text:
Lisa Kiefer (* 18. April 2002 in Nancy) ist eine deutsche Basketballspielerin.

Werdegang
Die im französischen Nancy geborene Kiefer spielte ab der Altersstufe U11 in der Jugendabteilung des BC Marburg. Sie gewann fünfmal die hessische Landesmeisterschaft (2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018) und entwickelte sich zur Jugendnationalspielerin. Ende September 2019 wurde die 1,87 Meter große Flügelspielerin erstmals in der 1. Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga eingesetzt. 2021 erlangte sie die Hochschulreife am Gymnasium Philippinum. Zur Saison 2021/22 wechselte Kiefer aus Marburg an die University of Montana in die Vereinigten Staaten.

Einzelnachweise

Basketballspieler (BC Marburg)
Deutscher
Geboren 2002
Frau


text:
(né en 1992), joueur turc de basket-ball ;
 İzzet Türkyılmaz (né en 1990), joueur turc de basket-ball ;
 Kubilay Türkyılmaz (né en 1967), joueur suisse de football.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Der Fockenstein ist ein  hoher Berg in den Bayerischen Voralpen westlich des Tegernsees. Sein Panorama ist nach allen Seiten umfassend, vor allem sind weite Teile des Mangfallgebirges zu überblicken.

Lage und Besteigungsmöglichkeiten
Der Gipfel liegt an der Grenze zwischen den Gemeinden Gaißach und Bad Wiessee und ist auf einer einfachen Bergwanderung vom Talort Bad Wiessee über die ganzjährig bewirtschaftete, auf 1.270 Metern Höhe gelegene Aueralm oder durch das Söllbachtal und den Stinkergraben zum Hirschtalsattel, von Lenggries über den Geierstein oder über das Hirschbachtal ebenfalls zum Hirschtalsattel erreichbar. Der Fockenstein wird auch häufig im Winter bestiegen, insbesondere im Rahmen einer eher einfachen Skitour. Während der Weg bis zur Aueralm meist problemlos bewältigbar ist, sind die steilen Gipfelhänge genau hinsichtlich ihrer Lawinengefahr zu beurteilen. Der Maximiliansweg von Füssen zum Königssee führt ebenfalls über den Fockenstein. Im Sommer sind für den Aufstieg von Bad Wiessee zwei Stunden und für den Abstieg 1,5 Stunden zu veranschlagen. Von Lenggries (ab Schloss Hohenburg) über den Hirschtalsattel muss man 2,5 Stunden für den Aufstieg und 2 Stunden für den Abstieg einrechnen.

Karte
 Alpenvereinskarte Bayerische Alpen BY13 Mangfallgebirge West (1:25000)

Bildergalerie

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Bad Wiessee)
Berg im Landkreis Miesbach
Bayerische Voralpen
Berg in den Alpen


text:
Virginia Young may refer to:

Virginia S. Young (1917–1994), American politician
Virginia R. Young, American mathematician
Virginia Young (weight thrower), American track athlete and two-time champion at the USA Indoor Track and Field Championships
Virginia Young (heptathlete), Australian heptathlete


text:
Em matemática, diz-se que duas matrizes quadradas  e  são semelhantes (ou similares) se existir uma matriz invertível  tal que:

Definição

Uma matriz  é dita ser semelhante à matriz  se, e somente se, existe uma matriz  invertível tal que:
 .

Observamos que a definição exige que  e  sejam matrizes quadradas de mesma ordem. Pois, caso contrário, a identidade acima não estaria bem definida, ou seja, este conceito de semelhança se aplica apenas a matrizes quadradas.

Relação de equivalência
O conceito de matriz semelhante define uma relação de equivalência, i.e.:
 (Reflexividade) Toda matriz  é semelhante a si mesma;
 (Simetria) é semelhante a  implica  semelhante a ;
 (Transitividade)  é semelhante a  e  é semelhante a  implica  semelhante a ;

 Demonstração
1. Como , temos que  é semelhante a .

2. Se , então  com . Ou seja,  é semelhante a  implica  semelhante a .

3. Se  e , então  com . Isto é,  é semelhante a  e  é semelhante a  implica  semelhante a .

Propriedades
Sejam A e B matrizes semelhantes, então:
 ;
  é invertível se e somente se  também o for;
  e  possuem o mesmo polinômio característico;
  e  tem os mesmos valores próprios com a mesma multiplicidade;
  e  têm o mesmo traço;
  e  são semelhantes para todo .
 As matrizes de um operador linear de dimensão finita são semelhantes.

Demonstração

 Propriedade 1.
Mostraremos que se  e  são matrizes semelhantes, então . Com efeito, temos que existe uma matriz invertível  tal que . Pelas propriedades do determinante segue que:

 Propriedade 2.
Mostraremos que se  e  são matrizes semelhantes, então  é invertível se, e somente se,  também for. Com efeito, temos que existe uma matriz invertível  tal que , ou equivalentemente, . Suponhamos que  seja invertível. Então, afirmamos que  é matriz inversa de . De fato:

e
.
Isto mostra que se  é invertível, então  é invertível. A recíproca segue raciocínio análogo.

 Propriedade 3.
Mostraremos que se  e  são matrizes semelhantes, então  e  possuem o mesmo polinômio característico. Com efeito, existe uma matriz invertível  tal que . Por definição, o polinômio característico de  é dado por . Daí, segue que:

Isso conclui a demonstração.

 Propriedade 4.
Segue imediatamente da propriedade 3.

 Propriedade 5.
Segue da propriedade 3, pois o traço de uma matriz  é o coeficiente do termo de grau  do seu polinômio característico.

 Propriedade 6.
Mostraremos que se  e  são matrizes semelhantes, então  e  também são para todo número  natural. Com efeito, existe uma matriz invertível  tal que . Por indução em  vemos que . Ou seja, , como queríamos demonstrar.

Propriedade 7.
Seja  um operador linear sobre o espaço vetorial  de dimensão finita com bases  e . Sejam, então,  e  as matrizes de  nas respectivas bases  e , i.e.:

e

onde,  denota a representação do vetor  na base  com notação análoga para .
Seja, agora,  a matriz de mudança da base  para a base , i.e.:
.
Logo, temos:
.
Como a última igualdade é válida para todo , concluímos que  e  são matrizes semelhantes.

Ver também
 Matriz congruente
 Matriz diagonalizável

Álgebra linear


text:
The history of Japanese people in British Columbia began with the arrival of Manzo Nagano in New Westminster in 1877. Prior to 1942, British Columbia was home to 90% of all Japanese in Canada. In 2001, 44% of all Japanese Canadians lived in British Columbia, or about 1% of the province's total population.

History

The first Japanese in Canada was Manzo Nagano, who stowed away on a British ship and arrived in New Westminster in 1877. He would eventually settle in Victoria, British Columbia. During the 1890s, Issei (term for Japanese immigrant in North America) established themselves on Powell Street, building stores, boarding houses, and other businesses, adjacent to Hastings Mill, a major employer of Japanese. The neighbourhood was the largest settlement of Japanese Canadians prior to World War Two.

1902 Royal Proclamation

In 1902 the Canadian government published the Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration. This proclamation is the result of an investigation and analysis of the perceived issues from increasing Japanese and Chinese immigration, especially in matters relating to commerce. Special attention was given to the fishing and lumber industries where Japanese labourers played a prominent role. The investigation gathered testimonials from locals on their opinion on Japanese labourers. In the Fraser River area, many White and Indigenous fishermen opined that there were more canneries and fisherman licenses than can be environmentally and commercially sustained. They largely blamed this imbalance on increasing Japanese fishermen. Indigenous fisherman stated that they were taking the place of White people by taking the dominant role in the fishing industry. While the Japanese were viewed as somewhat better than Chinese labourers, who were facing similar discrimination, the large numbers of Japanese migrants were giving locals anxiety (between 1896 and 1901, 13193 Japanese migrants landed in Victoria). One mentioned issue was the different way in which Japanese fishermen negotiated sales and price of their fish. While White and Indigenous fishermen negotiated individually with the canneries, Japanese fishermen were often part of organized groups where a boss would negotiate prices for the whole group. This practice had a standardizing effect on fish prices which, along with increased competition, lessened what White and Indigenous fishermen were able to earn. Furthermore, there was particular concern about growing Japanese involvement in boat construction, a particularly sensitive and important industry. In the lumber industry, there were similar sentiments as Japanese laborers were paid less than their White counterparts which made them attractive for mills. In one mill, Japanese workers were paid $1–1.25 while White workers were paid $2–2.25 a day. While many of the respondents to the commission showed anxiety and hostility, most acknowledged that Japanese labour was satisfactory in quantity and quality. In addition, the high number of Japanese workers made them integral to many local industries such as the lumber industry.

Early 20th Century

In 1907, an anti-Asian riot broke out in Chinese and Japanese sections of Vancouver due to the increased presence of Japanese who, in 1907, had entered Canada in a record number of 7,000. Labour unions and small business groups banded together to form the Vancouver branch of the Asiatic Exclusion League (AEL), an organization against the increase of Asian immigrants in Canada and the US. The Japanese, due to their numbers and the economic competition they posed were seen as a particular threat. A public demonstration by the AEL on September 7, 1907 turned into a riot. Rioters smashed many windows in parts of Chinatown, and then moved on to Japantown. Four waves of attacks ensued, with the rioters being repulsed by the armed Japanese residents who had received warning of the attacks in Chinatown. In spite of inflicting a number of injuries upon the mob, more than 50 stores and businesses on Powell Street had their windows broken resulting in thousands of dollars of damage.

Similar events happened in other cities on the West Coast in Canada and the US as anti-immigrant sentiment, especially against Asians, became common. Significant pressure was being applied in both countries to restrict immigration. Following the riots, Japanese immigration to Canada was restricted to 400 male immigrants and domestic servants per year in 1908 under a gentlemen's agreement with Japan. Immigration was further restricted to 150 annually in 1923.

In 1916, over 200 Japanese volunteers attempted to enlist as a corps in the Canadian Army. When refused by the British Columbia provincial government, they traveled to Alberta to enlist as individuals. Eventually, 196 Japanese were sent overseas. In 1931, surviving veterans were given the right to vote as they were not allowed to vote prior to that.

Second Generation Japanese Immigrants
In 1934, there were 10,965 Japanese who were born in British Columbia with 135 being third-generation. The majority of the population (6,176) lived in the rural districts while the rest (4,598) lived in urban cities, mainly Victoria and Metro Vancouver. Most second-generation Japanese had integrated well into their new country and embraced their new identity as Japanese-Canadians. Only 14.5 percent of the population had been to Japan and 13.5 and 16 percent of the urban and rural populations respectively expressed interest in moving to Japan. Many Canadian-born Japanese however had their birth registered by their parents in both Japan and Victoria, giving them resident status in both Canada and Japan. This was done because of a few reasons including the possibility of moving to Japan in the future and language and institutional barriers to government services/administration. Upon realizing their dual-national status, many second-generation Japanese immigrants withdrew their records from Japan to further reflect their new nationality. They saw dual nationality as "unnecessary, unethical, and detrimental to the future life of those Canadians of Japanese origin as British subjects residing in BC."

Occupations
93.2 percent of second-generation Japanese Canadians were employed in unskilled and semi-skilled labour by 1934. This is in part due to legal restrictions. By the 1930s, anti-Asian sentiments were still strong in British Columbia which led to occupational isolation for Japanese Canadians. The Revised Statute of BC of 1924, Chapter 76, section 5A disqualifies "any person of Japanese, naturalized or not" from voting in any election which by extension also prohibits them from entering professions and positions including: being elected to the provincial legislature, being nominated for municipal office, being nominated at as a school trustee, jury service, legal professions, pharmaceutical professions, license for hand-logging and contractor for public works.

In addition to legal restrictions, there was also a general lack of encouragement for many Japanese Canadians with regards to professional development given that fishing and farm work were the traditional line of work for many immigrants in Canada. Furthermore, most highly educated Japanese Canadians moved to Japan for work.

Internment

When the Pacific war erupted, more than 8,500, or ⅓ of Japanese Canadians lived in the Greater Vancouver Area. More than half of these lived in the Powell Street district. Following the War Measures Act, all people of Japanese descent were declared "enemy aliens" of Canada. In February 1942, the Canadian government ordered "all persons of Japanese racial origin" to leave the 100-mile area along the coast. The Custodian of Enemy Property seized all property deemed to be dangerous, including boats, cars, radios, cameras, and was authorized to hold all land and property in trust. During the construction of the internment camps, the Pacific National Exhibition was designated a holding and distribution centre for Japanese Canadians. 22,000 Japanese Canadians—comprising over 90% of the total Japanese Canadian population—from British Columbia were forcibly relocated and interned in the name of national security. The majority were Canadian citizens by birth. In March 1949, four years after the war was over, the last of the wartime restrictions and the War Measures Act were lifted, and Japanese Canadians were allowed to travel freely and return to the West Coast.

Dispossession
After the internment of Japanese Canadians, the federal government made the decision to force the sale of all property of all British Columbians of Japanese ancestry regardless of status. The Vancouver Town Planning Commission played a large role in initiating the sales, bringing attention to the deteriorating "slum" properties surrounding Japantown. The Town Planning Commission hoped to replace the slum with more suitable land use, however, the federal government ultimately took the dispossession into their own hands, choosing not to demolish the area realizing that many of the buildings were owned by non-Japanese Canadians. Glenn McPherson, the founding Director of the Vancouver office of the Custodian of Enemy Property, was a key advocate in the dispossession and liquidation of Japanese-Canadian-owned property. He pushed for forced sales to higher authorities and wrote the first draft of the government order authorizing the ''liquidation'' of Japanese-Canadian-owned property. He had written to Ephraim Coleman, the undersecretary of state, that the Japanese-Canadian-owned buildings should be sold off as quickly as possible, as deterioration of buildings would lower property values and might soon be ''demolished by neighbours in need of firewood". Gordon Murchison, the director of the Soldier Settlement Board recommended that all property holdings should be sold because of the deterioration of the value. On January 11, 1943, ministers involved in the drafting of the Orders in Council recommended that the federal government apply ''the principle of liquidation'' to all urban property; rural properties were to be placed under the control of the Custodian". This was signed into law by the Privy Council eight days later. Japanese property in British Columbia was effectively sold off thereby eliminating the thriving Japanese community in the province.

Self-Supporting Projects
In 1942 groups of Japanese Canadians who were evicted from their homes rented residential properties in Christina Lake, Bridge River, McGillvray Falls, Lillooet, Taylor Lake and Minto City. They wanted to establish their own isolated camps rather than go to a government-administered internment camp. These camps operated on a communal basis where residents helped each other out. The communities grew crops or worked for neighbouring farmers or lumbermen to generate income. The total number of Japanese Canadians in these camps was around 1200 but was reduced to 1000 after some relocations. The British Columbia government would come to recognize these camps and appointed supervisors to look after the residents' interests.

UBC Students
In 1942, 76 students of Japanese descent studying at the University of British Columbia were told that they would not be able to continue their studies. Instead, they would be taken 100 miles inland to internment camps because of "war precautions". Given the trauma and disruption that this forced uprooting caused, 61 of these students would not be able to complete their education and 15 could not attend their graduation. 70 years later in 2012, UBC honoured these Japanese-Canadian students by including them in the university's Spring graduation programs and granting them honorary degrees.

Demographics
Prior to 1896, no record was kept of the number of Japanese who arrived in British Columbia. At the turn of the century, there were 4,738 Japanese in Canada, of which 97% were in BC. In 2001, 44% of all Japanese Canadians lived in British Columbia, accounted for about 1% of the total population of the province. That year, 27,000 people of Japanese origin, or 32% of the total Japanese Canadian population, lived in Vancouver.

According to the 2016 Canadian Census, 36,990 people knew Japanese, 9,860 spoke Japanese at home, and  21,350 had Japanese as their mother tongue. Historically, Japanese-Canadians living in urban areas placed greater importance on learning Japanese than those living in rural areas.

Notable Places

Japantown, Vancouver
Japanese settlement in Canada centred around Powell Street starting in the 1880s and later became the economic hub of the Japanese Canadian Community. Many of its residents worked at Hastings Mill, which became one of Canada's largest employers of Japanese immigrants. Social services in Japantown were provided by various Christian churches, offering English classes, daycare, and community amenities. By 1921, around 4000 Japanese residents lived in or within walking distance of Japantown. Powell Street and Cordova Street had 578 ethnic Japanese stores and organizations. In the 1930s, some Japanese Canadians moved outside of Japantown to other neighbourhoods such as Marpole. After the expulsion of Japanese Canadians from all areas within a 100-mile radius from the coast in 1942, the Japanese community on Powell Street disappeared and did not recover after the War.

Steveston, BC

In 1887, Gihei Kuno arrived at the Fraser River and discovered the potential of Steveston for fishing. Kuno invited his friends from the Mio district of Wakayama Prefecture to immigrate, resulting in heavy migration in the following years. As a result, Steveston became the second-largest Japanese-Canadian settlement after Vancouver before World War II. His recruitment also made Mio district the largest single source of Japanese emigrants to Canada. In 1900, the Japanese population of Steveston was estimated to be 4,500. A Japanese Methodist Mission hospital operated in Steveston from 1895 to 1942. Prior to the internment, Japanese Canadians made up more than half of Steveston's population. Today, there are several places of historical significance for the Japanese Community in Steveston, including the Steveston Japanese Language School, the Japanese Fishermen's Benevolent Society Building, and the Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre.

Woodfibre, BC
Woodfibre is a former town operating a pulp mill between early the 1900s and 2006. At one point, half of the population of Woodfibre was Japanese, and most were single men. In 1918, 59 were working in the mills; in 1920, 100; by 1930, the total number of Japanese employed was 230; but in 1934 it had decreased to 157. In 1940, the Japanese workers in Woodfibre were almost all employees of BC Pulp and Paper Company, numbered at 200.

Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre
Located in Burnaby, BC and opened on September 22, 2000, the Nikkei National Museum and Cultural Centre's mission is to honour, preserve and share the history and heritage of Japanese Canadians and Japanese culture in Canada. The museum contains 2600+ objects, 41,000+ photographs, 38 meters of textual records, 650 oral history recordings, and 156 film reels of historically and culturally significant items. The museum also organizes philanthropic programs to assist seniors and foster cultural and historical engagement in the local community.

Nitobe Memorial Garden
The Nitobe Memorial Garden is a traditional and authentic Japanese stroll garden and tea house located on the Vancouver campus of the University of British Columbia. The garden was created to celebrate the memory of Dr. Inazō Nitobe (1862-1933), a Japanese figure whose life goal was to promote a better understanding of Japan in the West at a period when there was little public knowledge of the country. Nitobe was a diplomat whose book, Bushido: The Soul of Japan was one of the first books on Japanese culture written for an international audience. The garden's faithful replication of its Japanese counterparts was affirmed when Emperor Akihito of Japan remarked, "I am in Japan", as he walked through the garden.

Tashme
The Tashme Internment Camp was the largest and one of the most isolated Japanese internment camps constructed in 1942 by the Canadian government as part of its World War 2 policies. It is located 14 miles southeast of Hope, BC. The government did not provide any services to a population that reached 2644 and it was up to the interned Japanese to set up schools and community events. The camp was also a gathering site for Japanese-Canadians who were being sent back to Japan. The camp would be closed in 1946 but endures as a monument to the more than 22,000 people whose civil rights were suspended during the war.

Nikkei Internment Memorial Centre
The Nikkei Internment Memorial Centre, located in New Denver, BC, is a national historic site of Canada designated in 2007. It was founded in 1992-94 to preserve historical buildings and commemorate the historical experiences of interned Japanese during World War 2. The site is located in "The Orchard", one of the internment sites constructed by the Canadian government. The memorial centre is also one of the few sites that was not torn down and buildings from the internment period still exist today.

Cultural Impact

Vancouver Asahi
The Asahi Baseball Team was founded in 1914, playing out of the Powell Street Grounds (now Oppenheimer Park). Matsujiro Miyazaki, a Powell Street shop owner, was the team's first manager. The Vancouver Asahi was well known for its "brainball" strategy adapted for smaller players and with less hitting ability, based on stealing bases and bunts to get runners to home plate. The team disbanded in 1942 when its members were relocated to internment camps.

California Roll
The California roll sushi has been claimed to be invented by local Vancouver Japanese chef, Hidekazu Tojo. Tojo was born in Southern Japan and after learning Japanese culinary in Osaka, moved to Vancouver in 1971 to open his restaurant, Tojo's. To cater to the differences in available ingredients and local preferences (many people then were reluctant to eat raw fish and seaweed) he developed the Tojo Roll, which is claimed to be the precursor to California Roll. The Tojo roll contains cooked crab meat and hides the seaweed in the inside of the roll, just like contemporary California rolls.

Today, the California roll is one of the most popular dishes to come from Japanese fusion cuisine and has played an instrumental role in the acceptance and eventual popularization of sushi (and Japanese cuisine and culture) in North America.

Notable people

See also

 Jodo Shinshu Buddhist Temples of Canada
 Asian Canadians
 Chinese Canadians in British Columbia
 Japanese Canadians
 Japanese in Toronto
 Demographics of British Columbia
 Japanese Americans
 East Asian Canadians
 Judo in Canada
 Reference re Persons of Japanese Race
 The Vancouver Asahi, 2014 Japanese film described Asahi (baseball team)

References

External links

 Japanese Canadians Photograph Collection – A photo album from the UBC Library Digital Collections depicting the life of Japanese Canadians in British Columbia during World War II
 ハルとナツ, a TV drama based on historical events aired by NHK in October 2005.
 Hoji Shinbun Digital Collection, Hoover Institution Library & Archives Japanese Diaspora Initiative.

Ethnic groups in British Columbia

Canada–Japan relations


text:
Wolfram Kühn (* 30. September 1950 in Groß Schönebeck) ist ein deutscher ehemaliger Radsportler und -trainer. Mit dem Radsport begann er bei der BSG Lok Bernau, wechselte später zur BSG Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt, bevor Kühn Mitglied des SC Turbine Erfurt wurde.

Leben
1972 war Wolfram Kühns erfolgreichstes Jahr als Rennfahrer: Er wurde Dritter der Friedensfahrt und nahm am Straßenrennen bei den Olympischen Spielen in München teil, das er allerdings aufgrund zweier Stürze nicht beendete. 1975 wurde er bei DDR-Meisterschaften Zweiter im Mannschaftszeitfahren und 1976 Dritter im Kriterium. Weitere Teilnahmen an Friedensfahrten folgten.

1973 wurde er 18., 1974 19., 1975 36. Das Traditionsrennen Berlin-Angermünde-Berlin (Erich-Schulz-Gedenkrennen) konnte er 1975 für sich entscheiden.

1975 siegte er im Auswahlrennen Rund um Langenau.

Aufgrund einer Verletzung konnte er sich nicht für die Teilnahme an der Qualifikation zu den Olympischen Spielen 1976 qualifizieren.

1976 wurde Kühn Trainer des SC Turbine Erfurt an der Erfurter Radrennbahn Andreasried. Der von ihm trainierte Bahn-Vierer wurde 1988 Olympiasieger in Seoul sowie 1989 und 1990 jeweils Weltmeister.

Berufliches
Wolfram Kühn absolvierte eine Ausbildung zum Schlosser. Er leitet zwei Erfurter Fahrradfachgeschäfte und fährt in seiner Freizeit auch Rennrad.

Weblinks
 Radsportler Wolfram Kühn wird 60 Jahre alt auf otz.de

Einzelnachweise

Radsportler (DDR)
Olympiateilnehmer (DDR)
Radsporttrainer (DDR)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1972
Sportler (Erfurt)
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Geboren 1950
Mann


text:
The Mistress of the Copper Mountain (), also known as The Malachite Maid, is a legendary creature from Slavic mythology and a Russian fairy tale character, the mountain spirit from the legends of the Ural miners and the Mistress of the Ural Mountains of Russia. In the national folktales and legends, she is depicted as an extremely beautiful green-eyed young woman in a malachite gown or as a lizard with a crown. She has been viewed as the patroness of miners, the protector and owner of hidden underground riches, the one who can either permit or prevent the mining of stones and metals in certain places.

"The Copper Mountain" is the Gumyoshevsky mine, the oldest mine of the Ural Mountains, which was called "The Copper Mountain" or simply "The Mountain" by the populace. It is now located in the town of Polevskoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast. In some regions of the Ural Mountains, the image of the Mistress is connected with another female creature from the local folktales, the Azov Girl (), the enchanted girl or princess who lives inside Mount Azov.

The Mistress of the Copper Mountain became a well known character from her appearance in Pavel Bazhov's collection of the Ural Mountains folktales (also known as skaz) called The Malachite Box. The Mistress appears in the third skaz, "The Mistress of the Copper Mountain", and in 9 other stories from the collection, including "The Stone Flower", "The Manager's Boot-Soles", and "Sochen and His Stones".

Characteristics
The Mistress of the Copper Mountain has the appearance of an extremely beautiful young woman with green eyes. Some of her more distinctive features include dark braided hair, ribbons from thin tinkling copper, and a gown that is made from malachite. She wears a diadem decorated with malachite and precious stones. As a mountain spirit, she is the protector and owner of hidden underground riches. She is said to be always surrounded by her servants, small lizards, which can be green, blue, golden or luminous. The Mistress can appear as a lizard herself. According to the legends, a person who sees the Mistress comes under her spell. She shows kindness to good people and skilled craftsmen, helping them to find jewels and gold, but if her conditions aren't met, the person loses all his luck, skill and can even die. She could permit or prevent the mining in certain places, give or take wealth.

The sacral being, the Mistress was surrounded by rituals and taboos, e.g. women did not come down in the mine, because it was the Mistress's domain, and young men seeking her patronage did not marry. The violation of the taboos was supposed to bring a harsh punishment. Children were taught not to shout and quarrel next to the stones, and to keep quiet in the mines, because, according to popular belief, the Maid disliked loud noises. Her distinguishing attributes were lizards, copper and malachite.

Other names
The Mistress of the Copper Mountain has many other names, such as The Stone Mother (), The Stone Maiden (), The Serpent Mistress, The Lizard Queen, The Mistress of the Copper Mine, The Malachite Girl, The Malachite Maid or The Malachite Lady (). The miners simply called her "Herself".

The Azov Girl
In many national folktales, the Mistress and Azovka (lit. "the Azov Girl") are identical with each other, and the same stories are told about each of them. The tales about Azovka are very different from one another, although they share some common characteristics. Firstly, that there's a cave with hidden treasures inside Mount Azov. Secondly, few people found the cave, and no one could get the treasures. The treasures belong to the Tatars, the Bashkirs, or "the Old People". According to popular belief, Azovka lives/is held captive inside the cave (or the mountain), and she guards the treasures. In most tales, she is the enchanted girl, possibly stolen by the Tatars, the cursed Tatar princess, the Old People's queen or their elder's daughter.

Appearances

In The Malachite Box
The Mistress of the Copper Mountain appears in the third Pavel Bazhov's skaz from The Malachite Box, "The Mistress of the Copper Mountain", first published in the 11th issue of Krasnaya Nov in 1936; and then in many other tales: "The Malachite Casket", "The Stone Flower", "The Manager's Boot-Soles", "Sochen and His Stones", "The Master Craftsman", "The Two Lizards", "A Fragile Twig", "The Grass Hideaway", and "Tayutka's Mirror". Bazhov confirmed that he based the character on local legends. He said: "Yes, I believe that the series of tales connected with the Gumyoshevsky mine is closer to folklore. In my opinion, they represent the attempt to reconstruct the folklore of this mine". When asked whether the character from his writing differs from its folklore interpretation, Bazhov replied: "I don't believe there is a difference. If there is, it is bad [news]".

In "The Mistress of the Copper Mountain" she is described as follows:
You could see from her plait she was a maid. It was a sort of deep black, that plait of hers, and didn't dangle as our maids' do, but lay close and straight down her back. And the ribbons at the end weren't quite red and weren't quite green, they'd something of both. You could see the light shining through them and they seemed to click a little, like thin leaves of copper. [...] She was not very tall, with a pretty figure, and she was a real fidget - couldn't sit still a minute. [...] Her robe, now, it was something you'd never see anywhere else. It was all made of silk malachite, that's a kind you get sometimes. It's stone but it looks like silk, you want to take and stroke it.

In "The Stone Flower" it's said that the Mistress has her own "mountain craftsmen":
They're skilful craftsmen who live in the mountain, and no man ever sees them. Whatever the Mistress wants, they  make it for her. I saw a bit of their work once. [...] Our serpents, no matter how good they are, they're but stone, but this was like as if it was living. A black line down the black, and eyes—ye'd think it was just going to up and sting ye. They can make anything!

In "The Manager's Boot-Soles" it's said that the Mistress "didn't like it when folks were treated ill underground". She appears before the cruel bailiff:
All of a sudden the bailiff saw a figure in front of him. It was moving lightly, waving a lamp. At the turn of the gallery he saw it was a woman. [...] He started running after her, but his faithful men weren't in any great hurry to follow. They were all shaking.  Because they saw this was bad — it was she herself. [...] The bailiff saw a maid of amazing beauty standing before him, and here brows were drawn together in a line and her eyes blazed like burning coals.

In The Malachite Box, she serves as a "magic helper" to the characters. "It's a chancy thing to meet her, it brings woe for a bad man". She can be reached through the stone forest. She is cruel and just, she dislikes greedy people and is indifferent toward their suffering, but she shows her benevolent side to those with talent and selflessness. Valentin Blazhes stated that in the Malachite Box she is a classical ambivalent character, because she combines good and evil, life and death, beauty and ugliness. Nataliya Shvabauer commented that her duality is represented in her every trait, from the appearance to her functions. Even her jokes can be deadly, as evident from "Sochen and His Stones".

In other media
The character Queen of the Copper Mountain appeared in Mercedes Lackey's 2007 novel Fortune's Fool. She also appears as the title character in Mercedes Lackey's 2020 novel Jolene which is set in the coal mines of rural Tennessee.

Shimun Vrochek authored a story called The Master of the Copper Mountain (), in which he mentioned the character. It was published in his Serzhantu Nikto Ne Zvonit collection in 2006.

Vladimir Makanin wrote the Mistress parody characters in some of his stories, such as the mother of the character Kolka in his 1976 short story "Voices" ().

Origin and development

Pavel Bazhov had heard the tales about her at the Polevskoy Copper Smelting Plant from the miners' storyteller Vasily Hmelinin (), nicknamed "Grandpa Slyshko" by children. "The Copper Mountain" is believed to be the Gumyoshevsky mine, the oldest mine of the Ural Mountains. It was sometimes called "The Copper Mountain" or simply "The Mountain" by the populace. Valery Dyomin commented that the Mistress is a universal mytheme, while the Copper mountain is the specific location: the Gumyoshevsky mine and Mount Azov.

The origin of the character is unclear. A concept of a mother goddess or Mother Earth was very popular in every culture, including the local Mansi and Khanty people. The Ural ethnographer A. Sagalayev suggested that the character originated from the goddesses Umay and Kaltes-Ekwa. He noted that the figure of a mother goddess in people's perception sometimes shrinks to the size of a rock and a sculpture or expands to the size of a mountain. The Mistress might have appeared as a successor of Azovka, because she was most famous in the same areas as Azovka before her, so the keeper of treasures slowly turned into their master. Bazhov believed that the most ancient creature of the Ural mythology was in fact Azovka, the Great Serpent appeared next, and the last one was the Mistress. Just like Azovka, the Malachite Maid attracts single men. Mark Lipovetsky commented her black hair colour hints at her non-Slavic parentage, possibly from the "Old People", like Azovka. Dark-haired and mysterious, she does not look like typical Russian girls. Bazhov believed that miners simply missed women, because their work allowed for little contact with them. He also thought that the Mistress outgrew her initial function of a treasure keeper. She became "the embodiment of power, wealth and beauty" which revealed itself only before the best of people. E. Kulikova theorized that her place in the Ural mythology is most likely connected with the perception of the mountains as "magical space". The mountain was the source of life, the protector from hostile forces and the residence of divine patrons.

Alexei Ivanov suggested that the Mistress most likely originates from a spirit of place as a "stone dryad". There is also a hypothesis that she repsesents the Roman goddess Venus, as local copper from the Polevskoy Copper Smelting Plant was branded with the Venus symbol (♀) for tens of years in the 18th century. V. Bezrukova theorizes that the Mistress of the Copper Mountain symbolizes the "relationship" between people and the mountain riches, and that she in fact protects Christian virtues, e.g. she prevents greed, encourages kindness, modesty, honor and skill (Christian virtues). However Alexei Ivanov argues that she reveals her "genetic relationship" with pagan gods, and her ethics is not Christian. In one of the stories she takes the gold out of the mine after a church is built nearby.

Maya Nikulina points at her relation to the realm of the dead, as she does not ear or drink, does not leave any traces, her clothing is made of stone and so on, and the Mountain connects her to the world of the living. The character might be of Finnic origin. The Finnic peoples, who lived in that area, later migrated to the Baltic Sea or assimilated into the new Russian culture. Their folklore featured the underground riches, moral and spiritual powers, impersonated in Chthonic deities, mining and metallurgic techniques unknown to Russians.

The Mistress's attributes—lizards, copper and malachite—are not Christian. Nataliya Shvabauer commented that the lizards are foul supernatural creatures. The images of lizards and snakes were found on the Permian bronze casts (the 5-15 centuries) around Mount Azov. Copper was a symbol of female beauty at the Urals. Malachite symbolized youth, hope, misfortune and grief at the same time. The craftsmen who worked with malachite often died of tuberculosis, affected by the poisonous malachite dust. The gemcutters produced malachite jewellery for sale only, but never wore it themselves. Keeping it in the house was a bad omen.

Reception
The Mistress became a popular character in the Soviet Union. The folklorists of the Ural State University, who collected tales near Sysert after Pavel Bazhov's death, noted they "have not met a single person who did not hear about the Mistress", but they mostly knew about her from Bazhov's skazy and referred to them: "Read some Bazhov, he wrote it down". Few story-tellers heard of her from oral tradition.

During Soviet times critics commonly described this character as the protector of the working class from the oppressors. Maya Nikulina argued that the Mistress is neither the rescuer nor the protector. Rather than defending the workers, she tests them. Social justice is of no concern to her: "the landlord is punished for being greedy and stupid", not for being the landlord. Mark Lipovetsky commented that she is the most terrifying characters of the collection, a beautiful girl and a dangerous demonic creature at the same time. He believed that she represents the struggle and unity between Eros and Thanatos, and that she is characterized by three major Freudian motives—the sexual drive, the death drive (her realm is the realm of the dead) and the castration anxiety (loss of power). The latter is shown when she persistently and spitefully provokes the local administration, forcing the protagonists ("The Mistress of the Copper Mountain", "The Two Lizards") to relay offensive messages. Denis Zherdev pointed out that the Mistress's female domain is the world of chaos, destruction or spontaneous uncontrolled acts of creation. Colliding with the ordered factory world, such power brings in randomness, variability, unpredictability and capriciousness. Direct contact with it is a violation of world order, and does not end well. The author of The Fairy Tale Encyclopedia suggests that the Mistress represents the conflict between human kind and nature. She compares the character with Mephistopheles, because a human needs to wager his soul with her in order to get the ultimate knowledge, however, the Mistress does not force anyone to abandon their moral values, and therefore "is not painted in dark colours". Lyudmila Skorino believed that she represented the nature of the Urals, which inspires a creative person with its beauty.

See also
 Karzełek
 Shubin (ghost)
 The Fire-Fairy

References

Sources

Slavic tutelary deities
Russian folklore characters
Mythic humanoids
Fictional lizards
Female legendary creatures
Mining folklore
Fictional characters with earth or stone abilities
Russian mythology
Female characters in fairy tales
Legendary serpents
Mythological queens
Slavic legendary creatures
Slavic folklore characters


text:
The Nicholls Colonels softball team represents Nicholls State University in NCAA Division I college softball. The team participates in the Southland Conference. Nicholls' first softball team was fielded in 1981. The team plays its home games at 500-seat Swanner Field at Geo Surfaces Park and are coached by Angel Santiago.

History
The Colonels's inaugural season was in 1981. The Colonels have won five Southland Conference regular season titles (1992, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2018) and two Southland Conference Tournament titles (1996 and 1997), the Colonels have appeared in the NCAA Division I softball tournament three times (1995, 1996, 1997) with a tournament record of 3–6.

Year-by-year results
Source:

Postseason appearances

NCAA Division I Tournament results
The Colonels have appeared in three NCAA Division I Tournaments, all as Nicholls State University. Their combined record is 3–6.

Source:

NCAA Division I Tournament play-in results
The Colonels have appeared in three NCAA Division I Tournament Play-Ins, all as Nicholls State University. Their combined record is 6–0.

Source:

NWIT Division I Tournament results
The 1987 team appeared in the women's NWIT tournament winning one of three games.

Source:

See also
 List of NCAA Division I softball programs

References

External links

 Nicholls Colonels Athletic facilities

Sports clubs established in 1981
1981 establishments in Louisiana


text:
12-timmarsklocka är en tidsomvandlingskonvention i vilken dygnets 24 timmar indelas i två perioder kallade a.m. - ante meridiem (svenska: f.m. - förmiddag) och p.m. - post meridiem (svenska: e.m. - eftermiddag). Varje period består av 12 timmar numrerade: 12 (fungerar som nolla), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, och 11.

12-timmarsklockan utvecklades runt mitten av 1000-talet f.Kr. till 1500-talet.

Se även
 Decimaltid
 Midnatt
 Middag
 Thailändsk 6-timmarsklocka
 Tidmätningens historia
24-timmarsklocka

Referenser

Externa länkar
 - NIST FAQ on time
 longtailworld.blogspot.com - 12am is noon in Japan

Tideräkning
Tidsskalor


text:
Garðar was the seat of the bishop in the Norse settlements in Greenland. It is a Latin Catholic titular see, and was the first Catholic diocese established in the Americas.

Diocese
The sagas tell that Sokki Þórisson, a wealthy farmer of the Brattahlíð area, launched the idea of a separate bishop for Greenland in the early 12th century and got the approval of the Norwegian King Sigurd I Magnusson 'the Crusader' (1103–1130). Most of the clergy came from Norway.

Bishops

 The first bishop of Garðar, Arnaldur, was ordained by the Archbishop of Lund in 1124. He arrived in Greenland in 1126. He began the construction of the cathedral dedicated to St Nicholas, patron saint of sailors.
 The diocese was first assigned to the ecclesiastical province of the German Metropolitan Archbishopric of Bremen. The diocese was subject to the Archdiocese of Lund (present-day Sweden) from 1126 to 1152. Arnaldur returned to Norway in 1150 and became bishop of Hamar (Norway) in 1152.
 In 1152, this diocese, as well as those of Iceland, the Isle of Man, the Orkney Islands and the Faroe Islands, became suffragans to the newly established Norwegian Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nidaros (now Trondheim). The second bishop was Jón Knútr, who served from 1153 to 1186.
 The third bishop was Jón Árnason (nicknamed Smyril). He took office in 1189. In 1202–1203 he went on a pilgrimage to Rome and met Pope Innocent III. He died in Garðar in 1209 and was buried there, most likely in the Northern Chapel of the cathedral.
 The next bishop, Helgi, arrived in Greenland in 1212 and was bishop until his death in 1230.
 In 1234, Nikulás was ordained. He arrived in Greenland in 1239. He died in 1242.
 Ólafr was ordained in the same year, arriving in 1247. He remained bishop until the mid-1280s. He was abroad from 1264 to 1280, thus hardly serving in his own diocese.
 The next bishop was Þórdr, who stayed in Garðar from 1289 until his return to Norway in 1309.
 The next bishop was Árni, from 1315 to 1347. Due to poor communication between Greenland and Norway, it was assumed that he had died and a new bishop (Jón Skalli) was ordained in 1343. When it was discovered that bishop Árni was still alive, Skalli resigned and never went to Greenland. Jon Skalli never visited Garðar.
 After Árni's  death in 1347 there was a 19-year vacancy period. Norwegian cleric Ivar Bardsson served as principal during the interim period.
Bishop Álfr was ordained in 1365 and served as the last effectively residential bishop of Garðar until 1378.
 The Greenland diocese disappeared in the 15th century, when ships from Norway stopped.
News of the diocese has been reported in two letters by popes Nicholas V and Alexander VI, first compiled by papal chamberlain J. C. Heywood in 1893 in Rome and republished in 1903.

List of residential bishops

Ghost see
Although the diocese had ceased to function, 'full' bishops were nominated to the see until 1537, apparently none of whom ever visited the diocese:
 Henricus (mentioned in 1386)
 Bertholdus (circa 1407)
 Jacobus Treppe, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (27 March 1411 – death 1421)
 Nicolaus
 Robertus Ryngman, O.F.M. (30 May 1425 – ?)
 Gobelinus Volant, Canons Regular of Saint Augustine (C.R.S.A.) (circa 1 October 1431 – 19 March 1432), next bishop of Diocese of Børglum (Denmark) (1432.03.19 – ? not possessed)
 Johannes Erles de Moys, O.F.M. (12 July 1432 – ?)
 Bartholomeus de Sancto Hyppolito, O.P. (1433 – death 1440)
 Gregorius (1440 – 1450)
 Andreas
 Jacobus Blaa, Dominican Order (O.P.) (16 June 1481 – ? deposed)
 Mathias Canuto (Matthias Knutsson), a Danish monk of the Benedictine Order (O.S.B.) (9 July 1492 – ?). He had desired to reach Gardar in person, but there is no indication he ever did.
 Vincenz Kampe, O.F.M. (20 June 1519 – 1537).

Titular see
In 1996, the diocese was nominally restored as Latin titular bishopric of Gardar (Curiate Italian) / Garðar (Norsk bokmål Norwegian) / Garden(sis) (Latin adjective).

Its single incumbent is Edward William Clark, Auxiliary bishop of Los Angeles (16 January 2001 – present).

Remains
Currently, the previous settlement of Igaliku is situated on the same geographic location. The site has been the subject of archaeological investigations since the 1830s. The cathedral was the primary target of much of the archaeological work and was fully excavated in 1926 by Danish archaeologist  (1888–1951). Nørlund made several scientific studies in Greenland starting in 1921 and ending in  1932.

Many Norse settlement ruins remain visible in Igaliku. The ruins mostly consist of the stone foundations of the walls in their original positions so that the extent of the settlement, both individual buildings and collectively, can be determined and understood.  The main ruin is of the Garðar Cathedral, a cross-shaped church built of sandstone in the 12th century. The maximum length is 27 m, the width 16 m. Two large barns are on the site, able to have held up to 160 cows.

See also
 List of Catholic dioceses in Denmark
 Western Settlement
 Middle Settlement
 Eastern Settlement
 Bishop of Greenland (Lutheran Bishop)

References

Sources and external links

 Grønland i middelalderen fra landnam til undergang
 GCatholic
 Grønlands Forhistorie (Gyldendal København, 2005)
 Diamond, Jared M. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, pg.232; Viking Press, 2005

Further reading
 Buckland, Paul C. m.fl. (2009). Palaeoecological and historical evidence for manuring and irrigation at Garðar (Igaliku), Norse Eastern Settlement, Greenland. In The Holocene pages 105–116.
 Høegsberg, Mogens Skaaning (2005). Det norrøne bispesæde i Gardar, Grønland (archeology master thesis in Danish). Aarhus University: Afdeling for Middelalder- og Renæssancearkæologi. .
 Mitlid, Åke (2006). Grønlandsgåten. Kampen om Grønland. Levende Historie . 4 (6): 16–19. .
 Plovgaard, Karen (1963). Da Grønland fik sit første bispesæde: Glimt fra nordboriget i det 12. århundrede (PDF). In Tidsskriftet Grønland (Danish) (12): 463–469

Norse settlements in Greenland
Catholic titular sees in North America
Populated places established in the 10th century
Ruins in Greenland
Kujalleq

no:Garðar bispedømme


text:
Philippe Laburthe-Tolra, né le  à Paris où il est décédé le , est un anthropologue africaniste français, professeur émérite et doyen honoraire à la Faculté des sciences humaines et sociales de la Sorbonne, Université René Descartes Paris V, et Professeur associé à l'Université francophone internationale Senghor d'Alexandrie (Égypte).

Cet anthropologue est spécialisé sur les Béti du Cameroun et particulièrement sur les phénomènes de conversions religieuses. Les Béti du centre du Cameroun ne comptaient aucun catholique en 1900, en comptaient 25 en 1915, et plus de  en 1930. Il a étudié avec une approche d'anthropologie historique les moyens, les motifs et les effets de ce "miracle", un cas de conversion religieuse rapide, jalons permettant l'esquisse d'une théorie du changement idéologique.

Biographie
Il a fréquenté l'école La Rochefoucauld, le lycée Montaigne et Louis-le-Grand, fut bachelier B-Philosophie en 1946, fit ses Lettres et Première Supérieures à LLG, son service militaire en 1951-52 (Verdun, EOR d'artillerie, Idar-Oberstein, aspirant Tunis, capitaine de réserve 1962). Il fut licencié ès lettres en 1954, en philosophie en 1956, et titulaire d'un DES « Dialectique et pensée religieuse » en 1958.

Agrégé de philosophie (1962) et docteur en lettres et sciences humaines (1975), il a été professeur de lycée au Mans, à Évreux et à Paris (1954-1958), puis à Porto-Novo (Dahomey, 1962). Il fut ensuite fondateur-directeur du Centre d'enseignement supérieur de Porto-Novo (1962-1964), chargé d'enseignement de philosophie et directeur du Département à l'Université du Cameroun (1964-1972), professeur et directeur de l'UER de psychologie, sociologie et sciences de l'éducation à l'Université de Rennes II (1972-1976), professeur d'ethnologie à Paris V (1977-1982) et administrateur du Centre universitaire de Clichy (1978-1980). Il fut un temps détaché à l'Université de Ouagadougou (de 1982 à 1986) et, de retour en France, devint directeur du laboratoire d'ethnologie à Paris V, chargé de mission au CNRS (1994-1995) et enfin directeur de Département des sciences sociales (1996) et Doyen de la Faculté des sciences humaines et sociales de la Sorbonne (1997-1999).

Philippe Laburthe-Tolra est impliqué dans de nombreuses associations et comités. Il a été membre de l'Académie des sciences d'outre-mer, l'Académie d'éducation et d'études sociales (AES), du Pen-Club, des Cercles Universitaires, de l'Automobile Club de France, de la société des Amis de Versailles, du Musée de l'Homme, du Musée Dapper, du Musée Carnavalet, de Mozart etc. de sociétés savantes : d'Histoire d'Outremer, d'Histoire religieuse contemporaine, d'Ethnologie française, etc. Il fut notablement président de la société des Africanistes, en particulier lors de son transfert du Musée de l'Homme au Musée du quai Branly.

 Il a été aussi le fondateur de l'Association Roger Bastide (1979) et président de Bastidiana.

Il est décoré de Légion d'honneur, des palmes Académiques, du valeur et du mérite Camerounais.

Publications (liste partielle)

Sous son nom
 Initiation africaine (avec René Bureau), CLE, Yaoundé, 1971.
 Minlaaba, histoire et société traditionnelles chez les Beti du Cameroun Méridional, Honoré Champion, 1977.
 Les Seigneurs de la forêt, Publ. de la Sorbonne, 1981.
 Initiations et sociétés secrètes au Cameroun : les mystères de la nuit, 1985.
 Le pays de Redon (dir.), L'Harmattan, 1985.
 Le tombeau du soleil, roman, O. Jacob, 1986.
 L'étendard du prophète, roman, O. Jacob, 1989.
 Fang (avec C. Falgayrettes-Leveau), Dapper, 1991.
 Conter et chanter en pays de Redon (dir.), L'Harmattan, 1992.
 Ethnologie-Anthropologie (avec J-P. Warnier), PUF, 1993. Rééd. PUF "Quadrige", 2003.
 Roger Bastide ou le réjouissement de l'abîme (dir.), L'Harmattan, 1994.
 Critiques de la raison ethnologique, PUF, 1998.
 Vers la lumière ou le désir d'Ariel. Sociologie de la conversion, Karthala, 1999.
 Écoles de liberté, éd. de Paris, 2001.

Sous un pseudonyme
Il est également l'auteur d'un roman livré sous le pseudonyme de Tolra : Fugue en Sorbonne mineure, éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, Paris, 1996

Notes et références

Articles connexes
Liste d'anthropologues
Beti (peuple)

Liens externes

Anthropologue français
Ethnologue français
Naissance en juillet 1929
Naissance dans le 14e arrondissement de Paris
Ethnologue africaniste
Décès en novembre 2016
Décès dans le 17e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 87 ans


text:
Dr David Berry Hart FRSE FRCPE (12 October 1851 – 10 June 1920) was a Scottish gynaecological surgeon and academic.

Life
David Berry Hart was born in Edinburgh on 12 October 1851.

He graduated M.B., C.M. from the University of Edinburgh in 1877. Specialising in obstetrics and gynaecology, he continued his studies and obtained his doctorate MD in 1880, with a gold medal and the Syme Surgical Fellowship on "The Structural Anatomy of the female pelvic floor".

He was Secretary of the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society between 1879 and 1883 and became President in 1890. He was also Librarian to the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. In 1888 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Andrew Douglas Maclagan, Sir Alexander Russell Simpson, Sir William Turner, and Sir German Sims Woodhead.

Dr Hart lived in an exceptionally fine Georgian townhouse designed by Robert Adam at 29 Charlotte Square in Edinburgh's First New Town.

He was an examiner in midwifery in the universities of Edinburgh, Oxford, Birmingham and Liverpool.

He was devoted to Liberalism and the United Free Church of Scotland.

In later life he lived at 5 Randolph Cliff on the edge of the Moray Estate in Edinburgh's affluent West End.

He died in Edinburgh on 10 June 1920.

Family
His maternal grandfather, David Berry, had been a builder in Edinburgh.

His wife was Jessie Smith Welsh Berry, a first cousin, and they had two daughters and two sons. His daughter, Elsa Margaret Berry Hart (d.1961) married the Hon Robert Hepburne-Scott (1873–1950).

A granddaughter was Marian Lines, a writer and actress, and his grandson David Berry-Hart, painter and sculptor.

A great-grandchild is Tess Berry-Hart, playwright and novelist.

Professional interests
Professor Hart wrote nine books and more than 70 papers. Among these were "Manual of Gynaecology", "Guide to Midwifery" and "Some Phases of Evolution". He contributed an article on "Hermaphrodism in Man" for "Encyclopaedia Medica".

Regarded by others as a tour de force of dubious utility, he drew on Mendelian principles with singular vigour. The sides of the vulval vestibule are visible as  Hart's line on the inside of the inner lips. Hart's line is the outer edge of the area and marks the change from vulvar skin to the smoother transitional skin of the vulva.

Honours
 Honorary Fellow of the American Gynaecological Society
 Honorary Fellow of the Berlin Obstetrical Society German. ″Gesellschaft für Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie in Berlin (GGG)″
 Corresponding Fellow of the Leipzig Obstetrical Society, German. ″Gesellschaft für Geburtshilfe zu Leipzig″

Publications

Manual of Gynaecology (2 volumes), co-written with Alexander Hugh Freeland Barbour (1882 + 1891)
Atlas of the Female Pelvic Anatomy (1884)
Phases of Evolution and Heredity (1910)
Guide to Midwifery (1912)

References

External links

Scottish surgeons
Scottish writers
1851 births
1920 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh


text:
El naturalismo corresponde a un tipo de puesta en escena e interpretación de fines del siglo XIX, principios del XX que busca reproducir con cierta precisión científica la naturaleza humana a través de técnicas actorales. El interés por estas técnicas floreció sobre todo entre los dramaturgos franceses de la época como Émile Zola, pero su obra más representativa es La señorita Julia de August Strindberg.

El término usado por Zola era la nouvelle formule, y sus tres principios (faire vrai, faire grand, faire simple) se orientaban primero en interpretar de la forma más entendiblemente cierta posible (el escenario principal de La señorita Julia es una cocina, por ejemplo), segundo en que los conflictos de la obra deben tener mucha relevancia, y tercero en que la obra ha de ser simple.

La puesta en escena naturalista se fue oponiendo a la expresionista y fue cada vez más frecuente sobre todo tras la llegada del cine. Más tarde El Método  enseñado entre otros por el Actor's Studio fue tendiendo a enfocar la actuación de forma más realista que naturista: el objeto no es para «representar» la verdad, sino para sacar de ella su esencia y por tanto un sentido profundo del marco dramatúrgico que el naturalismo tiende a ignorar.

Obras más representativas
 Woyzeck (1837), de Georg Büchner.
 A Bitter Fate (1859), de Aleksey Pisemsky.
 The Power of Darkness (1886), de León Tolstói.
 The Father (1887), de August Strindberg.
 Miss Julie (1888), de August Strindberg.
 Creditors (1889), de August Strindberg.
 The Weavers (1892), de Gerhart Hauptmann.
 Drayman Henschel (1898), de Gerhart Hauptmann.
 Uncle Vanya (1898), de Anton Chéjov.
 The Cherry Orchard (1904), de Anton Chéjov.

Referencias

Técnicas de actuación


text:
Vendeuvre-du-Poitou ist eine Ortschaft und eine ehemalige französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand: ) im Département Vienne in der Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Sie gehörte zum Arrondissement  Poitiers und seit 2015 zum Kanton Jaunay-Clan.

Mit Wirkung vom 1. Januar 2017 wurden die früheren Gemeinden Vendeuvre-du-Poitou, Charrais, Cheneché und Blaslay zur Commune nouvelle Saint Martin la Pallu zusammengeschlossen und haben dort den Status einer Commune déléguée. Der Verwaltungssitz befindet sich im Ort Vendeuvre-du-Poitou.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Renaissance-Schloss Bonnivet (16. Jahrhundert, Monument historique, seit 2001)
 Kirche Sainte-Aventin (Monument historique, seit 1927)
 Wegkreuz Grand-Gue 'Große Furt' (Monument historique, seit 1931)

Persönlichkeiten

 Wohnort des Philosophen Michel Foucault (1926–1984)

Literatur
 Le Patrimoine des Communes de la Vienne. Band 2, Flohic Editions, Paris 2002, ISBN 2-84234-128-7.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Commune déléguée im Département Vienne
Gemeindeauflösung 2017
Saint-Martin-la-Pallu
Weinbauort in Frankreich


text:
Avis és una població dels Estats Units a l'estat de Pennsilvània. Segons el cens del 2000 tenia una població de 1.492 habitants.

Demografia
Segons el cens del 2000, Avis tenia 1.492 habitants, 633 habitatges, i 417 famílies. La densitat de població era de 1.175,6 habitants per quilòmetre quadrat.

Dels 633 habitatges en un 29,9% hi vivien nens de menys de 18 anys, en un 54% hi vivien parelles casades, en un 8,1% dones solteres, i en un 34% no eren unitats familiars. En el 29,7% dels habitatges hi vivien persones soles el 17,4% de les quals corresponia a persones de 65 anys o més que vivien soles. El nombre mitjà de persones vivint en cada habitatge era de 2,35 i el nombre mitjà de persones que vivien en cada família era de 2,91.

Per edats la població es repartia de la següent manera: un 23,3% tenia menys de 18 anys, un 8% entre 18 i 24, un 27,3% entre 25 i 44, un 22,3% de 45 a 60 i un 19,2% 65 anys o més.

L'edat mediana era de 40 anys. Per cada 100 dones de 18 o més anys hi havia 91,9 homes.

La renda mediana per habitatge era de 31.083 $ i la renda mediana per família de 39.167 $. Els homes tenien una renda mediana de 30.250 $ mentre que les dones 18.942 $. La renda per capita de la població era de 16.371 $. Entorn del 6,5% de les famílies i el 9,8% de la població estaven per davall del llindar de pobresa.

Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

Entitats de població de Pennsilvània


text:
Este artigo pretende reunir informações sobre relações que ocorrem entre Chipre e Noruega. O governo de Chipre considera que "as relações bilaterais entre Chipre e Noruega são excelentes em todos os campos".

Relações diplomáticas
Nenhum país tem embaixadores residentes. Chipre está representado na Noruega, através da sua embaixada em Estocolmo (Suécia) e 2 consulados honorários (em Kristiansand e Oslo). A Noruega é representada em Chipre através da sua embaixada em Atenas (Grécia) e um consulado honorário em Nicósia (também na Grécia). Ambos os países são membros titulares do Conselho da Europa. As relações diplomáticas foram estabelecidas em 22 de março de 1963.

Assistência norueguesa
A Noruega concede financiamento direto ao Governo cipriota e também às autoridades locais, ONGs e instituições de ensino. Em 2006, a Noruega aumentou o seu compromisso de oferecer uma contribuição total de 4,66 milhões de euros nos anos que antecederam a 2009.

Expatriados noruegueses em Chipre
Os níveis de tributação em Chipre são consideravelmente mais baixos do que na Noruega, e Chipre têm cortejado ativamente noruegueses com renda muito alta para ir para Chipre. Entre os noruegueses que se mudaram para o Chipre inclui-se o bilionário John Fredriksen, que era o homem mais rico da Noruega. Taxas de imposto benéficos também têm atraído empresas, incluindo a empresa Prosafe, para mudar a sede para Chipre.

Vários aposentados noruegueses também se mudaram para Chipre, isso também é em grande parte se beneficiarem com taxa de impostos sobre Chipre, que é apenas um terço do que a taxa na Noruega.

Ver também
 Relações exteriores do Chipre
 Relações exteriores da Noruega

Ligações externas


text:
Julie Dahey, död efter år 1782, var en affärsidkare på Saint-Domingue. Hon tillhör de främsta representanterna för den förmögna klassen av Gens de couleur libres på Saint-Domingue.

Julie Dahey tillhörde gruppen av fria svarta på Saint-Domingue. Hon blev 1767 menagere, hushållerska, till Sieur Thomas Peignanan, som hade emigrerat från Bordeaux i Frankrike till Saint-Domingue, där han hade grundat en sockerplantage och tjänat en förmögenhet. Att bli en så kallad hushållerska, i realiteten anställd som älskarinna genom plaçage till en förmögen man, var en vanlig sed i Saint-Domingue, där en stor del av de fria färgade kvinnorna försörjde sig på denna typ av prostitution. Dahye fick också sju barn under sin tid som menagere, som uppenbarligen var hennes barn med Peignanan.

Även om det blev relativt vanligt för fria färgade kvinnor i denna ställning att ägna sig åt affärsverksamhet, var Julie Dahey en ovanligt aktiv affärsidkare. Dahey ägde från 1779 en kaffeodling. Hon skötte också en kruk- och taktegelfabrik i Corix de Bouquets i kompanjonskap med Sieur La Bacheliere. 1781 hyrde hon mark från regeringen på fördelaktiga villkor, troligen under beskydd av Peignanan, där hon grundade en plantage, med rätten att köpa marken när kontraktet gick ut 1793. 1782 upprättade Peignanan ett testamente enligt vilket Dahey fick lösöret och hans syster Catherine äganderätten till plantagen på villkor att hon hyrde ut den till Dahey mot fördelaktig hyra. Enligt ett nytt testamente samma år fick Dahey 12000 livres och hennes sju barn tre slavar var av hans efterlämnade förmögenhet.

Efter sjuårskriget blev det vanligt att vita män från Frankrike bosatte sig tillfälligt i Saint-Domingue för att tjäna en förmögenhet snabbt, något som har kallats för kolonins tredje immigrationsvåg. Under sin tid i kolonin gifte de inte in sig i den gamla plantageklassen utan hade i stället barn med en färgad menagere, och när de återvände till Europa (eller avled), lämnade de land, slavar eller pengar till den familj de hade skaffat sig under sin tid i kolonin. Detta skapade under 1770- och 1780-talet en ny klass av förmögna fria färgade i Saint-Domingue som härstammade från vita män från Frankrike och deras färgade menageres, av vilka plantageägaren Nanette Pincemaille (död 1784), Anne Laporte (död 1783) och Julie Dahey tillhörde de mest prominenta exemplen.

Källor
 Stewart R. King: Blue Coat Or Powdered Wig: Free People of Color in Pre-revolutionary Saint Domingue

Kvinnor
Födda 1700-talet
Dödsår saknas
Personer i Saint-Domingue
Personer inom Frankrikes näringsliv under 1700-talet
Plantageägare


text:
Большой еловый чёрный усач () — вид жуков подсемейства  из семейства .

Описание
Жук длиной от 15 до 37 мм. Тело удлинено, цилиндрическое, чёрного цвета. Переднеспинка с острым бугорком по бокам. Надкрылья в грубой скульптуре, перед серединой с прогибом, их вершины без густого волосяного опушения. У самок имеются светлые волосяные пятна на надкрыльях. Усики самца в два раза длиннее тела, у самки — лишь немного заходят за надкрылья. Усики самки со светлыми кольцами на первой половине члеников. Щиток густо опушен волосками, без голой срединной линии.

Распространение
Имеет широкое распространение в Европе; от Франции, Швейцарии, севера Италии и Румынии через Европу до Украины.

Экология и местообитания

Обитание приурочено к хвойным лесным массивам. В основном, предпочитают горную местность, но встречается и на вырубках и буреломах. Взрослые насекомые обгрызают хвою, корни и луб молодых ветвей хвойных. Лёт длится со второй декады июня по сентябрь. Чаще всего, личинки предпочитают ель обыкновенную (Picea abies), а также сосну обыкновенную (Pinus sylvestris), пихту и прочие хвойные растения. Лётное отверстие жуков имеет округлую форму, диаметром 6—8 мм.

Размножение
У личинки на каждой стороны головы по 1 простому глазку. Усики 3-хчлениковые. Ментум отделен от субментума. Основная часть пронотума покрыта микроскопическими шипиками. Брюшные мозоли гранулированы, расположены на дорзальной стороне в 4, а на вентральной — в 2 ряда. Анальное отверстие трехлучевое, с укороченным нижним лучом.
Генерация 2-летняя.

Галерея

Примечания

Ссылки
 Forest Pests  Monochamus sartor Fabr.
 Триба Monochamini: Monochamus sartor (F., 1787) — фотографии Щепана Зярко

Ламиины
Насекомые Европы
Животные, описанные в 1787 году


text:
Lake Paucarcocha (possibly from Quechua pawqar multi-coloured, qucha lake, lagoon, "multi-coloured lake") is a lake in Peru located in the Lima Region, Yauyos Province, Tanta District. It is situated at a height of about , about 6.5 km long and 0.87 km at its widest point. It has a catchment area of 213.6 km2. Lake Paucarcocha lies south of the Pariacaca mountain range, between P'itiqucha in the northwest and  Piscococha and Chuspicocha in the southeast. Moreover, the lake is located inside the valley of the Cañete River, being this river its primary inflow and outflow source.

The archaeological site of Pirca Pirca is situated north of the lake.

See also
 Cuchi Machay
 List of lakes in Peru
 Nor Yauyos-Cochas Landscape Reserve

References

Paucarcocha
Paucarcocha


text:
Eine Saison in Hakkari (Originaltitel Hakkâri'de Bir Mevsim) ist der dritte Spielfilm des Filmemachers Erden Kıral und eine Literaturverfilmung des Romans "Ein Winter in Hakkari" des türkischen Schriftstellers Ferit Edgü. Koproduziert wurde der Film aus dem Jahr 1983, dessen internationaler Verleihtitel A Season in Hakkari ist, von der Kentel Film GmbH in München.

Inhalt

Der Film spielt in Hakkâri, einer abgeschiedenen Provinz im Südosten der Türkei. Hierher wird ein allzu freigeistiger Lehrer aus Istanbul strafversetzt. In der kargen Hochgebirgs-Landschaft erwartet ihn der totale Kulturschock. Konfrontiert mit Armut, Analphabetismus und einer patriarchalischen Gesellschaft, taut der Lehrer jedoch nach und nach auf und versucht, die Zeit seiner Verbannung sinnvoll zu nutzen.

Dabei lernen die Kinder ebenso viel von ihm wie er von der Kultur, dem Überlebenswillen und Stolz der Menschen in dieser unwirtlichen und zurückgebliebenen Region.

Kritiken
"Erden Kirals Film gewinnt seine Kraft aus den Bildern, und diese sind geprägt von einer allgewaltigen Natur, in der sich das Dorf wie eine winzige Irregularität ausnimmt. Beherrschend sind die Berge, der Schnee, der Wind, die Nacht, die Sonne, der Mond."

"Nur sparsam reden die Menschen in Erden Kirals Werk. Das ist auch gar nicht nötig."

"Erden Kiral gelang ein ungewöhnlicher, überaus poetischer und überzeugender Film über das Aufeinandertreffen unterschiedlicher Kultur und über das harte Leben in der kurdischen Provinz."

Auszeichnungen
In der Türkei damals verboten, wurde Erden Kiral 1983 mit dem Silbernen Bären der Berliner Filmfestspiele ausgezeichnet.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Filmtitel 1983
Deutscher Film
Türkischer Film
Filmdrama


text:
Maura McLaughlin Ph.D. is currently an astrophysics professor at West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia. She holds a Bachelor's of Science degree from Pennsylvania State University and a Ph.D. from Cornell University.  She is known for her work on furthering the research on gravitational waves and for her dedication to the Pulsar Search Collaboratory. She was named a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2021.

Early life and education
McLaughlin grew up in Oreland, Pennsylvania.

She received a Bachelor's of Science degree in Astronomy and Astrophysics from the Pennsylvania State University in 1994. She obtained a Ph.D. in Astronomy and Space Sciences from Cornell University in 2001. McLaughlin is currently a professor in Astronomy and Physics at West Virginia University. McLaughlin is married to Duncan Lorimer, a physics professor also at West Virginia University, with whom she has three children.

Work
McLaughlin is chair of the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) collaboration. The team was originally funded by a 6.5 million dollar award given to them by the National Science Foundation as part of the Partnerships for International Research and Education (PIRE) program and is now an NSF Physics Frontier Center. McLaughlin was also fundamental in the discovery of the double-pulsar system as well as in the discovery of several new pulsars. McLaughlin dedicates her time to the Pulsar Search Collaboratory located in Green Bank, West Virginia. The Pulsar Search Collaboratory involves high school students in a collaborative effort with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) to further information and discover new pulsars.

McLaughlin conducts her research on pulsars using the Green Bank Telescope and the Arecibo Observatory.

Awards

 Cottrell Scholar Award
 Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship
 PIRE Program Award
Fellow of the American Physical Society

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Women astrophysicists
American astrophysicists
West Virginia University faculty
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Cornell University alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society


text:
Catherine Bourke, nacida McHugh (1 de noviembre de 1879-15 de abril de 1912), fue una pasajera de tercera clase del RMS Titanic, que pereció en el naufragio del transatlántico.

Biografía
Nacida en Tawnagh, Adergoole (condado de Mayo, Irlanda), Catherine era hija de Patrick McHugh, granjero, y Mary Madden, quienes contrajeron matrimonio el 22 de mayo de 1865 en Ballina. Catherine tenía seis hermanos: Margaret (nacida el 4 de mayo de 1866), Anthony (nacido el 27 de agosto de 1868), Mary (nacida el 10 de septiembre de 1870), Cecily (nacida el 8 de marzo de 1877), Ellen (nacida el 3 de noviembre de 1881) y Thomas (nacido el 17 de noviembre de 1883).

Los padres de Catherine murieron cuando ella tenía dieciséis años. Su madre falleció tras padecer durante seis meses de una salud delicada, produciéndose su deceso el 19 de enero de 1886, mientras que su padre falleció de cáncer el 25 de septiembre del mismo año. Catherine emigró a Estados Unidos en los siguientes cinco años, estableciéndose en Chicago, Illinois. Regresó a Irlanda junto a su amiga Catherine McGowan en octubre de 1910, contrayendo matrimonio con el granjero y conocido de la infancia John Bourke el 5 de marzo de 1911 en la iglesia parroquial de Lahardane. Ambos vivieron junto con Mary, hermana de John, en el número 11 de Carrowskeheen.

Catherine McGowan regresó a su ciudad natal, Mayo, a finales de 1911, teniendo previsto volver a Chicago en la primavera del año siguiente junto con su sobrina Annie. Esto tal vez influyó en John a la hora de decidir emigrar a Chicago, haciendo planes junto con su esposa y su hermana para establecerse allí. Una de las hermanas de Catherine, Ellen, residía en Chicago, concretamente en el número 66 de Ruby Street.

Catherine se unió a un grupo de alrededor de doce personas compuestas por habitantes de la localidad con la intención de viajar todos juntos en tercera clase en el RMS Titanic, abordando Catherine junto con su esposo el transatlántico en Queenstown el 11 de abril de 1912 con el billete número 364849. La noche del hundimiento, Catherine, John y Mary se encontraban durmiendo cuando el Titanic impactó contra un iceberg, siendo despertados por un miembro de la tripulación, quien les pidió que se levantasen y se vistiesen. Los tres, probablemente junto con otras personas que también viajaban a bordo, lograron alcanzar las cubiertas superiores, teniendo Catherine y Mary la oportunidad de subir a un bote salvavidas. No obstante, ambas se negaron a abandonar el barco sin John, quien no podía acceder a los botes puesto que imperaba la norma «mujeres y niños primero», muriendo los tres en el naufragio, el cual tuvo lugar en las primeras horas de la madrugada del 15 de abril. El cuerpo de Catherine, en caso de haber sido recuperado, nunca fue identificado.

Referencias

Fallecidos en el RMS Titanic
Pasajeros del RMS Titanic


text:
Rome é um álbum idealizado e realizado pelo produtor norte-americano Danger Mouse e o compositor italiano Daniele Luppi. Levou cinco anos para ser feito e é uma homenagem à música dos  westerns spaghetti, além de uma recriação desse estilo de trilhas sonoras.

O álbum foi gravado com equipamentos analógicos da época e o auxílio de músicos presentes nas gravações originais de trilhas sonoras como as de Ennio Morricone, principal referência quando se trata desse tipo de música. Também foi reunido o coral Cantori Moderni, juntado por Alessandro Alessandroni presente em trilhas como a de  Três Homens em Conflito, composta por Morricone e dirigida por Sergio Leone, os dois ícones por detrás das câmeras responsáveis pela criação e consoidação dos western spaghetthi.

Participações no álbum incluem vocais de Jack White nas faixas "The Rose with the Broken Neck" e "Two Against the World", além de Norah Jones, que empresta voz às canções "Season's Trees", "Black" e "Problem Queen".

Faixas
"Theme of "Rome"" – 2:21
"The Rose with a Broken Neck" – 3:23
"Morning Fog" (interlude) – 0:39
"Season's Trees" – 3:12
"Her Hollow Ways" (interlude) – 0:57
"Roman Blue" – 3:13
"Two Against One" – 2:21
"The Gambling Priest" – 2:03
"The World" (interlude) – 1:02
"Black" – 3:32
"The Matador Has Fallen" – 1:47
"Morning Fog" – 2:06
"Problem Queen" – 2:37
"Her Hollow Ways" – 2:30
"The World" – 3:29

Desempenho nas paradas musicais

Créditos
Músicos
Gegè Munari - Bateria e percussão
Dario Rosciglione - Baixos
Luciano Ciccaglioni - Guitarras e violões
Antonello Vannucchi - Celesta, harpsichord, órgão e piano
Roberto Podio - Percussão
Gilda Buttà - Celesta e harpsichord
Cantori Moderni - Coral
Jack White - Vocais (em "The Rose with the Broken Neck", "Two Against One" e "The World")
Norah Jones - Vocais (Season's Trees", "Black" e "Problem Queen")

Gravação e arranjos
Danger Mouse - Produção, arranjos, mixagem
Daniele Luppi - Produção, arranjos, mixagem, orquestra e regente do coral
Fabio Patrignani - Engenharia de som, mixagem

Álbuns de 2011
Álbuns de indie rock
Álbuns de folk rock


text:
İskenderun Sahilspor is a defunct sports club of İskenderun, Turkey.

Stadium
The team used to play at the 12400 capacity 5 Temmuz Stadium.

League participations
 TFF Second League: 1987–1993

League performances

Source: mackolik: Hatay Sahilspor

References

External links

Sport in İskenderun
Football clubs in Hatay
Defunct football clubs in Turkey


text:
Uropyia hammamelis är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Clayton Dissinger Mell 1931. Uropyia hammamelis ingår i släktet Uropyia och familjen tandspinnare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Tandspinnare
hammamelis


text:
Imasega rufithorax  — вид ос-блестянок, единственный в составе монотипического рода Imasega из подсемейства Amiseginae.

Распространение
Южная Азия: Шри-Ланка.

Описание
Мелкие осы-блестянки (около 3 мм) с рыжей грудью. Голова без затылочного киля, щёчные бороздки развиты. Пронотум сильно выпуклый, равен 0,5 от комбинированной длины скутума, скутеллюма и метанотума (метанотум равен длине скутеллюма). Проподеум округлый без зубцов. Мезоплеврон без бороздок. Самцы крылатые с очень длинными усиками. Самки неизвестны. Коготки лапок зубчатые. Паразитоиды. Таксон был впервые описан в 1983 году американским гименоптерологом Карлом Кромбейном (Karl V. Krombein; Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Вашингтон, США).

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Осы-блестянки
Насекомые Азии
Животные, описанные в 1983 году
Эндемики Шри-Ланки
Монотипические роды перепончатокрылых


text:
Polycide is a silicide formed over polysilicon. Widely used in DRAMs. In a polycide MOSFET transistor process, the silicide is formed only over the polysilicon film as formation occurs prior to any polysilicon etch. Polycide processes contrast with salicide processes in which silicide is formed after the polysilicon etch. Thus, with a salicide process, silicide is formed over both the polysilicon gate and the exposed monocrystalline terminal regions of the transistor in a self-aligned fashion.

Semiconductor device fabrication
Silicon


text:
La Kadett est une automobile compacte du constructeur automobile allemand Opel construite de 1937 à 1940, puis le nom fut repris de 1962 à 1993.

En 1991, elle est remplacée par l'Astra.

Kadett Première Génération (1937-1940)

La production est interrompue en 1940 par la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

En 1945, l'Armée rouge qui occupa l'Allemagne, récupéra les plans et l'outillage d'Opel, qui servit de base à la première voiture de Moskvitch : la 400/420.

Par rapport à l'Opel, la Moskvitch offrait .

La Renault Juvaquatre de 1937 (dont la version break commerciale tôlée- la dauphinoise- fut produite jusqu'en 1960) était nettement inspirée de l'Opel Kadett.

Un moteur de  () et boîte  lui permettait d'atteindre une vitesse maximale de . La 400/420 a été produite à  jusqu'en 1956.

Kadett A (1962 - 1965)

La première Opel Kadett d'après la guerre est sortie d'usine en octobre 1962.

Entre 1962 et ,  Kadett A ont été construites.

En plus de la berline, la gamme comprenait un coupé et un break (appelé Caravan), ainsi qu'une exécution de luxe (modèle L).

Kadett B (1965 - 1973)

La berline Opel Kadett B est apparue en 1965 pour concurrencer la Volkswagen Coccinelle.

Elle est disponible dans de nombreuses versions : Berline 2 ou 4 portes (avec transmission automatique ou manuelle), break (2 ou 4 portes), coupé (2 types de carrosserie : coupé standard et coupé Kiemen), fastback (2 et 4 portes), et même une version coupé Rallye.

Kadett C (1973 - 1979)

Apparue en 1973 la Kadett C est produite par Opel, mais aussi par Isuzu au Japon et vendue comme Isuzu Gemini dans les marchés asiatiques, ainsi qu'en Australie sous d'autres noms. En Corée du Sud, Daewoo Motors en construisit une version connue sous le nom de Daewoo Maepsy.

La Kadett C fut aussi à la base de la Vauxhall Chevette (versions sportives HS, puis 2300 HSR), qui avaient subi un restylage frontal, et utilisait un moteur de  à la place du  d'Opel. Bien que la production de la Kadett C ait pris fin en 1979, la Chevette a été produite jusqu'en janvier 1984.

Une version actualisée de l'Isuzu Gemini fut importée aux États-Unis et commercialisée au début des années 1980.

Kadett D (1979 - 1984)

La quatrième génération de l'Opel Kadett est apparue en 1979. La version anglaise fut connue sous le nom de Vauxhall Astra et a été lancée en 1980.

Elle fut la première Opel traction avant.

Tous les modèles ont été conçus en 2, 3, 4 et 5 portes. Les versions 2 et 4 portes qui utilisaient les mêmes coques ont été rapidement abandonnées en Europe.

La Kadett D apportait des nouvelles évolutions technologiques grâce à son moteur à un seul arbre à cames en tête et sa culasse en alliage d'aluminium pour des cylindrées de . Une version  de 115 ch a été introduite pour la Kadett/Astra GTE.

Ce type de moteur a ensuite été utilisé pour les modèles Corsa/Nova en Nouvelle-Écosse et pour la berline Ascona/Cavalier. La Kadett D fut également équipée d'un diesel de .

Kadett E (1984 - 1993)

En Europe
L'Opel Kadett E est produite à  entre  et . Commercialisée en Europe par Opel, elle fut vendue en Grande-Bretagne par Vauxhall sous l'appellation Vauxhall Belmont puis Vauxhall Astra MK2. Elle fut produite dans les usines de Bochum (Allemagne), Anvers (Belgique), Azambuja (Portugal) et Ellesmere Port (Royaume-Uni) pour sa dérivée Vauxhall.

Son style aérodynamique tranchait avec sa devancière (Opel Kadett D) et de nombreuses études en soufflerie ont permis d'atteindre un coefficient CX de 0.32 (0.35 pour le break) et même 0.30 pour la version GSi.

En 1985, elle fut élue voiture de l'année 1985 (Europan Car of the Year) avec un score de , loin devant la Renault 25 et la Lancia Thema avec respectivement .

À noter qu'il s'agissait du premier titre de voiture de l'année remporté par Opel.

En France
À l'automne 1984 Opel lançait la cinquième génération de la Kadett depuis les années 1960, seconde génération à traction avant. Dès le début de commercialisation, la gamme était assez complète avec trois types de carrosseries (//break) et cinq motorisations (du  à culbuteurs développant  au  arbre à cames en tête à injection développant  sans oublier le  diesel atmosphérique de ).

À l'automne 1985, pour les millésimes 1986, les Kadett Berlines reçoivent un plus grand réservoir de  ( avant 1986 pour Berlines et GSi). Le break conserve quant à lui son réservoir de .

En , au Salon de Francfort, Opel présente trois nouvelles carrosseries pour enrichir la gamme : Berline , Cabriolet et fourgonnette baptisée Combo. Les deux dernières ne devant être commercialisées que courant 1986.

Les modèles commercialisés à partir de février 1987 subissent quelques transformations :
 De nouveaux pare-chocs avant et arrière pour la Kadett GT,
 Le moteur  subit de profondes modifications, il passe de super-carré à longue course, son taux de compression augmente à 10:1, l'accord admission-échappement est repensé (nouveaux collecteurs d'échappement et d'admission), les pistons sont allégés, les chambres de combustion améliorées et les frottements internes sont réduits de 25 %. Il passe ainsi de  à  à  à  et son couple maxi passe de  dès  à  dès .

En , la Kadett GSi adopte un nouveau moteur   à injection Bosch Motronic développant  (20SEH) en remplacement du  (18E, ).

Le moteur  n'est pas abandonné mais il est retravaillé pour délivrer son couple à plus bas régime ( à ) mais perd au passage  ( au lieu de ). Il ne sera plus disponible sur GSi mais sur Kadett GT.

En 1987, la variante cabriolet signée Bertone fut introduite. Dotée d'une capote en toile à mécanisme manuel dans les premiers temps, elle fut ensuite commercialisée avec le pack électrique en option.

La Gamme 1987 se présente donc ainsi :
 Versions LS/GL/GLS équipées des moteurs ,  et .
 Version GT équipées des moteurs  et .
 Version GSi et GSi cabriolet équipées du   (20SEH de  pour la berline et 20NE de  pour la Cabriolet).

En 1988, la gamme 1987 est reconduite mais les versions GLS disparaissent du catalogue.

Au printemps 1988, la Kadett GSi reçoit un nouveau moteur  16v (20XE) à double arbres à cames en tête en supplément du  8v.

En , tous les modèles reçoivent un supplément d'équipements.

À partir de 1989, Opel lance une gamme très complète de véhicule utilitaires :
 La Kadett Affaire (berline ) équipée des moteurs 1.2S, 1.3S et 1.6S.
 La Kadett Delvan (break  en version tôlée ou vitrée) avec une seule motorisation 1.2S
 La Kadett Combo (fourgonnette) équipée des moteurs 1.3N et 1.3S.
 La Kadett Caravan (break 5 places, 3 ou 5 portes) équipée des moteurs  et .

En , toute la gamme subit un restylage, l'intérieur gagne en finition et de nouvelles options apparaissent. L'extérieur subit lui aussi quelques améliorations mineures. Extérieurement, la calandre est redessinée et séparée du pare-chocs avant (sauf GSi).

En , la Kadett GSi  16v reçoit l'ABS de série.

Les versions LS 5 portes, Affaire et Delvan équipées du moteur 1.2S disparaissent du catalogue.

La Kadett Caravan GL 1.3S disparait elle aussi du catalogue tandis qu'une version Caravan (break) équipée du 2.0i fait son apparition.

En , le moteur  est remplacé par le  de  sur les finitions LS et GL. Il dispose de la même puissance que son prédécesseur mais son couple plus important est disponible à plus bas régime.

Opel commercialise deux séries limitées :
 L'Exclusive sur base LS  avec jantes de Kadett GT et rétroviseurs ton carrosserie
 La Cabrio Fashion avec le moteur , peinture métallisée, pare-chocs peints type Kadett GT, jantes alliage et volant trois branches.

En , les finitions GL et GT en berline et en break (Caravan) sont supprimées du catalogue. La Gamme LS break reçoit des barres de toit de série.

Opel commercialise deux séries limitées :
 L'Ultima, une version haut de gamme avec sellerie velours, vitres électriques, verrouillage centralisé, toit ouvrant et compte tours.
 La Sprint équipée d'un volant trois branches, de sièges avant sport, de jantes alliage et de rétroviseurs ton carrosserie.

Ces deux modèles sont équipés du  (1.6S) de .

En , Opel commercialise un break en finition Exclusive.

Courant 1991, tous les modèles berline et break sont arrêtés et remplacés par l'Opel Astra F. L'Opel Kadett signa le renouveau d'Opel dans les années 1980. La série continua avec l'Opel Astra F en continuité du dernier modèle Kadett E, une sorte d'hommage à l'un des véhicules historiques de la marque.

Seule la Kadett Cabriolet reste au catalogue en attendant l'Astra Cabrio mais elle change de dénomination pour Opel Cabrio. Les modèles Cabrio 1.6i (C16NZ) à injection monopoint Multec et 2.0i (C20NE) à injection multipoint Bosch Motronic 1.5 sont équipés de catalyseurs.

Entre 1985 et 1993, près de  d'Opel Kadett E ont été vendues à travers le monde. Le record de la marque étant toujours détenu par l'Opel Astra F avec  d'exemplaires.

Kadett E GSi
L'Opel Kadett E GSi est la dérivée "Sportive" du modèle Kadett E. Sur base du modèle GL, elle recevait de nombreux équipements spécifiques.

L'intérieur respire la sportivité avec notamment des sièges semi-baquets Recaro, un compteur de vitesse LCD, un boîtier Check-Control (voyants au tableau de bord), un volant sport à 3 branches et un ordinateur de bord numérique (en option).

L'extérieur n'a pas été négligé et bénéficie de nombreux éléments caractéristiques. Les boucliers avant et arrière sont spécifiques et peints ton carrosserie. Un spoiler arrière, des prises d'air de capot et des bas de caisse spécifiques sont ajoutés. Le modèle GSi est équipé de série de deux rétroviseurs, de clignotants avant blancs et de feux arrière teintés et intégrant deux feux de recul (un seul sur le modèle classique). Le feu anti-brouillard arrière est quant à lui intégré dans le bouclier arrière. Un bandeau adhésif noir est apposé sur le hayon, entre les deux feux arrière. Ces modifications n'étaient pas uniquement esthétiques et avaient permis d'atteindre un coefficient CX de 0.30, ce qui était le record de l'époque pour un véhicule de série dans la catégorie compacte (Ex. 205 GTi, CX = 0.34, avec cependant une trentaine de cm de moins, une 309 profil affichera un CX équivalent à la Kadett GSI). L'Opel Kadett E GSi était équipée d'enjoliveurs ou jantes 14" spécifiques (selon les pays).

Entre 1984 et 1986, la Kadett GSi n'était motorisée que par le  (18E/115 ch) issue de l'Opel Kadett D GTE.

En 1986, en Allemagne, une version  (C18NE/100 ch) catalysée fut ajoutée afin de répondre aux normes anti-pollution de l'époque.

En  (modèle 1987), le  est remplacé par un  (20SEH (non catalysé)/130 ch ou C20NE (catalysé)/115 ch selon les pays).

Présenté au salon de Francfort 1987 (), et commercialisée au printemps 1988, une nouvelle motorisation  16 soupapes fait son apparition au catalogue. Il s'agit du 20XE développant 156 ch (ou C20XE 150 ch en version catalysée selon les pays).

En , le restylage permet de donner un coup de jeune à l'intérieur avec notamment de nouveaux tissus, un nouveau volant et de nombreuses options ajoutées. L'extérieur reste quant à lui inchangé.

Sur le marché de l'occasion, il est aujourd'hui assez facile de trouver des Kadett E cabriolets mais les GSi et GSi 16v sont de plus en plus rares.

Entre 1988 et 1991, la production totale d'Opel Kadett GSi 16v s'élève à  unités.

Autres marchés
L'Opel Kadett E fut commercialisée par d'autres marques du groupe GM. C'est ainsi que les marques Vauxhall, Pontiac, Chevrolet, Daewoo, Isuzu, Asüna et Passeport profitèrent du savoir-faire d'Opel pour agrémenter leurs gammes.
Vauxhall Belmont
Vauxhall Astra MK II
Pontiac LeMans
Chevrolet Kadett
Chevrolet Ipanema
Daewoo LeMans
Daewoo Nexia (évolution de la Daewoo LeMans)
UzDaewoo Nexia II (évolution de la Daewoo Nexia)
Daewoo Racer
Daewoo Cielo (évolution de la Daewoo Racer)
Daewoo Pointer
Daewoo Fantasy
Asüna SE
Asüna GT
Passport Optima
Isuzu Optima

À la fin des années 1980 et au début des années 1990, en Afrique du Sud, une version plus pointue de la Kadett GSi 16v fait son apparition. Il s'agit de l'Opel Kadett GSi Superboss, équipée du puissant  essence C20XES développant  soit 170 ch. Cette série limitée avait pour but de permettre l'homologuation du véhicule pour les courses Groupe N Stannic et ainsi concurrencer les BMW 325. Elle était équipée d'arbres à cames Schrick plus agressifs (276°), d'un collecteur d'admission amélioré, d'un collecteur d'échappement 4-1, d'une ligne d'échappement libre, d'un kit d'amortisseurs Irmscher, d'un calculateur moteur modifié par Promotec, d'un différentiel à glissement limité Andre Verwey et de jantes spécifiques 7Jx15 ET35 en alliage léger. De nombreuses Kadett GSi Superboss ont été couronnées de succès dans les compétitions automobiles de ce pays. Avec cette notoriété, les commandes sont devenues si nombreuses que la production initialement limitée à  fut prolongée.

Motorisations Essence

Motorisations Diesel

Galerie photo

Références
 Revue Technique Automobile : Opel Kadett série "E" moteur essence, ETAI, Éditions Techniques pour l'Automobile et l'Industrie,
 Fiche d'essai Opel Kadett GSi : une bombe méconnue, Archives & Collections
 Fiche caractéristiques, Brochure Opel "La Nouvelle Kadett", Général Motors France,
 Fiche caractéristiques, Brochure Opel "Kadett GSi", General Motors Continental S.A,

Liens externes

 http://www.kadett-club.fr/, forum avec de nombreux membres pour vous aider à restaurer, réparer et entretenir votre Kadett E

Kadett
Opel Kadett E cabriolet
Automobile des années 1930
Automobile des années 1940
Automobile des années 1960
Automobile des années 1970
Automobile des années 1980
Automobile des années 1990
Voiture de rallye
Berline


text:
Tetraconcha banzyvilliana är en insektsart som beskrevs av Griffini 1909. Tetraconcha banzyvilliana ingår i släktet Tetraconcha och familjen vårtbitare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Vårtbitare
banzyvilliana


text:
Die Görlitzer Innenstadt grenzt an die historische Altstadt und ist geprägt durch die zur Gründerzeit entstandenen Gebäude und Bauten im Stil des Historismus (Gründerzeitviertel). Da Görlitz den Zweiten Weltkrieg fast unbeschädigt überstand, bietet sich Besuchern ein zusammenhängendes historisches Stadtbild.

Entwicklung und Geschichte

Außerhalb der Stadtmauer, die die historische Altstadt von Görlitz umgab, befanden sich Vorstädte, die noch Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts einen ländlichen Charakter aufwiesen. Dies waren die Frauenvorstadt vor dem Frauenturm sowie vor dem Reichenbacher Turm die Reichenbacher Vorstadt entlang der Straße, die nach Reichenbach/O.L. und Bautzen führte. Ab den 1840er Jahren setzte in den Vorstädten eine rege Bautätigkeit ein.

Durch den Bau der Innenstadt ergaben sich in der Stadt zwei Stadtzentren, das "alte" Zentrum Ober- und Untermarkt sowie das "neue" am Kaisertrutz. Während der Zeit verschob sich dieses Zentrum immer wieder. Besonders in der Zeit der DDR wanderte der zentrale Kern in Richtung Berliner Straße und Demianiplatz.

Die Innenstadt verlor während des Sozialismus an Bedeutung, da sie zum einen unansehnlich wurde und zum anderen durch neu erschlossene Gebiete, wie Weinhübel, auch ihre zentrale Lage verlor. Erst durch die Entstehung des Plattenbauviertels im Stadtteil Königshufen wurde sie wieder ins Zentrum gerückt und erlebte einen kleinen Aufschwung. Nach der Wende wurde durch Fördergelder eine aufwendige Sanierung vollzogen, welche die Innenstadt nicht nur verschönerte, sondern auch für Gewerbetreibende wieder attraktiver machte.
Als das City-Center Frauentor an der Stelle des abgerissenen Wilhelmtheaters gebaut wurde, starb der obere Teil der Berliner Straße fast vollständig aus, da dadurch das Zentrum in Richtung Demianiplatz gezogen wurde.

Gewerbe
Der untere Teil der Berliner Straße ist heute die Hauptfußgängerzone von Görlitz. Nicht weit von hier liegt das Kaufhaus Görlitz, eines der wenigen erhaltenen Kaufhäuser der Vorkriegszeit in Deutschland. Es wurde bis zur Schließung 2009 von der Hertie GmbH betrieben und war das einzige Kaufhaus dieser Kette ohne Rolltreppe. Hinter dem historischen Kaufhaus befindet sich das City-Center Frauentor, welches Standort vieler Läden ist. Der erhoffte Erfolg des Centers blieb bislang allerdings aus.

Verkehr
Am oberen Ende der Berliner Straße Ecke Bahnhofstraße befindet sich der Hauptbahnhof von Görlitz mit Anschluss an das Netz des Trilex und der Ostdeutschen Eisenbahn Gesellschaft (ODEG).

Die Görlitzer Innenstadt ist an fast alle Verkehrslinien der Görlitzer Verkehrsbetriebe angeschlossen.

Straßenbahn:
 Linie 1 (von Weinhübel über Bahnhof/Südausgang und Demianiplatz nach Königshufen, NeißePark)
 Linie 2 (von Biesnitz/Landeskrone über Bahnhof/Südausgang und Demianiplatz nach Königshufen/Am Wiesengrund)

Stadtbus:
 Linie A (von Hochschule über Demianiplatz nach Landskronsiedlung)
 Linie B (von Klinikum/Virchowstraße über Demianiplatz und Bahnhof/Südausgang nach Rauschwalde (Diesterwegplatz))
 Linie C (von Königshufen bis Demianiplatz)
 Linie D (von Hochschule über Bahnhof und Demianiplatz nach Klingewalde)
 Linie N (von Rauschwalde (Diesterwegplatz) über Bahnhof/Südausgang nach Biesnitz/Landeskrone)
 Linie P (von Bahnhof über Postplatz, Busbahnhof Zgorzelec und Bahnhof "Zgorzelec Miasto" bis zum real-Markt in Polen)

Einzelnachweise

Stadtteil von Görlitz