text:
The National Security Agency (, , also Homeland Security) is an Egyptian security service, the main domestic security agency of Egypt and the successor of the State Security Investigations Service ( ). (Two other security agencies are the Military Intelligence and the General Intelligence Directorate which traditionally specializes in foreign intelligence gathering.) Its main responsibilities are counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, and surveillance.  The agency is under the jurisdiction of the Interior Ministry and is headquartered in Cairo. It "remains the most visible" of Egypt's security agencies  and according to one estimate has about "100,000 employees and at least as many informants".

The old Security Service has been described as "detested" and "widely hated", and following 2011 Egyptian revolution its headquarters was stormed  by protesters who made off with records.
The National Security Agency was "established" (according to at least one source it is simply the old State Security Investigations Service with a new name) after the  2013 coup d'état that ousted Morsi and installed General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi.  Nearly a hundred of the sacked senior officers of State Security Investigations Service were rehired.

Due to the wave of pro-military nationalism in Egypt and the agency's efforts to improve security during the Islamist unrest, the agency has gained much of the  old Security Service's lost respect in Egypt according to Sarah El Deeb of the Associated Press. After announcing the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist group due to the December 2013 Mansoura bombing, the agency assigned hotlines for the public to report suspected Muslim Brotherhood members, and was reportedly "reclaiming a major role" and rebuilding its network of informants that had been weakened during the Arab Spring

On the other hand, Declan Walsh of the New York Times states that after the agency was established, torture chambers were reopened.
Opposition leaders, fearing arrest, fled the country. Human rights monitors started to count the numbers of the ''disappeared'' — critics who vanished into state custody without arrest or trial — until the monitors, too, began to disappear.

El Deeb quotes a campaigner for reform of the security agencies, former police officer Mohammed Mahfouz, who complains that "no specific law regulates the agency's workings, making it largely unaccountable"; and another activist, Wael Abbas, who calls the NSA "a corrupt agency" that "has only changed names" and "is now more vicious than before."

References

Law enforcement agencies of Egypt
Organizations established in 2011
2011 establishments in Egypt
Egyptian intelligence agencies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Finnträsket är en sjö i Piteå kommun och Skellefteå kommun i Norrbotten och ingår i . Sjön har en area på  kvadratkilometer och ligger  meter över havet. Sjön avvattnas av vattendraget Finnträskån.

Delavrinningsområde
Finnträsket ingår i det delavrinningsområde (723830-175635) som SMHI kallar för Utloppet av Finnträsket. Medelhöjden är  meter över havet och ytan är  kvadratkilometer. Räknas de 3 avrinningsområdena uppströms in blir den ackumulerade arean  kvadratkilometer. Finnträskån som avvattnar avrinningsområdet har biflödesordning 2, vilket innebär att vattnet flödar genom totalt 2 vattendrag innan det når havet efter  kilometer. Avrinningsområdet består mestadels av skog (65 procent). Avrinningsområdet har  kvadratkilometer vattenytor vilket ger det en sjöprocent på  procent.

Se även
 Lista över insjöar i Piteå kommun

Källor

Externa länkar

Insjöar i Jävreåns avrinningsområde
Insjöar i Norrbotten
Insjöar i Piteå kommun
Insjöar i Skellefteå kommun
Insjöar i Sverige om minst två kvadratkilometer


text:
Nella mitologia greca,  Isandro  era il nome del figlio di Bellerofonte

Il mito
Isandro era uno dei tre figli che Bellerofonte ebbe dalla figlia del re di Licia, che prima aveva voluto mettere alla prova l'eroe per poi riconoscerlo come figlio di una divinità. Gli altri figli erano Laodamia ed Ippoloco. Ares che odiava Bellerofonte decise di vendicarsi facendo in modo che proprio Isandro trovasse morte in battaglia

Interpretazione e realtà storica
Non è chiaro il motivo dell'odio degli dei verso Bellerofonte, anche Omero non specificava tale sentimento. Pindaro suggerisce invece che abbia cercato di raggiungere la dimora degli dei come altri prima di lui.

Bibliografia

Fonti
 Omero, Iliade VI, versi 197-203

Traduzione delle fonti
  Traduzione di Giovanni Cerri

Voci correlate
 Bellerofonte
Ares

Personaggi corinzi della mitologia greca
Principi della mitologia greca


text:
Mykhailo Petrovych Drahomanov (; 18 September 1841 – 2 July 1895) was a Ukrainian intellectual and public figure. As an academic, Drahomanov was an economist, historian, philosopher, and ethnographer, while as a public intellectual he was a political theorist with socialist leanings, perhaps best known as one of the first proponents of Ukrainian autonomism. For Drahomanov, ethnographic studies had a deep influence on his political ideas, and his politics in turn motivated study of particular areas of Ukrainian folk literature.

Biography

Early life in Poltava (1841-1859)
Mykhailo Drahomanov was born on , into a minor noble family of Zaporozhian Cossack ancestry, in Hadiach, a town in the Poltava Governorate of the Russian Empire. His family's status meant Drahomanov was closely acquainted with the ideas of progressivism from an early age. His father, , was influenced by the liberal ideas of the Enlightenment and provided legal aid to serfs and military conscripts. His uncle, , was a member of the Society of United Slavs and a sympathiser of the Decembrists.

Mykhailo Drahomanov became an avid learner, enrolling at the Poltava Classical Gymnasium in 1853, where he was exposed to the works of the socialist Alexander Herzen and the historian Friedrich Schlosser. At the Gymnasium, he also began his career in journalism, editing his secret club's handwritten journal. When he took the side of a fellow student against mistreatment by a school inspector, he was expelled from the Gymnasium before he could graduate, only managing to finish his secondary education following the intervention of the liberal pedagogue Nikolay Pirogov.

Scholarship and activism in Kyiv (1859-1876)
In 1859, Drahomanov enrolled in the University of Kyiv, where he studied history. He quickly joined a radical student circle that participated in the early stages of the "Going to the People" campaign, establishing some of the first folk high school in Ukraine, before their suppression by the Russian government in 1862.

He was present during the transfer of Taras Shevchenko's remains from Saint Petersburg to Kaniv in 1861, giving a speech over his coffin when the funeral train stopped in Kyiv. He also spoke in defense of his mentor Pirogov, who had been dismissed from his post for his liberalism, praising him for his educational reforms, particularly his abolition of corporal punishment. As a result, Drahomanov was censored by the university administration, but also brought him closer to his liberal professors, with one recommending him to the university's governing council. But Drahomanov's ascent was blocked by the conservative administration, as part of a generalised reaction to the January Uprising in Poland.

Following the death of his father, Drahomanov took a job as a geography teacher at a Kyiv high school, in order to financially support his family. His financial situation worsened following his marriage and the subsequent death of his mother-in-law, forcing him to take a second job as a journalist for the Petersburg News, for which he wrote about the situation of life in Ukraine. On 25 May 1864, after defending his thesis about Tiberius, he was admitted as a lecturer at Kyiv University. From his studies of ancient history, Drahomanov's interests shifted towards Slavic history, particularly concentrating on folklore. In 1867, he published a collection of Ukrainian folklore, which was the only type of Ukrainian-language publication that wasn't forbidden by the authorities. In 1869, he collaborated with Volodymyr Antonovych on the publication of a collection of Ukrainian folk music.

It was at this time that he became involved with the Hromada, a secret society that advocated for education in the Ukrainian language. This drew the attention of the Russian authorities, which suspected the society had links with the Polish insurrection and began to repress the nascent movement for Ukrainian nationalism, with Pyotr Valuyev prohibiting the printing of works in Ukrainian. When Drahomanov published a review of a book by , criticising it for Great Russian chauvinism, Drahomanov was publicly accused by the Russian press of advocating separatism and subsequently fell under surveillance by the secret police. Nevertheless, he remained active in radical politics, even criticising revolutionary students from Saint Petersburg that advocated for centralized government in Russia.

In 1870, when Drahomanov defended his master's thesis about Tacitus and was nominated by the university council to become an assistant professor, his appointment was initially blocked by Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, which prevented him from receiving funds during his scholarly trip abroad. His travels took him first to Germany, where he witnessed the Franco-Prussian War, attended lectures by Theodor Mommsen and studied the Slavic cultural movement in Lusatia. He then went on to Switzerland, where he met a number of Russian emigres and debated with them the establishment of socialism, himself declaring that political freedom was a necessary prerequisite, while others considered Russian peasants to already be ready for a socialist society. He finally went to Austria-Hungary, where he met Ukrainians from Galicia, then a possession of the Habsburg monarchy. When he visited Galicia himself, he discovered that society there was largely stagnant, with inertia even affecting the radicals and populists. In an attempt to combat this, he took to writing a number of progressive articles, in which he criticised the Galician political leadership, and established the Shevchenko Scientific Society, which became a center for Ukrainian scholarship in Lviv. During his trip, he also continued his studies of ancient history, collected folklore studies for comparison and began to write his first political works. In 1872, he published an article in Vestnik Evropy, in which he argued that policies of Russification targetting ethnic minorities aided the eastern expansion of the German Empire.

In September 1873, Drahomanov arrived back in Kyiv, where he was finally appointed as an assistant professor for the university and joined the Ukrainian section of the Russian Geographical Society, with which he published his collections of Ukrainian folklore and folk music. The Society and Drahomanov himself quickly came under attack by the city's reactionaries around the newspaper Kievlyanin, which accused the Society of separatism and Drahomanov of being a Polish agent. After Drahomanov began working at the Kievsky Telegraph, he fell under even greater censorship by the Russian authorities, which removed his articles about Ukraine from Russian newspapers. In May 1875, the local curator requested Drahomanov resign from the university, due to the allegations of separatism. But instead of resigning, he returned to Galicia, where he continued his work of Europeanisation and worked as a liaison between Ukrainians in the empires of Austria and Russia, even advocating for the liberation of Carpathian Ruthenia from Hungarian rule. Drahomanov's influence helped to stimulate political life in Galicia, especially through his articles in the student newspaper Druh, which formed the nucleus of what would become the Ukrainian Radical Party.

But Drahomanov's presence in Galicia brought greater scrutiny by the Russian authorities, with Alexander II himself ordering Drahomanov's dismissal from Kyiv University and appointing a commission suppress Ukrainian separatism. In May 1876, Alexander II issued the Ems Ukaz, which prohibited all Ukrainian language publications and public performances, shut down the Ukrainian Geographical Society and formally banished prominent Ukrainian nationalists, including Drahomanov himself. The Hromada responded by appointing Drahomanov to represent the Ukrainian national movement abroad and pledged to financially support him in exile. In May 1876, Drahomanov left Ukraine for Vienna. But before he could get settled, the Austrian imperial government initiated against the Galician socialist movement and accused Drahomanov himself of being its leader, forcing him to flee to Switzerland.

Exile in Switzerland (1876-1889)
In Geneva, Drahomanov began working on a socialist political program for the Hromada, as well as several other literary works: penning a collection of Ukrainian socialist music; writing about living and working conditions in Ukraine; and editing a novel by Panas Myrny and .

He again engaged in a debate with Russian revolutionaries, such as those of Narodnaya Volya, as he considered the establishment of socialism to require a gradual evolutionary process, rather than a swift revolutionary one. He also criticised their tendencies towards authoritarianism, Great Russian chauvinism and Machiavellianism, particularly disapproving of their terrorist tactics, which culminated with the assassination of Alexander II.

In August 1881, Drahomanov became editor-in-chief for the journal Volnoye Slovo, which attracted readers and correspondents from opponents of the Tsarist autocracy, due to its advocacy of the Zemstvo system of self-governance and its opposition to revolutionary terror. Following the 1917 Revolution, the journal was discovered to have been financially supported by the Okhrana, due specifically to Drahomanov's opposition to Narodnaya Volya's terrorism, which Pavel Shuvalov hoped would split the revolutionary socialist movement. By May 1883, the journal had shuttered, after Alexander III committed to reactionary politics and dissolved Shuvalov's project. The following month, Drahomanov was joined in Geneva by other Ukrainian radicals, who together drew up a federalist and democratic program for remodelling Eastern Europe: the Volny Soyuz (. At this time, Drahomanov also aided in the publication of a geographical study of Ukraine by Élisée Reclus and publicised the Russian imperial prohibition of the Ukrainian language to Western European audiences. He also continued his involvement in Galician socialist politics, sending letters and articles to various publications and progressive political leaders, and keeping a close correspondence with his disciples Ivan Franko and .

By this time, Drahomanov's radical socialist politics were beginning to alienate other members of the Hromada, which had moved closer towards right-wing politics in the face of the increasingly reactionary political climate in Kyiv and was now worried that his radicalism might prevent the Russian government from loosening restrictions on the Ukrainian language. In 1886, the Hromada stopped providing Drahomanov with financial assistance, leaving him outcast and isolated.

Final years in Bulgaria (1889-1895)

In 1889, while working on a history of Ukrainian literature, Drahomanov was invited by the government of Bulgaria to teach history for three years at the University of Sofia, once again providing him with financial security. Despite demands by the Russian imperial government to expel him and other "nihilists" from Bulgaria, in 1893, his contract was renewed for another three years. Drahomanov's time in Sofia was largely spent lecturing on ancient civilisations and studying Ukrainian folklore and literature, although he still maintained his collaboration with the radical press in his "second homeland" of Galicia. In his articles for the Galician press, he defended freedom of religion and campaigned for the secularization of Galician society, opposing the influence of clericalism in the region. He also wrote a number of works about the situation in Dnieper Ukraine, managing to win over Borys Hrinchenko to his own radical perspective.

Drahomanov's continuing radical journalism made enemies of the Polish nobility in Galicia, the Tsarist autocracy in Russia, which each accused him of being an agent for the other. He was also accused of revolutionary centralists in Russia and Galicia, as well as Ukrainian right-wing nationalists, of being an agent provocateur for the Russian Empire. Despite these accusations, he kept to his political convictions, upholding political freedom, self-determination and internationalism. With these principles in mind, he and his followers established the Ukrainian Radical Party, which helped spread and celebrate his ideas throughout Ukraine, despite the censorship of the Russian government. But by the time his ideas were beginning to receive widespread recognition, he was beginning to suffer from an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which left him with a fatal cardiovascular disease. On 20 June 1895, Mykhailo Drahomanov died shortly after giving a lecture at the University of Sofia. He was buried in the Central Sofia Cemetery.

Works
Collections
Historical Songs of the Ukrainian People (Kyiv, 1874-1875)
Ukrainian Popular Legends and Tales (Kyiv, 1876)
Political Songs of the Ukrainian People (Geneva, 1876)

Articles
Review: "Primer for Use in the Folk Schools of the School District of Kyiv" (Kyiv, 1866)
On the Question of Ukrainian Literature (Vienna, 1876)
Ukrainian literature banned by the Russian government (Paris, 1878)
Panslav Federalism (Grenoble, 1878)
Political and Social Ideas in Ukrainian Folk Songs (Vienna, 1880)
A Geographic and Historical Survey of Eastern Europe (Geneva, 1881)
Program of the Hromada (Geneva, 1881)
The Centralization of the Revolutionary Struggle in Russia (Geneva, 1882)
Germany's Drive to the East and Moscow's Drive to the West (Geneva, 1882)
Free Union (Geneva, 1884)
Peculiar Thoughts on the Ukrainian National Cause (Lviv, 1891)
Letters to Dnieper Ukraine (Lviv, 1893)
Taming of the Shrew in the Folklore of the Ukraine (Chicago, 1893)
The Lost Epoch (Published posthumously)

Journals
Kievsky Telegraf [] (Kyiv, 1874-1875)
Hromada [] (Geneva, 1876-1881)
Volnoye Slovo [] (Geneva, 1881-1883)

Personal life
Several members of Drahomanov's family were relevant in their own right. He was an uncle of Ukrainian poet Larysa Kosach (better known as Lesya Ukrainka), whose own education he contributed to, and he was a brother of the writer and ethnographer Olha Kosach (Olena Pchilka). With his wife, actress , he had a daughter, Lidia Shishmanova, who became the wife of the Bulgarian writer and politician Ivan Shishmanov.

Political thought
In his political journalism, Drahomanov was both fiercely critical of the Ukrainian national movement while writing in the Ukrainian language and ardently defended Ukrainian self-determination while writing in the Russian language. As a result, he was denounced respectively as a socialist internationalist and as a bourgeois nationalist by both sides of the debate. His system of thought was based in an opposition to dogmatism, which led him to reject more rigid political philosophy that claimed to have solutions to all social issues. This resulted in his own political philosophy becoming syncretic, drawing from both liberalism and socialism; patriotism and cosmopolitanism; and Slavophilia and Westernism.

Drahomanov's politics centered freedom and dignity, concerning itself mainly with strengthening human rights and defending those rights from the State, as Drahomanov believed the expansion of liberty resulted from the limiting of government power by way of political revolution. He therefore considered the goal of mankind to be movement towards anarchy, a society based on free association and mutual aid. He was influenced directly by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who had formulated anarchism in opposition to the dominant theories of authoritarianism and centralism, in developing his own ideas on federalism. His other influences included Francesc Pi i Margall, John Stuart Mill, Édouard René de Laboulaye, Odilon Barrot,  and Benjamin Constant.

Drahomanov believed that true freedom could be accomplished through a federation of equal and autonomous individuals, groups and communities. In terms of state forms, he was intrigued most by the federative democracy in Switzerland and the constitutionalism in the United Kingdom. He had a negative opinion of the French Republic, as he believed the centralising tendency of the Jacobins had been counterrevolutionary and had ultimately resulted in the suppression of workers' rights to freedom of association. He was opposed to the concept of popular sovereignty, what he called the "autocracy of the people", represented in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's theory of the social contract. He believed that the idea of the "popular will" was diametrically opposed to political freedom, as the will of the people could be used to justify majority rule or even dictatorship, which endangered both individual and group rights.

Legacy

Drahomanov was influential on the development of technical vocabulary in Ukrainian prose, particularly that of political terminology, for which he attempted to create uniquely Ukrainian neologisms, independent from both international terminology. Drahomanov also tried to popularize his own orthographic reform of the Ukrainian language, based on a simplified and rationalised version of Panteleimon Kulish's phonetic orthography, which was adopted by the writers Ivan Franko and Lesya Ukrainka.

Drahomanov spearheaded the development of independent Ukrainian political organisations in Galicia, the first of which was established in 1875 by his followers, but this was quickly suppressed by the imperial authorities. In October 1890, a coalition of Drahomanovite intellectuals and grass-roots peasant activists in Lviv established the first Ukrainian political party: the Ukrainian Radical Party, which defended Drahomanov's ethical socialism and declared its aim to be the independence of Ukraine. In 1899, moderates left the party and merged into the National Democratic Party, which represented the more liberal aspect of Drahomanov's thought. These two parties formed the basis of a two-party system in Galician Ukrainian politics, going on to lead the establishment of the West Ukrainian People's Republic after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.

Drahomanov was not as influential in Dnieper Ukraine, which only attained freedom of association after the 1905 Revolution. Two eastern Ukrainian parties that adopted Drahomanov's program were the Socialist-Federalist Party and the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, which came to hold a strong influence in Ukraine following the 1917 Revolution. Drahomanov's ideas on multiculturalism influenced the constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) by the Central Council, which extended autonomy and self-governance to national minorities when it declared the independence of Ukraine. As it grew, the Ukrainian government used Drahomanov's federal model to guarantee regional autonomy, even proposing the reorganization of the entirety of Eastern Europe into a confederation of independent nations.

Following the collapse of the UPR, exiled Ukrainian nationalists shifted towards the far-right, with some directly blaming Drahomanov's ideas for their defeat in the Ukrainian War of Independence. In the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Drahomanov was denounced as a liberal and a nationalist during the Stalinist period, but his ideas found a renewed interest following de-Stalinization and especially after the independence of Ukraine. In 1991, the former Kyiv Pedagogical Instituted named after Maxim Gorky was renamed as the Kyiv Pedagogical Drahomanov Institute. In 1997, the institute was granted "National University" status, being subsequently designated National Pedagogical Drahomanov University.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Biography of Drahomanov and his writings (in Ukrainian)
 The Orthodox Nationalist: Mykhailo Drahomanov audio

1841 births
1895 deaths
19th-century educators from the Russian Empire
19th-century journalists from the Russian Empire
19th-century Ukrainian historians
19th-century Ukrainian journalists
Academics from the Russian Empire
Burials at Central Sofia Cemetery
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Bulgaria
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Switzerland
Historians from the Russian Empire
Historians of Ukraine
Hromada (society) members
People from Hadiach
People from Gadyachsky Uyezd
People from Poltava Governorate
Radicals
Socialists from the Russian Empire
Academic staff of Sofia University
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni
Academic staff of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
Ukrainian anarchists
Ukrainian democracy activists
Ukrainian educators
Ukrainian ethnographers
Ukrainian ethnologists
Ukrainian folklorists
Ukrainian folk-song collectors
Ukrainian-language writers
Ukrainian male writers
Ukrainian nationalists
Ukrainian nobility
Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire
Ukrainian philosophers
Ukrainian Radical Party politicians
Ukrainian secularists
Ukrainian socialists
Ukrainian victims of human rights abuses
Ukrainian writers in Russian


text:
Lightning bezeichnet eine proprietäre Schnittstelle von Apple, die für dünnere Bauweisen in tragbaren Geräten entwickelt wurde. Sie ersetzt seit dem Jahr 2012 den vorher verwendeten 30-poligen Anschluss.

Apple wird die Schnittstelle ab 2025 nicht mehr verwenden.

Geschichte
Der Lightning-Anschluss wurde von Phil Schiller während der Produktpräsentation am 12. September 2012 vorgestellt. In dieser Präsentation wurden auch das iPhone 5, der iPod touch (5. Generation) und der iPod nano (7. Generation) vorgestellt, welche alle den Lightning-Anschluss besitzen. Heute nutzen die folgenden Geräte von Apple den Lightning-Anschluss:

Inzwischen wurde auch weiteres Zubehör, wie Kabel, Kopfhörer oder Lautsprecher von Drittanbietern vorgestellt, das den Lightning-Anschluss verwendet. Wenn es von Apple mit "Made for iPod iPhone iPad" ausgezeichnet ist, wird es vom jeweiligen Gerät wie anderes Zubehör von Apple erkannt. Von Apple kamen außerdem verschiedene Adapter und der Bluetooth-Lautsprecher Pill+ von Apples Tochterfirma Beats.

Namensherkunft

Der Name "Lightning" (engl. Blitz) ist an den Namen der von Intel und Apple eingeführten Schnittstelle Thunderbolt (engl. Blitz mit gleichzeitigem Donnerschlag) angelehnt.

Rezeption
Die Reaktionen auf den neuen Anschluss waren gemischt. Manche lobten den erweiterten Funktionsumfang, die geringere Größe und die beidseitige Verwendbarkeit, viele kritisierten jedoch auch, dass altes Zubehör für iPhone, iPad und iPod nicht mehr kompatibel sei. Apple verkauft einen 30-polig-auf-Lightning-Adapter, um die Kompatibilität zum Großteil alter Zubehörteile sicherzustellen.
Außerdem wurde kritisiert, dass Apple nicht den standardisierten Micro-USB-Anschluss verwendet.
Um dennoch die Verpflichtung der Europäischen Union nach einem einheitlichen Ladestecker zu erfüllen, bietet Apple einen Micro-USB-Adapter an. Aus internen Dokumenten und E-Mails der Generaldirektion Binnenmarkt ging am 25. Januar 2021 hervor, dass die EU an einem Gesetzesentwurf zur Vereinheitlichung von Ladesteckern für Elektrogeräte arbeitet.
Am 23. September 2021 wurde dieser veröffentlicht und soll einen USB-C-Anschluss vorschreiben.

Ausführungen
Das Lightning-Kabel gibt es in unterschiedlichen Ausführungen. Die Standardausführung mit USB-A, die jedem iPhone bis zum iPhone 11 beilag, ist weiß und 100 cm lang. Das Lightning-Kabel mit USB-C wird beim iPhone 11 Pro oder neuer, iPad Air (ab 4. Generation), iPad (ab 8. Generation) sowie den AirPods Pro und AirPods Max beigelegt.

Technik
Der Lightning-Anschluss nutzt acht Kontakte und kann Datensignale digital elektrisch (jedoch nicht optisch) übertragen. Die Buchse am Gerät weist an einer Innenfläche des Schlitzes acht federnde Kontakte auf. Am Stecker steht axial eine kleine, an den Ecken abgerundete (waagrechte) Platte mit etwa 8 mm × 1,5 mm Querschnitt etwa 8 mm weit vor. Der Stecker ist um 180° axial verdreht einsteckbar, da beide der etwa quadratischen Plattenflächen jeweils acht Kontakte aufweisen. Diese liegen flächenbündig als gleichförmiger Raster von vergoldeten parallelen Längsstreifen in Isolierstoff, der ein quer-ovales Fenster in der vorderen Hälfte der jeweiligen Plattenfläche bildet. Die Platte besteht oberflächlich sonst aus Metall, ist mit Masse (GND) des Steckers verbunden, dient zur Abschirmung und steht aus einem Griff aus Kunststoff vor.

Am anderen Ende eines Kabels mit Lightning-Stecker kann u. a. ein USB-2.0-Steckeranschluss zum Einsatz kommen, zum Übertragen von Ladeleistung zum Gerät mit Lightning-Anschluss oder zur Zweiweg-Datenübertragung. Apple bietet auch ein Adapterstück an, das einen Lightning-Stecker und eine Micro-USB-Buchse aufweist und ebenfalls zum Laden und Datenaustausch dienen kann.

Ein Mikrocontroller im Lightning-Stecker teilt dem angeschlossenen Gerät (iPhone, iPad, iPod) mit, wofür das angeschlossene Kabel geeignet ist ( USB, Audio etc.) und erwartet damit die dementsprechenden Signale vom Host-Gerät. Dies ersetzt deutlich kompakter den 30-poligen Stecker, der parallel Anschlüsse für USB, Audio, FireWire etc. enthielt und nur in einer Ausrichtung eingesteckt werden konnte.

Der Lightning-Stecker enthält auch einen Authentifizierungschip, um den Nachbau von Kabeln zu verhindern. Ein chinesisches Unternehmen konnte den Chip jedoch bereits 2012 nachbauen. Apple wirkte dem mit dem Update auf iOS 7 im Jahr 2013 schon teilweise entgegen, indem man die Nutzer beim Verwenden von nicht-autorisierten Kabeln davor warnt.

Mechanik
Der Stecker ist selbstreinigend, da beim Einstecken der Schmutz von der Buchse abgestreift wird, bevor sich die Kontakte berühren.
Er hat auf beiden Seiten Vertiefungen, in welche Federn eingreifen, die sich seitlich in der Buchse befinden. Je nach Größe der Vertiefung des Steckers ergeben sich verschieden starke Haltekräfte.

Weblinks

 Produktseite des iPhone

Einzelnachweise

Hardware von Apple
Schnittstelle (Hardware)
Peripheriebus (extern)


text:
As Ilhas Shortland são um arquipélago das Ilhas Salomão pertencentes à Província Ocidental. O seu nome é uma homenagem a John Shortland.
As ilhas situam-se no extremo noroeste do território do país, perto da ilha de Bougainville, pertencente à Papua-Nova Guiné. A maior ilha das Shortland é a Ilha Shortland (antigamente conhecida como Alu). Outras ilhas são Ovau, Pirumeri, Magusaiai, Fauro e Ballale (que foi ocupada pelos japoneses na Segunda Guerra Mundial, e é o lugar de muitos aviões abandonados na Segunda Guerra Mundial).

Geografia
As ilhas Shortland são a "fronteira natural" entre o norte das Ilhas Salomão (em particular, as ilhas de Bougainville e Buka), que pertencem à Papua-Nova Guiné e as Ilhas Salomão meridionais, pertencentes ao estado independente das Ilhas Salomão.

As ilhas Shortland contêm mais de 100 pequenas ilhas de origem vulcânica, que formam uma cadeia de perto de 65 km de extensão. Planas na sua maioria, algumas plantadas com coqueiros, têm uma área total de 414 km2.

Nem todas as ilhas do arquipélago são habitadas. As duas maiores habitadas são Alu (Shortland) no sudoeste e Fauro no nordeste.

As Ilhas Shortland incluem as seguintes ilhas (de sudoeste para nordeste):

 Pirumeri
 Ilha Shortland (antigamente Alu)
 Illina
 Rohae
 Fauro
 Ovau
 Masamasa
 Oema

Em 1986, as ilhas eram habitadas por cerca de 3100 pessoas, a maioria melanésios.

História
As ilhas Shortland foram descobertas e nomeadas pelo capitão da Royal Navy John Shortland em 1788. Até ao Tratado de Samoa em Berlim, de 14 de novembro de 1899, o Império Alemão reclamou as ilhas.

As ilhas Shortland foram ocupadas no início de 1942 por tropas japonesas até ao final de 1943, quando foram libertadas pelos Aliados.

Turismo
As ilhas são visitadas de ocasionalmente por navios de cruzeiro. Um dos seus pontos turísticos principais é a ilha Pirumeri.

Ligações externas
 Kurzinfo (Alu) mit Karte

Shortland


text:
Christian Ludwig von Waldeck (* 29. Juli 1635 in Waldeck; † 12. Dezember 1706 in Landau) war zunächst Graf von Waldeck-Wildungen und ab 1692 Graf von Waldeck und Pyrmont.

Familie
Er war der älteste Sohn des Grafen Philipp VII. von Waldeck-Wildungen (1613–1645) und dessen Frau Anna Katharina von Sayn-Wittgenstein (1610–1690). Er stammt aus dem Haus Waldeck und wurde der Stammvater aller heute lebenden Fürsten und Grafen von Waldeck. Die Hauptlinie des Arolser Fürstenhauses stammt aus seiner ersten Ehe, während die in Bergheim bei Wildungen residierende und 1938 im Mannesstamm ausgestorbene Nebenlinie Waldeck-Bergheim durch seinen Sohn Josias aus seiner zweiten Ehe begründet wurde.

Leben
Mit dem frühen Tod des Vaters im Jahre 1645 erbte Christian Ludwig dessen Teilgrafschaft Waldeck-Wildungen. Die Regentschaft und seine Erziehung, wie auch des jüngeren Bruders Josias und der zwei noch lebenden Schwestern Juliane Elisabeth (1637–1707) und Anna Sophie (1639–1646), lagen bis 1660 in der Hand seiner Mutter und des Vetters seines Vaters, Heinrich Wolrad. Nachdem im Jahre 1660 Josias Burg und Amt Wildungen als Paragium zugesprochen bekam (später kamen die Ämter Wetterburg und Landau hinzu), ließ Christian Ludwig 1662 das Schloss Christiansburg in Kleinern bauen und verlegte seinen Wohnsitz dorthin.

Als im Jahre 1672 mit dem französischen Angriff auf die Vereinigten Niederlande der Holländische Krieg ausbrach, trat Christian Ludwig mit seinem Regiment zu Pferde als Oberst in den Dienst des brandenburgischen Kurfürsten Friedrich Wilhelm und kämpfte auf dessen Seite gegen Frankreich und dessen Verbündete. Er trat später in die Dienste des Reichs, wurde am 24. Dezember 1677 Generalfeldwachtmeister, am 20. April 1682 Feldmarschallleutnant, am 30. Januar 1684 Feldzeugmeister und am 25. April 1689 kaiserlicher Generalfeldmarschall.

Erbregelungen
Durch seine erste Ehefrau erwarb Christian Ludwig 1673 eine Anwartschaft auf die Grafschaft Rappoltstein im Elsass, aber diese Erbansprüche konnten gegen den Gemahl ihrer älteren Schwester Catharina Agathe, Christian II., Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Pfalz-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler, nicht durchgesetzt werden; dennoch ist das Wappen der Grafschaft Rappoltstein seitdem Bestandteil des Waldecker Wappens, und ab 1793 mit Georg I., dessen Mutter aus dem Hause Pfalz-Birkenfeld-Bischweiler stammte, führten die Waldecker den zusätzlichen Titel "Graf von Rappoltstein".

Im Jahre 1685 bestimmte Christian Ludwig, dass in seinem Zweig des Grafenhauses hinfort Primogenitur herrsche, allerdings mit der wichtigen Einschränkung, dass im Falle seiner möglichen Erbschaft des Eisenberger Teils der Grafschaft Waldeck sein überlebender zweiter Sohn diesen Teil erben sollte, so dass immer zwei Linien nebeneinander bestehen würden. Die Einkünfte aus der Grafschaft Pyrmont, die seit 1625 der Eisenberger Linie gehörte, sollten in diesem Falle zum Unterhalt jüngerer Geschwister dienen. Am 12. Juni 1685 schloss er mit seinem Vetter, dem Fürsten Georg Friedrich von Waldeck-Eisenberg, dessen vier Söhne sämtlich verstorben waren, einen Erbvertrag, der diese Regelung bestätigte. Zwei Jahre später, am 5. Juli 1687, änderte er jedoch seine Meinung und entschied, dass die Primogenitur im gesamten Hause Waldeck Anwendung finden und nur eine einzige herrschende Linie bestehen solle. Fürst Georg Friedrich stimmte zu, ebenso der in Korbach tagende Landtag der Grafschaft Waldeck. Auf Grund dieses Vertrages erbte Christian Ludwig 1692 nach dem Tod seines Vetters dessen Teilgrafschaft mitsamt der Grafschaft Pyrmont und konnte somit die Grafschaft Waldeck zum ersten Mal seit 1397 wieder in einer Hand vereinen.

Am 30. September 1695 modifizierte er das Primogenitur-Hausgesetz insofern, als er für den zweitgeborenen überlebenden Sohn, zu diesem Zeitpunkt Heinrich Georg (1683–1736), ein Paragium einrichtete, bestehend aus den drei Dörfern Bergheim, Königshagen und Wellen. Auch diese Regelung wurde von Kaiser Leopold I. am 22. August 1697 bestätigt. Nach dem kinderlosen Tod von Heinrich Georg fiel das Paragium an den letzten überlebenden Sohn Christian Ludwigs, Josias (1696–1763).

Nachdem er Waldeck-Eisenberg ererbt hatte, verlegte Christian Ludwig seine Residenz im Jahre 1695 nach Arolsen in das im 16. Jahrhundert zum Residenzschloss umgebaute ehemalige Kloster Aroldessen, in dem zuvor sein Vetter Georg Friedrich residiert hatte, und 1696 verlegte er die Kanzlei der Grafschaft von Korbach, der größten Stadt der Grafschaft, wo ihm die Bürgerschaft zu aufsässig war, nach Mengeringhausen.

Hexenprozesse
In seiner Regierungszeit fanden in Wildungen von 1650 bis 1664 Hexenprozesse statt, die in den Jahren 1660–1662 ihre zweite Hochphase erlebten.  Der erste Höhepunkt der Waldecker Hexenverfolgung hatte 1629–1632 unter Graf Christian I. stattgefunden.

Tod
Bei seinem Tod 1706 hinterließ Christian Ludwig seinem ältesten überlebenden Sohn Friedrich Anton Ulrich eine vereinigte Grafschaft Waldeck und Pyrmont. Er wurde in der Korbacher Kilianskirche beigesetzt. Dort liegt er mit seiner zweiten Gemahlin, Johannette  von Nassau-Saarbrücken, und seinem Sohn Carl Christian Ludwig, der als Generalfeldwachtmeister am 16. September 1734 bei Quingentole im Herzogtum Mantua gefallen war.

Nachkommen
Christian Ludwig heiratete am 2. Juli 1658 die Gräfin Anna Elisabeth von Rappoltstein (* 7. März 1644; † 6. Dezember 1676), die zweite Tochter des Grafen Johann Jacob von Rappoltstein (1598–1673), und hatte mit ihr folgende Kinder:
 Charlotte Elisabeth (* 8. Oktober 1659; † 22. März 1660)
 Dorothea Elisabeth (* 6. Juli 1661; † 23. Juli 1702 in Brake), bis zu ihrer Hochzeit Äbtissin im Kloster Schaaken, ⚭ 17. Dezember 1691 Rudolf zur Lippe-Brake
 Georg Friedrich (* 21. Juni 1663; † 28. April 1686)
 Heinrich Wolrad (* 2. April 1665; † 8. September 1688 in Negroponte)
 Charlotte Sofie (* 18. Januar 1667; † 6. September 1723 in Glaucha) Äbtissin im Schaaken ⚭ 1707 Dr. med. Johann Juncker (* 3. Juni 1680; † 25. Oktober 1759 in Halle)
 Alexandrine Henriette (* 17. Juli 1668; † 10. September 1668)
 Christiane Magdalene (* 30. Juni 1669; † 18. März 1699 in Hildburghausen), Äbtissin im Kloster Schaaken
 Elenore Katharine (* 5. August 1670; † 12. September 1717 in Minden).
 Eberhardine Luise (* 9. August 1671; † 19. September 1725)
 Friedrich Ludwig Karl (* 18. Juli 1672; † 30. März 1694 in Hellevoetsluis)
 Philipp Ernst (* 26. August 1673; † 27. Juni 1695)
 Karl († 1674)
 Wilhelm August (* 5. September 1675; † 20. August 1676)
 Friedrich Anton Ulrich (27. November 1676; † 1. Januar 1728) ⚭ 1700  Louise von Pfalz-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (1678–1753), Tochter von Christian II.
 Marie Henriette (* 27. November 1676; † 8. Juli 1678)

Am 6. Juni 1680 heiratete er Johannette von Nassau-Idstein (1657–1733), Tochter des Grafen Johann von Nassau-Idstein (1603–1677), und hatte mit ihr folgende Kinder:
 Ernst August (* 11. Oktober 1681; † 15. November 1703 gefallen in der Schlacht am Speyerbach)
 Heinrich Georg (* 24. Mai 1683; † 3. August 1736 in Wildungen) ⚭ 8. Dezember 1712 Ulrike Eleonore zu Dohna-Carwinden (* 3. April 1689; † 6. Oktober 1760 in Bergheim), Tochter von Friedrich Christoph (7. Januar 1664; † 20. Juli 1727)
 Christine Eleonore Luise (* 11. April 1685; † 8. Februar 1737 in Selbach), Äbtissin in Schaaken
 Sofie Wilhelmine (* 6. Juni 1686; † 23. August 1749), Äbtissin im Kloster Schaaken
 Karl Christian Ludwig (* 25. Dezember 1687; † 15. September 1734 bei Quistello (Italien) als Generalfeldwachtmeister gefallen)
 Josias (* 29. August 1689; † 7. November 1693)
 Johann Wolrad (* 20. Mai 1691; † 22. Juli 1691)
 Henriette Albertine (* 26. Januar 1695; † 7. Dezember 1699 in Arolsen)
 Josias (* 20. August 1696; † 2. Februar 1763) ⚭ Januar 1725  Dorothea Sophie zu Solms-Rödelheim und Assenheim (1698–1774), Tochter von Ludwig Heinrich.
 Charlotte Florentine (* 10. Oktober 1697; † 6. Mai 1777 in Fritzlar), Äbtissin im Kloster Schaaken
 Friedrich Wilhelm (* 24. Mai 1699; † 9. Januar 1718)

Literatur

Weblinks
 Bildnis von Christian Ludwig, Fürst von Waldeck, in der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin
 Biographie
 House Laws of Waldeck-Pyrmont, mit Nachdruck der wichtigsten Hausgesetze
 Genealogie Waldeck

Anmerkungen und Einzelnachweise

Familienmitglied des Hauses Waldeck (neuere Linie Wildungen)
Christian Ludwig
Person (Bad Wildungen)
Geboren 1635
Gestorben 1706
Mann
Kaiserlicher General (HRR)
Feldmarschall


text:
Karacaoğlan was a 17th-century Anatolian Turkish folk poet and ashik. His exact dates of birth and death are unknown but it is widely accepted that he was born around 1606 and died around 1680. He lived around the city of Mut near Mersin. His tomb, which was organized as a mausoleum in 1997, is at Karacaoğlan hill in the village of Karacaoğlan, Mut, Mersin. In this regard, he was the first known folk poet and ashik whose statue was built.

His poetry gave a vivid picture of nature and village life in Anatolian settlements. This kind of folk poetry, as distinct from the poetry of the Ottoman palace, was emphasized after the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 and became an important influence on modern lyric poetry, with Karacaoğlan being its foremost exponent.

Biography
There is very little known about his life. Some say he was born near Mount Kozan, near a village called Varsak. Others suggest that he is from the village of the same name, but in modern-day Osmaniye, and some suggest he lived in Kahramanmaras. The Barak tribe of Gaziantep as well as the Çavuşlu tribe of Kilis claim he is from their town. Most, however, believe that he was born near Çukurova and lived among the Turkish tribes in that mountainous region of southern Anatolia. Karacaoğlan was his pseudonym. His real name is thought to be Simayil, İsmail, Halil or Hasan. According to Hodja Hamdi Efendi of Akşehir, he was an orphan. He left town at an early age. In some of his poetry it is indicated that he took two of his sisters all the way to Bursa or Istanbul. He spent most of his life in Çukurova and Maraş.  Even though not known with certainty, it is believed that he died in modern-day Kahramanmaraş.

The topics of his poetry reflect the nature in which he was embedded, along with the Turkish nomadic culture of the Toros mountains of which he was a part. The main themes of this poetry stemmed out of nature, love, longing for home, and death. As with other Turkish folk poetry of his time in Anatolia, his language was expressive, yet unadorned, direct, and simple.

See also
Yunus Emre
List of Turkic languages poets
Turna

References

External links
His poetry in Turkish

1606 births
1680 deaths
17th-century poets from the Ottoman Empire
Turkish-language singers
Turkish-language poets
People from Mersin
Male poets from the Ottoman Empire
17th-century male writers


text:
Per caduta di Harran s'intendono l'assedio e la cattura della città assira di Harran, divenuta la nuova capitale imperiale dopo la Caduta di Ninive, da parte dei Medi e dei Neo-babilonese.

Contesto

L'impero neo-assiro, a partire dall'anno 639 a.C., aveva subito un declino del loro potere, culminato nelle invasioni babilonesi e mediane delle loro terre. La città di Arrapha cadde nel 615 a.C. nelle mani dei Medi, seguita da Assur nel 614 a.C., e infine la famosa Ninive, la capitale imperiale dell'Assiria, nel 612 a.C. Nonostante i brutali massacri che seguirono, gli Assiri sopravvissero come entità politica, spostando ad Harran il loro governo per mano del re, Assur-uballit II, scampato ai massacri di Ninive. Il re babilonese Nabopolassar  e il re dei Medi, Ciassare, determinati a distruggere per sempre la minaccia della rinascita assira, fecero dunque di Harran il loro nuovo obiettivo.

Assedio
Gli annali assiri cessano di registrare fatti dopo il 610 a.C., la data presunta dell'assedio di Harran. Intimidito dall'avvicinarsi dell'esercito medo-babilonese, Ashur-uballit e un contingente di rinforzi egiziani fuggirono dalla città nei deserti della Siria. L'assedio di Harran durò dall'inverno del 610 a.C. all'inizio del 609 a.C. e la città alla fine capitolò.

Conseguenze
Dopo che i babilonesi avevano governato Harran per tre mesi, Ashur-uballit e una grande forza di soldati egiziani tentarono di riprendere Harran ma questa campagna fallì disastrosamente: gli assiro-egizi assediarono la città dal luglio/giugno 609 a.C. ad agosto/settembre, ritirandosi quando Nabopolassar li raggiunse con il suo esercito, scacciandoli, seppur è possibile che si fossero ritirati anche prima.

Il fallimento di Ashur-uballit ad Harran segna la fine dell'antica monarchia assira che non sarebbe mai stata restaurata. Il destino finale di Ashur-uballit è sconosciuto e il suo assedio di Harran nel 609 a.C. è l'ultima volta che lui, o gli Assiri in generale, vengono menzionati nei documenti babilonesi. I resti dell'esercito assiro si unirono alle forze egizie che avevano vinto i medo-babilonesi a Megiddo. Nel 605 a.C., i babilonesi ebbero la loro rivincita, sconfiggendo gli assiro-egizi nella Battaglia di Karkemiš, ponendo fine all'intervento egizio nel Vicino Oriente.

Note

Bibliografia

Fonti
Cronache babilonesi - ed. standard in

Studi
In italiano

In altre lingue

Battaglie che coinvolgono i Medi
VII secolo a.C.
Battaglie che coinvolgono l'Assiria


text:
Rothschildia pegasus är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Max Wilhelm Karl Draudt 1929. Rothschildia pegasus ingår i släktet Rothschildia och familjen påfågelsspinnare. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Påfågelsspinnare
pegasus


text:
Antonio Santosuosso (født 1936, død 12. juli 2014) var en professor emeritus i historie ved University of Western Ontario i London, Ontario.

Bibliografi
 Soldiers, Citizens, and the Symbols of War: From Classical Greece to Republican Rome, 500-167 B.C. (1997),
 Storming the Heavens: Soldiers, Emperors, and Civilians in the Roman Empire (2001),
 Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare (2004),

Historikere fra Canada


text:
Савиниен Еркюл Сирано дьо Бержерак () е френски драматург, сатирик и военен.

Именно за него Едмон Ростан пише в едноименната си драма в стихове от 1897 г. (въпреки че Ростановият герой в крайна сметка слабо прилича на прототипа си).

Най-известните пиеси на Сирано дьо Бержерак са публикувани и поставяни посмъртно: "Пътешествие до Луната" (на което е посветен един забележителен монолог у Ростан) от 1657 г. и "История на държавите и империите на Слънцето" (1662).

Въпреки че в днешно време Сирано дьо Бержерак е известен повече с легендите около своя размирен, бохемски живот, отколкото с творчеството си, много изтъкнати европейски автори като Джонатан Суифт и Волтер са черпили вдъхновение от произведенията му, а Молиер дори е копирал цели части от неговата "Le pédant joué" ("Изиграният педант") в своята "Les fourberies de Scapin" ("Хитрините на Скапен").

Сирано дьо Бержерак умира от случайно паднала на главата му дъска (нещо, което в пиесата на Ростан е представено като покушение).

Външни препратки
  Petri Liukkonen, Подробна биобиблиография на Сирано дьо Бержерак, Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Архивирано
  Истинският Сирано дьо Бержерак, биография

 "Сирано дьо Бержерак", стихотворение от Юлий Таубин

Френски военни дейци
Френски драматурзи
Френски романисти
Барокови писатели
Френски сатирици
Родени в Париж


text:
Яансон () — эстонская фамилия. Известные носители:

 Яансон, Татьяна (род. 1966) — советская и эстонская гребчиха.
 Яансон, Юрий Арноевич (род. 1965) — советский и эстонский гребец.


text:
Durante la costruzione della muraglia cinese (Beim Bau der chinesischen Mauer) è una raccolta di racconti postumi di Franz Kafka il cui titolo deriva da uno di loro, così come sono stati editi da Max Brod con l'aiuto di Hans-Joachim Schoeps nel 1931, e ordinati in edizione italiana da Ervino Pocar.

Sono compresi frammenti datati dal 1914 al 1924. Successivamente, l'edizione di Brod, l'amico che ha il merito di aver salvato le opere di Kafka, è stata però rivista da filologi e curatori di edizioni scoprendo una serie di spostamenti, estrapolazioni ed errori di lettura rispetto ai manoscritti.

Racconti della raccolta
Il maestro del villaggio (Der Dorfschullehrer, 1914, titolo dato da Brod: Der Riesenmaulwurf)
Blumfeld, un vecchio scapolo oppure Blumfeld, uno scapolo anzianotto (Blumfeld, ein älterer Junggeselle, 1915)
Il custode della cripta (Der Gruftwächter, 1916-17, titolo di Brod)
Il ponte (Die Brücke, 1917, titolo di Brod)
Il cacciatore Gracco (Der Jäger Gracchus, 1917, titolo di Brod)
Frammento per «Il cacciatore Gracco»
Il cavaliere del secchio (Der Kübelreiter, 1917, in realtà pubblicato in precedenza sulla "Prager Presse" nel 1921)
Epilogo per «Il cavaliere del secchio»
Durante la costruzione della muraglia cinese (Beim Bau der chinesischen Mauer, 1917)
Frammento per «La costruzione della muraglia cinese»
Altro frammento per «La costruzione della muraglia cinese»: L'arrolamento (Die Truppenaushebung, 1920)
Il colpo contro il portone (Der Schlag and Hoftor, 1917, titolo di Brod)
Il vicino (Der Nachbar, 1917, titolo di Brod)
Un incrocio (Eine Kreuzung, 1917)
Confusione d'ogni giorno (Eine alltägliche Verwirrung, 1917, titolo di Brod)
La verità intorno a Sancio Panza (Die Wahrheit über Sancho Pansa, 1917, titolo di Brod)
Il silenzio delle sirene (Das Schweigen der Sirenen, 1917, titolo di Brod)
Prometeo (Prometheus, 1918, titolo di Brod)
Lo stemma cittadino (Das Stadtwappen, 1920, titolo di Brod)
Poseidone (Poseidon, 1920, titolo di Brod)
Vita in comune (Gemeinschaft, 1920, titolo di Brod)
Di notte (Nachts, 1920, titolo di Brod)
La supplica respinta (Die Abweisung, 1920, titolo di Brod. Il testo di Kafka è conosciuto anche con il titolo tratto dall'inizio: Unser Städtchen liegt…)
La questione delle leggi (Zur Frage der Gesetze, 1920)
L'esame (Die Prüfung, 1920, titolo di Brod)
L'avvoltoio (Der Geier, 1920, titolo di Brod)
Il timoniere (Der Steuermann, 1920, titolo di Brod)
La trottola (Der Kreisel, 1920, titolo di Brod)
Favoletta (Kleine Fabel, 1920, titolo di Brod)
Ritorno (Heimkehr, 1920, titolo di Brod)
La partenza (Der Aufbruch, 1922, titolo di Brod)
Patrocinatori (Fürsprecher, 1922, titolo di Brod)
Indagini di un cane (Forschungen eines Hundes, 1922, titolo di Brod)
I coniugi (Das Ehepaar, 1922)
Rinuncia! (Gibs auf!, 1922, titolo di Brod)
Delle similitudini (Von den Gleichnissen, 1922-23, titolo di Brod)
La tana (Der Bau, 1923-24, titolo di Brod)

Edizioni
Racconti, a cura di Ervino Pocar, I Meridiani Mondadori, Milano 1970
Schizzi, parabole, aforismi, a cura di Giuliano Baioni, Mursia, Milano 1983
Il silenzio delle sirene. Scritti e frammenti postumi 1917-24, a cura di Andreina Lavagetto, Feltrinelli, Milano 1994

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Raccolte di racconti di Franz Kafka


text:
Riksdagen 1964 ägde rum i Stockholm.

Riksdagens kamrar sammanträdde i riksdagshuset den 10 januari 1964. Riksdagsarbetet inleddes ceremoniellt genom riksdagens högtidliga öppnande i rikssalen på Stockholms slott den 11 januari. Första kammarens talman var Gustaf Sundelin (FP), andra kammarens talman var Fridolf Thapper (S). Riksdagen avslutades i första kammaren den 16 december och i andra kammaren den 17 december 1964.

Referenser

1964
Politikåret 1964
1964 i Sverige


text:
Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing is een Amerikaanse romantische dramafilm uit 1955 onder regie van Henry King. De film is gebaseerd op de autobiografie A Many-Splendoured Thing van Han Suyin en werd destijds in Nederland uitgebracht onder de titel De grote schittering.

Verhaal

De film begint in 1949. Han Suyin is een Euraziatische dokter - dochter van een Chinese man en een Engelse vrouw - die werkzaam is in een praktijk in Hongkong. Hier neemt ze een Chinees meisje onder haar hoede dat ze Oh-No noemt. Op een cocktailfeest ontmoet ze de Amerikaanse journalist Mark Elliott. Het tweetal is duidelijk in elkaar geïnteresseerd, maar Han is niet zeker of ze op date met hem moet gaan. Haar Britse collega John Keith vertelt haar later op de avond dat Mark getrouwd is. Desondanks spreekt Suyin met Mark af en vertelt hem dat ze de weduwe is van een vermoorde Chinese generaal.

Het duurt niet lang voordat Suyin en Mark een affaire met elkaar beginnen, ondanks waarschuwingen van John over Marks echtgenote die in Singapore woont en van wie Mark zes jaar eerder vervreemd is geraakt. Mark probeert uit te leggen dat zijn vrouw geen rol meer speelt in zijn leven, maar Han wil niet in een ingewikkelde drama belanden en sommeert hem zijn mond te houden. Ze probeert haar gevoelens voor Mark te onderdrukken, maar heeft hier geen succes in. Uitgaan met een getrouwde westerling betekent een groot schandaal, en Han wil bovendien trouw blijven aan haar roots. Onlangs gaf ze een oude vriendin, Suzanne, nog kritiek voor haar relatie met een Brit en het verloochenen van haar achtergrond.

Niet veel later brengt ze de woede van Mark op haar hals door een uitnodiging van een derde oom te accepteren om hem te bezoeken in Chungking. Mark vindt dat ze haar emoties ontvlucht, terwijl Han vindt dat ze juist wat tijd nodig heeft om uit te zoeken welke keuze ze wil maken. In Chungking krijgt ze van haar zus Suchen te horen dat zij vreest dat ze zal worden vermoord door de communisten omdat ze datet met een buitenlander; Suyin belooft haar dat ze een paspoort zal regelen zodat ze naar Hongkong kan vluchten. Ondertussen arriveert Mark ook in Chungking en vertelt Suyin dat hij van haar houdt. Met toestemming van haar derde oom accepteert ze een huwelijksaanzoek.

Terwijl Mark naar Singapore vertrekt om een scheiding te regelen, ontfermt Suyin zich verder over Oh-No. De elite van Hongkong krijgt lucht van de relatie en zet druk op Suyin om deze te verbreken. Suyin negeert hen en gaat met Mark - wiens vrouw hem geen scheiding wil geven - naar Macau. Daar brengen ze hun dagen door in de bergen met het citeren van gedichten. Het romantisch uitje komt al gauw tot een eind wanneer Mark wordt opgeroepen om verslag te doen van de Koreaanse Oorlog. Suyin keert verdrietig terug naar Hongkong, waar ze wordt geïnformeerd dat ze is ontslagen. Ze weigert terug te keren naar het communistische China en neemt intrek bij een kennis. Haar enige troost vindt ze in de brieven van Mark,  totdat ze te horen krijgt dat hij is omgekomen bij een bomaanslag.

Rolverdeling
William Holden als Mark Elliott
Jennifer Jones als Dokter Han Suyin
Torin Thatcher als Humphrey Palmer-Jones
Isobel Elsom als Adeline Palmer-Jones
Murray Matheson als Dokter John Keith
Virginia Gregg als Anne Richards
Richard Loo als Robert Hung
Soo Yong als Nora Hung
Philip Ahn als Derde oom
Jorja Curtright als Suzanne
Donna Martell als Suchen
Candace Lee als Oh-No

Productie

De rechten van het boek werden gekocht door David Brown en waren bedoeld voor producent Sol C. Siegel. Het boek werd in 1952 al aan de keuring gepresenteerd, maar werd toen afgewezen omdat het overspel zou verheerlijken. Toen Siegel 20th Century Fox verliet, werd Buddy Adler aangesteld als zijn vervanger. Na enkele wijzigingen aan de inhoud werd het project in 1955 goedgekeurd.  Het personage van Mark Elliot was eigenlijk Brits, maar dit werd veranderd naar Amerikaans toen William Holden werd aangesteld. Holden werd van Paramount Pictures geleend voor de rol.

In maart 1955 vertrok de cast en crew naar Hongkong om daar de scènes gedurende enkele weken op locatie op te nemen. In een tijd waar films uitsluitend in de studio werden opgenomen, was dit een ongebruikelijke keuze. De scènes werden opgenomen voordat het scenario afgerond was, waardoor scenarist John Patrick was genoodzaakt om het verhaal aaneen te sluiten rondom het geschoten materiaal.

De film kwam voor Jennifer Jones op het juiste moment: ze had inmiddels een reeks flops op haar naam staan en stond onder hevige toezicht van haar echtgenoot, de studiobaas David O. Selznick. Vanwege drukte kon Selznick weinig druk uitoefenen op de productie van deze film, hetgeen ten goede kwam voor het resultaat. Jones stond bekend om moeilijk zijn om mee samen te werken en kon niet goed opschieten met Holden. Ze klaagde over zijn houding naar haar toe; Holden ergerde zich aan haar gedrag en beweerde dat ze knoflook at vlak voordat romantische scènes werden opgenomen. Naar verluidt bood hij haar tijdens de draaiperiode witte rozen aan om hun samenwerking te verbeteren, maar gooide zij deze in zijn gezicht.

Ontvangst
De film werd binnen de beoogde drie maanden afgerond. Hoewel het een bioscoopsucces werd, lokte hij wisselvallige reacties uit. De Telegraaf bekritiseerde de hoofdrolspelers: "De film geeft een goed beeld van het leven in Hongkong, maar het spel van Jennifer Jones en ook van William Holden is er een beetje al te zeer gericht er 'n zwaarwichtig werk van te maken. De hoofdpersonen zijn ongeloofwaardig en het geheel ontkomt niet aan de sentimentaliteit." Recensent van Het vrije volk schreef dat de film niet geslaagd is, maar was van mening dat Holden "voortreffelijk" acteerde en dat Jones "niet in het reine" kwam.

Eind jaren 60, begin jaren 70 werd in de Verenigde Staten een gelijknamige soapserie Love is a Many Splendored Thing gebaseerd op de film uitgezonden.

Prijzen en nominaties

Amerikaanse film
Film uit 1955
Dramafilm
Romantische film
Boekverfilming
Film van 20th Century Fox


text:
Seehäusl ist der Ortsname von

 Seehäusl (Babensham), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Babensham, Landkreis Rosenheim, Bayern
 Seehäusl (Neusitz), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Neusitz, Landkreis Ansbach, Bayern
 Seehäusl (Wessobrunn), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Wessobrunn, Landkreis Weilheim-Schongau, Bayern

Siehe auch:
 Seehaus


text:
Salisbury Square Historic District is a national historic district located at Salisbury, Chariton County, Missouri. The district encompasses eight contributing buildings in an exclusively residential section of Salisbury. It developed between about 1870 and 1916, and includes representative examples of Queen Anne and Prairie School style architecture. The district reflects a collection of intact Queen Anne houses that remain notable in form and design.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.

References

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Queen Anne architecture in Missouri
Prairie School architecture in Missouri
Buildings and structures in Chariton County, Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in Chariton County, Missouri