text:
was a Japanese naval aviator and flying ace ("Gekitsui-O", ) of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Sakai had 28–64 aerial victories, including shared ones, according to official Japanese records, but his autobiography, Samurai!, which was co-written by Martin Caidin and Fred Saito, claims 64 aerial victories.

Early life
Saburō Sakai was born on 25 August 1916 in Saga Prefecture, Japan. He was born into a family with an immediate affiliation to the samurai and their warrior legacies. Their ancestors were themselves samurai and had taken part in the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) but were later forced to take up a livelihood of farming after haihan-chiken in 1871. He was the third-born of four sons (his given name literally means "third son") and had three sisters. Sakai was 11 when his father died, which left his mother alone to raise seven children. With limited resources, Sakai was adopted by his maternal uncle, who financed his education in a Tokyo high school. However, Sakai failed to do well in his studies and was sent back to Saga after his second year.

On 31 May 1933, at the age of 16, Sakai enlisted in the Imperial Japanese Navy as a Sailor Fourth Class (Seaman Recruit) (四等水兵) at the Sasebo Naval Base. Sakai described his experiences as a naval recruit:

"The petty officers would not hesitate to administer the severest beatings to recruits they felt deserving of punishment. Whenever I committed a breach of discipline or an error in training, I was dragged physically from my cot by a petty officer. 'Stand tall to the wall! Bend down, Recruit Sakai!' he would roar. 'I am not doing this because I hate you, but because I like you and want you to make a good seaman. Bend down! And with that he would swing a large stick of wood and with every ounce of strength he possessed would slam it against my upturned bottom. The pain was terrible, the force of the blows unremitting." "There was no choice but to grit my teeth and struggle desperately not to cry out. At times I counted up to forty crashing impacts into my buttocks. Often I fainted from the pain. A lapse into unconsciousness constituted no escape however. The petty officer simply hurled a bucket of cold water over my prostrate form and bellowed for me to resume position, whereupon he continued his 'discipline' until satisfied I would mend the error of my ways."

After completing his training the following year, Sakai graduated as a Sailor Third Class (Ordinary Seaman) (三等水兵). He then served aboard the battleship  for one year. In 1935, he successfully passed the competitive examinations for the Naval Gunners' School. Sakai was promoted to Sailor Second Class (Able Seaman) (二等水兵) in 1936, and served on the battleship  as a turret gunner. He received successive promotions to Sailor First Class (Leading Seaman) (一等水兵) and to Petty Officer Third Class (三等兵曹). In early 1937, he applied for and was accepted into the navy pilot training program. He graduated first in his class at Tsuchiura in 1937 and earned a silver watch, which was presented to him by Emperor Hirohito. Sakai graduated as a carrier pilot although he was never assigned to aircraft-carrier duty. One of Sakai's classmates was Jūzō Mori, who graduated as a carrier pilot and served on the Japanese aircraft carrier Sōryū by flying Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers early in the war.

Promoted to Petty Officer Second Class (二等兵曹) in 1938, Sakai took part in aerial combat flying the Mitsubishi A5M at the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938–1939 and was wounded in action. Later, he was selected to fly the Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighter in combat over China.

World War II
Southeast Asia

When Japan attacked the Western Allies in 1941, Sakai participated in the attack on the Philippines as a member of the Tainan Air Group. On 8 December 1941, Sakai flew one of 45 Zeros from the Tainan Kōkūtai (a Kōkūtai was an Air Group) that attacked Clark Air Base in the Philippines. In his first combat against Americans, he shot down a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk and destroyed two B-17 Flying Fortresses by strafing them on the ground. Sakai flew missions the next day during heavy weather.

On the third day of the battle, Sakai claimed to have shot down a B-17, flown by Captain Colin P. Kelly. Sakai, who has often been credited with the victory, was a Shotai leader engaged in this fight with the bomber although he and his two wingmen do not appear to have been given official credit for it.

Early in 1942, Sakai was transferred to Tarakan Island in Borneo and fought in the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese high command instructed fighter patrols to down all enemy aircraft that were encountered, whether they were armed or not. On a patrol with his Zero over Java, just after he had shot down an enemy aircraft, Sakai encountered a civilian Dutch Douglas DC-3 flying at low altitude over dense jungle. Sakai initially assumed that it was transporting important people and signaled to its pilot to follow him, but the pilot did not obey. Sakai descended and approached the DC-3. He then saw a blonde woman and a young child through a window, along with other passengers. The woman reminded him of Mrs. Martin, an American who occasionally had taught him as a child in middle school and had been kind to him. He ignored his orders, flew ahead of the pilot, and signaled him to go ahead. The pilot and the passengers saluted him. Sakai did not mention the encounter in the aerial combat report.

During the Borneo Campaign, Sakai achieved 13 more victories before he was grounded by illness. When he recovered three months later in April, Petty Officer First Class Sakai joined a squadron (chutai) of the Tainan Kōkūtai under Sub-Lieutenant Junichi Sasai at Lae, New Guinea. Over the next four months, he scored the majority of his victories in flying against American and Australian pilots based at Port Moresby.

A myth has been perpetuated over time but declared to be product of the imagination of Martin Caidin, the co-author of Sakai's book "Samurai." Supposedly, on the night of 16 May, Sakai and his colleagues, Hiroyoshi Nishizawa and Toshio Ota, were listening to a broadcast of an Australian radio program, and Nishizawa recognized the eerie "Danse Macabre" of Camille Saint-Saëns. Inspired, Nishizawa is said to have come up with the idea of doing demonstration loops over the enemy airfield. The next day, his squadron included fellow aces Hiroyoshi Nishizawa and Toshio Ōta. At the end of an attack on Port Moresby, which had involved 18 Zeros, the trio performed three tight loops in close formation over the allied air base. Nishizawa indicated that he wanted to repeat the performance. Diving to , the three Zeros did three more loops without receiving any AA fire from the ground. The following day, a lone Allied bomber flew over the Lae airfield and dropped a note attached to a long cloth ribbon. A soldier picked up the note and delivered to the squadron commander. It read (paraphrased): "Thank you for the wonderful display of aerobatics by three of your pilots. Please pass on our regards and inform them that we will have a warm reception ready for them, next time they fly over our airfield." The squadron commander was furious and reprimanded the three pilots for their stupidity, but the Tainan Kōkūtai's three leading aces felt that Nishizawa's aerial choreography of the Danse Macabre had been worth it.

Pacific Theater
On 3 August 1942, Sakai's air group was relocated from Lae to the airfield at Rabaul.

On 7 August, word arrived that US Marines had landed that morning on Guadalcanal. The initial Allied landings captured an airfield, later named Henderson Field by the Allies, that had been under construction by the Japanese. The airfield soon became the focus of months of fighting during the Guadalcanal Campaign, as it enabled US airpower to hinder the Japanese in their attempts at resupplying their troops. The Japanese made several attempts to retake Henderson Field that resulted in almost daily air battles for the Tainan Kōkūtai.

US Marines flying Grumman F4F Wildcats from Henderson Field on Guadalcanal were using a new aerial combat tactic, the "Thach Weave", which was developed in 1941 by the US Navy aviators John Thach and Edward O'Hare. The Japanese Zero pilots flying out of Rabaul were initially confounded by the tactic. Sakai described the reaction to the Thach Weave when they encountered Guadalcanal Wildcats using it:

On 7 August, Sakai and three pilots shot down an F4F Wildcat flown by James "Pug" Southerland, who had by the end of the war become an ace with five victories. Sakai, who did not know that Southerland's guns had jammed, recalled the duel in his autobiography:

They were soon engaged in a skillfully-maneuvered dogfight. After an extended battle in which both pilots gained and lost the upper hand, Sakai shot down Southerland's Wildcat and struck it below the left wing root with his 20 mm cannon. Southerland parachuted to safety.

Sakai was amazed at the Wildcat's ruggedness:

Not long after he had downed Southerland, Sakai was attacked by a lone Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bomber that was flown by Lieutenant Dudley Adams of Scouting Squadron 71 (VS-71) from . Adams scored a near miss and sent a bullet through Sakai's canopy, but Sakai quickly gained the upper hand and succeeded in downing Adams. Although Adams bailed out and survived, his gunner, R3/c Harry Elliot, was killed in the encounter. According to Sakai, that was his 60th victory.

Serious wounds
Shortly after he had shot down Southerland and Adams, Sakai spotted a flight of eight aircraft orbiting near Tulagi. Believing it to be another group of Wildcats, Sakai approached them from below and behind and aimed to catch them by surprise. However, he soon realised that he had made a mistake since the planes were in fact carrier-based bombers with rear-mounted machine guns. Despite that realisation, he had progressed too far into the attack to back off, and had no choice but to see it through.

In Sakai's account of the battle, he identified the aircraft as Grumman TBF Avengers and stated that he could clearly see the enclosed top turret. He claimed to have shot down two of the Avengers (his 61st and 62nd victories) before return fire had struck his plane. The kills were seemingly verified by the three Zero pilots following him, but no Avengers were reported lost that day.

However, according to US Navy records, only one formation of bombers reported fighting Zeros under those circumstances. That was a group of eight SBD Dauntlesses from Enterprise, led by Lieutenant Carl Horenberger of Bombing Squadron 6 (VB-6). The SBD crews reported being attacked by two Zeros, one of which came in from directly astern and flew into the concentrated fire from their rear-mounted twin  .30 AN/M2 guns. The rear gunners claimed that the Zero as a kill when it dove away in distress in return for two planes damaged (one seriously).

Whatever the case, Sakai sustained serious wounds from the bombers' return fire. He was hit in the head by a .30 caliber bullet, which injured his skull and temporarily paralyzed the left side of his body. The wound is described elsewhere as having destroyed the metal frame of his goggles and "creased" his skull, a glancing blow that broke the skin and made a furrow, or even cracked the skull but did not actually penetrate it. Shattered glass from the canopy temporarily blinded him in his right eye and reduced vision in his left eye severely. The Zero rolled inverted and descended towards the sea. Unable to see out of his left eye because of the glass and the blood from his serious head wound, Sakai's vision started to clear somewhat as tears cleared the blood from his eyes, and he pulled his plane out of the dive. He considered ramming an American warship: "If I must die, at least I could go out as a samurai. My death would take several of the enemy with me. A ship. I needed a ship." Finally, the cold air blasting into the cockpit revived him enough to check his instruments, and he decided that by leaning the fuel mixture, he might be able to return to the airfield at Rabaul.

Although in agony from his injuries Sakai managed to fly his damaged Zero in a 4 h 47 min flight over  back to his base on Rabaul by using familiar volcanic peaks as guides. When he attempted to land at the airfield, he nearly crashed into a line of parked Zeros, but after circling four times and with the fuel gauge reading empty, he put his Zero down on the runway on his second attempt. After landing, he insisted on making his mission report to his superior officer and then collapsed. Nishizawa drove him to a surgeon. Sakai was evacuated to Japan on 12 August and there endured a long surgery without anesthesia. The surgery repaired some of the damage to his head but was unable to restore full vision to his right eye. Nishizawa visited Sakai, who was recuperating in the hospital in Yokosuka hospital.

Recovery and return
After his discharge from the hospital in January 1943, Sakai spent a year in training new fighter pilots. He found the new generation of student pilots, who typically outranked veteran instructors, to be arrogant and unskilled.  With Japan clearly losing the air war, he prevailed upon his superiors to let him fly in combat again. In November 1943, Sakai was promoted to the rank of flying warrant officer (飛行兵曹長). In April 1944, he was transferred to Yokosuka Air Wing, which was posted to Iwo Jima.

On 24 June 1944, Sakai approached a formation of 15 US Navy Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters, which he had mistakenly assumed to be friendly Japanese aircraft. William A. McCormick saw four Hellcats on the Zero's tail but decided not to get involved. Despite facing superior enemy aircraft, Sakai demonstrated his skill and experience by eluding the attacks and returning to his airfield unscathed.

Sakai claimed to have never lost a wingman in combat, but he lost at least two of them over Iwo Jima.

Sakai said that he had been ordered to lead a kamikaze mission on 5 July but that he failed to find the US task force. He was engaged by Hellcat fighters near the task force's reported position, and all but one of the Nakajima B6N2 "Jill" torpedo bombers in his flight were shot down. Sakai managed to shoot down one Hellcat and escaped the umbrella of enemy aircraft by flying into a cloud. Rather than follow meaningless orders in worsening weather and gathering darkness, Sakai led his small formation back to Iwo Jima. However, according to the aerial combat report, his mission was to escort bombers to and from their targets, and in the afternoon of 24 June, Sakai joined the attack on the US task force.

In August 1944, Sakai was commissioned an ensign (少尉). He wad transferred to 343rd Air Group and returned to the Yokosuka Air Wing again.

About the same time, Sakai married his cousin Hatsuyo, who asked him for a dagger so that she could kill herself if he fell in battle. His autobiography, Samurai!, ends with Hatsuyo throwing away the dagger after Japan's surrender and saying that she no longer needed it.

Saburō Sakai participated in the IJNAS's last wartime mission by attacking two reconnaissance Consolidated B-32 Dominators on 18 August, which were conducting photo-reconnaissance and testing Japanese compliance with the ceasfire. He initially misidentified the planes as Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. Both aircraft returned to their base at Yontan Airfield, Okinawa. His encounter with the B-32 Dominators in the IJNAS's final mission was not included in Samurai!.

Sakai was promoted to sub-lieutenant (中尉) after the war had ended.

Back to civilian life

After the war, Sakai retired from the Navy. He became a Buddhist acolyte and vowed never again to kill anything that lived, even a mosquito.

Likewise, although Japan had been defeated in the Second World War with great loss of life, Sakai serenely accepted that outcome: "Had I been ordered to bomb Seattle or Los Angeles in order to end the war, I wouldn't have hesitated. So I perfectly understand why the Americans bombed Nagasaki and Hiroshima."

Times were difficult for Sakai. He had trouble finding a job, and Hatsuyo died in 1947. He remarried in 1952 and started a printing shop.

Sakai sent his daughter to college in the United States "to learn English and democracy."

Sakai visited the US and met many of his former adversaries, including Lieutenant Commander Harold "Lew" Jones (1921–2009), the SBD Dauntless rear-seat gunner (piloted by Ensign Robert C. Shaw), who had wounded him.

After a US Navy formal dinner in 2000 at Atsugi Naval Air Station at which he had been an honored guest, Sakai died of a heart attack at the age of 84.

He was survived by his second wife, Haru;/two daughters; and a son.

In popular culture

Books
Claims have been made that his autobiography Samurai! includes fictional stories, and that the number of kills specified in that work were increased to promote sales of the book by Martin Caidin. The book was not published in Japan and differs from his biographies there.

Winged Samurai: Saburo Sakai and the Zero Fighter Pilots is a 1985 book by Henry Sakaida dealing with the wartime history of Saburō Sakai.

Film
The 1976 movie Zero Pilot dramatized Saburō Sakai's experiences as a WWII fighter pilot. In it, Sakai is portrayed by the actor Hiroshi Fujioka. The screenplay is based on Sakai's book Samurai!.

ReferencesNotesBibliography'''

 Hammel, Eric. Carrier Clash: The Invasion of Guadalcanal & The Battle of the Eastern Solomons, August 1942. St Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Press, 2004. .
 King, Dan. The Last Zero Fighter, Firsthand Accounts from WWII Japanese Fighter Pilots. Oakland, California: Pacific Press, 2012. .
 Kodachi, Naoki. Fighters of Our Grandfathers (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kodansha Ltd., 2010. .
 Leckie, Robert. Challenge for the Pacific: Guadalcanal: the Turning Point of the War. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1968. .
 Lundstrom, John B. The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign: Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1994. .
 Mori, Juzo. The Miraculous Torpedo Squadron. Kindle Edition, 2015 .
 Ruffato, Luca and Michael J Claringbould. Eagles of the Southern Sky: The Tainan Air Group in WWII, Volume One: New Guinea. Tainan City, Taiwan: Tainan Books, 2014. .
 Sakaida, Henry. "Osprey Aircraft of the Aces No. 22 - Imperial Japanese Navy Aces 1937-45" London: Osprey Publishing, 1998. .
 Sakaida, Henry. Winged Samurai: Saburo Sakai and the Zero Fighter Pilots. Phoenix, Arizona: Champlin Fighter Museum, 1985, .
 Sakai, Saburo, Martin Caidin and Fred Saito. Samurai!. New York: Bantam, 1978. .
 Sakai, Saburo. Sakai saburo kusen kiroku, Volume 1 (in Japanese).  Tokyo: Kodansha, 1995. .
 Shores, Christopher, Brian Cull and Yasuho Izawa. Bloody Shambles: Volume One: The Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore. London: Grub Street, 1992. .
 Stafford, Edward P. The Big E: The Story of the USS Enterprise. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1962. .
 Yositake, Kori. Saburo Sakai'' (in Japanese). Tokyo: Kojinsha, 2009. .

External links

The Last Samurai - A Detailed Look at Saburo Sakai

Memorial To Saburo Sakai
Sakai's Saburo Sakai Is Dead at 84; War Pilot Embraced Foes
Excerpt from Samurai
WarbirdForum: An afternoon with Saburo Sakai

PBS: Secrets of the Dead
Enterprise Action Report for August 7, 1942

Japanese military personnel of World War II
Japanese naval aviators
Japanese World War II flying aces
Japanese Buddhists
1916 births
2000 deaths
People from Saga Prefecture
Imperial Japanese Navy officers


text:
El Islas Malvinas fue un buque tanque de la empresa petrolera estatal argentina Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) activo desde 1950 hasta 1979.

Características y construcción
Fue un buque tanque de  de desplazamiento, 157,6 m de eslora, 19,5 m de manga, de 10,8 m de puntal y 8,3 m de calado. Estaba impulsado por dos motores diésel Nordberg con 8500 CV.

Esta nave fue construida por el astillero Uddevallavarvet de Suecia; que puso la quilla en 1948, hizo la botadura en 1949 y la entregó en 1950. Era gemela de los Islas Georgias e Islas Orcadas.

Fue dada de baja y desguazada en 1979.

Véase también
 YPF

Referencias

Barcos de 1950
Buques tanque de Argentina
Buques de YPF
Barcos construidos en Suecia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Het Skûtsjemuseum is een museum in Eernewoude, in de Nederlandse provincie Friesland en werd in 1998 opgericht door Age Veldboom.

Het museum nabij het Nationaal Park De Oude Venen is sinds 1998 ondergebracht in een oude scheepshellingloods op het bedrijventerrein van Eernewoude. Het wordt ook wel De Stripe genoemd, de naam van het bedrijventerrein maar ook van de historische scheepswerf De Stripe van het museum.

Er worden rondleidingen gegeven en bezoekers kunnen gaan zeilen met een skûtsje. In de smederij, de zwaardmakerij en de zeilmakerij is de tijd van begin twintigste eeuw zichtbaar toen diverse ambachten en technieken vereist waren om een skûtsje te bouwen.

Het museum bezit een grote collectie geluidsbanden met de stemmen van oude skûtsjeschippers. Ook kunnen de oude werfboeken worden ingezien van scheepsbouwer Eeltje Holtrop van der Zee,  Eeltsjebaas. Naast de rijke historie van het skûtsjesilen wordt aandacht geschonken aan de zware omstandigheden in de tijd dat skûtsjes onder zeil dagelijks voeren met vrachten turf, terpmodder, mest en zand.

Naast het museum werd tussen 2004 en 2008 het houten skûtsje Aebelina gebouwd, waarbij bezoekers de bouw konden volgen. Het museum is 's winters gesloten.

Zie ook
 Lijst van musea in Friesland

Bouwwerk in Tietjerksteradeel
Cultuur in Tietjerksteradeel
Museum in Friesland


text:
La Mustang VII est un coupé ou cabriolet sportif du constructeur automobile américain Ford produit à partir de 2023. Elle est la  génération de Ford Mustang produites au total à plus de 10 millions d'exemplaires depuis 1964.

Présentation
La septième génération de Mustang (type S650) est présentée au salon de Détroit, le .

Caractéristiques techniques
La Mustang VII repose sur la plateforme technique de la Mustang VI.

À l'intérieur, la planche de bord modernisée reçoit une double dalle numérique composée d'un écran pour l'instrumentation de  et d'un écran tactile pour l'info-divertissement de  orienté vers le conducteur, et équipée du système Ford SYNC 4.

Motorisations
La Mustang VII reprend les motorisations de la Mustang VI, à savoir le 4-cylindres en ligne turbocompressé à injection directe EcoBoost de  et le V8 Coyote de , accouplé à une boîte manuelle à six vitesses ou une boîte automatique à dix rapports.

Mustang Dark Horse
Ford dévoile un nouveau label sportif destinée aux versions homologuées ou non pour la route. Les Mustang  (Cheval noir) reçoivent des équipements renforçant leur caractère sportif avec un différentiel à glissement limité, châssis adapté, barre stabilisatrice arrière, amortisseurs MagneRide adaptatifs, étriers de frein Brembo à 6 pistons, refroidissement renforcé, nouveau radiateur, renforts de jambes de force.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

 Site officiel de la Ford Mustang

Mustang7
Automobile des années 2020
Coupé
Cabriolet
Modèle de voiture de sport
Voiture de course


text:
Otávio Henrique Passos Santos (born 4 May 1994), simply known as Otávio, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Atlético Mineiro.

Club career

Atlético Paranaense
Born in Maceió, Alagoas, Otávio joined Atlético Paranaense's youth setup in 2009, aged 14, after starting it out at CRB. He was promoted to the main squad in 2014, and appeared in all matches of the year's Campeonato Paranaense.

Otávio made his Série A debut on 20 April 2014, coming on as a late substitute in a 1–0 home win against Grêmio. He scored his first goal in the category on 12 June 2016, netting the equalizer in a 2–1 away win against São Paulo.

Bordeaux
On 8 August 2017, Otávio signed for Ligue 1 side Bordeaux from Athletico Paranaense for a €5.2 million transfer fee. He was given the number 5 shirt by the club. He played a total of 29 matches in his first season.

Atlético Mineiro
On 4 February 2022, Otávio joined Atlético Mineiro on loan until 30 June, with an agreement to make the deal permanent at the end of the loan. He signed a four-year contract with the club.

Career statistics

Honours
Atlético Paranaense
Campeonato Paranaense: 2016

Atlético Mineiro
Supercopa do Brasil: 2022
Campeonato Mineiro: 2022

References

External links
Atlético Paranaense profile

1994 births
Living people
People from Maceió
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian expatriate footballers
Association football midfielders
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Ligue 1 players
Club Athletico Paranaense players
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
Clube Atlético Mineiro players
Expatriate footballers in France
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France
Sportspeople from Alagoas


text:
Resolutie 592 van de Veiligheidsraad van de Verenigde Naties was de voorlaatste VN-Veiligheidsraadsresolutie die werd aangenomen in 1986. Veertien leden van de Raad stemden voor. Enkel de Verenigde Staten onthielden zich. De resolutie riep Israël opnieuw op om de Geneefse Conventie betreffende de bescherming van burgers in oorlogstijd te respecteren in de Arabische gebieden die het sinds 1967 bezet hield.

Achtergrond

In 1967 vocht Israël de Zesdaagse Oorlog uit tegen Egypte, Syrië en Jordanië. Tijdens die oorlog bezette Israël grondgebied van de drie tegenstanders: de Golanhoogten in Syrië, de Westelijke Jordaanoever die in 1948 door Jordanië was geannexeerd en in 1947 door de VN werd beschouwd als grondgebied van een te vormen Arabische staat, Oost-Jeruzalem met onder meer de Oude Stad die eveneens door Jordanië was geannexeerd en door de VN bestempeld als internationaal gebied) en ten slotte de Gazastrook en het Sinai-schiereiland van Egypte. Vervolgens verschenen de Israëlische nederzettingen in de bezette gebieden, waaraan de Palestijnen steeds meer grondgebied verloren. Sindsdien werd alleen de Sinaï − na vredesoverleg met Egypte − in 1982 teruggegeven. De Joodse nederzettingen aldaar werden ontruimd.

Op 4 december 1986 betoogden zo'n 400 studenten op de Universiteit van Bir Zeit tegen Israëlische wegblokkades buiten de campus. Het Israëlische leger probeerde de betogers uiteen te drijven met traangas, vuurde vervolgens in de lucht en naar de grond en ten slotte op de studenten. Daarbij kwamen twee studenten om en vielen twintig gewonden onder hen.

Inhoud
De Veiligheidsraad:
 Heeft de brief van Zimbabwes vertegenwoordiger in diens functie als voorzitter van het Coördinatiebureau voor de Beweging van Niet-Gebonden Landen in beraad genomen.
 Herinnert aan de Geneefse Conventie betreffende de bescherming van burgers in oorlogstijd.
 Is erg bezorgd over de situatie in de Palestijnse en andere Arabische gebieden die sinds 1967 door Israël bezet worden, waaronder Jeruzalem.
 Denkt aan de speciale status van Jeruzalem.
 Bevestigt dat de Geneefse Conventie er van toepassing is.
 Betreurt het schieten van Israël met dode en gewonde studenten tot gevolg.
 Roept Israël op de Geneefse Conventies te respecteren.
 Roept Israël verder op gevangenen na de gebeurtenissen op de universiteit van Bir Zeit vrij te laten.
 Roept ook alle partijen op terughoudend te zijn, om geweld te vermijden en bij te dragen aan vrede.
 Vraagt secretaris-generaal Javier Pérez de Cuéllar om tegen 20 december te rapporteren over de uitvoering van deze resolutie.

Verwante resoluties
 Resolutie 605 Veiligheidsraad Verenigde Naties (1987)
 Resolutie 681 Veiligheidsraad Verenigde Naties (1990)

 0592
VR0592


text:
Le décrochage régional se réfère généralement à des moments où une station de radio ou bien une chaîne de télévision diffuse simultanément différents programmes.

Le décrochage régional permet ainsi de couvrir des zones géographiques plus ou moins étendues et d'offrir localement un programme ciblé par rapport au profil des auditeurs et des téléspectateurs. Les décrochages régionaux sont programmés à des horaires susceptibles d'atteindre le maximum de personnes, souvent aux heures de table, à midi, en début de soirée et en seconde partie de la nuit.

Le décrochage régional est une manière d'offrir une programmation spécifique à un public donné, au niveau d'une agglomération urbaine, d'un département ou d'une région. Ainsi les nouvelles locales (politiques, sportives, culturelles et météorologiques) sont accessibles et répondent à une attente du public. Ces décrochages permettent de cibler notamment la publicité locale.

En France, France 3 et Radio France ont notamment de nombreux décrochages régionaux, voire d'antennes régionales de diffusion. Les radios et télévisions privées ont également des décrochages régionaux.

En Europe, l'ARD 1 en Allemagne, la BBC et ITV au Royaume-Uni, la TVE en Espagne, la RAI 3 en Italie et RTL au Luxembourg, offrent des décrochages régionaux sur leurs antennes et canaux. En Belgique et en Suisse, les décrochages régionaux (notamment linguistiques) font place à des radios et télévisions régionales à diffusion nationale.

Notes et références

Patrice Morel : documentaire video, "Le Journal des Alpes, histoire d'une télé régionale" (2012) : https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xu4lwy_le-journal-des-alpes-histoire-d-une-tele-regionale_lifestyle

Vocabulaire radio propre aux stations
Terminologie de la télévision
Histoire des techniques de télévision


text:
Richard Ernest Bellman (né le  à Brooklyn et mort le  à Los Angeles) est un mathématicien américain. Il étudia les mathématiques appliquées. Célèbre pour diverses contributions dans plusieurs domaines des mathématiques, il est surtout l'inventeur de la programmation dynamique, qui résolut à son époque de façon inespérée l'optimisation des sommes de fonctions monotones croissantes sous contraintes.

Carrière

Bellman a fait ses études de mathématiques à l'université de Brooklyn et à l'université du Wisconsin. Il a ensuite travaillé pour un groupe d'étude en physique théorique au Laboratoire national de Los Alamos, et a préparé sa thèse de doctorat à l'université de Princeton en 1946 sous la direction de Solomon Lefschetz.

Il a enseigné à l'université de Californie du Sud, et a été membre de l'Académie américaine des arts et des sciences (1975), et de l'Académie nationale d'ingénierie américaine (1977). Il s'est vu  décerner l'IEEE Medal of Honor en 1979 « en reconnaissance de ses contributions à la théorie de la décision et à la théorie du contrôle optimal, notamment par la création et les applications de la programmation dynamique ». Il reçoit le prix de théorie John-von-Neumann en 1976.

L'algorithme de Ford-Bellman permet de déterminer les plus courts chemins à partir d'un sommet dans un graphe orienté pondéré quelconque (l'algorithme de Dijkstra, plus rapide, impose des poids positifs).

Son ouvrage Dynamic programming date de 1963. Déjà auréolé de son succès, Bellman y étrille une obsession des statisticiens de son époque pour les estimateurs sans biais et l'illustre même facétieusement par un poème : Hiawatha (un jeune Amérindien qui place toutes ses flèches au centre de la cible et dont ses camarades - qui la ratent - se moquent parce qu'il utilise un estimateur avec biais).

Évoquant l'explosion combinatoire du coût de résolution d'un problème lorsqu'on se donne une inconnue supplémentaire (c'est-à-dire un degré de liberté supplémentaire, ou, d'un certain point de vue, une dimension d'espace supplémentaire), Bellman a lancé l'expression « fléau de la dimension » (Curse of dimensionality).

Il meurt d'une crise cardiaque le .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Mathématicien américain du XXe siècle
Personnalité américaine de l'informatique
Personnalité en théorie des graphes
Docteur de l'université de Princeton
Professeur à l'université de Californie du Sud
Membre de l'Académie américaine des arts et des sciences
Lauréat de la IEEE Medal of Honor
Lauréat du prix de théorie John-von-Neumann
Naissance en août 1920
Naissance à Brooklyn
Décès en mars 1984
Décès à Los Angeles
Étudiant du Brooklyn College
Décès à 63 ans


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Youth consist of over 32% of the population of the Arab region. The Arab world comprises 22 countries and territories as designated by the Arab League. Youth between the ages of 15 and 24 years old represent over 100 million of the current population. Since youth are such a large portion of the population, they have the ability to create social change or movements by uniting and mobilizing. The Arab Spring is an example of how youth uniting can have a great influence on policy. By mobilizing and accessing the technology of today, they are able to voice their opinions and views in mass numbers across all media platforms. With the sheer numbers of youth getting involved online, young people are able to draw worldwide attention and help to organize the agendas that they value. Yet, "efforts by the region's youth to forge a more positive future for themselves and coming generations has been subsumed by events, and efforts to forge constructive solutions to the long-standing economic challenges facing the region's youth have largely been sidelined by more immediate concerns related to security and political stability."

Politics
One example of youth creating a change in society is found in Lebanon's parliamentary elections in 2009. After the assassination of Rafic Hariri, a prime minister of Lebanon who helped build the wealth of the country, around 1 million Lebanese took to the streets of Beirut. Their protests efforts to pass voting for their next government leader were successful. Youth played a significant role in the elections of 2009. Even youth who could not vote, due to being under 21, helped fuel activism by using social media to call out youth who they knew had not voted yet. The Lebanese youth created a higher level of importance to politics than any other previous generation. This reshapes the way the people in Lebanon view politics, and ways in which they can create the change they want in the government.

The technology expansions of information and communications technology(ICT) have shaped the way in which youth today are able to communicate. Specifically in Morocco, Facebook completely changed the way social interactions occur between youth. 79% of all Moroccans on Facebook consist of youth between the ages of 15 and 29.  The ability of young people to use social media and be proficient creates a generational gap between youth and adults. The Moroccan youth are able to use Facebook as a private way in communicating with minimal adult interaction. With the Arab Spring happening around Morocco and surrounding communities, youth were able to set up their own social movement through Facebook. Between January and February 2011, 590,360 new users of Facebook emerged in Morocco alone. Youth's deep understanding of advancements in social media and technology have created and environment where they are able to organize protests. One way that they were successful was known as the 2011–2012 Moroccan protests.

Education
With such major growth in Arab youth population, two things begin to lack; education as well as job opportunity. "While countries across the region had made tremendous strides in bolstering rates of educational attainment within their populations, particularly for young women, educational outcomes have not provided youth with the skills sought out by private sector employers in the region." Due to large enrollment numbers in education each individuals access begins to decrease. A world bank report in 2008,"estimated that the secondary school population in the region will grow by one-third during the next 30 years, and that tertiary education cohorts will more than double". On top of an increase in youth and no change to the education system with greater demand, millions of kids are still unable to attend primary and secondary schooling. 13 million kids between the ages 6 and 15 are currently out of school or never have attended. Youth fall under this category for many reasons, some including; can't afford schooling, are already employed, disabled, or live within an area where schooling is impossible due to conflicts.

Employment
Education has a large effect on the ability to achieve stable employment. In the case of Arab youth, job opportunities begin to greatly decrease over time. Arab youth as a whole, have one of the greatest unemployment rates out of the entire world. A report done by The Arab Human Development found an unemployment of Arab youth at 30%, nearly doubling the world's unemployment at 14%. It is estimated by the year 2020 there would need to be 51 million jobs created in order to absorb the new workers in the labor market. With an increase in youth population, as well as lack of education the job market is inflated. With little optimism for future education and employment many Arab youth consider leaving their countries to seek opportunities. One survey done on young people in the Arab league found that 30% wanted to permanently leave their country due to the dissatisfaction with their own nation. "Increasingly, job creation for youth has been found not in the formal sector, but in the large and growing informal sector in the region, where labor market regulations do not apply or are not enforced."

References

Arab culture
Arab world
Arab world


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Palmas Arborea is een gemeente in de Italiaanse provincie Oristano (regio Sardinië) en telt 1366 inwoners (31-12-2004). De oppervlakte bedraagt 39,3 km², de bevolkingsdichtheid is 35 inwoners per km².

Demografie
Palmas Arborea telt ongeveer 443 huishoudens. Het aantal inwoners steeg in de periode 1991-2001 met 7,7% volgens cijfers uit de tienjaarlijkse volkstellingen van ISTAT.

Geografie
Palmas Arborea grenst aan de volgende gemeenten: Ales, Oristano, Pau, Santa Giusta, Villa Verde, Villaurbana.

Gemeente in Oristano


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Villa Gina si trova a Borgo Panigale ed è uno dei primi esempi di decorazione in stile Liberty in Bologna. È conosciuta anche come Villa Flora.

La sua peculiarità è di essere stata la prima costruzione di uso civile con i solai in calcestruzzo armato, realizzata dall'architetto Attilio Muggia (1859-1936) nel 1900 a Bologna e forse l'unica da lui realizzata in stile eclettico, nell'apparato decorativo esterno e con soluzioni moderne per l'epoca, come l'asfalto per impermeabilizzare le terrazze laterali o le originali serrande in lamiera d'acciaio alle finestre.

Il committente fu il conte Cosimo Pennazzi, eminente avvocato e amministratore unico della Società Coloniale Cementi, con sede a Alessandria d'Egitto, che volle questa villa di campagna per la moglie Virginia Lisi. La villa sorse in sostituzione di un edificio preesistente.

Nel 1900 e nel 1910, il pittore Antonio Mosca (1870-1951), eseguì lavori di decorazione all'interno della villa, di cui sono testimonianza due bozzetti acquarellati per la decorazione del plafone della camera da letto della contessa Pennazzi, il primo datato 1900 , e il secondo  del 1910 più aderente al gusto Liberty.

Dopo che i proprietari si furono trasferiti in Egitto, la villa fu adibita a casa di cura col nome di villa Flora.

Dismessa in seguito dai proprietari, la Villa subì varie destinazioni d'uso, fino all'attuale stato di degrado e abbandono.  Di recente è stato riconosciuto il valore storico-artistico di Villa Gina e delle sue pertinenze.

Bozzetti di Antonio Mosca per Villa Gina

Note

Bibliografia
 Giovanni Mochi, Giorgia Predari: La costruzione moderna a Bologna: 1875-1915: Ragione scientifica e sapere tecnico nella pratica del costruire in cemento armato
  Maria Pace Marzocchi, Giovanna Pesci, Vincenzo Vandelli: Liberty in Emilia

Voci correlate
 Antonio Mosca

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Gina
Gina


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Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II —también titulado More Bob Dylan Greatest Hits— es el segundo álbum recopilatorio del músico estadounidense Bob Dylan, publicado por la compañía discográfica Columbia Records en noviembre de 1971. La publicación del recopilatorio fue propuesta por Clive Davis, presidente de CBS Records, debido al semiretiro profesional de Dylan durante casi tres años tras el lanzamiento de New Morning. Dylan accedió a la propuesta, recopiló el álbum y sugirió que incluyese una cara de temas inéditos procedentes de sus archivos. Después de presentar una serie de extractos de The Basement Tapes que Davis encontró insatisfactorios, Dylan regresó a un estudio de grabación en septiembre de 1971 para regrabar varias canciones con el respaldo de Happy Traum.

El recopilatorio finalmente incluyó «Watching the River Flow» —un sencillo publicado en julio—, «When I Paint My Masterpiece» —un descarte de las mismas sesiones cedido a The Band—, «Tomorrow Is a Long Time» —grabada en directo en el Town Hall de Nueva York el 12 de abril de 1963—, y «I Shall Be Released», «You Ain't Goin' Nowhere» y «Down the Flood» —tres canciones de las sesiones de septiembre—.

En 2003, el álbum fue publicado junto a otros dos recopilatorios del músico en Greatest Hits Volumes I–III, una colección con un total de cuatro discos.

Grabación
El biógrafo Clinton Heylin señaló que «en cierto sentido, 1971 y 1972 pueden ser considerados años perdidos». Sin embargo, a pesar de no publicar un nuevo álbum, Dylan entró varias veces en un estudio de grabación para grabar varias canciones.

Entre el 16 y el 19 de marzo de 1971, Dylan reservó tres días en los Blue Rock Studios, un estudio pequeño en el Greenwich Village de Nueva York. Según Heylin: «Estas sesiones fueron producidas por Leon Russell. Solo dos canciones originales fueron grabadas —«Watching the River Flow» y «When I Paint My Masterpiece»—, pero ambas se enfrentaron a la misma materia, la escasez continua de inspiración, de una manera refrescante y honesta». «When I Paint My Masterpiece», que fue también grabada por The Band el mismo año y publicada en el álbum Cahoots, apareció finalmente en Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II, mientras que «Watching the River Flow» fue lanzada como sencillo en junio de 1971, con «Spanish Is the Loving Tongue» como cara B.

Meses después, Dylan permitió publicar un nuevo recopilatorio, siempre que fuese recopilado por él mismo e incluyese varias composiciones antiguas e inéditas hasta la fecha. Para adaptarse a esta última decisión, Dylan se encargó de organizar una sesión de grabación en los Columbia Recording Studios de Nueva York. El 24 de septiembre de 1971, en el estudio B de la compañía, Dylan grabó cuatro canciones con Happy Traum. Según recordó Traum: «[Dylan] sentía que había varias canciones que había escrito y que se habían convertido en éxitos para otras personas y que él no había interpretado, y quería encajarlas en el disco también. Así que fuimos una tarde y lo hicimos, éramos solo nosotros dos y el ingeniero, y fue muy sencillo... Escogimos tres canciones en el lugar y las mezclamos... En el espacio de una tarde... A veces ni siquiera estaba seguro de que era un toma final hasta que terminábamos y Bob decía: "Muy bien, vamos a mezclarla"».

Durante la sesión, Dylan y Traum grabaron «Crash on the Levee (Down in the Flood)», «You Ain't Going Nowhere» y «I Shall Be Released», incluidas en el recopilatorio, así como «Only a Hobo», una antigua composición de 1963 finalmente descartada e inédita hasta su publicación en The Bootleg Series Vol. 10: Another Self Portrait (1969-1971).

Diseño de portada
El diseño de Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II fue escogido para sacar provecho de la publicidad en torno al Concert for Bangladesh de George Harrison. La fotografía de la portada es una versión recortada de una imagen tomada durante la actuación de Dylan en el concierto por el fotógrafo Barry Feinstein. La foto sin recortar, que aparece en un pliego de dos páginas en el folleto interior de The Concert for Bangladesh, también incluía a Harrison de perfil, a la derecha de Dylan.

La portada del disco es similar a la del volumen anterior, Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits, que utilizó una fotografía de Rowland Scherman tomada en 1965 sobre un fondo azul.

Lista de canciones

Posición en listas

Álbum

Sencillos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II en BobDylan.com

Álbumes recopilatorios de Bob Dylan
Álbumes recopilatorios de 1971
Álbumes de Columbia Records
Álbumes en inglés
Álbumes certificados de multi platino por la Recording Industry Association of America


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Federico Benetti (Córdoba, 1947) es un cardiocirujano argentino, reconocido mundialmente por su técnica de cirugía coronaria sin uso de bomba de circulación extracorpórea y creador, entre otros, de la cirugía cardíaca mínimamente invasiva.

Formación
Federico Benetti nació en Pascanas, Córdoba, donde su padre, Pablo Benetti Aprosio, era médico rural. Realizó los estudios primarios y secundarios en Rosario y se recibió de médico en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Por la influencia de su padre, pionero de la cirugía cardiovascular en ese país, y quien, en 1958, realizó la primera cirugía cardíaca con circulación extracorpórea en la Argentina, se dedicó a la cirugía de corazón.

Trayectoria
Tras finalizar sus estudios, Federico Benetti realizó un periodo de capacitación en la Universidad de San Pablo, Brasil, y posteriormente se estableció en la ciudad de Rosario, donde adquirió una gran experiencia en cirugía cardíaca tanto pediátrica como de adultos.

En 1978 realizó con éxito la primera cirugía de bypass coronario con el corazón latiendo y, a posteriori, desarrolló la tecnología para la técnica que se ahora se utiliza en todo el mundo. En febrero de 1981, realizó el primer trasplante cardíaco del interior del país, en la ciudad de Rosario. En 1984 se trasladó a Buenos Aires. Para el año 1991 había realizado, en 700 pacientes, cirugía coronaria sin circulación extracorpórea y estableció la Fundación Benetti con recursos propios.

En 1993 publicó su libro Cirugía coronaria directa sin circulación extracorpórea.

Poco después, en abril de 1994, en Buenos Aires, Argentina, realizó con éxito por primera vez en un ser humano un bypass o puente coronario sin abrir la cavidad pleural. Mediante la técnica de toracoscopia asistida por video, disecó la arteria mamaria izquierda y, por una pequeña toracotomía izquierda, colocó un bypass entre la arteria mamaria izquierda y la arteria descendente anterior con el corazón latiendo. Esta operación, cuya sigla en inglés es MIDCAB (minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass), fue sin duda la que inauguró la nueva era de la cirugía cardíaca mínimamente invasiva y Federico Benetti fue cofundador, junto a Richard Ferrari y Charles Taylor, ambos de la compañía CardioThoracic Systems (CTS) del Silicon Valley, EE. UU.

En 1998 ganó, junto a Charles Taylor, el premio R&D de la Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Chicago por su invento estabilizador mecánico, premio otorgado a los 100 inventos que modificaron la vida del hombre.

Entre varias patentes de invención, es portador, además de la técnica de MIDCAB, del XIPHOID APPROACH, técnica con la que realizó la primera cirugía coronaria ambulatoria del mundo. En 2003 implantó por primera vez células madre autólogas y además realizó un baipás coronario con el corazón latiendo. En 2005 utilizó por primera vez, en 10 pacientes con miocardiopatía idiopática, células madre fetales, demostrando la efectividad de estas de cara al futuro.

En 2005 fue, junto con Judie Vivian y Michael Pankratof, uno de los inventores de un sistema concebido para tratar las arritmias del corazón en forma totalmente no invasiva, de Cyberheart, Inc.

Realizó más de 150 publicaciones y libros de la especialidad.

Recibió menciones honoríficas en el mundo entero que incluyen, entre otras, el Padre de la Cirugía con el Corazón Latiendo en Oxford, Inglaterra en 1996. En 2008 se colocó un árbol y una placa con su nombre en la isla de COS, cuna de Hipócrates, Padre de la Medicina, junto a otros líderes del mundo de la cirugía cardíaca, con motivo del Congreso Mundial de la Sociedad Internacional de Cirugía Cardiotorácica (International Society of Cardio-Thoracic Surgeons, ISCTS), de la cual es Miembro Fundador.

Actualmente viaja desarrollando nuevas técnicas y trabajando en investigación de células madre por todo el mundo y realiza una extensa tarea de educación y atención de pacientes sin recursos en la sede de su fundación, la Fundación Benetti, en Rosario.

Innovaciones
Federico Benetti desarrolló la gran mayoría de la tecnología para la técnica de la cirugía coronaria con el corazón latiendo OPCAB (del inglés, off-pump coronary artery bypass) y MIDCAB (del inglés, minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass) y realizó  un extenso programa de educación. Para el año 2000, había entrenado cirujanos y creado centros de cirugía coronaria en 45 países del mundo. Creó cinco técnicas en cirugía cardíaca, tres para la enfermedad coronaria y dos para las válvulas cardíacas.

Enlaces externos

 Fundación Benneti

Referencias

Cardiólogos de Argentina
Nacidos en Córdoba (Argentina)


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Chalcolepidius eschscholtzi is een keversoort uit de familie kniptorren (Elateridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1833 door Chevrolat.

eschscholtzi


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Emin Duraku (1918 – 23 December 1942) was an Albanian Yugoslav partisan active during World War II in Yugoslavia as an organizer of the liberation struggle in Kosovo. He was posthumously proclaimed a national hero of Albania and Yugoslavia.

Biography
Duraku was born in Gjakova in 1918. He was an early Albanian member of the Yugoslav communist movement. He returned to his home region in 1939 and was part of the bureau of the party's regional committee. Duraku was killed by fascist forces in Lipljan and became a martyr to the communist cause. Following his death, an Albanian partisan unit, formed in January 1943, was named after him. An elementary school in Tirana is also named after him.

References

Politicians from Gjakova
League of Communists of Kosovo politicians
Yugoslav Partisans members
1918 births
1942 deaths
Kosovo Albanians
Yugoslav Albanians
Heroes of Albania
Yugoslav military personnel killed in World War II
Recipients of the Order of the People's Hero


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Inizi
In un primo momento, avendo deciso di intraprendere la carriera diplomatica, iniziò lo studio del cinese presso l'École des Langues Orientales Vivantes sotto la guida di due famosi orientalisti, Sylvain Lévi ed Édouard Chavannes.

Nel 1900 Pelliot si trasferì ad Hanoi per svolgere l'attività di ricercatore presso la École Française d'Extrême-Orient. Nello stesso anno venne inviato a Pechino con l'incarico di acquistare libri per la biblioteca  dell'École. Durante il suo soggiorno scoppiò la Ribellione dei Boxer e rimase intrappolato dall'assedio delle legazioni estere. In questa occasione, Pelliot riuscì a portare a termine due incursioni in territorio nemico – nella prima sortita catturò un vessillo dei rivoltosi mentre nella seconda riuscì ad avere della frutta fresca per gli assediati.  Al suo ritorno ad Hanoi venne insignito della Legion d'onore per il coraggio dimostrato a Pechino. All'età di 22 anni, Pelliot ottenne la nomina a professore presso l'École. In seguito fece parte del corpo docente presso il Collège de France. Nel 1904 Pelliot tornò in Francia per rappresentare l'École al 14º Congresso internazionale degli Orientalisti che doveva tenersi ad Algeri nel 1905. Durante il soggiorno in Francia, Pelliot venne scelto per guidare una spedizione archeologica nel Turkestan cinese

La spedizione

Il 15 giugno 1906, Pelliot partì da Parigi insieme al Dr. Louis Vaillant, ufficiale medico dell'Armée de terre, e al fotografo Charles Nouette. Durante il viaggio in treno, a Samarcanda, Pelliot fece la conoscenza del Barone Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, colonnello dell'esercito imperiale russo. Pelliot acconsentì a fornire all'ufficiale, che si presentava come un etnografo. il permesso di aggregarsi alla spedizione. Mannerheim, in effetti, stava svolgendo una missione segreta per lo zar Nicola II di Russia con lo scopo di raccogliere informazioni sulla riforma e le modernizzazioni introdotte in Cina dalla Dinastia Qing. Lo Zar stava valutando la possibilità di una invasione russa nella Cina occidentale. Mannerheim rappresentava l'ultimo agente zarista nel cosiddetto Grande gioco, la lotta strisciante in atto fra Russia e Gran Bretagna per il controllo dei territori dell'Asia centrale. La vignetta riportata qui a destra, risalente all'epoca della seconda guerra anglo-afghana, ben rappresenta il ruolo dei paesi asiatici, stretti tra le ambizioni dell'orso russo e quelle del leone britannico.

Pelliot approvò la partecipazione di Mannerheim a tal punto che si offrì come informatore per lo Stato Maggiore russo. In cambio, il ricercatore francese chiese ed ottenne un passaggio sulla ferrovia transcaspica al prezzo di diecimila franchi ed in più una scorta di cosacchi.

La spedizione si diresse verso il Turkestan Cinese inizialmente per ferrovia attraverso Tashkent verso Andijan, dove salirono su dei carri diretti ad Osh. Da qui, superarono la catena montuosa dell'Alaj nel sud del Kirghizistan in direzione della Cina attraversando il passo di Taldyk e il passo di Irkeshtam. Nei pressi della città di Gulcha, la spedizione incontrò Kurmanjan Datka, la famosa Regina Musulmana di Alaj, e posò per una foto con lei. L'intesa fra Mannerheim e Pelliot non durò molto e i due si separarono due giorni dopo aver lasciato il passo di Irkeshtam. La spedizione francese arrivò a Kashgar verso la fine di agosto e soggiornò press il console generale russo. Pelliot stupì i funzionari cinesi del luogo per il suo fluente esprimersi in cinese (solo una delle 13 lingue da lui parlate). Il suo farsi ben capire era diretto ad ottenere buoni prezzi per ottenere forniture (come una iurta) che erano ritenute irraggiungibili.

Dopo aver lasciato Kashgar, Pelliot e i suoi si fermarono a Tumchouq. Da qui, proseguì per Kucha, dove trovò degli scritti in Lingua tocaria. Quest scritti vennero in seguito tradotti da Sylvain Lévi, già professore di Pelliot. Dopo Kucha, Pelliot si diresse ad  Ürümqi, dove incontrò Duke Lan, il cui fratello era stato uno dei capi della Ribellione dei Boxer. Duke Lan, che era stato il vice capo della  gendarmeria di Pechino ed aveva partecipato all'assedio delle legazioni, ora era in esilio ad Ürümqi.

Mentre era ad Ürümqi, Pelliot ricevette da Duke Lan un manoscritto proveniente da un ritrovamento fatto nell'oasi di Dunhuang. Riconoscendone il valore archeologico, Pelliot partì subito per Dunhuang ma vi giunse solo mesi dopo che Aurel Stein aveva già studiato il sito.

Mentre era a Dunhuang, Pelliot riuscì ad ottenere dal monaco buddista Wang l'accesso al deposito segreto contenente un enorme tesoro di manoscritti antichi che Aurel Stein aveva già osservato. Come per la iurta ottenuta facilmente a Kashgar, si ritiene che anche per i manoscritti di Dunhuang abbia giocato un ruolo importante il fluente cinese parlato da Pelliot. Dopo tre settimane di analisi dei manoscritti, spesso al ritmo di mille al giorno, Pelliot convinse Wang a vendergli una selezione dei più importanti reperti. Wang, interessato a continuare la ristrutturazione del suo monastero, accettò per una somma di 500 Tael.

Rientro in Francia e ultimi anni di vita
Pelliot ritornò a Parigi il 24 ottobre 1909 mentre era in corso contro di lui una feroce campagna diffamatoria montata da Édouard Chavannes (un collega sinologo) e dal personale dell'École. Pelliot venne accusato di aver sprecato denaro pubblico e di aver riportato in patria dei manoscritti falsi. Questa campagna raggiunse il culmine  con un articolo del dicembre 1910 pubblicato da M. Fernand Farjenel su '' La Revue Indigène''. Queste accuse vennero dimostrate false solo nel 1912 quando fu pubblicato il libro di Sir Aurel Stein, ''Ruins of Desert Cathay''. In questo libro Stein spiegò di aver lasciato a Dunhuang proprio quei manoscritti recuperati da Pelliot. Il libro di Stein vendicò Pelliot e zittì i critici circa l'operato di Pelliot.

Pelliot collaborò per molti anni alla prima rivista internazionale di sinologia,''T'oung Pao'' e ne divenne l'editore nel 1920.

Durante la I guerra mondiale, Pelliot prestò servizio come addetto militare a Pechino.

Paul Pelliot morì di cancro nel 1945. Alla sua morte, quale epigrafe, fu detto: "Senza di lui, la sinologia è rimasta orfana."

Nel Museo Guimet di Parigi vi è una sala intitolata a Pelliot.

Opere e pubblicazioni
 Pelliot (with E. Chavannes), "Un traité manichéen retrouvé en Chine", Journal asiatique 1911, pp. 499–617; 1913, pp. 99–199, 261-392.
 " Les influences iraniennes en Asie Centrale et en Extrême-Orient," Revue d'histoire et de littérature religieuses, N.S. 3, 1912, pp. 97–119.
 "Mo-ni et manichéens," Journal asiatique 1914, pp. 461–70.
 "Le 'Cha-tcheou-tou-fou-t'ou-king' et la colonie sogdienne de la region du Lob Nor", Journal asiatique 1916, pp. 111–23.
 "Le sûtra des causes et des effets du bien et du mal". Edité' et traduit d'après les textes sogdien, chinois et tibétain par Robert Gauthiot et Paul Pelliot, 2 vols (avec la collaboration de E. Benveniste), Paris, 1920.
  avec la collaboration de MM. Borghezio, Masse' and Tisserant, Revue de l'Orient chrétien, 3e sér. 3 (23), 1922/23, pp. 3–30; 4(24), 1924, pp. 225–335; 8(28),1931, pp. 3–84.
 "Les traditions manichéennes au Foukien," T'oung Pao, 22, 1923, pp. 193–208.
 "Neuf notes sur des questions d'Asie Centrale," T'oung Pao, 24, 1929, pp. 201–265.
 Notes sur Marco Polo, ed. L. Hambis, 3 vols., Paris 1959-63.
 Notes on Marco Polo, (English version), Imprimerie nationale, librairie Adrien-Maisonneuve, Paris. 1959-63
 "Recherches sur les chrétiens d'Asie centrale et d'Extrême-Orient I, Paris, 1973.
 "L'inscription nestorienne de Si-ngan-fou", ed. avec supléments par Antonino Forte, Kyoto et Paris, 1996.
 P. Pelliot et L. Ηambis, "Histoire des compagnes de Gengizkhan", vol. 1, Leiden, 1951.
 Marco Polo The Description of the World (with Arthur Christopher Moule) ISBN 4-87187-308-0
 Marco Polo Transcription of the Original in Latin (with Arthur Christopher Moule) ISBN 4-87187-309-9

Note

Bibliografia
 Hopkirk, Peter (1980). Foreign Devils on the Silk Road: The Search for the Lost Cities and Treasures of Chinese Central Asia. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-435-8.
 Tamm, Eric Enno. "The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China". Vancouver, Douglas & Mcintyre, 2010. ISBN 978-1-55365-269-4. http://horsethatleaps.com
 Walravens, Hartmut (2001). Paul Pelliot (1878–1945): His Life and Works – A Bibliography. Bloomimgton:  Indiana University Oriental Studies IX. Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. ISBN 0-933070-47-0.

Voci correlate
 Léon d'Hervey de Saint-Denys

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Esploratori dell'Asia


text:
Събития

Родени

Починали
 Гелий Максим, римски узурпатор


text:
The Myanmar Accountancy Council (; abbreviated MAC) is the national professional accounting body of Burma (Myanmar). MAC began as the Burma Accountancy Council (BAC), which was enacted by the Revolutionary Council's 1972 Burma Accountancy Law (1972) on 12 January 1972. On 8 March 1994, the State Law and Order Restoration Council replaced the Accounting Law, which established an Office of the Auditor General of the Union (OAG) that acts as the Secretariat of the Myanmar Accountancy Council . MAC is the nation's conferring body for accountancy practice and licenses, including the Certified Public Accountant and Diploma in Accounting.

See also
 Office of the Auditor General (Burma)
 Myanmar Institute of Certified Public Accountants

References

External links
 Official website

Professional accounting bodies
Professional associations based in Myanmar
Organizations established in 1972
1972 establishments in Burma


text:
Custer es un lugar designado por el censo ubicado en el condado de Whatcom en el estado estadounidense de Washington. En el año 2000 tenía una población de 299 habitantes y una densidad poblacional de 63,5 personas por km².

Geografía
Custer se encuentra ubicado en las coordenadas .

Demografía
Según la Oficina del Censo en 2000 los ingresos medios por hogar en la localidad eran de $22.500, y los ingresos medios por familia eran $30.625. Los hombres tenían unos ingresos medios de $6.813 frente a los $27.321 para las mujeres. La renta per cápita para la localidad era de $13.371. Alrededor del 27,7% de la población estaban por debajo del umbral de pobreza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades del condado de Whatcom
Lugares designados por el censo en Washington


text:
The Parliament of Quillín (Killen) was a diplomatic meeting held in 1641 between various Mapuche groups and Spanish authorities held in the fields of Quillín. With the ensuing treaty the Spanish sought an end to the hostilities of the Arauco War in order to concentrate the empire's resources in fighting the Catalans in Europe. This way the Mapuche obtained a peace treaty and a recognition on behalf of the crown in a case unique for any indigenous group in the Americas. Another contributing factor for parties to wanting to end warfare may have been the 1640 eruption of Llaima volcano in the middle of the conflict zone. Possibly Mapuches interpreted the eruption as a signal sent from the pillanes.

The parliament served as starting point for the return of many Spanish women held captive by the Mapuche –often in conditions of slavery. However not all Spanish women wanted to go back to life among the Spanish.

References

Quillin 1641
1641 in the Captaincy General of Chile
1641 treaties
History of Biobío Region


text:
Rana paradoxa peut désigner deux espèces d'amphibiens :

 Rana paradoxa, Linnaeus, 1758, synonyme nomenclatural de Pseudis paradoxa (Linnaeus, 1758), la grenouille paradoxale vivant en Amérique du Sud
 Rana paradoxa Mocquard, 1890, un synonyme nomenclatural de Limnonectes kuhlii (Tschudi, 1838), qui vit à Java en Indonésie

Références

Liens externes

Synonyme d'anoures (nom scientifique)
Hylinae
Dicroglossinae


text:
Bepi may refer to:

× Brassoepidendrum, an orchid hybrid genus abbreviated Bepi.
Giuseppe "Bepi" Colombo (1920–1984), Italian scientist
Bepi, Zahedan, a village in Iran
Bepi Pezzulli, Italian-British business lawyer


text:
X-linked intellectual disability refers to medical disorders associated with X-linked recessive inheritance that result in intellectual disability.

As with most X-linked disorders, males are more heavily affected than females. Females with one affected X chromosome and one normal X chromosome tend to have milder symptoms.

Unlike many other types of intellectual disability, the genetics of these conditions are relatively well understood. It has been estimated there are ~200 genes involved in this syndrome; of these ~100 have been identified. Many of these genes are found on the short 'p' arm of the chromosome, and duplications at Xp11.2 are associated with the syndromic form of the condition.

X-linked intellectual disability accounts for ~16% of all cases of intellectual disability in males.

Syndromes
Several X-linked syndromes include intellectual disability as part of the presentation. These include:
 Coffin–Lowry syndrome
 DDX3X syndrome
 MASA syndrome
 MECP2 duplication syndrome
 Mental retardation and microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia
 X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome

List of genes
Following is a list of genes located on the X chromosome and linked to intellectual disability. There are also several loci that have not been associated with a specific gene.
 IQSEC2: encodes an exchange factor for the Arf family of small GTP binding proteins, involved in the formation of secretory vesicles.
 TM4SF2: is a member of the 4 transmembrane domains family of proteins (tetraspanins, see TSPAN7). This gene is also associated with neuropsychiatric diseases such as Huntington's chorea.
 AP1S2: AP-1 complex subunit sigma-2. Adaptor protein complex 1 is found on the cytoplasmic face of vesicles located at the Golgi complex, where it mediates both the recruitment of clathrin to the membrane and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane receptors.
 ACSL4: Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase 4 is an enzyme of the long-chain fatty-acid-coenzyme A ligase family.  It converts free long-chain fatty acids into fatty acyl-CoA esters, and thereby play a key role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation. This isozyme preferentially utilizes arachidonate as substrate.
 ZNF41: Zinc finger protein 41  is a likely zinc finger family transcription factor.
 DLG3: Disks large homolog 3,  also named  neuroendocrine-DLG or synapse-associated protein 102 (SAP-102). DLG3 is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) superfamily.
 FTSJ1: Transfert RNA methyltransferase 1 is a member of the S-adenosylmethionine-binding protein family. This nucleolar protein is involved in the processing and modification of tRNA.
 GDI1: RabGDI alpha makes a complex with geranylgeranylated small GTP-binding proteins of the Rab family and keeps them in the cytosol.
 MECP2: methyl CpG binding protein 2  is a transcription regulator, which represses transcription from methylated gene promoters. It appears to be essential for the normal function of nerve cells. In contrast to other MBD family members, MECP2 is X-linked and subject to X inactivation.  MECP2 gene mutations are the cause of most cases of Rett syndrome, a progressive neurologic developmental disorder and one of the most common causes of intellectual disability in women.
 ARX: Aristaless related homeobox, is a protein associated with intellectual disability and lissencephaly. This gene is a homeobox-containing gene expressed during development. The expressed protein contains two conserved domains, a C-peptide (or aristaless domain) and the prd-like class homeobox domain. It is a member of the group-II aristaless-related protein family whose members are expressed primarily in the central and/or peripheral nervous system. This gene is involved in CNS and pancreas development. Mutations in this gene cause X-linked intellectual disability and epilepsy.
 KDM5C: Lysine-specific demethylase 5C is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KDM5C gene a member of the SMCY homolog family and encodes a protein with one ARID domain, one JmjC domain, one JmjN domain and two PHD-type zinc fingers. The DNA-binding motifs suggest this protein is involved in the regulation of transcription and chromatin remodeling.
 PHF8: PHD finger protein 8  belongs to the family of ferrous iron and 2-oxoglutarate dependent oxygenases, and is a histone lysine demethylase with selectivity for the di-and monomethyl states.
 FMR2: Fragile mental retardation 2  (FMR2: synonym AFF2), the protein belongs to the AFF family which currently has four members: AFF1/AF4, AFF2/FMR2, AFF3/LAF4 and AFF4/AF5q31. All AFF proteins are localized in the nucleus and have a role as transcriptional activators with a positive action on RNA elongation. AFF2/FMR2, AFF3/LAF4 and AFF4/AF5q31 localize in nuclear speckles (subnuclear structures considered to be storage/modification sites of pre-mRNA splicing factors) and are able to bind RNA with a high apparent affinity for the G-quadruplex structure. They appear to modulate alternative splicing via the interaction with the G-quadruplex RNA-forming structure.
 Slc6a8: Creatine transporter is a protein that is required for creatine to enter the cell.  Creatine is essential for maintaining ATP levels in cells with a high energy demand.
 GSPT2
 MAGED1
 UBE2A

See also
 Xp11.2 Duplication

References

External links

Intellectual disability
X-linked recessive disorders


text:
Подчелюстна слюнчена жлеза () е една от трите чифтни големи слюнчени жлези.

Разполага се в trigonum submandibulare, образуван от мандибулата и коремчетата на m. digastricus. Над нея се разполага подът на устната кухина. Glandula submandibularis тежи около 15 грама и има размер 15 – 20 mm. Задната ѝ част продължава в израстък, който се извива около задния ръб на m. mylohyoideus и почти достига подезичната жлеза. Същата посока има и главният слюнкоотводен канал – ductus submandibularis. Той е дълъг около 5 – 6 cm и достига caruncula sublingualis, където се отваря с едно или повече отвърстия. Секретът се излива в блисост до юздичката на езика (frenulum linguae).
Подчелюстната слюнчена жлеза е изградена от 8 – 10 големи дяла, разделени помежду си от преградки, идващи от капсулата покриваща жлезата.

Вижте също
 Слюнчени жлези
 Околоушна слюнчена жлеза
 Подезична слюнчена жлеза
 Малки слюнчени жлези

Храносмилателна система
Глава


text:
Tunde Oladimeji es un documentalista, actor, director de cine y presentador de televisión nigeriano.

Biografía
Oladimeji nació en Iseyin, Estado Oyo, Nigeria. Su madre era maestra y su padre topógrafo. Comenzó su carrera cinematográfica en la Universidad de Ibadán, donde se graduó y coprodujo su primera película, una adaptación del libro de 1972 del fallecido Oladejo Okediji titulado Agbalagba akan.

Más tarde, participó en Borokini, una telenovela yoruba y obtuvo el papel principal en Akekaka, película producida por Jaiye Kuti.

Produjo la serie documental Yoruba Heritage. Una de ellas, Ibadan, fue nominada en la categoría de mejor documental en los Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2020. Otro documental de la serie incluye a Eko àkéte, Abeokuta ilẹ̀ Ẹ̀gbá, Ife Ooye y Oshogbo Oroki.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Actores de cine de Nigeria


text:
Ла́сло Са́бо (; род. 2 ноября 1953, Будапешт) — венгерский гребец-байдарочник, выступал за сборную Венгрии в конце 1970-х годов. Участник летних Олимпийских игр в Москве, бронзовый призёр чемпионата мира, победитель многих регат национального и международного значения.

Биография
Ласло Сабо родился 2 ноября 1953 года в Будапеште. Активно заниматься греблей начал в раннем детстве, проходил подготовку в столичном спортивном клубе «Уйпешти».

В 1979 году благодаря череде удачных выступлений Сабо удостоился права защищать честь страны на чемпионате мира в немецком Дуйсбурге и выиграл бронзовую медаль в программе байдарок-четвёрок на десяти километрах. Будучи одним из лидеров гребной команды Венгрии, благополучно прошёл квалификацию на летние Олимпийские игры 1980 года в Москве — стартовал в двойках вместе с напарником Золтаном Ромханьи на пятистах метрах, однако попасть в число призёров не смог, финишировал в финале восьмым. Вскоре по окончании московской Олимпиады принял решение завершить спортивную карьеру, уступив место в сборной молодым венгерским гребцам.

Ссылки

 Ласло Сабо — медали на крупнейших международных соревнованиях
 Списки чемпионов и призёров по гребле на байдарках и каноэ (1936—2007)

Гребцы на байдарках и каноэ Венгрии
Гребцы на байдарках и каноэ на летних Олимпийских играх 1980 года


text:
BGA (англ. Ball grid array — масив кульок) — тип корпуса інтегральних мікросхем для поверхневого монтажу на плату.

BGA виводи являють собою кульки припою, нанесені на контактні площинки зі зворотної сторони мікросхеми. Мікросхему розташовують на друкованій платі, згідно з маркуванням першого контакту. Далі мікросхему нагрівають, так що кульки
починають плавитись. Поверхневий натяг змушує розплавлений припій зафіксувати мікросхему над тим місцем, де вона повинна розташовуватися на платі. Поєднання певного припою, температури паяння, флюсу і паяльної маски не дозволяє кулькам повністю деформуватись.

Різновиди
 FBGA: LFBGA, TFBGA, VFBGA, WFBGA, UFBGA (Ultra Fine BGA)
FBGA (Fine Ball Grid Array) має тонкіші контакти і використовується для систем-на-чипі (system-on-a-chip — SoC);
LFBGA: Low-profile Fine-pitch Ball Grid Array;
TFBGA : Thin and Fine Ball Grid Array
 Відомий як FineLine BGA від Altera.
 FLGA: TFLGA, VFLGA, WFLGA
 Array Packages
CABGA: Chip Array Ball Grid Array;
CTBGA: Thin Chip Array Ball Grid Array;
CVBGA: Very Thin Chip Array Ball Grid Array;
TABGA / TBGA: Tape Array BGA
 DSBGA: Die-Size Ball Grid Array
 MBGA: Micro Ball Grid Array
 MCM-PBGA: Multi-Chip Module Plastic Ball Grid Array
 PBGA: Plastic Ball Grid Array — PBGA-H, PBGA-MD
CBGA і PBGA відрізняються матеріалом основи, в якій розташований масив кульок (Ceramic чи Plastic).
 SuperBGA (SBGA): Super Ball Grid Array
 TEPBGA: Thermally Enhanced Plastic Ball Grid Array
 FCmBGA: Flip Chip Molded Ball Grid Array

На фірмі Intel використовували BGA1 для Pentium II і ранніх Celeron процесорів, BGA2 для Pentium III і деяких пізніших Celeron процесорів. BGA2 також відомий, як FCBGA-479.
«Micro-FCBGA» (Flip Chip Ball Grid Array — BGA з перевернутим кристалом) використовується для Coppermine Mobile Celeron. Micro-FCBGA має 479 кульок діаметром 0.78 мм. Процесор фіксується на платі паянням. Без перехідного сокету не так зручно для заміни, але заощаджується місце.

Переваги

Компактність
BGA — це рішення проблеми виробництва мініатюрного корпусу ІС з великою кількістю виводів. Корпуси типу QFP виробляються все з меншим і меншим кроком і шириною виводів для зменшення місця, але це викликає певні складності при монтажі даних компонентів. Виводи розміщені дуже близько, росте процент замикання припоєм сусідніх контактів. BGA не має такої проблеми — припій наноситься на заводі в потрібній кількості і місці.

Теплопровідність
Наступною перевагою перед мікросхемами з виводами є кращий тепловий контакт між мікросхемою і платою, що в деяких випадках позбавляє від необхідності тепловідводу (в деяких випадках по центру корпуса робиться одна велика контактна площинка — радіатор, яка припаюється до доріжки-тепловідводу).

Якщо BGA-мікросхеми розсіюють достатньо великі потужності і тепловідвід по всім кульковим виводам недостатній, то до корпусу мікросхеми прикріплюють (іноді приклеюють) радіатор. Це можуть бути відеоплати для ПК, мікросхеми північних
мостів на материнських платах ПК тощо

Малі наведені завади
Чим менша довжина виводів — тим менша їх індуктивність, менші наведені завади і кращі умови для ВЧ-сигналів. У BGA довжина провідника дуже мала, і може визначатися тільки відстанню між платою і мікросхемою, так що застосування BGA дозволяє
збільшити діапазон робочих частот і, для цифрових приладів, збільшити швидкість обробки інформації.

Недоліки

Негнучкі виводи
Основним недоліком BGA є те, що виводи негнучкі. При тепловому розширенні чи вібрації деякі виводи можуть зламатися. Тому BGA непопулярні у військовій техніці і авіабудуванні.

Частково цю проблему вирішує залиття мікросхеми спеціальною полімерною речовиною — компаундом. Він скріплює всю поверхню мікросхеми з платою. Також компаунд не дає проникнати волозі під корпус BGA-мікросхеми, що особливо актуально і для побутової електроніки (наприклад, стільникових телефонів). А ще роблять часткове залиття корпуса, по кутам мікросхеми, для механічної міцності.

Дороге обслуговування
Другим недоліком є те, що після того як мікросхема припаяна, дуже важко визначити дефекти паяння. Зазвичай застосовують рентгенівські знімки або спеціальні мікроскопи, але вони досить дорогі. Відносно недорогим методом локалізації дефектів монтажу є периферійне сканування. Якщо BGA невдало припаяний, він може бути демонтований за допомогою фена або інфрачервоної паяльної станції. Мікросхема може бути замінена на нову, а в деяких випадках через дороговизну мікросхеми кульки відновлюють за допомогою паяльних паст і трафаретів; цей процес називають реболінг, від .

Див. також
 Корпус мікросхеми
 Типи корпусів мікросхем

Посилання
 Монтаж друкованих плат з BGA мікросхемами
 Intel Packaging Databook : «BGA корпуса»

Акроніми
Електронні компоненти
Корпуси мікросхем


text:
K2-155 è una stella distante circa 240 anni luce dal sistema solare, visibile come un oggetto di magnitudine 12,8 nella costellazione del Toro. Nel 2016, nell'ambito della seconda parte della missione Kepler, un gruppo di astronomi giapponesi ha scoperto 3 pianeti orbitare attorno alla stella, di cui uno, K2-155 d, potrebbe essere situato nella zona abitabile della stella.

Caratteristiche
K2-155 è stata classificata come una nana rossa di classe M dal gruppo giapponese che ha scoperto i pianeti, tuttavia uno studio sempre del 2018 di E.D. Alonso et al. riporta valori leggermente diversi sulle sue caratteristiche e classifica la stella come una nana arancione di classe K. Comunque meno massiccia e più fredda del Sole, ha una massa che va dal 54% al 65% di quella della nostra stella, con una temperatura superficiale che va da 3900 a 4250 K a seconda degli studi presi in considerazione.

Una sua caratteristica è quella di essere povera di metalli, cioè di tutti quegli elementi più pesanti di idrogeno ed elio. La stella è stata osservata per un periodo di 80 giorni consecutivi, e almeno durante quel periodo non sono stati notati dei brillamenti, tipici di diverse nane rosse e potenzialmente dannosi per l'atmosfera di un pianeta e quindi per lo sviluppo della vita.

Sistema planetario
I 3 pianeti scoperti con il metodo del transito sembrano dalle dimensioni delle super Terre con superficie solida, anche se gli stessi autori sostengono che esiste una possibilità che siano dei mininettuno ricoperti da una spessa coltre atmosferica. La stima delle masse è stata fatta secondo modelli teorici ma non è conosciuta con precisione, in quanto non è nota la densità dei pianeti. Il pianeta d secondo gli scopritori potrebbe essere vicino al limite interno della zona abitabile, ricevendo un flusso radiante  volte quello terrestre. Dato l'alto margine di errore della stima del flusso di Teruyuki Hirano (), egli sostiene che se non ricevesse oltre il 50% di flusso più della Terra potrebbe avere una temperatura di circa . Tuttavia nello studio di E.D. Alonso, nonostante sia riportata una distanza simile, la maggior luminosità della stella farebbe ricevere al pianeta d 2,6 volte la radiazione che riceve la Terra dal Sole, e la temperatura di equilibrio stimata, di  sarebbe troppo elevata per consentire la presenza di acqua liquida in superficie.

Lo studio di questo sistema come altri simili continuerà in futuro anche per determinare con maggior precisione la natura di pianeti di queste dimensioni. Il pianeta d ad esempio è poco oltre il raggio limite sopra il quale esiste la possibilità che sia un mininettuno e non un pianeta roccioso;  L. A.  Rogers nel 2015 suggerì infatti che solo al di sotto di  si può con certezza affermare che non siano presenti elementi volatili, come quelli delle atmosfere che avvolgono i giganti gassosi. Tuttavia, anche Alonso e colleghi, pur stimando una massa superiore per d (1,9 r⊕), affermano che i 3 pianeti di K2-155 dovrebbero essere delle super Terre. Secondo Weiss & Marcy et al., che nel 2014 elaborarono una formula che, a grandi linee, vale per pianeti con raggio da 1,5 a 4 volte quello terrestre, si ricava che i pianeti b, c e d hanno masse rispettivamente di 4,7, 4,5 e 4,9 volte quella della Terra. Se il pianeta d avesse effettivamente quella massa, la sua densità sarebbe di circa , ossia paragonabile alla densità di Marte.

Prospetto del sistema
Sotto, un prospetto del sistema planetario di K2-155:

Note

Collegamenti esterni
K2-155 su exoplanets.nasa.gov

Nane arancioni
Stelle con pianeti extrasolari
Stelle di classe spettrale K


text:
Flavio Cotti (ur. 18 października 1939 w Prato-Sornico, zm. 16 grudnia 2020 w Locarno) – szwajcarski polityk.

Został wybrany do Szwajcarskiej Rady Związkowej (rządu) 10 grudnia 1986 i zasiadał w niej do 30 kwietnia 1999; został zgłoszony przez Chrześcijańsko-Demokratyczną Partię Ludową Szwajcarii. Kierował departamentami spraw wewnętrznych (1987–1993) i spraw zagranicznych (1994–1999).

Dwukrotnie sprawował urząd przewodniczącego Szwajcarskiej Rady Związkowej (prezydenta Szwajcarii) w roku 1991 oraz 1998.

Od 1 kwietnia 1993 do 30 kwietnia 1999 był szefem Federalnego Departamentu Spraw Zagranicznych. W 1996 sprawował funkcję przewodniczącego OBWE.

Przypisy

Prezydenci Szwajcarii
Urodzeni w 1939
Zmarli w 2020
Szwajcarscy ministrowie spraw wewnętrznych
Szwajcarscy ministrowie spraw zagranicznych
Zmarli na COVID-19 w Szwajcarii
Szwajcarscy wiceprezydenci


text:
Arthur Joseph Auguste Letondal (* 30. April 1869 in Montreal; † 12. Mai 1956 ebenda) war ein kanadischer Organist, Pianist, Musikpädagoge und Komponist.

Leben
Arthur Letondal erhielt nach dem Studium bei seinem Vater Paul Letondal ein Diplom der Académie de musique du Québec und unterrichtete dann mehrere Jahre an der Collège Ste-Marie. Von 1890 bis 1894 lebte er in Europa. Hier studierte er zunächst am Pariser Konservatorium Klavier bei Antoine François Marmontel und Harmonielehre bei Antoine-Barthélémy Taudou. Später ging er ans Brüsseler Konservatorium, wo er unter der Leitung des Organisten Alphonse Mailly arbeitete und bei Édouard Samuel, Arthur De Greef und Ferdinand-Hubert Kufferath studierte.

Nach seiner Rückkehr nach Montreal wirkte Letondal als Organist von 1894 bis 1900 an der Église des Pères du Saint-Sacrement, bis 1923 als Nachfolger von Dominique Ducharme an der Église du Gesù und schließlich bis 1949 an der Kathedrale St-Jacques-le-Majeur, wo er Nachfolger von Romain-Octave Pelletier war.

Daneben unterrichtete er von 1895 bis 1900 am Konservatorium der Canadian Artistic Society, von 1904 bis 1910 an der McGill University und ab 1943 am Conservatoire de Musique du Quebec. Zu seinen Schülern zählten Léo-Pol Morin, Germaine Malépart, Paul Doyon, Alice Ste-Marie, Rita Savard, Gilberte Martin, Marcelle Martin, Clermont Pépin, Gabriel Cusson, Isabelle Delorme, Henri Gagnon, Lucien Jolicoeur, Jules Lamontagne, Conrad Letendre, Raoul Paquet, Éviola Plouffe, Paul Pratt, Caroline Racicot, Émiliano Renaud und Georges-Émile Tanguay. Er war Mitglied und mehrfach Präsident der Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musique in Paris und Ehrenpräsident der Schola Cantorum in Montreal.

Letondal komponierte Klavier- und Orgelwerke sowie geistliche Chormusik. Er verfasste Artikel für musikalische Zeitschriften über Calixa Lavallée, Charles Waugh Sabatier und Ernest Gagnon.

Werke (Auswahl)
Gavotte für Klavier, 1895
Trois pièces de genre für Klavier, 1897
Mazurka sentimentale für Klavier, 1899
Berceuse für Klavier
Sarabande für Klavier
Danse Moyen Âge für Klavier
Prélude grave für Orgel, 1924
Offertoire für Orgel, 1925
Toccata für Orgel
Tantum ergo

Weblinks
 Lebenslauf in The Canadien Encyclopedia

Komponist klassischer Musik (20. Jahrhundert)
Komponist (Kanada)
Klassischer Organist
Musikpädagoge
Kanadier
Hochschullehrer (McGill University)
Geboren 1869
Gestorben 1956
Mann


text:
Tityobuthus dastychi est une espèce de scorpions de la famille des Buthidae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de la province de Majunga à Madagascar. Elle se rencontre vers Ampijoroa et Bekopaka.

Description
Le mâle décrit par Lourenço et Goodman en 2003 mesure .

Étymologie
Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de Hieronymus Dastych.

Publication originale
 Lourenço, 1997 : « Another new species of Tityobuthus from Madagascar (Scorpiones, Buthidae). » Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg, , ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes
 The Scorpion Files : Jan Ove Rein, Trondheim, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Notes et références

Buthidae
Espèce de scorpions (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Madagascar


text:
Henry Harrison Bingham (* 4. Dezember 1841 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; † 22. März 1912 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1879 und 1912 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Pennsylvania im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Henry Bingham besuchte bis 1862 das Jefferson College in Canonsburg und die Rechtsschule am Washington and Jefferson College in Washington. Während des Bürgerkriegs diente Bingham im Heer der Union, in dem er bis zum Brigadegeneral aufstieg. Er nahm an mehreren Schlachten teil und wurde mehrfach verwundet. Während der Schlacht von Gettysburg diente er als Captain im II. Korps von General Hancock.

Für seine militärischen Leistungen wurde Bingham im Jahr 1893 mit der Congressional Medal of Honor ausgezeichnet. Zwischen 1867 und 1872 war Bingham Posthalter in Philadelphia; von 1872 bis 1879 fungierte er dort als Gerichtsdiener (Court Clerk). Politisch war er Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei. Zwischen 1872 und 1900 nahm er als Delegierter an allen Republican National Conventions teil.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1878 wurde Bingham im ersten Wahlbezirk von Pennsylvania in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1879 die Nachfolge von Chapman Freeman antrat. Nach 16 Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zu seinem Tod am 22. März 1912 im Kongress verbleiben. In diese Zeit fiel der Spanisch-Amerikanische Krieg von 1898. In den Jahren 1881 bis 1883 sowie von 1889 bis 1891 war Bingham Vorsitzender des Postausschusses; von 1895 bis 1897 leitete er den Ausschuss zur Kontrolle der Ausgaben des Postministeriums.

Ehrungen
Beim Angriff von General Picketts Truppen (Pickett's Charge) auf die Unionsstellungen bei Cemetery Ridge versorgte er den tödlich verwundeten Brigadegeneral Armistead und übergab seine persönlichen Sachen, auf Wunsch von Armistead, seinem langjährigen Freund General Hancock.
Bingham war wie Armistead ein Mitglied im Bund der Freimaurer. Er gehörte der Chartiers Lodge #297 in Canonsburg an. Seine selbstlose Hilfe für den tödlich verwundeten General Armistead wurde in dem Denkmal Friend to Friend Masonic Memorial auf dem Gettysburg National Cemetery dargestellt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Pennsylvania
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
Militärperson (Nordstaaten)
Major (United States Army)
Träger der Medal of Honor
Freimaurer (19. Jahrhundert)
Freimaurer (20. Jahrhundert)
Freimaurer (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1841
Gestorben 1912
Mann


text:
Alfons Frederik van Sicilië (Palermo, circa 1294 - , 1338) was een edelman uit het Koninklijk Huis Barcelona in het koninkrijk Sicilië dat deel was van de Kroon van Aragon. Hij werd ook genoemd Frederik van Athene of Frederik van Aragon.

In dienst van zijn vader Frederik II, koning van Sicilië, bestuurde hij de Aragonees-Siciliaanse kruisvaardersstaten in Griekenland. Zo was Alfons Frederik regent of vicaris-generaal (1317-1330) van het hertogdom Athene. Daarnaast was hij heer-gemaal van Negroponte of Evia (1317-1338), heer van Salona (1320-1338) en 1e hertog van Neopatria (1319-1338). Alfons Frederik hield de Venetianen en Franse kruisvaarders buiten.

Alfons Frederik werd later in zijn leven graaf van Malta en Gozo (1330-1338), twee eilanden die ook onder Aragonees-Siciliaans bestuur vielen.

Levensloop

Alfons Frederik was een natuurlijke zoon van Frederik II, koning van Aragonees Sicilië, en diens maîtresse Sibilla Sormella. Hij groeide eerst op aan het Koninklijk Hof van Palermo met zijn moeder en nadien bij zijn oom Jakobus II, koning van Aragon, op het Spaanse vasteland. In 1317 huwde Alfons Frederik met Marulla of Muriella van Verona. Marulla was een dochter van Bonifatius, een edelman uit Verona en triarch van Zuid-Evia - de rest van het eiland was onder Venetiaans bestuur met de Venetiaanse naam Negroponte -. Haar moeder was Agnes de Cicon. Als bruidsschat ontving het echtpaar meerdere kastelen in het nabije hertogdom Athene. Frederik II benoemde zijn zoon tot regent van het hertogdom Athene, nadat de voorganger Berengario Estañol overleden was (1317). De hertog van Athene zelf bleef wonen aan het Hof in Palermo, het weze Manfred van Athene of nadien Willem van Athene, allebei echtelijke zonen van Frederik II.

Voor Alfons Frederik betekende deze benoeming met huwelijk hetzelfde jaar het startsein om orde op zaken stellen, en dit zowel in Athene als in Zuid-Evia. In de zomer van 1317 landde Alfons Frederik met een Siciliaanse vloot in Piraeus, de haven van Athene. In Athene kreeg hij de Catalaanse Compagnie onder zijn gezag. Deze compagnie huurlingen werden ook Almogàvers genoemd. Het lukte Alfons Frederik de op drift geraakte en plunderende compagnie te winnen voor de zaak der Sicilianen.

In de ogen van de Venetianen was het huwelijk met Marulla van Verona een provocatie. Zij verklaarden hem de oorlog en de inzet was de macht over het hele eiland Evia. Het leger van Alfons Frederik bouwde een brug over de zeeëngte in Chalkis. Het Venetiaanse garnizoen was zo verrast dat het tot een wapenstilstand kwam. Eind 1317 stierf zijn schoonvader zodat Frederik Alfons formeel heer-gemaal van (Aragonees) Evia werd, met als machtsbasis de stad Karystos. De Venetianen gedoogden de Aragonese bezetting op Evia. Alfons Frederik bestookte echter de Venetiaanse koopvaardijschepen met behulp van Ottomaanse piraten. De Venetianen dreigden opnieuw met oorlog. Onder druk van zijn vader Frederik II werd de vrede getekend (1319). De Venetianen erkenden de Aragonese bezetting doch bleven moeilijk doen over het fort Karystos op Zuid-Evia. Desondanks hield de vrede stand.

In 1318 stierf de despoot van Thessalië, een Byzantijnse provincie gelegen ten noorden van Attica en Evia. Het ging om gouverneur Joannes II Dukas, een Byzantijn. Alfons Frederik stormde met zijn Almogàvers door de Thermopylen. Zij veroverden de steden Phthiotis, Neopatra, Lamia, Gardiki, Pharsala en Domokos (1319). Dit gebied werd het hertogdom Neopatria. Alfons Frederik was de eerste hertog van Neopatria. Dit nieuw gebied werd een aantrekkingspool voor Catalanen, Valencianen, Aragonezen en Sicilianen. De officiële taal werd er Latijn; de hoftaal werd Catalaans. Om administratieve redenen werd het hertogdom Neopatria verenigd met het hertogdom Athene en zo samen bestuurd.

In 1320 stierf de heer van de naburige heerlijkheid Salona, tevoren Amfissa genoemd, een klein gebied in Centraal-Griekenland. Die heer was Roger Deslaur, een voormalige commandant van de Catalaanse Compagnie. Alfons Frederik lijfde het gebied bij zijn grondgebied in (1320); hij was voortaan heer van Salona.

Tien jaar later (1330) beëindigde zijn vader Frederik II het regentschap van Alfons Frederik over het hertogdom Athene. Alfons Frederik moest de baan ruimen voor Niccolo Lancia. Hij bleef in Griekenland en bestuurde verder zijn eigen vorstendommen in Zuid-Evia en Salona. Als beloning voor bewezen diensten voor Sicilië werd hij bevorderd tot graaf van Malta en graaf van Gozo, twee eilanden onder Aragonees-Siciliaans bestuur. Hij ging er niet heen. Alfons Frederik bleef verder de sterke man in Aragonees Griekenland. De Catalaanse Compagnie was streng gedisciplineerd.

Het bestuur van zijn gebieden was stevig in handen van Catalanen en Aragonezen en vooral, de vrede met de republiek Venetië bleef voortduren. Dit bleek een strategisch voordeel in 1332 toen de jonge Wouter VI van Brienne Griekenland binnenviel. Deze Franse kruisvaarder wou de Aragonezen verjagen en zijn familie installeren; dit gebeurde met steun van paus Johannes XXII, een Fransman, en het Huis Anjou-Sicilië, de pauselijke vazal in het koninkrijk Napels. De Aragonezen verjoegen de Fransen. Paus Benedictus XII deelde hiervoor straffen uit door Alfons Frederik en de formele hertog van Athene, Willem II van Sicilië, in de ban van de Roomse Kerk te slaan (1335).

Alfons Frederik stierf in 1338. Het Aragonees bestuur in hun Griekse gebieden brokkelde langzaam af.

Nakomelingen
Alfons Frederik en Murella hadden vijf kinderen, vier zonen en een dochter. Zij verbleven of bestuurden Aragonese gebieden in Griekenland.

Huis Barcelona
Persoon in de kruistochten
Geschiedenis van Griekenland
Regent
Persoon in de 14e eeuw


text:
Allium eusperma är en amaryllisväxtart som beskrevs av Airy Shaw. Allium eusperma ingår i släktet lökar, och familjen amaryllisväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Lökar
eusperma


text:
Stephen Naft (born Siegfried Nacht; 1878–1956), also known by the pseudonym Arnold Roller, was a writer, translator, and anarcho-syndicalist.

Life

Siegfried Nacht was born in 1878 in Vienna. He worked as an electrical engineer in cities across Europe, where he also spoke and wrote on behalf of syndicalism. Nacht traveled by foot through the Alps and Pyrenees, Spain and North Africa to spread his politics. He wrote for the anarchist press beginning in 1901, usually under the pen name Arnold Roller. Nacht published his "The General Strike and the Social Revolution" pamphlet in London in 1902. Switzerland expelled him in August 1905. He entered Tyrol, Austria.

He emigrated to the United States in 1912, where he changed his name to Stephen Naft. He naturalized in 1920. Being conversant in six languages, Naft led The American Exporter translation bureau for ten years and served as a technical editor. Afterwards, he worked for other foreign-language news organizations in the United States and Latin America. He was an editor for the French Havas news agency in 1934–1935. During World War II, he served as a local research coordinator in the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs. Though he grew less political, he continued to promote anarcho-syndicalism, edited Living Age, and founded the Freedom Publishing Company in New York.

Nacht died on December 12, 1956, in a Flushing nursing home. He had been blind for the last few years of his life. His wife, Mabel Wood Naft, survived him, as did his brother, Max Nomad, who was more prominently known in the United States.

References

Further reading

1878 births
1956 deaths
Writers from Vienna
Austrian anarchists
Austrian electrical engineers
Anarcho-syndicalists
American editors
American translators
Austro-Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Austro-Hungarian engineers


text:
Henn is a both a surname and an Estonian masculine given name.

Notable people with the surname include:

As a given name
 Henn-Ants Kurg (1898–1943), Estonian military colonel and diplomat
 Henn Pärn (born 1941), Estonian politician
 Henn Põlluaas (born 1960), Estonian politician
 Henn Põlluste (born 1952), Estonian wrestler and wrestling coach
 Henn Saari (1924–1999), Estonian linguist
 Henn Treial (1905–1941), Estonian journalist, editor and politician

As a surname
 Alexander Henn, German anthropologist
 Arthur Henn (disambiguation)
 Bernhart Henn (1817–1865), American politician
 Carrie Henn (born 1976), actress
 Christian Henn (born 1964), road racing cyclist
 Dirk Henn (born 1960), German-style board game designer
 Guy Henn (1909–1998), Australian doctor and politician
 Hans Henn (20th century), West German bobsledder
 Harry George Henn (1919–1994), American law professor
 Henry Henn (1858–1931), Church of England bishop
 Jaco Henn (born 1974), South African sport shooter
 John Henn (born 1941), American volleyball player
 Luca Henn (born 1997), German racing cyclist
 Mark Henn (born 1958), Disney animator
 Matthias Henn (born 1985), German footballer
 Pablo Henn (born 1982), Argentine rugby player
 Percy Henn (1865–1955), clergyman and teacher
 Preston Henn (1931–2017), American entrepreneur
 Sean Henn (born 1981), baseball player
 Steve Henn (born 1976), American poet and editor
 Sydney Henn (1861–1936), British knight
 Thomas Rice Henn (1901–1974), literary critic
 William Henn (c.1720–1796), Irish judge

See also
 Hehn and Hen (disambiguation)
 Henn., taxonomic author abbreviation of Paul Christoph Hennings (1841–1908), German mycologist and herbarium curator
 Henn-Collins
 Henna (disambiguation)

German-language surnames
Estonian masculine given names


text:
Sarid can refer to:

Sarid, a land allotted to the tribe of Zebulun (Joshua 19:10), and later a Biblical city
Sarid, a kibbutz in the Jezreel Valley, established in 1926
Yishai Sarid (1965–), Israeli attorney and author
Yossi Sarid (1940–2015), left-wing Israeli news commentator and former Minister of Education of Israel
Ein Sarid, a village in central Israel