text:
De Groep Wijnschenk was een parlementaire afsplitsing in de Nederlandse Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal, die op 14 november 2002 ontstond toen het uit de LPF gezette Kamerlid Harry Wijnschenk besloot om als onafhankelijk fractie verder te gaan.

Reden van afsplitsing
Harry Wijnschenk, die op 20 augustus 2002 tot fractievoorzitter van zijn partij was gekozen, werd door zijn eigengereid optreden binnen korte tijd een persona non grata binnen de LPF. Hij kreeg het verwijt te veel af te gaan op de adviezen van zijn partijgenoot Ferry Hoogendijk, zou een belangrijke rol hebben gespeeld in de breuk met de LPF-parlementariërs Cor Eberhard en Winny de Jong, en schoof zonder overleg de toenmalige minister van Economische Zaken Herman Heinsbroek naar voren als nieuwe leider van de LPF. Op 16 oktober werd hem door zijn partij het fractievoorzitterschap ontnomen. Deze perikelen waren mede de oorzaak tot de val van het kabinet-Balkenende I, op dezelfde dag. Een dag later verzocht de fractie Wijnschenk om zijn zetel ter beschikking te stellen.

Verdere historie
Pas op 14 november 2002, nadat het presidium van de Tweede Kamer hem verzocht duidelijkheid te geven, liet Wijnschenk weten dat hij als eenmansfractie verder zou gaan. Samen met Heinsbroek richtte hij een nieuwe politieke partij op, de Lijst Nieuwe Politiek. Omdat het de twee niet lukte geschikte medestanders te vinden werd besloten niet deel te nemen aan de Tweede Kamerverkiezingen 2003.

LPF
Politieke afsplitsing in Nederland


text:
Skads Sogn (auch: Skast Sogn) ist eine Kirchspielsgemeinde (dän.: Sogn)  im südlichen Dänemark. Bis 1970 gehörte sie zur Harde Skast Herred im damaligen Ribe Amt, danach zur Esbjerg Kommune im erweiterten Ribe Amt, die im Zuge der  Kommunalreform zum 1. Januar 2007 in der "neuen"  Esbjerg Kommune in der Region Syddanmark aufgegangen ist.

Im Kirchspiel leben  Einwohner, davon  im Kirchdorf (Stand:). Im Kirchspiel liegt die Kirche "Skads Kirke".

Nachbargemeinden sind im Norden Vester Nebel Sogn, im Nordosten Grimstrup Sogn (teilweise auf dem Gebiet der Varde Kommune), im Osten Vester Nykirke Sogn, im Südosten Sneum Sogn, im Süden Tjæreborg Sogn und Jerne Sogn und im Westen Kvaglund Sogn und Bryndum Sogn.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Sogneportalen
 Information über dänische Kirchspielsgemeinden und Kommunen

Geographie (Esbjerg Kommune)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Йоханнес Бурман (, 26 апреля 1706 — 20 января 1779) — голландский биолог, ботаник, профессор ботаники, флорист, коллекционер, врач, профессор медицины, систематик растений, близкий друг Карла Линнея. Иностранный почётный член Российской Академии наук.

Биография

Йоханнес Бурман родился в Амстердаме 26 апреля 1706 года.

В 1722 году начал своё обучение в Лейдене. В 1728 году стал врачом. Работал врачом в Амстердаме. Позже стал профессором ботаники в Амстердаме.

В 1735 году выдающийся шведский учёный Карл Линней некоторое время жил у Йоханнеса Бурмана. Бурман вёл переписку с Линнеем с 27 сентября 1735 года. Его сын Николас Лауренс Бурман (1734—1793) был известным ботаником и учился у Линнея в Уппсале.

Йоханнес Бурман умер в Амстердаме 20 января 1779 года.

Научная деятельность

Йоханнес Бурман специализировался на папоротниковидных и на семенных растениях. География его научных интересов: Шри-Ланка, Южная Африка. В его коллекциях также много растений из России.

Научные работы
 Thesaurus zeylanicus: exhibens plantas in insula Zeylana nascentes, inter quas plurimae novae species & genera inveniuntur, omnia iconibus illustrata, ac descripta. (Amsterdam, 1737).
 Rariorum Africanarum Plantarum, ad vivum delineatarum, iconibus ac descriptionibus illustratarum. (Amsterdam, 1738—1739).
 Herbarium amboinense: plurimas conplectens arbores, frutices, herbas, plantas terrestres & aquaticas, quae in Amboina et adjacentibus reperiuntur insulis adcuratissime descriptas iuxta earum formas, cum diuersis denominationibus cultura, usu, ac virtutibus, quod & insuper exhibet varia insectorum animaliumque genera, plurima cum naturalibus eorum figuris depicta /omnia magno labore ac studio multos per annos conlegit. (Amsterdam, 1741—1750).
 Plantarum americanarum fasciculus primus[-decimus]: continens plantas, quas olim Carolus Plumierius, botanicorum princeps detexit, eruitque, atque in insulis Antillis ipse depinxit /Has primum in lucem edidit, concinnisdescriptionibus, & observationibus, aeneisque tabulis illustravit Joannes Burmannus. (Amsterdam, 1755—1760).
 Flora Malabarica, sive Index in omnes tomos Horti Malabaricii. (Amsterdam, 1769).

Почести

Карл Линней назвал в его честь род растений Burmannia семейства Бурманниевые.

23 декабря 1776 года Бурман был избран почётным членом Российской Академии наук.

Примечания

Литература
 Johann Christoph Adelung, Heinrich Wilhelm Rotermund, Otto Günther: Allgemeines Gelehrten-Lexicon: Fortsetzung und Ergänzungen zu Christian Gottlieb Jöchers allgemeinem Gelehrten-Lexico, worin die Schriftsteller aller Stände nach ihren vornehmsten Lebensumständen und Schriften beschrieben werden. Leipzig, 1784—1897, 7 томов.
 Abraham Jacob van der Aa: Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden: bevattende levensbeschrijvingen van zoodanige personen, die zich op eenigerlei wijze in ons vaderland hebben vermaard gemaakt. Haarlem, 1852—1878.

Ссылки

 DNB, Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek: Johannes Burman
 Johannes Burman (1707—1779)
 Книга Thesaurus zeylanicus на сайте botanicus.org
 Книга Herbarium amboinense на сайте botanicus.org
 Книга Plantarum americanarum на сайте botanicus.org

Биологи Нидерландов
Ботаники по алфавиту
Ботаники Нидерландов
Медики по алфавиту
Медики Нидерландов
Почётные члены Петербургской академии наук


text:
Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant (lit. 'Ave Cesar, els qui moriran et saluden') és la frase en llengua llatina que els gladiadors dirigien a l'emperador romà just abans del començament dels jocs de gladiadors. Al llibre De Vita Caesarum de Suetoni, hi apareix la primera referència literària a la frase, malgrat que és escrita d'una manera no exactament igual que la que coneixem: Have imperator, morituri te salutant!.

Referències

Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant
Gladiador


text:
Franz May, též František May (24. ledna 1903 Varnsdorf – 28. listopadu 1969 Wasserburg am Inn), byl československý politik německé národnosti a meziválečný poslanec Národního shromáždění za Sudetoněmeckou stranu.

Biografie
Vychodil národní a měšťanskou školu v Dolním Podluží. V letech 1918–1921 vystudoval zahradnickou školu v jihomoravské Lednici. Působil jako zahradník v německém Duryňsku. Studoval pak biologii na vysoké zemědělské škole v Halle. Profesí byl zahradníkem a rolníkem, bytem v Dolním Podluží (tehdy Niedergrund).

Od mládí byl aktivní v studentských a mládežnických organizacích. V roce 1933 se stal členem Sudetoněmecké strany a byl jmenován jejím důvěrníkem pro severní Čechy. V únoru 1934 se stal vedoucím SdP ve volebním kraji Česká Lípa. V parlamentních volbách v roce 1935 byl zvolen za poslance Národního shromáždění. Poslanecké křeslo ztratil na podzim 1938 v souvislosti se změnami hranic Československa.

19. září 1938 se zapojil do revolty Sudetských Němců proti Československu a byl jmenován velitelem 2. skupiny Sudetoněmeckého sboru dobrovolníků v Sasku. 15. října 1938 ho pak Adolf Hitler pověřil vedením oddílu SA Sudeten. Po roce 1938 zasedal za NSDAP na Říšském sněmu v Berlíně.

Po válce byl dočasně itnernován a pak vysídlen do západního Německa, kde působil jako městský zahradník ve Waldkraiburgu v Bavorsku. Angažoval se ve spolcích vysídlenců.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy
 Projev Franze Maye v Národním shromáždění roku 1936

Němečtí zahradníci
Čeští zahradníci
Poslanci československého Národního shromáždění
Českoslovenští politici německé národnosti
Sudetští Němci
Členové Sudetoněmecké strany
Členové NSDAP
Narození v roce 1903
Úmrtí v roce 1969
Narození 24. ledna
Úmrtí 28. listopadu
Muži


text:
Repretel é uma emissora de televisão da Costa Rica fundada em 1994. Está disponível nos canais 4, 6 e 11.

Canal 4
Entre os anos de 1994 e 2000 foi operado no Canal 9. Este canal se dedica ao público infantil/jovem, com muitos desenhos e alguns programas de temas variados.

Canal 6
Sem dúvida o mais conhecido de todos, o Canal 6 se dedica a variedades: séries, desenhos, filmes, novelas, programas, notícias entre outros.

Canal 11
Um dos canais mais conhecidos da Repretel, o Canal 11 é voltado para filmes e principalmente novelas.

Slogan
Repretel parte de tu vida.

Site oficial
Repretel

Redes de televisão da Costa Rica
Canais de televisão de língua espanhola
Canais de televisão fundados em 1994


text:
De Hidjazspoorweg was een smalspoorweg (1050 mm), die van Damascus in Syrië naar Medina (in het huidige Saoedi-Arabië) liep door de Hidjazstreek. Tegenwoordig is de lijn nog slechts in gebruik tussen Damascus en Amman in Jordanië.

De lijn werd aangelegd op bevel van sultan Abdülhamit II van het Ottomaanse Rijk, die zo de bedevaart naar Mekka wilde vereenvoudigen. De lijn werd aangelegd door Duitse ingenieurs. In 1901 werd begonnen met de aanleg en in 1908 was de spoorweg voltooid. Een derde van de kosten werd betaald door vrijwillige bijdragen van moslims.

Voor sponsors van de aanleg werd een Turkse onderscheiding, de Medaille voor de Hidjazspoorweg ingesteld.

Tijdens de Arabische opstand in de Eerste Wereldoorlog voerde Lawrence of Arabia met zijn Arabische guerrillastrijders met succes aanslagen uit op de spoorlijn, die door de Ottomanen werd gebruikt voor de aanvoer van troepen.

De overblijfselen van de Hidjazspoorlijn zijn nog overal in de Hidjaz te zien zoals het oude treinstation in Medina.

Arabische wereld
Geschiedenis van Saoedi-Arabië
Spoorlijn


text:
ALAS1 () – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на короткому плечі 3-ї хромосоми.  Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 640 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 70 581.

Кодований геном білок за функціями належить до трансфераз, ацилтрансфераз.
Задіяний у такому біологічному процесі як альтернативний сплайсинг.
Білок має сайт для зв'язування з піридоксаль-фосфатом.
Локалізований у мітохондрії.

Література

Примітки

Див. також
 Хромосома 3

Трансферази


text:
Cameron Phillips egy kitalált terminátor kiborg a FOX csatorna Terminátor – Sarah Connor krónikái című amerikai filmsorozatban. Első megjelenése a sorozat pilot epizódjában volt. A karaktert Summer Glau színésznő alakítja. Neve tisztelgés James Cameron előtt, aki az első két Terminátor mozifilmet rendezte.

Története
Cameront a Skynet hozta létre az emberek elleni harchoz. Alakját egy jövőben élő, igazi emberről, Allison Young-ról mintázták. A lemásolt fiatal lányt megölték.

Időrendben haladva Cameron John Connor második védelmezője, robot testőre, aki a jövőből érkezett. Feladata megvédeni Johnt mindenáron. Küldetése ugyanaz mint a T-800-as és T-850-es terminátoroknak a második és harmadik terminátor filmekben. A filmsorozatban, hogy a feltűnést elkerülje és követni tudja védencét, John nővérének adja ki magát. Első küldetése Saraht és Johnt eljuttatni 1999-ből 2007-be egy időgéppel. A Phillips nevet nem használja, helyette a Connor család éppen aktuális álnevét viseli, így gyakran mint Cameron Baum szerepel.

Képességei
Cameron egy TOK715-ös típusú speciális terminátor, mely a egyedi és a "beolvadás" mestere, nem a közelharcra lett megalkotva, ezért csak akkor harcol más terminátorral, ha szükséges. Ennek megfelelően, az előző robotokhoz képest újdonság a kék szem, a fejlett emberi érzések és a táplálkozás. Az előző terminátoroktól eltérően ő már képes a sírásra is. Az élő szövet, mely borítja, rendkívül gyorsan gyógyul. Hatalmas fizikai ereje van és képes bárki hangját utánozni. Úszni nem tud, mert ahhoz túl nehéz.

További információk

Filmszereplők
Terminátor-szereplők


text:
La Voie ferrée longitudinale nord est une ligne ferroviaire en construction en Russie, dans la Péninsule de Yamal. Il s'agit d'un tronçon de 707 kilomètres à Écartement russe destiné au transport de gaz liquéfié et de pétrole, qui devrait entrer en service à compter de 2023.

Historique

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Voie ferrée de Mourmansk
 Ligne Obskaya–Bovanenkovo

Liens externes

Ligne de chemin de fer en Russie


text:
Sykia (, Sykia) is a small doline in Athens, Greece.

The doline, which has a depth of about , has been known since the mid-1940s and is located near the Hymettan peak of Korakovouni at an altitude of approximately 300 m above sea level. It takes its name from the fig tree growing in the debris cone on the doline floor. It is next to the asphalt road continuing from the cemetery of Voula.

The doline was first recorded by a British airman immediately following the Second World War and was investigated soon after. It is now frequently used as a good practice area for single rope technique by Athenian caving clubs. It lies very close to the better known Vari Cave.

Caves of Greece
Sinkholes of Europe
Landforms of Attica
Landforms of Central Greece


text:
The 1977 Houston Astros season was a season in American baseball. The team finished third in the National League West with a record of 81–81, 17 games behind the Los Angeles Dodgers.

Offseason
 December 8, 1976: Greg Gross was traded by the Astros to the Chicago Cubs for Julio González.
 January 11, 1977: John Butcher was drafted by the Astros in the 1st round (5th pick) of the secondary phase of the 1977 Major League Baseball draft, but did not sign.
 January 25, 1977: Paul Siebert was traded by the Astros to the San Diego Padres for Mike Allen (minors).
 March 26, 1977: Rob Andrews and cash were traded by the Astros to the San Francisco Giants for Willie Crawford and Rob Sperring.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Notable transactions
 June 7, 1977: Scott Loucks was drafted by the Astros in the 5th round of the 1977 Major League Baseball draft.
 June 15, 1977: Willie Crawford was traded by the Astros to the Oakland Athletics for Denny Walling.

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Farm system

LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Charleston

References

External links
1977 Houston Astros season at Baseball Reference

Houston Astros seasons
Houston Astros season
Houston Astro


text:
The Beau Geste hypothesis in animal behaviour is the hypothesis that tries to explain why some avian species have such elaborate song repertoires for the purpose of territorial defence. The hypothesis takes its name from the 1924 book Beau Geste and was coined by John Krebs in 1977.

Background

The Beau Geste hypothesis which was coined by Krebs in 1977 to explain why various avian species have such large song repertories. The hypothesis discusses that avian species utilize such large song repertories for potentially a number of reasons such as for territorial defence and to test the competition within a new habitat.

The name of the hypothesis comes from the book which was originally published in 1924 "Beau Geste". The book tells the story of three English brothers which all enlisted in the French Foreign Legion and ended up in a desert battle against a Tuareg army. They were greatly outnumbered, and in order to create the illusion that they had more men than they actually had, they took whatever dead soldiers they could find and propped them up along the walls of the fortress.

Non-avian species
There has been mention of this hypothesis in places such as research into amphibian vocalizations in the Boophis madagascariensis, an endemic species of tree frog found in Madagascar, where the Beau Geste hypothesis is used to give one explanation of why the species has such a large vocal repertoire. There has been some support for the theory in that the frogs use a wide variety of songs to give the illusion to invading frogs that the territory they are trying to enter is already full of competing frogs.

The Beau Geste hypothesis has also been found to explain vocalizations within some cricket species such as the bush cricket, where males use a wide variety of songs to access the amount of competition which is in a given area. When males are present in an area with a large number of other males their vocal repertories are much smaller than when in an area with only a few males.

References

Ethology
Bird sonation
Biological hypotheses


text:
Dit is een lijst van burgemeesters van de voormalige Nederlandse gemeente Hardinxveld.

Per 1 januari 1957 werden de gemeenten Hardinxveld en Giessendam samengevoegd tot de nieuwe gemeente Hardinxveld-Giessendam.

Hardinxveld


text:
Michael Abrash is an American programmer and technical writer specializing in code optimization and 80x86 assembly language. He wrote the 1990 book Zen of Assembly Language Volume 1: Knowledge and a monthly column in Dr. Dobb's Journal in the early 1990s. A later book, Zen of Graphics Programming, applied these ideas to 2D and 3D graphics prior to the advent of hardware accelerators for the PC. Though not strictly a game programmer, Abrash has worked on the underlying technology for games, such as Quake, for much of his career. Since 2014, he has been the chief scientist of Oculus VR, a subsidiary of Meta Platforms

Game programmer

Abrash was a video game programmer in the early days of the IBM PC and the Color Graphics Adapter. His first commercial game was a clone of Space Invaders published by Datamost in 1982 as Space Strike followed by Cosmic Crusader (1982) and Big Top (1983), both published by Funtastic. Working with Dan Illowsky, who had previously written the Apple II Pac-Man clone Snack Attack, he co-wrote Snack Attack II (1982) for the IBM PC.

After working at Microsoft on graphics and assembly code for Windows NT 3.1, he was hired by id Software in the mid-1990s to work on Quake. Some of the technology behind Quake is documented in Abrash's Ramblings in Realtime published in Dr. Dobb's Journal. He mentions Quake as his favourite game of all time. After Quake was released, Abrash returned to Microsoft to work on natural language research, then moved to the Xbox team, until 2001.

In 2002, Abrash went to RAD Game Tools where he co-wrote the Pixomatic software renderer, which emulates the functionality of a DirectX 7-level graphics card. At the end of 2005, Pixomatic was acquired by Intel. When developing Pixomatic, he and Mike Sartain designed a new architecture called Larrabee, which now is part of Intel's GPGPU project.

Gabe Newell, managing director of Valve, said that he had "been trying to hire Michael Abrash forever. [...] About once a quarter we go for dinner and I say 'are you ready to work here yet? In 2011 Abrash made the move to join Valve.

On March 28, 2014, three days after Facebook announced agreements to purchase the virtual reality headset company, Oculus VR published a statement saying that Michael Abrash had joined their company as Chief Scientist.

Technical writer
Michael Abrash was a columnist in the 1980s for the magazine Programmer's Journal. The articles were collected in the 1989 book, Power Graphics Programming.

His second book, Zen of Assembly Language Volume 1: Knowledge (1990), is about writing efficient assembly code for the 16-bit 8086 processor, but was released after the 80486 CPU was already being used in IBM PC compatibles. Volume 2 was never published.

In the early to mid-1990s, Abrash wrote column about graphics programming for IBM PC compatibles for Dr. Dobb's Journal called "Ramblings in Realtime." In 1991 he introduced Mode X, a 320x240 VGA graphics mode with square pixels instead of the slightly elongated pixels of the standard 320x200 mode. At the same time, he introduced readers to a little known part of the VGA standard allowing multiple pixels to be written at once. The article and its follow-ups ignited interest among MS-DOS game programmers.

Much of the content of Zen of Assembly Language was updated in Zen of Code Optimization: The Ultimate Guide to Writing Software That Pushes PCs to the Limit (1994),
In 1997 Abrash's Graphics Programming Black Book, was published. It was a collection of his Dr. Dobb's Journal articles and his work on the Quake graphic subsystem.

Abrash stopped writing publicly in the 2000s until maintaining a public blog at Valve, "Ramblings in Valve Time", from April 2012 until January 2014.

References

External links
 Ramblings in Valve Time - A blog by Michael Abrash (archived)

 Ramblings in Realtime by Michael Abrash, detailed description of Quake graphics engine programming (PDF version)
 Graphics Programming Black Book by Michael Abrash (HTML version and ebook source)

 ''40 minutes with Michael Abrash of Valve Software", Audio interview with Michael Abrash at QuakeCon 2012 discussing Abrash's career and work at Valve

American computer programmers
American technology writers
Living people
Microsoft employees
Valve Corporation people
American video game programmers
Id Software people
1957 births


text:
Christine Musselin (born 10 February 1958) is French sociologist specializing in the sociology of organizations.

From 2002 to 2010 she was the director of the Center for the Sociology of Organizations (Paris).

From 2011 to 2018 Musselin headed the research department of Sciences Po Paris.

Select bibliography
 En quête d'universités, Paris, l'Harmattan, 1989, with Erhard Friedberg.
 L'État face aux universités, Paris, Anthropos, 1993, with Erhard Friedberg.
 The long March of French Universities, New York, Routledge, 2004.
 The markets for academics, New York, Routledge, 2010.
"La grande course des universités", Paris, Presse de Sciences Po, 2017.

External links
Curriculum vitae on the website of the Center for the Sociology of Organizations

References

1958 births
Living people
People from Fontenay-sous-Bois
French sociologists
French women sociologists
Sciences Po alumni
Academic staff of Sciences Po


text:
Calliostoma scotti, common name Scott's top shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae.

Some authors place this taxon in the subgenus Calliostoma (Kombologion)

Description
The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 40 mm.

Distribution
This species occurs in the Indian Ocean between Somalia and South Africa.

References

 Kilburn, R. N. 1973. Notes on some benthic Mollusca from Natal and Moçambique with descriptions of new species and subspecies of Calliostoma, Solariella, Latiaxis, Babylonia, Fusinus, Bathytoma and Conus. Annals of the Natal Museum 21(3):557–578, 1 fig, 1
 Rosenberg, G. 1992. Encyclopedia of Seashells. Dorset: New York. 224 pp. page(s): 3

External links

scotti
Gastropods described in 1973


text:
Os Jogos Bolivarianos de 2022 (espanhol: Juegos Bolivarianos), oficialmente os XIX Jogos Bolivarianos Valledupar 2022, foi um evento multiesportivo internacional realizado em Valledupar, Colômbia, de 24 de junho a 5 de julho.

Nações participantes
Todas as 7 nações da Organização Deportiva Bolivariana (ODEBO) e 4 nações convidadas competiram nesses Jogos.

Nações da ODEBO

  (anfitrião)

Nações convidadas

Esportes
Os Jogos contaram com 389 eventos em 32 esportes diferentes, abrangendo um total de 45 disciplinas.

 Beisebol

 Basquetebol

 Esportes aquáticos

 Voleibol

Calendário
O programa esportivo foi o seguinte.

Quadro de medalhas

Referências

Ligações externas

2022
Bolivarianos
Desporto na Colômbia em 2022
Bolivarianos
Eventos esportivos sediados na Colômbia


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Cud Nad Wisłą – międzynarodowy, jednodniowy wyścig kolarski odbywający się na terenie województwa mazowieckiego, wchodzący w skład Pro Ligi i figurujący w kalendarzu UCI.

Pierwsza edycja odbyła się w 1991 roku. Wyścig rozgrywany nieregularnie, organizowany dla uczczenia rocznicy Bitwy Warszawskiej odbywa się 15 sierpnia z metą w Radzyminie, od 2011 roku należy do cyklu UCI Europe Tour i posiada kategorię 1.2.

Lista zwycięzców

Linki zewnętrzne
 Legionowo - Radzymin / Cud nad Wisla na stronie cyclingarchives.com

Przypisy

Wyścigi kolarskie jednodniowe
Wyścigi kolarskie w Polsce


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Нури Абу Сахмейн (; род. 25 октября 1956, Зувара) — ливийский политический и государственный деятель. Номинальный глава Ливии как председатель Всеобщего национального конгресса (с 25 июня 2013 года). Являлся крупной фигурой на исламистской стороне гражданской войны. Основатель группировки «» (Палата представителей Ливии считает эту организацию террористической). Сообщается, что будучи председателем Всеобщего национального конгресса, Нури Абу Сахмейн сфальсифицировал его работу.

Нури Абу Сахмейн — первый этнический бербер, который руководил Ливией, со времён Триполитанской республики.

Биография
Первоначально он был избран во Всеобщий национальный конгресс в качестве члена от города Зувара, который находится на западе страны. Абу Сахмейн имел некоторую поддержку со стороны организации «Братья-мусульмане», но выступал в качестве независимого кандидата. Однако он отрицает тесные связи с «Братьями-мусульманами».

В 2013 году Нури Абу Сахмейн был кандидатом от исламистов на пост председателя Всеобщего национального конгресса. Его считали компромиссным кандидатом, приемлемым для более либеральных членов конгресса. В результате 25 июня 2013 года он стал председателем ВНК. На выборах он пользовался поддержкой организации «Братья-мусульмане» и Партии справедливости и строительства. После избрания Абу Сахмэйн немедленно создал исламистскую вооружённую группировку «», которая предприняла попытку исламистского переворота в октябре 2013 года. Он подавил дебаты и расследования, которые исламистская часть ВНК не хотела, включая дебаты по поводу его предполагаемого незаконного перевода денег в группировку.

В декабре 2013 года Всеобщим национальным конгрессом было принято решение обеспечить соблюдение законов шариата в ливийских университетах. С начала 2014 года вводилась гендерная сегрегация и обязательный хиджаб, что вызвало резкую критику со стороны групп по защите прав женщин.

Нури Абу Сахмейн сыграл определённую роль в конституционном кризисе, который возник, когда исламист Ахмед Майтыг был предположительно избран премьер-министром Ливии на сессии ВНК в апреле 2014 года, которая была прервана вооружёнными исламистскими боевиками, ворвавшимися в парламент. Хотя вице-спикер, Министерство юстиции, Верховный суд и оппозиционные партии отвергли это разбирательство как незаконное, Абу Сахмейн подписал указ, подтверждающий назначение Майтыга на должность премьер-министра.

По словам сторонников восточного правительства, его срок полномочий закончился, когда 4 августа 2014 года была создана Палата представителей. Его сменил Абу Бакр Байра, временный глава нового парламента. Абу Сахмейн также был представителем ВНК в своём родном городе амазигов (то есть берберов) в Зуваре, на западе страны.

Примечания

Председатели Всеобщего национального конгресса Ливии
Пришедшие к власти в 2013 году


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Михаил Михайлович Щербаков (род. 13 июля 1985 года, Таганрог) — российский волейболист, центральный блокирующий и капитан клуба «Кузбасс».

В сезонах 2014/2015 и 2015/2016 становился лучшим блокирующим чемпионата России.

Достижения
Клуб
 Чемпион России (2019)
 Серебряный призёр Кубка России (2011)

Сборная
 Победитель всемирной Универсиады (2011)

Ссылки
 Профиль на сайте ВК «Кузбасс»

Волейболисты России
Игроки ВК «Динамо» Краснодар
Игроки ВК «Кузбасс»
Игроки ВК «Локомотив» Новосибирск


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The Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy (or Muhammad cartoons crisis, ) began after the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published 12 editorial cartoons on 30 September 2005, most of which depicted Muhammad, a principal figure of the religion of Islam. The newspaper announced that this was an attempt to contribute to the debate about criticism of Islam and self-censorship. Muslim groups in Denmark complained, and the issue eventually led to protests around the world, including violence and riots in some Muslim countries.

Islam has a strong tradition of aniconism, and it is considered highly blasphemous in most Islamic traditions to visually depict Muhammad. This, compounded with a sense that the cartoons insulted Muhammad and Islam, offended many Muslims. Danish Muslim organisations that objected to the depictions responded by petitioning the embassies of Islamic countries and the Danish government to take action in response, and filed a judicial complaint against the newspaper, which was dismissed in January 2006.
After the Danish government refused to meet with diplomatic representatives of the Muslim countries and—per legal principle and in accordance with the Danish legal system—would not intervene in the case, a number of Danish imams headed by Ahmed Akkari visited the Middle East in late 2005 to gather support around the issue. They presented a dossier containing the twelve cartoons from the Jyllands-Posten, and other depictions of Muhammad alongside them, some real and some fake, including one where they claimed he was portrayed as a pig, seen as forbidden and unclean in Islam. This last image was proven to be an Associated Press photograph of a contestant in a pig-squealing contest and, when presented with this and other falsehoods, the delegation's press spokesman admitted the goal of the tour had been to stir up hostility.

The issue received prominent media attention in some Muslim-majority countries, leading to protests across the world in late January and early February 2006. Some escalated into violence, resulting in more than 250 reported deaths, attacks on Danish and other European diplomatic missions, attacks on churches and Christians, and a boycott of Denmark. Some groups responded to the intense pro-aniconist protests by endorsing the Danish policies, launching "Buy Danish" campaigns and other displays of support for freedom of expression. The cartoons were reprinted in newspapers around the world, both in a sense of journalistic solidarity and as an illustration in what became a major news story.

Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen described the controversy as Denmark's worst international relations incident since the Second World War. The incident came at a time of heightened political and social tensions between Muslim majority countries and Western countries, following several, high-profile radical Islamic terrorist attacks in the Westincluding the September 11 attacksand Western military interventions in Muslim countries, such as Iraq and Afghanistan. The relationship between Muslims in Denmark and broader society was similarly at a low point, and the conflict came to symbolize the discrepancies and idiosyncrasies between the Islamic community and the rest of society. In the years since, jihadist terrorist plots claiming to be in retaliation for the cartoons have been plannedand some executedagainst targets affiliated with Jyllands-Posten and its employees, Denmark, or newspapers that published the cartoons and other caricatures of Islamic prophets, most notably the Charlie Hebdo shooting in 2015.

Supporters said that the publication of the cartoons was a legitimate exercise in free speech: regardless of the content of the expression, it was important to openly discuss Islam without fear of terror, also stating that the cartoons made important points about critical issues. The Danish tradition of relatively high tolerance for freedom of speech became the focus of some attention. The controversy ignited a debate about the limits of freedom of expression in all societies, religious tolerance and the relationship of Muslim minorities with their broader societies in the West, and relations between the Islamic world in general and the West.

Notably, a few days after the original publishing, Jyllands-Posten published several depictions of Muhammad, all legitimately bought in Muslim countries. This, however, drew little attention.

Timeline

Debate about self-censorship
On 16 September 2005, Danish news service Ritzau published an article discussing the difficulty encountered by the writer Kåre Bluitgen, who was initially unable to find an illustrator prepared to work on his children's book The Qur'an and the life of the Prophet Muhammad (). Three artists declined Bluitgen's proposal out of fear of reprisals.

One artist agreed to assist anonymously; he said that he was afraid for his and his family's safety. According to Bluitgen, one artist declined due to the murder in Amsterdam of the film director Theo van Gogh the year before; another cited the attack in October 2004 on a lecturer at the  at the University of Copenhagen; he was assaulted by five assailants who opposed his reading of the Qur'an to non-Muslims during a lecture. The story gained some traction, and the major Danish newspapers reported the story the following day.

The supposed refusals from these first three artists to participate was seen as evidence of self-censorship out of fear of violence from Islamists, which led to much debate in Denmark. The Danish newspaper Politiken stated on 12 February 2006, that they had asked Bluitgen to put them in touch with the artists, so the claim that none of them dared to work with him could be proved. The author refused, and nobody has ever been able to confirm whether the incident was accurately described.

Publication

At an editorial meeting of Jyllands-Posten ('The Jutland Post', Denmark's largest daily newspaper) on 19 September, reporter Stig Olesen put forward the idea of asking the members of the newspaper illustrators union if they would be willing to draw Muhammad. This would be an experiment to see the degree to which professional illustrators felt threatened. Flemming Rose, culture editor, was interested in the idea and wrote to the 42 members of the union asking them to draw their interpretations of Muhammad.

15 illustrators responded to the letter; three declined to participate, one did not know how to contribute to what he called a vague project, one thought the project was stupid and badly paid, and one said he was afraid. 12 drawings had been submittedthree from newspaper employees and two which did not directly show Muhammad. The editors thought that some of the illustrators who had not responded were employed by other newspapers and were thus contractually prohibited from working for Jyllands-Posten. In the end, editor-in-chief Carsten Juste decided that given its inconclusive results, the story was better suited as an opinion piece rather than a news story, and it was decided to publish it in the culture section, under the direction of editor Flemming Rose.

Peter Hervik, a professor of Migration Studies, has since written that the results of this experiment disproved the idea that self-censorship was a serious problem in Denmark because the overwhelming majority of cartoonists had either responded positively or refused for contractual or philosophical reasons. Carsten Juste has said that the survey "lacked validity and the story fell short of sound journalistic basis." Hervik said that this, along with the fact that the most controversial cartoons were drawn by the newspaper's staff cartoonists, demonstrates that the newspaper's "desire to provoke and insult Danish Muslims exceeded the wish to test the self-censorship of Danish cartoonists."

Rose wrote the editorial which accompanied the cartoons in which he argued there had been several recent cases of self-censorship, weighing freedom of speech against the fear of confronting issues about Islam, so he thought it was legitimate news story. Among the incidents he cited were: the translators of a book critical of Islam did not want their names published; the Tate gallery in London withdrew an installation by the avant-garde artist John Latham depicting the Quran, Bible and Talmud torn to pieces, and comedian Frank Hvam said in an interview with Jyllands-Posten that he would hypothetically dare to urinate on the Bible on television, but not on the Quran. Rose also mentioned the case of a Danish imam who had met with Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen and "called on the prime minister to interfere with the press in order to get more positive coverage of Islam."

On 30 September 2005, Jyllands-Posten published an article entitled "" ('The face of Muhammad') incorporating the cartoons. The article consisted of the 12 cartoons and an explanatory text, in which Rose wrote:

Later, Rose explained his intent further in The Washington Post: "The cartoonists treated Islam the same way they treat Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism and other religions. And by treating Muslims in Denmark as equals they made a point: We are integrating you into the Danish tradition of satire because you are part of our society, not strangers. The cartoons are including, rather than excluding, Muslims." The publication of the cartoons was also accompanied by an editorial titled "" ('The Threat from the Darkness') condemning Islamic spiritual leaders "who feel entitled to interpret the prophet's word, and cannot abide the insult that comes from being the object of intelligent satire." In October 2005, Politiken, another leading Danish newspaper, published its own poll of thirty-one of the forty-three members of the Danish cartoonist association. Twenty-three said they would be willing to draw Muhammad. One had doubts, one would not be willing because of fear of possible reprisals, and six artists would not be willing because they respected the Muslim ban on depicting Muhammad.

Description of the cartoons

The 12 cartoons were drawn by 12 professional cartoonists in Denmark. Four of the cartoons have Danish texts, one deliberately evades the issue and depicts a school child in Denmark named Muhammad rather than the Islamic prophet, one is based on a Danish cultural expression, and one includes a Danish politician.

Response

The immediate responses to the publication varied, included some newspaper sellers refusing to distribute that day's paper. In the following days, the cartoons received significant attention in other Danish press outlets. According to Jytte Klausen, "most people groaned that the newspaper was at it again, bashing Muslims. The instinct was to split the blame." Berlingske-Tidende criticised the 'gag', but also said that Islam should be openly criticised. Politiken attacked Rose's account of growing self-censorship; it also surveyed Danish cartoonists and said that self-censorship was not generally perceived as a problem. On 4 October, a local teenager telephoned the newspaper offices threatening to kill the cartoonists, but he was arrested after his mother turned him in.

Shortly after the publication, a group of Islamic leaders formed a protest group. Raed Hlayhel called a meeting to discuss their strategy, which took place in Copenhagen a few days after the cartoons appeared. The Islamic Faith Community and four mosques from around the country were represented. The meeting established 19 "action points" to try to influence public opinion about the cartoons. Ahmed Akkari from a mosque in Aarhus was designated the group's spokesman. The group planned a variety of political activities, including launching a legal complaint against the newspaper, writing letters to media outlets inside and outside Denmark, contacting politicians and diplomatic representatives, organising a protest in Copenhagen, and mobilising Danish Muslims through text messages and mosques. A one-day strike and sleep-in were planned, but never took place. A peaceful protest, which attracted about 3,500 demonstrators, was held in Copenhagen on 14 October 2005.

Having received petitions from Danish imams, eleven ambassadors from Muslim-majority countriesTurkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, Egypt, Indonesia, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Libya, Moroccoand the Head of the Palestinian General Delegation asked for a meeting with Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen on 12 October 2005. They wanted to discuss what they perceived as an "on-going smearing campaign in Danish public circles and media against Islam and Muslims." In a letter, the ambassadors mentioned the issue of the Muhammad cartoons, a recent indictment against Radio Holger, and statements by MP Louise Frevert and the Minister of Culture Brian Mikkelsen. It concluded:

The government answered with a letter without addressing the request for a meeting:

The refusal to meet the ambassadors was later prominently criticised by the Danish political opposition, twenty-two Danish ex-ambassadors and the Prime Minister's fellow party member, former Minister of Foreign Affairs Uffe Ellemann-Jensen. Hervik wrote:

While it is certainly true that the prime minister did not have a legal right to intervene in the editorial process, he could have publicly (as an enactment of free speech) dissociated himself from the publication, from the content of the cartoons, from Rose's explanatory text, from Jyllands-Postens editorial of the same day, and from the general association of Islam with terrorism. Rasmussen did none of those. Instead, he used his interview [on 30 October 2005] to endorse Jyllands-Posten's position and the act of publishing the cartoons.

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and Arab League also wrote a joint letter to the Prime Minister expressing alarm about the cartoons and other recent incidents and insults committed by Danish politicians. The Muslim countries continued to work diplomatically to try to have the issueand the other issues mentioned in their initial letteraddressed by the Danish government. Turkey and Egypt were particularly active. Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan visited Copenhagen in November in an encounter which the Turkish press described as a crisis. Erdogan clashed with Rasmussen over the cartoons as well as Roj TVa television station affiliated with the Kurdistan Workers' Partybeing allowed to broadcast from Denmark. After trying to engage the Danish government diplomatically, Egyptian foreign minister Ahmed Aboul Gheit and the secretary-generals of the OIC and the Arab League sent letters to the OSCE, OECD, and EU foreign policy coordinator complaining about Danish inaction.

Judicial investigation of Jyllands-Posten (October 2005 – January 2006)
On 27 October 2005, representatives of the Muslim organisations which had complained about the cartoons in early October filed a complaint with the Danish police claiming that Jyllands-Posten had committed an offence under sections 140 and 266b of the Danish Criminal Code, precipitating an investigation by the public prosecutor:
 Section 140 (aka the blasphemy law), prohibits disturbing public order by publicly ridiculing or insulting the dogmas of worship of any lawfully existing religious community in Denmark. Only one case, a 1938 case involving an anti-Semitic group, has ever resulted in a sentence. The most recent case was in 1971 when a programme director of Danmarks Radio was accused in a case involving a song about the Christian god, but was found not guilty.
 Section 266b criminalises insult, threat or degradation of natural persons, by publicly and with malice attacking their race, colour of skin, national or ethnic roots, faith or sexual orientation.

On 6 January 2006, the Regional Public Prosecutor in Viborg discontinued the investigation as he found no basis for concluding that the cartoons constituted a criminal offence because the publication concerned a subject of public interest and Danish case law extends editorial freedom to journalists regarding subjects of public interest. He stated that in assessing what constitutes an offence, the right to freedom of speech must be taken into consideration, and said that freedom of speech must be exercised with the necessary respect for other human rights, including the right to protection against discrimination, insult and degradation. In a new hearing resulting from a complaint about the original decision, the Director of Public Prosecutors in Denmark agreed with the previous ruling.

Danish Imams tour the Middle East

In December, after communications with the Danish government and the newspaper, the "Committee for Prophet Honouring" decided to gain support and leverage outside of Denmark by meeting directly with religious and political leaders in the Middle East. They created a 43-page dossier, commonly known as the Akkari-Laban dossier (; after two leading imams), containing the cartoons and supporting materials for their meetings.

The dossier, finalised for the group's trip to Lebanon in mid-December, contained the following:
 An introduction describing the situation of Muslims in Denmark (from the point of view represented by the imams), the country itself, background on the cartoons, and the group's action plan;
 Clippings of the articles and editorials from 30 September 2005 that accompanied the cartoons and a copy of the page with cartoons translated into Arabic;
 An 11-point declaration by Raed Hlayhel against alleged Western double standards about free speech; he wrote that Islam and Muhammed are ridiculed and insulted under the guise of free speech while parallel insults would be unacceptable;
 11 of the 12 cartoons from the paper itself blown up to A4 size and translated. The cartoon with Muhammad and the sword was not shown here, only in the overview page;
 Copies of letters and the group's press releases;
 Arabic translation of the Jyllands-Posten editorial of 12 October discussing the early controversy and refusing to apologise;
 10 satirical cartoons from another Danish newspaper, Weekendavisen, published in November 2005 in response to the Jyllands-Posten controversy, which Kasem Ahmad, spokesman for Islamisk Trossamfund, called "even more offensive" than the original 12 cartoons despite being intended as satire. He said that they were part of a broader campaign to denigrate Muslims and were gratuitously provocative;
 Three additional pictures that the dossier's authors alleged were sent to Muslims in Denmark, said to be indicative of the "hate they feel subjected to in Denmark"'
 Some clippings from Egyptian newspapers discussing the group's first visit to Egypt.

The dossier also contained "falsehood about alleged maltreatment of Muslims in Denmark" and the "tendentious lie that Jyllands-Posten was a government-run newspaper".

The imams said that the three additional images were sent anonymously by mail to Muslims who were participating in an online debate on Jyllands-Postens website, and were apparently included to illustrate the perceived atmosphere of Islamophobia in which they lived. On 1 February, BBC World incorrectly reported that one of the images had been published in Jyllands-Posten. This image was later found to be a wire-service photograph of a contestant at a French pig-squealing contest in the Trie-sur-Baise's annual festival. One of the other two additional images (a photograph) portrayed a Muslim being mounted by a dog while praying, and the other (a cartoon) portrayed Muhammad as a demonic paedophile.

Expertsincluding Helle Lykke Nielsenwho have examined the dossier said that it was broadly accurate from a technical point of view but contained a few falsehoods and could easily have misled people not familiar with Danish society, an assessment which the imams have since agreed to. Some mistakes were that Islam is not officially recognised as a religion in Denmark (it is); that the cartoons are the result of a contest; and that Anders Fogh Rasmussen in his role as Prime Minister gave a medal to Ayaan Hirsi Ali (he gave one in his capacity as party leader of the Liberal Party).

The imams also claimed to speak on behalf of 28 organisations, many of which later denied any connection to them. Additions such as the "pig" photograph may have polarised the situation (the association of a person and a pig is considered very insulting in Islamic culture), as they were confused for the cartoons published in the newspaper. Muslims who met with the group later said Akkari's delegation had given them the impression that Danish Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen somehow controlled or owned Jyllands-Posten.

Delegations of imams circulated the dossier on visits to Egypt, Syria and Lebanon in early December 2005, presenting their case to many influential religious and political leaders and asking for support. The group was given high level access on these trips through their contacts in the Egyptian and Lebanese embassies. The dossier was distributed informally on 7–8 December 2005 at a summit of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) in Mecca, with many heads of state in attendance. The OIC issued a condemnation of the cartoons: "[We express our] concern at rising hatred against Islam and Muslims and condemned the recent incident of desecration of the image of the Holy Prophet Mohamed." The communique also attacked the practice of "using the freedom of expression as a pretext for defaming religions." Eventually an official communiqué was issued requesting that the United Nations adopt a binding resolution banning contempt of religious beliefs and providing for sanctions to be imposed on contravening countries or institutions. The attention of the OIC is said to have led to media coverage which brought the issue to public attention in many Muslim countries.

International protests

Protests against the cartoons were held around the world in late January and February 2006. Many of these turned violent, resulting in at least 200 deaths globally, according to the New York Times.

Large demonstrations were held in many majority-Muslim countries, and almost every country with significant Muslim minorities, including:
 Nigeria,
 Canada,
 India,
 United States,
 United Kingdom (see: 2006 Islamist demonstration outside the Embassy of Denmark in London),
 Australia,
 New Zealand,
 Kenya, and
 throughout continental Europe.

In many instances, demonstrations against the cartoons became intertwined with those about other local political grievances. Muslims in the north of Nigeria used protests to attack local Christians as part of an ongoing battle for influence, radical Sunnis used protests against governments in the Middle East, and authoritarian governments used them to bolster their religious and nationalist credentials in internal disputes; these associated political motives explain the intensity of some of the demonstrations.

Several Western embassies were attacked; the Danish and Austrian embassies in Lebanon and the Norwegian and Danish representations in Syria were severely damaged. Christians and Christian churches were also targets of violent retribution in some places. U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice accused Iran and Syria of organising many of the protests in Iran, Syria, and Lebanon. However, Hezbollah, ally of Syria and Iran in Lebanon, has condemned the attack on the Danish Embassy. Several death threats were made against the cartoonists and the newspaper, resulting in the cartoonists going into hiding. Danish Prime Minister Rasmussen called it Denmark's worst international relations incident since the Second World War.

Peaceful counter-demonstrations in support of the cartoons, Denmark, and freedom of speech were also held. Three national ministers lost their jobs amid the controversy: Roberto Calderoli in Italy for his support of the cartoons, Laila Freivalds in Sweden for her role in shutting down a website displaying the cartoons, and the Libyan Interior Minister after a riot in Benghazi in response to Calderoli's comments, which led to the deaths of at least 10 people.

In India, Haji Yaqub Qureishi, a minister in the Uttar Pradesh state government, announced a cash reward for anyone who beheaded "the Danish cartoonist" who caricatured Mohammad. Subsequently, a case was filed against him in the Lucknow district court and eminent Muslim scholars in India were split between those supporting punishment for the cartoonists and those calling for the minister's sacking. As of 2011, legal action was ongoing.

Boycott

A consumer boycott was organised in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other Middle Eastern countries against Denmark. On 5 March 2006, Ayman al-Zawahiri of Al-Qaeda urged all Muslims to boycott not only Denmark, but also Norway, France, Germany and all others that have "insulted the Prophet Mohammed" by printing cartoons depicting him. Consumer goods companies were the most vulnerable to the boycott; among companies heavily affected were Arla Foods, Novo Nordisk, and Danisco. Arla, Denmark's biggest exporter to the Middle East, lost 10 million kroner (, ) per day in the initial weeks of the boycott. Scandinavian tourism to Egypt fell by between 20 and 30% in the first two months of 2006.

On 9 September 2006, BBC News reported that the Muslim boycott of Danish goods had reduced Denmark's total exports by 15.5% between February and June. This was attributed to an approximated 50% decline in exports to the Middle East. The BBC said, "The cost to Danish businesses was around 134 million euros ($170m), when compared with the same period last year, the statistics showed." However, The Guardian newspaper in the UK said, "While Danish milk products were dumped in the Middle East, fervent right-wing Americans started buying Bang & Olufsen stereos and Lego. In the first quarter of this year Denmark's exports to the US soared 17%." Overall the boycott did not have a significant effect on the Danish economy.

Response to protests and reprintings

In response to the initial protests from Muslim groups, Jyllands-Posten published an open letter to the citizens of Saudi Arabia on its website, in Danish and in Arabic, apologising for any offence the drawings may have caused but defending the right of the newspaper to publish them. A second open letter "to the honourable Fellow Citizens of the Muslim World", dated 8 February 2006, had a Danish version, an Arabic version, and an English version:

Six of the cartoons were first reprinted by the Egyptian newspaper El Fagr on 17 October 2005, along with an article strongly denouncing them, but this did not provoke any condemnations or other reactions from religious or government authorities. Between October 2005 and early January 2006, examples of the cartoons were reprinted in major European newspapers from the Netherlands, Germany, Scandinavia, Romania, and Switzerland. After the beginning of major international protests, they were re-published around the globe, but primarily in continental Europe. The cartoons were not reprinted in any major newspapers in Canada, the United Kingdom, or many in the United States where articles covered the story without including them.

Reasons for the decision not to publish the cartoons widely in the United Statesdespite that country's permissive free speech lawsincluded increased religious sensitivity, higher integration of Muslims into mainstream society, and a desire to be tactful considering the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Numerous newspapers were closed and editors dismissed, censured, or arrested for their decision or intention to re-publish the cartoons. In some countries, including South Africa, publication of the cartoons was banned by government or court orders.

The OIC denounced calls for the death of the Danish cartoonists. The OIC's Secretary General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu said at the height of crisis that the violent protests were "un-Islamic" and appealed for calm. He also denounced calls for a boycott of Danish goods. Twelve high-profile writers, among them Salman Rushdie, signed a letter called "Manifesto: Together Facing the New Totalitarianism" which was published in a number of newspapers. It said that the violence sparked by the publication of cartoons satirising Muhammad "shows the need to fight for secular values and freedom."

Later developments

Numerous violent plots related to the cartoons have been discovered in the years since the main protests in early 2006. These have primarily targeted editor Flemming Rose, cartoonist Kurt Westergaard, the property or employees of Jyllands-Posten and other newspapers that printed the cartoons, and representatives of the Danish state. Westergaard was the subject of several attacks or planned attacks and lived under special police protection until his death in 2021. On 1 January 2010, police used firearms to stop a would-be assassin in Westergaard's home. In February 2011, the attacker, a 29-year-old Somali man, was sentenced to nine years in prison. In 2010, three men based in Norway were arrested on suspicion that they were planning a terror attack against Jyllands-Posten or Kurt Westergaard; two of the men were convicted. In the United States, David Headley and Tahawwur Hussain Rana were convicted of planning terrorism against Jyllands-Posten and were sentenced in 2013.

Naser Khader, a Muslim Danish MP, founded an organisation called Democratic Muslims in Denmark in response to the controversy. He was worried that what he believed to be Islamists were seen to speak for all Muslims in Denmark. He said that there is still a sharp division within the Danish Muslim community between Islamists and moderates, and that Denmark had become a target for Islamists. He said that some good came from the crisis because "the cartoon crisis made clear that Muslims are not united and that there is a real difference between the Islamists and people like myself. Danes were shown that talk of 'the Muslims' was too monolithic." He also said that the crisis served as a wake-up call about radical Islam to European countries.

In 2009, when Brandeis University professor Jytte Klausen wanted to publish a book about the controversy titled The Cartoons that Shook the World, Yale University Press refused to publish the cartoons and other representations of Muhammad out of fear for the safety of its staff. In response, another company published Muhammad: The "Banned" Images in what it called "a 'picture book'or errata to the bowdlerized version of Klausen's book." Five years to the day after the cartoons were first published in Jyllands-Posten, they were republished in Denmark in Rose's book Tyranny of Silence. When the book's international edition was published in the United States in 2014 it did not include the cartoons.

Around 2007 the international counter-jihad  movement began to appear as a reaction partly influenced by the Jyllands-Posten cartoon crisis.

Regrets

In 2013, The Islamic Society in Denmark stated that they regretted their visit to Lebanon and Egypt in 2006 to show the caricatures because the consequences had been much more serious than they expected. In August 2013, Ahmed Akkari expressed his regret for his role in the Imams' tour of the Middle East, stating "I want to be clear today about the trip: It was totally wrong. At that time, I was so fascinated with this logical force in the Islamic mindset that I could not see the greater picture. I was convinced it was a fight for my faith, Islam." Still a practising Muslim, he said that printing the cartoons was ok and he personally apologised to the cartoonist Westergaard. Westergaard responded by saying "I met a man who has converted from being an Islamist to become a humanist who understands the values of our society. To me, he is really sincere, convincing and strong in his views." A spokesman for the Islamic Society of Denmark said "It is still not OK to publish drawings of Muhammad. We have not changed our position."

Charlie Hebdo controversies and attacks

The French satirical weekly newspaper Charlie Hebdo was taken to court for publishing the cartoons; it was acquitted of charges that it incited hatred. The incident marked the beginning of a number of violent incidents related to the cartoons of Muhammad at the newspaper over the following decade.

On 2 November 2011, Charlie Hebdo was firebombed right before its 3 November issue was due; the issue was called Charia Hebdo and satirically featured Muhammad as guest-editor. The editor, Stéphane Charbonnier, known as Charb, and two co-workers at Charlie Hebdo subsequently received police protection. Charb was placed on a hit list by Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula along with Kurt Westergaard, Lars Vilks, Carsten Juste and Flemming Rose after editing an edition of Charlie Hebdo that satirised Muhammad.

On 7 January 2015, two masked gunmen opened fire on Charlie Hebdos staff and police officers as vengeance for its continued caricatures of Muhammad, killing 12 people, including Charb, and wounding 11 others. Jyllands-Posten did not re-print the Charlie Hebdo cartoons in the wake of the attack, with the new editor-in-chief citing security concerns.

In February 2015, in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo shootings in Paris, a gunman opened fire on attendants and police officers at a meeting discussing freedom of speech with the Swedish cartoonist Lars Vilks among the panelists, and later attacked a synagogue killing two people in Copenhagen in the 2015 Copenhagen shootings.

Background, opinions and issues

Danish journalistic tradition

Freedom of speech was guaranteed in law by the Danish Constitution of 1849, as it is today by The Constitutional Act of Denmark of 5 June 1953. Danish freedom of expression is quite far-reachingeven by Western European standardsalthough it is subject to some legal restrictions dealing with libel, hate speech, blasphemy and defamation. The country's comparatively lenient attitude toward freedom of expression has provoked official protests from several foreign governments, for example Germany, Turkey and Russia for allowing controversial organisations to use Denmark as a base for their operations. Reporters Without Borders ranked Denmark at the top of its Worldwide Press Freedom Index for 2005. Danish newspapers are privately owned and independent from the government.

At the time, section 140 of the Danish Penal Code criminalized mocking or insulting legal religions and faiths. No-one had at that time been charged under section 140 since 1971 and no-one had been convicted since 1938, even though there have been several convictions since then - notably Danish politicians Mogens Camre and Rasmus Paludan, but also , spokesman for the Islamic organization of Hizb ut-Tahrir. A complaint was filed against Jyllands-Posten under this section of the law, but the Regional Public Prosecutor declined to file charges, stating "that in assessing what constitutes an offence under both section 140 and section 266 b [discussed below] of the Danish Criminal Code, the right to freedom of expression must be taken into consideration"; he found that no criminal offence had taken place in this case. Section 140 was repealed in 2017.

However, the Director of Public Prosecutions said, "there is, therefore, no free and unrestricted right to express opinions about religious subjects. It is thus not a correct description of existing law when the article in Jyllands-Posten states that it is incompatible with the right to freedom of expression to demand special consideration for religious feelings and that one has to be ready to put up with 'scorn, mockery and ridicule'." Utterances intended for public dissemination deemed hateful based on 'race, colour, national or ethnic origin, belief or sexual orientation' can be penalised under section 266 b of the criminal code. Some people have been convicted under this provision, mostly for speech directed at Muslims.

Jyllands-Posten

While Jyllands-Posten has published satirical cartoons depicting Christian figures, it rejected unsolicited cartoons in 2003 which depicted Jesus on the grounds that they were offensive, opening it to accusations of a double standard. In February 2006, Jyllands-Posten refused to publish Holocaust cartoons, which included cartoons that mocked or denied the Holocaust, offered by an Iranian newspaper which had held a contest. Six of the less controversial images were later published by Dagbladet Information, after the editors consulted the main rabbi in Copenhagen, and three cartoons were later reprinted in Jyllands-Posten. After the competition had finished, Jyllands-Posten also reprinted the winning and runner-up cartoons.

Jyllands-Posten has been described as conservative and it was supportive of the then-ruling party Venstre. It frequently reported on the activities of imams it considered radical, including Raed Hlayhel and Ahmed Akkari. Peter Hervik has argued that anti-Islamic positions and discourse dominated Jyllands-Posten's editorial leadership from at least 2001 until the cartoon crisis.

Islamic tradition

Aniconism

The Qur'an condemns idolatry, and various hadiths also forbid depictions of living beings. This has led major Islamic scholars and legal schools to prohibit figurative representation; this is known as aniconism. However, since Islam has many centres of religious authority, opinion and tradition about this is not uniform. For mainstream Islamic scholars, all pictorial representations of Prophets are prohibited. In popular practice today there is no general injunction against pictorial representation of people outside of religious contexts. Generally, images of Muhammad have been prohibited throughout history. In practice, images of Muhammad have been made on many occasions, generally in a restricted and socially regulated way; for example, they are often stylised or do not show Muhammad's face. Within Muslim communities, views about pictorial representations have varied: Shi'a Islam has been generally tolerant of pictorial representations of human figures while Sunni Islam generally forbids any pictorial representation of living beings, albeit with some variation in practice outside a religious context. Some contemporary interpretations of Islam, such as those followed by adherents of Wahhabism, are iconoclastic. The movement strongly upholds Tawhid (monotheism), advocate direct return to Scriptures in rejection of Taqlid and view various practices associated with grave veneration as idolatry. Based on these principles, its followers designated themselves as Muwahhidun (Unitarians) and destroyed tombs and shrines of Awliyaa (saints) in regions under their rule. These ideas have influenced contemporary movements such as the Taliban, known for its aniconist views that condemn all forms of pictorial representations and advocate the destruction of idols; most notably the 2001 Destruction of Bamiyan statues.

Insulting Muhammad
In Muslim societies, insulting Muhammad is considered one of the gravest of all crimes. According to Ana Belen Soage of the University of Granada, "The Islamic sharî'a has traditionally considered blasphemy punishable by death, although modern Muslim thinkers such as Mohammad Hashim Kamali maintain that, given that the Quran does not prescribe a punishment, determining a penalty is left to the judicial authorities of the day." In the Quran itself, "God often instructs Muhammad to be patient to those who insult him and, according to historical records, no action was taken against them during his years in Mecca." Many Muslims said their anti-cartoon stance is against insulting pictures and not so much as against pictures in general. According to the BBC, "It is the satirical intent of the cartoonists and the association of the Prophet with terrorism, that is so offensive to the vast majority of Muslims." This link played into a widespread perception among Muslims across the world that many in the West are hostile towards Islam and Muslims.

Political issues

The cartoon controversy became one of the highest profile world events in 2006. It attracted a great deal of coverage and commentary, mostly focusing on the situation of Muslims living in the West, the relationship between the Western world and Islamic world, and issues surrounding freedom of speech, secularism, and self-censorship.

Situation of Muslim minority in Denmark

Approximately 350,000 non-Western immigrants lived in Denmark in 2006, representing about 7% of the country's population. According to figures reported by the BBC, about 270,000 of these were Muslim (ca. 5% of the population). In the 1970s Muslims arrived from Turkey, Pakistan, Morocco and Yugoslavia to work. In the 1980s and 90s most Muslim arrivals were refugees and asylum seekers from Iran, Iraq, Somalia and Bosnia. Muslims are the second-largest religious group in Denmark behind Lutherans.

Peter Hervik said that the cartoon controversy should be seen in the context of an increasingly politicised media environment in Denmark since the 1990s, increasingly negative coverage of Islam and the Muslim minority in Denmark, anti-Muslim rhetoric from the governing political parties, and government policies such as restrictions on immigration and the abolishment of the Board for Ethnic Equality in 2002. Hervik said these themes are often ignored in international coverage of the issue and that they render conclusions that Jyllands-Posten and the Danish government were innocent victims in a dispute over freedom of speech inaccurate. Against this background, Danish Muslims were particularly offended by the cartoons because they reinforced the idea that Danes stigmatize all Muslims as terrorists and do not respect their religious beliefs.

Heiko Henkel of British academic journal Radical Philosophy wrote:

Kiku Day, writing in The Guardian said, "We were a liberal and tolerant people until the 1990s, when we suddenly awoke to find that for the first time in our history we had a significant minority group living among us. Confronted with the terrifying novelty of being a multicultural country, Denmark took a step not merely to the right but to the far right." Professor Anders Linde-Laursen wrote that while the controversy "should be understood as an expression of a growing Islamophobic tendency in Danish society," this is just the latest manifestation of a long-standing and particularly deep conflict between traditionalists and agents of modernity in Denmark, and should not be seen as a major departure for Danish society.

Danish Muslim politician Naser Khader said, "Muslims are no more discriminated against in Denmark than they are elsewhere in Europe ... Generally, Danes give you a fair shake. They accept Muslims if you declare that you are loyal to this society, to democracy. If you say that you are one of them, they will accept you. If you have reservations, they will worry." His concern has centred on the power of "Islamism" or fundamentalist political Islam in Denmark's Muslim community, which he has tried to fight, especially in the wake of the controversy, by forming an association of democratic, moderate Muslims.

Relationship between the West and Muslims

The incident occurred at a time of unusually strained relations between parts of the Muslim world and the West. This was a result of several things combined, decades of Muslim immigration to Europe, recent political struggles, violent incidents such as September 11 and a string of Islamist terrorist attacks and Western interventions in Muslim countries. The cartoons were, however, also used as a tool by different political interests in a wide variety of local and international situations, Muslim and otherwise. Some debate surrounded the relationship between Islamic minorities and their broader societies, and the legal and moral limits that the press should observe when commenting on that minority or any religious minority group.

Cartoons as a political tool in the West

Some commentators see the publications of the cartoons as part of a deliberate effort to show Muslims and Islam in a bad light, thus influencing public opinion in the West in aid of various political projects. Journalist Andrew Mueller wrote, "I am concerned that the ridiculous, disproportionate reaction to some unfunny sketches in an obscure Scandinavian newspaper may confirm that ... Islam and the West are fundamentally irreconcilable". Different groups used the cartoon for different political purposes; Heiko Henkel wrote:

Notably, though, political cartoons do not just target Islam. Any subject can be treated, and the political cartoon culture found in many media often give a poignant comment for current events—comparable to a court jester, pointing out uncomfortable or un-tellable truths in a comic fashion

Use by Islamists and Middle-Eastern governments
Some commentators believed that the controversy was used by Islamists competing for influence both in Europe and the Islamic world. Jytte Klausen wrote that the Muslim reaction to the cartoons was not a spontaneous, emotional reaction arising out of the clash of Western and Islamic civilisations. "Rather it was orchestrated, first by those with vested interests in elections in Denmark and Egypt, and later by Islamic extremists seeking to destabilise governments in Pakistan, Lebanon, Libya, and Nigeria." Other regimes in the Middle East have been accused of taking advantage of the controversy and adding to it to demonstrate their Islamic credentials, distracting from their domestic situations by setting up an external enemy, and according to The Wall Street Journal, "[using] the cartoons ... as a way of showing that the expansion of freedom and democracy in their countries would lead inevitably to the denigration of Islam."

Among others, Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei blamed a Zionist conspiracy for the row over the cartoons. Palestinian Christian diplomat Afif Safieh, then the Palestine Liberation Organization's envoy to Washington, alleged the Likud party concocted the distribution of Muhammad caricatures worldwide in a bid to create a clash between the West and the Muslim world.

Racism and ignorance

One controversy that arose around the cartoons was the question of whether they were racist. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) Special Rapporteur "on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", Doudou Diène, saw xenophobia and racism in Europe as the root of the controversy, and partly criticised the government of Denmark for inaction after the publication of the cartoons.

However, Aurel Sari has since said that the special rapporteur's interpretation was wrong and that "neither the decision to commission images depicting the Prophet in defiance of Islamic tradition, nor the actual content of the individual cartoons can be regarded as racist within the meaning of the relevant international human rights instruments" although "some of the more controversial pictures may nevertheless be judged 'gratuitously offensive' to the religious beliefs of Muslims in accordance with the applicable case-law of the European Court of Human Rights." This means that the Danish authorities probably could have prohibited the drawings' dissemination if they had chosen to. Randall Hansen said that the cartoons were clearly anti-Islamic, but that this should not be confused with racism because a religion is a system of ideas not an inherent identity. Tariq Modood said that the cartoons were essentially racist because Muslims are in practice treated as a group based on their religion, and that the cartoons were intended to represent all of Islam and all Muslims in a negative way, not just Muhammad. Erik Bleich said that while the cartoons did essentialise Islam in a potentially racist way, they ranged from offensive to pro-Muslim so labelling them as a group was problematic. The Economist said Muslims were not targeted in a discriminatory way, since unflattering cartoons about other religions or their leaders are frequently printed. For Noam Chomsky, the cartoons were inspired by a spirit of "ordinary racism under cover of freedom of expression" and that they must be seen in the context of Jyllands-Posten agenda of incitement against immigrants in Denmark.

On 26 February 2006, the cartoonist Kurt Westergaard who drew the "bomb in turban" cartoonthe most controversial of the 12said:

Some Muslims saw the cartoons as a sign of lack of education about Islam in Denmark and in the West. Egyptian preacher and television star Amr Khaled urged his followers to take action to remedy supposed Western ignorance, saying, "It is our duty to the prophet of God to make his message known ... Do not say that this is the task of the ulema (religious scholars)it is the task of all of us." Ana Soage said, "the targeting of a religious symbol like Muhammad, the only prophet that Muslims do not share with Jews and Christians, was perceived as the last in a long list of humiliations and assaults: it is probably not a coincidence that the more violent demonstrations were held in countries like Syria, Iran and Libya, whose relations with the West are tense." Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a prominent Islamic theologian, called for a day of anger from Muslims in response to the cartoons. He supported calls for a UN resolution that "categorically prohibits affronts to prophetsto the prophets of the Lord and His messengers, to His holy books, and to the religious holy places". He also castigated governments around the world for inaction on the issue, saying, "Your silence over such crimes, which offend the Prophet of Islam and insult his great nation, is what begets violence, generates terrorism, and makes the terrorists say: Our governments are doing nothing, and we must avenge our Prophet ourselves. This is what creates terrorism and begets violence."

Double standards

Ehsan Ahrari of Asia Times accused some European countries of double standards in adopting laws that outlaw Holocaust denial but still defended the concept of freedom of speech in this case. Other scholars also criticized the practice as a double standard. Anti-holocaust or genocide denial laws were in place in Austria, Germany, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Israel, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Portugal, and Romania in 2005. However, Denmark has no such laws and there wasand still isno EU-wide law against holocaust denial. Randall Hansen said that laws against holocaust denial were not directly comparable with restrictions on social satire, so could not be considered a double standard unless one believed in an absolute right to freedom of speech, and that those who do would doubtless oppose holocaust denial laws. Columnist Charles Krauthammer wrote that there was a double standard in many protesters' demands for religious sensitivity in this case, but not in others. He asked, "Have any of these 'moderates' ever protested the grotesque caricatures of Christians and, most especially, Jews that are broadcast throughout the Middle East on a daily basis?"

Relationship between the liberal West and Islam

Francis Fukuyama wrote in the online magazine Slate that "while beginning with a commendable European desire to assert basic liberal values," the controversy was an alarming sign of the degree of cultural conflict between Muslim immigrant communities in Europe and their broader populations, and advocated a measured and prudent response to the situation. Helle Rytkonen wrote in Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2007 that most of the debate around the cartoon controversy was over-simplified as a simple matter of free speech against religion. She said that the actual dispute was more nuanced, focusing on the tone of the debate and broader context of Western-Islamic relations.

Christopher Hitchens wrote in Slate that official reaction in the Westparticularly the United Stateswas too lenient toward the protesters and Muslim community in Denmark, and insufficiently supportive of Denmark and the right to free speech:

Nobody in authority can be found to state the obvious and the necessary—that we stand with the Danes against this defamation and blackmail and sabotage. Instead, all compassion and concern is apparently to be expended upon those who lit the powder trail, and who yell and scream for joy as the embassies of democracies are put to the torch in the capital cities of miserable, fly-blown dictatorships. Let's be sure we haven't hurt the vandals' feelings.

William Kristol also wrote that the response of Western leaders, with the exception of the Danish Prime Minister, was too weak and that the issue was used as an excuse by "those who are threatened by our effort to help liberalize and civilize the Middle East" to fight back against the "assault" on radical Islamists and Middle Eastern dictatorships.

Flemming Rose said he did not expect a violent reaction, and talked about what the incident implies about the relationship between the West and the Muslim world:

Freedom of speech, political correctness and self-censorship

One of the principal lines of controversy surrounding the cartoons concerned the limits of free speech, how much it should be legally or ethically constrained and whether the cartoons were an appropriate expression for a newspaper to print. The cartoons were first printed in response to the perception of some journalists at the newspaper that self-censorship was becoming a problem; the ensuing reaction did nothing to dispel that idea. Rose said:

Rose also highlighted what he believed to be a difference between political correctness and self-censorshipwhich he considered more dangerous. He said:

Christopher Hitchens wrote that it is important to affirm "the right to criticize not merely Islam but religion in general." He criticised media outlets which did not print the cartoons while covering the story. Ralf Dahrendorf wrote that the violent reaction to the cartoons constituted a sort of counter-enlightenment which must be defended against. Sonia Mikich wrote in Die Tageszeitung, "I hereby refuse to feel badly for the chronically insulted. I refuse to argue politely why freedom of expression, reason and humour should be respected". She said that those things are part of a healthy society and that deeply held feelings or beliefs should not be exempt from commentary, and that those offended had the option of ignoring them.

Ashwani K. Peetush of Wilfrid Laurier University wrote that in a liberal democracy freedom of speech is not absolute, and that reasonable limits are put on it such as libel, defamation and hate speech laws in almost every society to protect individuals from "devastating and direct harm." He said that it is reasonable to consider two of the cartoons as hate speech, which directly undermine a group of people (Muslims) by forming part of an established discourse linking all Muslims with terrorism and barbarity:

[The cartoons] create a social environment of conflict and intimidation for a community that already feels that its way of life is threatened. I do not see how such tactics incorporate people into the wider public and democratic sphere, as Rose argues. They have the opposite effect: the marginalised feel further marginalised and powerless.

In France, the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo was taken to court for publishing the cartoons; it was acquitted of charges that it incited hatred. In Canada a human rights commission investigated The Western Standard, a magazine which published the cartoons, but found insufficient grounds to proceed with a human rights tribunal (which does not imply criminal charges, but is a quasi-judicial, mandatory process) against the publication. These government investigations of journalists catalysed debate about the role of government in censoring or prosecuting expressions they deemed potentially hateful.

Tim Cavanaugh wrote that the incident revealed the danger of hate speech laws:
The issue will almost certainly lead to a revisiting of the lamentable laws against 'hate speech' in Europe, and with any luck to a debate on whether these laws are more likely to destroy public harmony than encourage it.

Comparable incidents
The following incidents are often compared to the cartoon controversy:
 The Satanic Verses controversy (novel, 1988, global)
 The Calcutta Quran Petition (a controversy about a petition to ban the Quran, 1985, India)
 Mohammad, Messenger of God (film, 1977, United States, Libya, UK and Lebanon)
 Capitalist Piglet (cartoon, published in response to the Jyllands-Posten incident, generating national attention, 2006, Canada)
 Gregorius Nekschot (cartoons, 2008, Netherlands)
 Innocence of Muslims (film, 2012, United States)
 Charlie Hebdo (cartoon controversies, 2011 and 2012; terror attack, 2015)
 Fitna, 2008 Dutch film about Islam, which led to worldwide Muslim protests and a hate speech trial
 Behzti, (2004 play, United Kingdom)
 Submission (film, 2004, the Netherlands)
 2005 Cronulla riots
 Lars Vilks Muhammad drawings controversy
 2015 Copenhagen shootings
 Murder of Samuel Paty
 South Park Muhammad controversy
 Everybody Draw Muhammad Day

See also

 Blasphemy Day is celebrated on 30 September to coincide with the anniversary of the publication of the cartoons
 Dove World Outreach Center Quran-burning controversy
 Everybody Draw Mohammed Day
 The First Temptation of Christ
 The Messenger of God, a 2015 film the creation of which was inspired by the cartoons
 Murder of Samuel Paty
 Depictions of Muhammad

Notes

References

Inline citations

General references

External links

Video
 Protesters Burn European Embassies, Consulates, Churches in Damascus and Beirut 4–5 February 2006 (5 mins)
 BBC HARDtalk: Ahmad Abu Laban and Fleming Rose, 8 February 2006
 Bloody Cartoons A documentary by Carsten Kjær from October 2007 on the cartoon affair, including many interviews with the major protagonists. (46 mins)

Images
 The 12 cartoons in full size at Newspaper Index (Internet Archive)
 Picture series – Burning of the Danish embassy in Syria
 Copy of Akkari-Laban dossier

Events relating to freedom of expression
Boycotts of countries
Satirical comics
Censorship in Islam
Editorial cartooning
Works about censorship
Caricature
Cartoon controversies
Islam-related controversies
Religious parodies and satires
2005 works
2006 in Denmark
2007 in Denmark
2008 in Denmark
Obscenity controversies in art
Counter-jihad


text:
This is a list of high school athletic conferences in the Central Region of Ohio, as defined by the OHSAA. Because the names of localities and their corresponding high schools do not always match and because there is often a possibility of ambiguity with respect to either the name of a locality or the name of a high school, the following table gives both in every case, with the locality name first, in plain type, and the high school name second in boldface type. The school's team nickname is given last.

Central Catholic League
 Columbus Bishop Hartley Hawks (1957-)
 Columbus Bishop Watterson Eagles (1955-)
 Columbus St. Charles Cardinals (1923-)
 Columbus St. Francis DeSales Stallions (1960-)
Departing Division Member
 Columbus Bishop Ready Silver Knights (1960-2023) (Fall 2023 Bishop Ready will join Central Buckeye League)

Former members
 Columbus Holy Family Golden Flashes (1928–60)
 Columbus Holy Rosary Ramblers (1928–66, consolidated into Father Wehrle)
 Newark Catholic Green Wave (1928-53 as St. Francis, 1991-2003)
 Columbus St. MaryRams (1928–66, consolidated into Father Wehrle)
 Zanesville St. Nicholas Flyers (1928–50, consolidated into Bishop Rosecrans)
 Zanesville St. Thomas Aquinas Irish (1928–44, 1946–50, consolidated into Bishop Rosecrans)
 Mount Vernon St. Vincent De Paul Blue Streaks (1928–53)
 Zanesville Bishop Rosecrans Bishops (1950–77, 1979-2007)
 Springfield Catholic Central Fighting Irish (1951–53)
 Lancaster St. Mary Saints (1951–53)
 Marion St. Mary Fighting Irish (1951–53)
 New Lexington St. Aloysius Blue Knights (1955-1969)
 Columbus Father Wehrle Wolverines (1966–91, school closed)
 Columbus Worthington Christian High School Warriors (2007–13)
 Columbus Columbus School for Girls Unicorns (1988-2019, left for the Mid-State League)

Columbus City League
North Division
 Columbus Beechcroft Cougars (1976-)
 Columbus Centennial Stars (1976-)
 Columbus East Tigers (1924-)
 Columbus Linden McKinley Panthers (1928-)
 Columbus North International Lions (2010-)
 Columbus Mifflin Punchers (1973-)
 Columbus Northland Vikings (1965-)
 Columbus Whetstone Braves (1961-)

South Division
 Columbus Africentric Nubians (1999-)
 Columbus Briggs Bruins (1962-)
 Columbus Eastmoor Academy Warriors (1956-)
 Columbus Independence 76ers (1976-)
 Columbus Marion-Franklin Red Devils (1958-)
 Columbus South Bulldogs (1922-)
 Columbus Walnut Ridge Scots (1961-)
 Columbus West Cowboys (1922-)

Former members

 Columbus Central Pirates (1922-1982)
 Columbus North Polar Bears (1924-1979)
 Columbus Mohawk Indians (1967–1978)
 Columbus Brookhaven Bearcats (1963-2014)
 Columbus Aquinas College Terriers (1922-1965)

Independents

Former Members
 Powell Village Academy Griffins (School closed in 2019)

Knox-Morrow Athletic Conference

Started in 2017-18, the league was founded by members of the Mid-Ohio Athletic Conference's Blue Division.

 Cardington-Lincoln Pirates (2017-)
 Centerburg Trojans (2017-)
 Danville Blue Devils (2017-)
 Howard East Knox Bulldogs (2017-)
 Fredericktown Freddies (2017-)
 Sparta Highland Fighting Scots (2017-)
 Mount Gilead Indians (2017-)
 Galion Northmor Golden Knights (2017-)

Licking County League
The league has two incarnations, the first lasting from 1927 to 1991. The second incarnation began 23 years later after travel and budget concerns brought together the ten schools that had made up league membership until 1986. The league is split into two divisions - Buckeye and Cardinal divisions.

Buckeye
 Granville Blue Aces (1927-1950, 1963-1991, 2013-) Colors: Blue and White
 Zanesville Blue Devils (2020-) Colors: Blue and White
 Pataskala Licking Heights Hornets (1927-1983, 2013-, changed name from Summit Station 1958) Colors: Maroon and Gold
 Newark Licking Valley Panthers (1959-1991, 2013-) Colors: Red, White and Blue
 Pataskala Watkins Memorial Warriors (1955-1991, 2013-) Colors: Black and Gold

Cardinal
 Heath Bulldogs (1964-1991, 2013-) Colors: Brown and White
 Johnstown-Monroe Johnnies (1927-1991, 2013-) Colors: Red and White
 Hebron Lakewood Lancers (1959-1991, 2013-) Colors: Red, White and Blue
 Newark Catholic Green Wave (1973-1991, 2013-) Colors: Green and White
 Johnstown Northridge Vikings (1963-1986, 2013-) Colors: Green and White
 Utica Redskins (1927-1991, 2013-) Colors: Red and Gray

Former members
 Alexandria Red Devils (1927-1962, renamed Northridge South 1960, consolidated into Northridge) Colors: Red and Black
 Etna Eagles (1927-1955, consolidated into Watkins Memorial) Colors: Green and white
 Hanover Panthers (1927-1959, renamed Hanover-Toboso 1934, consolidated into Licking Valley) Colors: Maroon and White
 Hartford Yellow Jackets (1927-1960, consolidated into Northridge North) Colors: Orange and Black
 Hebron Trailblazers (1927-1958, consolidated into Lynnwood-Jacksontown) Colors: blue and Gray
 Homer Blue Devils (1927-1962, renamed Northridge North 1960, consolidated into Northride) Colors: Blue and Gold
 Jacksontown Trojans (1927-1959, renamed Lynnwood-Jacksontown 1958, consolidated into Lakewood) Colors: Red and White
 Kirkersville Komets (1927-1955, consolidated into Watkins Memorial) Colors: Red and White
 Pataskala Blue Streaks (1927-1955, consolidated into Watkins Memorial) Colors: Blue and White
 Toboso (1927-1934, consolidated into Hanover-Toboso)

Mid-Ohio Athletic Conference

Conference Website: http://www.moacsports.com/MISC/home.htm

 Bellville Clear Fork Colts (2017-)
 Galion Tigers (2014-)
 Marion Pleasant Spartans (1990-)
 Caledonia River Valley Vikings (1990-)
 Marion Harding Presidents (2014- all sports, 2015- in football)
 Ontario Warriors (2017-)
 Shelby Whippets (2018-)

Former members
 Cardington-Lincoln Pirates (1990-2017, to Knox-Morrow Conference)
 Centerburg Trojans (2013–17, to Knox-Morrow Conference)
 Howard East Knox Bulldogs (2014–17, to Knox-Morrow Conference)
 Marion Elgin Comets (1990-2017, to Northwest Central Conference)
 Milford Center Fairbanks Panthers (2013–17, to Ohio Heritage Conference)
 Fredericktown Freddies (2013–17, to Knox-Morrow Conference)
 Sparta Highland Fighting Scots (1990-2017, to Knox-Morrow Conference)
 Plain City Jonathan Alder Pioneers (2013–17, to Central Buckeye Conference)
 Mount Gilead Indians (1990-2017, to Knox-Morrow Conference)
 Richwood North Union Wildcats (1990-2018, to Central Buckeye Conference, football competed in MOAC for 2018 season)
 Galion Northmor Golden Knights (1990-2017, to Knox-Morrow Conference)
 Morral Ridgedale Rockets (1990-2014)
 Upper Sandusky Rams (2014 football season only)
 Delaware Buckeye Valley Barons (1990-2019, to Mid-State League)

Mid-Ohio Christian Athletic League

 Columbus Tree of Life Christian Trojans
 Delaware Christian Eagles
 Granville Christian Academy Lions
 Groveport Madison Christian Eagles
 Pataskala Liberty Christian Eagles
 Plain City Shekinah Christian School Flames
 Westerville Northside Christian LionsFormer members Lancaster Fairfield Christian Academy KnightsGahanna Christian Academy Eagles
 Grove City Christian Eagles
Maranatha Christian Patriots

Mid-State LeagueBuckeye Division Amanda Amanda-Clearcreek Aces (Amanda Black Aces before 1960) (1958-)
 Carroll Bloom-Carroll Bulldogs (Carroll before 1968, 1958-)
 Circleville Tigers (1990-)
 Lancaster Fairfield Union Falcons (1957-)
 Columbus Hamilton Township Rangers (1981-)
 Baltimore Liberty Union Lions (1949-)
 Circleville Logan Elm Braves (1973-)Departing Buckeye Division Member Ashville Teays Valley Vikings (1984-2024)Cardinal Division Sugar Grove Berne Union Rockets (1953-)
 Zanesville Bishop Rosecrans Bishops (2017-)
 Lancaster Fairfield Christian Academy Knights (2013-)
 Lancaster Fisher Catholic Irish (1964-)
 Grove City Christian Eagles (2013-)
 Canal Winchester Harvest Preparatory Warriors (2003-) (Football in Ohio Division)
 Corning Miller Falcons (2020-)
 Millersport Lakers (1957-)
 Columbus School for Girls Unicorns (2019-)
 Upper Arlington The Wellington School Jaguars (2017-) (No football)Ohio Division Bexley Lions (2003-)
 Columbus Bishop Ready Silver Knights (2017-) (Football only)
 Delaware Buckeye Valley Barons (2019-)
 Gahanna Columbus Academy Vikings (1949-1957, 2003-)
 Grandview Heights Bobcats (2003-)
 Whitehall-Yearling Rams (2003-)
 Worthington Christian Warriors (2013-) (Football in Cardinal Division)Former members Canal Winchester Indians (1957-1964, 1966-2012)
 Pickerington Tigers (1966-1981)
 Pataskala Licking Heights Hornets (1984-2012)
 New Albany Eagles (1990-2006)
 Granville Blue Aces (1991-2013)
 Heath Bulldogs (1991-2013)
 Hebron Lakewood Lancers (2003-2013)
 Newark Licking Valley Panthers (2003-2013)
 Newark Catholic Green Wave (2003-2013)
 London Madison-Plains Golden Eagles (2013-2017 to Ohio Heritage Conference)
 West Jefferson Roughriders (1949-1956, 2006-2017 to Ohio Heritage Conference)
 London Red Raiders (2013-2019, to Central Buckeye Conference)

Ohio Capital Conference

Conference realignment for 2020-21 thru 2023-24.Ohio Division Gahanna Lincoln Golden Lions (1968-)
 Grove City Greyhounds (1981-)
 New Albany Eagles (2006-)
 Pickerington North Panthers (2004-)
 Westerville Central Warhawks (2004-)
 Galloway Westland Cougars (1970-)Central Division Dublin Coffman Shamrocks (1991-)
 Hilliard Bradley Jaguars (2009-)
 Hilliard Davidson Wildcats (1974-)
 Powell Olentangy Liberty Patriots (2004-)
 Lewis Center Olentangy Orange Pioneers (2008-)
 Upper Arlington Golden Bears (1981-)Buckeye Division Grove City Central Crossing Comets (2002-)
 Groveport-Madison Cruisers (1974-)
 Lancaster Golden Gales (1997-)
 Newark Wildcats (1995-)
 Pickerington Central Tigers (1981-)
 Reynoldsburg Raiders (1968-)Cardinal Division Dublin Jerome Celtics (2004-)
 Hilliard Darby Panthers (1997-)
 Lewis Center Olentangy Braves (1997-)
 Delaware Olentangy Berlin Bears (2018-)
 Marysville Monarchs (1991-)
 Worthington Thomas Worthington Cardinals (1968-)Capital Division Sunbury Big Walnut Golden Eagles (1997-)
 Canal Winchester Indians (2013-)
 Delaware Hayes Pacers (1968-)
 Dublin Scioto Irish (1995-)
 Columbus Franklin Heights Falcons (1981-)
 Westerville North Warriors (1977-)
 Westerville South Wildcats (1968-)
 Columbus Worthington Kilbourne Wolves (1991-)Future Members Ashville Teays Valley Vikings (joining 2024)
 Logan Chieftains (joining 2024)Former Members Grove City Pleasant View Panthers (1968-1970). The school became a Junior High only. District built new school, Galloway Westland Cougars, to replace it.
 Whitehall-Yearling Rams (1968-2001). Now competing in the Mid-State League (Ohio Division).
 Chillicothe Cavaliers (1976–2006). Now competing in the Frontier Athletic Conference (FAC).
 Pataskala Watkins Memorial Warriors (1989-2013). Now competing in the Licking County League (LCL).
 Mount Vernon''' Yellow Jackets (1968-2016). Now competing in the Ohio Cardinal Conference.

Defunct conferences

See also
Ohio High School Athletic Association

Notes and references


text:
Wilberforce Vaughan Eaves (født 10. december 1867 i Melbourne, død 12. februar 1920) var en britisk tennisspiller som deltog i OL 1908 i London.

Eaves vandt en bronzemedalje i tennis under OL 1908 i London. Han kom på en tredjeplads i udendørsturneringen i single for mænd.

Eksterne henvisninger

Tennisspillere fra Storbritannien
Personer fra Melbourne


text:
Bloodstream en anglais signifie Circulation sanguine.

Il fait référence aussi à :

 "Bloodstream" une chanson d'Ed Sheeran.
 "Bloodstream" une chanson de Stateless.
 "Bloodstream" une chanson de Canterbury Effect.
 Bloodstream est un épisode de The Mentalist.
 Bloodstream est un roman de P.M. Carlson publié en français sous le titre La Rivière assassine en 1995.
 Bloodstream est un roman de Tess Gerritsen publié en français sous le titre Mauvais Sang en 2006.