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Doctor Dolittle (also known as Dr. Dolittle) is a 1967 American musical comedy film directed by Richard Fleischer and starring Rex Harrison, Samantha Eggar, Anthony Newley, and Richard Attenborough. It was adapted by Leslie Bricusse from the novel series by Hugh Lofting. The screenplay primarily fuses three of the books, The Story of Doctor Dolittle (1920), The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle (1922), and Doctor Dolittle's Circus (1924).

Various attempts to adapt the Doctor Dolittle series began as early as the 1920s. In the early 1960s, actress-turned-producer Helen Winston acquired the film rights in an attempt to produce a film adaptation to no success. In 1963, producer Arthur P. Jacobs subsequently acquired the rights and recruited Alan Jay Lerner to compose the songs and Rex Harrison to star in the project. After numerous delays, Lerner was fired and replaced by Leslie Bricusse. The production was continuously delayed by setbacks caused by poorly chosen shooting locations, creative demands from Harrison, and numerous technical difficulties inherent with the large number of animals required for the story. The film exceeded its original budget of $6 million threefold.

Doctor Dolittle premiered in London on December 12, 1967, where it eventually recouped $9 million during its theatrical run, earning only $6.2 million in theatrical rentals and becoming a box-office bomb. The film received negative critical reviews, but through the studio's intense lobbying, it earned nine Academy Awards nominations, including Best Picture, and won awards for Best Original Song and Best Visual Effects. The film eventually became a cult classic.

Plot
In early Victorian England, Matthew Mugg (Anthony Newley) takes his young friend Tommy Stubbins (William Dix) to visit eccentric Doctor John Dolittle (Rex Harrison) for an injured duck that Matthew had acquired from a local fisherman. Dolittle, a former medical doctor, lives with an extended menagerie, including a chimpanzee named Chee-Chee, a dog named Jip, and a talking blue-and-yellow macaw named Polynesia (the uncredited voice of Ginny Tyler). Dolittle claims that he can talk to animals. In a flashback, he explains that he kept so many animals in his home that they created havoc with his human patients, who took their medical needs elsewhere. His sister, Sarah, who served as his housekeeper, demanded that he dispose of the animals or she would leave; he chose the animals. Polynesia taught him that different animal species can talk to each other, prompting Dolittle to study animal languages so that he could become an animal doctor. He is planning his latest expedition to search for the legendary Great Pink Sea Snail.

While treating a horse for nearsightedness, Dolittle is accused by the horse's owner, General Bellowes (Peter Bull), of stealing the animal. A fox that was under Dolittle's care flees from Bellowes's hounds into a nearby barn. The hounds pursue it but are chased out by a group of skunks. The doctor explains to Bellowes that each fox travels with a skunk for protection. Bellowes's niece, Emma Fairfax (Samantha Eggar), offended by his lack of human empathy, chides Dolittle for his rudeness to her uncle. Dolittle expresses his contempt for her and other humans who hunt animals, and she storms off. Matthew falls in love with her at first sight.

An American Indian friend of Dolittle's sends him a rare Pushmi-pullyu, a creature that looks like a llama with a head on each end of its body, so that Dolittle can earn money for his expedition. Dolittle takes the creature to a nearby circus, run by Albert Blossom (Richard Attenborough), where the Pushmi-Pullyu becomes the star attraction. The doctor befriends a circus seal named Sophie who longs to return to her husband at the North Pole. Dolittle smuggles her out of the circus, disguises her in women's clothing to convey her to the coast, and then throws her into the ocean. Fishermen mistake the seal for a woman and have Doctor Dolittle arrested on a charge of murder.

General Bellowes is the magistrate in his case, but Dolittle proves he can converse with animals by talking with Bellowes's dog and revealing details that only Bellowes and the dog could know. Although Dolittle is acquitted on the murder charge, the vindictive judge sentences him to a lunatic asylum.

Dolittle's animal friends engineer his escape, and he, Matthew, Tommy, Polynesia, Chee-Chee and Jip set sail in search of the Great Pink Sea Snail. Emma, by this time fascinated by Dolittle, stows away, seeking adventure. They randomly choose their destination: Sea-Star Island, a floating island currently in the Atlantic Ocean. The ship is torn apart during a storm.

Everyone washes ashore on Sea-Star Island, where Emma and Dolittle admit they have grown to like each other. The party is met by the island's natives, whom they mistake for hostile savages. The populace are in fact highly educated and cultured from reading books that have washed ashore from innumerable shipwrecks. Their leader is William Shakespeare the Tenth (Geoffrey Holder); his name reflects the tribe's tradition of naming children after favorite authors. William explains that they are wary of strangers coming to the island, and that the tropical island is currently endangered because it is drifting north into colder waters and all the animals on the island have caught colds. Mistrust leads the islanders to blame the doctor and his party. Dolittle persuades a whale to push the island south, but this causes a balancing rock to drop into a volcano, fulfilling a prophecy that dooms Dolittle and party to die "the death of 10,000 screams". The push by the whale also causes the island to rejoin the unknown mainland, fulfilling another prophecy that dictates that the doctor and his friends be heralded as heroes and they are freed.

While treating the animals on the island, Dolittle receives a surprise patient – the Great Pink Sea Snail, which has also caught a severe cold. Dolittle discovers that the snail's shell is watertight and can carry passengers. Dolittle sends Matthew, Tommy, Emma, Polynesia, Chee-Chee, and Jip back to England with the snail. Emma wishes to stay on the island with him, but the Doctor is adamant that a relationship would never work. She finally admits her feelings for the Doctor, and kisses him goodbye. Dolittle cannot go back because he is still a wanted man. Furthermore, he wishes to investigate the natives' stories of another creature, the Giant Luna Moth. After his friends have left, Dolittle realizes painfully that he has feelings for Emma.

Sometime later, Sophie the seal arrives accompanied by her husband. They bring a message: the animals of England have gone on strike to protest his sentence and Bellowes has agreed to pardon him. Dolittle and the islanders construct a saddle for the Giant Luna Moth and Dolittle rides the creature back to England.

Cast
 Rex Harrison as Doctor John Dolittle, an eccentric scientist and veterinarian who has unique abilities of communicating with animals with variety of creature languages.
 Samantha Eggar as Emma Fairfax, a Victorian woman who at first despises and eventually befriends Doctor Dolittle by falling in love with him. She is a character created for the film. Emma's singing voice was dubbed by Diana Lee.
 Anthony Newley as Matthew Mugg, a man who is Doctor Dolittle's personal assistant and best friend.
 Richard Attenborough as Albert Blossom, the circus owner
 Peter Bull as General Bellowes, the magistrate who is Emma's uncle. He is a character created for the film.
 Muriel Landers as Mrs. Edie Blossom
 William Dix as Tommy Stubbins, the young friend of Matthew Mugg
 Geoffrey Holder as William Shakespeare X, the chieftain of Sea Star Island's natives. He is based loosely on Prince Bumpo, a character from the books
 Portia Nelson as Sarah Dolittle, Doctor Dolittle's sister.
 Norma Varden as Lady Petherington, an elderly hypochondriac who was one of the Doctor's main patients when he was an M.D.
 Ginny Tyler as the voice of Polynesia (uncredited), the pet parrot of Doctor Dolittle.
 Jack Raine as the Vicar (uncredited), a man with hay fever who was one of the Doctor's main patients when he was an M.D.
 Paul Vernon as Fisherman (uncredited), one of two who arrest Dr. Dolittle.
 Arthur Gould-Porter as Sir Rupert (uncredited), a man with a broken foot who was one of the Doctor's main patients when he was an M.D.
 Bob Winters as Juggler (uncredited)
 Queenie Leonard as Courtroom Spectator (uncredited)
 Cyril Cross as Charlie (uncredited), an Irish fisherman.
 Rufus as Dog (uncredited)
 Sophie as Seal (uncredited)
 Polynesia as Parrot (uncredited)
 Wally Ross as Elephant Act (uncredited)

Production

Development
As early as 1922, Fox Film Corporation made Hugh Lofting an offer for the film rights. Decades later, Walt Disney had sought to obtain the rights to make a film adaptation of the novels. The Disney studios wanted Lofting to surrender the ancillary rights in exchange for a flat fee of $7,500, but a suitable contract reached an impasse. In 1960, Lofting's widow Josephine gave a short-term option of the film rights to Helen Winston, a Canadian actress who had produced the film Hand in Hand (1960). In April 1962, 20th Century Fox signed a multi-picture production deal with Winston's company, Luster Enterprises, with plans to commence production in the following months. She also stated she had actor George Gobel in mind to portray the eponymous character. By that June, she had completed a script with writer Larry Watkin, but the studio decided to cancel the option two months later.

Prior to the release of What a Way to Go! (1964), producer Arthur P. Jacobs first heard that the film rights were available on December 5, 1963. Jacobs met with the Loftings' attorney Bernard Silbert in which he told him of his intentions to produce Dr. Dolittle as a musical with lyricist Alan Jay Lerner and actor Rex Harrison attached. On Christmas Day, Jacobs acquired the rights, but he was given the condition to find a distributor within six months. In January 1964, The New York Times reported that Alan Jay Lerner had signed on to write the script and compose the songs. In the following March, Jacobs pitched his project to studio executive Darryl Zanuck, in which 20th Century Fox signed on as the distributor. On March 22, Rex Harrison signed to star as Doctor Dolittle. Because Lerner's collaborator Frederick Loewe had retired, Jacobs hired André Previn to compose the musical score. The film was given a $6 million budget.

Upon numerous delays to produce a script draft, Lerner was fired from the project on May 7, 1965 due to his endless procrastination stretching over a year as well wanting to continue work on the Broadway musical, On a Clear Day You Can See Forever. Following Lerner's departure, Jacobs considered hiring the Sherman Brothers, who had just won for the Academy Award for Best Original Song for Mary Poppins (1964), but they were still under contract to Disney. Jacobs then hired Leslie Bricusse, who was in high demand after his success with the musical Stop the World – I Want to Get Off. Determined to make a good impression for his first screenplay commission, Bricusse proved agreeably productive from the start for Jacobs, suggesting numerous story ideas and adding a female leading character to the film during their first meeting on May 6. Zanuck signed Bricusse on for a trial run, hiring him temporarily to complete two songs for the film and the first twenty pages of a script. Two weeks after he was brought on to the project, Bricusse presented the song "Talk to the Animals" composed especially for Harrison. By July, Bricusse followed up with a full script that included various song suggestions while effectively blunting the book's racist content in an adaptation that was met with approval from Josephine Lofting.

For the director, Vincente Minnelli was initially attached to the project, but left before Bricusse was hired. William Wyler, George Roy Hill, and John Huston were considered, but Richard Zanuck settled on Richard Fleischer.

Casting
Lerner's replacement by Bricusse gave Harrison the chance to sit out his contract. For the role of Bumpo, Sammy Davis Jr. was hired, but Rex Harrison demanded that Davis be fired from the project as he wanted to work with "a real actor, not a song-and-dance man". In his place, he suggested Sidney Poitier despite the fact that Poitier was not a musical performer. Jacobs and Fleischer flew to New York to meet with Poitier who accepted the part only on one condition: to personally meet with Bricusse. The two then met with Davis who was performing at the Majestic Theatre to inform him that he would be released from his contract. Angered at the casting change, Davis threatened to go public and personally sue Harrison. The next day, Poitier considered leaving the role as he did not want to betray Davis, but eventually stayed in the role.

For the role of Matthew, Bing Crosby and Danny Kaye were on the shortlist, but Anthony Newley was cast, which angered Harrison because he had suggested David Wayne. Harrison later showed contempt for Bricusse's script and lyrics and demanded to sing live on set instead of lip-syncing to pre-recorded tracks. Shortly after, Harrison was fired from the project. In his place, Peter Ustinov, Alec Guinness, and Peter O'Toole were considered. Instead, they hired Christopher Plummer as a replacement, but when Harrison agreed to stay, the producers paid Plummer his agreed-upon salary to leave the production.

For the role of Emma Fairfax, Harrison suggested Maggie Smith, his co-star in The Honey Pot. Barbra Streisand and Hayley Mills were approached for the role, but salary negotiations broke down. (Mills later claimed she pulled out because her sister Juliet wanted the role. ) The role eventually went to Samantha Eggar. Her singing voice was overdubbed by Diana Lee (the daughter of playback singer Bill Lee). Just when shooting was to commence, in order to save thousands on the project, Fleischer and Zanuck decided to reduce Bumpo's role, which was drastically increased due to Poitier's casting. They regrettably informed Poitier that he would be released from his contract before he started filming his scenes. Geoffrey Holder was cast as his replacement.

Filming
In June 1966, principal photography was underway with the village scenes being shot in Castle Combe in Wiltshire. The producers did not anticipate that the trained animals for the production would be quarantined upon entering the United Kingdom, forcing replacement of the animals at considerable extra expense to meet deadlines. The producers chose to ignore reports of the area's frequently rainy summers, and the resulting weather continually interfered with shooting and caused health problems for the animals. All modern technologies such as cars, television antennas, and Coca-Cola promotional signs were removed or hidden, which irritated the locals. British Army officer (and future explorer) Ranulph Fiennes attempted to destroy an artificial dam built by the production unit because he believed it ruined the village. Budget woes continued to worsen in which production costs soared to $15 million. For the role of Albert Blossom, Richard Attenborough was hired at the last minute to replace Hugh Griffith during the shoot.

In October, scenes were later shot in Marigot Bay, Saint Lucia; this location was equally problematic, and problems with insects and frequent tropical storms delayed filming and left eight crew members bedridden due to vomiting, diarrhea, and high fever. The final scene with a giant snail was complicated not only by the poor design of the large prop, but because the island's children had recently been struck by a gastrointestinal epidemic caused by freshwater snails, and mobs of angry locals threw rocks at it. Within a month, filming had fallen 39 days behind schedule in which the production crew had to decamp back to California for reshoots.

It was noted that several of the animals bit Rex Harrison during the filming.

Personality conflicts
Personality conflicts added to the tension during the production. Anthony Newley was incensed by comments made by Harrison that he deemed antisemitic. Harrison was apparently jealous of his Jewish co-star's participation, and demanded Newley's role be reduced and disrupted scenes featuring Newley. Geoffrey Holder received racist abuse from Harrison's entourage. The younger cast members grew to loathe Harrison for this abuse and they retaliated by antagonizing him.

Animal issues
Additionally, over 1,200 live animals were used in the film including dogs, pigs, birds, and even giraffes, all of which required understudies. There are anecdotes of a goat who ate Fleischer's script and a parrot that learned to yell "cut". In one instance, ducks for the film were placed on a lake, but had apparently forgotten how to swim and began to sink, and crew members had to jump into the water to save them. Animals also bit and defecated on the cast and crew, including Harrison.

Location issues
Because of the troublesome location shoots, the production sets were later reconstructed on the Fox studio lot in California. By then, the production budget had reached $17 million. Four months later, when filming had finished, Harrison insisted on re-recording his songs live on set. This infuriated conductor Lionel Newman, but he gave in to Harrison's demands which proved to be tedious as the orchestral arrangements had to be added later. Filming was finished by April 1967.

Music

The lyrics and score music for Doctor Dolittle was composed by Leslie Bricusse and conducted by Lionel Newman. Following a test screening in Minneapolis, preview audiences wrote on their comment cards that the film was too long. Before the film was screened again in San Francisco, several verses of the songs were dropped to improve the film's pacing including "The Christmas Song". Additional edits were made including the removal of "Where Are the Words?" and "Beautiful Things" was shortened. In the original cut of the film, Dr. Dolittle and Emma did eventually begin a relationship in which he sang "Where Are the Words?", when he realizes he is falling in love with her, but in a revised version, it's actually Matthew who falls for Emma and it is his recording of the song which is featured on the soundtrack album. Both versions were filmed and both actors recorded their respective versions, but the footage for both, as well as the vocal track by Rex Harrison have been lost.

In both scenarios, "Something in Your Smile" is sung by Dolittle when he realizes he himself has fallen for Emma; although Harrison's vocal for the song survives, the footage does not exist. Ultimately, the version screened in San Jose, California, which ran 151 minutes, became the final cut of the film.

The soundtrack release was accompanied by an enormous media blitz, with half a million copies of the mono and stereo LP soundtrack being issued in retail stores four months before the premiere. The song, "Talk to the Animals", was recorded internationally by Bobby Darin, Andy Williams, Tony Bennett, Dizzy Gillespie, Jack Jones, and Andre Kostelanetz. Sammy Davis Jr., who had been dropped from the film, recorded an entire album of music featured in the film. Bobby Darin Sings Doctor Dolittle was released on Atlantic Records in August 1967. Darin's recording of "Beautiful Things" from this LP was featured in a 2013 TV commercial for Etihad Airways. A cover version of the same song by the Shiny Lapel Trio was used in a 2008 Christmas television commercial campaign for the United States retail chain Kohl's.

In November 2017, the 50th Anniversary Expanded Soundtrack from La-La Land Records was released as a lavish 2-CD set and did include numerous demos, rehearsal takes, and alternative versions.

Release
The film's first sneak preview in September 1967 at the Mann Theatre in Minneapolis was a failure. The audience consisted mainly of adults, who were not the primary target audience. The general audience response was muted during the screening and comment cards rated it poorly, with frequent complaints about the film's length. A shorter edit of the film with a younger audience previewed in San Francisco was no more successful; a still shorter edit previewed in San Jose was well enough received to be approved as the final cut.

In October, as the film's release approached, Helen Winston sued 20th Century Fox for $4.5 million alleging that the plot point about animals threatening to go on strike on Dolittle's behalf was plagiarized from her screenplay. Bricusse, who had read Winston's script, assumed it was from the books and included it in his own treatment by mistake. Because the producers only had rights to the content of the original books, they had no legal defense and were forced to settle out of court. The animal strike is mentioned in the movie but was not actually filmed.

The film had its official Royal World Charity Premiere on December 12, 1967 at the Odeon Marble Arch in London, with Queen Elizabeth II in attendance. On December 19, the film had a reserved-seating premiere at the Loew's State Theatre in New York City. Two days later, the film opened at the Paramount Theatre in Los Angeles as a benefit for the Motion Picture Relief Fund.

Marketing
Thirteen months before the film's release, Fox began an extensive marketing campaign to promote the film. On September 30, 1966, Life magazine ran a cover of Harrison in character as Dr. Dolittle riding a giraffe accompanied with a piece documenting its production. The release was accompanied with 50 licensees ready to spend $12 million in advertising. Ten thousand retail stores carried 300 promotional items from the film that amounted to an estimated retail value of $200 million.

Reception

Critical reaction
Reviewing the film for The New York Times, Bosley Crowther wrote: "The music is not exceptional, the rendering of the songs lacks variety, and the pace, under Richard Fleischer's direction, is slow and without surprise". Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times claimed "Doctor Dolittle, though it is beautiful, often funny, often charming, tuneful and gay, is in an odd way never really sentimentally moving, even in the sense that it sets up in us elders a yearning for lost youth. It is a picture we can greatly enjoy seeing our children enjoy, but without feeling quite at one with them". Time magazine wrote negatively: "Somehow - with the frequent but by no means infallible exception of Walt Disney - Hollywood has never learned what so many children's book writers have known all along: size and a big budget are no substitutes for originality and charm". Variety acknowledged the film as an "imperfect gem", but felt "there's sufficient values going for it to survive any barbs aimed at it by the critics".

In his annual Movie Guide, critic and historian Leonard Maltin called the film a "colossal dud". Maltin admired the film's photography, but was quick to point out how it nearly bankrupted 20th Century Fox. He admitted: "The movie has one merit: If you have unruly children, it may put them to sleep". On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 29% based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 4.2/10. At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 34 out of 100 based on 6 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".

Box-office
The film faced strong competition from Disney's animated feature film The Jungle Book, which had opened to considerable critical and audience acclaim two months earlier and was still in wide release. Doctor Dolittles appeal as family fare was undermined when the press drew attention to racist content in the books, prompting demands to have them removed from public schools.

According to studio records, the film needed to earn $31,275,000 in rentals to break even, and by December 1970, the film had made $16.3 million. In September 1970, the studio estimated it had lost $11,141,000 on the film.

Accolades
20th Century Fox's decision to mount an Oscar campaign for the film came partially due to their lackluster holiday slate. While a commercial success, Valley of the Dolls had received less than stellar critical reception. As a result, in January and February 1968, Fox booked 16 consecutive nights of free screenings of Doctor Dolittle provided with dinner and champagne to Academy members on the studio lot.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
 "Talk to the Animals" – Nominated

Stage adaptation

In 1998, the film was adapted into a stage musical, starring Phillip Schofield as Doctor Dolittle, a pre-recorded Julie Andrews as the voice of Dolittle's parrot Polynesia, and the animatronics of Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The show ran for 400 performances in London's West End and at the time was one of the most expensive musicals produced. The musical also starred Bryan Smyth, an actor and singer who later hosted his own TV game show for RTÉ.

See also
 List of American films of 1967

References

Bibliography

External links

Doctor Dolittle films
1967 films
1960s musical films
1960s fantasy films
American children's fantasy films
American musical fantasy films
Films based on multiple works of a series
Films directed by Richard Fleischer
Films scored by Lionel Newman
Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe winning performance
Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Compositions by Leslie Bricusse
Films adapted into television shows
Films based on children's books
Films set in 1845
Films set in England
Films shot in California
Films shot in England
Films shot in Saint Lucia
20th Century Fox films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films


text:
The Iron Curtain ist ein Projekt von Christo und Jeanne-Claude aus dem Bereich der Verhüllungskunst. Dieses Kunstwerk entstand 1962 aus 89 Ölfässern in einer Nebenstraße in Paris. Es war eines ihrer ersten Projekte, das in der Öffentlichkeit großes Aufsehen erregen sollte. Der Name ist englisch und bedeutet übersetzt Eiserner Vorhang.

1958 begann das Künstlerpaar mit seinen ersten Projekten. Bei dem Werk Wrapped Cans and Bottles verhüllten Christo und Jeanne-Claude kleine Dosen und Flaschen mit Hilfe von Stofftüchern und Schnüren oder bemalten sie mit Farbe. Mit ihrer Kunst wollten sie ihre künstlerische Freiheit ausleben und den Umfang des Kunstbegriffes veranschaulichen. Die verwendeten Objekte sollten in ihrer ursprünglichen Form nicht mehr zu erkennen sein und somit den Betrachter dazu bringen, über das natürliche Aussehen und die übliche Funktion des Objektes nachzudenken.

Beschreibung
Das Kunstprojekt The Iron Curtain entstand 1962 in Paris in einer Nebenstraße, der Rue Visconti. In der Rue Visconti gab es viele Ateliers und Galerien von Künstlern und sie bildetet die Verbindung zwischen zwei Hauptstraßen in Paris, der Rue Bonaparte und der Rue de Seine. Durch die Errichtung des Kunstwerkes wurde diese Verbindung unterbrochen, die Durchgangsstraße wurde zu einer Sackgasse umgestaltet und konnte so nicht mehr ihren ursprünglichen Zweck erfüllen.

The Iron Curtain war eine Mauer aus 89 Ölfässern, die aus den Lagern großer Konzerne (wie zum Beispiel Shell) stammten, und zwischen den Häusern der Rue Visconti aufeinander gestapelt wurden. Die errichtete Mauer umfasste eine Breite von vier Metern, ungefähr vier Meter Höhe und eine Tiefe von einem halben Meter. Die verwendeten Ölfässer wurden nicht bemalt oder in ihrer Form verändert, sodass die Industriefarben und die Firmennamen erhalten blieben. Jeanne-Claude und Christo symbolisierten und realisierten durch ihr Werk einen groben Einschnitt in das Verkehrsgeschehen und den Alltag, und die Macht einer Mauer wurde dargestellt.

Idee
Christo hatte 1961 den Plan für The Iron Curtain entwickelt, im Jahr des Mauerbaus in Berlin. Das Werk sollte somit auch eine Kritik an der Berliner Mauer darstellen. Sie wollten durch die Errichtung der Ölfass-Mauer aufzeigen, wie es ist, wenn wichtige Verbindungen unterbrochen werden, der Weg nicht mehr begehbar ist wie zuvor und wie es sich anfühlt, wenn man in seinem normalen Alltag eingeschränkt wird. Durch die Verwendung von Ölfässern in ihrer ursprünglichen Form wirkt das Kunstwerk nicht lebendig, sondern eher trist und dunkel, wie auch die graue Berliner Mauer.

Die Verbauung der Rue Visconti und Verwendung von alten Ölfässern war entscheidend für die Umsetzung ihrer Idee. Diese Gasse verbindet zwei große Straßen in Paris miteinander. Durch die Mauer aus Ölfässern wurde die Gasse versperrt und die Besucher oder Bewohner wurden auf diese Art dazu bewegt darüber nachzudenken, welche Bedeutung der Verbindungsweg für sie hat. Außerdem konnten sie dadurch, dass die Herkunft und Verwendung der Fässer bekannt war, über die ursprüngliche Nutzung von solchen Körpern und dem damit verbundenen Sinn nachdenken, auch wenn dieses nicht ihre eigentliche Intention war.

Anders als die vorherigen Werke des Künstlerpaares, Christo und Jeanne-Claude, bekam dieses Projekt eine große Bedeutung, da es zu einem Teil die Pariser Bevölkerung in ihrem Alltag beeinträchtigte und der Verkehr eingeschränkt und im Bezug auf diese Straße sogar vollständig blockiert wurde.

Weblinks
 Homepage von Christo und Jeanne-Claude (englisch)
The Iron Curtain auf christojeanneclaude.net
 Important art by Christo (englisch)

Kunstprojekt
Kunstwerk im öffentlichen Raum
Bildende Kunst (Paris)
Ereignis 1962
Christo und Jeanne-Claude

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Joseph Hillström King (* 4. Juni 1972 in Hermon, Maine) ist ein US-amerikanischer Schriftsteller. Seine Werke erscheinen unter dem Pseudonym Joe Hill.

Leben und Werk
Joseph Hillström King wurde 1972 als Sohn der Schriftsteller Stephen und Tabitha King geboren. Er wuchs als mittleres von drei Kindern in Bangor auf. Sein jüngerer Bruder Owen King ist ebenfalls Schriftsteller; seine ältere Schwester ist Pfarrerin.

1995 absolvierte er sein Studium am Vassar College und widmete sich danach dem Schreiben. 1997 wurde seine erste Kurzgeschichte The Lady Rests veröffentlicht. Um nicht sofort mit seinem prominenten Vater in Verbindung gebracht zu werden, veröffentlicht er seine Werke unter dem Pseudonym Joe Hill. Erst 2006 wurde das Geheimnis seiner wahren Identität gelüftet.

Für seine in zahlreichen Zeitschriften und Anthologien erschienenen Kurzgeschichten wurde er bereits mehrfach ausgezeichnet. Er erhielt unter anderem das Ray Bradbury Fellowship sowie 2006 den Bram Stoker Award, den British Fantasy Award sowie den World Fantasy Award für seine Kurzgeschichtensammlung 20th Century Ghosts. 2007 erschien mit Heart-Shaped Box (deutsch: Blind) sein erster Roman, für den er sowohl den Bram Stoker Award, den Locus Award und den International Thriller Award für den besten Erstlingsroman erhielt. Es folgten weitere Romane, darunter 2010 Horns (Teufelszeug) und 2013 NOS4A2 (Christmasland). Gemeinsam mit seinem Vater schrieb er 2012 die Kurzgeschichte Throttle (Vollgas) sowie In the Tall Grass (Im hohen Gras), die beide in der im Oktober 2019 erschienenen Kurzgeschichtensammlung Full Throttle vereint sind. 2013 erschien mit Once Upon a Dead Gull ein Roman gemeinsam mit Janna Hill.

Hill ist in zweiter Ehe seit Mai 2018 verheiratet und lebt in New Hampshire. Er hat drei Kinder aus seiner ersten Ehe. Die schwierige Phase in seinem Leben zum Ende seiner ersten Ehe hin habe ihn zu seinem Romanerfolg Horns inspiriert, so Hill in einem Interview mit der britischen Tageszeitung The Telegraph.

Adaptionen
Teufelszeug wurde als Horror-Drama Horns im Jahr 2013 mit Daniel Radcliffe verfilmt. Im Jahr 2019 veröffentlichte der US-Sender AMC eine Serienadaption des Romans NOS4A2.

Der Streaminganbieter Netflix bestätigte im Juli 2018, dass eine Serie zur Comic-Buch-Reihe Locke & Key in Auftrag gegeben worden sei und eine Staffel mit 10 Episoden veröffentlicht werden solle. Dies ist – nach 2011 bei FOX und 2018 bei Hulu – der dritte Versuch, aus dieser Vorlage eine Serie zu produzieren. Am 7. Februar 2020 war der Serienstart auf Netflix.

Die Kurzerzählung Im hohen Gras wurde von Vincenzo Natali zu einem Spielfilm umgearbeitet, der im September 2019 erschien und von Netflix im Oktober 2019 ins Programm aufgenommen wurde.

Bibliographie

Kurzgeschichten
Joe Hill schrieb zahlreiche Kurzgeschichten, die in verschiedenen Zeitschriften und Anthologien erschienen.
 20th Century Ghosts. New York 2005 (dt.: Black Box Heyne, München 2008, ISBN 978-3-453-81164-5). – Kurzgeschichtensammlung.
 Strange Weather. Oktober 2017 (Sammlung von vier Kurzromanen) (deutsche Veröffentlichung im Festa-Verlag am 24. November 2020, ISBN 978-3-86552-876-6).
 Full Throttle. Oktober 2019 (Sammlung von Kurzerzählungen; deutsche Veröffentlichung im Festa-Verlag 2021 geplant)

Romane
 Heart-Shaped Box. William Morrow, New York 2007 (dt.: Blind. Heyne, München 2007, ISBN 978-3-453-26546-2).
 Horns. 2010 (dt.: Teufelszeug. Heyne, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-453-26561-5).
 NOS4A2. 2013 (dt.: Christmasland Heyne, München 2013, ISBN 978-3-453-26882-1).
 The Fireman. 2016 (dt.: Fireman. Heyne, München 2017, ISBN 978-3-453-31834-2).

Comics
Neben den genannten schrieb Joe Hill weitere kurze Comics.
 Locke & Key. Panini-Verlag, Stuttgart 2008–2013. – Comic-Serie.
 Wraith: Welcome to Christmasland. (2013–2014)
 Dying is Easy. Graphic Novel, 2020 (illustriert von Martin Simmonds)

Kollaborationen
 Throttle gemeinsam mit Stephen King, 2012  (dt.: Vollgas Heyne, München 2014, ebook ISBN 978-3-641-13048-0)
 In the Tall Grass gemeinsam mit Stephen King, 2012  (dt.: Im hohen Gras Heyne, München 2013, ISBN 978-3-641-11985-0)
 Once Upon a Dead Gull gemeinsam mit Janna Hill, 2013
 Stephen King: On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft: Twentieth Anniversary Edition with Contributions from Joe Hill and Owen King, Hodder Paperbacks 2020, ISBN 978-1444723250

Drehbuch
 Fade Away. 2005 (zusammen mit seinem Bruder Owen King)

Auszeichnungen
 2006: Bram Stoker Award, 20th Century Ghosts
 2006: British Fantasy Award, 20th Century Ghosts
 2006: International Horror Guild Award, 20th Century Ghosts
 2006: Bram Stoker Award, Best New Horror, long fiction
 2006: British Fantasy Award, Best New Horror, short fiction
 2006: World Fantasy Award, Voluntary Committal, Beste Novelle
 2006: William L. Crawford Fantasy Award, 20th Century Ghosts
 2007: Sydney J. Bounds Best Newcomer Award
 2008: Bram Stoker Award, Heart-Shaped Box, Bester Erstlings-Roman
 2008: Locus Award, Heart-Shaped Box, Bester Erstlings-Roman
 2012: British Fantasy Award, Locke and Key, Bester Comic (gemeinsam mit Gabriel Rodriguez)
 2017: Locus Award, The Fireman, Bester Horror-Roman
 2017: Bram Stoker Award, Strange Weather, Sammlung von Erzählungen
 2018: British Fantasy Award, Strange Weather, Beste Sammlung

Literatur
 John Clute: Die Gespenster des 20. Jahrhunderts. Über Joe Hills Kurzgeschichtensammlung "Black Box", in: Pandora. Science Fiction und Fantasy. Bd. 3, herausgegeben von Hannes Riffel und Jakob Schmidt, Shayol Verlag, Berlin 2009, S. 104–107. ISBN 978-3-926126-77-1.
 Sven-Eric Wehmeyer: Teufelszeug, in: Das Science Fiction Jahr 2011, herausgegeben von Sascha Mamczak,  Wolfgang Jeschke und Sebastian Pirling, Heyne, München 2011, S. 1048–1050. ISBN 978-3-453-53379-0

Weblinks

 Offizielle Homepage auf joehillfiction.com
 Deutschsprachige Fanpage auf joe-hill.de

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Comic-Szenarist
Drehbuchautor
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Englisch)
Literatur (Vereinigte Staaten)
Science-Fiction-Literatur
Fantasyliteratur
Horrorliteratur
Roman, Epik
Kurzgeschichte
Erzählung
Essay
Träger des World Fantasy Award
Träger des Locus Award
Träger des British Fantasy Award
Träger des Bram Stoker Award
Pseudonym
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1972
Mann
Stephen King
US-amerikanischer Comic


text:
Lonchocarpus pittieri är en ärtväxtart som beskrevs av Mario Sousa. Lonchocarpus pittieri ingår i släktet Lonchocarpus och familjen ärtväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Ärtväxter
pittieri


text:
Limony és un municipi francès situat al departament de l'Ardecha i a la regió d'Alvèrnia-Roine-Alps. L'any 2007 tenia 754 habitants.

Demografia

Població
El 2007 la població de fet de Limony era de 754 persones. Hi havia 304 famílies de les quals 80 eren unipersonals (32 homes vivint sols i 48 dones vivint soles), 100 parelles sense fills, 100 parelles amb fills i 24 famílies monoparentals amb fills.

La població ha evolucionat segons el següent gràfic:

Habitants censats

Habitatges
El 2007 hi havia 364 habitatges, 309 eren l'habitatge principal de la família, 28 eren segones residències i 27 estaven desocupats. 343 eren cases i 21 eren apartaments. Dels 309 habitatges principals, 252 estaven ocupats pels seus propietaris, 51 estaven llogats i ocupats pels llogaters i 6 estaven cedits a títol gratuït; 10 tenien dues cambres, 49 en tenien tres, 106 en tenien quatre i 144 en tenien cinc o més. 242 habitatges disposaven pel capbaix d'una plaça de pàrquing. A 112 habitatges hi havia un automòbil i a 168 n'hi havia dos o més.

Piràmide de població
La piràmide de població per edats i sexe el 2009 era:

Economia
El 2007 la població en edat de treballar era de 472 persones, 359 eren actives i 113 eren inactives. De les 359 persones actives 323 estaven ocupades (181 homes i 142 dones) i 36 estaven aturades (16 homes i 20 dones). De les 113 persones inactives 50 estaven jubilades, 23 estaven estudiant i 40 estaven classificades com a «altres inactius».

Ingressos
El 2009 a Limony hi havia 311 unitats fiscals que integraven 762,5 persones, la mediana anual d'ingressos fiscals per persona era de 19.619 €.

Activitats econòmiques
Dels 23 establiments que hi havia el 2007, 1 era d'una empresa extractiva, 1 d'una empresa de fabricació d'altres productes industrials, 5 d'empreses de construcció, 3 d'empreses de comerç i reparació d'automòbils, 3 d'empreses d'hostatgeria i restauració, 2 d'empreses financeres, 4 d'empreses immobiliàries, 2 d'empreses de serveis i 2 d'empreses classificades com a «altres activitats de serveis».

Dels 8 establiments de servei als particulars que hi havia el 2009, 2 eren paletes, 1 electricista, 1 perruqueria, 2 restaurants, 1 agència immobiliària i 1 saló de bellesa.

L'any 2000 a Limony hi havia 20 explotacions agrícoles que ocupaven un total de 42 hectàrees.

Equipaments sanitaris i escolars
El 2009 hi havia una escola elemental.

Poblacions més properes
El següent diagrama mostra les poblacions més properes.

Referències

 Résumé statistique Fitxa resum de dades estadístiques de Limony a l'INSEE.
 Évolution et structure de la population Fitxa amb el detall de dades de Limony a l'INSEE
 France par commune Dades detallades de tots els municipis de França accessibles a partir del mapa.

Municipis de l'Ardecha


text:
Eun Yang (born June 13, 1976) is a Korean-American morning news anchor for WRC-TV, the local NBC-owned television station in Washington, D.C.

Prior to her position at News 4, she was one of the first reporters hired by the National Geographic Channel in Washington, D.C. Earlier she worked at WUSA, where she began as a reporter trainee and made her way up to substitute anchor.

Early life
Eun Yang was born in Seoul, South Korea and grew up in the Washington, D.C. area. She graduated from Paint Branch High School in Burtonsville, Maryland. She earned a degree in broadcast journalism from the University of Maryland at College Park. She now sits on the Board of Visitors for the Philip Merrill College of Journalism.

Professional career
Yang began her broadcast journalism career while at the University of Maryland.  She worked as a reporter for Maryland Update, a program on the University's cable channel. She then joined the National Geographic Channel as a correspondent for National Geographic Today.

After turning down a job in New York, the nation's number-one market, she joined NBC4 as a reporter.

While working for NBC4, she got the chance to broadcast Olympics 2018 in Seoul. She met two popes and was assigned to the Inaugurations of presidents. In 2019, she won the Emmy Award for being a great host of a restaurant show: the Foodies.

Personal life
Yang married Robert Kang. They live in the Washington metro area with their three children. From June 2008 to June 2009, Eun Yang created a Wordpress blog called "Eun Yang's Family Affairs" to share and keep specific memories on the internet.

References

External links
 Eun Yang bio at nbcwashington.com
 myfamilyaffairs.wordpress.com Eun Yang's Personal Blog
 NBC4 News Main page

1976 births
Living people
American television reporters and correspondents
American writers of Korean descent
Journalists from Washington, D.C.
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Television anchors from Washington, D.C.
South Korean emigrants to the United States
People from Seoul
People from Burtonsville, Maryland
American women television journalists


text:
Eichel – rzeka we Francji, przepływająca przez tereny departamentów Mozela oraz Dolny Ren, o długości 32,4 km. Stanowi dopływ rzeki Saary.

Zobacz też
 Rzeki Europy

Przypisy

Dorzecze Saary
Rzeki w departamencie Mozela
Rzeki w departamencie Dolny Ren


text:
Metasia gnorisma is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1971. It is found in French Polynesia, where it has been recorded from Rapa Iti.

References

Moths described in 1971
Metasia


text:
Pseudomonoceratina is een uitgestorven geslacht van kreeftachtigen uit de klasse van de Ostracoda (mosselkreeftjes).

Soorten
 Pseudomonoceratina aligera (Ljashenko, 1960) Gruendel & Kozur, 1972 †
 Pseudomonoceratina bradfieldi (Cooper, 1946) Gruendel & Kozur, 1972 †
 Pseudomonoceratina celsalobata (Cooper, 1941) Gruendel & Kozur, 1972 †
 Pseudomonoceratina classicula Becker, 1992 †
 Pseudomonoceratina furcula (Croneis & Gale, 1939) Gruendel & Kozur, 1972 †
 Pseudomonoceratina opima (Cooper, 1941) Gruendel & Kozur, 1972 †
 Pseudomonoceratina razinae Bless, 1984 †
 Pseudomonoceratina youngiana (Jones & Kirkby, 1886) Gruendel & Kozur, 1972 †

Uitgestorven kreeftachtigen
Bythocytheridae


text:
Колодец (Колодезь):

 Колодец — гидротехническое сооружение для добычи воды.
 Колодец — специальная глубокая вертикальная скважина, служащая для различных технических целей:
 Смотровой колодец
 Дренажный колодец

В культуре

См. также


text:
Галерея

Джерела
 Santa Cruz das Flóres

Посилання

 Португальські герби
 Герб Санта-Круша-даш-Флореша

Санта-Круш-даш-Флореш


text:
La théorie de la dynamique newtonienne modifiée, en anglais Modified Newtonian dynamics et usuellement abrégée en (théorie) MOND, est une théorie physique, adaptée de la mécanique classique, proposée pour expliquer le problème de la courbe de rotation plate des galaxies spirales. Elle constitue une alternative au concept de matière noire, dont l'existence n'a toujours pas pu être mise en évidence.

Il a été calculé que si la matière noire existait, alors elle aurait une abondance au moins cinq fois plus importante que la matière baryonique, pour constituer de 83 % à 90 % de la densité totale de l'Univers observable, selon les modèles de formation et d'évolution des galaxies, ainsi que les modèles cosmologiques.

MOND repose sur une modification de la seconde loi de Newton aux accélérations très faibles. Elle est généralisée dans le cadre d'une théorie relativiste, la théorie tenseur-scalaire.

Contexte : le problème de la gravitation

En 1933, l'astrophysicien suisse Fritz Zwicky constate que dans les grands amas de galaxies la vitesse de ces dernières comparée aux modèles théoriques révèle un écart très important. En effet, à ces vitesses, la masse de la galaxie (que l'on déduit de la luminosité de celle-ci) ne suffirait pas à les maintenir : elles devraient s'éloigner. Il proposa alors que cet écart était lié à la présence d'une source de gravitation non visible, c'est-à-dire autre que stellaire. Elle devrait remettre en cause une nouvelle théorie de la gravitation pour exprimer la force gravitationnelle.

Néanmoins, ses calculs pour déterminer la proportion de cette « matière noire » ont montré qu'elle était bien plus représentée que la masse visible.

À partir de 1978, Vera Rubin commence à observer le phénomène à une échelle plus petite. Elle remarque que dans les galaxies, plus les étoiles sont éloignées du noyau galactique, plus leur vitesse angulaire est élevée. L'observation initiale de cette uniformité de la vitesse fut inattendue car la théorie de la gravité de Newton prédisait que les objets plus éloignés ont une vitesse moindre. Par exemple, les planètes du système solaire orbitent avec une vitesse respective qui décroît alors que leur distance respective croît par rapport au Soleil. On se retrouve avec le même problème : comment expliquer qu'à un point donné la mesure soit supérieure à la valeur théorique ?

De même, la vitesse que peuvent maintenir les objets soumis à la gravitation doit correspondre, d'après la théorie de Newton, à la force exercée par elle, c'est-à-dire de la masse présente. On observe pourtant que les galaxies sont plus lumineuses au centre qu'en bordure : la théorie de Newton n'est vérifiée que s'il existe une masse supplémentaire : la matière noire revint de nouveau faire parler d'elle.

En 2011, les travaux de Stacy Mac Gaugh semblent aussi apporter un démenti à la théorie de la matière noire et confirmer la théorie MOND.

On peut toutefois  la matière noire : l'effet de lentille gravitationnelle  permet de déduire la masse d'après les équations de la relativité générale : on se rend ainsi compte que la masse observée ne correspond pas à la masse prédite. Une interprétation équivalente, utilisée par la généralisation de la théorie MOND, appelée théorie tenseur-scalaire (TeVeS), est qu'en réalité c'est le champ de gravitation qui est modifié.

Ces deux approches ne peuvent pas être départagées par les observations actuelles, si on admet l'existence d'énergie sombre et d'une certaine forme de matière noire dans la théorie MOND/TeVeS.

Naissance de la théorie

En 1983, le physicien et professeur israélien Mordehai Milgrom propose une petite modification de la théorie de Newton. Il montre que cela permet de résoudre le problème de la rotation trop rapide des étoiles et des galaxies : il baptise sa théorie  pour Modified Newton Dynamics, en français .

Cependant, cette approche fut au départ entièrement empirique. De plus il est apparu en 2006 qu'elle était en contradiction avec certaines observations astronomiques. En particulier, contrairement à la théorie de la matière noire, elle n'expliquait pas l'aspect de l'amas de la Balle. Cela fut résolu en admettant dans la théorie l'existence d'une certaine quantité de matière noire sous forme de neutrinos.

En 2004, la Physical Review du mois d'octobre publie les travaux d'un autre chercheur israélien, Jacob Bekenstein. Celui-ci a montré que MOND était en accord avec le principe de relativité, tout comme la théorie de Newton : ce sont donc deux solutions possibles aux énergies et aux champs faibles de la gravité.

En , une équipe de l'Université d'Oxford, dirigée par Constantinos Skordis, a calculé les effets de la gravité sur de petites condensations produites  après le Big Bang en utilisant la description de MOND. Leur simulation évoque le fond diffus cosmologique, observé par le satellite WMAP.

Démonstration simplifiée

Selon les lois de Newton, dans une trajectoire circulaire, on a équilibre entre l'accélération centripète et l'attraction gravitationnelle :

et donc :

Le volume d'une galaxie disque de rayon  et d'épaisseur  vaut :

Soit  la valeur de  correspondant au maximum de vitesse. Soit  la masse volumique de la galaxie. La masse de la galaxie est alors donnée par :

d'où :

En faisant l'approximation que la masse est presque entièrement à l'intérieur du rayon , on peut écrire :

Par conséquent :

En remplaçant  dans la deuxième équation qui donne , on obtient la loi selon laquelle la vitesse maximale varie comme la puissance 1/4 de la masse :

MOND et la matière noire

WMAP a pu mesurer avec une grande précision les anisotropies du fond diffus cosmologique. Ces mesures sont en accord avec l'existence de la matière noire et constitue de ce fait une forme de réfutation de la théorie MOND. Mais des travaux publiés en 2007 par Skordis et Zlosnik et ses collaborateurs ont montré qu'il était possible de produire des modèles au sein de la théorie de Jacob Bekenstein qui soient en aussi bon accord avec les observations du fond diffus cosmologique. Le fait que l'on arrive maintenant, dans le cadre d'une version relativiste de MOND, à reproduire le spectre de puissance de la matière dans le régime linéaire du fond diffus cosmologique rend la théorie MOND compatible avec le modèle standard des 400 000 premières années après le big bang ; même s'il faudra encore tester ce que prédit cette théorie plus tard dans l'histoire de l'Univers.

Les contradicteurs de la théorie MOND avancent que les effets de lentille gravitationnelle observés à différents endroits de la voûte céleste notamment par le télescope Hubble confortent la théorie de la matière noire. Des études récentes  concernant de nouvelles observations d'Hubble remettent en question la place de la matière noire dans les effets de lentille gravitationnelle.

Le télescope James-Webb permet depuis peu de percevoir les galaxies primitives de l'univers quelque 300 et 400 millions d'années après le Big Bang. La découverte de galaxies aussi massives observées aussi tôt dans l'histoire du cosmos observable surprennent par rapport à ce qui était prévu dans le Modèle cosmologique standard avec matière noire où ce type de galaxie devaient apparaître plus tardivement. La théorie MOND avait prévu l'apparition précocement dans l'histoire de l'univers de ce type de galaxies primitives. Il a ainsi été découvert des galaxies primitives moins de 500 millions d'années après le Big Bang 100 fois plus massives que ce qui était attendu dans le modèle standard.Ceci est à rapprocher du fait que depuis 2017 on trouve la trace d'une grande quantité de matière baryonique dans les filaments de gaz chaud qui relient les galaxies entre elles, remettant en cause les modèles de développement des jeunes galaxies.

Les théories cosmologiques avec ou sans matière noire peuvent à présent se voir directement confrontées à des modèles gravitationnels en rapport avec une observation topologique des étoiles. La topographie précise des étoiles dans la voie lactée et la galaxie d'Andromède est étudiée actuellement  par le satellite Gaia afin de mieux comprendre leur interaction gravitationnelle et d'évaluer la validité des différentes théories proposées pour expliquer ces observations. Précisions que la voie lactée et la galaxie d'Andromède sont toutes deux des galaxies spirales pour lesquelles la théorie MOND est particulièrement pertinente. Le nombre et le positionnement des galaxies naines dans la voie lactée et la galaxie d'andromède ainsi que le positionnement des amas ouverts d'étoiles de la voie lactée sont actuellement discutés par la communauté scientifique. Les premiers résultats semblent démontrer que la théorie MOND explique mieux ces observation que les théories avec matière noire. L'observation des déformations des galaxies naines de l'amas du fourneau semble arriver aux mêmes conclusions.

Il est à noter qu'aujourd'hui des modèles hybrides (gravitation modifiée avec une petite partie de matière noire) sont développés.

Description

Principes de la modification
La clef de voûte de cette théorie est que la deuxième loi de Newton sur la force de gravitation n'a été vérifiée qu'à des accélérations élevées.

La seconde loi s'énonce ainsi :

où F est la force, m la masse et r la position (ou a l'accélération).

Si la force en question est la force de gravitation, alors l'accélération d'un objet soumis à l'attraction d'un corps est donnée par la formule :

avec G la constante de gravitation, M la masse du corps qui attire et r la distance entre ce corps et l'objet que l'on considère.

Dans la théorie de Newton, la force d'attraction entre deux corps décroît comme le carré de leur distance. Dans MOND, cela n'est vrai que jusqu'à un certain seuil : au-delà, elle décroît comme l'inverse de leur distance. Cela permet de décrire la courbe de rotation des étoiles (ou des galaxies).

Description mathématique

En 1983, Mordehai Milgrom, physicien à l'Institut Weizmann en Israël, a publié deux articles dans The Astrophysical Journal proposant une modification du principe fondamental de la dynamique de Newton. Initialement, cette loi énonce que pour tout objet de masse inertielle m, soumis à une force , a une accélération  vérifiant .

Cette loi est bien connue, et a toujours été confirmée dans toutes les expériences de physique classique. Toutefois, elle n'a jamais été expérimentée dans des situations où l'accélération est extrêmement faible, ce qui est le cas à l'échelle galactique : les distances y sont si grandes que l'attraction gravitationnelle est minuscule.

Modification de la loi de Newton

La modification proposée par Milgrom est la suivante : au lieu de , il postule que l'on a :

, avec  et

Le terme a0 étant supposé être une nouvelle constante de la physique ayant la dimension d'une accélération et de l'ordre de 10 m.s.

La définition exacte de µ n'est pas spécifiée, seul est précisé son comportement pour les valeurs extrêmes de x, même s'il est possible de la construire empiriquement. Les choix les plus fréquents pour µ sont :

, le µ "standard" proposé par Milgrom en 1983 ;

, le µ "simple" proposé en 2005.

D'ailleurs, Milgrom a démontré que la formule de µ ne change pas les principales conséquences de sa théorie, tel l'aplatissement de la courbe de la vitesse de rotation des bords des galaxies.

Limite classique

En vertu du principe de correspondance, on doit retrouver la physique de Newton que l'on observe couramment, dans les conditions où elle semble vraie.

Dans la physique habituelle, a est beaucoup plus grand que a0, ainsi  et donc . Par conséquent, la modification du principe fondamental de la dynamique est négligeable et Newton aurait pu ne pas s'en apercevoir.

Force à faible champ
Dans le cas d'un objet sur le bord d'un disque galactique, l'accélération a est beaucoup plus petite que la constante a0 car la force gravitationnelle est très faible, donc  et  : la force gravitationnelle est toujours la même que dans la théorie newtonienne, mais l'accélération  est nettement modifiée.

Loin du centre de la galaxie, la force gravitationnelle subie par une étoile est, avec une bonne approximation :

où G est la constante gravitationnelle, M la masse de la galaxie, m la masse de l'étoile et r la distance entre le centre de la galaxie et l'étoile.

Avec la nouvelle loi de la dynamique, nous avons :
 d'où :

Comme la distance r est très grande, a est beaucoup plus petit que a0 et donc , ce qui donne :

, et ainsi :

Comme l'équation donnant l'accélération centripète sur une orbite circulaire est  on a :

 d'où la vitesse tangentielle de la rotation :

Ainsi, la vitesse de rotation des étoiles au bord d'une galaxie est constante, et ne dépend pas de la distance r : la courbe de la vitesse de rotation est plate. Comme la théorie MOND a été créée pour résoudre le problème de l'aplatissement de la courbe de la vitesse de rotation, il n'y a pas à être surpris à constater qu'elle concorde avec les observations de ce phénomène.

À partir des observations astrophysiques, Milgrom a déduit une valeur de sa constante :
a0 =

Pour donner un sens à cette constante, Milgrom dit : « C'est grossièrement l'accélération qu'il faudrait pour passer du repos à la vitesse de la lumière pendant la vie de l'univers. C'est également l'ordre de grandeur de l'accélération récemment découverte de l'expansion de l'univers ».

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Interview
 Ciel & Espace , , .

Bibliographie
 Ciel & Espace , , .
 Science & Vie, , , , .

Liens externes
 « Matière noire : la fin du MOND ? », La Méthode scientifique, France Culture, 26 janvier 2021.
 , les podcasts de Ciel & Espace radio, Jean-Marc Bonnet-Bidaud
 , Futura-sciences, interview de Benoît Famaey

  arXiv.org : les articles originaux sur la théorie MOND ;
  .

Astrophysique
Théorie de la gravitation


text:
Martin Ødegaard (born 17 December 1998) is a Norwegian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Premier League club Arsenal and the Norway national team.

Ødegaard began his senior club career at age 15 in 2014, playing for Strømsgodset; he set the Tippeligaen record for its youngest goalscorer, and in 2015, signed for Real Madrid in a transfer worth an initial €4 million (Kr.35 million), where he set the club record for its youngest player. After enduring sporadic playing time, Ødegaard joined Eredivisie clubs Heerenveen and Vitesse, and La Liga club Real Sociedad, on successive loans between 2017 and 2019; Ødegaard won the Copa del Rey with Real Sociedad in 2019. Following another loan, he signed for Arsenal in 2021 in a transfer worth an initial £29 million (€35 million). After a successful first full season with Arsenal, he was announced as the club's captain in 2022.

Ødegaard made his senior international debut for Norway in 2014, at age 15, and has set the record for the youngest senior Norway player, and the youngest player to play in a UEFA European Championship qualifying match. He assumed the full captaincy of Norway in March 2021.

Early life
Martin Ødegaard was born on 17 December 1998, in Drammen. He spent his first years in the local sports club Drammen Strong. His father, Hans Erik Ødegaard, a former footballer, co-founded a football section in the club, and became the coach of his son's team. In 2005, when Ødegaard was six, his parents and others each invested 50,000 kroner so that the local club could refit their gravel field, Kjappen, with artificial turf. This has been cited as crucial for his development, as Ødegaard spent countless hours on the field.

Drammen Strong was twice selected by Ødegaard to receive a prize of 50,000 kroner (€5,800), when the young player was given the Statoil talent award for April 2014 and for the 2014 season. Later, in 2015, Drammen Strong received 250,000 kroner, equivalent to approximately €29,000, as a gift from Strømsgodset Toppfotball when Ødegaard was sold to Real Madrid.

Club career

Early career
In 2009, Ødegaard joined the youth division of Strømsgodset. He trained and played with older boys. The Norwegian Football Federation also organises young talents in local district teams, and Ødegaard played his first matches for the Buskerud team in January 2010, when he had just turned 11. The other players on the team, and opponents, were two to three years older. The coach noted: "Handles things brilliantly. Good choices. Good touch, smart in position game". Ødegaard trained with this team weekly for the next three years. He mostly played left back, as the coaches felt this would give him a positive experience with many ball touches while still playing against physically much stronger players. In attack, he was given free rein due to his ability to "see solutions and spaces that we as coaches were not even close to thinking about."

In 2011, at age 12, he impressed former football manager Lars Tjærnås during a nationwide tournament for under-16s: The best 15-year-olds in the country were gathered for a tournament between the top clubs... It was definitely not the first time he had astonished his opponents or the spectators. He was three or four years younger than the others. It was impossible not to realize that we were witnessing something out of the ordinary.

Strømsgodset
Ødegaard began training with the Strømsgodset first team in 2012, aged 13. He made his first-team debut the same year, in a mid-season friendly against local rivals Mjøndalen IF. He also had short training visits to Bayern Munich and Manchester United. In 2013, at age 14, Ødegaard played for both Strømsgodset's junior team (normally aged 17–19), and the club's third team at the fifth tier of Norwegian senior football.

In January 2014, it was agreed that 15-year-old Ødegaard would be part of Strømsgodset's first team for the year, but no professional contract was signed. The competition rules state that to play in Tippeligaen, players must have a professional contract to be eligible. However, the club included Ødegaard on the "B-list" for amateur players, which made him eligible for up to three matches per season. Ødegaard was unable to train with Strømsgodset in the daytime since he was still in compulsory education. Thus, as part of the agreement, he trained two evenings a week with Mjøndalen IF, a semi-professional First Division team at the time, where his father was one of the coaches.

He made his league debut for Strømsgodset in a match against Aalesunds FK at Marienlyst Stadion on 13 April 2014. Aged 15 years and 118 days, he became the youngest footballer ever to play in Tippeligaen. On 5 May, he signed a professional contract with Strømsgodset, lasting until the end of 2015. This removed the restriction of three matches per season. Eleven days later, he scored his first professional goal and became the youngest goalscorer in Tippeligaen when he scored the fourth goal for Strømsgodset in a 4–1 home victory against Sarpsborg 08 FF. He made his European debut on 16 July, replacing Lars-Christopher Vilsvik for the final five minutes of the club's 1–0 home defeat to Steaua București in the UEFA Champions League second qualifying round.

In late July, an away match at Sandnes Ulf prompted serious discussion in national newspapers VG, Dagbladet and Aftenposten, on his possible call-up to the Norwegian national team. Ødegaard was involved in all three goals for his team, including a goal and an assist. He was also fouled for a penalty which was missed by a teammate. John Arne Riise, the most-capped player on the Norwegian national team, was impressed, and "demanded" Ødegaard should be called up to play against the big nations of Europe. Former manager for Norway, Nils Johan Semb, said after the match that "Martin is one of the best 15-year-olds in Europe," but added that he should not be rushed into the national team. Ødegaard himself stated to the press that if he would be asked to play for Norway, he would say yes.

In the away match against IK Start on 15 August the same year, Ødegaard was placed on the right wing, and made all three assists for Strømsgodset, who won 3–2. He scored two goals in a match for the first time in his career in the 2–1 win against Lillestrøm SK on 19 October. Strømsgodset finished fourth in the league, qualifying for the first qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League, with Ødegaard having scored 5 goals in 23 league games in addition to 7 assists.

In December 2014, during the Norwegian close season, he trained with the first teams at Liverpool, Bayern Munich and visited Arsenal's London Colney.

Real Madrid

2015–2017: Early Real Madrid career

On 21 January 2015, Real Madrid reached an agreement to sign Ødegaard from Strømsgodset, after training with the senior team earlier in the month. The fee reported by Spanish media was around €3 million. Norwegian media reported, however, that the fee was 35 million kroner (approximately €4 million), which could rise to 70–75 million kroner (approximately €8–8.5 million) on certain conditions. In a press conference after the signing, Real Madrid announced that Ødegaard would train with both the club's first team and the reserves, Real Madrid Castilla. He would play for the latter team, which was managed by Zinedine Zidane at the time.

He made his unofficial debut for the reserves on 4 February, in a 3–3 friendly draw with Beijing Guoan. He was subsequently named in the first team's Champions League squad. Ødegaard was assigned the number 21. His official debut for Castilla came on 8 February, coming on in the last 20 minutes as a substitute in the 2–2 draw against Athletic Bilbao B in Segunda División B. On 21 February, he scored his first goal for the club in a 4–0 win over Barakaldo CF at the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium, opening the scoring after seven minutes.

In April, Ødegaard was dropped from Castilla after a run of four defeats, with staff finding problems with him training with the first team while playing for the reserves, in addition to a language barrier. First team manager Carlo Ancelotti called for fans to be patient while Ødegaard settles in a new country. On 29 April, he was included in Real Madrid's matchday squad for the first time for a home La Liga fixture against UD Almería, as Ancelotti was without Gareth Bale, Luka Modrić, and Karim Benzema through injury. However, he did not feature in the 3–0 victory.

On 23 May, in the final fixture of the season, he made his debut for Real Madrid as a 58th-minute substitute for hat-trick scorer and then-reigning FIFA Ballon d'Or winner Cristiano Ronaldo in an eventual 7–3 home win over Getafe CF. He became the youngest debutant in the history of the club at 16 years and 157 days old.

Ødegaard was a regular starter for Castilla during the 2015–16 season. On 17 April 2016, he was praised in Diario AS for his performance in a 3–0 home win over SD Gernika Club, winning a penalty kick which Mariano scored. The result put the team top of the table. The team won the group ahead of Barakaldo CF on the last day, with Ødegaard scoring his first of the season in a 6–1 win over La Roda CF.

Ødegaard made his first start for Real Madrid on 30 November 2016, 679 days after signing for the club. He played the full 90 minutes against Cultural Leonesa in the Copa del Rey round of 32 as Madrid won 6–1.

2017–2020: Loans in Netherlands and Spain
On 10 January 2017, Dutch club SC Heerenveen confirmed that Ødegaard had joined them on loan for 18 months. He had also been close to agreeing a deal with Barcelona, according to his agent, but the Catalan's club transfer ban at the time proved a pivotal factor. He made his Eredivisie debut four days later in a 2–0 home win over ADO Den Haag, replacing Arbër Zeneli in the last seconds. After the game, he spoke to Fox Sports about how he was pleased with his new surroundings. His start to his time at Heerenveen was poor, having only one shot and one assist in his first seven games, and he was later confined to the substitutes' bench by manager Jurgen Streppel. He scored his first goal for the Frisians on 18 May in his 15th appearance, a 3–1 home loss to FC Utrecht in the first leg of a play-off semi-final (5–2 aggregate).

In the 2017–18 season, Ødegaard became a regular starter. He scored his first regular-season goal for Heerenveen on 18 November 2017, in a 4–0 win at FC Twente.

On 21 August 2018, Real Madrid announced that Ødegaard would be loaned again for the 2018–19 season, joining another Eredivisie club, SBV Vitesse.

On 5 July 2019, he was loaned to Real Sociedad for one season, with Real Madrid retaining the option to recall the player or extend the loan for an additional season after the first year. On 25 August, he scored his first La Liga goal in a 1–0 victory over Mallorca at the Estadi Mallorca San Moix. On 14 September, he scored his second goal for the club in a 2–0 home victory over Atletico Madrid at the Anoeta Stadium, in what was regarded by pundits as a man-of-the-match performance. He registered his first assist with a 20-yard line-breaking pass to Mikel Oyarzabal against fellow Basques Deportivo Alavés, in a move praised by fans and pundits alike for its technique. In September 2019, Ødegaard was named La Liga Player of the Month.

In February 2020, he scored against Real Madrid to help his loan club eliminate his parent club from the 2019–20 Copa del Rey at the quarter-final stage. Real Sociedad reached the final of the competition, but it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain; they also qualified for the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League after finishing sixth in La Liga and the season was a successful one for Ødegaard on a personal level. He missed the end of the season having been diagnosed in June with tendinopathy, a problem that had also occurred some months earlier.

After being recalled from loan by Real Madrid in 2020, Ødegaard started the club's opening game of the 2020–21 La Liga season away to Real Sociedad, in a 0–0 draw. On 25 November, he made his Champions League debut for Real Madrid in a 2–0 away win over Inter Milan.

Arsenal

2020–21: Midseason loan
After making only nine appearances during Real Madrid's opening half of the season following his loan spell at Real Sociedad, Ødegaard made it clear he wanted to leave the club during the winter transfer window in search of first-team football. On 27 January 2021, Ødegaard joined English Premier League club Arsenal on loan until the end of the season. He admired the club's direction and the team's style of play, from which he decided that Arsenal would be "a club that really suits me well." Mikel Arteta, Arsenal's first team manager, was adamant that Ødegaard would provide quality in attacking options and that everyone at the club was excited to be integrating him into Arsenal's plans.

Three days after he signed, he made his debut against rivals Manchester United in the Premier League, coming on as a substitute for Emile Smith Rowe in a 0–0 home draw. On 14 February, he made his first league start for Arsenal in a 4–2 home win over Leeds United. On 18 February, Ødegaard started in his first Europa League match for Arsenal in a 1–1 away draw against Benfica in the first leg of the round of 32 tie. On 11 March, Ødegaard scored his first goal for Arsenal with a 20-yard strike in a 3–1 away win over Olympiacos in the first leg of the Europa League round of 16 tie. That goal was later voted as the Goal of the Month in March on the Arsenal official website. On 14 March, Ødegaard scored in back to back games, picking up his first Premier League goal in a 2–1 home win over Tottenham Hotspur in the 203rd North London derby. Due to his stellar performance in March 2021, he was later voted as the Player of the Month on Arsenal's official website.

2021–present: Permanent transfer and club captaincy

On 20 August 2021, Arsenal announced the permanent signing of Ødegaard in a deal worth €35 million with potential add-ons rising to around €40 million. Ødegaard signed a four-year deal until 2025 with the club having an option to extend for a fifth year. He would make his first appearance of the season in a 5–0 away defeat against Manchester City, a match for which a ten-man Arsenal were completely outplayed and were reduced to the bottom of the Premier League table. He scored his first goal of the season with a free kick in a 1–0 away win against Burnley. On 10 April 2022, with the help of a deflection off Danny Welbeck, Ødegaard scored a 30-yard goal against Brighton & Hove Albion at the Emirates Stadium. His long-range late effort proved to be only a consolation in the 2–1 defeat. Arsenal would finish their Premier League campaign in fifth place, just missing out on Champions League football for the following season.

Following the departures of previous club captain Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang and interim captain Alexandre Lacazette, Arteta named Ødegaard as the new captain for Arsenal ahead of the 2022–23 season. He made his first appearance as captain in the club's season opener against Crystal Palace at Selhurst Park, which Arsenal won 2–0. On 21 August 2022, Ødegaard scored a brace in an away win against AFC Bournemouth in the first 11 minutes of the game. On 12 November 2022, During Arsenal's final Premier League fixture before the 2022 FIFA World Cup break, Ødegaard scored a brace against Wolverhampton Wanderers at the Molineux Stadium to keep Arsenal at the top of the league table by five points. Ødegaard would win the Premier League Player of the Month award for November/December 2022. He became the first Arsenal player to win the award since Aubameyang won it in September 2019, and would become the second Norwegian to win the award, joining international teammate and close friend Erling Haaland.

On 15 January 2023, Ødegaard scored a goal in a 2–0 win over Tottenham Hotspur, which was Arsenal's first away win against their rivals in the Premier League since 2014. On 13 March, he was awarded Premier League Player of the Year at the 2023 London Football Awards.

International career

Youth
Martin Ødegaard featured in the starting line-ups for the two home matches of the Norway national under-15 team against Sweden on 17 and 19 September 2013. Both matches were won by Norway, 2–1 and 2–0.

Ødegaard played for the Norway national under-16 team in a tournament with Scotland, the United States and France in Turkey in January 2014. He played the full 90 minutes in all three matches, which resulted in a win versus Scotland and two losses.

He was promoted to the Norway national under-17 team for the away match against Iceland on 28 February 2014. Ødegaard came on as a substitute in the 62nd minute, and helped secure a 2–1 win for his country. Subsequently, he was in the starting line-up for the next three away matches; in the 3–0 win against Iceland on 2 March, in the 2–3 loss against Turkey on 25 March and finally in the 0–3 loss against Greece on 30 March 2014.

In September 2014, he was selected for the Norway national under-21 team for the final match of 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification. He played the full match against Portugal, as a forward, but was unable to prevent the opponents from winning 2–1, despite being named Man of the Match.

An unused substitute for the senior team on 6 September 2015 against Croatia, he joined the under-21 team again the following day in the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification match against England. He played the full 90 minutes in the match, which Norway lost 0–1 at home after a penalty goal by James Ward-Prowse.

Senior

On 19 August 2014, Ødegaard was called up for a senior international against the United Arab Emirates in Stavanger and played the entire goalless draw on 27 August, becoming the youngest player to play for Norway at senior level, at 15 years and 253 days. The record was previously held by Tormod Kjellsen, who was 15 years and 351 days on his debut in 1910.

On 30 September 2014, he was called up to Norway's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying matches against Malta and Bulgaria. He made his competitive debut in the latter, replacing Mats Møller Dæhli in the 64th minute of a 2–1 home win. At the age of 15 years and 300 days, this made him the youngest player to ever play in a European Championship qualifier, breaking a record held since 1983 by Icelander Sigurður Jónsson.

On 29 March 2015, Ødegaard became the youngest player to start a European Championship qualifier at the age of 16 years and 101 days in a 5–1 loss to Croatia. On 8 June, he was man of the match in Norway's 0–0 friendly draw with Scandinavian rivals Sweden in Oslo. After Norway came third in their qualification group, Ødegaard was named in their squad for a play-off against Hungary. Unused in the first leg, he was substituted at half time in the second on 15 November, as Norway lost 2–1 on the night and 3–1 on aggregate.

After 18 months without a cap, Ødegaard's form for Heerenveen earned him a recall into Lars Lagerbäck's Norway team and he earned his 10th cap against Macedonia in November 2017. On 7 June 2019, Ødegaard scored his first international goal against Romania in a UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying match, which ended with a 2–2 draw.

In March 2021, Ødegaard was appointed as the captain for the national team by the new manager Ståle Solbakken.

Style of play
Touted as a "modern" playmaker known for his deft touch, technique, dribbling ability, vision and range of passing, as well as his ability to provide precise, bending deliveries from dead balls and set pieces, the left-footed Ødegaard is often compared to attacking midfielders Mesut Özil and Guti due to his creativity on the pitch and direct, incisive movement of the ball to create chances for his teammates. In addition, Arsenal manager Mikel Arteta also noted his exceptional footballing intelligence to find spaces on the pitch as well as his work-rate, stating that "he's got a real stamina and he's so talented, but his work-rate is incredible." A hardworking player, Ødegaard is an energetic, effective presser of the ball, often covering large distances in order to help his team win back possession. In both loan spells with Real Sociedad and Arsenal, Ødegaard was statistically one of the most productive pressers on his team.

Considered a footballing prodigy and one of the best upcoming talents of his generation in his youth, a 2014 article in the Liverpool Echo described Ødegaard as "an attack-minded midfielder very much in the modern mould. Diminutive, quick-footed, with natural balance, pace and, perhaps surprisingly for one so young, excellent shooting power". David Nielsen, his manager at Strømsgodset, likened him to David Silva and Lionel Messi. In September 2014, international teammate and Rosenborg winger Morten Gamst Pedersen dubbed Ødegaard the most talented player he had ever seen, saying "For his age he is unbelievable – his knowledge of the game is unbelievable and his technical skills are fantastic". Pedersen also stated that Ødegaard needed time to improve at the physical aspects of the sport.

When describing his son, Hans Erik Ødegaard said: "It's the pace of the game that makes the difference in adjusting to different levels. We've used so many hours in working with his first and second touch to take off the pressure. We have worked a lot on bringing the ball closely to his feet, so he can change direction quickly, so even if he's physically weaker than the others he doesn't get caught because he's able to get away."

After Ødegaard signed for Real Madrid at the age of 16, Norwegian former football scout Tor-Kristian Karlsen praised his mentality, stating that he had "overcome every challenge in front of him". Karlsen called him "so level-headed and mature" and noted his intelligence and performance at school, while also saying that this could be a disadvantage as "The best footballers tend to have a bit of needle, a bit of fire". While former Norway international Jan Åge Fjørtoft was supportive of the transfer to Real Madrid due to the opportunity to learn from Zinedine Zidane, he warned that Ødegaard needed time to develop due to his young age despite his newfound fame: "Comparing Ødegaard to Messi is nonsense from the media. Messi is a player who can make the difference and Martin can do the same, but any comparisons should not be taken seriously". Ødegaard reacted to the attention on him by saying "If you get carried away now, you won't get far in 10 years. I'm supposed to be at my best then, not now."

Personal life
Ødegaard is the son of former footballer Hans Erik Ødegaard, who played as a midfielder for Strømsgodset and Sandefjord Fotball and was assistant manager of Mjøndalen IF from 2009 to 2015. He was still attending a local lower secondary school when he made his professional debut, but has since completed his compulsory education in Norway. He is a supporter of English team Liverpool, which he has described as his "dream club". As a boy, Ødegaard looked up to Barcelona's Lionel Messi. He considers compatriot Erling Haaland a good friend and met him when they were in the U-21 national team. Due to his age, Ødegaard was absent from the computer game Football Manager 2015 until his father gave permission to use his son's likeness.

Ødegaard has grown up in a Christian family and has expressed that religious faith is an important part of his life. He was named in Time's 30 most influential teenagers of 2015. The Norwegian's media training is frequently complimented, with one Norwegian journalist saying in 2022: "he was so well spoken — almost like he was media trained at home."

Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Norway's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ødegaard goal

Honours
Real Sociedad
Copa del Rey: 2019–20

Individual
Gullballen: 2019
Kniksen's Honour Award: 2022
Tippeligaen Young Player of the Year: 2014
Idrettsgallaen Breakthrough of the Year: 2014
Eredivisie Team of the Year: 2018–19
Vitesse Player of the Year: 2018–19
UEFA La Liga Revelation Team of the Year: 2019–20
Premier League Player of the Month: November/December 2022
La Liga Player of the Month: September 2019
Eredivisie Player of the Month: April 2019
Eredivisie Talent of the Month: May 2019
London Football Awards Premier League Player of the Year: 2023

References

External links

Profile at the Arsenal F.C. website

1998 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Drammen
Norwegian footballers
Association football midfielders
Strømsgodset Toppfotball players
Real Madrid CF players
Real Madrid Castilla footballers
SC Heerenveen players
SBV Vitesse players
Real Sociedad footballers
Arsenal F.C. players
Norwegian Fourth Division players
Norwegian Second Division players
Eliteserien players
Segunda División B players
La Liga players
Eredivisie players
Premier League players
Norway youth international footballers
Norway under-21 international footballers
Norway international footballers
Norwegian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in England
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in England
Norwegian Christians


text:
Мерида () град је у шпанској аутономној заједници Екстремадура. Налази се на централнозападном делу Шпаније, у покрајини Бадахоз. Према попису из 2009. у њему живи 56 395 становника. У њој се налази чувено археолошко налазиште које се од 1993. налази на Унесковој листи светске баштине.

Историја
Град је основан 25. п. н. е. под именом -{Emerita Augusta}-. Основан је по наређењу цара Октавијана Августа, са циљем да штити прелаз и мост преко реке Гвадијана. Касније је постао престоница провинција Лузитаније и један од најзначајних градова римског царства. У Мериди су остали очувани бројни значајни споменици архитектуре из тог периода.

Након пада Западног римског царства, током периода владавине Визигота град је знатно напредовао, посебно у време када је био престоница Хиспаније. Муслиманска војска под командом Мусе ибн Нусаира је 713. године освојила Мериду.

Град је поново враћен под власт Хришћана 1230. када га је заузео Алфонсо IX од Леона. Период брзог опоравка града је отпочео након уједињења Круне Арагона и Круне Кастиље у 15. веку. Током Наполеонових освајања многи градски споменици и значајни објекти су оштећени или потпуно уништени.

Становништво
Према процени, у граду је 2008. живело 55.568 становника.

Градови побратими
  Мерида
  Мерида (Мексико)
  Мерида
  Ел Пасо

Партнерски градови
  Рим

Референце

Спољашње везе

 Слике римске Мериде
 Слике Мериде: римски споменици и друге слике

Градови у Екстремадури
Википројект географија/Насеља у Шпанији
Светска баштина у Шпанији


text:
Церковь Рождества Пресвятой Богородицы () — православная церковь в Скопье, Северная Македония.

Согласно легендам, здесь была средневековая церковь. В начале XIX века жители Скопье решили построить здесь новую церковь. Этот проект стал возможен благодаря изменению османского строительного права, которое когда-то ограничивало строительство или реконструкцию христианских церквей. Строительные работы начались в 1809 году под руководством строителя и художника Дамжана Янкулова. Он умер во время строительства, и церковь достроили его сыновья во главе с Андреем Дамьяновым. 1 мая 1835 года он был освящён в честь Рождества Пресвятой Богородицы. Церковь представляет собой трёхнефную каменную базилику с западной пристройкой. Иконостас украшен резьбой по мрамору и дереву.

Через год после завершения строительства во дворе церкви была построена монастырская школа с преподаванием на болгарском языке. Приблизительно в 1850 году школа была преобразована в соответствии с ланкастерской системой, а в 1895 году она была преобразована в Болгарскую педагогическую школу Скопье. Согласно фирману, изданному султаном Абдулазизом 28 февраля 1870 года, после плебисцита славянского населения Скопье в 1874 году был назначен первый епископ Болгарской православной епархии Скопье. В конечном итоге епархия стала частью Болгарской православной церкви (БПЦ). Церковь Рождества Богоматери стала его местной резиденцией. После присоединения Скопье в 1912 году к Сербии, церковь была подчинена Сербской православной церкви. Во время болгарской оккупации территории во время Первой и Второй мировых войн церковь снова была подчинена БПЦ.

Церковь пострадала от пожара во время бомбардировки союзников 6 апреля 1944 года. Согласно другому сообщению, инцидент был спровоцирован поваром немецкой воинской части, дислоцированной в служебных помещениях церкви. Часть церковной утвари была вынесена из горящего здания и впоследствии передана болгарским церковным властям. Во время бомбардировки был серьёзно повреждён ряд объектов епархии БПЦ в Скопье. Согласно спорным македонским историографическим данным, церковь была намеренно сожжена болгарскими «фашистскими оккупантами».

В 1950-е годы храм был подчинён Македонской православной церкви. Она оставалась кафедральным храмом до её разрушения во время землетрясения в Скопье в 1963 году. С 2005 по 2008 год она была полностью реконструирована.

В 2018 году в македонских СМИ появился отчёт и фотография сохранившейся плиты. На плите была надпись: «Главный вход Болгарской народной церкви Рождества Пресвятой Богородицы, 20 июля 1879 года». В отчёте говорится, что плита была установлена на самой церкви, но позже была снята и в течение многих лет хранилась в секретном месте, чтобы не быть уничтоженными югославскими властями.

Примечания

Литература
 Јов. Хаџи Василевић, Црква Света Богородица у Скопљу (1835—1935), «Споменица православног храма Свете Богородице у Скопљу 1835—1935 год.», Скопље 1935.
 Васил Кънчов, Град Скопие. Бележки за неговото настояще и минало  (Избрани произведения, т. II, Издателство Наука и изкуство, София 1970)

См. также
 Болгарский экзархат

Культовые сооружения Скопье
Православные храмы Северной Македонии
Скопье
Скопье
Православные храмы XIX века


text:
Bertl Emberger (* 23. November 1941 in Wagrain; † 11. April 2015 ebenda) war ein österreichischer Politiker (ÖVP) sowie Land- und Gastwirt. Er war von 1979 bis 1994 Abgeordneter zum Salzburger Landtag und von 1989 bis 1994 Dritter Präsident des Landtages.

Ausbildung und Beruf
Emberger besuchte von 1948 bis 1955 die Pflichtschule in seiner Heimatgemeinde Wagrain und absolvierte danach von 1959 bis 1961 die Landwirtschaftsschule in Kleßheim. 1967 übernahm er den landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb seiner Eltern, ab 1973 betrieb er zudem ein Jugendgästehaus in Wagrain. Ab 1994 fungierte er als Honorarkonsul der Republik Slowenien in Salzburg.

Politik und Funktionen
Emberger wurde als Sohn des späteren Bürgermeisters von Wagrain geboren und hatte bereits früh Kontakt zu Spitzenfunktioneren der ÖVP wie dem späteren Bundeskanzler Josef Klaus. Er war als Funktionär in der Österreichischen Jugendbewegung (ÖJB) aktiv und engagierte sich auf lokalpolitischer Ebene, wobei er 1969 in die Gemeindevertretung von Wagrain gewählt wurde. Er gehörte diesem politischen Gremium bis 1974 an und war von 1984 bis 1989 erneut Gemeindevertreter in Wagrain. Zwischen 1994 und 1998 war er schließlich Vizebürgermeister seiner Heimatgemeinde. Emberg war von 1970 bis 2001 innerparteilich als Ortsparteiobmann der Volkspartei Wagrain aktiv und wirkte zudem von 1976 bis 1996 als Bezirksparteiobmann der Volkspartei im Pongau. Er war von 1970 bis 1975 Kammerrat in der Bezirksbauernkammer. Er wurde am 16. Mai 1979 als Abgeordneter zum Salzburger Landtag angelobt und schied am 1. Mai 1994 aus dem Landtag aus. Vom 3. Mai 1989 bis zum 1. Mai 1994 war er zudem Dritter Präsident des Landtages.

Auszeichnungen
 Großes Ehrenzeichen des Landes Salzburg (1994)
 Ehrenmitglied der "Stille-Nacht Gesellschaft" (2007)

Literatur
 Richard Voithofer: Politische Eliten in Salzburg. Ein biografisches Handbuch 1918 bis zur Gegenwart (= Schriftenreihe des Forschungsinstitutes für Politisch-Historische Studien der Dr.-Wilfried-Haslauer-Bibliothek, Salzburg. Bd. 32). Böhlau, Wien u. a. 2007, ISBN 978-3-205-77680-2.

Einzelnachweise

Landtagspräsident (Land Salzburg)
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Honorarkonsul
Träger des Großen Ehrenzeichens des Landes Salzburg
Österreicher
ÖVP-Mitglied
Geboren 1941
Gestorben 2015
Mann


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Haemanota rubriceps är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av George Francis Hampson 1901. Haemanota rubriceps ingår i släktet Haemanota och familjen björnspinnare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Björnspinnare
rubriceps


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HMS Harpham was one of 93 ships of the  of inshore minesweepers. She was built in 1954 by the Jones Shipyard in Buckie, Moray. She was sold to Libya in 1962 and renamed Brak. She remained in Libyan service until she was broken up in 1973.

Their names were all chosen from villages ending in -ham. The minesweeper was named after Harpham in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

References

Blackman, R.V.B. ed. Jane's Fighting Ships (1953)

Ham-class minesweepers
Ships built in Scotland
1954 ships
Cold War minesweepers of the United Kingdom
Royal Navy ship names
Ham-class minesweepers of the Libyan Navy


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Oshnuzang (, also Romanized as Oshnūzang and Oshnuzeng; also known as Oshnūrang and Shenow Zang) is a village in Lahijan Rural District, in the Central District of Piranshahr County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 631, in 104 families.

References

Populated places in Piranshahr County


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Amaurornis magnirostris е вид птица от семейство Rallidae. Видът е световно застрашен, със статут Уязвим.

Разпространение
Видът е разпространен в Индонезия.

Източници

Amaurornis


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Das GQL-111 ist ein militärisches Schnellbrückensystem aus chinesischer Produktion und konzeptionell mit Brückenlegepanzern vergleichbar. Allerdings werden beim GQL-111-System ausschließlich geländegängige Militärlastwagen verwendet.

Entwicklungsgeschichte
Die Schnellbrücke GQL-111 wurde in den 2000er-Jahren vom staatlichen Rüstungsunternehmen Norinco entwickelt und an die Volksbefreiungsarmee ausgeliefert. Sie wurde auf Basis eines vierachsigen Lastkraftwagens (8×8) des chinesischen Herstellers BeiBen Truck entworfen, der den idealen Kompromiss zwischen Gelände- und Straßenfahreigenschaften bot. Das Cab-Chassis stammt von BeiBen Truck, das diverse Mercedes-Benz-Komponenten in Lizenz produziert. Konzeptionell ähnelt das GQL-111 dem russischen TMM-6-Schnellbrückensystem.

Technik

Jeder LKW trägt ein zusammengefaltetes Brückensegment, das im Transportzustand eine Länge von etwa 8,0 m hat.
Ein Segment kann verwendet werden, um einen Graben von bis zu 15 m zu überbrücken. Des Weiteren können fünf Schnellbrücken so verbunden werden, dass Hindernisse von 75 m überwunden werden können, wobei die Grabentiefe bis zu 5,50 m betragen kann. Das GQL-111-System kann in Kombination mit Pontons verwendet werden, um breitere Flüsse zu überqueren.
Laut Norinco kann die Schnellbrücke Militärfahrzeuge bis zu 50 Tonnen und Radfahrzeuge mit einem maximalen Achsgewicht von 13 Tonnen tragen. Eine neuere Version wird auch als 60T-Brücke bezeichnet, deren Kapazität auf 60 Tonnen erhöht wurde.

Nutzer

 : Im November 2017 spendete die VR China nebst anderem militärischen Gerät diverse GQL-111-Systeme an Peru.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Militärisches Brückenlegesystem
Militärisches Radfahrzeug (8×8)
Radfahrzeug der chinesischen Volksbefreiungsarmee (PLA)


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Veryan Guy Henry Pappin (Henley-on-Thames, 19 mei 1958) is een hockeydoelman uit het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Pappin speelde 37 interlands voor het Schotse elftal en ook nog 17 interlands voor Britse hockeyelftal.

Pappin was onderdeel van de Britse ploeg tijdens de Olympische Zomerspelen 1984 maar hij kwam niet in actie en ontving geen medaille.

Tijdens de Olympische Spelen 1988 was Pappin wederom reservedoelman. Pappin mocht in de slotminuten van de finale invallen, vanwege deze speelminuten ontving Pappin net als ploeggenoten de gouden medaille.

Erelijst
1988 –  Olympische Spelen in Seoel

Brits hockeyer
Brits olympisch kampioen


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Особняк на Потёмкинской улице д. № 4 в северо-восточной части Таврического сада был построен в 1910—1914 годах в стиле неоклассицизма.
История этого здания, отражает важные культурные вехи последнего столетия.

История
1. Императорский выставочный павильон

С тех пор как в лондонском Гайд-парке впервые прошла Всемирная выставка промышленных достижений, в Европе воцарилась мода на всевозможные экспо-мероприятия. В Петербурге самым успешным организатором новой светской забавы было Императорское российское общество садоводства.
Именно для него в 1914 году рядом с Таврическим садом на Потёмкинской улице был построен выставочный павильон.
Проект павильона был выполнен гражданским инженером, архитектором Санкт-Петербургского дворцового управления Н. Н. Игнатьевым, а строительство было поручено инженеру Э. Ф. Рыдзевскому. Здание отвечало всем требованиям мировой выставочной практики: огромный стеклянный фонарь над главным залом, специальные пандусы для выгрузки тяжёлых кадок с растениями, помещения для лекций. Выставочный павильон сразу стал новой модной локацией, заняв место, которое в сознании светской публики занимали картинные галереи и салоны.
В мае 1914 года здесь разместилась Международная юбилейная выставка садоводства под патронажем Николая II.

2. Переходный период

После закрытия выставочного павильона здание находилось в забвении почти полвека. Во время революции здесь размещался бронебатальон, защищавший Смольный. После 1917 г. здание перестроено в двухэтажный гараж для партийных автомобилей.

3. Панорамный кинотеатр

С 1959 года здание было перестроено в кинотеатр. Панорамный кинотеатр «Ленинград» на 1128 мест по проекту архитектора И. И. Чашника был одним из первых масштабных проектов в этом сегменте. Зал был оборудован самым большим в стране экраном и стереофоническим звуком. Здесь проходили самые громкие премьеры. «Ленинград» долгое время задавал тон культурной жизни города.
К концу XX века техническая сторона кинозала устарела, а кино-жизнь города переместилась в торгово-развлекательные центры.

4. Шоу-пространство

Реставрировать здание кинотеатра для создания в нём театра нового поколения были приглашены профессионалы с мировым именем. Реконструкция осуществлялась под руководством испанского архитектора Рикардо Бофилла, известного по проектам олимпийских сооружений для Игр 1992 года в Барселоне и знаменитого парижского квартала Les Espaces d'Abraxas. Бофилл сохранил облик здания, внешние изменения коснулись только мансардной крыши, которая обзавелась террасами. Масштабный блок работы был проделан в конструктиве здания. Бофилл избавился от некоторых межэтажных перекрытий, которые достались в наследство от реконструкций советского периода и, таким образом, воссоздал первоначальную внутреннюю экспозицию. За дизайн внутреннего пространства отвечали Марта де Вильялонга, Валентин Юдашкин, Павел Каплевич. Была проведена гигантская работа по укреплению фундамента, который расположен на подземной реке и в силу особенностей грунта подвержен опасности. Чтобы обеспечить идеальные
геометрические показатели в фундамент было залито около 7 000 кубометров бетона и забито 36 свай.

25 декабря 2014 года в легендарном здании, которое некогда служило выставочным
павильоном и кинотеатром, открылся «Ленинград Центр»

Ссылки
 Таврический дворец и сад
 Императорский выставочный зал — Кинотеатр «Ленинград»
 Потемкинская улица, д.4б
 Очень старое кино

Выставочные залы Санкт-Петербурга
Бывшие гаражи Санкт-Петербурга
Бывшие кинотеатры Санкт-Петербурга
Здания и сооружения, построенные в 1914 году в Санкт-Петербурге
Таврический сад


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Overath Breitner da Silva Medina, known simply as Breitner (born September 9, 1989 in Barcelona), is a Venezuelan retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.

Career
Breitner signed for União da Madeira, on 29 May 2015, on a two-year contract.

Career statistics
(Correct )

according to combined sources on the soccerway.com

Personal life
He is the son of former Venezuelan footballer Joaquín da Silva, who played during his career under his alias Fariñas. He was namesaked after the German footballers Wolfgang Overath and Paul Breitner.

References

External links
Fútbol Talentos

1989 births
Living people
People from Barcelona, Venezuela
Venezuelan footballers
Association football midfielders
Santos FC players
Figueirense FC players
Criciúma Esporte Clube players
Clube Náutico Capibaribe players
Esporte Clube XV de Novembro (Piracicaba) players
Boa Esporte Clube players
A.C.C.D. Mineros de Guayana players
C.F. União players
Leixões S.C. players
F.C. Arouca players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Venezuelan Primera División players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Venezuelan expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Brazil
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Brazil
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Brazilian people of Venezuelan descent