the Hungarian Grand Prix, replacing 1997 World Champion Jacques Villeneuve, possibly due to Villeneuve's injuries after a heavy crash in the German Grand Prix. On the day after the Hungarian GP (7 August 2006), BMW Sauber announced that Villeneuve had left the team with immediate effect, with Kubica replacing him permanently for the remainder of the season. German Formula 3 driver Sebastian Vettel became BMW Sauber's third driver from the Turkish Grand Prix onwards, replacing the promoted Kubica.
 On 11 September 2006, Red Bull Racing announced that the team's third/test driver, Robert Doornbos would replace the sacked-Christian Klien for the final three races of the season as a result of Klien's string of poor results. For the races in China and Japan, Michael Ammermüller replaced Doornbos as third driver.
 Spyker MF1 announced a duo of new third drivers for two of the final races of the year. GP2 Series drivers Alexandre Prémat and Ernesto Viso took part in practice in China and Brazil respectively; Adrian Sutil, who had previously tested in Germany and France, again tested for the team in Japan.
 During the test at the Silverstone Circuit in September, GP2 Series drivers Lewis Hamilton, Nelson Piquet Jr., and Adrián Vallés performed test duties for McLaren, Renault and MF1, respectively. Super Aguri's former race driver Franck Montagny also tested for Toyota.

Season calendar
The Australian Grand Prix was held later than usual, to avoid a clash with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. For the first time, Bahrain hosted the first Grand Prix. Brazil hosted the last race, while Japan and China swapped their original dates.

In 2006, the FIA announced the Belgian Grand Prix would not be part of the 2006 Formula One season, since the local authorities had started major repair work in Spa-Francorchamps. The Belgian Grand Prix returned in 2007, when Kimi Räikkönen took pole position and his 3rd Belgian Grand Prix win in a row.

Regulation changes

Technical regulations
 In an attempt to curb the increasing engine power levels of recent years, the maximum engine displacement was reduced from 3.0 to 2.4 litres and the number of cylinders from 10 to 8. At similar engine speeds, the change was expected to cut peak power by around 200 bhp, which would equate to around three to five seconds on lap times at most circuits. (Scuderia Toro Rosso continued to use 3.0-litre 10-cylinder engines with both rev and air-intake limiters to avoid the costs of re-engineering their cars in a short period). Initial testing indicated the new engines were six seconds slower than their V10 counterparts, but early in the season, it became obvious that despite the decrease in power, lap times were not far from 2005 figures; on some circuits, the fastest laps set this year were actually faster than the ones recorded last year, with the V10 engines.
 Some engine suppliers indicated early that their smaller V8s can rev higher than the 19,000 rpms normal for 2005-spec V10s. Northampton-based engine builder Cosworth had an enviable record of success with V8 engines. It made further history by becoming the first manufacturer to have broken the 20,000 rpm limit on track in December 2005.
 Tyre changes returned to Formula One in 2006. Each driver is limited to 14 sets of tyres per race weekend. This consists of seven sets of dry-weather tyres, four sets of wet-weather tyres and three sets of extreme-weather tyres. The thinking behind this is that the reduced engine size will offset any performance gain. The number of constructors who were supplied tyres by Michelin was down from seven to six while Bridgestone increased from three to five. Michelin announced they would withdraw from the championship after the 2006 season.
All Formula One cars and entrants began to utilise mandatory 7-speed + 1 reverse semi-automatic gearbox configuration from 2006 to .
To keep costs down, the fuel tank capacity of all Formula One cars were mandatorily standardized to .

Sporting regulations
 A new qualifying system consisting of three sessions of varying length was introduced. A 15-minute session was held first, in which the six slowest cars from that session were eliminated and thus set in grid positions 17–22. After a five-minute break, another 15-minute session was held with the remaining cars, and again the six slowest cars were eliminated and set in positions 11–16. These twelve eliminated drivers were placed in parc fermé, but allowed to modify fuel loads as they see fit.
 During a further five-minute break, the remaining 10 cars declared their fuel loads to the FIA. A final 20 minute session then decided the top 10 grid positions. Teams were allowed to run their fuel load low by making as many laps as possible, and thus improve their times as the weight falls. This was considered an improvement for TV audiences because teams needed to run as many laps as possible to lower their fuel loads. Following this session, the top ten cars were placed in parc ferme and required to refill their fuel load to the level of that at the beginning of the final 20 minutes. Starting with the 2006 French Grand Prix, qualifying for final session was cut short to just 15 minutes, making all of the sessions the same length, and the ability for drivers to complete a flying lap after the chequered flag drop now applied in the first two sessions as well.
 A loophole was detected by the FIA, in that teams could declare a large fuel load but on the out lap "leak", or use a large quantity of fuel to lighten a car and permit a faster lap. The FIA decided to only count laps that are within 110% of the driver's fastest time, and allow teams to top up with the amount of fuel used for those laps.
 Only one free practice session was held on Saturdays, for one hour, and it ended no less than two hours before qualifying begins, usually between 11.00 and 12.00, replacing the old system of two 45-minute sessions. Friday remained unchanged, with two one-hour sessions, starting three hours apart.
 The tuned mass damper system was used by several teams, notably Renault, during the latter part of 2005 and the 2006 seasons. The devices were located in the nosecone, and were particularly effective in corners and over kerbs to keep the tyres in closer contact to the track surface than they would otherwise be. After the French Grand Prix, the FIA announced that the system would be outlawed. This had a particularly significant effect on Renault, as the team had effectively built their cars around the devices, and had introduced them as long ago as the 2005 Brazilian Grand Prix. At the German Grand Prix the Renault team submitted one of their cars for scrutineering by the race stewards, who ruled that the devices were acceptable. The FIA launched an appeal against this decision, and on 23 August 2006 the FIA International Court of Appeal issued a statement upholding this appeal and rejecting the stewards' decision. The Court of Appeal stated that the system infringed part of the bodywork section (Article 3.15) of the Formula One Technical Regulations, which stated that any specific part of the car influencing its aerodynamic performance had to: comply with the rules relating to bodywork, be rigidly secured to the entirely sprung part of the car (rigidly secured means not having any degree of freedom), and remain immobile in relation to the sprung part of the car. The central argument was whether the mass dampers function as aerodynamic devices or as a part of the suspension system. The FIA reasoned that because the devices did not "remain immobile in relation to the sprung part of the car", they were illegal. But the FIA failed to explain how the damper, which was entirely enclosed with the car can be counted as bodywork when article 1.4 of the regulations defined bodywork as:
All entirely sprung parts of the car in contact with the external air stream, except cameras and the parts definitely associated with the mechanical functioning of the engine, transmission and running gear. Airboxes, radiators and engine exhausts are considered to be part of the bodywork.
Following the ruling by the Court of Appeal, the system was officially banned before the 2006 Turkish Grand Prix. In a later interview, Renault's Flavio Briatore named McLaren as the team who complained to the FIA.

Background
The calendar was initially announced as the same as for 2005, with the Belgian Grand Prix scheduled for 17 September. However, on 8 February, the FIA announced that the Belgian National Sporting Authority (RACB) were withdrawing Spa-Francorchamps from the 2006 Formula One calendar due to a lack of time to complete improvements to the track. The race has traditionally received strong support from drivers and FIA President Max Mosley and the Grand Prix was back on the Grand Prix calendar for the  season.

2006 was the last season with two tyre manufacturers: The two manufacturers at the time were Japanese manufacturer Bridgestone and French company Michelin. In December 2005, the FIA announced that from the 2008 season, there would be only one tyre supplier. Five days later, Michelin announced it would quit Formula One at the end of the 2006 season as it did not want to be in Formula One as the sole tyre supplier.

At the end of 2005, three well-known teams were bought out: Minardi, Sauber and Jordan. The former were bought by Red Bull to be run as a junior team to house their growing list of young talent looking for an F1 drive. Despite campaigns by Minardi fans the team were renamed Scuderia Toro Rosso (Toro Rosso), Italian for Team Red Bull. The Sauber team was purchased by BMW. BMW opted to keep the Sauber name in F1 renaming the team BMW Sauber. Jordan, who had been bought by the Midland Group in 2004, changed their name to MF1 Racing after a transition year in 2005.

2006 also saw the introduction of a new Japanese team, Super Aguri F1, founded by former F1 driver Aguri Suzuki, who entered at the last moment. Super Aguri notified the FIA on 1 November 2005 (ahead of the governing body's 15 November deadline) of their intention to enter, but the FIA's initial entry list stated they had not approved Aguri's entry. However, the team received the consent of the ten existing teams to compete and paid the US$48 million bond required as a deposit. The team was confirmed by the FIA on 26 January 2006.

Between the 2005 and 2006 season the ownership of Formula One changed significantly. Until November 2005 the Formula One group was owned by an Ecclestone family trust and Speed Investments (a grouping of Bayerische Landesbank, JP Morgan Chase and Lehman Brothers). On 25 November, CVC Capital Partners announced it was to purchase both the Ecclestone shares (25% of SLEC) and Bayerische Landesbank's 48% share, held through Speed Investments. By 30 March, CVC had acquired all remaining shares and later that month the European Commission announced approval of this deal, conditional upon CVC relinquishing control of Dorna Sports, promoter of MotoGP. On 28 March CVC announced the completion of the Formula One transaction. Ecclestone reinvested proceeds of his stake into the new Formula One parent company Alpha Prema.

Another Ecclestone victory involved the Grand Prix Manufacturers' Association's proposal for an alternative world championship. On 27 March, the five car manufacturers involved lodged applications for the  season, reducing the likelihood of a breakaway series. On 14 May, Grand Prix Manufacturers' Association (GPMA) members confirmed they had signed a Memorandum of Understanding, a move toward signing a new Concorde Agreement. Five days later, Bernie Ecclestone and CVC Capital Partners signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the GPMA which should see the five "rebels" continue racing in Formula One at least until the 2012 season.

Season report

Pre-season
The pre-season test was originally scheduled to be held at the Circuit de Catalunya in Barcelona, Spain from 24–26 February, but following the rescheduling of the Australian Grand Prix to avoid a clash with the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, it was instead held at the Bahrain International Circuit in Sakhir from 3–5 March, just before the first race of the season at the same venue.

Report

After a disastrous  season and slow start to the 2006 season Michael Schumacher won consecutive races at Imola and the Nürburgring. During the final lap of his qualifying session for the Monaco Grand Prix, Schumacher came to a stop at the La Rascasse hairpin, resulting in yellow flags, meaning that other drivers could not go at maximum speed. After the session there were immediate complaints from the other teams claiming that this was a deliberate move by Schumacher to ensure he started in pole position – Alonso's flying lap that was affected by the yellow flags had been likely to beat Schumacher's fastest time – at the end of the second sector, Alonso was more than two-tenths of a second ahead of Schumacher's time, and his final time was just 0.064 seconds slower than Schumacher. Although Schumacher insisted that he had simply locked up his brakes at the corner, a stewards' inquiry stated, "We are left with no alternative but to conclude that the driver deliberately stopped his car on the circuit." The penalty was that Schumacher's qualifying times were all deleted, demoting him to 22nd position on the grid. He opted to start from the pitlane, and finished fifth, after an incident in the race that required the safety car to be deployed. The Safety Car failed to aid Schumacher however, but in fact hampered him; because he was the last car to be lapped by leader Alonso, and under 2006 FIA rules; he was not allowed to un-lap himself under Safety Car conditions. This meant he was almost a full lap down on third placed Coulthard, and fourth placed Barrichello on the resumption of the race. But by the end, he was threatening to pass them for position; finishing less than two seconds off a podium spot.

At the British Grand Prix, Alonso became the first Spanish driver and the youngest driver (24 years and 317 days) to win a race from pole and get fastest lap, leading every lap of the race except one. Schumacher won the United States Grand Prix, his fourth consecutive victory at Indianapolis and fifth career victory there, and the French Grand Prix.

The FIA decided that the 'Mass Damper' system used by Renault up to this point of the season did not meet the technical regulations, and it was banned – a polemical decision, since the FIA itself was consulted about the system during its development, and authorised its use. The effect of the ban was clear at the next race where the Renaults struggled to even get points. Schumacher also won the German Grand Prix at Hockenheim, with Alonso finishing 5th.

Jenson Button achieved his first Formula One career victory in the Hungarian Grand Prix. Alonso had a mechanical failure whilst leading in the latter stages of the race whilst Michael Schumacher retired after a collision with Nick Heidfeld. However Schumacher was promoted to eighth place in the standings (having been classified ninth following a retirement three laps from the end) because Robert Kubica's debut ended in disqualification. The Polish driver had finished seventh in the BMW.

Felipe Massa won the next Grand Prix in Turkey, so for the second race in a row, Formula One had a maiden victor. Fernando Alonso extended his lead over Michael Schumacher by two points after he managed to finish a tenth of a second ahead of the German in second place.

At the Italian Grand Prix, Alonso was given a penalty for 'holding up' Massa during the final qualification session. Many in the Formula One 'paddock' were reported to disagree with the penalty and Max Mosley has since said that he would not have issued the same penalty as the race stewards. Schumacher reduced Alonso's lead to only two points after winning the race while Alonso suffered an engine failure in the late stages of the race. Despite a fourth-place finish for Alonso's teammate, Giancarlo Fisichella, and a flat-spotted tyre causing Felipe Massa to score no points, the race also saw Ferrari pull ahead of Renault for the first time in 2006. Polish driver Robert Kubica took his BMW Sauber to his first podium finish, in only his third race, but the race results were largely overshadowed by Schumacher announcing, during the post-race press conference, that he would retire at the end of the season. Afterwards he did say that he would hold a position in the Ferrari F1 team for 2007, though he did not disclose what.

Three weeks later, with his victory at Shanghai right ahead of Alonso, Schumacher drew level on points with him at the head of the championship. Schumacher led the World Championship for the first time in 2006 after the race, as he had won seven races compared to Alonso's six. Massa did not finish the race, and Renault gained again the lead in the Constructors' Championship thanks to Fisichella's third place. As Shanghai would prove to be the German's last victory of the season as well as the 91st and last victory of his career before retiring at the end of the season.

A week later at the Japanese Grand Prix, Felipe Massa took pole ahead of Michael Schumacher in second and Fernando Alonso in fifth. Schumacher quickly took the lead and set about gaining a five-second lead, which continued until after the second round of pit stops. However, Schumacher's engine failed with 17 laps to go, forcing him to retire and handing Alonso the win ahead of Massa.

At the final round, the Brazilian Grand Prix, Massa again took pole. Drama in qualifying saw Michael Schumacher have a mysterious failure, meaning that he started down in tenth, while Alonso began in fifth. In the race, Schumacher had yet more bad luck, suffering a puncture just a few laps in. He recovered to finish fourth, while teammate Massa became the first Brazilian to win his home Grand Prix since Ayrton Senna in 1993. Alonso finished second to secure his second successive championship, adding the record of the youngest man to secure back-to-back titles to his ever-increasing list of records. Fisichella finished sixth for Renault, meaning that the French outfit secured their second successive Constructors' title. McLaren failed to secure a single win in the season for the first time since  and it was the first season since  that a British constructor failed to win a race.

Results and standings

Grands Prix

Scoring system

Points were awarded to the top eight classified finishers using the following structure:

In the event of a tie, a count-back system was used as a tie-breaker, with a driver's best result used to decide the standings.

World Drivers' Championship standings

Notes:
 – Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.

World Constructors' Championship standings

Notes:
 – Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.
Official FIA results listed the constructors as Mild Seven Renault F1 Team, Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro, Team McLaren Mercedes, etc.

Notes

References

External links

 formula1.com – 2006 official driver standings
 formula1.com – 2006 official team standings
 2006 season at FIA.com
 2006 season at ManipeF1.com
 2006 season at GrandPrix.com
 2006 season at Chicanef1.com

Formula One seasons

Formula 1


text:
NOPAT (ang. Net Operating Profit After Tax) – zysk operacyjny netto po opodatkowaniu. W zysku operacyjnym nie uwzględnia się sposobu finansowania działalności przedsiębiorstwa, a więc odsetek. Podatek naliczany jest w odniesieniu do EBIT, nie do zysku brutto. NOPAT jest wykorzystywany przez analityków i inwestorów jako precyzyjny i dokładny pomiar rentowności przedsiębiorstwa na przestrzeni lat oraz względem konkurencji. Zamiennie używa się nazwy wskaźnika NOPLAT (ang. Net Operating Profit Less Adjusted Tax).

Opis wskaźnika
Zysk operacyjny netto po opodatkowaniu pokazuje, jak dobrze firma wykonała swoją działalność podstawową, po odliczeniu podatków. Analitycy wykorzystują wiele różnych miar wydajności podczas oceny firmy jako inwestycji. Najczęściej stosowanymi miarami wyników są sprzedaż i wzrost dochodu netto. Sprzedaż zapewnia najwyższą miarę wydajności, ale nie mówi o wydajności operacyjnej. Zysk netto obejmuje koszty operacyjne, ale obejmuje również oszczędności podatkowych z tytułu zadłużenia. Zysk operacyjny netto po opodatkowaniu jest kalkulacją hybrydową, która umożliwia analitykom porównanie wyników firmy bez wpływu dźwigni. W ten sposób jest to dokładniejsza miara czystej wydajności operacyjnej.

gdzie:
  – zysk operacyjny przed opodatkowaniem;
  – stopa podatku dochodowego

NOPAT stanowi swoiste przybliżenie przepływów pieniężnych po opodatkowaniu bez uwzględnienia korzyści podatkowych wynikających z posiadanego zadłużenia. Należy zauważyć, że jeżeli firma nie ma zadłużenia, to zysk operacyjny netto po opodatkowaniu jest taki sam jak zysk netto po opodatkowaniu. Przy obliczaniu zysku operacyjnego netto po opodatkowaniu analitycy lubią porównywać go w ramach podobnych firm w tej samej branży, ponieważ niektóre branże mają wyższe lub niższe koszty niż inne. Wartość nie obejmuje pozycji jednorazowych strat lub innych opłat; które zaburzają obraz prawdziwej rentowności firmy. Niektóre z tych opłat mogą obejmować opłaty związane z fuzją lub przejęciem, które, jeśli są brane pod uwagę, niekoniecznie pokazują dokładny obraz działalności firmy, nawet jeśli mogą wpłynąć na wynik finansowy firmy w danym roku.

Interpretacja i zastosowanie
Wartość NOPAT stanowi dla analityków podstawową miarę efektywności operacyjnej bez wpływu zadłużenia, szeroko wykorzystywaną przy okazji analiz w zakresie fuzji i przejęć. Analitycy wartość NOPAT wykorzystują do obliczania wolnych przepływów pieniężnych dla firmy (FCFF – ang. Free Cash Flow to Firm), która równa się zyskowi operacyjnemu netto po opodatkowaniu minus zmiany kapitału obrotowego. NOPAT wykorzystuje się również do obliczania zdyskontowanych przepływów pieniężnych (DCF). Oba rodzaje przepływów są wykorzystywane głównie przez analityków poszukujących celów przejęcia, ponieważ finansowanie nabywcy zastąpi obecne źródła finansowania. Innym sposobem obliczenia zysku operacyjnego netto po opodatkowaniu jest zysk netto powiększony o koszty odsetkowe netto po opodatkowaniu lub dochód netto powiększony o koszty odsetkowe netto pomnożony przez 1 minus stawka podatku.

Przedsiębiorstwo wygenerowało w danym roku zysk operacyjny na poziomie 1000 zł. Stopa podatku wynosi 19%, zatem NOPAT wyniesie 810 zł (1000 zł * 0,81).

Zalety
 dokładna miara wydajności operacyjnej przedsiębiorstwa,
 ma zastosowanie w licznych wskaźnikach finansowych,
 syntetyczny miernik, który informuje o sytuacji przedsiębiorstwa,
 łatwy w interpretacji zarówno przez finansistów, jak i osoby nieposiadające wiedzy finansowej,
 pozwala na porównanie efektów działalności przedsiębiorstw niezależnie od struktury ich kapitałów,

Zobacz też
 NOPLAT
 EVA (Ekonomiczna wartość dodana)
 MVA (Rynkowa wartość dodana)
 CVA (Gotówkowa wartość dodana)
 SVA (Wartość dodana dla właścicieli)
 Koszt alternatywny
 FCFF – (wolne przepływy pieniężne dla właścicieli kapitału własnego i wierzycieli)
 DCF – (zdyskontowane przepływy pieniężne)

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Zarządzanie finansami
Wskaźniki finansowe