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The AY-3-8910 is a 3-voice programmable sound generator (PSG) designed by General Instrument in 1978, initially for use with their 16-bit CP1610 or one of the PIC1650 series of 8-bit microcomputers. The AY-3-8910 and its variants were used in many arcade games—Konami's Gyruss contains five—and pinball machines as well as being the sound chip in the Intellivision and Vectrex video game consoles, and the Amstrad CPC, Oric-1, Colour Genie, Elektor TV Games Computer, MSX, and later ZX Spectrum home computers. It was also used in the Mockingboard and Cricket sound cards for the Apple II and the Speech/Sound Cartridge for the TRS-80 Color Computer.

After General Instrument's spinoff of Microchip Technology in 1987, the chip was sold for a few years under the Microchip brand. It was also manufactured under license by Yamaha (with a selectable clock divider pin and a double-resolution and double-rate volume envelope table) as the YM2149F; the Atari ST uses this version. It produces very similar results to the Texas Instruments SN76489 and was on the market for a similar period.

The chips are no longer made, but functionally-identical clones are still in active production. An unofficial VHDL description is freely available for use with FPGAs.

Description

The AY-3-8910 was essentially a state machine, with the state being set up in a series of sixteen 8-bit registers. These were programmed over an 8-bit bus that was used both for addressing and data by toggling one of the external pins. For instance, a typical setup cycle would put the bus into "address mode" to select a register, and then switch to "data mode" to set the contents of that register. This bus was implemented natively on GI's own CPUs, but it had to be recreated in glue logic or with the help of an additional interface adapter such as the MOS Technology 6522 when the chip was used with the much more common MOS Technology 6502 or Zilog Z80 CPUs.

Six registers controlled the pitches produced in the three primary channels. The wavelength to generate was held in two eight-bit registers dedicated to each channel, but the value was limited to 12-bits for other reasons, for a total of 4095 (the register value is used as the frequency divider and 0 is treated as 1) different pitches. Another register controlled the period of a pseudo-random noise generator (a total of 31 different cycle times), while another controlled the mixing of this noise into the three primary channels.

Three additional registers controlled the volume of the channels, as well as turning on or off the optional envelope controls on them. Finally the last three registers controlled the times of the envelope controller, by setting the envelope type and envelope cycle time. A total of eight envelope types include sawtooth shape or triangle shape, starting on either maximum or minimum. The shape can also be set to repeat for a cycling effect. A total of 65535 different cycle times can be set. As there was only one envelope shared between all three channels, many programmers ignored it and programmed their own envelope controllers in software (controlling volume directly). A well known trick was to run the hardware envelope at cycle times above 20 Hz to produce sawtooth or triangle-wave like bass sounds.

Although there are only 16 registers, the four MSB bits of the 8-bit bus must be set to the factory default '0000' value when selecting a register. Incorrectly setting the MSB bits causes the chip to ignore the register change. General Instruments did take orders for customized MSB bits (factory set to other than '0000'). The chips made with customize-set MSB register bits allow the same processor to control more than one AY chip on the same bus (e.g. TurboSound for ZX Spectrum). There are many new-old-stock (NOS) chips on the secondary market with MSB bits factory set to a non-'0000' value. The non-0000 value can cause significant developmental troubles for designers and repair technicians. Software must be written to identify the correct value of the MSB bits on any given chip. Also, software must be changed or hardware added to allow these factory set MSB chips to be used in place of the default '0000' chips.

The AY-3-8910 generates tones with base frequencies of up to 125 kHz (4 MHz input clock, or 6 MHz with the YM2149F), well beyond human perception and into the ultrasonic range. The existence of ultrasonic values is a consequence of the frequency-divider design; in order to have adequate resolution at audible frequencies it is necessary for the overall clock rate (and thus the output at small divisors) to be considerably higher than the audible range. Only divisors below 5 give entirely-ultrasonic output frequencies. Frequencies equivalent to the top octave of a piano keyboard can be defined with reasonable accuracy versus the accepted note values for the even-tempered scale, to nearly 1 Hz precision in the A440 range and even more finely at lower pitches. Despite the high maximum frequency, the ability to divide that figure by 4096 means the lowest directly definable output frequency is 30.6 Hz, roughly equal to B0, the third lowest note on a normal 88-key piano, and as good as subsonic with everyday speaker systems. In essence, the chip is able to produce decently musical output at all reasonable pitches found in most compositions.

By contrast, the SN76489 only has 10 bits of precision for its frequency dividers. Having the same base frequency of 125 kHz, it should in theory lack the two lowest octaves of the PSG. To get around this, the SN76489 plays its tone generators one octave lower than their calculated frequency, giving it one octave less in the bass and one octave less in the top compared to the PSG.

Variants

The 8910 silicon chip was sold in three different packages.

The AY-3-8910 has two general-purpose 8-bit parallel I/O ports, A and B, and these are available in the 40-pin package of the same name.

The AY-3-8912 is the same chip in a 28-pin package, with parallel port B simply not connected to any pins. Smaller packages save cost and board space. The 8912 was the most widely used variant.

The AY-3-8913 is the same chip in a 24-pin package, with both parallel ports not connected. Some users thought the small reduction in pin count over the 8912 made it less interesting; however, the I/O registers were rarely used by designers so General Instruments created this fully functional 24 pin alternative and released it approximately 6 months after the 8910 and 8912 chips. The goal was to reduce complexity for the designer and reduce the foot print on the PCB.

The Yamaha YM2149F SSG (Software-controlled Sound Generator) chip has the same pinout as the AY-3-8910, with the minor difference that pin 26 could halve the master clock if pulled low. If left unconnected, as it would be if replacing an AY-3-8910 chip, an internal resistor pulls the pin high, so the master clock is not halved.

The Yamaha YM3439 is a CMOS version of the YM2149F. It is available in two packages: 40-pin DIP (YM3439-D) and 44-pin QFP (YM3439-F).

The Yamaha YMZ294 is one of the newest variants of the YM2149, but in an 18-pin package. Has no parallel ports and only one sound output with the three channels mixed.

The Yamaha YMZ284 is an even smaller variation of the YM2149, in a 16-pin package. It's basically YMZ294 without the 4/6 MHz selection pin and the /TEST pin.

The Yamaha YMZ285 has a 28-pin package and features a built-in PCM. Has no parallel ports and two sound outputs: one with the three SSG channels mixed, other with the PCM output.

The Toshiba T7766A is a compatible chip that has the same pinout as the AY-3-8910 and was used in some MSX models.

The Winbond WF19054, JFC 95101 and the File KC89C72 have the same pinout as the AY-3-8910 and are also 100% software compatible. They're still in production and used on many slot machines.

The AY-3-8914 has the same pinout and is in the same 40-pin package as the AY-3-8910, except the control registers on the chip are shuffled around, and the 'expected input' on the A9 pin may be different. It was used in Mattel's Intellivision console and Aquarius computer.

The AY-3-8930, also known as AY8930, is an enhanced but mostly-backwards-compatible version of the AY-3-8910. The function of the BC2 pin is changed (it is ignored and assumed to be 0 regardless of the pin state), otherwise the pinout is the same as the AY-3-8910. This variant of the chip adds a number of major enhancements, such as separate envelopes for the three channels (as opposed to one shared envelope), variable duty-cycles, more bits of precision for note frequency, volume, and envelope frequency, and a much more configurable noise generator. It was used on the Covox Sound Master sound card for the IBM-PC. Very few games took advantage of it beyond the normal AY-3-8910 features. This chip may have only been produced by Microchip Technology.

Related chips

Yamaha used the YM2149 core to produce a whole family of music chips which were used in mobile phones, home computers, home and arcade video game systems, etc. For example, the YM2203 (also known as OPN) is basically a YM2149 with FM synthesis added in, as well as its far more advanced successors: the YM2608 (also known as OPNA) which retained all previous features and greatly expanded upon those, the YM2610 (OPNB) which added other features and retained the YM2149 sound channels but not the I/O ports, and the YM2612 (also known as OPN2) which added some features but removed all other ones including the YM2149 sound channels and I/O ports.

Usage

Arcade games
 1942
 Anteater
 Bagman
 Bomb Jack
 BurgerTime
 Dragon's Lair
 Elevator Action
 Frogger
 Gyruss
 Kangaroo
 Karate Champ
 Moon Patrol
 Omega Race
 Pooyan
 Popeye
 Scramble
 Super Cobra
 Roc'n Rope
 Time Pilot
 Tutankham
 Bally Midway MCR system
 Discs of Tron
 Kick
 Satan's Hollow
 Spy Hunter
 Tapper
 Timber
 Tron
 DECO Cassette System

Home hardware
 Amstrad CPC (GI AY-3-8912 / Microchip AY38912/P)
 Amstrad GX4000 (Microchip AY38912/P)
 Atari ST (Yamaha YM2149F)
 ATM (computer) - post-soviet ZX Spectrum Clones
 CCE MC-1000 (GI AY-3-8910)
 Fujitsu FM-7 (GI AY-3-8910 in all models except FM77AV / Yamaha OPN in FM77AV)
 Colour Genie (GI AY-3-8910)
 Elektor TV Games Computer
 Intellivision (GI AY-3-8914)
 MSX
 NEC PC-8801 (Yamaha OPN, models PC8801mkII SR models and newer. / Yamaha OPNA, models PC8801 FA and newer.)
 NEC PC-9801 (Yamaha OPN / OPNA (some models), Sound Cards: PC-9801-26, PC-9801-86, Sound Blaster 16 (Optional socket) and others.)
 Oric-1
 Sharp X1 (GI AY-3-8910 / Yamaha YM2149F)
 Timex Sinclair 2068 (GI AY-3-8912)
 Vectrex (GI AY-3-8912)
 ZX Spectrum 128/+2/+3 (GI AY-3-8912)
 Cricket sound card for Apple II - Echo Plus with two AY-3-8910
 Mockingboard sound card for Apple II
 Mini-Expander for Mattel Aquarius
 Speech/Sound Cartridge for TRS-80 Color Computer

References

External links
AY-3-8914, AY-3-8916 and AY-3-8917
 General Instruments Micro Electronics Data Catalog 1978

ST SOUND, Hearing the AY-3-8910 chip
AY-3-8910, AY-3-8912 and YM2149 Homepage (AY chip emulator for Win32, big archive of AY music
Blog of Dr. Stack van Hay (in German) Huge microscopic image of AY-3-8910 die and function blocks
FPGA implementation
Video Game Music Preservation Foundation AY-3-8910
AY-3-8910 vs YM2149F

Computer-related introductions in 1978
Sound chips
MSX
Atari ST
Intellivision
ZX Spectrum


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Die evangelische Dorfkirche Geltow ist eine neugotische Saalkirche in Geltow, einem Ortsteil der Gemeinde Schwielowsee im Landkreis Potsdam-Mittelmark im Land Brandenburg. Die Kirchengemeinde gehört zum Kirchenkreis Potsdam der Evangelischen Kirche Berlin-Brandenburg-schlesische Oberlausitz.

Lage
Die Straße Am Wasser führt von Norden kommend in südlicher Richtung an der Havel entlang. Die Kirche steht westlich dieser Straße und dort südlich des historischen Dorfkerns auf einer Erhebung, die mit einem Zaun eingefriedet ist.

Geschichte

Geltow war bereits im Mittelalter eine eigenständige Pfarrei mit zwei Hufen und besaß daher auch bereits eine Kirche, von der jedoch bislang keine Dokumente bekannt sind. Im Zuge der Reformation gelangte der Ort nach Werder, um ab 1772 erneut die Rolle einer Pfarrkirche – mit Eiche als Filialkirche – einzunehmen. Die Kirchengemeinde hatte seinerzeit die pragmatische Sorge, dass der Pfarrer im Winter auf Grund einer fehlenden Fährverbindung auf der Potsdamer Havel nicht pünktlich zum Gottesdienst erscheinen könnte. Ab 1870 wurde die Kirchengemeinde von Caputh betreut. Das Kirchenpatronat lag beim jeweiligen Gutsherren und gelangte schließlich in den Einfluss des preußischen Königshauses unter Friedrich II. Zu dieser Zeit gab es im Ort eine Fachwerkkirche, die 1727 durch einen Bau aus Feldsteinen ersetzt wurde. 1755 erhielt dieser Sakralbau einen massiven Westturm.

Bereits unter Friedrich Wilhelm IV. gab es Pläne für einen Umbau der Kirche. Ludwig Persius und Friedrich August Stüler legten 1844 bzw. 1846 entsprechende Entwürfe vor, die jedoch nicht umgesetzt wurden. Erst auf Initiative Friedrich III. kam wieder Bewegung in die Angelegenheit. Er fertigte eine Skizze an, auf deren Grundlage der Baurat Emil Gette in den Jahren 1885 bis 1887 einen Kirchenbau realisierte. Friedrich III. hatte sich dabei an der von ihm geschätzten Pfarrkirche Mariä Himmelfahrt in Terlan (Südtirol) orientiert, die er während seiner Kuraufenthalte kennengelernt hatte. Ihm gefielen dabei insbesondere der polygonale Chorschluss, das einseitige Kirchenschiff mit dem asymmetrisch angesetzten Turm sowie die mehrfarbigen Dachsteine und Teile der Kirchenausstattung. 1885 begann Gette mit dem Entwurf und bezog dabei den Regierungsrat von Pelkowski sowie den Regierungs- und Baurat Lorenz in die Projektleitung mit ein. Der Regierungsbaumeister Lamy lieferte die erforderlichen Technischen Zeichnungen. Dabei sollte der Kirchturm ursprünglich an der Südseite angesetzt werden, wurde schließlich jedoch gemeinsam mit dem Haupteingang an die Nordseite verlegt. Ende 1885 hatten Arbeiter bereits das Fundament aus Rüdersdorfer Kalkstein errichtet, so dass im Juni 1886 die Grundsteinlegung gefeiert werden konnte. Im September 1886 feierte die Kirchengemeinde das Richtfest; 1887 begannen Handwerker mit der Ausstattung des Innenraums. Die Holzarbeiten übernahm dabei der Potsdamer Tischler Eduard Schulz, der bereits in der Matthäuskirche in Berlin-Steglitz sowie in der Kaiser-Friedrich-Kirche in Golm tätig geworden war. Die Ausmalung nahm der Berliner Kirchenmaler Klinker vor. Nach dem Tod Gettes im Jahr 1887 führte der Kreisbauinspektor Eduard Saal die Arbeiten zu einem erfolgreichen Ende. Das Dehio-Handbuch weist darauf hin, dass die Ministerialen mehrfach – gegen den Wunsch des Kronprinzenpaars – Vereinfachungen des Entwurfes durchsetzen konnten. So hatte sich Friedrich III. beispielsweise eine Bemalung der Fassade gewünscht, die nicht realisiert wurde. Die Kirchweihe fand am 22. Dezember 1887 statt.

In der Zeit der DDR wurden 1950 die Fenster saniert. 1954 und 1955 bauten Handwerker unterhalb der Westempore eine Winterkirche ein. Die ursprüngliche Schablonenmalerei im Tudorstil verschwand 1973 unter einem einheitlichen Anstrich. In den 1980er Jahren waren erneut Arbeiten an den Fenstern sowie an Turm und Dach erforderlich. Anfang der 1990er Jahre stellten Experten fest, dass Dach- und Glockenstuhl vom Hausschwamm befallen waren, so dass von 1993 bis 1994 eine Sanierung durchgeführt werden musste. Von 1999 bis 2005 ließ die Kirchengemeinde das komplette Bauwerk sanieren. Dies umfasste 1999 den Turm, 2000 bis 2002 das Dach, 2003 die Fassade sowie in den Jahren 2004 und 2005 den Innenraum. Hierbei wurde die Winterkirche vergrößert, eine Fußbodenheizung eingebaut und die ursprüngliche Ausmalung wiederhergestellt.

Baubeschreibung

Das Bauwerk wurde im Wesentlichen aus roten Mauersteinen errichtet. Dazwischen wurden grün glasierte Ziegel verbaut. Der polygonale Chor ist nicht eingezogen und hat einen Fünfachtelschluss. Die Ecken werden mit zweifach getreppten Strebepfeilern stabilisiert; dazwischen sind in den Feldern drei große Rundbogenfenster mit Maßwerk. Die Nord- und Südseite sind fensterlos.

Daran schließt sich das vierjochige Kirchenschiff an. Die Fassade ist hier ebenfalls mit getreppten Strebepfeilern und großen Rundbogenfenstern gegliedert. An der Nordseite ist ein schmales und kürzeres Seitenschiff. Das Schiff ist mit braunen, grünen, roten und gelb glasierten Dachpfannen gedeckt.

Östlich ist asymmetrisch versetzt der Kirchturm. Im mittleren Geschoss ist an jeder Seite je eine Turmuhr. Diese wurde 1900 vom Fechterverein Geltow gestiftet und 1988/1989 instand gesetzt. Oberhalb eines Gesimses verbauten die Handwerker je zwei gekuppelte Klangarkaden. Der spitze Helm ist mit hellem und dunkelgrauem Schiefer gedeckt und schließt mit einer Turmkugel sowie Wetterfahne ab. Östlich des Turms ist eine Sakristei, westlich ein Vorbau mit einem weiteren Zugang.

Ausstattung
Der Altar stammt aus dem Jahr 1887 und besteht aus einer Sandsteinplatte mit Sandsteinsäulen, die im oberen Bereich mit Kapitellen verziert sind. Dazwischen ist eine Ausmauerung aus Ziegeln. Dazu gehört ein Leuchterpaar, das C. S. Meyran im Jahr 1726 aus Zinn anfertigte. Die Kanzel schuf der Tischlermeister Schulz im Jahr 1887. Der mit Ornamenten verzierte Kanzelkorb ist mit farbig abgesetzten Fasen geschmückt. Zur weiteren Kirchenausstattung gehört eine bauzeitliche Fünte, die vermutlich aus Zinkguss besteht.

An der südlichen Chorwand sind ein Porträt von Friedrich III. und daneben eine Inschriftentafel aus weißem Marmor zu Stiftung, Bau und Einweihung der Kirche. Die Fenster zeigen aus Bleiglas geformte geometrische Muster und stammen aus der Werkstatt der Witwe des Hofglasmeisters Heidkamp in Potsdam. Die West- und Nordempore auf kräftigen Konsolen stammen – wie auch das Gestühl – ebenfalls von Schulz. Die Brüstungsfelder sind in Kassetten unterteilt und haben einen zinnenartigen Abschluss. Unterhalb ist eine Winterkirche, am Aufgang eine Gedenktafel für die Gefallenen aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg. Im Schiff wurde ein Kreuzrippengewölbe verbaut; der Fußboden wurde mit Fliesen von Villeroy & Boch ausgelegt. Unterhalb der Bänke verwendeten die Handwerker ein Ziegelpflaster.

Auf der Westempore steht eine Orgel, die Carl Eduard Gesell im Jahr 1887 errichtete. Das Instrument verfügt über zwei Manuale und zehn Register. Das Prospekt schuf Schulz gemeinsam mit dem Maler Borchmann. Es hat die Form eines Wimpergs und ist mit krabbenbesetzten Fialen verziert.

Im Turm hängen drei Glocken aus Stahl aus dem Jahr 1919. Zwei davon ersetzen die ursprünglich im Jahr 1887 von Gustav Collier gegossenen Glocken aus Bronze, die die Kirche im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914 im Zuge einer Metallspende des deutschen Volkes abgeben musste. Die dritte wurde 1923 verkauft.

Würdigung
 Das Dehio-Handbuch weist darauf hin, dass das Bauwerk bereits nach seiner Errichtung ausweislich einer Urkunde im Turmknopf als "Zierde in der romantischen Landschaft" bezeichnet wurde. Es würdigt das Bauwerk als eine der "bemerkenswertesten neugotischen Landkirchen der Region". Der Spitzturm wirke dabei als "einprägsame" Landmarke, hinzu kämen die "für eine Dorfkirche ungewöhnlich aufwendig" gestalteten Glasurziegeln in Verbindung mit den Formsteinen und dem verwendeten Maßwerk. Das Handbuch schließt mit der Bewertung, dass es sich bei der Kirche um ein "Zeugnis für die direkte Einflussnahme des Kronprinzenpaares auf das Baugeschehen" handele, daher "im Kontext der Bemühungen des Hohenzollernhauses (das den Bau auch finanziell unterstützte) (stehe), die Landschaft um Potsdam durch gärtnerische und bauliche Maßnahmen aufzuwerten, die auch im späten 19. Jh. ihre Fortsetzung fanden."
 Theodor Fontane kritisierte in seinen Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg zwar eine "ängstlich hohe Kanzel", lobte aber als Fazit, dass "das Ganze nicht ohne stillen Reiz" sei.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio (Bearb. Gerhard Vinken u. a.): Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler – Brandenburg Deutscher Kunstverlag, München/Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-422-03123-4.

Weblinks

 Evangelische Kirchengemeinde Geltow, Webseite der Evangelischen Kirchengemeinde Geltow, abgerufen am 5. Februar 2019.

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Potsdam-Mittelmark
Baudenkmal in Schwielowsee (Gemeinde)
Saalkirche
Kirchengebäude des Evangelischen Kirchenkreises Potsdam
Neugotisches Bauwerk in Brandenburg
Neugotisches Kirchengebäude
Backsteinkirche
Erbaut in den 1880er Jahren
Bauwerk in Schwielowsee (Gemeinde)
Geltow

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Интегрированные маркетинговые коммуникации (ИМК) — (англ. integrated marketing communications - IMC) — маркетинговая стратегия компании, для реализации которой задействованы структуры, включая СМИ, благодаря которым компания контактирует со своей аудиторией.

Понятие ИМК используется в сфере маркетинга объединяет в себе все инструменты маркетинговых коммуникаций — от рекламы до упаковки, предназначенные для формирования обращений, направляемых целевой аудитории и служащих для продвижения продукции фирмы к потребителю. "Интегрированные маркетинговые коммуникации, с одной стороны, объединяют в себе все типы рыночных (маркетинговых) коммуникаций: рекламу, связи с общественностью, директ-маркетинг, сейлз промоушн, бренд-коммуникации и др. Кроме того, интегрируются и сами средства коммуникаций, что позволяет направлять целевым аудиториям согласованные, убедительные маркетинговые обращения, содействующие достижению целей компании. Понятие ИМК объединяет в себе также и все используемые инструменты маркетинговых коммуникаций -- инструменты создания корпоративного имиджа, формирования образа политика, системы обращений и составления слоганов, рекламы и упаковки и многое другое".

Обзор

Интегрированные маркетинговые коммуникации — это простая концепция, которая гарантирует, что все формы коммуникации и сообщения были тщательно связаны друг с другом. На самом базовом уровне ИМК подразумевает интеграцию всех рекламных инструментов, работающих вместе.

Все средства коммуникации работают лучше, если они работают вместе, а не изолированно. Это усиливается, когда интеграция выходит за рамки основных коммуникационных инструментов. Существуют и другие уровни интеграции, такие как: горизонтальная, вертикальная, внутренняя, внешняя и интеграция данных.

Интегрированное использование инструментов маркетинговых коммуникаций
"Существуют различные варианты интеграции инструментов маркетинговых коммуникаций:

 Создаются комплексные рекламные агентства, в состав которых входят менеджеры по работе с клиентами, исследовательские работники, специалисты по планированию рекламы, творческий персонал, разработчики плана использования средств рекламы, менеджеры по закупке эфирного времени и места в печатных изданиях, менеджеры службы прохождения заказов.
 Отделы сбыта планируют и реализуют специальные программы продаж, ориентированные как на различных потребителей, так и на торговые организации. То есть интегрируются механизмы воздействия на розничных и оптовых покупателей.
 Интегрируются усилия собственных отделов (служб) связей с общественностью и услуги специализированных сторонних организаций. Внешние и собственные специалисты по связям с общественностью консультируют топ-менеджеров, предоставляют заинтересованным службам информацию о состоянии дел в компании и готовят совместный отчет по проделанной работе.
 Способы осуществления директ-маркетинга позволяют интегрировать различные методы доставки клиентам маркетинговых обращений и выполнения полученных заказов, что позволяет прямому маркетингу занять достойное место в маркетинговой коммуникационной сети, адаптированной к интегрированной организационной стратегии, Система личных продаж, осуществляемых отделами сбыта, должна согласовываться с концепцией, вырабатываемой отделами маркетинга.
 Проводимые маркетинговые мероприятия должны вписываться в общую концепцию, разрабатываемую службами связей с общественностью, отделами маркетинга, сбыта, с привлечением независимых специалистов и консалтинговых фирм.
 Специалисты, занимающиеся решением проблем образного представления товара, торговой марки и самой компании (специалисты по упаковке, дизайну, имиджмейкеры и др.), должны вести свою работу под общим концептуальным началом, интегрирующим различные стили и подходы в решении общей задачи.

Все это позволяет сконцентрировать усилия по реализации интегрированного подхода, требующих партнерских отношений между различными группами участников маркетингового процесса, между подразделениями фирмы, а также с внешними организациями".

Определения

Можно выделить следующие элементы определения IMC /Journal of Integrated Communications, 1997-2002/:

 имеет стратегический характер;
 осуществляет управление всеми аспектами коммуникации, синтез и интеграцию коммуникативных сред;
 cфокусирован на потребителе;
 осуществляет взаимодействие со всеми группами, важными для организации;
 направлен на улучшение и поддержание бренда, репутации;
 направлен на увеличение прибыли и добавленной стоимости;
 направлен на улучшение лояльности потребителей;
 направлен на достижение конкурентного преимущества, позиционирования компании, оформление миссии компании;
 ведет к интеграции и согласованию миссии и стратегии компании;
 направлен на удовлетворение потребителей, создание и поддержание отношений, обеспечивает отсутствие изолированности отделов коммуникации;
 основан на учете данных;
 участвует в ключевых бизнес процессах.

См. также

 Маркетинговые коммуникации
 Маркетинг
 Брендинг
 Графический дизайн
 Продажи

Примечания

1. ↑Интегрированные коммуникации: стратегический PR, маркетинг или что-то еще?.Дата обращения 22 июня 2019.

2. ↑1.Интегрированные коммуникации: понятие, основные термины, история вопросаДата обращения 22 июня 2019.

3. ↑Integrated Marketing CommunicationsДата обращения 22 июня 2019.

Литература

 Шарков Ф.И. Интегрированные бренд-коммуникации.М.: РИП-холдинг. 2004. - 244 с.
Шарков Ф.И., Бузин В.Н. Интегрированные коммуникации: массовые коммуникации и медиапланирование. М.: Издательско-торговая корпорация "Дашков и Ко". 2012. - 488 с.
Шарков Ф.И. Интегрированные коммуникации: правовое регулирование в рекламе, связях с общественностью и журналистике. М.: Издательско-торговая корпорация "Дашков и Ко". 2011. - 336 с.
Шарков Ф.И. Интегрированные коммуникации: реклама, паблик рилейшнз, брендинг. М.: Издательско-торговая корпорация "Дашков и Ко". 2011. - 324 с.
Шарков Ф.И. Интегрированные PR-коммуникации. М.: РИП-холдинг. 2004. - 272 с.
Шарков Ф.И. Интегрированные рекламные коммуникации.М.: РИП-холдинг. 2004. - 270 с.
Marketing Messages: A Complete Guide to Integrated Marketing Communications/Leslie Gofton. Silver Lake Publishing, 2001.

Продвижение и маркетинговые коммуникации

Маркетинг


text:
Kinderbegräbnisse unterscheiden sich in der römisch-katholischen Tradition in Liturgie und Ritus von Beerdigungen Erwachsener und Jugendlicher. Zu Grunde gelegt wird, dass Kleinkinder mangels Einsicht und Vernunft noch keine Sünden begehen können und daher keine Fürsprache benötigen.

Geschichte

Seit Ende des 14./Anfang des 15. Jahrhunderts findet sich im römischen Ritus eine eigene liturgische Ordnung für die kirchliche Begräbnisfeier von getauften, jedoch vor dem Erlangen des Vernunftgebrauchs verstorbener Kinder. Da das Kind in seinem Alter noch nicht sündigen konnte, waren in der Liturgie weder Fürbitten, noch eine Heilige Messe vorgesehen. Im Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzil klang der Wunsch auf, "der Begräbnisritus für Kinder soll überarbeitet werden und eine eigene Messe erhalten (SC 82).

Liturgische Form

Der erneuerte "Ordo exsequiarum" und für das deutschsprachige Gebiet "Die kirchliche Begräbnisfeier" sehen vor, dass das Kinderbegräbnis nach einer der Formen gehalten wird, die auch für das Begräbnis Erwachsener vorgesehen ist. Jedoch beinhaltet die Liturgie des Kinderbegräbnisses eigene Texte. Diese Ordnung gilt sowohl für ein getauftes Kind als auch für ein Kind, das vor der von den Eltern beabsichtigten Taufe verstorben ist. Für den zweiten Fall sind einige Anpassungen vorgesehen. Das Messbuch enthält für beide Fälle Messformulare, die je nach Situation angewendet werden können. Auch Fehl- und Totgeburten können im Rahmen einer liturgischen Messfeier bestattet werden, wenn es der Wunsch der Eltern ist. Die liturgische Farbe bei einem Kinderbegräbnis ist traditionell weiß.

Literatur

Christof Kracht: Zur Rezeption der Eschatologie des Evangeliums nach Johannes in der gegenwärtigen Begräbnisliturgie für die katholischen Bistümer des deutschen Sprachgebietes, LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2004, ISBN 3825878716

Weblinks

Die kirchliche Begräbnisfeier (PDF-Datei; 126 kB)

Einzelnachweise

Römischer Ritus
Bestattungsritual
Kindheit und Religion


text:
Biografia

Giovanni Bassignano nacque a Brescia nel 1653, in una famiglia di origine presumibilmente piemontese.

Lavorò soprattutto per la Repubblica di Venezia come ingegnere militare, esperto nella progettazione e costruzione di strutture fortificate. Per questa attività diventò noto, al punto che nel 1677 si trasferì in Alsazia, al servizio di Leopoldo I d'Asburgo, per opere militari.

Rientrato a Venezia partecipò alla guerra contro i Turchi, durante la quale fu ferito a Eubea nel 1689.

Bassignano si mise in evidenza per la progettazione e la realizzazione, tra la fine del XVII secolo e l'inizio del XVIII secolo, del palazzo Martinengo Colleoni in via Moretto a Brescia (ora sede del Tribunale), a lui attribuito, dimostrando di aver oltrepassato gli elementi e gli schemi stilistici tipici dei palazzi secenteschi bresciani, come il palazzo Avogadro, ora Bettoni-Cazzago.

Bassignano nella sua opera inserì influenze culturali piemontesi, oltre che lombarde, come mostrò la fronte minore sullo slargo di via Cavour, dal profilo di pianta curvilineo, che potrebbe ricordare il Guarino Guarini di palazzo Carignano a Torino, anche se lo stesso elemento stilistico fu noto anche in Lombardia, presente nella fronte del palazzo del Collegio Elvetico, indi del Senato, a Milano eseguito da Francesco Maria Richini.

Inoltre l'ordinata scansione della fronte maggiore, ispirata allo stile di Filippo Juvarra, che prevalsero anche negli interni (scalone, galleria al piano superiore), così che l'opera di Bassignano si rivelò anticipatrice a Brescia, di una corrente classicista che ebbe molta fortuna nel XVIII secolo, specialmente per merito dell'abate Antonio Marchetti.

Negli ultimi anni risultò attivo a Genova, sempre occupandosi di opere militari, oltre che di opere civili, quali il ponte che conduce alla basilica di Santa Maria Assunta a Carignano, nel centro di Genova, per il quale secondo alcune fonti di storici dell'arte, Bassignano si impegnò esclusivamente della progettazione iniziale del ponte di Carignano, prima di passarla ad un suo collega, il francese Gerard de Langlade.

Opere
 Progettazione e costruzione di strutture fortificate per la Repubblica di Venezia;
 Progettazione e costruzione di strutture fortificate in Alsazia, al servizio di Leopoldo I d'Asburgo;
 Palazzo Martinengo Colleoni a Brescia (attribuzione);
 Progettazione e costruzione di strutture fortificate a Genova;
 Progettazione iniziale del ponte di Carignano.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 Architettura italiana
 Storia dell'architettura
 Storia dell'arte


text:
is a Japanese sprinter who specialises in the 200 metres. He is a one-time Asian champion and two-time national champion in the event and has a personal best of 20.13 seconds. He is also a bronze medalist in the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2017 World Championships. He holds the Asian best in the rarely-contested 300 metres.

Personal bests

Achievements

National titles
Japanese Championships
200 m: 2010, 2015

See also
List of World Athletics Championships medalists (men)
List of Asian Games medalists in athletics
List of 200 metres national champions (men)

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Saitama (city)
Japanese male sprinters
Olympic male sprinters
Olympic athletes of Japan
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Asian Games silver medalists for Japan
Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Japan
World Athletics Championships medalists
Japan Championships in Athletics winners
20th-century Japanese people
21st-century Japanese people


text:
Сірі прибульці (), відомі також як Сірі () — раса гуманоїдних прибульців-іншопланетян, що часто зустрічається в кінематографі та художній літературі. Згадуються очевидцями НЛО. Є одним з об'єктів дослідження неофіційної науки уфології. Інший поширений стереотип інопланетян — зелені чоловічки.

Описи Сірих очевидцями (людьми, які стверджують, що вони спостерігали або вступали в контакт з прибульцями), розходяться у всьому: їхній характер, походження, зовнішність (різний колір шкіри, ріст тощо). З безлічі свідоцтв складається такий опис: маленькі істоти з гладкою шкірою сірого кольору, непропорційно великою головою і великими чорними очима. Походження Сірих зазвичай пов'язують з викраденими подружжям Бетті і Барні Хілл.

Опис
Люди, які стверджують, що бачили Сірих, описують їх як людиноподібних істот зростом близько 120 см, з видовженими верхніми кінцівками, атрофованими м'язами і шкірою сірого кольору. Також характерними рисами є великі чорні очі без зіниць, повністю відсутні або сильно атрофовані ніс і вуха, замість них маленькі отвори, повна відсутність волосяного покриву на тілі, непропорційно велика голова, маленький рот.

Перша згадка
У 1893 році британський письменник Герберт Уеллс в есе «Людина мільйонного року» висловив припущення, що через тисячі років людство еволюціонує в расу худих сірошкірих істот з великими головами.

В науково-фантастичній повісті радянського письменника Бориса Анібала «Моряки Всесвіту», опублікованій в журналі «Знання — сила» в 1940 році, фігурують марсіяни, зовні дуже схожі на стереотипний образ Греїв. Тільки колір шкіри у них був жовтого відтінку.

У 1965 році в пресі з'явилися гучні повідомлення подружжя Бетті і Барні Хілл, «викрадених» інопланетянами. Подружжя стверджували, що в 1961 році вони побували на борту «летючої тарілки», пілотованої сірими прибульцями. Бетті Хілл навіть намалювала карту, вказавши на рідну зірку прибульців. Якщо вірити цій карті, то інопланетяни можуть бути родом з Дзети Сітки ( — тому сірих іноді називають «ретикулянами»). Однак зв'язок даних прибульців з греями спірний.

Тісний зв'язок з викраданнями
Сірі, як правило, включені в список викрадачів і фокус уфології, з атрибутами, які можуть відрізнятися від прийнятих. Ці атрибути включають в себе різницю в зрості: одні описуються як маленькі, інші, навпаки, як високі. Викрадені кажуть, що вони впізнають лідера своїх викрадачів за його «поведінкою». Деякі уфологи і дослідники викрадень вважають, що високі сірі, з їхніми ширшими повноваженнями і більш складним менталітетом, можуть бути живими істотами, як і люди, тоді як низькорослі являють собою штучні форми життя, які виконують роль обслуги.

У деяких звітах про викрадення були зображені варіанти кольору шкіри, такі як сіро-блакитні, сіро-зелені або пурпурово-сірі і сірі. Шкіра, як правило, описується як надзвичайно гладка, ніби зроблена зі штучного матеріалу, такого як гума або пластик.

Викрадення часто описуються як надзвичайно травматичні, схожі на звичайні викрадення людей з сексуальним насильством на рівні травми. Дослідження показали, що емоційна травма від викрадення може бути такою ж великою, як і за нападу з нанесенням побоїв, сексуального насильства та інших травмувальних подій.

Очі часто в центрі уваги викрадених. Кажуть, що вони не рухаються або зосереджені, їх рух ніби прихований від стороннього ока. Викрадені часто описують, як дивилися їм в очі при проведенні психічних процедур. Деякі стверджують, що під впливом галюциногенів у них викликали різні емоції. Попри те, викрадені часто розповідають, що сірий був всього в декількох дюймах від їхнього обличчя під час процедур, вони не можуть згадати дихання або відповідного йому розширення грудної клітки.

Спроби пояснення
На думку британського біолога , статура і фізіологія греїв у описах очевидців занадто близькі до людських, що змушує сумніватися в правдивості цих повідомлень: ймовірність того, що на іншій планеті еволюція піде тим самим шляхом, що й на Землі, занадто мала — особливо враховуючи, що умови для життя (температура, тиск, склад атмосфери тощо) на інших, нехай навіть придатних для життя планетах, повинні відрізнятися від земних. Прихильники теорії палеоконтакту відповідають на це тим, що прибульці контролювали еволюцію на Землі або вивели вид Homo sapiens штучно, за допомогою схрещування або генної інженерії; проте, думка Коена залишається серйозним аргументом у суперечках про природу греїв. Невролог , видатний представник руху скептиків, погоджується з твердженнями Коена і вважає, що образ грея є продуктом масової культури. Новелла зазначає, що греям приписують характеристики, які стереотипно пов'язують з «цивілізованістю» і високим інтелектом (високий лоб, відсутність волосяного покриву на тілі на противагу тваринам і «дикунам» тощо); більше того, в'яле, слабке, худе тіло і непропорційно велика голова часто фігурують у популярних описах «людини майбутнього», якою вона нібито стане в процесі подальшої еволюції. Таким чином, відповідно до цієї теорії, образ грея як представника вигаданої «вищої цивілізації» сформувався у повній відповідності зі сучасними культурними стереотипами.

Ще одна теорія була запропонована в 2005 році Фредеріком Мальмстремом. На його думку, у фігурах греїв у свідченнях «очевидців» втілюються їхні підсвідомі дитячі спогади. За твердженням Мальмстрема, чи не головним зоровим враженням новонародженого є обличчя матері, яка годує його і піклується про нього; при цьому в очах дитини, зір якої ще недостатньо сфокусований, воно буде виглядати дуже схожим на обличчя грея — з м'якими рисами обличчя й акцентом на очі, причому дитячий астигматизм додає «розкосості» і дещо деформує риси обличчя. Мало того, як пише Мальмстрем, є підстави вважати, що здатність розпізнавати очі на чужому обличчі є у людини вродженою. Такі спогади можуть мимоволі «спливати» в пам'яті людей у стані стресу або зміненої свідомості і бути сприйняті як безпосередній досвід, пережитий тут і зараз. Крім того, наявністю подібних неусвідомлених спогадів пояснюється емоційний відгук, який викликають у багатьох фігури греїв, і, відповідно, популярність цього образу. Дослідник теорій змови Пітер Найт зазначає, що грей, з його великою головою, маленьким безволосим тілом, величезними очима і тонкими пальцями, нагадує людський ембріон (можливість спостерігати зародок усередині матки з'явилася якраз незадовго до поширення легенд про греїв). Він пов'язує цей образ з «медичними» фобіями сучасної людини (чутки про «лікарів-убивць», страхи перед експериментами, які можуть проводитись на пацієнтах без їх відома), підігрітими полемікою навколо проблеми абортів і перспективами клонування людини. У цьому контексті ембріон сприймається як «чужий» в тілі жінки, що несе загрозу її незалежному існуванню (не випадково у популярній фантастиці так поширений мотив інопланетних паразитів або «схрещування» людини й іншопланетянина). Найт вважає, що образ грея виражає страх людини перед втратою контролю над своїм тілом (цей мотив буквально пронизує оповідання про греїв: вони проробляють над людиною страшні й незрозумілі медичні досліди, підпорядковують її своїй волі тощо).

Теорії змови
Деякі теоретики вважають, що сірі являють собою частину стратегії уряду з дезінформації населення або що вони є продуктом урядових експериментів з контролю над розумом. Доктор Стівен Ґрір, засновник проекту «Розкриття» (англ. The Disclosure Project), глава Центру з вивчення позаземного розуму (англ. The Center for the Study of Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, скор. CSETI) і видний теоретик змови НЛО, стверджує, що має понад 400 свідків «чиновників, військових з розвідувальної спільноти», які мають у своєму розпорядженні свідчення існування інопланетян і НЛО, але змушені мовчати через тиск згори, проте, у разі необхідності, вони були б готові захищати свої свідчення під присягою.

Культурне значення

Зображення в кінематографі
 Близькі контакти третього ступеня
 Доктор Хто (штучна раса Сповідників)
 Цілком таємно
 Вавилон-5 (раса Врії)
 Зоряна Брама (раса Асгардів)
 Темні небеса
 На краю Всесвіту
 Ловець снів
 Прибулець Павло
 Вогонь у небі
 Знаки
 Похмурі небеса
 Четвертий вид
 Зоряні війни (раса Каміноанці)
Мультфільми
 Футурама
 Південний парк (повноцінно фігурують в епізодах 101 і , крім того у багатьох епізодах автори зображують їх у якісь малопомітній частині кадру як сюрприз для уважного глядача)
 Американський тато!
Відеоігри
 The Sims 3 (Пори року)
 The Sims 2
  (Сектоїди)
  (Ретикулянці)
 Mass Effect (Саларіанці)
  (Греї))
 Area 51 (Едгар Сірий)
 Terraria (Марсиане)
 Deus Ex (Грей)
 Deus Ex: Invisible War (Грей)
  (Сірі)
 Мертві прибульці у Fallout, прибульці з DLC у Fallout 3, прибульці у New Vegas (зустрічаються з перком «Безумство пустелі»).
 Galaxy on Fire 2 (Грей)
  (Феяни)
  (Греї)

Див. також
 Позаземна цивілізація
 Теорія змови
 Розвельський інцидент
 Нордичні прибульці
 Люди в чорному
 Чупакабра
 Викрадення прибульцями
 Позаземне життя
 Рептилоїди

Примітки

Теми фантастики
Уфологія


text:
The men's marathon at the 1969 European Athletics Championships was held in Athens, Greece, on 21 September 1969.

Medalists

Results

Final
21 September

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 32 athletes from 18 countries participated in the event.

 (2)
 (2)
 (1)
 (1)
 (3)
 (1)
 (3)
 (2)
 (1)
 (1)
 (1)
 (2)
 (1)
 (3)
 (1)
 (3)
 (3)
 (1)

References

Marathon
Marathons at the European Athletics Championships
Euro
1969 European Athletics
Men's marathons


text:
Publius Volumnius was a 1st-century BC Roman philosopher, and a friend and companion of Marcus Junius Brutus who led the conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar. Volumnius and Brutus had been students of philosophy together.

Volumnius accompanied Brutus on his fateful campaign to the East, which culminated in Brutus' suicide after his defeat by the Triumvirs in the Second Battle of Philippi (October 23, 42 BC).

The historian Plutarch, in his Life of Brutus, uses Volumnius' recollections as a source for an account of the prodigies which supposedly preceded the death of Brutus. Volumnius' writings were also drawn upon by Plutarch for first-hand information on the last hours of Brutus in the aftermath of the battle. Volumnius was asked by Brutus to assist him in his suicide, but Volumnius refused the request.

The well-known quote by Brutus calling down a curse upon Mark Antony was also taken from the memoirs of Volumnius:

Forget not, Zeus, the author of these crimes (in the Dryden translation this passage is given as Punish, great Jove, the illustrator of these ills).

Plutarch wrote that, according to Volumnius, Brutus repeated two verses, but Volumnius was only able to recall the one quoted.

Volumnius appears as a character in Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar.

References

1st-century BC Romans
1st-century BC philosophers
1st-century BC writers
Volumnii
Memoirists


text:
est le huitième album studio du groupe britannique de rock Procol Harum. Il est sorti en 1975 sur le label Chrysalis Records.

Histoire

 marque une rupture avec les précédents disques de Procol Harum. Le producteur habituel du groupe, Chris Thomas, est remplacé par le duo d'auteurs-compositeurs américains Jerry Leiber et Mike Stoller. Les musiciens optent également pour un nouveau studio d'enregistrement, délaissant les studios AIR au profit des , dans le quartier londonien de Battersea.

 est le premier album de Procol Harum à inclure des reprises :  des Beatles et , une composition de Leiber et Stoller enregistrée en 1962 par Chuck Jackson.

Le premier single extrait de l'album, , se classe  des ventes au Royaume-Uni. Il s'agit d'une chanson qui remonte aux débuts du groupe et dont une version de travail enregistrée vers 1967 figure sur la compilation , sortie en 1998.

Fiche technique

Chansons

La réédition parue chez Salvo Records en 2009 inclut trois chansons supplémentaires :

Musiciens

 Gary Brooker : chant, piano
  : basse
  : orgue Hammond
  : guitare
  : paroles
 B. J. Wilson : batterie

Références

Liens externes

Album de Procol Harum
Album musical sorti en 1975
Album publié par Chrysalis Records


text:
"Montana" is the regional anthem of the U.S. state of Montana. It was written by Charles Cohan and composed by Joseph E. Howard and was adopted as the state song on February 20, 1945.

Lyrics
 Tell me of that Treasure State,
 Story always new,
 Tell of its beauties grand
 And its hearts so true.
 Mountains of sunset fire
 The land I love the best
 Let me grasp the hand of one
 From out the golden West

 Montana, Montana, Glory of the West
 Of all the states from coast to coast, You're easily the best
 Montana, Montana, Where skies are always blue
 M-O-N-T-A-N-A
 Montana I love you!

 Each country has its flower;
 Each one plays a part,
 Each bloom brings a longing hope
 To some lonely heart.
 Bitterroot to me is dear
 Growing in my land
 Sing then that glorious air
 The one I understand.

 Montana, Montana, Glory of the West
 Of all the states from coast to coast, You're easily the best
 Montana, Montana, Where skies are always blue
 M-O-N-T-A-N-A
 Montana I love you!'''

External links
 Song history by Travel Montana

Songs about Montana
Montana culture
Montana 1945
Music of Montana


text:
Карленс Аркюс (; ) — гаитянский футболист, защитник нидерландского клуба «Витесс» и сборной Гаити. Может сыграть на позиции опорного полузащитника.

Клубная карьера
Родившись в Гаити, Карленс начинал свою карьеру в местных молодёжных командах, хотя во время переезда в Бразилию играл за команду 4 бразильского дивизиона. Вернувшись в Гаити, Аркюс выступал за местный Расинг, где и началась его взрослая карьера.

В 2015 молодого гаитянца подписал «Труа», большую часть игр Карленс провел за вторую команду, после чего он перешел в «Лилль», где провел 4 матча в кубке Франции и отличился одной результативной передачей. После года, проведенного там, Аркю подписал бельгийский «Серкль Брюгге». Сыграв только один матч в кубке Бельгии, сразу же был отдан в аренду обратно во Францию, на сей раз в «Осер», где Карленс наконец стал игроком основы.

После годовой аренды «Осер» выкупил гаитянского защитника. Тут Карленс забил свой первый гол: 21 декабря 2018 в матче Лиги 2 против «Гренобля» (4:0). Также отличился 18 января 2019 в матче против «Орлеана».

23 июня 2022 года подписал трёхлетний контракт с нидерландским клубом «Витесс».

Карьера в сборной
За сборную Карленс Аркюс дебютировал 3 сентября 2016 года в матче со сборной Коста-Рики (0:1) в рамках отбора на ЧМ-2018 в России. Первый и пока единственный гол защитник забил в квалификационном матче Лиги Наций КОНКАКАФ против сборной Синт-Мартена (13:0). Также отдал в этом матче две голевых передачи.

Примечания

Ссылки

Футболисты Гаити
Игроки сборной Гаити по футболу
Игроки ФК «Труа»
Игроки ФК «Лилль»
Игроки ФК «Серкль Брюгге»
Игроки ФК «Осер»


text:
Raymond Saint-Gelais (* 23. März 1936 in Baie-Saint-Paul) ist Altbischof von Nicolet.

Leben
Raymond Saint-Gelais empfing am 12. Juni 1960 die Priesterweihe für das Bistum Saint-Hyacinthe.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 5. Juli 1980 zum Weihbischof in Saint-Jérôme und Titularbischof von Diana. Der Erzbischof von Québec, Maurice Kardinal Roy, spendete ihm am 31. Juli desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Louis-de-Gonzague Langevin MAfr, Bischof von Saint-Hyacinthe, und Charles-Omer Valois, Bischof von Saint-Jérôme.

Am 19. Februar 1988 wurde er zum Koadjutorbischof von Nicolet ernannt und am 25. April desselben Jahres in das Amt eingeführt. Nach der Emeritierung Joseph Albertus Martins folgte er ihm am 14. März 1989 als Bischof von Nicolet nach. Am 11. Juli 2011 nahm Papst Benedikt XVI. sein altersbedingtes Rücktrittsgesuch an.

Weblinks

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Kanadier
Geboren 1936
Mann


text:
Sugar Rush è il primo album in studio da solista del cantautore australiano Nic Cester, pubblicato nel 2017.

Tracce

Note

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Каменитица е връх в Северен Пирин, България. Висок е 2726 метра надморска височина и се намира в северната част на главното планинско било. Разположен е северозападно от връх Баюви дупки и югоизточно от връх Разложки суходол. Каменитица се свързва с Баюви дупки чрез седловината Каменитишки превал. На север от връх Каменитица се отделя ридът Стъпалата. Върхът е изграден от протерозойски мраморни. Намира се на територията на резервата "Баюви дупки - Джинджирица". Склоновете му са стръмни, като североизточните склонове са лавиноопасни и се спускат към циркуса Каменитица. Самият връх е гол и обезлесен.

Бележки

Върхове в Пирин


text:
Lammskalle är en gotländsk maträtt som består av kluvna skallar från tamfår som griljeras. Man äter köttet, tungan och även ögat, vilket på vissa håll anses vara en delikatess. Lammskalle serveras mestadels i traditionstyngda och rustika sammanhang.

Kultur på Gotland
Kött
Lammkött


text:
Enrique Chazarreta (29. července 1947, Coronel Du Graty – 24. března 2021) byl argentinský fotbalista, záložník.

Klubová kariéra
Hrál za argentinské kluby Argentinos Juniors a CA San Lorenzo de Almagro, se kterým získal třikrát argentinský ligový titul. Dále hrál ve Francii za Olympique Avignon a Olympique Alès. Kariéru končil v argentinských nižších soutěžích v klubech Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata a CD Morón. V Poháru osvoboditelů nastoupil v 8 utkáních.

Reprezentační kariéra
Za reprezentaci Argentiny nastoupil v letech 1973-1974 v 11 utkáních, byl členem argentinské reprezentace na Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 1974, kde nastoupil v utkání s Itálií.

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy
 National Football Teams
 Worldfootball.net

Argentinští fotbalisté
Argentinští fotbaloví reprezentanti
Fotbalisté Argentinos Juniors
Fotbalisté CA San Lorenzo de Almagro
Fotbalisté Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata
Fotbalisté CD Morón
Fotbalisté Olympique Alès
Narození v roce 1947
Narození 29. července
Narození v Chacu (provincie)
Úmrtí v roce 2021
Úmrtí 24. března
Muži
Hráči Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 1974


text:
Mary A. Cowan (née Knight; March 8, 1863 – September 17, 1898), known as The Borgia of Maine, was an American serial killer who poisoned two husbands and four children between 1884 and 1894, and attempted to murder a third husband. Convicted of killing her step-son Willis Cowan in September 1894, Cowan was sentenced to life imprisonment and sent off to the Maine State Prison, where she died a few years later from an unspecified illness.

Biography
Mary A. Knight was born as one of several children to Jonathan F. Knights, a veteran of the Civil War, and Apphia B. Knights (née Sidelinger). She lived on rural family home in Plymouth until the age of 20, when she married the young farmer Willis W. Bean of nearby Dixmont. The couple had three children: Gracie, Alice and Mabel. At some point during their marriage, Willis expressed a desire to become a physician, a decision encouraged by Mary, who wanted to dabble in it as well. However, the family was poor, and they also had to take care of their infants. In 1884, Gracie was found smothered to death by a neighbor at the family home. When he informed Mary of the matter, she carelessly replied that she was aware of the fact, and that the child had died about half an hour ago. No official investigation was made, but residents of Dixmont suspected that she had killed little Gracie to get rid of her. In the following two years, Alice and Mabel died from peculiar stomach aches, but yet again, no investigation was conducted, and the deaths soon forgotten after the burials at the Plymouth cemetery.

Despite these tragedies, Willis still decided to pursue his medical career, enrolling into a dubious institute that sold diplomas for $25. However, this was considered fraudulent, and soon, a state law was passed which prohibited the selling of fake diplomas, right before Bean could acquire it. Unperturbed by this setback, both husband and wife were deadset on getting diplomas, choosing to travel to an out-of-state institution in Ohio to get them. Before their trip, Willis confided to his parents that he would invest money in a farm, in which he would live after returning to Maine. Said farm was purchased and the mortgage given to the elder Bean, but it was never recorded. After borrowing some $200, the couple traveled to Ohio to enroll into an institution. On January 6, 1888, Willis' parents received a letter claiming that their son had died mysteriously, with the cause of death later determined to be stomach pain, similar to the children who died in the previous years. Mary soon returned to stay with her late husband's parents, and soon after, the unrecorded mortgage went missing. Since she had the deed for the farm, and thus owned the land, Mary sold the farm for $2,000.

Some time later, Mary married George H. Taylor, a Dixmont laborer who worked at the Lewiston mills, where the newlyweds moved to live. Taylor, who belonged to the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, died after four days of acute stomach pain in 1891, in similar circumstances to Mary's former family. Since he was an Odd Fellow, it was supposed that he had a life insurance policy, but since George hadn't paid his dues, it was void. Nevertheless, well-meaning members contributed to a fund amounting several hundreds of dollars as a donation to the supposedly-grieving widow.

Murder of Willis Cowan and arrest
A few months after Taylor's death, Mary married Elias Cowan, a widowed farmer with an 8-year-old son, Willis. Not long after their marriage, a full set of farm buildings belonging to Elias mysteriously burned to the ground. According to neighbors who arrived to provide assistance with putting out the fires, they found the family's clothing, dishes and other items tied up in bundles and ready to be carried out. It was also rumored that young Willis was abused by his stepmother, who often beat him for the pettiest of things.

On September 14, 1894, Willis was brought down with heavy stomach pains after eating some green apples. A physician was called to the family home, who prescribed some medicine and assured that the young boy would be fine in a few hours. Two days later, the young Cowan died in agonizing pain. Due to Mary's dubious history of similar deaths, and the fact that her husband had also been taken with a similar illness but survived, Willis' body was exhumed and his organs sent for analysis at the Bowdoin College in Brunswick. The autopsy results showed that the body contained heavy amounts of arsenic, enough to kill a full-grown ox. Without wasting their time, policemen quickly arrested Mary Cowan for the murder of her stepson. Until then, she had threatened to pursue legal action if anybody accused her of poisoning, but when lodged in the prison, she started crying.

Trial and imprisonment
During her 1895 trial, an ample amount of evidence was presented, pinning Mary as the one who poisoned young Willis. One witness was a little neighborhood girl who had seen Mrs. Cowan putting white powder into the boy's medicine, which had been left by the doctor, but she did not testify per request of her father, who feared for her safety. Despite this, the prosecutor proved that the dose of arsenic present in the body could've only been put deliberately, and after a few days of deliberation, the jury returned with a guilty verdict. Cowan stood expressionless while listening to the verdict, with her counsel, J.F. Robinson, announcing that he would file a motion for a retrial. In June, however, it was announced that the proceedings for the retrial had been withdrawn.

While in prison, Mary Cowan conducted interviews with reporters and often responded to callers interested in her case. On one occasion, she confided to a reporter that she had hired a private detective who supposedly unearthed evidence in favor or her innocence, and expressed belief that she would be a free woman again one day. Her hopes were dashed on February 19, 1896, when she was officially sentenced to life imprisonment for killing Willis Cowan.

Cowan was imprisoned at the Maine State Prison, then in Thomaston, for the following two years. In 1898, her examining physician turned to then-governor Llewellyn Powers with the request of pardoning Mary, as she was in failing health and wished to die peacefully in her Dixmont home. Despite her ailment, Mary gave birth to a child while in prison, but it, along with herself, died soon after. Cowan, by then dubbed 'The Borgia of Maine' by the press, was first interned at Etna, where her parents lived, but her body was then moved to the Sawyer Cemetery in her birthplace of Plymouth, where she was buried on the family plot with her murder victims.

See also
 List of serial killers in the United States

References

External links
 Dismissal of appeal by the Supreme Court

1863 births
1898 deaths
19th-century American criminals
American female serial killers
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Criminals from Maine
Deaths in childbirth
Filicides in the United States
Mariticides
People convicted of murder by Maine
People from Penobscot County, Maine
Poisoners
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Maine
Serial killers who died in prison custody


text:
Nikola Đukić (Beograd, 16. 5. 1975) bivši je srpski fudbaler koji je igrao na poziciji veznog igrača.

Karijera
Svoju fudbalsku karijeru je započeo u beogradskom Partizanu (1983) i prošao je celu omladinsku školu. Seniorsku karijeru je nastavio u Radničkom JP, Bežaniji, Jedinstvo Paraćin. Nastupao je u Vijetnamu, Burmi, Tajlandu i Grčkoj.
Karijeru završio je u 28 godini usled povrede.

Рођени 1975.
Српски фудбалери
Фудбалери Партизана
Фудбалери Бежаније
Спортисти из Београда


text:
Сан-Домингус ()  —  муниципалитет в Бразилии, входит в штат Гояс. Составная часть мезорегиона Восток штата Гойяс. Входит в экономико-статистический  микрорегион Ван-ду-Паранан. Население составляет 9123 человека на 2006 год. Занимает площадь 3 295,558 км². Плотность населения — 2,8 чел./км².

Статистика
 Валовой внутренний продукт на 2003 составляет 40.110.929,00 реалов (данные: Бразильский институт географии и статистики).
 Валовой внутренний продукт на душу населения на 2003 составляет 4.286,27 реалов (данные: Бразильский институт географии и статистики).
 Индекс развития человеческого потенциала на 2000 составляет 0,631 (данные: Программа развития ООН).

Муниципалитеты штата Гояс


text:
This is a list of synagogues in Uruguay.

Montevideo
Sephardic Jewish Community
Uruguayan Jewish Community
New Jewish Congregation
Vaad Ha'ir
Yavne
Beit Jabad
Adat Israel
Anshei Yeshurun
Pocitos Sephardic Temple

Punta del Este
The main seaside resort on the Atlantic has a rich Jewish religious life, with three synagogues:
Rafael Temple
Beit Yaacov
Beit Jabad

Paysandú
Sociedad Israelita de Paysandú

See also

History of the Jews in Uruguay

References

Synagogues
Uruguay


text:
Admiral Beaumont may refer to:

Alan Beaumont (1934–2004), Royal Australian Navy admiral
Basil Beaumont (1669–1703), British Royal Navy rear admiral
John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont (1361–1396), English admiral
Lewis Beaumont (1847–1922), British Royal Navy admiral


text:
Lady Cui or Cuishi (崔氏) was a Chinese noblewoman of the Cui clan of Qinghe from the Cao Wei state during the Three Kingdoms period. She was the wife of Cao Zhi, a prince of Cao Wei and Cao Cao's son. She is best known for the incident that led to her death, Cuishi wore embroidered clothes to a ceremony and was seen by Cao Cao who later forced her to commit suicide because she violated a rule with her dress code. She dressed as the Crown Princess after a dispute over succession to the throne between Cao Zhi and Cao Pi, resulting in the latter's coronation.

Biography
Cuishi was born into the Cui clan of Qinghe in Qinghe Commandery. The Cui clan was an eminent Chinese family of high government officials and Confucian scholars. She was the niece of Cui Yan, a politician who served under Yuan Shao and later Cao Cao, the King of Wei. She married Cao Zhi, a prince and famous poet, who was embroiled in a succession dispute over the leadership of Wei with his half-brother Cao Pi. Cao Cao once called Lady Cui's uncle to ask for an opinion on who should succeed him. Cao Cao considered making Cao Zhi heir and expected Cui Yan to support him on Lady Cui's behalf, but Cui Yan surprised him by saying that he should make Cao Pi his successor as he was the eldest son.

In 216, in an incident widely regarded as a case of grievous injustice, Cui Yan was accused of defaming Cao Cao in a letter and ended up being stripped of his post, thrown into prison and subsequently forced to commit suicide.

During this time, Cao Cao became reluctant to Cao Zhi due to his bad behavior, such as the incident in the city of Ye where Cao Zhi walked drunk through the gate reserved only for the emperor. A close friend of Cao Zhi, Yang Xiu, tried to help him by leaking the council discussion agenda to Cao Zhi so that his friend could prepare beforehand and impress Cao Cao. When Cao Cao learned of this, he had Yang Xiu executed in 219.

The Wei-Jin Shiyu records that once Cao Cao caught Lady Cui wearing clothes that were too extravagant and superior to her status, violating the law, as punishment she was forced to commit suicide. According to this source, Lady Cui was dressed as Crown Princess (consort of the Crown Prince), which was seen as an affront as the succession discussion had ended in favor of Cao Pi as Crown Prince, so she was killed to prevent any further opposition. The law Lady Cui violated was one of many designed to combat growing political corruption, as many people were dressing above their position to gain privileges.

At the same time, Cao Cao had already decided to pass the throne to Cao Pi, and Cuishi's death was a form of suppression of Cao Zhi, relatively weakening his power and support. It is unknown whether Lady Cui's death was shortly after her uncle. Cao Zhi, who became known as one of the most influential poets, wrote several poems mourning her death. The reason for Yang Xiu's death, as well as Lady Cui's, is often answered by their proximity to Cao Zhi; although it is also justified by Yang Xiu knowing Cao Cao's inner thinking and cruelly ambitious nature.

In 220 Cao Cao dies and a brief dispute ensues between Cao Pi, Cao Zhang (another son of Cao Cao and Empress Dowager Bian) and Cao Zhi; resulting in Cao Pi being crowned as Lady Cui's uncle recommended. Cao Zhi was banned from engaging in politics, and shortly afterwards Cao Zhang passed away, possibly poisoned byy Cao Pi.

Cao Zhi had two sons — Cao Miao and Cao Zhi and two daughters — Cao Jinhu and Cao Xingnü. It is not known whether Cao Zhi's four children were born to Lady Cui or not.

Appraisal
The condemnations of Cui clan members are considered to be unjust. Yi Zhongtian a contemporary historian said ''Cui Yan used his death to prove he was a gentleman. Cao Cao used Cui Yan's death to prove he was a traitor''.

References

Bibliography

 Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).

2nd-century Chinese women
2nd-century Chinese people
3rd-century Chinese women
3rd-century Chinese people
Cao Cao and associates
Family of Cao Cao


text:
Pseudobryobia antennaria är en spindeldjursart som beskrevs av Baker och James P. Tuttle 1994. Pseudobryobia antennaria ingår i släktet Pseudobryobia och familjen Tetranychidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Spindeldjur
antennaria


text:
No Exit (also known as Fatal Combat) is a 1995 Canadian action film directed by Damian Lee and starring Jeff Wincott and Sven-Ole Thorsen as the leading hero and main villain, respectively. It is about deadly martial arts combat, and the hero is forced into fights by evil money-men.

Plot
Far above the Arctic Circle is based a TV channel, on which there is only one program—"No Exit". Melee and death in the air. University Professor John Stoneman is abducted be the channel owner. No way out and no chance to survive. For John Stoneman there seems to be no escape.

References

External links

1995 films
1995 action films
1995 martial arts films
Films directed by Damian Lee
Films produced by Damian Lee
Films about kidnapping
Films with screenplays by Damian Lee
1990s English-language films
Canadian action films


text:
Russian Lake is a lake located west of Raquette Lake, New York. Fish species present in the lake are black bullhead, and yellow perch. There is trail access from the east shore of Big Moose Lake.

References

Lakes of Hamilton County, New York
Lakes of New York (state)


text:
Kaiki Nobuhide (born 12 June 1952 as Masaaki Nishino) is a former sumo wrestler from Tenmabayashi, Aomori, Japan. He made his professional debut in 1965, and was promoted to the top makuuchi division in 1975. He earned three gold stars for defeating yokozuna and one special prize. His highest rank was sekiwake, which he reached in July 1979. He retired in 1987 and was the head coach of the Tomozuna stable from 1989 until 2017, training ōzeki Kaiō among others. He was also a Director of the Japan Sumo Association. In 2017 he was re-hired by the Sumo Association as a consultant after retiring as head coach.

Career
Making his debut in September 1965 at the age of just 13, he stood at only  and weighed just . He initially fought under his own surname of Nishino, becoming Nishinishiki in 1973. In September 1973 he became a fully fledged sekitori, and he adopted the ring name of Kaiki in 1975. He eventually reached the top makuuchi division in November 1975, ten years after his debut but still aged only 23. He fought in the top makuuchi division for 66 tournaments in total and earned three gold stars for defeating yokozuna. He earned one sanshō or special prize, which came in his debut tournament at the rank of komusubi in May 1979 when he shared the Fighting Spirit Award with Ōzutsu. He was promoted to sekiwake for the following tournament in July 1979. Although he scored only three wins against twelve losses in what was to be his only tournament at sekiwake, two of those wins were against yokozuna Kitanoumi and ōzeki Asahikuni. He made the san'yaku ranks twice more, in July 1980 and January 1981, but on both occasions had a make-koshi or losing record at komusubi. He fought in the maegashira ranks until November 1986 when he was demoted to the jūryō division. He retired two tournaments later after the March 1987 honbasho.

Retirement from sumo
Upon his retirement he became an elder of the Japan Sumo Association under the name Takashima Oyakata, working as a coach. He recruited Kaiō in March 1988, whom he had been aware of when he was still an active wrestler. He became head of the Tomozuna stable in May 1989 upon the mandatory retirement of the previous head, former jūryō Ichinishiki (who was also his father-in-law). In 1993 Kaiō reached the top division, and became an ōzeki in 2000. In 2006 Tomozuna Oyakata became a Director on the board of the Sumo Association, initially in charge of the Education department and running the sumo school. He continued to produce top level wrestlers, with Kaisei reaching the top division in 2011. In April 2012 Tomozuna stable absorbed Ōshima stable when its stablemaster retired. Kyokutenhō then immediately won the top division championship in May 2012, giving Tomozuna stable another championship to go with the five won by Kaiō.

In an interview in 2006 Tomozuna criticized his former wrestler Sentoryū, and yokozuna Akebono, who both moved into mixed martial arts, for continuing to use their traditional ring names outside of the sumo world.

In June 2017 he passed on ownership of the Tomozuna name to the former Kyokutenhō and retired from his head coach role upon reaching 65 years of age, although he was re-hired as a consultant on reduced pay for a period of five years.  He went back to the Tomozuna name in February 2022 when Tomozuna stable was renamed Ōshima stable.

Tomozuna's consultancy role expired upon his 70th birthday in June 2022, ending his 57-year stay in the Japan Sumo Association.

Personal life
His son, Kuniaki, was born in 1979 and in 1995 entered sumo himself. He was known as Kaishoryū and retired in 2010, having never achieved sekitori status. His highest rank was makushita 6.

Career record

See also
Glossary of sumo terms
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of sumo elders
List of sekiwake

References

1952 births
Living people
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Sumo people from Aomori Prefecture
Sekiwake


text:
Wennigsen est une commune allemande située en Basse-Saxe, dans la Région de Hanovre.

Personnalités liées à la ville
 Adolph Knigge (1752-1796), philosophe né à Bredenbeck.

Lien externe

  Site de la commune

Commune en Basse-Saxe


text:
Teresa Mary ("Tessa") Ransford  (8 July 1938 - 2 September 2015) was a poet, activist and the founding director of the Scottish Poetry Library.

Biography
Teresa Ransford was born in Mumbai, India on 8 July 1938. Her mother was Lady Torfrida Ransford and her father was Sir Alister Ransford, Master of the Mint of Mumbai. The family moved back to the United Kingdom in 1944, finally moving to Scotland in 1948 when her father took up the position of bursar at the Loretto School in Musselburgh.

Ransford was educated and boarded at St Leonard's School in St Andrews. She was not happy and turned to books and poetry for consolation. She went on to study German and Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh.

In 1959, she married Iain Kay Stiven, a minister of the Church of Scotland and the pair lived in Pakistan until 1968 with their four children. During the 1970s, Ransford started writing and publishing poems and founded the School of Poets in 1981 as a place for poets to gather on a monthly basis to support one another.

Ransford produced over fifteen volumes of poetry during her lifetime.

The Scottish Poetry Library had 300 books when she started it in 1984. By the time she died, it had over 30,000.

She was awarded the Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2000 for services to the Scottish Poetry Library and was President of Scottish PEN from 2003 to 2006.

Ransford was diagnosed with cancer in 2015 and died in Edinburgh on 2 September that year.

Notable works
Light of the Mind (1980)
Shadows from the Greater Hill (1987)
The Nightingale Question (2004)
Not Just Moonshine: new and selected poems (2008)
Rug of a Thousand Colours (2012)
Don't Mention This to Anyone (2012)
Made in Edinburgh
A Good Cause

Reviews
 Mills, Paul (1982), The Individual Voice, which includes a review of Light of the Mind, in Murray, Glen (ed.), Cencrastus No. 8, Spring 1982, pp. 45 & 46,

See also

 Tom Hubbard
 Scottish Poetry Library

External links

 The Scottish Poetry Library website

References

1938 births
2015 deaths
People educated at St Leonards School
20th-century British poets


text:
György Bognár, né le  à Baja, est un joueur de football hongrois. Il évoluait au poste de milieu de terrain.

Biographie

Il débute en équipe nationale hongroise en 1985. Il termine sa carrière internationale en 1994 avec 8 buts inscrits en 50 capes.

Il participe avec la Hongrie à la Coupe du monde 1986, à Mexico. Lors de ce mondial, il dispute 3 matchs : face à l'URSS, face au Canada et enfin face à la France.

Clubs

Joueur
 1979-1988 :  MTK Budapest FC
 1988-1991 :  Sporting Toulon Var
 1991 :  Standard de Liège
 1991-1996 :  Budapesti Vasutas
 1997-1998 :  Györköny
 1998-1999 :  Kiskunfelegyhazi TK

Entraîneur
 1997-1998 :  Budapesti Vasutas
 1998-2001 :  MTK Budapest FC (jeunes)
 2001-2002 :  MTK Budapest FC
 2002 :  FC Sopron
 2003 :  Rákospalotai EAC
  FC Felcsút
  III. Kerületi TUE
  Bajai LSE
  Csákvári TK

Palmarès de joueur
 Champion de Hongrie en 1987 avec le MTK Budapest
 Champion de Hongrie de D2 en 1982 avec le MTK Budapest
 Finaliste de la Coupe de Hongrie en 1996 avec le Budapesti Vasutas

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international hongrois
Joueur du MTK Budapest FC
Joueur du Sporting Toulon Var
Joueur du Standard de Liège
Joueur du Budapest VSC
Entraîneur hongrois de football
Entraîneur du MTK Hungária FC
Naissance en novembre 1961
Naissance à Baja


text:
Alphonse Berns (born April 9, 1952) is a senior Luxembourg diplomat in the rank of Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. He has served as his country's Ambassador in Washington, DC, London, Brussels, to NATO as well as to the UN and WTO in Geneva. Currently he holds the position of Director General for Fiscal Policy in the Ministry of Finance in Luxembourg.

Berns holds a degree in international and EU law from the University of Aix-en-Provence, France, and is an alumnus of the Center for European Studies in Nancy, France.

In 1977, Berns entered the Luxembourg diplomatic service. In 1978 he became a non-resident member of his country's permanent representation to the Council of Europe. From 1979 to 1986 he served as Deputy Permanent Representative to NATO in Brussels. Upon return to Luxembourg, he was mandated to develop and run a new Budget and Administration Department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

In 1989 he became the Director for EU and international economic relations, foreign trade as well as development cooperation. In this function he served i.a. as Luxembourg's negotiator for the Schengen Agreement and as chief negotiator for civil aviation agreements. In 1991, Berns was promoted to the post of Ambassador to the United States of America, also accredited to Canada and Mexico.

Between 1998 and 2002 he held the top diplomatic civil servant job as Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. In 1999 he also became Secretary General of the Ministry of Defense.  In 2002, Berns moved to Geneva as Permanent Representative to the UN and the WTO.

In 2005, he became Ambassador to Belgium and Permanent Representative to NATO in Brussels.  In autumn 2011, Berns was named Ambassador to the Court of St. James's in London, also accredited to Ireland and Iceland.

Between 1989 and 1991, Berns served on a number of boards in Luxembourg, among them the national credit and investment bank SNCI and the national air-carrier, Luxair. He currently is a member of the board of Cargolux, the national freight carrier.

Notes

Berns was appointed as an Administrateur of The Luxembourg Freeport Management Company SA (LFMC) on May 19, 2015.  LFMC operates the Luxembourg Freeport at Luxembourg Findel Airport.   The project was majority funded by Swiss businessman and art dealer Yves Bouvier of Natural Le Coultre SA.

References
Ministry of Finance Luxembourg
CARGOLUX
Embassy of Luxembourg Great Britain
 http://www.nato.int/cv/permrep/lu/berns-e.htm

Luxembourgian diplomats
1952 births
Living people
Permanent Representatives of Luxembourg to the United Nations
Permanent Representatives of Luxembourg to NATO
Ambassadors of Luxembourg to the United States
Ambassadors of Luxembourg to the United Kingdom
Officers of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany


text:
Slovenské národní hokejové mužstvo patří mezi národní reprezentační mužstva v ledním hokeji současnosti. Největším úspěchem je zlatá medaile z mistrovství světa v roce 2002 a bronzová medaile ze ZOH 2022. Na Mistrovství světa 2012 v Helsinkách se umístilo na 2. místě.

Mezistátní utkání slovenské hokejové reprezentace

 Mezinárodní zápasy odehrané za Slovenského státu ve 2. světové válce

 Neoficiální mezinárodní utkání odehrané za Slovenského státu ve 2. světové válce

 Do statistik nejsou zařazena neoficiální mezinárodní utkání

Galerie dresů reprezentace

Historické výsledky

Účast na mistrovství světa v nižší kategorii

Účast na mistrovství světa A kategorie

Účast na ZOH

Světový pohár

Kapitáni slovenské hokejové reprezentace na mistrovství světa, olympijských hrách a světových pohárech

 10× – Miroslav Šatan (MS 2000, ZOH 2002, MS 2002, MS 2003, MS 2004, SP 2004, MS 2005, MS 2007, MS 2013 a MS 2014)

 4× – Zdeno Cíger (MS 1997, ZOH 1998, MS 1998 a MS 1999)

 4× – Zdeno Chára (MS 2001, ZOH 2010, MS 2012 a ZOH 2014)

 3× – Andrej Sekera (MS 2016, MS 2018, MS 2019)

 2× – Peter Šťastný (ZOH 1994 a MS 1995)

 2× – Pavol Demitra (ZOH 2006 a MS 2011)

 1× – Ľuboš Bartečko (MS 2009)

 1× – Peter Bondra (SP 1996)

 1× – Oto Haščák (MS 1996)

 1× – Marián Hossa (MS 2006)

 1× – Tomáš Kopecký (MS 2015)

 1× – Marián Gáborík (MS 2015)

 1× – Richard Lintner (MS 2010)

 1× – Miroslav Marcinko (MS 1994)

 1× – Róbert Petrovický (MS 2008)

 1× – Vladimír Dravecký (MS 2017)

 1× – Tomáš Surový (ZOH 2018)

 1× – Ladislav Nagy (na poslední zápas MS 2019)

 1× – Marek Ďaloga (MS 2021)

 1× – Marek Hrivík (ZOH 2022)

 1× – Tomáš Tatar (MS 2022)

Trenéři slovenské hokejové reprezentace od roku 1940–1943

Trenéři slovenské hokejové reprezentace od roku 1993

Generální manažěři slovenské reprezentace od roku 1992

Podle počtů startů
''Aktualizovano k 12. květnu 2015 po MS 2015 v Praze a Ostravě

Přehled hokejistů Slovenska (od roku 1940) podle počtů odehraných reprezentačních zápasů.

Celkem se ve slovenském dreze představilo v 560 oficiálních zápasů 398 hokejistov, z kterých 26 odehrálo sto a více zápasů.

Vyřazená čísla z reprezentace
Na památku významného hráče bylo z reprezentace vyřazeno číslo:
 38 – Pavol Demitra

Reference

Související články
 Seznam slovenských ledních hokejistů na mistrovstvích světa
 Seznam slovenských ledních hokejistů na olympijských hrách

Externí odkazy

  ZOH 1994  – ZOH 1998  – ZOH 2002  – ZOH 2006  – ZOH 2010  Soupisky na Olympic sports.
 Slovenská hokejová reprezentace na IIHF

Hokejové reprezentace
Sportovec roku (Slovensko) – kolektivy


text:
The Berlin Requiem (German: ) is a 1928 composition for tenor, baritone, and choir of three male voices and orchestra by Kurt Weill to poems by Bertolt Brecht. The work had been commissioned by the  who intended to broadcast the work on all its stations. However Brecht failed to abide by his contractual obligation to show the poems to the commissioning body for advance approval and the content, some of it a memorial to Rosa Luxemburg, led to several stations banning the performance.

Weill took a commission from Radio Frankfurt, producing the Berlin Requiem based on some of Brecht's poems. A specific theme of the chosen texts is the forgotten dead, "faceless war casualties, or victims of violent crime whose bodies are disposed of in an undetected location", according to one writer. Some of the musical portion is quite spartan, with, for example, much of "" accompanied solely by guitar.

Movements
  (Great Chorale of Thanksgiving)
  (Ballad of the Drowned Girl)
  (memorial tablet)
 (alternate to 3)  (Gravestone 1919)
  (First Report on the Unknown Soldier)
  (Second Report on the Unknown Soldier)
  (To Potsdam under the Oak Trees)
Source: AllMusic

References

Works by Bertolt Brecht
Compositions by Kurt Weill
1928 poems
1928 compositions
Requiems


text:
The Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habré, His Accomplices and/or Accessories (French: Commission d'Enquête du Ministère Chadien de la Justice sur les Crimes du Régime de Hissène Habré) was established on December 29, 1990, by the President of Chad, Idriss Déby. Its goal was to investigate the "illegal detentions, assassinations, disappearances, torture, mistreatment, other attacks on the physical and mental integrity of persons; plus all violations of human rights, illicit narcotics trafficking and embezzlement of state funds between 1982 and 1990", when former President Hissène Habré was in power.

It reported on May 7, 1992, describing approximately 40,000 killings and 200,000 cases of torture committed by Habré's DDS (Directorate of Documentation and Security), and detailing the involvement of foreign governments in the funding and training of the DDS. The commission published the names and photographs of the worst perpetrators, and its work has been widely used by victims' families trying to seek justice. Its recommendations were however largely ignored by President Déby's regime.

Background
African's fifth largest country, Chad, is a poor country suffering from inadequate structure and internal conflict. Its post-independence history has seen instability and violence, most of which was due to tensions between the mainly Arab-Muslim North and the predominantly Christian and animist South. In 1982, Hissène Habré, then defense minister, captured the capital, N'Djamena, and ousted the northerner President, Goukouki Oueddei. Habré began a programme of widespread repression including torture and killings, until he was himself overthrown by one of his former generals, the Libyan-backed Idriss Deby, in December 1990.

The Commission's Work

Formation and Mandate
One month after coming to power, the new president established by presidential decree "The Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habré, His Accomplices and/or Accessories". Its legitimacy came from the president himself, who gave the commission a broad mandate: "investigate the illegal imprisonments, detentions, assassinations, disappearances, tortures and practices of acts of barbarity, the mistreatment, the other attacks on the physical or mental integrity of persons, and all violations of human rights and illicit trafficking in narcotics", but also "audit the financial operations and bank accounts of the ex-president, his accomplices and/or accessories", as there were allegations of corruption and embezzlement. In order to fulfill this large mandate, the commission was given the right to investigate, collect documentation, take testimonies, confiscate material and "summon any natural or legal person in a position to assist it in the investigation".

The commission was originally made up of 12 members:
 President: Mahamat Hassane Abakar, first deputy prosecutor
 1st Vice-president: Ali Abdoulaye, director of Police Security Branch
 2nd Vice-president: Isseine Djibrine, principal police superintendent
 Beassoum Ben N'Gassoro, magistrate
 Dimanche Beramgoto, director of research in the Commissariat of the Interior and Security
 Bemba Jonas, police officer
 Wadar Moudalbaye, administrative officer in the sub-directorate of external finance
 Sam Manang, military police warrant officer
 Ousmane Mahamat, records clerk
 Naindo Dalroh, records clerk
 Secretaries : Madjitoloum Ngardedji, police secretary
 Koh Djabou, magistrate's clerk

Difficulties
Despite the huge task it had to undertake, the commission was given limited resources. This led to numerous practical problems: for example, when starting their job, the commissioners were supplied with only two cars, neither of which was suited to travel to Chad's desert regions. Because of that, they were not able to investigate personally in the provinces and outside of the capital.

Even their work inside of N'Djamena was impeded. Indeed, there was not enough office space available for the commission in the city. As a result, they had to use the former secret detention centre of the security forces, a place where many had been tortured and killed, as their headquarters. Many victims and potential witnesses were effectively scared of going back to that place and thus did not give testimonies the commission could have used.

Commissioners were also regularly threatened by former DDS personnel, scaring some of them away from doing their job, to the extent that three quarters of them had to be replaced after six months.

Findings and Recommendations
Even though the commission faced many challenges, it managed to produce and publish in May 1992 a detailed report. It pointed to a minimum of 40,000 people killed and 200,000 cases of torture carried out by the security services, with the personal involvement of former President Hissène Habré. It revealed both the names and the photographs of the perpetrators, which had never been done by a Truth Commission before. In addition, it accused Habré and his ethnic community, the Goranana, of genocide against the Zaghawa community.

It also uncovered the fact that the United States was directly involved in the abuses, providing training to the DDS personnel, on American soil as well as in N'Djamena. Moreover, a US official worked with the DDS in their headquarters, where people were being tortured and killed. The report indicates as well that the US, along with France, Zaire and Egypt, contributed to the DDS budget.

To avoid further abuses, the commission made several recommendations to the new government:
 Set up an independent judiciary
 Reform the security forces
 Create a national Human Rights Commission
 Prosecute the perpetrators, including Habré, in a lawful manner
 Give symbolic reparations to victims

Notable perpetrators
 Saleh Younous and sentenced to life in Chad for complicity in the Habré regime in Chad for complicity in the Habré regime
 Mahamat Djibrine

Impact

National Impact
Idriss Déby, who ordered the commission, did not follow up on its recommendations and alluded to a lack of resources to stop the publication of the report. Because of that and the fact that there were no public hearings, few Chadians have been aware of the commission's work. Meanwhile, human rights abuses continued under Déby's rule, and he even integrated into his government, as high officials, about 40 well-known perpetrators identified by the commission. Therefore, it seems his real goal in setting up the commission was only to show Habré as a criminal, to improve his own image and legitimize his rule.

International Impact
Nonetheless, the report having been leaked via a French publishing house, its findings have been known and used outside of Chad by victims seeking justice. Human rights advocates have used it in their attempts to put Habré on trial, since it helped them find witnesses. In September 2005, Hissène Habré was imprisoned in his Senegalese villa. His trial opened on July 20, 2015, in Dakar.

References

Truth and reconciliation commissions
Organisations based in Chad
Truth and reconciliation reports


text:
Luis G. Abbadie (born August 13, 1968) is a Mexican writer specializing in horror, paganism, pseudobibliographies and paramythologies, including horror and fantasy short stories. He has contributed frequently to the Cthulhu Mythos.

He has coordinated workshops and given courses on these topics. He has been a recipient of grants from the Fondo Estatal para la Cultura y las Artes de Jalisco (Jalisco State Fund for Culture and the Arts; 1999–2000). He has collaborated on anthologies and magazines in Spain, France, Argentina, and North America.

Career
Abbadie was born in Guadalajara, Jalisco.

During his literary development, he participated in workshops coordinated by Flaviano Castañeda Valencia, Víctor Manuel Pazarín, Gabriel Gómez, and others.

When El último relato de Ambrose Bierce (1995) was first published, only 250 copies were issued. In 1996, a new edition of this work was announced, but it was supposedly canceled before it was ever brought to fruition. The journal El Informador (January 3, 1996) mentioned that this second edition was published and sold out.

El grito de la máscara (1998) contains El último relato de Ambrose Bierce, edited and expanded. It was re-edited by Cibermancia Editores retitled as El último relato de Ambrose Bierce (2007).

Since 1992, Abbadie has worked on his exhaustive story of the Necronomicon, based on and continuing the stories he wrote for the Cthulhu Mythos. El Necronómicon: un comentario (2000) is a synthesis of his work compiled up to that time. Due to his various writings on the subject, he is considered an expert in the Necronomicon.
Códice Otarolense (2002) with the subtitle of Sumario de la historia de la formación del mundo y de los dioses y diablos de la Nueva España, con una exposición de las hechicerías y alabanzas de los indios naturales de esta tierra, hecho y recopilado por Fray Guillermo de Otarola y Guzmán, de la orden de San Francisco, en el mes de Agosto del año de 1548, para el muy reverendísimo Señor Don Fray Juan de Zumárraga, Obispo de la muy leal y gran Ciudad de México was published by the Apoyo a Jóvenes Creadores, Subdivisión Literatura, del Fondo Estatal para la Cultura y las Artes (FECA) del Estado de Jalisco (Support for Young Creators, Literary Subdivision of the Jalisco State Fund for Culture and the Arts, 1999-2000 edition.

Of Gods and Time (2007) is his first book in English.

His most recent book is 2012: El código secreto del Necronomicón (Rémora Editorial, 2010).

He is the author of an essay about horror literature that has been published several times in Mexico, Argentina and Spain.

Paganism
Luis G. Abbadie has studied paganism and neopaganism. He has focused on the study of Wicca for some time. His participation in the Primer Encuentro Nacional Wicca México (First National Meeting of Wicca, Mexico), Beltane 2003, an event organized by the now-defunct Círculo Gaia was controversial, as well as in the subsequent reply from Carmen Orellana (Tarwe Nén), and was his first major participation in the neopagan community.

Although he initially favored the use of the word Wicca to refer to the different manifestations of modern witchcraft, including more indigenous types, he became uncomfortable with the eclectic, hybrid nature of what he calls 'Neo-Wicca.' He distanced himself from it and completely changed his position. He outlined connections between what he chose to call 'Stregoneria' and paganism. 'Stregheria' is represented in published works such as Raven Grimassi as 'popular neopaganism'.

Abbadie wrote El Sendero de los Brujos (2004), a book directed toward young readers as they are the ones recently attracted to neopaganism. In it, he tries to clarify very basic misunderstandings that he has observed among Latin American neopagans. He also attempts to give orientation to neophytes in Wicca and neopaganism. He has formed a small group studying reconstructed Stregoneria.

Upon discovering other forms of traditions European witchcraft, he began his formal apprenticeship of Scottish witchcraft, called Hedgewitch o Circle Magic, which he has dubbed Crossways Craft or rather Oficio del Cruce de Caminos, adopting an already-existing phrase to designate his personal preference.

Bibliography
El último relato de Ambrose Bierce (Ediciones del Plenilunio, México, 1995).
El grito de la máscara (Grupo Editorial Minerva, méxico, 1998). 136 pages. Re-published and expanded as El último relato de Ambrose Bierce.
El Necronomicon: un comentario (La Otra Orilla, México, 2000). 54 pages.
Códice Otarolense (Ediciones Euterpe, México, 2002). 544 pages.
El Sendero de los Brujos (Ediciones Veglia, México, 2004). 120 pages (signed as Luis Abbadie - Wisdom Stone).
El último relato de Ambrose Bierce (Cibermancia Editores, México, 2007). Republication of  El grito de la máscara.
Of Gods and Time (Cibermancia Editores, México, 2007).
Noches Paganas: Cuentos Narrados Junto al Fuego del Sabbath (Ediciones Veglia, México, 2008)
 2012: El código secreto del Necronomicón (Rémora Editorial, 2010)

Notes

Mexican science fiction writers
Mexican horror writers
Mexican essayists
Mexican male writers
Male essayists
Cthulhu Mythos writers
Writers from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Pagan studies scholars
1968 births
Living people
Mexican modern pagans
Wiccan novelists


text:
Penalosa är en ort i Kingman County i Kansas. Vid 2010 års folkräkning hade Penalosa 17 invånare.

Källor

Orter i Kansas
Kingman County


text:
Ларс Алин (4 апреля 1915 — 11 марта 1997) — шведский автор и эстетик.

Алин покинул школу, когда ему было 13, чтобы поддержать свою семью. Позже он учился в нескольких средних школах. По окончании учёбы Ларс переехал в Стокгольм, где написал два неопубликованных романа (Tåbb med manifestet, 1943). История о молодом пролетарии, который отклоняет ценности коммунизма в пользу секуляризуемого Лютеранского богословия, где человек оценен по его делам без предвзятых понятий, готовила почву для его последующих работ. Критики сравнивали Алина с Федором Достоевским и Томасом Манном. Среди полученных писателем наград: Приз Девяти в 1960, Большая премия Общества поддержки литературы за роман в 1962, Августовская премия (1990). Почетный доктор философии (1969). В 1995 он получил Литературную премию Шведской академии, иногда называемую «Малой Нобелевской премией по литературе».

Женой Ларса Алина была писательница Гуннель Алин.

Известные работы
 Tåbb med manifestet, 1943
 No Eyes Await Me (story collection), 1944
 Min död är min (My Death Is My Own), 1945
 Om (If, About, Around), 1946
 Kanelbiten (The Cinnamon Girl), 1953
 The Great Amnesia, 1954
 Natt i marknadstältet (Night in the Market Tent), 1957
 Bark and Leaves, 1961
 Sjätte munnen (The Sixth Mouth), 1985

Примечания

Ссылки
 «Ahlin, Lars», Academic American Encyclopedia, 1991 edition, p. 198.
 «Ahlin, Lars». Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007.

Почётные доктора Университета Умео


text:
William McGiverin (1825–1881) was an Irish-born merchant and political figure in Canada West. He represented Lincoln in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1863 to 1866.

McGiverin was educated in Upper Canada. He served as warden of Lincoln County and mayor of St. Catharines. His first wife was Jane Davidson Clark. His second wife was Emma Caroline Counsell. He was the father of Harold Buchanan McGiverin, a prominent Canadian lawyer and politician.

References
 HJ Morgan The Canadian Parliamentary Companion (1864)

Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West
Mayors of St. Catharines
1825 births
1881 deaths


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Die Schwalbenstare (Artamus) sind eine Gattung aus der Familie der Schwalbenstarverwandten (Artamidae) in der Ordnung der Sperlingsvögel (Passeriformes).

Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von Australien, Neuguinea, Philippinen bis in den indischen und südchinesischen Raum. In den letztgenannten befinden sich die Brutgebiete einiger Arten. Schwalbenstare haben zwei Besonderheiten. Sie verfügen als einzige Singvögel über Puderdunen und haben die Fähigkeit sich kreiselnd von Aufwinden nach oben tragen zu lassen. Ihre Beute, die überwiegend aus Insekten besteht, erspähen sie von einer Warte aus. Sie haben einen sehr anmutigen und wendigen Flug. Der kleine Körper ist gedrungen und ihre Flügel sind spitz und lang.

Arten
 Fidschi-Schwalbenstar (Artamus mentalis)
 Bismarck-Schwalbenstar (Artamus insignis)
 Grauschwalbenstar (Artamus fuscus)
 Maskenschwalbenstar (Artamus personatus)
 Riesenschwalbenstar (Artamus maximus)
 Rußschwalbenstar (Artamus cyanopterus)
 Schwarzgesicht-Schwalbenstar (Artamus cinereus)
 Weißbauch-Schwalbenstar (Artamus leucorynchus)
 Weißbrauen-Schwalbenstar (Artamus superciliosus)
 Weissrücken-Schwalbenstar (Artamus monachus)
 Zwergschwalbenstar (Artamus minor)

Weblinks

 Integrated Taxonomic Information System [ Artamus Vieillot, 1816]

Schwalbenstarverwandte


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Nei suoi anni di attività si è fatto riconoscere per il suo sostegno a diverse teorie del complotto, tra cui la presenza di vita extraterrestre e la teoria secondo la quale l'AIDS sarebbe stato creato dall'uomo per colpire le minoranze etniche come gli ispanici, i neri e gli omosessuali e che una cura fosse già stata fatta prima che venisse attuata.

Biografia
Della sua vita si sa ben poco. Secondo le sue stesse affermazioni, Cooper avrebbe prestato servizio nella marina militare statunitense, e nell'aeronautica militare prima e nell'Intelligence navale poi fino alle sue dimissioni nel 1975. Ha poi frequentato un college junior in California e ha lavorato per diverse scuole tecniche e professionali prima di far conoscere le sue teorie della cospirazione, a partire dal 1988. Cooper ha ampliato le speculazioni dei precedenti cospirazionisti incorporando il coinvolgimento del governo con gli extraterrestri come tema centrale.

A partire dal 1992 condusse un programma radiofonico intitolato The Hour of the Time, che ha peraltro condotto da uno studio all'interno della sua stessa casa in cima a una collina nella cittadina di Eagar, nell'Arizona.

Nel 1991 pubblicò un libro intitolato Behold a Pale Horse, diventato influente tra gli argomenti che trattano UFO. Inoltre in esso afferma anche il collegamento tra l'AIDS e lo zampino dell'uomo come principale creatore del virus allo scopo di eliminare minoranze quali omosessuali, neri e ispanici. Nel 2000 l'allora ministro della salute del Sudafrica Manto Tshabalala-Msimang ha ricevuto diverse critiche per aver distribuito il capitolo del libro di Cooper che tratta nello specifico questa argomentazione e di averne discusso agli alti funzionari del governo sudafricano. Anche Nicoli Nattrass, professore di economia e critico da lungo tempo nei confronti dei negazionisti dell'AIDS, ha criticato il ministro per aver prestato legittimità alle teorie di Cooper e a diffonderle in tutto il continente africano.

In esso ha anche affermato che il presidente John F. Kennedy fu assassinato perché era in procinto di rivelare che gli extraterrestri stavano per conquistare la Terra. Secondo un video segreto dell'assassinio che Cooper ha dichiarato di aver scoperto, l'autista della limousine presidenziale, William Greer, ha usato un dispositivo per la pressione del gas sviluppato dagli alieni della Commissione Trilaterale per sparare al presidente dal posto di guida. Il famoso filmato di Abraham Zapruder mostrerebbe Greer che si volta per due volte per guardare nel sedile posteriore della macchina; in quel momento Cooper ha teorizzato che Greer si era rivoltato prima a valutare lo stato di Kennedy dopo l'attacco esterno, quindi a sparare il colpo fatale. Secondo quanto riferito, le teorie cospirative che coinvolgono Greer sono state rese valide dopo la pubblicazione del libro. Il video mostrato da Cooper, che pretende di dimostrare la sua teoria, è stato analizzato da diverse emittenti televisive e secondo una fonte si è scoperto che era stato manipolato mettendo soltanto alcuni frammenti del filmato di Zapruder.

Accusato di evasione fiscale nel 1998, fu emesso un mandato d'arresto nei suoi confronti ma Cooper evitò ripetuti tentativi di obbedire agli ordini.

Il 5 novembre 2001 i vice-sceriffi della contea di Apache si recarono a casa di Cooper ad Eagar per arrestarlo con l'accusa di aggressione aggravata a mano armata. Da qui si scatenò uno scontro a fuoco, durante il quale Cooper ha sparato a uno degli uomini in servizio alla testa. Cooper verrà poi colpito a morte da un altro di loro. Le autorità federali hanno riferito che Cooper aveva trascorso anni ad eludere l'esecuzione del mandato di arresto del 1998 e, secondo un portavoce del servizio dei marescialli, ha detto che "non sarebbe stato catturato vivo".

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Anticomunisti statunitensi
Assassinati con arma da fuoco