text:
Teodor Iwanow Teodorow (bułg. Теодор Иванов Теодоров; ur. 8 kwietnia 1859 w Elenie, zm. 5 sierpnia 1924 w Czamkorii) – bułgarski prawnik, publicysta i polityk, przewodniczący Partii Narodowej, wielokrotnie deputowany do Zwyczajnego Zgromadzenia Narodowego, Przewodniczący Zgromadzenia Narodowego (1894–1896), minister sprawiedliwości (1896–1897), finansów (1897–1899 i 1911–1913) oraz spraw wewnętrznych i wyznań wiary (1918–1919), premier Carstwa Bułgarii (1918–1919).

Życiorys
Urodził się w bogatej i poważanej rodzinie. Uczył się w Gimnazjum im. Apriłowa (bułg. Априловска гимназия) w Gabrowie, edukację kontynuował w Mikołajowie (wówczas Rosja), następnie studiował prawo na Uniwersytecie Noworosyjskim w Odessie, w którym w 1883 uzyskał wyższe wykształcenie. W latach 1883–1886 pracował jako prokurator w Sofijskim Sądzie Okręgowym i jako członek Ruseńskiego Sądu Apelacyjnego. W 1886 wyjechał do Paryża, gdzie zdobył stopień doktorski w zakresie prawa. Po powrocie do ojczyzny był adwokatem w Ruse.

W 1894 wstąpił do Partii Narodowej i szybko został jednym z jej liderów. Funkcję przewodniczącego partii pełnił ogółem przez 20 lat. W 1894 uzyskał mandat deputowanego do Zwyczajnego Zgromadzenia Narodowego 8. kadencji, w którym między 27 października 1894 a 16 lutego 1896 piastował godność Przewodniczącego. Do chwili śmierci był regularnie wybierany na posła, nie wszedł tylko do Zgromadzenia Narodowego 10. (1899–1901) i 15. kadencji (1911–1913). Kilkukrotnie zajmował stanowiska ministerialne: w latach 1896–1897 był ministrem sprawiedliwości, a w latach 1897–1899 i 1911–1913 ministrem finansów.

Uczestniczył w kilku bułgarskich delegacjach zagranicznych. W 1895 był członkiem grupy wysłanej do Rosji, której celem było ponowne nawiązanie stosunków dyplomatycznych między obydwoma krajami. Misja zakończyła się sukcesem. Na początku grudnia 1912 Teodorow znalazł się w składzie delegacji podpisującej rozejm z Turcją przerywający I wojnę bałkańską. Nieco później usiłował, tym razem bezskutecznie, zapobiec wybuchowi II wojny bałkańskiej. Był przeciwnikiem przystąpienia Bułgarii do I wojny światowej w obozie państw centralnych.

Wkrótce po klęsce kraju w I wojnie światowej, 28 listopada 1918 Teodorow stanął na czele koalicyjnego rządu. Jako premier dążył do wynegocjowania z państwami Ententy możliwie najłagodniejszych warunków pokojowych, szczególny nacisk kładąc na pozostawienie w granicach Carstwa Bułgarii zachodniej Tracji i południowej Dobrudży. Mimo jego wysiłków dyplomatycznych warunki pokoju z Neuilly-sur-Seine okazały się katastrofalne dla Bułgarii, która utraciła 11% terytorium. Nie mogąc pogodzić się z tym Teodorow odmówił podpisania traktatu i 2 października 1919 podał się do dymisji.

8 listopada 1920 Partia Narodowa połączyła się z Partią Postępowo-Liberalną tworząc Zjednoczoną Partię Narodowo-Postępową. W nowym ugrupowaniu Teodorow objął funkcję wiceprzewodniczącego. 6 czerwca 1922 Zjednoczona Partia Narodowo-Postępowa weszła w skład Bloku Konstytucyjnego, którego celem było odsunięcie od władzy reżimu Stambolijskiego. Rząd Stambolijskiego odpowiedział serią aresztowań liderów Bloku. Teodorow został uwięziony 26 września 1922, następnie był przetrzymywany przez 10 miesięcy w więzieniu w Szumenie. Po przewrocie 9 czerwca 1923 wyszedł na wolność i wstąpił do Porozumienia Demokratycznego, z listy którego został wybrany do Zwyczajnego Zgromadzenia Narodowego 21. kadencji. Niecały rok później zmarł z powodu choroby serca.

Funkcje sprawowane przez Teodorowa w Radzie Ministrów
Teodor Teodorow zajmował następujące stanowiska w rządach Bułgarii (w porządku chronologicznym):
 w trzecim rządzie Konstantina Stoiłowa
 minister sprawiedliwości (22 lutego 1896 – 7 września 1897)
 minister finansów (7 września 1897 – 30 stycznia 1899)
 w rządzie Iwana Ewstratijewa Geszowa
 minister finansów (29 marca 1911 – 14 czerwca 1913)
 w drugim rządzie Stojana Danewa
 minister finansów (14 czerwca 1913 – 17 lipca 1913)
 w drugim rządzie Aleksandyra Malinowa
 minister spraw wewnętrznych i wyznań wiary (17 października 1918 – 28 listopada 1918)
 w swoim pierwszym rządzie
 premier (28 listopada 1918 – 8 maja 1919)
 minister spraw wewnętrznych i wyznań wiary (28 listopada 1918 – 8 maja 1919)
 w swoim drugim rządzie
 premier (8 maja 1919 – 6 października 1919)
 minister spraw wewnętrznych i wyznań wiary (8 maja 1919 – 6 października 1919)

Życie prywatne
Teodor Teodorow był żonaty z Radą Teodorową, z którą miał córkę Annę-Mariję i syna Iwana. Jego zięciem był Nikołaj Nikołajew, minister oświaty (1936–1938) oraz spraw wewnętrznych i zdrowia publicznego (1938).

Bibliografia

Absolwenci i studenci Cesarskiego Uniwersytetu Noworosyjskiego
Premierzy Bułgarii
Przewodniczący Bułgarskiego Zgromadzenia Narodowego
Bułgarscy adwokaci
Urodzeni w 1859
Zmarli w 1924


text:
Christophe-Paul de Robien, dit le président de Robien ( au château de Robien à Saint-Thuriau de Quintin, aujourd'hui Le Fœil -  à Rennes), est un magistrat, historien, naturaliste et collectionneur d'art français, conseiller au Parlement de Bretagne (1720-1726), président à mortier au Parlement de Bretagne (1724-1756). Il est inhumé dans la collégiale de Quintin où reposent sa mère et d'autres parents.

Biographie

Christophe-Paul de Robien, marquis de Robien, vicomte de Plaintel, baron de Kaër (titres de courtoisie), chevalier, est issue d'une famille nobles de parlementaires. Il est le fils de Paul de Robien, vicomte de Plaintel, baron de Kaër, président à mortier au Parlement de Bretagne, et de Thérèse Olive du Louët. Il est le grand-père de Paul-Marie-Céleste d'Andigné de La Blanchaye et de Louis d'Andigné.

Après ses études chez les Jésuites de Rennes et un séjour dans une académie d'exercices parisienne, il obtient sa licence en droit à Nantes en 1718 et devient avocat. Il est reçu conseiller le , puis président à mortier le .

Julienne de Robien-Kerambourg avec lequel il se marie le  alors qu'elle a 12 ans, meurt à 26 ans en laissant sept enfants, le premier étant né 38 mois après le mariage. Cette union avec la fille aînée d'une riche famille contribue à asseoir sa fortune, héritée et résultat d'héritages préservés pour la majeure partie et une des plus importantes de la province bien qu'inférieure à celles des plus grands négociants nantais, voire malouins. En 1764, ses enfants héritent de treize seigneuries situées dans le pays de Quintin, s'y étendant dans huit paroisses, le Trégor et le pays Vannetais et vingt-quatre de ses paroisses. Ces propriétés furent la cause de procès, principalement avec les vassaux contestant ses droits de seigneur, lui-même refusant, pour les mêmes raisons, de rendre aveu aux Lorges de la seigneurie de Quintin. Ces procès qui ne cessèrent de le mobiliser et dont un volume important d'archives témoigne ont pourtant le prestige - l'ancienneté de la noblesse - ou le symbolique pour enjeux, les bénéfices sur le fond étant sans commune mesure avec les cent cinquante mille livres de frais liés à ces contentieux, somme estimée par les héritiers encore engagés dans les affaires non encore tranchées.

Il est l'auteur de la Description historique, topographique et naturelle de l'ancienne Armorique, ouvrage rédigé en 1752 mais édité seulement en 1974 par Jean-Yves Veillard qui rappelle son rôle précurseur dans l'archéologie bretonne et la prise de conscience de ce patrimoine.

Antiquaire, il possède une importante collection scientifique (son cabinet de curiosités, à l'hôtel de Robien). Celle-ci est saisie à la Révolution et se trouve maintenant répartie principalement entre le musée des beaux-arts de Rennes, le musée de Bretagne et l'Université de Rennes.

Comme l'attestent les ouvrages de sa bibliothèque, Christophe-Paul de Robien s'est intéressé à la généalogie, terminant la sienne en 1732 (??), et à l'héraldique, particulièrement avec le projet de rendre visible le rang de sa famille. Si l'ajout de ses armoiries à ses biens comme ses livres ou son tombeau ne lui cause pas de problème, il n'en est pas de même pour les églises dont il se considère seigneur-fondateur. À partir de 1731, des arrêts du conseil d'État s'opposent à ses prétentions et le condamnent à retirer ses armoiries des églises de Pluvigner et de Brech, considérées comme une négation de la supériorité du Roi. S'il paraît s'incliner dans ses réponses aux autorités, il réitère l'opération dans plusieurs chapelles et églises bretonnes. Il ne connaîtra pas la conclusion de ce contentieux : c'est en 1763, sept ans après sa mort, que les prééminences et droits honorifiques des Robien sont reconnus dans les églises de Crach, Landaul, Landévant, Locmariaquer et Pluvigner ainsi que dans douze chapelles.

Ouvrages
 Description historique, topographique et naturelle de l'Ancienne Armorique ou Petite Bretagne - Bibliothèque de Rennes Métropole (Les Champs Libres). Textes : Mss 309 et 311. Planches : Mss 310 et 312.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

 Le président Christophe Paul de Robien (1698-1756) Premier archéologue de Bretagne
 Le marquis de Robien, un esprit curieux de tout...

Bibliographie
 Gauthier Aubert, Le président de Robien : gentilhomme et savant dans la Bretagne des lumières, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2001.
 G. Closmadeuc, Le Président de Robien, Archéologue, Bulletin de la Société Polymathique du Morbihan, 1882. .
 Christophe-Paul de Robien, Description historique, topographique et naturelle de l'ancienne Armorique, Joseph Floch Imprimeur, 1974. Édition par Jean-Yves Veillard des manuscrits conservés à la Bibliothèque de Rennes Métropole.
 Jean-Yves Veillard, Catalogue des objets d'archéologie armoricains de la collection du Président de Robien. Musée de Bretagne, 1972. 55p.

Personnalité bretonne du XVIIe siècle
Personnalité bretonne du XVIIIe siècle
Naissance en novembre 1698
Naissance dans la province de Bretagne
Décès en juin 1756
Décès à Rennes
Famille de Robien
Décès à 57 ans
Décès dans la province de Bretagne
Magistrat français du XVIIIe siècle
Conseiller au Parlement de Bretagne
Collectionneur français d'oeuvres d'art
Naturaliste français du XVIIIe siècle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
В парному жіночому розряді тенісного турніру Canada Open 1989, що проходив у рамках Туру WTA 1989, Джиджі Фернандес і Робін Вайт виграли титул, у фіналі перемігши пару Мартіна Навратілова і Лариса Нейланд 6-1, 7-5.

Сіяні пари

 Мартіна Навратілова /  Лариса Нейланд (фінал)
 Джиджі Фернандес /  Робін Вайт (чемпіонки)
 Джилл Гетерінгтон /  Гана Мандлікова (півфінал)
 Яна Новотна /  Ева Пфафф (чвертьфінал)

 Елізабет Смайлі /  Джанін Тремеллінг (півфінал)
 Ізабель Демонжо /  Наталі Тозья (1-ше коло)
 Лейла Месхі /  Наташа Звєрєва (чвертьфінал)
 Аранча Санчес Вікаріо /  Юдіт Візнер (2-ге коло)

Основна сітка

Фінал

Верхня половина

Нижня половина

Посилання

Canadian Open (теніс)


text:
Diplostephium is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Asteraceae.

Diplostephium is distributed on high mountains zones from Venezuela to Chile with the exception of two species in Costa Rica (INBio information system, July 2005) and twelve in the "Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta" (Colombia). It makes part of the high andean forest and the paramo ecosystems. Colombia has the most species with 63 (Vargas & Madriñán, 2006), the majority of them found in the Oriental Cordillera, which has 33 registered species until this moment. Diplostephium is the third most diverse genus on the paramos with 70 species after Pentacalia and Senecio (Luteyn, 1999).

According to José Cuatrecasas, (1986) the genus is an element of Neotropical origin that could have reached the paramos from the southern latitudes of South America; where the primitive arboreal species can be found in the high Andean forest while the most advanced members can be found in the paramos and super-paramos. This reinforces previous theories from Cuatrecasas (1969), who proposed as atavistic characteristics the morphologies present in the arboreal species of high Andean forest. Based on this, Cuatrecasas made a phylogenetic ordination into natural groups or series where the derived species are more diverse and are found at high altitudes.

Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of December 2022:

References

External links
 Welcome to Diplostephium, a webpage devoted to the study of the genus and its allies.

Flora of South America
Asteraceae genera
Páramo flora


text:
Øystein Ore (ur. 7 października 1899 w Oslo, zm. 13 sierpnia 1968 w Oslo) – norweski matematyk.

Życiorys
Studiował na Uniwersytecie w Oslo, gdzie w 1924 uzyskał tytuł doktora. W 1927 został profesorem Uniwersytetu Yale.

Øystein Ore znany jest z prac w dziedzinie teorii grafów, teorii pierścieni, teorii ciał. Sformułował i udowodnił twierdzenie Orego, dotyczące grafu hamiltonowskiego.

Linki zewnętrzne
  [dostęp 2021-10-25].

Norwescy matematycy XX wieku
Ludzie urodzeni w Oslo
Urodzeni w 1899
Zmarli w 1968
Ludzie upamiętnieni nazwami twierdzeń


text:
Le Jugement de Salomon est le titre de plusieurs œuvres :
 Le Jugement de Salomon, une peinture du maître italien de la Renaissance Giorgione, réalisé vers 1500 ;
Le Jugement de Salomon, un tableau du peintre flamand Frans Floris, réalisé vers 1547 ;
 Le Jugement de Salomon, une peinture de Nicolas Poussin datant de 1649 et exposée au Louvre ;
 Le Jugement de Salomon, un tableau du peintre français Jean-François de Troy, réalisé en 1742 ;
 Le Jugement de Salomon, un film français réalisé par Henri Andréani, sorti en 1912 ;
 Le Jugement de Salomon, un film français réalisé par Jacques de Baroncelli, sorti en 1916 ;
 Le Jugement de Salomon, un Oratorio de Giacomo Carissimi ;
 Le Jugement de Salomon H.422, un Oratorio de Marc-Antoine Charpentier composé en 1702.


text:
Pareutropius buffei, the three-striped African catfish, is a species of fish in the family Schilbeidae, the schilbid catfishes.

Description
The species reaches a maximum length of . The body is silvery, with three lateral stripes, and there are black spots on the upper and lower parts of the rounded caudal fin. This species is sometimes kept as an aquarium pet.

Distribution and habitat
It is native to Nigeria, Niger, Mali, Benin and Guinea, where it inhabits rivers and freshwater lagoons.

References

Schilbeidae
Fish described in 1961


text:
Je ne suis pas une salope, je suis une journaliste (en español: No soy puta, soy periodista) es un documental francés de Marie Portolano y Guillaume Priou sobre el sexismo y el lugar de la mujer en el periodismo deportivo .

Emitida por primera vez el  21 de marzo de 2021 en Canal +, surgió la polémica cuando la web Les Jours reveló que el canal cortó una secuencia durante el montaje implicando al periodista de la cadena Pierre Ménes.

Sinopsis
Periodista deportiva y presentadora de televisión, Marie Portolano ha sido víctima del sexismo en numerosas ocasiones. Quería saber si sus compañeras estaban experimentando el mismo malestar y cómo lo estaban superando. Cede la palabra a veinte de ellas, entre ellas Laurie Delhostal, Estelle Denis, Nathalie Iannetta o Isabelle Ithurburu.

El título hace referencia al documental sobre el racismo en el mundo del fútbol Je ne suis pas un singe de Olivier Dacourt y Marc Sauvourel.

Controversia
El sitio web Les Jours reveló que el canal cortó una secuencia durante el montaje que involucra a Pierre Ménes y una entrevista a Hervé Mathoux, presentador histórico del Canal Football Club. Según Le Parisien, Pierre Ménes no pidió ser cortado durante el montaje del documental.

La secuencia se emite al día siguiente en el programa Touche pas à mon poste ! en C8, canal del grupo Canal + . Pierre Ménes explica que decirle a una mujer que es hermosa con su escote es un simple cumplido para él. Cuando el periodista evoca el momento en que le levantó la falda, dice que ya no lo recuerda y explica que podría volver a hacerlo hoy. Sorprendido de saber que Marie Portolano se sintió humillada, se disculpa pero asegura que no diferencia entre mujer y hombre.

Ficha técnica

 Producción : Marie Portolano y Guillaume Priou
 Difusión : 21 de marzo de 2021 a las 18 h en Canal + y en Replay
 Distribución : Canal +
 Duración : 1 h 16

Distribución

 Laurie Delhostal
 Estelle Denis
 Cecile Grès
 Nathalie Iannetta
 Isabelle Ithurburu
 Charlotte namura
 Clementine Sarlat

Recepción
En sus capturas de pantalla de Chronicle sobre France Inter, Dorothée Barba saluda el coraje necesario para que Marie Portolano muestre " el basurero de insultos sexistas que recibió y aún recibe ". También afirma que " Este documental de gran éxito es una bofetada y puede resonar mucho más allá del mundo del periodismo deportivo. ".

El sitio web Les Jours describe el documental como " esencial, ardiente y enojado ".

Para L'Équipe, es un " documental necesario" : " Detrás de un título tan provocador como el del documental de Dacourt y Sauvourel, se esconde una película muy exitosa, profunda, a veces conmovedora, a menudo alarmante, siempre conmovedora y sobre todo esclarecedora. ". El periódico " solo lamento que casi todos los testimonios [...] provengan de periodistas de televisión ".

Referencias

Documentales deportivos
Documentales de Francia
Documentales contra la violencia de género
Documentales contra el sexismo
Periodistas deportivas
Acoso sexual


text:
Our Shining Days  () is a 2017 Chinese coming-of-age musical film starring Xu Lu and Peng Yuchang. The film has received favorable reviews, particularly for the performance of lead actress Xu Lu and the depiction of minority group's struggles of Chinese orchestra and Otaku.

Synopsis
In a fictitious music school, the students of Chinese orchestra and Classical orchestra don't get along with each other. They call each other "tacky" and "pretentious". Chen Jing, a quirky but talented yangqin student, initially doesn't care about the rivalry, until she falls for the piano prodigy Wang Wen. Annoyed at his ignorance and prejudice toward Chinese instruments, she is determined to prove herself to him by forming her own ensemble, which consists of her best friend who secretly loves her Li You and four Otaku girls whom initially only agreed to join because of Chen Jing's promise to buy them expensive action figures. They named their concert band "2.5 Dimension", meaning a blend between 2D and 3D worlds, as the Otaku people refer to themselves as living in the second dimension. They perform at an Animation, Comics, and Games convention, and after initial rejection the crowd cheers for them.

They perform for Wang Wen but he publicly rejects Chen Jing and traditional Chinese music. Crushed, Chen Jing chooses to disband 2.5 Dimension. The four Otaku students, who have grown to love the band, are angry and refuse Chen Jing's gift of expensive anime figurines. Chen Jing's mother tells her about how the yangqin is a part of her and that she can't give up playing it without its permission.  The head of the school announces plans to cancel the Chinese Orchestra but the original members of 2.5 Dimension are joined by other students to protest. After the head of the school continues to refuse them, they organize a music competition with the Classical Orchestra. An inspector comes to the school and both orchestras play their music, but the classical students are unable to keep up with the Chinese orchestra, and so lose the competition. The Chinese orchestra then enlist the help of the Classical orchestra to sneak in and unofficially play after their performance, which is being broadcast live. They play right at the end, and are met with high praise.

Casting
Xu Lu as Chen Jing, student from the music school's Chinese Music Area who plays the Yangqin
Peng Yuchang as Li You, percussionist playing Chinese drums
Liu Yongxi as Xiao Mai, plays the Guzheng
Li Nuo as Ying Zi, plays the Erhu
Lu Zhaohua as Beibei, plays the Ruan
Han Zhongyu  as Tata, plays the Pipa
Luo Mingjie as Wang Wen, plays classical piano
Chen Yusi as Zheng Youen
Eason Chan as Ministry of Education's official
Yan Ni as Mrs. Chen
Geng Le as Mr. Chen

Reception
Our Shining Days garnered generally-positive response. Edmund Lee of South China Morning Post rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, describing it as "slight but entertaining" while highlighting the film's "youthful spirit".

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 Our Shining Days at Douban

2017 films
2017 drama films
2010s coming-of-age drama films
2010s musical drama films
2010s teen drama films
Chinese coming-of-age drama films
Chinese musical drama films
Chinese teen films
Chinese-language films
Films set in China
Tencent Pictures films


text:
De Roller Hockey League was een Belgische rolhockeycompetitie.

Historiek
De laatste editie vond plaats in 1999. Vervolgens traden Belgische clubs aan in de BeNe League.

Rolhockeycompetitie
Rolhockey in België


text:
A jobbágyi Jobbágyi család egy ősrégi Vas vármegyei nemesi származású család, amely Vasjobbágyiról származott.

A család története
1440-ben Jobbágyi Lukács szerepel mint vasjobbágyi földbirtokos. Az 1554. évi megyei összeíráskor a földbirtokosok között a felsőörsi járásban Jobbágyi János, az egytelkesek között Jobbágyiban ugyancsak János, Jákon Jobbágyi Boldizsár, Csajtán Jobbágyi János, Felsőörsön pedig Jobbágyi Tamás szerepel.

A nemesi család leszármazottja jobbágyi Jobbágyi János (fl. 1597-1622) , szalónaki uradalmi tiszttartó, földbirtokos, a gróf Batthyány családnak a familiárisa, aki 1610. február 4-én II. Mátyás magyar királytól szerzett címeres levelet. Jobbágyi János 1597 és 1622 között szalónaki tiszttartó volt, felesége, Blaskovics Mária pedig bábaként is segítette gróf Batthyány Ferencné Lobkowitz-Poppel Éva grófnő úrnőjét: Batthyány Ádám 1610-ben "az ő kezére lett ez világra". Fiaik közül jobbágyi Jobbágyi Dániel (fl. 1627-1653) és jobbágyi Jobbágyi Jeremiás (fl. 1636-1649) felnőttként szintén a Batthyány uradalmak gazdasági irányításába került. Jó iskolázást kaphattak. Jeremiást többször "deáknak" titulálták, és Dániel csiszolt stílusa, a magyar levelekbe tűzdelt latin kifejezések kifogástalan használata arra utal, hogy ő is deákos ember volt. Jobbágyi Dániel evangélikus kisnemesi családja a Pinka menti Jobbágyiból (Vasjobbágyi) származott, birtokaik a szomszédos Sóskúton és Alsóőrön voltak. Jobbágyi Dániel 1634-ben németújvári számtartó lett, sőt 1636 októberében egy ideig Ferstetics Pál tiszttartót is helyettesítette. 1637. május 17-től, miután Szalónak Batthyány Ádám gróf kezébe került, ő lett a rohonc-szalónaki tiszttartó.

Jobbágyi János (fl. 1597-1622), szalónaki uradalmi tiszttartó, földbirtokos és Blaskovics Mária fia, Jobbágyi Jeremiás (fl. 1636-1649) lett a számtartó, míg 1641-ben a németújvári tiszttartósságra nem lépett elő. Jobbágyi Dánielnek ekkor még a Németújvár melletti Szentmiklóson volt háza, majd 1638 tavaszán valamely szerencsétlenség miatt elköltözött onnét, és Németszentmihályon kapott három puszta helyet Batthyány Ádámtól. Gazdasági éleslátását, ügyességét önmaga számára is kamatoztatta. Szentmihályon például megszerezte a kocsma bérletét, és zálogban bírt néhány telket a szalónaki uradalomhoz tartozó Bükkösdön is. Foglakozott marhakereskedelemmel, sőt erre Batthyányi is rábeszélte. De tiszttartói hatalmát is fölhasználta saját gyarapítására. A panaszok szerint a jobbágyokkal a maga számára robotoltatott és ajándékokat várt el tőlük. Ráadásul az 1640-es évek végén az uradalom jövedelmeivel sem tudott elszámolni. Mivel azonban Batthyány nélkülözhetetlennek ítélte szolgálatait, 1648/1649-től ráállt, hogy számadatlan tiszttartója legyen. 1653. május 3-án "virradóra öt és hat óra közben" halt meg, 43 éves korában. Jobbágyi Jeremiás evangélikus volt, és kérte is urától, hogy a rekatolizációval kapcsolatos intézkedések végrehajtásával "ne terheljen, mert elégtelennek ismerem magamat ilyen gondviseletemben". Az 1646. évi meszleni evangélikus zsinat jegyzőkönyve viszont a lutheri egyház legjelentősebb dunántúli patrónusai között sorolta föl. 1649 szeptember 3-ára Jobbágyi Jeremiás már nem élt; ekkor özvegye Jobbágy Jerémiásné Rainbolt Regina még Szalónakon lakott családjával együtt.

Jobbágyi Regina (fl. 1691-1694) kisasszonyt feleségül vette a barkóczi Rosty családból való és a szintén gróf Batthyány családnak az egyik főfamiliárisa barkóczi Rosty István (fl. 1684–1718), akinek a szülei Rosty János (fl. 1632–1650), földbirtokos és fületinczi Kelcz Anna (fl. 1650) voltak. Rosty István Batthyány Pál (1639–1674) grófnak a bizalmas familiárisa volt; a főúr halála után Rosty István az árváinak a javaik kormányzója (bonorum prefectus) avagy jószágkormányzója lett. 1681-ben képviselte Batthyány Ádám és Batthyány Ferenc Németújvár örökös urait és nevükben ellenvetéssel élt egy pereskedésnél, amikor érvényesíteni akarták a jogaikat a kőszegi uradalom birtokaival kapcsolatban. A hodászi lakos Rosty István 1693. május 7-én Rosty István Jobbágyi Regina feleségével együtt megszerezte királyi adományban a beteg gyermektelen Sankovich Ádámnak a földbirtokait (köztük a Nagy és Kis-Barkócz, Muraszombat, Korong, Tótkeresztúr, Hadnperg (Hadenberg), Poppendorf, Alsó- és felső Rönök és Fűzesben levő részjószágai voltak), miután hosszú ideig a házaspár ápolta.

Jobbágyi János szalónaki tiszttartónak a leszármazottjai Rohoncon voltak földbirtokosok: Jobbágyi János György igazolta nemességét az 1754/55-ös országos nemesi összeírásbán. Jobbágyi János György fia, Jobbágyi Mihály (1761–1830), ügyvéd Pozsonyba költözött. Az ő fia Jobbágyi Mihály Teofil (1792–1865), pozsonyi ügyvéd, akinek a felesége Hauszer Borbála (1810–1880) volt. Jobbágyi Teofilnak négy leány- és két fiúgyermeke született; az egyik fia, Jobbágyi Arthur (1842–1888), MÁV főellenőr, a másik gyermeke, Jobbágyi Ottó (1840–1903), főmérnök, MÁV főfelügyelője volt. Jobbágyi Arthur hitvese a nemesi származású salamonfai Rátky Lujza asszony volt, azonban frigyükből nem származott gyermek.

Az ágostai hitvallású jobbágyi Jobbágyi Ottó főmérnök feleségül vette a római katolikus nemesi származású gyarmatai Dáni Sarolta (1853–1933) kisasszonyt, akinek a szülei gyarmatai Dáni József (1825–1896), a Ferenc-József rend lovagja, gróf Károlyi Gyula jószágigazgatója, és Mayer Erzsébet (1827–1897) voltak. Jobbágyi Ottóné gyarmatai Dáni Sarolta nagybátyja gyarmatai Dáni Ferenc (1816–1883) ügyvéd, Hódmezővásárhely főispánja, országgyűlési képviselő. Jobbágyi Ottó és Dáni Sarolta egyik lánya, jobbágyi Jobbágyi Margit, akinek az első férje Pogány Lajos, majd a második dr. Szauter Ferenc (1873–1938), Győr szabad királyi város polgármestere lett; Jobbágyi Ottó és Dáni Sarolta frigyéből szintén született jobbágyi Jobbágyi Sarolta, akinek a férje, zelenai Boros Endre (1859–1921) uradalmi főtiszt volt.

Jobbágyi Ottó és Dáni Sarolta fia, Jobbágyi Kálmán (1875–1925), ügyvéd, az evangélikus egyház presbitere, aki Budapesten 1905. március 30-án vette feleségül a nemesi származású zólyomi Wagner Éva (1884–1925) úrhölgyet. Jobbágyi Kálmánné Wagner Éva szülei
zólyomi Wágner Emil (1853-1918), okleveles mérnök, gyártulajdonos, és borodimi Anders Borbála asszony voltak. A menyasszony apai nagyapja zólyomi Wágner Dániel (1800–1890) magyar gyógyszerész, az 1848-as minisztérium egészségügyi tanácsosa, Pest város százas bizottsági tagja, akinek 1886. március 20.-án nemességet, családi címert és a "zolyómi" nemesi előnevet adományozta I. Ferenc József magyar király.

Jobbágyi Kálmán és zolyómi Wagner Éva frigyéből egy fiúgyermek született: dr. Jobbágyi Zsolt (1906–1974), aki a jogi egyetem elvégzése után a Magyar Nemzeti Bank alkalmazottja lett. 1932. november 28-án Budapesten feleségül vette a nemesi származású verebélyi Verebély Nadine (1914–1995) kisasszonyt, akinek a szülei verebélyi dr. Verebély Tibor (1874–1941), orvosdoktor, egyetemi tanár és bókai Bókay Nadine (1887–1957) úrnő voltak. A menyasszony anyai nagyapja bókai Bókay Árpád (1856–1919), belgyógyász, farmakológus, egyetemi tanár, a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia levelező tagja (1896), a Bókaytelep nevű XVIII. kerületi (pestszentlőrinci) városrész névadója. Jobbágyi Zsolt dr. és Verebély Nadine házasságából született: dr. Rácz Dánielné Jobbágyi Mária, dr. Jobbágyi Péter és dr. Jobbágyi Gábor.

A család címere
A Jobbágyi család címere (1610): "Kékben zöld földön álló jobbra fordult medve előlábaival a torkán átütött nyilat fogja". Sisakdísz: "növekvő pajzsalak". Takarók: "fekete-arany", "vörös-ezüst".

Jegyzetek

Magyar történelmi családok
Vas vármegyei történelmi családok


text:
Cryptosporidiosis, sometimes informally called crypto, is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium, a genus of protozoan parasites in the phylum Apicomplexa. It affects the distal small intestine and can affect the respiratory tract in both immunocompetent (i.e., individuals with a normal functioning immune system) and immunocompromised (e.g., persons with HIV/AIDS or autoimmune disorders) individuals, resulting in watery diarrhea with or without an unexplained cough. In immunosuppressed individuals, the symptoms are particularly severe and can be fatal. It is primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water; recent evidence suggests that it can also be transmitted via fomites contaminated with respiratory secretions.

Cryptosporidium is commonly isolated in HIV-positive patients presenting with diarrhea. Despite not being identified until 1976, it is one of the most common waterborne diseases and is found worldwide. The infection begins when a human consumes food or water containing cysts of the Cryptosporidium organism.

Signs and symptoms

Cryptosporidiosis may occur as an asymptomatic infection, an acute infection (i.e., duration shorter than 2 weeks), as recurrent acute infections in which symptoms reappear following a brief period of recovery for up to 30 days, and as a chronic infection (i.e., duration longer than 2 weeks) in which symptoms are severe and persistent. It may be fatal in individuals with a severely compromised immune system. Symptoms usually appear 5–10 days after infection (range: 2–28 days) and normally last for up to 2 weeks in immunocompetent individuals; symptoms are usually more severe and persist longer in immunocompromised individuals.  Following the resolution of diarrhea, symptoms can reoccur after several days or weeks due to reinfection. The likelihood of  is high in immunocompromised adults, and low in those with normal immune systems.

In immunocompetent individuals, cryptosporidiosis is primarily localized to the distal small intestine and sometimes the respiratory tract as well.  In immunocompromised persons, cryptosporidiosis may disseminate to other organs, including the hepatobiliary system, pancreas, upper gastrointestinal tract, and urinary bladder; pancreatic and biliary infection can involve acalculous cholecystitis, sclerosing cholangitis, papillary stenosis, or pancreatitis.

Intestinal cryptosporidiosis

Common signs and symptoms of intestinal cryptosporidiosis include:
 Moderate to severe watery diarrhea, sometimes contains mucus and rarely contains blood or leukocytes
 In very severe cases, diarrhea may be profuse and cholera-like with malabsorption and hypovolemia
 Low-grade fever
 Crampy abdominal pain
 Dehydration
 Weight loss
 Fatigue
 Nausea and vomiting – suggests upper GI tract involvement and may lead to respiratory cryptosporidiosis
 Epigastric or right upper quadrant tenderness

Less common or rare signs and symptoms include:
 Reactive arthritis (may affect the hands, knees, ankles, and feet)
 Jaundice – suggests hepatobiliary involvement
 Ascites – suggests pancreatic involvement

Respiratory cryptosporidiosis

Symptoms of upper respiratory cryptosporidiosis include:
 Inflammation of the nasal mucosa, sinuses, larynx, or trachea
 Nasal discharge
 Voice change (e.g., hoarseness)

Symptoms of lower respiratory cryptosporidiosis include:
 Cough
 Shortness of breath
 Fever
 Hypoxemia

Reason

Cryptosporidium is a genus of protozoan pathogens which is categorized under the phylum Apicomplexa. Other apicomplexan pathogens include the malaria parasite Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis. A number of Cryptosporidium infect mammals. In humans, the main causes of disease are C. parvum and C. hominis (previously C. parvum genotype 1). C. canis, C. felis, C. meleagridis, and C. muris can also cause disease in humans. Cryptosporidium is capable of completing its life cycle within a single host, resulting in microbial cyst stages that are excreted in feces and are capable of transmission to a new host via the fecal-oral route.  Other vectors of disease transmission also exist.

The pattern of Cryptosporidium life cycle fits well with that of other intestinal homogeneous coccidian genera of the suborder Eimeriina: macro- and microgamonts develop independently; a microgamont gives rise to numerous male gametes; and oocysts serving for parasites' spreading in the environment. Electron microscopic studies made from the 1970s have shown the intracellular, although extracytoplasmic localization of Cryptosporidium species.

These species possess a number of unusual features:
 an endogenous phase of development in microvilli of epithelial surfaces
 two morphofunctional types of oocysts
 the smallest number of sporozoites per oocyst
 a multi-membraneous "feeder" organelle

DNA studies suggest a relationship with the gregarines rather than the coccidia. The taxonomic position of this group has not yet been finally agreed upon.

The genome of Cryptosporidium parvum was sequenced in 2004 and was found to be unusual amongst Eukaryotes in that the mitochondria seem not to contain DNA. A closely related species, C. hominis, also has its genome sequence available. CryptoDB.org is a NIH-funded database that provides access to the Cryptosporidium genomics data sets.

Transfer
Infection is through contaminated material such as earth, water, uncooked or cross-contaminated food that has been in contact with the feces of an infected individual or animal. Contact must then be transferred to the mouth and swallowed. It is especially prevalent amongst those in regular contact with bodies of fresh water including recreational water such as swimming pools. Other potential sources include insufficiently treated water supplies, contaminated food, or exposure to feces.  The high resistance of Cryptosporidium oocysts to disinfectants such as chlorine bleach enables them to survive for long periods and still remain infective. Some outbreaks have happened in day care related to diaper changes.

The following groups have an elevated risk of being exposed to Cryptosporidium:
 Child care workers
 Parents of infected children
 People who take care of other people with cryptosporidiosis
 International travelers
 Backpackers, hikers, and campers who drink unfiltered, untreated water
 People, including swimmers, who swallow water from contaminated sources
 People who handle infected cattle
 People exposed to human feces through sexual contact

Cases of cryptosporidiosis can occur even in cities that have a properly de-contaminated water supply. In a city with clean water, it may be that cases of cryptosporidiosis have other origins. Testing of water, as well as epidemiological study, are necessary to determine the sources of specific infections. Cryptosporidium is causing serious illness  more frequently in immunocompromised than in apparently healthy individuals. It may chronically sicken some children, as well as adults who are exposed and immunocompromised. A subset of the immunocompromised population is people with AIDS. Some sexual behaviors can transmit the parasite directly.

Life cycle
Cryptosporidium spp. exist as multiple cell types which correspond to different stages in an infection (e.g., a sexual and asexual stage). As an oocyst – a type of hardy, thick-walled spore – it can survive in the environment for months and is resistant to many common disinfectants, particularly chlorine-based disinfectants. After being ingested, the sporozoites within oocysts excyst (i.e., are released) in the small intestine.  The released sporozoites subsequently attach to the microvilli of the epithelial cells of the small intestine.  From there they become trophozoites that reproduce asexually by multiple fission, a process known as schizogony.  The trophozoites develop into Type 1 meronts [1] that contain 8 daughter cells.

These daughter cells are Type 1 merozoites, which get released by the meronts.  Some of these merozoites can cause autoinfection by attaching to epithelial cells.  Others of these merozoites become Type II meronts, which contain 4 Type II merozoites.  These merozoites get released and they attach to the epithelial cells.  From there they become either macrogamonts or microgamonts.  These are the female and male sexual forms, respectively.  This stage, when sexual forms arise, is called gametogony.

Zygotes are formed by microgametes from the microgamont penetrating the macrogamonts.  The zygotes develop into oocysts of two types.  20% of oocysts have thin walls and so can reinfect the host by rupturing and releasing sporozoites that start the process over again.  The thick-walled oocysts are excreted into the environment.  The oocysts are mature and infective upon being excreted.

Pathogenesis
The oocysts are ovoid or spherical and measure 5 to 6 micrometers across.  When in flotation preparations they appear highly refractile.  The oocysts contains up to 4 sporozoites that are bow-shaped.

As few as 2 to 10 oocysts can initiate an infection.  The parasite is located in the brush border of the epithelial cells of the small intestine.  They are mainly located in the jejunum.  When the sporozoites attach the epithelial cells' membrane envelops them.  Thus, they are "intracellular but extracytoplasmic".  The parasite can cause damage to the microvilli where it attaches.  The infected human excretes the most oocysts during the first week.  Oocysts can be excreted for weeks after the diarrhea subsides from infections by C. parvum or C. hominis; however, immunocompetent individuals with C. muris infections have been observed excreting oocysts for seven months.

The immune system reduces the formation of Type 1 merozoites as well as the number of thin-walled oocysts.  This helps prevent autoinfection. B cells do not help with the initial response or the fight to eliminate the parasite.
Previous infection in immunocompetent individuals produces little resistance to future infection, however it may decrease the severity of disease and the number of oocysts excreted.

Diagnosis

There are many diagnostic tests for Cryptosporidium.  They include microscopy, staining, and detection of antibodies. Microscopy can help identify oocysts in fecal matter.  To increase the chance of finding the oocysts, the diagnostician should inspect at least 3 stool samples.  There are several techniques to concentrate either the stool sample or the oocysts.  The modified formalin-ethyl acetate (FEA) concentration method concentrates the stool.  Both the modified zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation technique and the Sheather's sugar flotation procedure can concentrate the oocysts by causing them to float.  Another form of microscopy is fluorescent microscopy done by staining with auramine.

Other staining techniques include acid-fast staining, which will stain the oocysts red.  One type of acid-fast stain is the Kinyoun stain.  Giemsa staining can also be performed.  Part of the small intestine can be stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E), which will show oocysts attached to the epithelial cells.

Detecting antigens is yet another way to diagnose the disease.  This can be done with direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) techniques.  It can also be achieved through indirect immunofluorescence assay.  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) also detects antigens.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is another way to diagnose cryptosporidiosis.  It can even identify the specific species of Cryptosporidium.  If the patient is thought to have biliary cryptosporidiosis, then an appropriate diagnostic technique is ultrasonography.  If that returns normal results, the next step would be to perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Prevention
Many treatment plants that take raw water from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs for public drinking water production use conventional filtration technologies. This involves a series of processes, including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. Direct filtration, which is typically used to treat water with low particulate levels, includes coagulation and filtration, but not sedimentation. Other common filtration processes, including slow sand filters,  diatomaceous earth filters and membranes will remove 99% of Cryptosporidium. Membranes and bag and cartridge filters remove Cryptosporidium  product-specifically.

While Cryptosporidium is highly resistant to chlorine disinfection, with high enough concentrations and contact time, Cryptosporidium will be inactivated by chlorine dioxide and ozone treatment. The required levels of chlorine generally preclude the use of chlorine disinfection as a reliable method to control Cryptosporidium in drinking water. Ultraviolet light treatment at relatively low doses will inactivate Cryptosporidium. Water Research Foundation-funded research originally discovered UV's efficacy in inactivating Cryptosporidium.

One of the largest challenges in identifying outbreaks is the ability to identify Cryptosporidium in the laboratory.  Real-time monitoring technology is now able to detect Cryptosporidium with online systems, unlike the spot and batch testing methods used in the past.

The most reliable way to decontaminate drinking water that may be contaminated by Cryptosporidium is to boil it.

In the US the law requires doctors and labs to report cases of cryptosporidiosis to local or state health departments.  These departments then report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.  The best way to prevent getting and spreading cryptosporidiosis is to have good hygiene and sanitation.  An example would be hand-washing.  Prevention is through washing hands carefully after going to the bathroom or contacting stool, and before eating.  People should avoid contact with animal feces.  They should also avoid possibly contaminated food and water.  In addition, people should refrain from engaging in sexual activities that can expose them to feces.

Standard water filtration may not be enough to eliminate Cryptosporidium; boiling for at least 1 minute (3 minutes above  of altitude) will decontaminate it.  Heating milk at 71.7 °C (161 °F) for 15 seconds pasteurizes it and can destroy the oocysts' ability to infect.  Water can also be made safe by filtering with a filter with pore size not greater than 1 micrometre, or by filters that have been approved for "cyst removal" by NSF International National Sanitation Foundation.  Bottled drinking water is less likely to contain Cryptosporidium, especially if the water is from an underground source.

People with cryptosporidiosis should not swim in communal areas because the pathogen can reside in the anal and genital areas and be washed off.  They should wait until at least two weeks after diarrhea stops before entering public water sources, since oocysts can still be shed for a while.  Also, they should stay away from immunosuppressed people.  Immunocompromised people should take care to protect themselves from water in lakes and streams.  They should also stay away from animal stools and wash their hands after touching animals.  To be safe, they should boil or filter their water.  They should also wash and cook their vegetables.

The US CDC notes the recommendation of many public health departments to soak contaminated surfaces for 20 minutes with a 3% hydrogen peroxide (99% kill rate) and then rinse them thoroughly, with the caveat that no disinfectant is guaranteed to be completely effective against Cryptosporidium. However, hydrogen peroxide is more effective than standard bleach solutions.

Treatment

Symptomatic treatment primarily involves fluid rehydration, electrolyte replacement (sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and glucose), and antimotility agents (e.g., loperamide).  Supplemental zinc may improve symptoms, particularly in recurrent or persistent infections or in others at risk for zinc deficiency.

Immunocompetent

Immunocompetent individuals with cryptosporidiosis typically experience a short (i.e., duration of less than 2 weeks) self-limiting course of diarrhea that may require symptomatic treatment and ends with spontaneous recovery; in some circumstances, antiparasitic medication may be required (e.g., recurrent, severe, or persistent symptoms); however reinfection frequently occurs.

, nitazoxanide is the only antiparasitic drug treatment with proven efficacy for cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent individuals; however, it lacks efficacy in severely immunocompromised patients. Certain agents such as paromomycin and azithromycin are sometimes used as well, but they only have partial efficacy.

Immunocompromised
In immunocompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients, cryptosporidiosis resolves slowly or not at all, and frequently causes a particularly severe and persistent form of watery diarrhea coupled with a greatly decreased ability to absorb key nutrients through the intestinal tract. As a result, infected individuals may experience severe dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, wasting, and potentially death. In general, the mortality rate for infected AIDS patients is based on CD4+ marker counts. Patients with CD4+ counts over 180 cells/mm³ recover with supportive hospital care and medication; but, in patients with CD4+ counts below 50 cells/mm³, the effects are usually fatal within 3 to 6 months. During the Milwaukee cryptosporidiosis epidemic (the largest of its kind), 73% of AIDS patients with CD4+ counts lower than 50 cells/mm³ and 36% of those with counts between 50 and 200 cells/mm³ died within the first year of contracting the infection.

The best treatment approach is to improve the immune status in immunodeficient individuals using highly active antiretroviral therapy that includes an HIV protease inhibitor along with continued use of antiparasitic medication. Antiparasitic drug treatment for immunocompromised individuals usually involves the combination of nitazoxanide, paromomycin, and azithromycin together; these drugs are only partially active in HIV/AIDS patients compared to their effect in immunocompetent persons. A Cochrane Collaboration review recommended that nitazoxanide be considered for use in treatment despite its reduced effectiveness in immunocompromised individuals.

Currently, research is being done in molecular-based immunotherapy.  For example, synthetic isoflavone derivates have been shown to fight off Cryptosporidium parvum both in vitro and in animal studies.  Derivates of nitazoxanide, known as thiazolides, have also shown promising results in vitro. rifaximin is also sometimes used for immunocompromised patients/patients with severe disease.

Epidemiology
Cryptosporidiosis is found worldwide. It causes 50.8% of water-borne diseases that are attributed to parasites. In developing countries, 8–19% of diarrheal diseases can be attributed to Cryptosporidium. Ten percent of the population in developing countries excretes oocysts. In developed countries, the number is lower at 1–3%. The age group most affected are children from 1 to 9 years old.

In Eastern Europe cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals is common, but there are considerable gaps in surveillance and a lack of comparable methods which is limit the understanding of the disease and detection of outbreaks. Research show a rich diversity of zoonotic subtypes of the parasite in animals indicating a rich potential of animal to human transmission.

Roughly 30% of adults in the United States are seropositive for cryptosporidiosis, meaning that they contracted the infection at some point in their lives.

History
The organism was first described in 1907 by Tyzzer, who recognised it was a coccidian.

Research
A recombinant Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst surface protein (rCP15/60) vaccine has produced an antibody response in a large group of cows and also antibody response in calves fed rCP15/60-immune colostrum produced by these vaccinated cows.  This is very promising.  Human Cryptosporidium parvum infections are particularly prevalent and often fatal in neonates in developing countries and to immunocompromised people, such as AIDS patients.  There is no commercially available effective vaccine against Cryptosporidium parvum, although passive immunization utilizing different zoite surface (glyco)proteins has shown promise.  Developmental stages of the life cycle of the parasite might act as possible targets for vaccine development. The organism is detected in 65–97% of the surface-water supply in the United States and is resistant to most disinfectants used for the treatment of drinking water. Antibodies in the serum of humans and animals infected with Cryptosporidium parvum react with several antigens, one of which is a 15  protein (CP15) located on the surface of the organism. This protein is a good candidate for use as a molecular vaccine because previous studies have shown that a monoclonal antibody to CP15 confers passive immunity to mice.  Currently, there is no vaccine or completely effective drug therapy against Cryptosporidium parvum in HIV/AIDS individuals.

A summary of discoveries presented at the most recent (June 2019) international symposium on Cryptosporidium has been published in 2020.

Other animals
The most important zoonotic reservoirs are cattle, sheep and goats. In addition, in recent years, cryptosporidiosis has plagued many commercial leopard gecko breeders.  Several species of the Cryptosporidium family (C. serpentes and others) are involved, and outside of geckos it has been found in monitor lizards, iguanas and tortoises, as well as several snake species.

Notable cases

Before 2000
 In 1987, 13,000 people in Carrollton, Georgia, United States, became ill with cryptosporidiosis. This was the first report of its spread through a municipal water system that met all state and federal drinking water standards.
 In 1993, a waterborne cryptosporidiosis outbreak occurred in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, US. An estimated 403,000 people became ill, including 4,400 people hospitalized. The source of the Cryptosporidium is believed to be overflow from the Milwaukee area combined sanitary and storm sewer system into Lake Michigan, which was then taken into the Howard Avenue Water Purification Plant and distributed to an estimated 880,000 residents (of the 1.61 million residents in the Milwaukee area who receive their drinking water from Lake Michigan). These residents, who receive their drinking water from Lake Michigan, were told to boil their water before drinking it. More people were affected in this one outbreak than the combined number of people affected in every cryptosporidiosis outbreak in the 24 years since then. An estimated 69 people died during the outbreak, according to the CDC.
 The UK's biggest outbreak occurred in Torbay in Devon in 1995.
 In the summer of 1996, Cryptosporidium affected approximately 2,000 people in Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada. Weeks later, a separate incident occurred in Kelowna, British Columbia, where 10,000 to 15,000 people got sick.

2001–2009
 In April 2001, an outbreak occurred in the city of North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada. Between 5800 and 7100 people had diarrheal illness, and 1907 cases of cryptosporidiosis were confirmed. Equipment failures at the city's antiquated water filtration plant following maintenance were found to have caused the outbreak.
 In the summer of 2005, after numerous reports by patrons of gastrointestinal upset, a water park at Seneca Lake State Park, in the Finger Lakes region of upstate New York was found to have two water storage tanks infected with Cryptosporidium.  By early September 2005, over 3,800 people reported symptoms of a Cryptosporidium infection. The "Sprayground" was ordered closed for the season on 15 August.
 In October 2005, the Gwynedd and Anglesey areas of North Wales, the United Kingdom, had an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. The outbreak may have been linked to the drinking water supply from Llyn Cwellyn, but this is not yet confirmed. As a result, 231 people fell ill and the company Welsh Water (Dwr Cymru) advised 61,000 people to boil their water before use.
 In March 2007, a suspected outbreak occurred in Galway, Ireland, after the source of water for much of the county, Lough Corrib, was suspected to be contaminated with the parasite. A large population (90,000 people), including areas of both Galway City and County, were advised to boil water for drinking, food preparation and for brushing teeth. On 21 March 2007, it was confirmed that the city and county's water supply was contaminated with the parasite. The area's water supply was finally given approval on 20 August 2007, five months after Cryptosporidium was first detected. Around 240 people are known to have contracted the disease; experts say the true figure could be up to 5,000.
 Hundreds of public pools in 20 Utah counties were closed to young children in 2007, as children under 5 are most likely to spread the disease, especially children wearing diapers. As of 10 September 2007 the Utah Department of Health had reported 1302 cases  of cryptosporidiosis in the year; a more usual number would be 30. On 25 September the pools were reopened to those not requiring diapers, but hyperchlorination requirements were not lifted.
 On 21 September 2007, a Cryptosporidium outbreak attacked the Western United States: 230 Idaho residents, with hundreds across the Rocky Mountain area; in the Boise and Meridian areas; Utah, 1,600 illnesses; Colorado and other Western states — Montana, decrease.
 On 25 June 2008, Cryptosporidium was found in England in water supplies in Northampton, Daventry, and some surrounding areas supplied from the Pitsford Reservoir, as reported on the BBC. People in the affected areas were warned not to drink tap water unless it had been boiled. Anglian Water confirmed that 108,000 households were affected, about 250,000 people. They advised that water might not be fit for human consumption for many weeks. The boil notice was lifted for all the affected customers on 4 July 2008.
 Throughout the summer of 2008; many public swimming areas, water parks, and public pools in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex of Texas had an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Burger's Lake in Fort Worth was the first to report such an outbreak. This prompted some, if not all, city-owned and private pools to close and hyperchlorinate. To the 13 August 2008 there were 400 reported cases of Cryptosporidium.
 In September 2008, a gym in Cambridge, the United Kingdom, was forced to close its swimming pool until further notice after health inspectors found an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis. Environmental Health authorities requested that the water be tested after it was confirmed that a young man had been infected.

2010 and later
 In May 2010, the Behana creek water supply south of Cairns, Australia, was found to be contaminated by cryptosporidium.
 In July 2010, a local sports center in Cumbernauld (Glasgow, UK) detected traces of cryptosporidium in its swimming pools, causing a temporary closure of the swimming pools.
 In November 2010, over 4000 cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported in Östersund, Sweden. The source of contamination was the tap water. In mid December 2010 the number of reported cases was 12,400 according to local media.
 As of April 2011, there has been an ongoing outbreak in Skellefteå, Sweden. Although many people have been diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis, the source of the parasite has not yet been found. Several tests have been taken around the water treatment unit "Abborren", but so far no results have turned up positive. Residents are being advised to boil the tap water as they continue to search for the contaminating source.
 Since May 2011, there has been an ongoing outbreak in South Roscommon in Ireland. Although many people have been diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis, the source of the parasite has not yet been found. Testing continues and Roscommon County Council are now considering introducing Ultra Violet Filtration to their water treatment process in the next 12 months. Residents are being advised to boil the tap water and there is no sign of this boil notice being lifted in the near future.
 In May 2013, in Roscommon, Ireland, another outbreak of the cryptosporidiosis was reported and a boil water notice was issued. This was the second time the parasite was detected in a month in the Roscommon water supply. The source of one of the outbreaks had been linked to the agricultural community. At least 13 people were treated for Cryptosporidiosis.

Society and culture
 Cryptosporidium was the basis of the 1998 television film, Thirst, in which it mutates and passes through a town's water filters.
 Cryptosporidium was shown on three episodes in three seasons of the television show, Monsters Inside Me

References

External links

 Cryptosporidiosis — Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Aquatics International Article Regarding Infection via Spray Parks
 CryptoDB: The Cryptosporidium Genome Resource

Conoidasida
Protozoal diseases
Zoonoses
Bovine diseases
Cat diseases
Immunodeficiency


text:
Ochrotrichia confusa är en nattsländeart som först beskrevs av Morton 1905.  Ochrotrichia confusa ingår i släktet Ochrotrichia och familjen smånattsländor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Smånattsländor
confusa


text:
Ocypode convexa is een krabbensoort uit de familie van de Ocypodidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1824 door Quoy & Gaimard.

Ocypodidae


text:
Il Censimento nazionale delle edizioni italiane del XVI secolo (EDIT16), promosso dal Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo e coordinato dall'Istituto centrale per il catalogo unico delle biblioteche italiane e per le informazioni bibliografiche (ICCU), ha come scopo la documentazione della produzione a stampa dal 1501 al 1600 in Italia e quella in lingua italiana in altri paesi.

L'area di intervento è indicata come censimento di edizioni, ma, in presenza di varianti di rilevanza editoriale quali le emissioni, la descrizione di un'edizione viene articolata in più notizie bibliografiche.

Al progetto partecipano circa 1600 biblioteche di varia appartenenza – statali, di enti locali, universitarie, di istituti culturali, ecclesiastiche, private ed extraterritoriali (San Marino, Città del Vaticano) – che in stretta collaborazione con l'ICCU, responsabile del progetto, contribuiscono in vario modo alla sua realizzazione. Sono particolarmente rilevanti le adesioni della Biblioteca apostolica vaticana e, dal 2017, della British Library, che già in precedenza aveva collaborato al progetto; quest'ultima è un segno dell'espansione della ricognizione oltre i confini nazionali e del crescente coinvolgimento di istituzioni straniere.

Storia
Il progetto del Censimento nazionale delle edizioni italiane del XVI secolo, presentato alla comunità bibliotecaria a Roma nel settembre 1981, avvia la bibliografia nazionale retrospettiva riproponendo l'obiettivo che, negli anni Cinquanta, aveva ispirato l'istituzione del Centro nazionale per il catalogo unico. Per attuare questa bibliografia nazionale retrospettiva si scelse la forma del censimento articolata per secoli, a partire dal XVI secolo, in prosecuzione dellIndice generale degli incunaboli (IGI) appena concluso, poiché si ritenne preliminare una ricognizione del patrimonio antico esistente nelle biblioteche italiane.

L'iniziativa, che si è avvalsa della consulenza di storici del libro e bibliografi, si è attuata agli inizi degli anni Ottanta in stretta collaborazione con le università e le amministrazioni regionali e locali. In quegli anni l'ICCU – in ottemperanza all'articolo 15 del D.P.R. 3 dicembre 1975 n. 805, che ne definiva le competenze in materia di catalogazione e documentazione del patrimonio librario conservato nelle biblioteche pubbliche – si impegnò nella valorizzazione del materiale antico e manoscritto e promosse la creazione di una infrastruttura nazionale al servizio delle biblioteche concepita per il trattamento del solo materiale moderno (il Servizio bibliotecario nazionale, SBN): questa strategia, elaborata dalla direttrice Angela Vinay, intendeva ricondurre iniziative bibliografiche singole e locali nel contesto di progetti di rilevanza nazionale.

La realizzazione del Censimento ha richiesto un piano programmatico per far fronte a una serie di problematiche riguardanti l'economia nell'organizzazione del lavoro, l'individuazione delle biblioteche e il loro coinvolgimento, l'utilizzazione dell'imponente massa di repertori sulla stampa del Cinquecento, il livello di descrizione e la soluzione informatica da adottare. L'intento era quello di produrre un catalogo collettivo tradizionale destinato alla pubblicazione, puntando al coinvolgimento del maggior numero possibile di biblioteche, in modo particolare di quelle minori, e alla documentazione del maggior numero di dati.

Il catalogo a stampa vide la luce, nell'ordine dell'alfabeto, a partire dal 1985; la serie editoriale de Le edizioni italiane del XVI secolo, affidata alla cura scientifica del Laboratorio per la bibliografia retrospettiva, ha prodotto i primi sei volumi dalla lettera "A" del 1985, alle lettere "E-F" del 2007.

Sollecitando le biblioteche a ispezionare, verificare e catalogare i fondi antichi, il Censimento ha favorito un nuovo impulso alla catalogazione su scala nazionale. Al fine di valorizzare dei fondi storici nasce, dal 1994, l'esigenza di istituire una base dati Libro antico in SBN, provvista di apposite funzionalità di catalogazione e di ricerca. L'ICCU, in quanto referente scientifico e coordinatore del progetto, ha esplicato la sua attività sia nell'ambito della normativa catalografica sia soprattutto nella raccolta centralizzata del materiale bibliografico, nell'elaborazione dei dati e nella definizione di voci di autorità e di responsabilità intellettuali e materiali.

Base dati
Dal marzo del 2000 il progetto ha messo online una base dati specialistica che ha riscosso l'apprezzamento di studiosi e bibliotecari.

Progettata nel 1997 per utilizzare al meglio la notevole quantità di materiale bibliografico raccolto negli anni, la base dati EDIT16 si configura attualmente, oltre che come strumento di indagine bibliografica e archivio di riferimento per le voci di autorità, come mappa organica delle collezioni librarie. La sua caratteristica è quella di disporre di una pluralità di archivi legati tra loro che, pur assicurando la gestione integrata dei dati e la loro coerenza formale, mantengono la propria fisionomia ed autonomia sia per l'informazione sia per la ricerca: all'archivio titoli, riservato alle descrizioni delle edizioni e relative localizzazioni, si affiancano archivi collaterali destinati a voci di autorità (autori, tipografi/editori, marche tipografiche), a fonti bibliografiche tradizionali ed elettroniche (bibliografia) e a dati di carattere amministrativo (biblioteche).

Nel 2007 EDIT16 ha allargato il proprio campo d'indagine alle dediche con la realizzazione di un archivio apposito, unendo alle immagini i dati relativi alla loro descrizione. L'archivio consente da una parte di assicurare lo studio autonomo e comparato delle dediche nei vari aspetti testuale/figurativo e grafico/tipografico, dall'altra di fornire un ulteriore accesso ai titoli arricchendo la rete di relazioni interne alla base dati. Il ricorso usuale alla dedica nell'ambito del Censimento ha favorito l'iniziativa rimarcandone l'importanza sotto il duplice aspetto, di fonte di informazione e di strumento di comunicazione e di patronage

La completezza informativa si manifesta anche attraverso l'interazione con altre banche dati simili per caratteristiche e finalità – quali Incunabula Short Title Catalogue (ISTC) e Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts (VD 16) – favorendo una lettura più immediata di informazioni diverse pur se complementari, tramite collegamenti dalla descrizione. Nel 2008 la base dati inoltre contiene più di 71.900 riproduzioni riconducili a frontespizi e colophon, che vanno a integrare all'incirca la metà delle descrizioni bibliografiche, nonché a marche tipografiche e a testi integrali di dediche, con l'aggiunta di carte preliminari o significative sotto il profilo bibliologico e bibliografico; apposite procedure permettono di mettere a confronto le immagini visualizzate; più di 15.200 collegamenti ipertestuali alla versione digitale degli esemplari di varie istituzioni italiane e straniere correlano la descrizione bibliografica.

L'introduzione di due procedure via web consente alle biblioteche una forma più diretta di partecipazione per segnalare esemplari ed a tutti gli utenti la possibilità di interagire con EDIT16 per trasmettere via e-mail segnalazioni e suggerimenti.

Nel maggio 2020 la base dati registra: oltre 68.800 notizie bibliografiche, corredate da oltre 535.000 localizzazioni che designano la biblioteca di appartenenza; oltre 1.440 descrizioni di dediche; oltre 25.680 voci di autorità relative ad autori, nelle forme accettate e varianti; oltre 5.700 voci di autorità relative a tipografi/editori/librai, nelle forme accettate e varianti; oltre 2.600 descrizioni di marche tipografiche/editoriali; oltre 540 luoghi di stampa, nelle forme accettate e varianti; oltre 3.100 fonti bibliografiche, nel duplice ruolo di fonte di notizie e di localizzazioni e di riferimenti bibliografici per tutte le tipologie di notizie, bibliografiche e di autorità.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali e del turismo
 Istituto centrale per il catalogo unico delle biblioteche italiane e per le informazioni bibliografiche
 Servizio bibliotecario nazionale
 Angela Vinay
 Marca tipografica

Collegamenti esterni

Istituto centrale per il catalogo unico delle biblioteche italiane e per le informazioni bibliografiche


text:
Эйфори́я или восто́рг,  эвфори́я ( «плодовитость», из  «хорошо» +  «несу, ношу», то есть ) — положительно окрашенный аффект или эмоция. Ощущается как очень мощное, внезапное, всезаполняющее чувство счастья.

В психиатрии
Форма болезненно-повышенного настроения, характеризующаяся благодушием, безмятежным блаженством, состоянием тихой радости. В отличие от гипертимии, для эйфории не характерно повышение двигательной и интеллектуальной активности, напротив, может наблюдаться замедление мыслительной деятельности (вплоть до персевераций).

В наркологии
Феномен, являющейся составной частью синдрома наркотического опьянения, включающий изменённое состояние психики и различные соматические ощущения человека, находящегося в наркотическом опьянении. То есть, в широком смысле, эйфория включает в себя не только эмоциональные изменения, но и целый ряд психических и соматических ощущений, чувствований, за счёт которых достигается положительный эмоциональный сдвиг.

Структура эйфории различна для состояний опьянения, вызванных разными наркотиками. Эйфория, вызванная употреблением алкоголя и снотворных препаратов, слагается из собственно эмоциональных изменений в сочетании с приятной двигательной и интеллектуальной заторможенностью. Опийная эйфория характеризуется состоянием соматического наслаждения на фоне эмоционального покоя, блаженства без интеллектуальной заторможенности. При употреблении стимуляторов положительный эмоциональный сдвиг вторичен и обусловлен физическим и интеллектуальным просветлением, подъёмом, ощущением общего подъёма жизнедеятельности. Эйфория при употреблении каннабиноидов и психоделиков имеет в качестве первопричины изменения восприятия и мышления особое мистическое, фантастическое состояние сознания.

Несмотря на разнообразие изменений психики, возникающих при опьянении различными наркотическими веществами, можно отметить, что чем более проявляются следующие признаки, тем более сильную эйфорию может испытывать индивид:
 неуправляемость психической деятельности;
 диссоциация психической деятельности;
 протопатичность ощущений — их глубинность, безотчетность, необъяснимость.

Эйфория каждого вида наркотического опьянения является динамическим феноменом, включающим несколько последовательно сменяющих друг друга фаз. Собственно эйфория отчётливее всего ощущается в динамике, при переходе от нормального или плохого настроения до чрезвычайно повышенного. Характер, длительность каждой фазы при приёме одного и того же наркотика может меняться в зависимости от субъективной установки человека, пути введения наркотического вещества, и особенно, от стадии заболевания (наркомании) — в динамике каждого вида наркомании эйфория претерпевает существенную трансформацию.

См. также
 Гипертимия
 Кайф
 Маниакальный синдром
 Эйфория бегуна
 Экзальтация
 Экстаз

Примечания

Литература

Наркология
Эмоции
Симптомы психических расстройств
Аффекты
Симптомы или признаки, относящиеся к настроению или аффекту


text:
Rujište (cyr. Рујиште) – wieś w Serbii, w okręgu zajeczarskim, w gminie Boljevac. W 2011 roku liczyła 335 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Miejscowości w okręgu zajeczarskim


text:
Gusta Dawidson Draenger, nom de code Justyna (1917-1943) est une militante polonaise originaire de Cracovie à la fin des années 1930 et pendant l'occupation nazie de la Pologne durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Elle a écrit un compte-rendu détaillé de ses activités dans la prison de Montelupich, au début de 1943. Avec son mari Shimshon Draenger, ils sont exécutés par les nazis en . Ses mémoires sont publiées pour la première fois en Pologne sous le titre de Pamiętnik Justyny en 1946, puis en hébreu
יומנה של יוסטינה (Journal de Justina) en 1974 et en anglais, Justyna's Narrative en 1996.

Biographie
Née à Cracovie, Gusta Dawidson grandit dans une famille juive orthodoxe de tradition hassidique. Dès son plus jeune âge, elle est attirée par le sionisme. À l'école, elle devient membre du mouvement pour la jeunesse Agoudat Israel. Elle rejoint ensuite le mouvement de la jeunesse Bnei-Akiva, où elle contribue activement au travail éducatif en devenant membre du comité central.

Après l'invasion de la Pologne par les Allemands en , elle est l'une des fondatrices de l'Il-Haluz Ha-Lohem (Les Pionniers combattants), un groupe clandestin combattant résistant à Cracovie. Elle se lie d'amitié avec Shimshon Draenger, un chef d'Akiba qui fut le rédacteur en chef du journal Divré Akiva et de l'hebdomadaire Tse'irim. Pendant ce temps, elle crée de fausses cartes d'identités pour les juifs tentant de se cacher.

En , la Gestapo arrête Shimshon Draenger pour avoir publié un article de la militante anti-nazie autrichienne Irene Harand dans Divré Akiba et pour avoir fondé le Mouvement de défense juif. Il est envoyé au camp de concentration de Troppau près d'Opava. Étant son épouse, Gusta Dawidson se livre aux nazis et demande à le rejoindre. Au début des années 1940, grâce à un énorme pot-de-vin, ils sont relâchés, mais doivent se présenter régulièrement à la Gestapo. Ils continuent néanmoins à se réunir secrètement avec les membres de leur mouvement.

À la suite de l'attaque le  du café Cyganeria fréquenté par des officiers allemands, Shimshon Draenger est arrêté le . Lorsque la Gestapo découvre que Gusta Dawidson est son épouse, ils l'arrêtent aussi. Ils sont tous les deux envoyés à la prison de Montelupich. Entre les séances de torture, elle écrit ses mémoires sur du papier toilette et les cache dans un chambranle de la porte. Elle utilise des noms de code pour tous les membres de l'organisation, dont le sien, « Justyna ».

Le , le couple s'évade avec plusieurs autres prisonniers et se retrouve à Bochnia. Ils creusent un bunker dans la forêt de Nowy Wiśnicz où ils continuent de se battre. Shimshon écrit et édite le journal résistant Il-Haluz Ha-Lohem,  qui sont distribués chaque vendredi dans les ghettos et pour les survivants juifs cachés. Le dernier numéro est publié le . Tout en essayant d'aider un hongrois juif à traverser la frontière, ils sont arrêtés par les Allemands et exécutés le .

Quinze des vingt chapitres des mémoires de Gusta Dawidson sont sortis clandestinement de prison et confiés après-guerre à la société historique juive de Cracovie. Après la publication en polonais et en hébreu, la version anglaise Justyna's Narrative paraît en 1996 et celle en français en 2019.

Œuvre

 Le Testament de Justyna, Le Bord de l'Eau, 2019; publié avec le soutien de la Fondation pour la mémoire de la Shoah

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en 1917
Naissance à Cracovie
Judaïsme orthodoxe
Hassidisme
Sionisme religieux
Résistante polonaise
Mémoire de la Shoah
Personnalité exécutée par le Troisième Reich
Décès en novembre 1943
Décès à 27 ans
Décès en Pologne


text:
Die Talsperre Gallito Ciego (span. Represa Gallito Ciego) liegt am Río Jequetepeque im Nordwesten Perus in der Region Cajamarca. Die Talsperre befindet sich am Rande der peruanischen Westkordillere 77 km westlich der Stadt Cajamarca. Sie dient in erster Linie der Bewässerung von bis zu 42.700 ha Anbaufläche in der abstrom gelegenen Küstenebene (Bewässerungsprojekt Jequetepeque–Zaña) sowie der Abflussregulierung. Ferner nutzt ein Wasserkraftwerk das Gefälle zur Energiegewinnung. Gallito Ciego heißt wörtlich übersetzt "Blinder Hahn". Die Anlage wurde 2003 von SN Power Perú übernommen. Seit 2014 ist Statkraft Betreiber der Anlage.

Talsperre
Die Talsperre Gallito Ciego wurde 1981–1988 errichtet. Das Staudammprojekt wurde maßgeblich von dem Konsortium AGC (Züblin AG, Wayss und Freitag) realisiert. Die Planung wurde von der Salzgitter-Consult GmbH durchgeführt. Die Finanzierung gewährleistete die Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau. Der 102 m hohe Erdschüttdamm hat eine Kronenhöhe von , eine Kronenlänge von 782 m sowie eine Basisbreite von 472 m. Am westlichen Dammende befindet sich eine Hochwasserentlastungsanlage mit Schussrinne, die über eine Kapazität von 1600 m³/s verfügt.

Stausee
Der Río Jequetepeque wird auf einer Länge von 9 Kilometern aufgestaut. Das Stauziel liegt bei , die Wasserfläche bei Vollstau beträgt etwa 14,2 km². Der Gesamtstauraum beträgt 476 Mio. m³. Davon bilden 392 Mio. m³ (zwischen den Stauhöhen  und ) den nutzbaren Stauraum. 84 Mio. m³ liegen unterhalb der minimal nutzbaren Stauhöhe, 94 Mio. m³ liegen oberhalb der maximal nutzbaren Stauhöhe (zwischen den Stauhöhen  und ). Entlang dem Nordufer des Stausees verläuft die Nationalstraße PE-08 (Cajamarca–Ciudad de Dios). Das Einzugsgebiet umfasst etwa 3500 km².

Wasserkraftwerk
Das Wasserkraftwerk Gallito Ciego (span. Central Hidroeléctrica Gallito Ciego) wurde 1995–1997 fertiggestellt. Es besitzt eine installierte Gesamtleistung von 37,4 MW. Das Kraftwerk verfügt über zwei vertikal gerichtete Francis-Turbinen. Die Fallhöhe beträgt 83 m, die Ausbauwassermenge 42 m³/s. Die jährliche Energieproduktion liegt bei 156 GWh. Unterhalb des Wasserkraftwerks befindet sich ein Ausgleichsbecken.

Ökologie
In der Gebirgsregion dauert die Regenzeit von Januar bis April, in welcher etwa 75 Prozent des Jahresniederschlags fallen. Während El-Niño-Jahren kommt es zu besonders ausgeprägten Starkregenereignissen. Aufgrund der starken Abholzung im oberstrom gelegenen Gebiet führt der Río Jequetepeque eine große Sedimentfracht, die zu einer allmählichen Verschlammung des Stausees führt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Complejo Turistico Gallito Ciego

Gallito Ciego
Gallito Ciego
Gallito Ciego
Gallito Ciego
Erbaut in den 1980er Jahren
Region Cajamarca
Wasserkraftwerk in Südamerika
Statkraft


text:
The Suwanee River è un cortometraggio muto del 1913 diretto da Hardee Kirkland.

Trama

Trama di Moving Picture World synopsis in  su IMDb

Produzione
Il film fu prodotto dalla Selig Polyscope Company.

Distribuzione
Distribuito dalla General Film Company, il film - un cortometraggio in una bobina - uscì nelle sale cinematografiche statunitensi il 5 giugno 1913.

Voci correlate
Filmografia della Selig Polyscope

Collegamenti esterni

Cortometraggi drammatici


text:
Cimmer fraj je hrvatska humoristična serija koja je s emitiranjem krenula 7. listopada 2006. godine.

Pregled serije

Glumačka postava

Glavna glumačka postava

Gostujuće uloge

Hrvatske humoristične serije
Televizijske serije iz 2006.
Televizijske serije iz 2007.


text:
Cabela's 4x4 Off-Road Adventure 2 — автосимулятор, разработанный Clever's Development в 2001 году и выпущенный Activision Value.

Игра представляет собой симулятор внедорожного триала, основной и единственной задачей является достижение контрольной точки (или нескольких точек) от места старта. Отсутствуют соперники, отсутствует секундомер, отсутствует разметка трассы, игрок свободен в выборе пути до контрольной точки и может потратить на её достижение любое количество времени. Игроку предлагается 10 машин, открывающихся по мере прохождения игры. Машины повреждаемые и достаточно хрупкие, что вынуждает игрока быть осторожнее и тщательнее выбирать путь, так как повреждения ощутимо влияют на характеристики машин. Имеется 6 локаций (одна из них бонусная) и 5 режимов (для каждой локации). Режимы определяют способ навигации (по карте, по компасу, по датчику расстояния до точки) и количество контрольных точек. Есть также бонусный режим Freedom, где игрок может свободно, без конечной цели, перемещаться по локации, особенностью которого является отсутствие повреждений машины.

Ссылки

Компьютерные игры 2002 года
Игры для Windows
Автосимуляторы
Компьютерные игры, разработанные в Венгрии


text:
Aaron Aaronsohn (în ebraică -Aharon Aharonson -אהרן אהרנסון,  n. 1876, Bacău – d. 15 mai 1919) a fost un agronom, botanist și militant sionist evreu palestinian, originar din România. A condus o rețea de spionaj în sprijinul efortului militar britanic în Palestina, în confruntarea cu Imperiul Otoman, în timpul Primului război mondial.

Biografie

Aaron Aaronsohn s-a născut în anul 1876, în orașul Bacău, dar la vârsta de 6 ani s-a mutat împreună cu familia în Palestina, pe atunci parte a Imperiului Otoman. Părinții săi, Efraim Fishel Aharonson și soția sa, s-au aflat printre fondatorii așezării Zichron Yaakov, una dintre primele colonii agricole evreiești din Palestina.
Era cel mai mare dintre cei șase copii ce supraviețuiseră în familia Aharonson. Trei din ei erau născuți încă în România: în afara lui Aharon - Alexander și Tzvi. Copiii mai mici, Sarah, Shmuel și Rivka s-au născut la Zichron Yaakov.

Între anii 1893-1895 a studiat agronomia și agricultura la Grignon, în Franța primind o bursă din partea baronului Edmond de Rothschild care sprijinea în acea perioadă reînvierea agriculturii și așezării evreiești în Palestina.

În anul 1895 a fost angajat ca agronom de către baronul Edmond de Rothschild la Metullah, însă curând și-a dat demisia. El a făcut explorări intensive ale florei și faunei din Orientul Mijlociu, cartografiind Palestina din punct de vedere al botanicii. După un scurt timp petrecut în Anatolia, Aharonson s-a întors pentru a deschide un laborator agronomic la Zichron Yaakov. În anul 1906 a descoperit la Rosh Pina, o specie de grâu sălbatic (Triticum dicoccum dicoccoides), apoi la poalele Muntelui Hermon încă o specie numită Triticum monococcum aegilopoides. Acestea au fost recunoscute în lumea științifică ca strămoșii grâului cultivat ("grâul mamă") sau cel puțin identice cu specia de grâu care a crescut în Palestina și Egiptul antic acum 2000 de ani.
Prin această descoperire, Aaronsohn s-a făcut cunoscut în întreaga lume.
În anul 1904 și 1908 Aaronsohn s-a alăturat la expediții științifice conduse de geologul german Max Blanckenhorn de la Universitatea Marburg, care cerceta straturile geologice și natura din regiunea Văii Iordanului și Mării Moarte.
Cercetările acestea erau sprijinite de mișcarea sionistă (inclusiv de personalități ca Louis Brandeis, Henrietta Szold, Juliam Mack etc)  și finanțate de sultanul Abdul Hamid al II-lea, care era interesat în descoperirea de bogății naturale și de aprecierea potențialului lor economic.
În anul 1909 a fost invitat de Ministerul american al Agriculturii, iar cu sprijinul financiar al acestuia a înființat o mare stație de cercetare agricolă la Atlit, unde a creat o bibliotecă și a  o bază de date asupra florei din regiune.
Impresionat de munca lui Aaronsohn la Atlit, guvernatorul militar otoman al Siriei, Camal Pașa, a acceptat să-l primească în audiență la Ierusalim și să-l numească în fruntea  campaniei de combatere a invaziei lăcustelor din anul 1915.

Activitatea de spionaj și diplomatică

Aaron Aaronsohn a fost, în timpul Primului Război Mondial recrutat de serviciul de spionaj britanic având gradul de maior. A fost, în această calitate, fondatorul și conducătorul unei rețele de patrioți evrei din Palestina, numită "Nili"; aceștia au spionat în favoarea Marii Britanii, fiind motivat, între altele, și de teama generată de soarta rezervată de Imperiul Otoman armenilor și de speranța că după ce Marea Britanie va reuși să înfrângă Turcia și să cucerească Palestina, va ține seama de contribuția evreilor la efortul ei militar și va sprijini cauza sionistă.
Potrivit cuvintelor colonelului Walter Harold Gribbon, care a servit ca responsabil al serviciului de inteligență britanic în Orientul Apropiat in cadrul Ministerului de război britanic, "mai ales datorită informațiilor transmise de rețeaua Aaronsohn, a putut generalul Allenby să comande campania sa în Palestina cu atâta succes"
.

Din această rețea, numită "Nili" au făcut parte prietenii și rudele lui Aaron, între care fratele său Alexander și organizația sa de "Ghideoniți", și sora lor, Sarah Aaronsohn. Autoritățile otomane au descoperit rețeaua, care își trimitea mesajele,între altele, prin mijlocirea unor porumbei curieri, și au arestat pe mulți dintre membrii ei, printre care și pe sora lui Aaron Aaronsohn, Sarah Aaronsohn. Turcii au supus-o torturilor vreme de trei zile încercând să smulgă  de la ea numele membrilor organizației, dar ea și-a pus capăt vieții cu un revolver, fără să le destăinuie vreun secret. Și bătrânul lor tată a fost supus bătăilor, uneori în fața fiicei sale, și a rămas cu o grea tulburare psihică.
Aaron a rămas în străinătate , unde fusese trimis pentru a obține ajutoare în scopul combaterii lăcustelor, și așa a scăpat cu viață. Autoritățile militare otomane au ocupat stația agricolă de la Atlit și au ars biblioteca lui Aaronson, manuscrisele precum și prețiosul său ierbar.

Informații furnizate armatei britanice de către rețeaua "Nili" au ajutat pe generalul Edmund Allenby să declanșeze un atac surpriză la Beersheba și să înfrângă apărarea otomană din Gaza.
În aprilie 1917 Aaronson a discutat cu diplomatul britanic Mark Sykes la Cairo, apoi în septembrie 1917 Haim Weizman l-a rugat să contacteze patru din miniștrii membri în cabinetul de război britanic, pentru a promova procesul care a dus la semnarea Declarației Balfour.
În octombrie 1917 Aaronson a plecat la Washington, având misiunea din partea lui Weizman, Sykes și a lordului Curzon de a obține sprijinul sioniștilor americani conduși de prietenul său, judecătorul Louis Brandeis și intervenția lor pe lângă președintele Woodrow Wilson în favoarea Declarației Balfour.

După primul război mondial, Haim Weizmann l-a chemat pe Aaronsohn pentru a reprezenta pe evreii din Palestina la Conferința de Pace de la Versailles. Aaronson a fost ales în Comitetul reprezentanților Vaad Hatzirim care a fost prima adunare reprezentativă a evreilor în Palestina . El a murit într-un accident aviatic deasupra Mării Mânecii la data de 15 mai 1919 în timpul unui zbor de la Londra la Paris . Cercetările sale asupra florei din Palestina și Transiordania, precum și notele sale zilnice au fost publicate postum.
Nu a fost căsătorit și nu a avut copii.

In Memoriam
După numele său a fost denumită așezarea de tip moshavá Kfar Aharon, întemeiată în anul 1929 și care, ulterior, a devenit moshav, iar apoi cartier al orașului israelian Nes Tziona
Îi poartă numele și cea dintâi clădire a Facultății de agronomie din orașul israelian Rehovot, existenta inca lângă intrarea principală în campus.
Străzi în diferite orașe din Israel îi poartă, de asemenea, numele.
1927 - Botanistul evreu palestinian Alexander Eig a denumit planta Aaronsohnia Factorovskyi pe care a identificat-o în Deșertul Iudeei, în cinstea colegilor săi Aharon Aaronsohn și Eliezer Faktorovski (Faktori).
Casa memorială Aaronsohn a fost restaurată pe strada Hameyassdim 40 din Zihron Yaakov

Lucrări

Aaronsohn este autorul mai multor lucrări pe teme de agronomie și anume:
 Cercetări asupra agriculturii și botanicii din Palestina (1910) - în care descria fauna acestui ținut.
 Reliquiae Aaronsohnianae (1940)

Note

Bibliografie
 Ronald Florence - Lawrence and Aaronsohn: T. E. Lawrence, Aaron Aaronsohn, and the Seeds of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 2007, Viking Adult, ISBN 978-0-670-06351-2.
 Molecular Genetic Maps in Wild Emmer Wheat
 Patricia Goldstone - Aaronsohn's Maps: The Untold Story of the Man Who Might Have Created Peace in the Middle East. San Diego: Harcourt, 2007. [August 2007]
 Chaim Herzog - Heroes of Israel, 1989, Little Brown and Company, Boston ISBN 0-316-35901-7
 Shmuel Katz - The Aaronsohn Saga, 2007, Gefen Publishing House, Jerusalem ISBN 978-965-229-416-6

Legături externe
 Biografia lui Aaron Aaronsohn pe situl Zionism and Israel Information Center Biography Section
 Biografie pe situl Agenției Evreiesti
 Jewish Virtual Library
 Hemda Ben Yehuda, Kemper Fullerton, Edgar James Banks - Jerusalem; its redemption and future; the great drama of deliverance described by eyewitnesses The Christian Herald, New York 1918

Nașteri în 1876
Decese în 1919
Botaniști evrei
Evrei români
Evrei din Imperiul Otoman
Sioniști români
Spioni evrei
Băcăuani
Biologi din secolul al XIX-lea
Biologi din secolul al XX-lea
Israelieni de origine româno-evreiască
Decese pe 15 mai


text:
«Гибель сенсации» («Робот Джима Рипль») — советский фантастический художественный фильм 1935 года по мотивам повести Владимира Владко «Идут роботы» («Ідуть роботарі»). Премьера фильма состоялась 17 апреля 1935 года.

Сюжет

Учёный-идеалист Джим Рипль (Сергей Вечеслов) создает роботов для снижения себестоимости производства. Он верит в то, что товары подешевеют и это приведет к падению капиталистического строя. Робот подчиняется звуковым приказам и командам в виде радиоволн. В основе конструкции мощный источник автономного питания на 10 000 а·ч. Сам изобретатель успешно командует гигантом при помощи саксофона. При демонстрации возможностей механического слуги рабочим происходит несчастный случай, гибнет человек, что только усиливает недовольство. Роботы однако оценены как очень эффективное изобретение, и капиталисты хотят полностью заменить ими рабочих на фабриках.

В день, когда запланирована массовая забастовка, хозяева заводов решают вывести роботов на заводы. Для усмирения рабочих капиталисты делают из роботов бесстрастных карателей. Изобретатель пытается препятствовать этому, но погибает. Однако рабочие находят способ перехватить управление роботами и подчиняют их своей воле. Направленные против рабочих войска отброшены. Фильм заканчивается победой грандиозного народного восстания.

Отзывы
Впечатляюще сделана сцена, когда на рабочий поселок рядами движутся колонны роботов, мерно переставляя ноги. Перед ними отступает Джим Рипль, он пятится, судорожно играет на кларнете, пытаясь остановить механических чудовищ музыкальным сигналом. Тщетно. Он погибает, растоптанный роботами, — классический мотив убийства творца его творением сохранен.

В ролях

 Сергей Вечеслов — Джим Рипль
 Владимир Гардин — Джек Рипль
 Мария Волгина — Клер Рипль, сестра Джима
 Анна Чекулаева — Мэри Рипль, жена Джека
 Василий Орлов — Чарли, рабочий
 Сергей Мартинсон — Дизер, артист мюзик-холла
 Сергей Минин — Том, рабочий
 Николай Рыбников — фельдмаршал
 П. Полторацкий — Перси Гримм, министр
 В. Рэнин — Гамильтон Гримм
 Н. Аблов — Роттердем, банкир
 Александра Хохлова — девушка с куклами

Ссылки
 Информация о фильме в базе данных сайта «Кино-Театр. РУ»

Фантастические фильмы СССР
Фильмы о роботах
Чёрно-белые фильмы СССР
Фильмы студии «Межрабпомфильм»
Экранизации литературных произведений фантастики
Карел Чапек
Фильмы СССР 1935 года
Фантастические фильмы 1935 года
Фильмы о технологическом влиянии
Научно-фантастические фильмы СССР


text:
El Santuario de Nuestra Señora de las Gracias de Torcoroma, conocido localmente como Santuario del Agua de la Virgen es un sitio de veneración católica a la advocación de la Virgen de Torcoroma ubicado en Ocaña, Norte de Santander. Por su trascendencia histórica y cultural para la ciudad de Ocaña y el departamento, el gobierno colombiano lo catalogó como Monumento Nacional el 26 de noviembre de 1984.

Aparición de la Virgen de Torcoroma

La santa aparición aconteció el 16 de agosto de 1711. Por aquel entonces habitaban en las Montanas de Torcoroma en la región de Ocaña, una familia campesina dedicada principalmente al cultivo de caña con el cual fabricaban dulces. La familia estaba conformada por el señor Don Cristóbal Melo, su esposa Pascuala Rodríguez y sus dos hijos, José y Felipe. Según atestiguan sus contemporáneos, los Melo-Rodríguez eran personas de buenas costumbres y de vida consagrada a la fe cristiana.

La mañana del 15 de agosto Don Cristóbal envió a sus hijos a talar un árbol que contara con una madera lo suficientemente buena para tallar la caja o "canoa" con la que fabricaba sus dulces. Los jóvenes se internaron en la montaña y a medida que se adentraban a la espesura del bosque iban marcando los robles que se adecuaban a su propósito. Hasta que encontraron uno que era "portento", y pese a que era verano, poseía unas fragantes flores encarnadas. Era tal su perfume y porte que desde lejos se podía percibir su presencia.

Entusiasmados con el gran hallazgo, procedieron a talar el árbol. Dada la complicada ubicación del mismo, al cortar su base, la parte principal cayó hacia un barranco. Atardecía y los muchachos resolvieron regresar a casa y comentar el suceso a su padre. Al día siguiente reiniciaron su búsqueda por el árbol apropiado, pero no dando con ninguno que se adecuara a sus fines, determinaron utilizar el ya talado y se dirigieron al lugar donde había caído.

Comenzaron a tallar allí mismo la "canoa" y a poco de dar los primeros hachazos, brotó una luz tan intensa que alcanzó a iluminar el frondoso bosque. Al percatare de lo que yacía en medio de las astillas del tronco, el padre sin meditar un segundo, metió las manos en donde su hijo se disponía a dar el próximo hachazo, deteniéndole de golpe. El padre y su hijos quedaron atónitos al apreciar en el corazón de dicho tronco, la imagen de la Virgen, con las manos juntas y puestas sobre el pecho, con acción del rostro "como dirigido al cielo", y la cual despedía de sí no sólo una gran luz, sino el aromático olor de todo el árbol, como cuando lo cortaron.

La noticia de la santa aparición se esparció rápidamente por la región de Ocaña. Al llegar a oídos del cura y vicario de la ciudad, Pbro. Diego Gabino Quintero, este le pidió a Cristóbal Melo que se presentara con la imagen de la Virgen. Después de examinarla cuidadosamente y de haber escuchado numerosos testimonios que afirmaban la divinidad de la imagen, el cura autorizó que se le rindiera culto privado.

Historia del Santuario
En 1716 vino en visita pastoral el Sr. Fray Antonio Monroy y Meneses, obispo de Santa Marta, y tras un riguroso análisis de la imagen aparecida y de la declaración de los testigos, concedió permiso para que se erigiese una capilla en el sitio de la aparición y dispuso que trajesen la imagen a la ciudad para colocarla en el altar de la iglesia mayor, hoy Catedral de Santa Ana. La imagen reposaría en la iglesia durante varios años mientras que la capilla solo fue construida en 1882 gracias a la financiación de feligreses bogotanos. Finalmente a principios del siglo XX la imagen sería trasladada de manera definitiva al santuario, donde es visitada no solo por sus fieles sino por miles de turistas.

Galería de imágenes

Véase también
 Catedral de Santa Ana

Referencias

Ocaña (Colombia)
Monumentos de Colombia
Monumentos de Norte de Santander


text:
Herlev Stadion er et atletik og fodboldstadion i Herlev, som er hjemsted for 2. divisionsklubben Herlev IF.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Herlev Stadion på stadions.dk

Fodboldstadioner i Danmark
Stadion
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Herlev Kommune


text:
Mário Vicente Fitas Ralheta (n. Vila Fernando) é um escritor português.

Participou na Guerra Colonial Portuguesa na Guiné Portuguesa.

Obras
Putos, Gandulos e Guerra (2000) (autobiografia)
Pami Na Dondo, a guerrilheira (2005) (romance histórico)

Ver também
Lista de autores de língua portuguesa
Lista de pessoas que participaram na guerra colonial portuguesa

Ligações externas
Bibliotecas Municipais de Lisboa

Escritores de Portugal
Veteranos da Guerra Colonial de Portugal


text:
Frontline veninder () er en sovjetisk film fra 1941 af Viktor Ejsymont.

Medvirkende
 Zoja Fjodorova som Natasja
 Marija Kapustina som Tamara
 Olga Fjodorina
 Tamara Aljosjina som Zina
 Jekaterina Melentjeva som Sjura

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sovjetiske film fra 1941


text:
Družba Surplex GmbH s sedežem v Düsseldorf je industrijska dražbena hiša, specializirana za trgovino z rabljenimi stroji. Družba kupuje in prodaja rabljene stroje in industrijsko opremo po vsem svetu, prireja spletne dražbe ter pripravlja strokovna mnenja in ocene. Spada med redka podjetja nekdanje nove ekonomije, ki danes niso v rdečih številkah.

Zgodovina

Ustanovitev
Družbo Surplex.com AG sta konec leta 1999 ustanovila brata Bruno in Florian Schick kot tipično zagonsko podjetje dobe razcveta spletnih podjetij. Njuna osnovna zamisel je bila razvoj lastne spletne tržnice, ki bi poenostavila trgovino z rabljenimi stroji in poskrbela za preglednost na zelo razdrobljenem trgu rabljenih strojev.

Ta poslovni model je privabil številne institucionalne in zasebne vlagatelje. Mednarodni konzorciji tveganega kapitala, na primer Carlyle Group ali francoska skupina Vivendi, so v družbo skupaj vložili okoli 50 milijonov evrov. Družbi Surplex so se pridružili tudi priznani zasebni vlagatelji, na primer Lars Schlecker, Lars Windhorst, Marc Schrempp ali predsednik uprave Fiata Paolo Fresco.

Surplexovo računalniško okolje za medpodjetniško poslovanje je bilo že v začetku vodilno okolje za prodajo rabljenih strojev in opreme in leta 2001 ga je podjetje Forrester Research ocenilo kot najboljše računalniško okolje. Do leta 2006 je družba Surplex izdajala največjo strokovno revijo za rabljeno industrijsko blago na svetu .communicator (z naklado 45.000 izvodov).

Kriza (2001–2003)
Ob poku mehurčka dot-com je tudi družba Surplex.com AG zapadla v resno krizo. Zaprla je podružnice, sedež podjetja preselila iz Berlina nazaj v Düsseldorf in ukinila večino od približno 140 delovnih mest. Marca 2003 je vodstvo družbe prevzel Michael Werker, ki je v Surplex prišel iz tradicionalnega strojegradbenega koncerna Deutz.

Konsolidacija (2004–2009)
Med letoma 2004 in 2009 je računalniško dražbeno okolje surplex.com doživljalo stalen razvoj. Od takrat družba Surplex pripravlja velike industrijske dražbe, npr. za družbe Linde, ABB, ThyssenKrupp in Bayer. Prvotno samo digitalni poslovni model so dopolnile analogne storitve, ki so pogoste pri tradicionalni trgovini s stroji. S to strategijo povezovanja spletnih in nespletnih storitev sta Michael Werker in Uli Stalter v začetku leta 2009 ustanovila družbo Surplex GmbH.

Mednarodno širjenje (od leta 2010)
Od leta 2010 družba Surplex GmbH beleži stalno rast. Število zaposlenih se je do leta 2020 povečalo s 15 na več kot 200, medtem ko je promet zrasel na skoraj 100 milijonov evrov (2019). Leta 2013 je bila kot prva podružnica zunaj Nemčije ustanovljena italijanska družba Surplex Srl. Danes ima Surplex pisarne v 13 evropskih državah (stanje novembra 2020), na primer v Španiji, Franciji in Veliki Britaniji.

Poleti 2020 se je Michaelu Werkerju in Ulrichu Stalterju kot tretja članica uprave pri vodenju družbe pridružila Ghislaine Duijmelings, ki ima bogate mednarodne izkušnje.

Izdelki
Leta 2020 je središče poslovanja družbe računalniško dražbeno okolje v 16 jezikih. Na več kot 500 dražbah se letno proda več kot 55.000 kosov industrijske opreme. Ta industrijska oprema na dražbo običajno pride zaradi zaprtja obratov, prestrukturiranja ali plačilne nesposobnosti. Surplex nudi neposredno prodajo in vse nespletne storitve, potrebne za globalno trgovanje z rabljenimi stroji. Mednje spadajo razstavljanje, natovarjanje in izvajanje carinskih postopkov. Pod blagovno znamko Valuplex družba Surplex pripravlja strokovna mnenja in ocene.

Sklici

Podjetja Nemčije
Podjetja, ustanovljena leta 1999

Zunanje povezave
 Homepage of Surplex GmbH


text:
This is a listing of all those that have served as the mayor of the city of Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil.

References

Lists of mayors of places in Brazil


text:
Surayhin (, also spelled Serihin) is a village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Hama Governorate, southeast of Hama. Nearby localities include al-Jajiyah to the north, al-Jinan to the southeast, al-Buraq to the south, Maarin al-Jabal to the southwest and al-Khalidiyah to the west. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, Surayhin had a population of 7,466 in the 2004 census. Its inhabitants are predominantly Sunni Muslims.

References

Bibliography

Populated places in Hama District