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The Jaguar Mark V (pronounced mark five) is a luxury automobile built by Jaguar Cars Ltd of Coventry in England from 1948 to 1951. It was available as a four-door Saloon (sedan) and a two-door convertible known as the Drop Head Coupé, both versions seating five adults. It was the first Jaguar with independent front suspension, first with hydraulic brakes, first with spats (fender skirts), first specifically designed to be produced in both Right and Left Hand Drive configurations, first with disc centre wheels, first with smaller wider 16" balloon tyres, first to be offered with sealed headlamps and flashing turn signals for the important American market, and the last model to use the pushrod engines.

History
The Mark V was introduced to distributors and the press on 30 September 1948 and launched on 27 October 1948 at the London Motor Show at the same time as the announcement of the XK120, with which it shared a stand. The XK120, though not quite ready for production, was the star of the show. However, the Mark V vastly outsold the XK120 by roughly 5,000 cars per year as compared to 2,000 cars per year for the XK120. Three cars were built in late 1948 and saloon production was well under way at the factory on Swallow Road at Holbrook Lane in the Foleshill district of Coventry by March 1949, though the DHC was delayed for some months, and the last cars were built in mid 1951.

Features
While the XK120 had a new overhead-camshaft XK engine, the Mark V retained the 1946-48 driveline including the overhead-valve pushrod straight-6 2½L and 3½L engines, now since 1946 produced by Jaguar, which the company had purchased from the Standard Motor Company before the Second World War and the four-speed single-helical gearbox produced by both Jaguar and the Moss Gear Company of Birmingham. Automatic transmission was not available at this time. The 1½L Standard engine used in previous models was not offered in the Mark V. Claimed power output in this application was  for the 2664 cc Mark V and  for its more popular 3485 cc sibling.

The chassis frame was new with deep box sections and cross bracing for improved stiffness in handling and cornering, and independent front suspension by double wishbones and torsion bars, an arrangement that would be used by Jaguar for many future vehicles. It has weldments and brackets provided for both Left Hand and Right Hand Drive brake and clutch pedal linkages, so the chassis could be assembled in either configuration. It also had hydraulic brakes, which were necessary with the independent suspension, and which Jaguar had been slow to adopt compared to other manufacturers, and an all pressed steel body on the saloon, though the DHC still had wood framing in the doors. Another new feature was that the rear of the chassis swept over the rear axle to provide greater movement for improved comfort, whereas on previous models it had been underslung.

The styling of the car followed prewar SS-Jaguar lines with upright chrome grille and the leaping Jaguar radiator cap mascot was available as an option. The Autocar called it rich yet with unostentatious looks, in outline halfway between the old and new. There is a distinct hint of the recently modernised Bentley look in the style of the front grill.

The wheels were  steel-disc type, significantly smaller than the  wheels on the MK IV. From the side, a distinctive styling touch on the saloon was a "tuck in" curve at the base of the rear quarter window following the curved profile of the side glass, a feature retained on many subsequent models. Rear-wheel spats were standard.  There was also a drophead coupé version.

For the UK and most foreign markets, 7.7" Lucas PF770 headlamps were used, along with flip-out trafficator semaphore turn indicators. For the important American market, 7" sealed headlights were used, along with flashing turn signals incorporated into the front side lamp and rear tail lamp units in place of trafficators.

The Mark V was available in 12 single paint colours, in various combinations with 7 upholstery colours, but the factory did not offer two-tone treatment, nor did they offer white wall tyres. Two cars were done by the factory in two-tone schemes, and 32 others in various special colours, for unknown reasons. Others may have been repainted as two-tone by American dealers before or after the sale, as well as fitting white wall tyres.

Performance
A 3½ litre car tested by The Motor magazine in 1949 had a top speed of  and could accelerate from 0– in 20.4 seconds. The Autocar called the steering light at all speeds and free from road reaction, and said the new suspension showed great merit in comfort and stability, with performance figures very satisfactory. Jaguar's test engineer Norman Dewis used a Mark V regularly. When asked about the top speed he saw in his car, he commented that he verified 90 mph once, but the thrill of the moment did not encourage repeating the feat. (The speedometer is in front of the passenger.) A fuel consumption of  was recorded. The test car cost £1263 including taxes.

Production
Production figures were:

In 1951 the Mark V was replaced by the Jaguar Mark VII.   The Mark VII had the same  wheelbase as the Mark V, but a longer and more streamlined-looking body, which continued in production with little outward change through the Jaguars Mark VIII and Mark IX until 1961.

The Mark V name
The origin of the Mark V name, always printed in company documents as a Roman numeral V, never an Arabic number 5, is somewhat mysterious as there had been no Mk I to IV Jaguars and the MK IV designation was only given to its predecessor after the launch of the Mark V.

Chairman and chief stylist William Lyons (Sir William after 1956) and his team of body-shop assistants known as panel beaters put together five prototype bodies with various chassis experiments in the 1946-1948 period before he was satisfied with the result, and the chosen one was known as Mark V in internal documents. Lyons explained this in a speech given on 30 September 1948 to introduce the new car to distributors and members of the press, so that is how the Mark V got its name. A photograph of the discarded prototypes survives with the Jaguar Daimler Heritage Trust.

References
Jaguar Buyer's Guide Michael L Cook. Motorbooks International, USA. 1996.

External links

Mark 5
Cars introduced in 1948
1950s cars
Limousines


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Christoph Engelbrecht von Brevern lub von Brevern-Kieckel  (ur. 17 grudnia 1782 w Kostifer, zm. 3 stycznia 1863 w Mitawie) – działacz państwowy Imperium Rosyjskiego, sędzia, gubernator kurlandzki w latach 1827–1853.

Życiorys
Christoph Engelbrecht von Brevern urodził się 17 grudnia 1782 roku w Kostifer w guberni estońskiej. Jego ród wywodził się ze Śląska, w 1694 roku został włączony do szwedzkiej szlachty. Edukację zakończył na szkole katedralnej w Rewlu. W 1799 roku rozpoczął służbę wojskową w Siemionowskim pułku Gwardii. W 1802 roku przeszedł do jednego z gwardyjskich pułków kawaleryjskich stacjonujących w Sankt Petersburgu. Z wojska odszedł w 1806 roku, dosłużywszy się rangi rotmistrza sztabowego.

W 1811 roku rozpoczął karierę w sądownictwie: najpierw jako hakenrichter (sędzia policyjny) w guberni estońskiej, a od 1815 roku jako wirlandzki sędzia powiatowy. W 1821 roku objął urząd landrata estońskiego.

Szczytowym etapem jego kariery był urząd gubernatora kurlandzkiego. Został nań nominowany przez Mikołaja I 27 listopada 1827 roku, w miejsce Paula von Hahna. Jako przyczyny jego nominacji wymienia się jego służbę w Petersburgu, wpływ jego teścia oraz list z rekomendacją jego nazwiska, który generał-gubernator bałtycki Filippo Paulucci wysłał sześć dni wcześniej do carskiej kancelarii. Pełnienie obowiązków von Brevern rozpoczął  lub 19 grudnia 1827 roku. Jako gubernator wzywał do zachowania spokoju w okresie powstania listopadowego. Przeciwstawił się też reformie, mającej poprawić los chłopów kurlandzkich. W opinii mieszkańców, Brevern był tylko nominalnym gubernatorem, zaś wszelkie istotne decyzje podejmował radca August Beitler. Uważał się za pierwszego cywilnego gubernatora guberni, który używał w swoich sprawozdaniach języka rosyjskiego. Dosłużył się rangi tajnego radcy (III cywilna w tabeli rang), a 8 kwietnia 1833 roku otrzymał indygenat szlachty kurlandzkiej. Służbę państwową zakończył  roku. Podczas jego uroczystego pożegnania, na pytanie o to, dlaczego Kurlandczycy tak gorąco żegnają kogoś, kto nic nie zrobił, ktoś miał odpowiedzieć: "To, co my w nim tak wysoko cenimy, to to, że on nic nie robił i że pozwolił Beitlerowi rządzić krajem." Zmarł 3 stycznia 1863 w Mitawie.

Rodzina
Christoph Engelbrecht von Brevern ożenił się 24 lutego 1807 roku z Julie von Strandmann (zm. 1830), córką generała-lejtnanta Ottona von Strandmanna. Doczekali się syna Johanna von Breverna (ur. 3 grudnia 1813, zm. 29 kwietnia 1885), który poszedł w ślady ojca i także pełnił funkcję gubernatora kurlandzkiego. Na stałe mieszkał ze swoją siostrą Anną von Brevern (ur. 1779, zm. ), która zmarła dzień przed nim.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Gubernatorzy kurlandzcy
Niemcy bałtyccy
Oficerowie Imperium Rosyjskiego
Urodzeni w 1782
Zmarli w 1863

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Ожбуй () — деревня в Агрызском районе Республики Татарстан России. Входит в состав Кулегашского сельского поселения.

История
Деревня Ожбуй была основана в XVIII веке. Население деревни состояло из представителей тептярского и башкирского сословий. Основными занятиями жителей Ожбуя были земледелие, скотоводство и плетение лаптей на продажу.
В «Списке населенных мест Российской империи», изданном в 1876 году, населённый пункт упомянут как казённая деревня Ожбуй Елабужского уезда (2-го стана), при речке Биме, расположенная в 90 верстах от уездного города Елабуга. В деревне насчитывалось 11 дворов и проживало 59 человек (25 мужчин и 34 женщины).
В начале XX века земельный надел сельской общины составлял 215,6 десятины.

До 1921 года деревня входила в Пьяноборскую волость Елабужского уезда Вятской губернии. С 1921 года в составе Агрызского, с 1924 года — Елабужского, с 1927 года — Челнинского кантонов Татарской АССР. С 10.08.1930 в Красноборском, с 28.10.1960 в Агрызском районе (с 01.02.1963 по 04.03.1964 — в Елабужском).

География
Деревня находится в северо-восточной части Татарстана, в подтаёжной зоне, в пределах южной части Сарапульской возвышенности, на левом берегу реки Бима, на расстоянии примерно 64 километров (по прямой) к юго-юго-востоку (SSE) от города Агрыз, административного центра района. Абсолютная высота — 142 метра над уровнем моря.

Часовой пояс

Население
Население деревни Ожбуй в 2012 году составляло 42 человека. Возрастная структура населения характеризовалась следующими данными: трудоспособное население составляло 24 чел. (57,14 %) от общей численности населения, лица старше трудоспособного возраста — 8 чел. (19,05 %), моложе трудоспособного возраста — 10 чел. (23,81 %).

 Национальный состав
Согласно результатам переписи 2002 года, в национальной структуре населения марийцы составляли 98 %.

Достопримечательности
В окрестностях деревни расположено Ожбуйское селище (III в. до н. э. — III в. н. э.; III — IV вв. н. э.), являющееся объектом культурного наследия.

Улицы
Уличная сеть деревни состоит из одной улицы (ул. Луговая).

Примечания

Населённые пункты Агрызского района


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Gotra (sanskrit) ou gotta (pali) désigne à l'origine un ancien nom de clan en Inde transmis en lignée paternelle. Le terme est utilisé au  pour désigner toutes sortes de lignées héréditaires, y compris matrilinéaires. Il est lié à la jāti. Les gotras sont à l'origine de noms de famille. Le sens originel du terme est étable, il désignerait à l'origine un ensemble de familles partageant la même étable, peut-être abritant spécialement des bêtes rituelles.

Selon la tradition, le système des gotras concernerait à l'origine exclusivement les brahmanes et serait apparu avant le  Il existerait sept gotras originels, issu chacun d'un des saptarshis, rishi (sage) des Védas né de l'esprit de Brahma : Gautama, Bharadvaja, Vishvamitra, Jamadagni, Vasishtha, Kasyapa, Atri ; la liste varie selon les sources et l'on trouve aussi Agastya au lieu de Vishvamitra. Avec le temps, d'autres gotras sont apparus tandis que ceux d'origine se subdivisaient en de nombreuses branches, donnant naissance à des noms de famille. Ils semblent avoir cessé très tôt d'être une exclusivité brahmane et brahmanique et concernent toutes les castes ainsi que des musulmans, sikhs ou bouddhistes indiens ou pakistanais. Le gotra rituel hindou reste néanmoins un gotra brahmane, les autres castes suivant théoriquement en religion celui de leur prêtre.

On connait des exemples de personnes adoptant un autre gotra de leur famille que celui qui leur échoit, ou combinant deux gotras : dans le Ramayana, on voit Rāma prendre le gotra de son arrière-grand-père (Raghu) plutôt que le sien propre (Surya) du fait du prestige du premier.

En principe, deux personnes portant le même gotra ne peuvent pas se marier, bien qu'il existe dans certaines communautés des exceptions ou des moyens de contourner l'interdit. La femme adopte le gotra de son mari.

Dans le bouddhisme mahayana, gotra peut prendre le sens de famille ou nature spirituelle.

Références

Système de castes en Inde


text:
Resolutie 1772 van de Veiligheidsraad van de Verenigde Naties werd op 20 augustus 2007 unaniem door de VN-Veiligheidsraad aangenomen en verlengde de autorisatie van de AU-vredesmacht in Somalië met een half jaar. De resolutie vroeg verder aan de VN-lidstaten om de scheepvaart voor de Somalische kust te beschermen tegen Somalische piraten.

Achtergrond
In 1960 werden de voormalige kolonies Brits Somaliland en Italiaans Somaliland onafhankelijk en samengevoegd tot Somalië. In 1969 greep het leger de macht en werd Somalië een socialistisch-islamitisch land. In de jaren 1980 leidde het verzet tegen het totalitair geworden regime tot een burgeroorlog en in 1991 viel het centrale regime. Vanaf dan beheersten verschillende groeperingen elke een deel van het land en enkele delen scheurden zich ook af van Somalië. In 2006 werd het grootste deel van Somalië veroverd door de Unie van Islamitische Rechtbanken. Op het einde van dat jaar werden zij echter door troepen uit buurland Ethiopië verjaagd. In 2008 werd piraterij voor de kust een groot probleem.

Inhoud

Waarnemingen
De Afrikaanse Unie had haar AMISOM-vredesmacht in Somalië met zes maanden verlengd en vroeg ook de Verenigde Naties om er een vredesoperatie op te zetten om de stabilisatie en heropbouw op lange termijn te ondersteunen.

De Veiligheidsraad steunde de Somalische overgangsinstellingen en benadrukte dat alle milities in het land ontwapend en gedemobiliseerd moesten worden. Ze veroordeelde ook alle geweld en extremisme in Somalië en was bezorgd om de opkomende piraterij voor de Somalische kust.

Handelingen
De Veiligheidsraad verwelkomde het nationale verzoeningscongres dat op touw werd gezet en drong bij alle partijen aan op deelname. Alle politieke, lokale en religieuze leiders, de zakenwereld en burgerorganisaties moesten betrokken worden. Tijdens het politiek proces moest een akkoord worden gevonden over het einde van de vijandelijkheden en een vredesproces met onder meer verkiezingen.

De lidstaten van de Afrikaanse Unie werden geautoriseerd om hun missie in Somalië met zes maanden te verlengen.
Die missie had als mandaat:
a. De dialoog en verzoening ondersteunen,
b. De overheidsinstellingen bijstaan en belangrijke infrastructuur beveiligen,
c. Helpen met de uitvoer van het nationaal veiligheids- en stabilisatieplan door onder meer veiligheidsdiensten op te richten en op te leiden,
d. Bijdragen aan de juiste omstandigheden voor de levering van humanitaire hulp,
e. Het eigen personeel en materieel beschermen.

De lidstaten die militaire schepen en vliegtuigen hadden in de buurt van Somalië werden gevraagd waakzaam te zijn en de commerciële scheepvaart, en vooral het vervoer van humanitaire hulp, te beschermen.

Verwante resoluties

 Resolutie 1744 Veiligheidsraad Verenigde Naties
 Resolutie 1766 Veiligheidsraad Verenigde Naties
 Resolutie 1801 Veiligheidsraad Verenigde Naties (2008)
 Resolutie 1811 Veiligheidsraad Verenigde Naties (2008)

 1772
VR1772


text:
Brive-la-Gaillarde este un oraș în Franța, sub-prefectură a departamentului Corrèze în regiunea Limousin. Este cel mai populat oraș al departamentului și al doilea cel mai populat oraș al regiunii Limousin după Limoges.

Sport
 CA Brive (rugby, Top 14)

Personalități marcante
 Pierre André Latreille, naturalist
 Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune, mareșali ai Imperiului
 Cédric Villani, matematician francez
 Édouard Valéry, rezistent. A fost pictor la Brive înainte de 1939
 Jean-Joseph Sanfourche, (1929-2010), pictor, poet, designer și sculptor francez, a locuit o vreme la Brive.

Vezi și

 Listă de orașe în Franța

Comune din Corrèze


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Isla Akça (en turco: Akça Adası también escrito Akçaada o bien Nisída Patátes) es una isla de Turquía cerca de la ciudad más grande de la costa turca del Egeo, la ciudad de Esmirna. Es una isla deshabitada y solo hay arbustos en la isla. Se encuentra entre las islas Arap, Yassica, las islas Cicek, las islas Kortas y la isla de İncirli. Esta en la costa del Puerto de Urla. Se trata de una pequeña isla rodeada de aguas turquesas, por lo que es un sitio de veraneo para los residentes de las localidades cercanas.

El nombre griego de Akca es Nisida Patates. La parte suroeste de la isla es un poco rocosa y hay un pequeño islote llamado Akçaca a 100 m frente a la costa.

Véase también
 Geografía de Turquía
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización

Archipiélagos e islas de Turquía del mar Egeo
Islas deshabitadas del mar Mediterráneo
Provincia de Esmirna


text:
Ilias Alhaft (born 23 February 1997) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays for Almere City, as a forward.

Career
Alhaft made his professional football debut for Sparta Rotterdam on 29 April 2016, in the 2–3 home win over FC Dordrecht. He came on as a substitute for Loris Brogno in the 85th minute. In the 2016–17 season, he also played in the second-tier Eerste Divisie with Jong Sparta, the reserve team. His contract was terminated in January 2019 and he continued his career at Almere City FC.

Personal life
Born in the Netherlands, Alhaft is of Moroccan descent.

Honours
Sparta Rotterdam
 Eerste Divisie: 2015–16

References

External links

 Ilias Alhaft at Kicker

1997 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
Dutch sportspeople of Moroccan descent
Sparta Rotterdam players
Almere City FC players
Eredivisie players
Eerste Divisie players
Tweede Divisie players
Association football forwards
Footballers from Rotterdam


text:
Jefferson Forest High School (JFHS) is one of the three high schools in Bedford County, Virginia. Jefferson Forest High School was first opened in 1972. The school's Principal is Brian Wilson, and the assistant principals are Jennifer Kline, Ben Martin, and Twanna Hancock.

History
JFHS is designed with four levels and houses over sixty-six classrooms. In 2008-2009, the school was renovated and added two new science and math hallways. In addition to regular classrooms, there is a library, weight room, gymnasium, auditorium, home economics room, industrial arts facility, band room, chorus room, and an art room. Jefferson Forest High School's past enrollment in 2006–2008 is 1,250 students and 1,375 in 2008–2009. There are 180 days in the school year. Each day starts with an optional zero period at 7:55 am and continues with six additional periods.

In 2018 and 2019, several controversial incidents occurred, including two where students displayed a Confederate flag and shared photos during the school's Spirit Week. This led to discussion at the school board level, including a proposal to ban the display of "any symbols of racism or oppression".

Staff
Support staff includes four administrators, four guidance counselors, two librarians, and one full-time and one part-time school nurse, and five secretaries. In addition, there is one English as a Second Language (ESL) teacher. 39% of teachers hold advanced degrees. 61% hold four-year degrees including seven teachers holding provisional licenses. All administrators hold advanced degrees. Five aides serve as personnel resources for the library, special education classrooms, and guidance office. One full-time resource officer provided by the county sheriff's department assists with legal and safety issues. The custodial staff includes nine employees, and the cafeteria staff includes nine part-time and two full-time employees.

Athletics
Soccer- State Champs 2011 (Boys),2017 (Girls), Runners-up in 2004 and 2021, State Semifinalists in 1999, 2000, 2006, 2009, 2012
Football - State Runners-up 1979 & 1991; State Champs Division 3 1992 and 1993
Girls Volleyball - State Champs 1997,State Runners-Up in 1984,1996 and 2003
Outdoor Track – State Champs 1999, 2000, and 2001, triple crown champs.
Baseball - State Champs 1988; State runners-up 1989; state runner up 2015
Band - 9th place at Nationals and a Virginia State Honor Band, National Concert Festival in Indianopolis, Indiana, 2012, 2018, Gold Medal at Carnegie Hall, 2017, State Champions Group 4A, 2018
Swimming- State 3rd place 2009, Boys 4A State Champions 2016-17 season
Theatre - State Runners-up 2012, 2014, 2016, 2022 Class 4 State Champions 2019, 2020 and 2021
Film - State Champs (Commercial/PSA) 2018, (Animation) 2022, Audience Choice (Experimental) 2019, 2022, (Animation) 2022
Improv - VTA State Champs 2015, 2016, 2019
Competition Cheerleading- State Champs 2003
Cross country - Seminole District Champions 1994-2014, Girl's State Champions 2000,2001,2013,2014, Boys' State Champions 2020
Diving - State Champion 2019
Scholastic Bowl - Class 4 State 2nd place (2021)

Notable alumni
Jake Grove (1980-), All-American Offensive Lineman at Virginia Tech and former Center for the Oakland Raiders and Miami Dolphins
Anthony Poindexter (1976-), All American and NCAA Hall of Fame Safety at University of Virginia. Former Special Teams member for the Baltimore Ravens, coach at Purdue University.

References

External links
Jefferson Forest High School

Public high schools in Virginia
Schools in Bedford County, Virginia
1972 establishments in Virginia


text:
Фокас С. Фокас () e гръцки лекар, преподавател в Атинския университет.

Биография
Фокас Фокас е роден в 1886 година в източномакедонския град Сяр. Преподава медицина в Атинския университет. В 1916 година става военен хирург. Участва в Гръцко-турската война и в 1921 година е убит от турски войници по време на изпълнение на лекарските си задължиния. Името му носи улица в Сяр.

Бележки

Гръцки лекари
Македонски гърци
Преподаватели в Атинския университет
Родени в Сяр


text:
José Leyver Ojeda Blas (* 12. November 1985 in Nanchital de Lázaro Cárdenas, Veracruz) ist ein mexikanischer Geher.

Sportliche Laufbahn
José Leyver Ojeda Blas sammelte im Jahr 2004 erste Wettkampferfahrung im Gehen auf nationaler Ebene. Drei Jahre später nahm er in der Geher-Challenge des Weltverbandes in Naucalpán teil, wurde über 20 km allerdings disqualifiziert. 2008 trat er in Chihuahua im gleichen Wettkampf an und belegte diesmal mit einer Zeit von 1:30:45 h den 19. Platz. 2009 konnte er sich deutlich bis auf 1:25:22 h verbessern. Zudem bestritt er seine ersten Wettkämpfe auf der 50-km-Distanz und stellte im Oktober in Italien mit 3:57:15 h eine Bestzeit auf. Im März 2011 verbesserte er sich auf 3:52:33 h und qualifizierte sich damit für die Weltmeisterschaften in Daegu. Anfang April konnte er sich auch über 20 km bis auf 1:22:30 h steigern. Anfang September trat er dann bei den Weltmeisterschaften in Südkorea an und kam mit einer Zeit von 3:55:37 h auf dem 18. Platz ins Ziel. Ende Oktober nahm er in der Heimat an den Panamerikanischen Spielen teil und konnte mit Bestzeit von 3:49:16 h die Silbermedaille gewinnen. Anschließend gelang es Ojeda auch sich für die Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012 in London zu qualifizieren, bei denen er im August über 50 km an den Start ging. Dort landete er auf dem 25. Platz. Seine nächsten Wettkämpfe konnte er erst wieder 2014 absolvieren. Im August konnte er in jenem Jahr die Bronzemedaille über 50 km bei den Mexikanischen Meisterschaften gewinnen.

2015 belegte Ojeda den vierten Platz über 50 km beim Panamerikanischen Geher-Cup in Chile. 2016 lief er im März in der Slowakei eine Zeit von 3:50:40 h und qualifizierte sich damit für seine zweite Teilnahme an den Olympischen Sommerspielen. Im August ging er in Rio de Janeiro an den Start und landete wie schon 2012 in London auf dem 25. Platz über 50 km. 2017 stellte Ojeda im April in Naumburg seine persönliche Bestleistung von 3:45:09 h auf. Damit war er zum zweiten Mal für die Weltmeisterschaften qualifiziert. In London landete er im August mit einer Zeit von 3:51:17 auf dem 20. Platz. 2018 stellte er, erneut im April in Naumburg, eine neue Bestleistung auf. Diesmal mit 1:21:30 h über 20 km. Anfang August trat er dann wieder über 50 km bei den Zentralamerika- und Karibikspielen an und konnte schließlich die Goldmedaille gewinnen. 2019 steigerte er sich im Juni in Spanien erneut auf der 20-km-Distanz und war mit einer Zeit von 1:21:08 h zum ersten Mal auf dieser Distanz für die Weltmeisterschaften qualifiziert, wenngleich er während des Wettkampfes in Doha disqualifiziert wurde. Zuvor hatte er sich eine Verletzung in der Leistengegend zugezogen. Nachdem er, aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie, 2019 keinen Wettkampf bestreiten konnte, absolvierte er im März 2021 seinen ersten Wettkampf über 50 km seit April 2019 in einer Zeit von 3:58:31. Damit verpasste er zwar die geforderte Qualifikationsnorm zu unterbieten. Über seinen Platz auf der Weltrangliste ist er allerdings dennoch für die Olympischen Sommerspiele in Tokio qualifiziert. Nachdem er bei seinen ersten beiden Olympiateilnahmen jeweils auf Platz 25 ins Ziel kam, erreichte er Anfang August in Sapporo als 15. das Ziel.

Wichtige Wettbewerbe

Persönliche Bestleistungen
 10-km-Gehen: 45:45 min, 5. Mai 2004, Tepic
 20 km Gehen: 1:21:08 h, 8. Juni 2019, La Coruña
 50-km-Gehen: 3:45:09 h, 23. April 2017, Naumburg

Weblinks

Sonstiges
Ojeda ist verheiratet und hat mit seiner Frau zwei gemeinsame Töchter. Er bekleidet den Rang eines First Sergeant bei den Mexikanischen Streitkräften und trainiert auf dem Militärgelände Campo Militar 1 am Rande von Mexiko-Stadt.

Einzelnachweise

Geher (Mexiko)
Olympiateilnehmer (Mexiko)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2020
Teilnehmer an den Panamerikanischen Spielen (Mexiko)
Mexikaner
Geboren 1985
Mann
Teilnehmer an den Zentralamerika- und Karibikspielen
Sieger bei den Zentralamerika- und Karibikspielen (Leichtathletik)


text:
Piotr Franciszek Alojzy Łoski (ur. około 1661, zm. 1728) – polski poeta epoki baroku. Był także podkomorzym warszawskim i mówcą sejmowym.

W 1724 roku wydał poemat religijny Dźwięk na wdzięk Opatrzności Boskiej. W 1727 roku opublikował zbiór poezji Głosy oratorskie, w którym zamieścił również swoje mowy sejmowe.  Był też autorem 70 epigramatów pt. Lutnia rozstrojona.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Wielka Ilustrowana Encyklopedia Powszechna, Wydawnictwo "Gutenberg", tom IX.

Polscy poeci baroku
Zmarli w 1728


text:
Sport Clube da Catumbela is an Angolan football club based in Catumbela in western Angola, south of Luanda.

In 1945 the team won the Girabola.

Stadium

Notable players
Joaquim Santana Silva Guimarães

Honours
Girabola: 1945, 1958

References

External links

Football clubs in Angola


text:
Bassegoda  es una localidad española perteneciente al municipio gerundense de Albañá, en la comunidad autónoma de Cataluña.

Historia
La localidad forma parte del término municipal gerundense de Albañá, perteneciente a la comarca del Alto Ampurdán, en la comunidad autónoma de Cataluña. Antaño un municipio independiente, antes de integrarse en el término municipal de Albañá en 1968 formaba parte de la comarca de La Garrocha. La localidad contaba hacia mediados del  con 29 habitantes.
En 2021 contaba con 4 habitantes. Aparece descrita en el tercer volumen del Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar de Pascual Madoz de la siguiente manera:

Notas

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Localidades del Alto Ampurdán


text:
Altinum (in Altino, a frazione of Quarto d'Altino) was an ancient town of the Veneti  15 km SE of modern Treviso, close to the mainland shore of the Lagoon of Venice. It was also close to the mouths of the rivers Dese, Zero and Sile. A flourishing port and trading centre during the Roman period, it was destroyed by Attila the Hun in 452. The town recovered, but was later abandoned when sea-borne sand began to cover it over. Its inhabitants moved to Torcello and other islands of the northern part of the lagoon.

Today Altinum is an archaeological area and has a national archaeological museum.

Pre-Roman Altinum
Altium was a Venetic settlement. The earliest human presence in the area is dated to the 10th century BCE and is related to hunter gatherer groups. The earliest evidence of a settlement nucleus is dated from the mid-8th century to the mid-7th century BCE. In the 7th century BCE the settlement moved slightly to the northwest, in its historical location. A sacred area which is dated to the  late 6th century BCE and developed in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE had votive offering objects from Greek, Magna Graecian, Etruscan and Celtic areas. This suggests that Altinum was the main port of the Veneti in the proto-historical age.

Archaeology indicates that in the late 6th/early 5th century BC, the Veneti had precocious contact with Celtic areas through the communication routes along the rivers Adige and Piave in the major centres in the plain of the River Po (Este and Padua and  the Adriatic ports such as Atria, modern Adria, and Altinum). There was a trading relationship between high-ranking families. There was a degree of intermarriage. Some Celts settled in the region. Celtic gift and fashion objects appear in the burials of important families.

In the early 4th century BCE the Gauls invaded the plain of the Po as far as  Verona. This led to a gradual ethnic mixing and loss of cultural identity, especially in the border areas of the Veneti; Verona in the west and the  Lagoon of Venice and the Piave valley in the east.  In some places there was at times a transition to the traditional practice of cremation to inhumation and the deposition of weapon in burials, which was an exception to Veneti funerary culture. An example of this was found in a cemetery in Altinum. Such evidence suggests that inter-ethnic relations went beyond just trade and that there were clusters of foreign settlers. Perhaps they were traders, workers and/or mercenaries.

Strabo gave indications of the social, economic and ritual importance horses and horse breeding among the pre-Roman Veneti. He wrote that they bestowed attention on horse rearing  "which, though now entirely abandoned, was formerly in great esteem among them, resulting from the ancient rage for breeding mules, which Homer thus mentions: " From the [Ve]neti for forest mules renowned." It was here that Dionysius, the tyrant of Sicily, kept his stud of race-horses. And, in consequence, the [Veneti] horses were much esteemed in Greece, and their breed in great repute for a long period."  (Homer actually wrote "whence is the race of wild mules." Iliad II. 857) Strabo also noted that the Veneti paid honour to Diomedes by sacrificing a white horse.

In Altinum there was a large number of horses buried in a sacrificial pit at the town's sanctuary and in the cemetery area to the north of the town. In the latter there were some thirty horses, whereas in other Veneti towns there were only a few, except for a cemetery exclusively devoted to some thirty horses to the south of Este. There burials are dated to the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. Evidence of sacrifice at the sanctuary continues into the Roman imperial period. Here the remains of some twenty horses were found alongside those of bovines, sheep, goats and pigs. The ritual offerings were the heads or parts of hindlegs or tails which were disarticulated, skinned and fleshed. Sketches of headless horses or body parts confirm this animal's key role in religious cults.

Roman Altinum
Archaeological finds indicate that Altinum's perimeter was marked by waterways beyond which there were cemetery areas. The abundance of watercourses gives the picture of a town deeply tied to water which was characteristic of towns in the Veneto. The transformation of Altinum from a Veneti to a Roman town started with the reorganisation of its marshy environment through the regulation of its waters and the expansion of its canal network. The main work was the digging of the Silocello canal to link the River Sile (which was to the north of the town) to the channel which today is called Santa Maria and which flowed to the south of the town from the River Dese to the lagoon. The most important architectural finds are a town gate on the canal which marked the northern edge of the town, another public building which faced the canal which marked the southern edge of the town and a temple close to the Santa Maria channel which was restructured in a monumental form from a 5th-century BCE wooden structure. (See the "Port and canals" section for Altinum's canals)

In 225 BCE the Veneti and Romans established an alliance treaty in the run up of the Battle of Telamon between Rome and an alliance between the Insubres and Boii Gallic tribes of northern Italy and Gaesatae mercenaries. The foundation of the colony of Aquileia, in Celtic territory, as a fortress to protect northern Italy form invasions from the northeast and east was an important moment in the process of Romanisation of the Veneti and Altinum, which is traceable to the first half of the 2nd century BCE. Altinum came to be half way port and stopover between Ravenna and the new and important colony. Its port grew in size. This was also due to  the Romans promoting sea trade in the upper Adriatic Sea

The process of Romanisation was in part driven by the presence of Roman, Latin and Italic merchants attracted to this port by lucrative trade. Inscriptions attest an early presence the Publicia, Barbia, Cossutia and Saufeia families in Aquileia and Virunum (modern Magdalensberg), a town in Noricum (in present-day Austria) where there was iron mining. These were families  of equestrian rank (the Roman entrepreneurial class). They went to Aquileia from central Italy and from there they spread to the northern markets, including Altinum.

Sometime between 153 and 131 BCE the Via Annia was built. It connected Atria (modern Adria) to Aquileia. It passed through Patavium (Padua) and then it run close to the coast and passed through Altinum. In 131 BC the Via Popilia, which connected Ariminum (modern Rimini), Ravenna and Atria, was built. Thus, Altinum came to be connected overland to these important towns, facilitating the movement of goods. Again, its port increased in importance. Its inhabitants were granted Latin rights, a limited form of Roman citizenship, in 89 BCE and in the last decades of the Roman Republic, in 49 BCE, they acquired full Roman citizenship and were assigned to the Scaptia Roman tribe The town became a municipium, probably in 42-40  BCE.

Velleius Paterculus wrote than in the run up to the final civil war of the Roman Republic (32-30 BCE) between Octavian (later known as emperor Augustus) and Mark Antony, Gaius Asinius Pollio kept Venetia under Mark Antony's control for a long time with his seven legions and accomplished brilliant things near Altinum and other towns in the region. He then joined Mark Antony. This was in 42-40 BCE. Pollio Asinius was either the last governor or the Venetia region of Roman Italy or a member of a commission charged with distributing land to war veterans. With his legions he was able was able to give the towns in Venetia administrative autonomy by giving them the status of municipia without much trouble. It is likely that by saying that Asinius Pollio accomplished brilliant things ("magnis speciosisque rebus"), Velleius Paterculus was referring to Asinius allocating land to veterans near Altinum  and Patavium and founding the colony of Iula Concordia (modern Oderzo) which Julius Caesar had probably planned but not accomplished.

Sometime between 31 and 12 BCE, Octavian established Ravenna's harbour as one of the home ports for his new navy. It became one of the main Roman military ports and this favoured Altinum as it increased the importance of the upper Adriatic Sea.

The town benefited from infrastructure commissioned by the emperor Claudius. In 46 CE he opened a branch of the Via Claudia Augusta from Altinum to Tridentum (today's Trento) in the Italian Alps. Drusus had started its construction in 15 AD. It connected Hostiglia (today's Ostiglia), on the River Po, to the "limes" at the Danube in southern Germany via Tridentum. Claudius also build a road along the coast which connected Altinum to Atria directly. He also extended the navigable route inside the Septem Maria lagoons, to Altinum with the construction of a further canal, the fossa Clodia, thus connecting it to Ravenna. Although this internal route only allowed navigation by smaller vessels, it guaranteed communication even through the worse weather. This enhanced Altinum's strategic and commercial importance as a hub for trade between the Mediterranean Sea, north-eastern Italy and beyond the Alps.

During the civil wars which followed the death of the emperor Nero (see Year of the four emperors, 69 AD), Marcus Antonius Primus, who supported Vespasian's bid to depose Vitellius, advanced into Italy with his troops. Tacitus wrote that he occupied Aquileia and then he was "received with joy" at Opitergium (Oderzo) and Altinum and that a military contingent was left in Altinum in case of an attack by the fleet in Ravenna.

In 169, during the Marcomannic Wars (166-180 AD) the co-emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus were returning to Rome from the front in Pannonia. Lucius Verus was said to have been hit by apoplexy near Altinum. He got off his carriage bleeding and was taken to Altinum, where he died after three days of not been able to speak. Some modern scholars believe that he may have been a victim of the Antonine Plague.

By the 4th century CE Altinum became the seat of a bishopric. The first bishop was Heliodorus of Altino (died c. 410), He accompanied St Jerome in his first trip to the East. When he returned he became the bishop of Altinum and attended the 381 CE anti-Arian Council of Aquileia in that capacity. Saint Jerome wrote letters to Heliodorus and his nephew Nepotianus, a priest. In a consolatory letter written to Heliodorus when Nepotianus died in 396, he mentioned that Altinum had many churches and martyr shrines and that the Nepotianus presbytery was adorned with flowers of all types, twigs and vine leaves. The cathedral (built in by 381) had two entrances  shaded by curtains. It had an altar, shiny floors, walls which were not covered by smoke and  an ancillary space related to the sacristy. St Jerome described Altinum as "a populous centre whose buildings were close to each other and many hearths which darkened the air with thick smog." Today Altinum is no longer a residential diocese. It is listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

The Apex of Altinum's flourishing period was from the 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE. Its size was comparable to that of Pompeii. A decrease in archaeological finds suggests that after this, Altinum, like the other towns in the Veneto region, begun to decline. However, it retained a prominent role.

The Codex Theodosianus (Theodosian Code), a compilation of Roman laws under the Christian emperors from 312 to the 430s commissioned was by Theodosius II and Valentinian III in 429 and published in 438, records sixteen laws that were issued by emperors in Altinum, especially between 364 and 399. It also provides evidence that emperors in the second half of the 4th century often stayed in this town and that the imperial chancellery regularly worked there between 364 and 406. An early 5th century revision of the Tabula Peutingeriana, an illustrated itinerarium of the Roman Empire, had a symbol depicting Altinum as a town with two towers, which represented it as an important and populous town.

Altinum and other towns and villages in the region were destroyed in 452 by Attila the Hun. According to the Chronicon Venetum et Gradense, the earliest Venetian chronicle, written by John the Deacon in the mid- 10th and early 11th century, refugees from Altinum fled to Torcello and other islands in the northern part of the Lagoon of Venice. Some of the inhabitants of these islands moved the island group of Rivo alto, in the central part of the lagoon, 450–500 years later and contributed to the development of a new city, Venice. Thus, according to the tradition, which is still deeply ingrained, the origins of Venice are related to the destruction of Altinum by Attila, its demise and the refugees who fled from this town. The invasion of northern Italy by the Lombards in 568, which spared the lagoons of the north-western coast of Italy, which were under Byzantine influence, has also been held responsible for this demise. The implicit assumption is that this gave a final blow to the remnants of the town. However, archaeological investigations have disproved this notion. Although Attila's actions may well have further contributed to the decline of the town, Altinum overcame this and continued to exist for several centuries.

The features of the coast of north-eastern Italy were changing. The Altinum area slowly became covered by sand brought by the sea which turned into mud, starting from the Roman imperial period. Generally, the inland Roman towns, from Grado to Ravenna, were becoming less and less suited as ports. There was a shift from single ports controlled by the imperial authorities to peripheral ports in satellite areas along new river routes most probably controlled by new investors and ship owners. Trade moved these places. In the case of Altinum it moved to Torcello, which was on a fluvial channel through the lagoon which led to the open sea. Archaeological excavations in the inland towns and the lagoons have not revealed any sudden population movements and sharp population increases in the satellite ports or in Torcello as could be expected with an influx of refugees. The finds show that there was a gradual colonisation of the lagoons, a slow shift over centuries which had already started in the Roman days.

Besides the slowly developing troubles of the inland ports, the trend was also favoured by economic changes and new economic opportunities, such as fish farming and salt production. Agriculture played a secondary but fundamental role in favouring new stable settlements through intensive cultivation of limited land areas, which were probably uncultivated. If so, they could be used by military elites who had the means for productive and, above all, infrastructural investment. In Torcello, embankments were built to protect the island. Mooring facilities and warehouses were built to service sea trade. Calaon argues that archaeology shows that the bishop of Torcello, a landowning aristocrat, built his church in Torcello "not so much because he feared barbarian raids, but because he had made a strategic choice. He chose to place his see in a peripheral but flourishing district, perhaps one of the most populous of the whole countryside."

After the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire (conventional date 476 BCE), the Ostrogoths invaded Italy and established the Gothic Kingdom (493–553). The Byzantine emperor Justinian I (527-565) decided to annex Italy to the Byzantine Empire. This led to the Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantines and the Ostrogoths, which was won by the former. Byzantine rule in northern Italy was short-lived as the Lombards invaded northern Italy (568-73) except for the lagoons of north-eastern coast of Italy. Altinum eventually came under the duchy of Treviso of the Kingdom of the Lombards (568–774).

Narses, the Byzantine military commander in Italy in the final stage of the Gothic War, managed to capture Vitale, the bishop of Altinum, which many years earlier had taken refuge in Aguntum in Noricum, near modern Lienz If there had been a partial withdrawal by Altinum's top clergy, this would have been during Gothic Wars.

Paul the Deacon, the Lombard historian, wrote that the bishop of Altinum took part in the synod of Marano (590) during the  Schism of the Three Chapters (553-698).

A 590 letter the Byzantine commander in Altinum wrote to Childebert I, one of the kings of the Franks, attests that Altinum still had town walls.

The move of the bishop of Torcello is assigned to the 5th century or within the 7th century. However, it followed a long and tortuous course which ended for good in the early 11th century.

Mentions by ancient  writers
Marcus Valerius Martialis (Martial), the 1st century poet, wrote: "You banks of Altinum, that rival the rural beauties of Baiae,  … and you, Aquileia … You shall be the haven and the resting-places of my old age, if my retirement be at my own disposal." Baiae was a popular seaside resort in the Bay of Naples which was very fashionable among rich Romans.

Strabo, the 1st century BCE geographer, gave a description of northern Italy and the Veneto, "The whole of this country is full of rivers and marshes, especially the district of the Veneti, which likewise experiences the tides of the sea. This is almost the only part of our sea [The Mediterranean] which is influenced in the same manner as the ocean, and, like it, has ebb and flood tides. In consequence most of the plain is covered with lagoons. The inhabitants have dug canals and dikes, after the manner of Lower Egypt, so that part of the country is drained and cultivated, and the rest is navigable. Some of their cities stand in the midst of water like islands, others are only partially surrounded. Such as lie above the marshes in the interior are situated on [navigable rivers] …. continually swelled by the rains and snows."

Strabo also described Ravenna and Altinum, "Situated in the marshes is the great [city of] Ravenna, built entirely on piles, and traversed by canals, which you cross by bridges or ferry-boats. At the full tides it is washed by a considerable quantity of sea-water, as well as by the river, and thus the sewage is carried off, and the air purified … It is a remarkable peculiarity of this place, that, though situated in the midst of a marsh, the air is perfectly innocuous … Another remarkable peculiarity is that of its vines, which, though growing in the marshes, make very quickly and yield a large amount of fruit, but perish in four or five years. Altinum stands likewise in the marshes, its situation being very similar to that of Ravenna."

In his description of the Veneto Region, Pliny the Elder, the 1st century BCE and CE naturalist, wrote that the River Sile flows from the hills of Treviso to Altinum. Regarding the River Po, he wrote, "There is no river known to receive a larger increase than this in so short a space; so much so indeed that it is impelled onwards by this vast body of water, and, invading the land, forms deep channels in its course: hence it is that, although a portion of its stream is drawn off by rivers and canals between Ravenna and Altinum, for a space of 120 [Roman] miles, still, at the spot where it discharges the vast body of its waters, it is said to form seven seas … and … "The next mouth [of the Po] … the [Etruscans] formerly made from Sagis, thus drawing the impetuous stream of the river across into the marshes of the Atriani, which they call the Seven Seas; and upon which is the noble port of Atria …"  By invading the land Pliny meant floods. The seven seas (Septem Maria) was the series of lagoons which  the emperor Clausius connected to Altinum (see above). Atria is now modern Adria.

Vitruvius, the 1st century BCE Roman architect, wrote about laying out the ground in marsh areas. "… if in marshes walls are laid out, and these marshes are along the sea, and they look towards the north or between the north and east, and these marshes are higher than the sea coast, they will seem to be reasonably laid out. For if dykes are cut, there is made an outlet of water to the beach; and when the sea is swollen by storms, there is an overflow into the marshes, which being stirred and moved about and mixed with sea salt, does not permit the various kind of marsh creatures to be born there: moreover, those which, by swimming from higher parts, arrive near the coast, are killed by the unfamiliar saltness. An instance of this may be found in the Gallic marshes which are round Altinum, Ravenna, Aquileia and other townships in like places which are nearest the marshes. For owing to these causes, they have an incredible salubrity."  This description fits the walls and canals system of Altinum.

In his Commentary on the Georgics of Virgil,  Maurus Servius Honoratus, a grammarian (floruit late 4th century), wrote this about the lintres (small flat-bottomed boats): "Lintres: small river vessels. It is not without reason that [Virgil] remembers the lintres, because in most of Venetia, rich in rivers, every trade is carried out on lintres, such as in Ravenna and Altinum, where even hunting, fowling and the cultivation of the fields are carried out in the litres."

Grattius Faliscus (63 BC – 14 AD) a poet known for his Cynegeticon, a poem on hunting, wrote about types of woods to be used for hunting. He mentioned the pine wood and the broom from Altinum. Broom was used to make arrows.

Regarding the Pectine nigerrimi cockles, Pliny the Elder  wrote, "the pectine, the biggest ones and among them those more black in the summer are the most  they are found at Mytilene, Tindari, Salona, Altinum …"

In his treatise on agriculture (De Re Rustica), Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (4-70 CE) wrote, "For this use it is better to procure cows from Altinum, which the people of the area call "Ceve". They are short and produce a great abundance of milk, it is for this reason that this breed is bred ..." He also wrote that while previous generations of farmers considered sheep from Calabria, Apulia and Mileto to be the best, in his days "the breed form Gallia [northern Italy] best is considered the most valuable one, especially the one from Altinum."

Sheep grazing was important in the Roman days as people wore woollen clothes. Regarding white wool, Martial wrote, "Apulia is noted for fleeces of the first quality; Parma for those of the second. The sheep whose wool is of the third quality distinguishes Altinum." Tertullian 155 – c. 240? BCE) mentioned "... the sheep of Mileto, Selegas, Altinum, or those for which Tarentum or Baetica are renowned, because the nature of those places gives colour to the wool." The 301 Edict on Maximum Prices issued by the emperor Diocletian assigned the wool of Altinum a rather high price (200 denarii per pound). It also assigned a pay of 30 denarii per pound to the workers who made wool in  Tarentum, Laodicea and Altinum.

Medieval history
By the 10th century, the area of Altinum was totally abandoned. The bishop of Altinum moved to the island of Torcello (see above). The bishops of Torcello stressed their Altinum lineage and retained the juridical title of bishop of Altinum for centuries. The monks of the monastery of Santo Stefano moved to the Tumba Leseda
island (nowadays it is called La Salina) in the archipelago of the settlement of Ammiana in 900. They established the monastery of Santi Felice e Fortunato. Both settlements were in the northern part of the Lagoon of Venice.

Documentation about the area in this period is scant and comes mostly from ecclesiastic institutions (the monasteries of  Santi Felice e Fortunato and of San Giorgio Maggiore and the bishop of Torcello) or to families which owned land in the area (the Carbonara, Collalto, Marcello and Querini). A 1095 text attested the existence of an Altino Maiore and an Altino Pitulo, which indicates that there was still a village and that it may have split into two parts. The text also indicates that the churches of Santa Maria (the old cathedral), San Martino e Sant'Apollinare still existed.

In 1388 when the Republic of Venice annexed the Treviso area, which reached the mainland shore of the Lagoon of Venice, wealthy Venetians founded an agricultural village close to the shore and to the site of Altinum. It was named San Michele del Quarto after a small church which was four Roman miles from Altinum.

Despoliation of the town
After Altinum was abandoned there was a gradual despoliation of its buildings and cemetery stones for use as building materials in Torcello and other islands in the lagoon and in the future Venice because there was a lack of building materials in the lagoon. The 16th century humanists and subsequent antiquarians and scholars traced some of the stones from Altinum  through the search of  inscriptions from the Roman age. In the second half of the 19th century Theodor Mommsen aimed at cataloguing the entire body of Latin epigraphy in Venice. Under the Altinum entry he collected and translated 181 inscriptions. Many were of uncertain provenance and only a small part is securely identifiable.

Archaeological and remote sensing studies
Archaeological studies started to develop mainly after the draining of this marsh area in the early 20th century. Altinum is the only large Roman town in Northern Italy and one of the few in Europe where medieval towns were not built on top of them. This makes archaeological research easier and allows remote sensing surveys to be carried out.

The finds of flint artefacts attributable to the sauveterrian culture have revealed the presence of hunter gatherer groups in 9500-6500 BCE. The wetland environment, which was rich in vegetation due to  water courses  fed by melting ices and springs in the plain made up for the survival difficulties created by the hot and arid climate of the late  boreal age. The finds of shells and sea molluscs suggest the use of food resources of the coastal environment. In those days the Lagoon of Venice had not formed yet and the coastline was a few kilometres further inland than it is now. Human presence in the areas by the Adriatic coast continued in the subsequent millennia with late Mesolithic (6,500-5,500 BCE) hunter-gatherer groups.

An early Neolithic site of farmers and grazers with artefacts typical of the cultures of central-northern Italy of this time has  been found in the nearby Tessera. In Altinum artefacts dating from the Neolithic to the early Copper Age have been found.

Starting from the mid-Bronze Age (1600 BCE), there was a colonisation of the plain of the River Po and central-eastern Veneto. A late Bronze Age (1300-1000 BCE) subapennine  culture (1350-1150 BCE) site has been found to the northeast of Altinum. There have been finds dated to this period on the Siloncello canal very close to Altinum (to the northeast) and in the town. A settlement on sandy mounds close to the River Sile was abandoned in the early Bronze Age due to marine ingression.

Aegean pottery was found on the islands of Torcello and Mazzorbo. These were probably along a sea trade route form the Aegean Sea and the eastern Mediterranean to the Altinum area between the 9th and 7th centuries BCE. This route continued to be used in the Iron Age, as attested by the finds of Attic pottery in these two islands and other islands in the northern part of the Lagoon of Venice (San Tommaso dei Bognomi, San Giacomo in Paludo, Vignole and Sant'Erasmo).

A land path with a fort equipped with wooden elements has also been traced Ca' Tron and Portegrandi, to the northeast of Altinum. It preceded the via Annia. It might have connected these two coastal centres to other coastal centres on the Adriatic Sea from the 11th century on and to the inland centres and the Alps via the rivers Sile and Piave.

For information related to Altinum's contacts with Celtic groups see the Pre-Roman Altinum section above.

Until the 1990s it was thought that the origins of Altinum were dated to the 7th century BCE. More recently, a burial attributable to the late Bronze Age was found. It was contemporary to other materials found in the nearby areas (by the River Zero, close to the coast of the lagoon and to the east). This has led to the hypothesis that the earliest protohistoric settlement nucleus was close to the Santa Maria channel (see below). The earliest trace of human activity in Altinum is datable to the first half of the 8th century BCE. It is a simple quarry for fictile materials similar to those found in other Veneti centres dated to a slightly earlier time. The quarry was later filled in by a settlement centred around a large building (13 m long and 6.75 m wide) with two internal asymmetric spans which must have supported a double pitched roof. Soon afterwards the narrower side was widened with a portico. It was active in the second half of the 8th century BCE and was abandoned in the first quarter of the 7th century BCE. It is one of the oldest attestations of square plan buildings in the Veneto. It is derived from housing and productive prototypes found in Treviso, Oderzo and Concordia Sagittaria. In the next phase, after a brief period of abandonment, the site seems to have changed to a workshop area. There was a wooden well connected to a small canal system and a small furnace until the mid-7th century BCE. Thus, the earliest evidence of a settlement nucleus is dated from the mid-8th century to the mid-7th century BCE. Then the area was briefly unused before it was devoted to a sacred area.

In the 7th century BCE the settlement moved slightly to the northwest, in its historical location. This is attested by aerial photography, stratigraphy and sample excavations below the ruins of the Roman town. It was on a man-made mound. Two sacred areas have been found in diametrically opposite locations to the north and to the south of the settlement. The first one was identified indirectly through the find of a fragment of an altar with an inscription dedicated to the god Belatukadro. The second one  was found during the restructuring works of the museum area and was excavated  from  1997 to 2000. It is dated to the late 6th century BCE and developed in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Dedicative inscriptions in Venetic language and alphabet indicate that it was dedicated to Arno or Altinum, a god of the Veneti. Thus, the town was named after this god. It had a commercial role, the protection of the trade in local agricultural and manufacturing goods and horses and the imports from the Mediterranean Sea and form beyond the Alps. This is indicated by  its location by the Santa Maria channel which connected it to the lagoon. Moreover, its votive deposits which had objects from Greece, Magna Graecia and the Etruscans in the plain of the River Po. Its function as an emporium is shown by inscriptions. These also show a male and military character due to the need to protect the traded goods. It was one of the main pre-Roman sanctuaries in the region.

In the 5th century BCE this sanctuary was a large outdoors space enclosed by a rectangular portico which had two symmetric cells at the centre of its short sides. Two large ash altars were found inside the courtyard and in parallel with the cells. The deposit pits with the sacrificial remains and the votive objects were found outside this area. The remains of many horses were found in a pit at the edge of the sanctuary. The sacred area progressively grew until Romanisation (2nd-1st century BCE). This denotes an increase in the number of pilgrims as the town's trade in the Adriatic Sea increased. In the second half of the 1st century BCE the sanctuary came to be devoted to the Roman god Jupiter and assumed the look of a sacred wood.

Stratigraphy related to the late Bronze Age and the transition to the Iron Age was found to the south-east of the town in the late 1990s and further out to the north-east, close to the River Sile, in 2005. In 2002 tombs datable to the late 6th- early 5th century BCE were found at the eastern edge of the town and to its north, by the River Zero. They were related to a cemetery investigated in the late 1970s. The pre-Roman cemetery area to the north of Altinum covered the whole of the northern strip which was later crossed by the northern tract of the Via Annia and the Roman period cemetery. It stretched to the left bank of the River Zero. This arrangement of cemetery areas at the edge of a town and separated by watercourses was typical of other pre-Roman Veneti towns, such as Este and Padua. It can be surmised that watercourses had a particular role in funerary ceremonies and represented a route from the town of the living to that of the dead and a transition to the afterlife.

In 1999-2002 ditches and cemetery areas were found in a section of the Via Annia to the south-west of Altinum. Their dating is problematic as the road was progressively widened until it reached a width of 12 m. In the area of the Via Claudia Augusta, to the north-west of the town, there were traces of ditches and small canals attributable to a late antiquity systematic parcelling out of land and maintenance interventions. Larger areas of land divisions were noted in the mentioned areas to the south-west which was linked to a network of ditches and canals. Similar traces were found to the south and further away from the town (5 km), close to the edge of the lagoon, within the  current airport area, and to the north-east, at Portegrandi, close to the edge of the lagoon.

Excavations in the centre of the town in 1995-97 identified a large baths complex dated between the 1st and 3rd century. In the early 1990s an investigation of the layer below a town gate on a canal pushed back its dating, which was previously attributed to the Augustan period, to the first half of the 1st century BCE and brought to light the remains of an imposing foundation ceremony. The ancient bed of a navigable canal with moorings which was an extension of the Siloncello canal (see below) was discovered in the layers below the area of the Augustan period. It traced back the creation of a systematic hydraulic plan of remediation for the delicate ecosystem by the lagoon to the first half of the 1st century BCE.

A 2000 systematic excavation of the cemeteries found a more than 2000 tombs and an extraordinary number of funerary monuments, which makes Altinum a prime site for the study of funerary architecture and rituals in northern Italy in the Roman imperial period. The Augustan period was a period of big mausolea especially for those of the baldachin type which was derived from Aegean-Oriental models. Several sumptuous examples were found in the monumental cemetery by the Via Annia where the ruling elite started to build their grandiose burials in the last decades of the 1st century BCE. In the 1st century CE they were replaced by numerous funerary enclosures  along both fronts of this cemetery. They were sometimes aligned close to each over a length of over 170 m with mausolea alternating with various types of funerary buildings and areas taken up only by tombs. Cylindrical and octagonal altars typical of Altinum's sculptural art were a recurrent decorative element in the enclosures. They were probably placed in pairs at their corners.

The southern tract of the Siloncello canal (see below) was blocked in the last decades of the 1st century CE to start the eastern expansion of the town. This is attested by the urban plan of the new Augustan neighbourhood.

In 2007 a team of geomorphologists from the University of Padua carried out a survey with visible and near-infrared (NIR) aerial photographs which were taken after a period of prolonged drought and developed a digital elevation model (DEM) to reconstruct the urban topography and the environmental setting of Altinum. NIR is highly sensitive to vegetation and crop marks highlight archaeological features.

The crops were suffering from drought and were highly sensitive to the subsurface presence of stones, bricks or compacted soil. They were in different stages of ripening due to differences in the amount of water in the soil. This created lighter crop marks which indicated stonework and revealed the outlines of buildings at least 40 cm below the surface. Darker marks indicated depressed features such as ditches and canals. To the south of the town centre there was a wide strip of riper crops which were growing above what used to be a canal. The survey covered an area of 100 hectares.

The map of the town was reconstructed in great detail, revealing the urban fabric and the waterways, the town walls and gates, the street network and previously unknown neighbourhoods and buildings, including monumental ones: the amphitheatre, the theatre, the odeon,  and the forum, which are attributable to the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE. The town was on top of a 2- to 3 m-high mound and in Roman times the lagoon shore probably reached the foot that mound. Altinum was probably partially surrounded by water. The researchers conclude that the results indicate a complex urban system "adapted to the peculiarity of the lagoon environment" and show that "the Romans successfully exploited the amphibious environment several centuries before the city of Venice started to emerge."

The map of Altinum which was reconstructed through remote sensing can be seen overlaid on Google Earth.

The political and administrative heart of the town was in the northernmost part. Here, besides the outlines of the forum, amphitheatre, theatre and odeon, the outlines of the capitolium (the temple of the Capitoline Triad) and the basilica were also identified in the 2007 remote sensing survey. The theatre had a length of 120 m and a radius of 60 m. It is dated between 40 and 20 BCE. It was one of the first ones in northern Italy and one of the first in a provincial town in the whole of Italy. The odeon was half its size. The amphitheatre was in the outskirts, to the north of the canal which marked the northern limit of the town. Its longer axis was 150 m and its size was similar to that of the Arena di Verona (which could host 30,000 people) and was larger than those of Padua and Aquileia.

Between 2012 and 2015 Ca' Foscari University of Venice carried out surveys in an area in the east of the town, where a 2000 a geophysical survey indicated an urban area, roads and a building with an apse which correspond to the area of the late Republic monumental town gate. In the 2007 survey it came out blurred. Between 1989 and 1990 there was a geophysical survey in this area and the one next to it to the east. A series of plinths along the main canal and a secondary canal which branches from it were identified. This tallies with some 1972 samplings on the eastern bank of the secondary canal which found the foundations of a brick quay resting on wooden piling and seven rectangular plinths related to a big building which is identified as a warehouse. This suggests that it was a commercial area.

In 2012 just under half of the area was surveyed. It focused on surface finds (at a depth of 20–30 cm). The area had been devoted to medicinal plants for years and had not been ploughed. It was on a marked mound. Pottery and architectural  fragments, coins, fictile materials and other items were found. High concentrations of plaster, mosaic tesserae and architectural and stone fragments indicate that there were buildings. The 2014 campaign covered the rest of the area and used the same methods. Electromagnetic prospections detected three northeast–southwest parallel gravel roads with an average length of c. 7 m and a road perpendicular to them along the northern edge of the area, which was parallel to the canal which marks the northern end of the town. Another structure with the same orientation was detected in central area of the survey, but gravel was not detected and it might have been a canal.

The finds of some concentrations of glass leftovers and fragments of a crucible suggest that there were glassworks. This is an important find because it could confirm the hypothesis that Altinum had a role in glass production in the Roman days.

The port and the canals
The networks of ditches and canals discovered to the northwest, southwest and south of Altinum, the canals in the town and the canals which connected the town to the lagoon show that Altinum needed to both connect its port to the lagoon and to create a hydraulic system to manage the delicate hydraulic and environmental setting of the marshy area it was in. This shaped the geomorphology of the town. Vitruvius gave some indication of the management needs in marshy areas, including Altinum, and Strabo indicated that the town had a system of canals (see above). Altinum was successful in managing its often waterlogged marshy environment.

Altinum was crossed in the middle by a west–east main canal. An oblong semi-circular canal marked the northern limit of the central part of the town and a southern one marked the southern limit. These three canals reached the River Zero, to the west of the town. The Siloncello canal, which still exists, run in a northeast–southwest oblique straight line form the River Sile. It came close to the north-eastern edge of the town. A southward extension of this canal was connected to the three mentioned canals. It continued to south of the town and reached the Santa Maria canal, which still exists and runs south of the town from the River Dese to the lagoon at the Palude di Cona marsh and thus connected the port, which was to the east of the extension canal, to the lagoon. The Siloncello canal turns east at a right angle just before the town and then south, reaching the Palude di Cona slightly further east. Thus, the port could be reached through the Siloncello form the east and the Santa Maria form the west.

The Siloncello canal also continued eastwards and reached the River Sile, close to its mouth. At the time the River Piave must have flowed into the Sile. The Piave was a preferred route for the transport of wood from the forests of Cadore towards Altinum as attested by an inscription found in Feltre. Thus, this canal was of strategic importance for the supply of wood. The remains of a 192 m long mooring dock on the western bank of the Siloncello was found in 1930 a few hundreds of metres north of the town.

A fluvial dock area found between 1988 and 1993 on the west bank of a north–south canal that was aligned to the Siloncello canal. It had porticoed warehouses. The dock and the canal bed were below the urban structures of the Augustan period urban period. In this period the canal was filled in.

A monumental town gate was built following the model of urban gates with a central body and angular towers. It has been dated to the first half of the 1st century BCE. It was richly decorated. The central body with the gate had two towers at each side. The structure was flanked on both sides by two short wall tracts attached to the towers. It rested on strong pilings made with oak trunks. It was on the canal that marked the northern boundary of the town. The canal was crossed, perhaps through two arches, by the cardus maximus. This canal is now only a ditch. It was shown in a 16th-century map. It still had a considerable width, was visible and reached the River Zero in the late 19th century. It was the preferred route to take goods from the port to some presumed moorings at the northern border of the town and to the beginning of the Via Claudia Augusta.

In 1972 the foundation of a 16.3 m brick dock with fully curved arches linked to a large building were found close to the gate, on the eastern bank of a secondary canal which branched off the main one inside the urban area. Its materials are dated to the late 1st century BCE and the mid-1st century CE. The remains of an imposing complex of porticoed docks was found along the opposite bank of the canal in an electromagnetic survey. The results indicate that it stretched for an over 120 m angled course which seems to faithfully follow the morphology of the canal, whose width was around 10 m.

The foundations of another porticoed dock similarly linked to a large building were detected along the canal which marked the southern border of the town, whose bed was indicated by a considerable depression in the terrain in the mid-60s. It stretched eastwards immediately before the northern shoulder of the bridge which linked the Via Annia to the town. It is dated to the late Republic period. It was in a key position in the immediate vicinity of the southern entrance of the town and along a fluvial a route which started from the port and must have gone through the Santa Maria canal. This canal was connected to it. It was also liked to the Via Annia. From here goods could reach the inland markets overland via the Via Annia or by following a wide canal with wooden banks which flanked this road in the north.

UNESCO World Heritage Site
The "Venice and her Lagoon" UNESCO World Heritage Site was established in 1987. It includes the Altinum archaeological area.

See also
National Archaeological Museum of Altino

References

Further reading

 Cresci Marrone G., Tirelli M., (eds.),  Altino dal cielo. La città telerivelata. Lineamenti di forma urbis, Studi e ricerche sulla Gallia Cisalpina, Quasar, 2012;

Frazioni of the Metropolitan City of Venice
Archaeological sites in Veneto
National museums of Italy

nl:Altino (Quarto d'Altino)


text:
R. Kan Albay (Antwerpen, 1 september 1975) is een Vlaamse regisseur en acteur van Turkse origine.

Biografie
Albay speelde in de tv-serie Emma in 2006 als de norse huisbaas Osman Karaca.
Hij debuteerde als filmacteur in 2005 als Kahn in het drama Toothpick.

Hij speelde onder meer van 2006 tot en met 2011 in verscheidene televisiereeksen Neveneffecten,
maar daarnaast ook in films als Coma, Zot van A en Gangstas hell.

In 2010 vertolkte hij in Jan Verheyen's politiethriller Dossier K. de rol van Shehu Ramiz, een Albanese gangsterbaas. Hiervoor werd hij genomineerd voor de Vlaamse filmprijzen en won hij de Silverhorse Award als beste mannelijke acteur.
Naast film en televisie is Albay ook te zien in reclamespots.

Albay spreekt vloeiend Nederlands, Engels en Turks.

Filmografie

Als regisseur
Korte films:
Son Care (1996)
De Ontmoeting (1997)
De vijfde gevel (1999)
Smoutpot (1999)
Imkansiz ask/Onmogelijke Liefde (2000)

Films:
 Toothpick, misdaadfilm (2002)
 The Flemish Vampire, horror (2006-2007)
 Gangsta's Hell, actie (2007)
 Coma, drama (2008)
 Genadeloos, drama (2010)
 Bingo, komedie (2013)
 Marina, drama (2013)
 Flemish Snuff, misdaadthriller (2014)
 Isra en het magische boek, familiefilm/avontuur (2016)*

Als acteur
 Emma, tv-reeks (2007), als Osman Karaca
 Toothpick, misdaadfilm (2002), als Kahn
 Coma, drama (2008), als Osman Engin
 Neveneffecten, komedie (2008), als Turkse vader
 Witse, drama (2009), als vader Tezcan
 Dossier K., actiethriller (2009), als Shehu Ramiz
 Thuis, drama (2010), als Selcan de pooier
 Zone Stad, drama (2011), als Pedro Taeymans
 Aspe, drama (2012), als Ali Silva
 Vermist, drama (2014), als Erol Tas
 Bowling Balls (2014), als Vladdi
 Familie, tv-reeks (2015), als Angelo

Vlaams acteur
Vlaams filmregisseur


text:
Rio Itata kan syfta på följande platser:

Brasilien

 Rio Itatá, vattendrag, Pará,

Chile

 Río Itata, vattendrag,

Robotskapade Brasilienförgreningar
Robotskapade Chileförgreningar


text:
Le Compas är en kommun i departementet Creuse i regionen Nouvelle-Aquitaine i de centrala delarna av Frankrike. Kommunen ligger i kantonen Auzances som tillhör arrondissementet Aubusson. År  hade Le Compas  invånare.

Befolkningsutveckling
Antalet invånare i kommunen Le Compas

Referens:INSEE

Se även
 Lista över kommuner i departementet Creuse

Källor

Kommuner i Creuse


text:
Pinsens kirke (polsk Kościół p. w. Zesłania Ducha Świętego) er en katolsk kirke som ligger ved Frihedspladsen og selve begyndelsen af Piotrkowska-gaden i Łódź. Sammen med det klassisistiske rådhus udgør den, den nordlige indgangsport mod Piotrkowska-gaden.

Kirken, som er en af de første representative bygninger i Łódź, blev bygget i klassisistisk stil i årene 1827-1828 efter tegninger af Bonifacy Witkowski. Den var oprindeligt den første evangeliske kirke i byen og var viet til Treenigheden (deraf det tidligere navn "Treenighedskirken"). I årene 1889-1892 blev den fuldstændig ombygget i neorenæssance efter tegninger af Otto Gehlig. Den fik en ny grundplan som et græsk kors, og en stor kuppel omgivet af seks småtårn.

Efter 2. verdenskrig blev kirken overgivet til et romersk-katolsk sogn i byområdet, og blev indviet som katolsk kirke den 1. januar 1945. Sognet er viet til Pinsen, og deraf navnet "Pinsens kirke".

Eksterne link

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Łódź
Kirker i Polen


text:
Antonija Šola (* 5. Juni 1979 in Zagreb, SR Kroatien, Jugoslawien) ist eine kroatische Schauspielerin, Pop-Sängerin und Songwriterin.

Leben
Antonija Šola wurde 1979 in Zagreb geboren. Sie verbrachte ihre Kindheit in Pula und Bjelovar. In Zagreb studiert sie erfolgreich Soziologie und Kroatistik. 1998 nahm sie an der Wahl zur Miss Kroatien teil. Von 2004 bis 2008 spielte sie in der kroatischen Seifenoper (kroat. Zabranjena ljubav, deut. Verbotene Liebe) die Rolle der Tina Bauer-Fijan. 2007 hatte sie als Sängerin eine Gastrolle in der kroatischen Fernsehserie Nad Lipom 35. Obwohl sie eher eine Schauspielerin ist, verfasste sie bis jetzt, sehr erfolgreich für insgesamt zwölf Musikalben und für dreizehn Liedtexte, die an kroatischen Musikfestivals gespielt wurden. Als Songwriter und Sängerin verfasste sie zum Beispiel für Toše Proeski mehrere Kompositionen mit dem sie auch gemeinsam, einige Male im Duett auftrat.

Šola trat außerdem 2008 beim kroatischen Musikfestival Dora, der auch zugleich Vorentscheid für die kroatische Vertretung beim Eurovision Song Contest ist, auf. Mit ihrem Lied Gdje je srce tu je dom erreichte sie die gleiche Punkteanzahl wie die Sieger Kraljevi Ulice & 75 Cents, jedoch gewannen diese, weil sie von der Jury mehr Stimmen als Šola bekamen und die Jurystimmen bei Gleichstand den Sieger bestimmen.

Zudem arbeitet Antonija Šola mit kroatischen, slowenischen und bosnisch-herzegowinischen Liedermachern, Musikern und Produzenten zusammen.

Diskografie

Studioalben

Singles
 2006 – Zovem da ti čujem glas (Ich rufe an, um Deine Stimme zu hören)

Produzenten-Diskografie
Mitarbeit an zwölf Musikalben:

 2000 – Ja sam tvoja žena (Ich bin Deine Frau)
 2001 – Ja sam tu (Ich bin da)
 2002 – Ja sam vjetar zaljubljeni (Ich bin ein verliebter Wind)
 2004 – Nakon toliko godina (Nach soviel Jahren)
 2004 – Samo za tebe (Nur für Dich)
 2005 – Budi uz mene (Bleib an meiner Seite) (für Toni Cetinski)
 2006 – Anđeo s greškom (Engel mit einem Fehler)
 2006 – Igraj, igraj, nemoj stat' (Spiel, spiel, hör nicht auf)
 2006 – More sinje
 2006 – Pratim te (Ich folge Dir)
 2006 – Zovem da ti čujem glas (Ich rufe an, um Deine Stimme zu hören)
 2007 – Igra bez granica (Spiel ohne Grenzen) (für Toše Proeski)

Musikfestivals
Kompositionen für folgende Musikveranstaltungen in Kroatien:

 1999 – Zadarfest 1999
 2001 – Zagrebfest 2001
 2003 – Dora 2003
 2005 – Hrvatski Radijski Festival 2005
 2005 – Zadarfest 2005
 2006 – Hrvatski Radijski Festival 2006
 2006 – Hrvatski Radijski Festival 2006 - 24 najbolja
 2006 – Split 2006
 2007 – Dora 2007
 2007 – Hrvatski Radijski Festival 2007 – Finale
 2007 – Hrvatski Radijski Festival 2007 – Pop Rock, Urbana
 2007 – Pjesme ljubavne
 2007 – Pjesme moru vol. 1

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website (kroatisch)
 Diskografie (englisch)

Popsänger
Filmschauspieler
Songwriter
Model
Musiker (Kroatien)
Geboren 1979
Frau
Kroate


text:
Pedro Pablo Braojos de Santiago (born 8 January 1957) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a forward, and a current manager.

Club career
Braojos was born in Toledo, Castile-La Mancha. An Atlético Madrid's youth graduate, he only appeared with the B-side in Segunda División B and Segunda División; he made his debut in the latter competition on 7 September 1980, starting and scoring his side's only in a 1–1 away draw against Racing de Santander.

After two years in the third level appearing for Lorca Deportiva CF and SD Huesca, Braojos joined Real Oviedo in the second division in the 1983 summer. He only appeared sparingly for the Asturians, and subsequently resumed his career in the lower leagues, representing Granada CF, Real Balompédica Linense and CP Villarrobledo; he retired with the latter in 1990, aged 33.

Managerial career
After being an interim manager at second level's CD Toledo in 1996, Braojos was appointed manager of fellow league team UD Almería in the following year, remaining in charge for 14 matches and suffering team relegation. He subsequently achieved mid-table positions in the following five campaigns, while in charge of CD Leganés, Sporting de Gijón, Real Jaén and Real Murcia.

In 2005 Braojos was named CD Linares manager. He led the club to three consecutive play-offs, but failed to achieve promotion in any of them.

On 16 October 2008 Braojos was appointed at the helm of Granada CF, in the third division. He left the club at the end of his contract, and remained two further years without any club.

On 14 June 2011 Braojos was appointed CP Cacereño manager. After finishing 7th, nine points shy of the play-offs, he left the club.

References

External links

Soccerway profile

1957 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Toledo, Spain
Spanish footballers
Footballers from Castilla–La Mancha
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Atlético Madrid B players
Lorca Deportiva CF footballers
SD Huesca footballers
Real Oviedo players
Granada CF footballers
Real Balompédica Linense footballers
Spanish football managers
Segunda División managers
CD Toledo managers
UD Almería managers
Sporting de Gijón managers
Real Jaén managers
CD Leganés managers
Real Murcia managers
Granada CF managers
CP Cacereño managers
Association football forwards


text:
Un livre de coloriage est un livre ou un cahier contenant des dessins au trait que le lecteur doit mettre en couleur avec des crayons, des feutres, de la peinture ou par tout autre moyen. Les livres de coloriage sont généralement destinés aux enfants, bien qu'il en existe aussi pour adultes.

Histoire

Les livres à peindre ou à colorier sont apparus aux États-Unis au cours du mouvement de , inspiré par une série de conférences du peintre britannique Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) et par les œuvres du pédagogue suisse Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746-1827) et de son élève Friedrich Fröbel (1782-1852). De nombreux éducateurs conclurent que tous les élèves, quel que soit leur milieu, profiteraient d'une éducation artistique comme moyen d'améliorer leur compréhension abstraite du réel, de développer leurs capacités cognitives et d'améliorer une habileté qui leur serait utile pour trouver un travail, ainsi que pour l'édification spirituelle des enfants. On attribue aux frères McLoughlin Brothers l'invention du livre de coloriage, par leur publication dans les années 1880 de The Little Folks' Painting Book, en collaboration avec Kate Greenaway. Ils publièrent des livres de coloriage jusque dans les années 1920, quand McLoughlin Brothers fut intégré à Milton Bradley Company.

Un autre pionnier du genre fut Richard F. Outcault. Il créa en 1907 le Buster's Paint Book, qui reprenait le personnage de Buster Brown, qu'il avait inventé en 1902. Ce livre fut publié par Stokes Company et lança la mode d'utiliser des livres de coloriage pour faire la promotion de toute une série de produits, y compris du café et des pianos. Jusque dans les années 1930, ces livres étaient conçus pour être peints, et non pas coloriés. Lorsque les crayons devinrent d'un usage courant dans les années 1930, les livres continuèrent à être conçus pour être peints ou coloriés.

Usages éducatifs

Médium principalement non verbal, le livre de coloriage est largement utilisé pour l'éducation auprès de publics qui ne parlent ni ne comprennent le langage des instructions et de la communication. On utilise par exemple des livres de coloriage au Guatemala pour apprendre aux enfants les « hiéroglyphes et les motifs artistiques mayas » ou pour éduquer les enfants des travailleurs agricoles aux « façons dont les pesticides sont transportés du travail à la maison ». Les livres de coloriage sont aussi réputés aider  les élèves à appréhender des concepts qui sans cela ne les intéresseraient pas. Depuis les années 1980, plusieurs éditeurs ont aussi publiés des livres de coloriage éducatifs sur des sujets de niveau universitaire comme l'anatomie ou la physiologie, où mettre en couleur de nombreux schémas détaillés est utilisé comme une aide à l'apprentissage.

Il existe aussi un manuel d'excellente réputation sur le langage de programmation Fortran titré A Fortran Coloring Book, qui se présente comme un livre de coloriage humoristique.

Usages thérapeutiques

Les livres de coloriage sont largement utilisés dans les professions de santé comme outils éducatifs. Une infirmière, essayant de limiter le traumatisme de la chirurgie infantile, a décrit dans une publication académique comment l'utilisation d'un livre de coloriage . Ces livres sont utilisés pour la rééducation des victimes d'accidents pour les aider à rétablir la coordination entre leur main et leurs yeux, ainsi qu'auprès d'enfants autistes, aussi bien pour leur distraction que pour leur effet apaisant. Certains enfants autistes réagissent cependant fortement aux couleurs vives et l'usage de peinture et de pinceaux peut conduire à des accidents susceptibles de les affecter considérablement. Pour cette raison, un logiciel de coloriage peut constituer une meilleure solution.

Utilisations politiques

Les livres de coloriage ont parfois été utilisés dans un but politique. En 1968, a commencé à circuler aux États-Unis le Black Panther Coloring Book. Ce livre, qui montre des hommes et enfants noirs en train de tuer des cochons habillés en policiers, n'a pas été créé par le Black Panther Party, mais par le FBI dans le cadre du programme COINTELPRO destiné à discréditer l'organisation.

Le terme et le concept de « livre de coloriage » ont été adoptés par l'artiste féministe Tee Corinne comme outil d'émancipation féminine. Corinne a fait des dessins au crayon de sexes féminins, qu'elle a ensuite encrés et imprimés sur papier fort. Elle a publié une partie d'entre eux en 1975 sous le nom de The Cunt Coloring Book (littéralement : « Le Livre de coloriage du con »).

En 1962, le dessinateur Mort Drucker s'est associé avec l'humoriste  pour créer le John F. Kennedy Coloring Book, qui s'est vendu à  exemplaires.

Livres de coloriage pour adultes

Les livres de coloriage pour adultes ont rencontré un succès important en librairies en France à partir de 2012, se vendant à plusieurs dizaines de milliers d'exemplaires ; plusieurs éditeurs français proposent désormais une gamme de livres de coloriage pour adultes. Cette popularité se retrouve aussi dans les pays anglo-saxons et en Espagne.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Habiletés visuo-cognitives
 Relier les points

Liens externes
 Ressource éducative : Coloriage à imprimer
 Coloriages pour les enfants

Éducation de la petite enfance
coloriage
Couleur


text:
Die Copa do Nordeste 2001 war die sechste Austragung der Copa do Nordeste, eines regionalen Fußballpokalwettbewerbs in Brasilien, der vom nationalen Fußballverband CBF organisiert wurde. Es startete am 17. Januar und endete am 21. April 2001. Die beiden Finalisten qualifizierten sich für die Copa dos Campeões 2001, ein Wettbewerb, in dem landesweit ein Teilnehmer an der Copa Libertadores 2002, dem wichtigsten südamerikanischen Klubwettbewerb, ermittelt wurde.

Modus
In einem Ligamodus trafen die 16 Teilnehmer jeweils einmal aufeinander. Die vier Besten der Abschlusstabelle spielte in einer Finalrunde im Pokalmodus den Turniersieger aus. Auch hier wurden die Entscheidungen jeweils in nur einer Partie ermittelt.

Teilnehmer
Die 16 Teilnehmer kamen aus den Bundesstaaten Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte und Sergipe.

Die Teilnehmer waren:

Vorrunde

Tabelle

|}

Kreuztabelle

Finalrunde

Turnierplan

Halbfinale

|}

Finale

Torschützenliste

Weblinks
 Copa do Nordeste 2001 auf bolanaarea.com
 Copa do Nordeste 2001 auf fussballzz.de
 Copa do Nordeste 2001 auf rsssfbrasil.com

2001
Fußballsaison 2001


text:
Sants-Montjuïc, een district in Barcelona
 Sants (wijk), een wijk in dat district
 Station Barcelona Sants, een station in de buurt Sants, de facto het belangrijkste station van Barcelona
 Sants Estació (metrostation), een metrostation bij het spoorwegstation Sants


text:
Christopher D. Foote (born December 2, 1956) is a former American football center.

College career
Foote played college football at the University of Southern California.
1976 (2nd) Polls, 1978 (1st) UPI Poll and 1979 (2nd) Polls
Over all four year record 44–6–1, 1978–79 : 22–1–1

Professional career
He was drafted in the sixth round (144th overall) of the 1980 NFL Draft.  He played for the National Football League (NFL)'s Baltimore Colts between 1980 and 1981, for the New York Giants in 1982 and 1983 and for the Minnesota Vikings between 1987 and 1991.,  Foote also played in the United States Football League (USFL) for the Los Angeles Express and the Tampa Bay Bandits in 1984 and the Tampa Bay Bandits in 1985.

1956 births
Living people
Players of American football from Louisville, Kentucky
American football centers
USC Trojans football players
Baltimore Colts players
New York Giants players
Minnesota Vikings players
Los Angeles Express players
Tampa Bay Bandits players


text:
Dag-Are Haugan (born in 1970) is a Norwegian musician who is part of the Tromsø techno scene.

Dag-Are Haugan was born in Tromsø, a city and municipality in Troms county, Norway.
Haugan started playing guitar in his teens and formed several pop bands, for which he was also vocalist. Haugan currently records music with Alog, his musical partnership with fellow Tromsø based musician, Espen Sommer Eide. In 2005, Alog was the winner of the Spellemannprisen, the Norwegian equivalent of the Grammy.

Musical Releases
Red Shift Swing, Alog		(Rune Grammofon 	RCD 2011 • 1999)
Duck-Rabbit, Alog 		(Rune Grammofon 	RCD 2020 • 2001)
9 Solitaires			(Kraak 3                K030     • 2002)
Catch the Totem, Alog 		(Meletronikk 		MLK013   • 2005)
Miniatures, Alog 		(Rune Grammofon 	RCD 2043 • 2005)
Amateur, Alog 			(Rune Grammofon   	RCD 2063 • 2007)

References

External links
Alog Official Site
Rune Grammofon

1970 births
Living people
Norwegian electronic musicians
Norwegian pop musicians
Musicians from Tromsø


text:
Severina Luna de Orosa (born 11 February 1890 – died 23 May 1984) was a Filipino physician and Hispanist writer. She was one of the earliest female Filipina doctors in the country. She was awarded the Premio Zobel literary prize in 1982, 23 years after her husband Sixto Y. Orosa won the same award. Two of her five children were choreographer Leonor Orosa-Goquingco and writer Rosalinda Orosa.

Early life and education
Severina was born in Batangas in the Spanish Philippines on 11 February 1890, the daughter of Batangas municipality councilman Remigio Luna and Rafaela Dinglasan. In 1914, she graduated as valedictorian from the University of the Philippines College of Medicine  (UP) in Manila, becoming one of the first female physicians in the Philippines. Her class initially started with 32 students but only 9 graduated by the end of the course. She met her future husband Sixto Y. Orosa in her class who graduated salutatorian.

Career
From 1914 to 1915, she taught medical zoology and protozoology at UP.

In 1916, she and her husband moved to Jolo (Sulu), as the first Christian doctors to introduce Western medicine in a predominantly Muslim area. She collaborated with her husband in the public hospital of Sulu, of which he was director and chief surgeon, working as an obstetrician, pediatrician, bacteriologist, anesthesiologist, laboratory technician, and assistant surgeon. In a 1917 report by the United States Department of War, Severina de Orosa was listed as an assistant resident physician at the public hospital of Sulu. The couple worked in the Sulu area until 1926, during this time her husband published an anthropological book titled The Sulu Archipelago and Its People in 1923. In 1926, Severina was appointed physician for the city schools of Manila and later became the chief of the maternity and children's hospital in Bacolod.

Orosa was also an active writer in Spanish, Tagalog and English; she frequently authored articles to the Philippines Herald, and was nicknamed the "First Filipino Columnist" by the paper's editor, Modesto Farolan. She also wrote a play about the consequences of sexual promiscuity and sexually transmitted infections called Almost Within Grasp. She authored the book Sex Education in the Home, which emphasised the importance of teaching sex education by parents to their children. Other books that she worked on were based on the Filipino national hero José Rizal, in Rizal and the Filipino Women and Rizal: Man and Hero.

Death
She died on May 23, 1984 at the age of 94. She was survived by her five children. A marker in her honor was unveiled on December 20, 1990 at the Luna-Orosa Building in Ermita, Manila.

Awards and honours
 She was awarded the Premio Zobel literary prize in 1982, 23 years after her husband, Sixto Y. Orosa, won the same award. Her daughter, the writer Rosalina Orosa, also won the award in 1989.

See also
Honoria Acosta-Sison
Fe del Mundo

References

Filipino women medical doctors
1890 births
1924 deaths
People from Batangas


text:
The 2010 United States Senate election in Oregon was held on November 2, 2010 alongside other elections to the United States Senate in other states, as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator Ron Wyden won re-election to a third full term by a landslide margin of 18 points, despite the national Republican midterm wave. As of 2022, this is the only senate election since 1998 in which Deschutes County has not supported Wyden (albeit by a plurality).

Democratic primary

Candidates

 Pavel Goberman, fitness instructor and mentalist, perennial candidate
 Loren Hooker, farmer
 Ron Wyden, incumbent U.S. Senator

Polling

Results

Republican primary

Candidates

 Shane Dinkel, U.S. Army officer and farm worker
 Jim Huffman, Lewis & Clark Law School law professor
 Loren Later, businessman
 Robin Parker, businessman
 Thomas Stutzman, real estate broker
 Keith Waldron, farmer and truck driver
 Walter Woodland, woodworker

Polling

Results

General election

Candidates
 Bruce Cronk (Working Families), retired electrician
 Marc Delphine (Libertarian), financial planner and LGBT and Tea Party activist
 Jim Huffman (Republican), Lewis & Clark Law School law professor
 Rick Staggenborg (Progressive), physician and founder of Soldiers For Peace
 Ron Wyden (Democratic), incumbent U.S. Senator

Campaign
Wyden, a popular incumbent with a 52% approval rating in a July poll, touted bipartisanship and promised to hold town-hall meetings annually in each of Oregon's 36 counties and to open offices outside of Portland and Salem. A Survey USA poll taken a few days before the election showed that 23% of Republicans supported Wyden.

Huffman, widely considered as an underdog, financed his own campaign. He defended bonuses for Wall Street executives and questioned global warming.

Debates
The first debate took place on October 21, 2010 in Medford, Oregon and was broadcast by KOBI-TV. Only the two major-party candidates, Huffman and Wyden, participated in the debate. The second debate, which was hosted by the City Club of Portland at the Governor Hotel, took place on October 22. The debate played live on KOIN and re-aired on Oregon Public Broadcasting later that night.

Predictions

Polling

Fundraising

Results

References

External links
 Elections Division of the Oregon Secretary of State
 U.S. Congress candidates for Oregon at Project Vote Smart
 Oregon U.S. Senate 2010 from OurCampaigns.com
 Campaign contributions from Open Secrets
 2010 Oregon Senate General Election: Jim Huffman (R) vs Ron Wyden (D) graph of multiple polls from Pollster.com
 Election 2010: Oregon Senate from Rasmussen Reports
 2010 Oregon Senate Race from Real Clear Politics
 2010 Oregon Senate Race from CQ Politics
 Race profile from The New York Times
Official campaign websites
 Bruce Cronk for U.S. Senate
 Marc Delphine for U.S. Senate
 Jim Huffman for U.S. Senate
 Ron Wyden for U.S. Senate

Senate
Oregon
2010


text:
La Vie mensongère des adultes () est une série télévisée italienne créée par Edoardo De Angelis, diffusée le  sur Netflix.

Il s'agit d'une adaptation du roman La Vie mensongère des adultes de l'autrice italienne Elena Ferrante, publié en 2019 en Italie.

Synopsis

Distribution

 Giordana Marengo  : Giovanna
 Alessandro Preziosi : Andrea
 Pina Turco  : Nella
   : Costanza
 Biagio Forestieri : Mariano
 Valeria Golino : Vittoria
 Rossella Gamba : Angela
 Azzurra Mennella : Ida
  : Margherita
 Giuseppe Brunetti : Corrado
 Maria Vera Ratti : Giuliana
 Gianluca Spagnoli : Tonino
   : Rosario
  : Roberto

Production

Épisodes
 Beauté ()
 Ressemblance ()
 Amertume ()
 Solitude ()
 Amour ()
 Vérité ()

Accueil critique

Notes et références

Liens externes

Série télévisée créée en 2023
Série télévisée italienne des années 2020
Série télévisée dramatique de Netflix
Série télévisée se déroulant en Italie
Série télévisée se déroulant dans les années 1990
Série télévisée en italien