text:
Ida Mathilde Adelheid van Schaumburg-Lippe (Bückeburg, 28 juli 1852 - Schleiz, 28 september 1891) was een prinses uit het Huis Schaumburg-Lippe.

Zij was het zesde kind en de derde dochter van vorst Adolf I George en diens vrouw Hermine van Waldeck-Pyrmont. Zelf trad ze op 8 oktober 1872 in het huwelijk met Hendrik XXII van Reuss oudere linie. Het paar kreeg de volgende kinderen:

Hendrik XXIV (1878-1927), vorst van Reuss oudere linie
Emma (1881-1961), gehuwd met Erich Graf Kunigl von Ehrenburg
Marie (1882-1942), gehuwd met Ferdinand Baron von Gnognoni
Caroline (1884-1905), gehuwd met Willem Ernst van Saksen-Weimar-Eisenach
Hermine (1887-1947), gehuwd met (ex-)keizer Wilhelm II
Ida (1891-1977), gehuwd met Christoph Martin Fürst zu Stolberg-Roßla

De prinses overleed aan de complicaties die optraden bij de geboorte van haar jongste dochter.

Huis Lippe-Alverdissen


text:
Songs of Love and Death è l'album di debutto del gruppo symphonic metal tedesco Beyond the Black.

Tracce

Formazione
 Jennifer Haben – voce
 Nils Lesser – chitarra
 Christopher Hummels – chitarra, cori
 Tobias Derer – batteria
 Erwin Schmidt – basso
 Michael Hauser – tastiere

Classifiche

Note

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Where the Light Is: Live in Los Angeles é um álbum ao vivo e filme realizado pelo cantor e compositor John Mayer e dirigido por Danny Clinch. O concerto para o álbum foi gravado e filmado em 8 de dezembro de 2007, em Los Angeles, Califórnia, no Nokia Theatre LA Live para o Annual Holiday Charity Revue, que levantou fundos para diversas instituições de caridade de Los Angeles. No Brasil foi certificado pela ABPD com Disco de Ouro pelas mais de 15 mil cópias vendidas no país.

O concerto apresenta três conjuntos de John Mayer: um conjunto de solo acústico, um conjunto com o John Mayer Trio, e um jogo final com a sua banda de turnê. O título do álbum é tirado de canção "Gravity" do músico. O concerto foi lançado em formato de áudio em CD, LP e download digital e no formato de vídeo em DVD e Blu-ray Disc, em 1 de julho de 2008.

Faixas

Acoustic Set
 "Neon"
 "Stop This Train"
 "In Your Atmosphere"
 "Daughters"
 "Free Fallin'"

John Mayer Trio Set
 "Everyday I Have the Blues"
 "Wait Until Tomorrow"
 "Who Did You Think I Was"
 "Come When I Call"
 "Good Love Is on the Way"
 "Out of My Mind" -
 "Vultures"
 "Bold As Love"

Band Set

 "Waiting on the World to Change"
 "Slow Dancing in a Burning Room"
 "Why Georgia"
 "The Heart of Life"
 "I Don't Need No Doctor"
 "Gravity"
 "I Don't Trust Myself (With Loving You)"
 "Belief"
 "I'm Gonna Find Another You"

As faixas No Such Thing e Bigger Than My Body foram tocadas durante as gravações, porém não foram incluídas nem no DVD quanto no CD, por motivos desconhecidos.

Integrantes

Acoustic Set
 Robbie McIntosh (dobro e violão)
 David Ryan Harris (vocais e violão)

John Mayer Trio Set
 Steve Jordan (bateria e vocais)
 Pino Palladino (baixo)

Band Set
 David Ryan Harris (guitarra e vocais)
 Robbie McIntosh (guitarra e vocais)
 J.J.Johnson (bateria)
 David Labruyere (baixo)
 Tim Bradshaw (teclado e vocais)
 Bob Reynolds (saxofone)
 Brad Mason (trompete)

Álbuns de John Mayer
Álbuns ao vivo de 2008


text:
Dagmara Domińczyk (Polônia, 17 de julho de 1976) é uma atriz e escritora polonesa.

Atrizes dos Estados Unidos
Escritores dos Estados Unidos


text:
Cette page retrace toutes les anciennes communes du département du Rhône, dont celles ayant intégrées la métropole de Lyon en 2015, qui ont existé depuis la Révolution française, ainsi que les créations et les modifications officielles de nom.

La liste ne contient pas les simples modifications du territoire d'une commune (passage d'un hameau d'une commune à une autre, par exemple).

L'information avant 1943 peut être incomplète.

Fusion
*: création d'une nouvelle commune

2019
 Belleville > Belleville-en-Beaujolais*
 Saint-Jean-d'Ardières > Belleville-en-Beaujolais*
 Avenas > Deux-Grosnes*
 Monsols > Deux-Grosnes*
 Ouroux > Deux-Grosnes*
 Saint-Christophe > Deux-Grosnes*
 Saint-Jacques-des-Arrêts > Deux-Grosnes*
 Saint-Mamert > Deux-Grosnes*
 Trades > Deux-Grosnes*
 Jarnioux > Porte des Pierres Dorées
 Dareizé > Vindry-sur-Turdine*
 Les Olmes > Vindry-sur-Turdine*
 Pontcharra-sur-Turdine > Vindry-sur-Turdine*
 Saint-Loup > Vindry-sur-Turdine*

2018
 Chassagny > Beauvallon*
 Saint-Andéol-le-Château > Beauvallon*
 Saint-Jean-de-Touslas > Beauvallon*

2017
 Le Bois-d'Oingt > Val d'Oingt*
 Liergues > Porte des Pierres Dorées*
 Oingt > Val d'Oingt*
 Pouilly-le-Monial > Porte des Pierres Dorées*
 Saint-Didier-sous-Riverie > Chabanière*
 Saint-Laurent-d'Oingt > Val d'Oingt*
 Saint-Maurice-sur-Dargoire > Chabanière*
 Saint-Sorlin > Chabanière*

2016
La commune nouvelle de Cours ne doit pas être confondue avec l'ancienne commune de Cours, intégrée à la commune de Cours-la-Ville en 1974.

 Cours-la-Ville > Cours*
 Pont-Trambouze > Cours*
 Thel > Cours*

2015
 Saint-Laurent-de-Vaux > Vaugneray

2013
 Nuelles > Saint-Germain-Nuelles*
 Saint-Germain-sur-l'Arbresle > Saint-Germain-Nuelles*
 Bourg-de-Thizy > Thizy-les-Bourgs*
 La Chapelle-de-Mardore > Thizy-les-Bourgs*
 Mardore > Thizy-les-Bourgs*
 Marnand > Thizy-les-Bourgs*
 Thizy > Thizy-les-Bourgs*

1976
 Arbuissonnas > Salles-Arbuissonnas-en-Beaujolais*
 Salles > Salles-Arbuissonnas-en-Beaujolais*

1974
L'ancienne commune de Cours ne doit pas être confondue avec la commune nouvelle de Cours, dont Cours-la-Ville y a été fusionnée, créée en 2016.

 Cours > Cours-la-Ville*
 La Ville > Cours-la-Ville*

1973
 Durette > Régnié-Durette*
 Régnié > Régnié-Durette*

1972
 Crépieux-la-Pape > Rillieux-la-Pape*
 Rillieux > Rillieux-la-Pape*

1965
 Saint-Martin-de-Cornas > Givors

1963
 Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe > Lyon

1853
 Béligny > Villefranche-sur-Saône
 Ouilly > Villefranche-sur-Saône

1852
 La Croix-Rousse > Lyon
 La Guillotière > Lyon
 Vaise > Lyon

1833
 Les Étoux > Beaujeu

1814
 L'Aubépin > Larajasse
 Rochefort > Saint-Martin-en-Haut

1810
 Pouilly-le-Châtel > Denicé

1809
 Chervinges > Gleizé
 Lachassagne > Marcy-Lachassagne* - (commune rétablie en 1842)
 Marcy-sur-Anse > Marcy-Lachassagne* - (commune rétablie en 1842)
 Saint-Cyprien-sur-Ance > Marcy-Lachassagne* - (Saint-Cyprien-sur-Ance passe alors à Lachassagne)

1808
 Montmelas > Montmelas-Saint-Sorlin*
 Saint-Sorlin-le-Puy > Montmelas-Saint-Sorlin*

1801
 Colombier > Colombier-Saugnieu* (appartenant à l'Isère jusqu'en 1971)
 Saint-Cyr-sur-le-Rhône > Sainte-Colombe - (commune rétablie en 1813)
 Saugnieu > Colombier-Saugnieu* (appartenant à l'Isère jusqu'en 1971)

1793
 Caluire > Caluire-et-Cuire*
 partie nord de Cuire-la-Croix-Rousse > Caluire-et-Cuire*

1790
 Allières > Chambost-Allières*
 Chambost-sur-Chamelet > Chambost-Allières*

Création et rétablissement

1971
 Transfert de la commune de Colombier-Saugnieu depuis le département de l'Isère vers le département du Rhône.

1967
 Transfert des communes suivantes depuis le département de l'Ain vers le département du Rhône : Crépieux-la-Pape, Genay, Montanay, Rillieux, Sathonay-Camp et Sathonay-Village.
 Transfert des communes suivantes depuis le département de l'Isère vers le département du Rhône : Chaponnay, Chassieu, Communay, Corbas, Décines-Charpieu, Feyzin, Genas, Jonage, Jons, Marennes, Meyzieu, Mions, Pusignan, Saint-Bonnet-de-Mure, Saint-Laurent-de-Mure, Saint-Pierre-de-Chandieu, Saint-Priest, Saint-Symphorien-d'Ozon, Sérézin-du-Rhône, Simandres, Solaize, Ternay et Toussieu.

1901
 Champagne-au-Mont-d'Or par démembrement de la commune de Saint-Didier-au-Mont-d'Or

1890
 Le Perréon par démembrement de la commune de Vaux

1888
 Saint-Fons par démembrement de la commune de Vénissieux

1886
 Pont-Trambouze par démembrement des communes de Bourg-de-Thizy, Mardore et Cours

1885
 La Mulatière par démembrement de la commune de Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon

1872
 Marcy-l'Étoile et Sainte-Consorce par démembrement de la commune de Sainte-Consorce-et-Marcy-les-Loups, commune supprimée

1869
 Pierre-Bénite par démembrement de la commune d'Oullins

1868
 Saint-Clément-de-Vers par démembrement de la commune de Saint-Igny-de-Vers

1867
 Saint-Étienne-des-Oullières par démembrement de la commune de Saint-Étienne-la-Varenne

1865
 La Ville par démembrement de la commune de Cours

1852
 Transfert des communes suivantes depuis le département de l'Isère vers le département du Rhône : Bron, Vaulx-en-Velin, Vénissieux et Villeurbanne.

1850
 Fontaines-sur-Saône par démembrement de la commune de Fontaines-Saint-Martin

1842
 Rétablissement de Marcy (anciennement Marcy-sur-Ance) et création de Lachassagne-Saint-Cyprien, à partir de la commune de Marcy-Lachassagne, commune supprimée

1836
 Craponne par démembrement de la commune de Grézieu-la-Varenne

1813
 Rétablissement de Saint-Cyr-sur-le-Rhône à partir de Sainte-Colombe

1803
 Les Chères par démembrement de la commune de Chasselay

1801
 Chervinges par démembrement de la commune de Limas

1793
 Cailloux-sur-Fontaines par démembrement de la commune de Fontaines-Saint-Martin

Modification de nom officiel

1998
 Belmont > Belmont-d'Azergues

1969
 Loire > Loire-sur-Rhône

1965
 Rochetaillée > Rochetaillée-sur-Saône

1962
 Albigny > Albigny-sur-Saône
 Chazay > Chazay-d'Azergues

1955
 Curis > Curis-au-Mont-d'Or

1954
 Poule > Poule-les-Echarmeaux

1942
 Corcelles > Corcelles-en-Beaujolais

1937
 Meaux > Meaux-la-Montagne

1930
 Sourcieux-sur-l'Arbresle > Sourcieux-les-Mines

1928
 Vaux > Vaux-en-Beaujolais

1897
 Couzon > Couzon-au-Mont-d'Or

1890
 Pontcharra > Pontcharra-sur-Turdine

1881
 Tassin > Tassin-la-Demi-Lune

1867
 Villié > Villié-Morgon

Communes associées

Liste des communes ayant ou ayant eu, à la suite d'une fusion, le statut de commune associée.

Création de la métropole de Lyon

Liste des 59 communes du département du Rhône situées sur le territoire de la métropole de Lyon à la suite de la création de celle-ci le .

Sources
 Les cartes de Cassini, base de données sur l'histoire des communes françaises
 CommunesGenWeb, l'histoire des communes au service de la généalogie

Rhone
Communes, anciennes


text:
Messier 34 (M 34 o NGC 1039) és un cúmul obert a la constel·lació de Perseu. Va ser descobert per Giovanni Battista Hodierna abans de 1654 i inclòs per Charles Messier en el seu catàleg d'objectes en 1764.

L'M34 hi és a una distància d'uns 1.400 anys llum de la Terra i conté unes 100 estrelles. Les darreres estimacions li atorguen una edat d'uns 180 milions d'anys. Abasta uns 35' en el cel el que equival a un ràdio veritable de 7 anys llum. El cúmul és només visible a ull nu en condicions molt fosques, lluny de les llums de les ciutats. Es pot apreciar bé amb binoculars.

Referències

Enllaços externs

 SEDS
 Dades astronòmiques SIMBAD

034
1039
Cúmuls oberts
Braç d'Orió
Perseu


text:
Een boomstamkano of korjaal is een kano gemaakt uit een enkele boomstam. Hij is in vrijwel de hele wereld bekend en gebruikt. Er is een zeer grote variatie in maat en vorm, afhankelijk van het cultuurgebied en het cultuurstadium.

De boomstamkano wordt heden ten dage nog gebruikt in bijvoorbeeld Indonesië en Nieuw-Guinea, Australië, Afrika en Zuid-Amerika. Alleen al in de Indonesische archipel is er een enorme variatie in vorm en uitvoering.

Archeologische vondsten
Omstreeks 1952 werd bij het graven van ijzererts in het dal van de Daarlerbeek ten noordoosten van Daarle een boomstamkano gevonden. De ouderdom is onbekend, maar aangezien er in dezelfde buurt in het beekdal twee stenen bijlen zijn gevonden kan men de ouderdom toch bepalen op minstens 3000 tot 5000 v.Chr.
De vondsten lagen aan het begin van de knuppelbrug die door de 'Moerige venen' liep van Daarle naar de hoogte van Sibculo.

In 1955 werd in het 'Blikkenveen' bij Pesse in de provincie Drenthe een drie meter lange en 44 cm brede boomstamkano gevonden. Hij staat bekend als de kano van Pesse. Het vaartuig is vervaardigd van het hout van een grove den en dateert uit 8200 tot 7600 v.Chr. Het is de oudst bekende boomstamkano.

In Bergschenhoek werd in 1978 een boomstamkano van elzenhout gevonden.

Bij Hazendonk werd een eikenhouten boomstamkano gevonden uit de Midden-Vroege Steentijd.

In 1998 werd tijdens opgravingen voorafgaande aan de bouw van de Betuweroute bij Hardinxveld-Giessendam een 5,5 m lange en 0,5 m brede boomstamkano van lindehout gevonden. Deze boomstamkano is mogelijk zo'n 5000 jaar oud.

In 2003 bij de aanleg van een tunnel onder het spoor in Uitgeest is een boomstamkano gevonden. Gemaakt van eikenhout, gedateerd 617-600 vC, de kano was ongeveer 30 cm diep maar veel delen ontbreken nu.

In 2005 werd in Vlaardingen een ongeveer 10 meter lange boomstamkano gevonden van ca. 800 v.Chr.

In 2007 werd in Dijkgatswijde, bij Den Oever, Wieringermeer, een kano gelicht. Ook deze kano was van eikenhout, hij is gedateerd op 3300-3000 vC. De vondst was onverwacht omdat alle archeologische sporen ter plaatse bij een overstroming in 1945 verloren waren gegaan.

Vervaardiging
Ondanks het primitieve uiterlijk stelt de vervaardiging van een boomstamkano hoge eisen aan de maker(s). Allereerst dient er een geschikte stam uitgezocht te worden die lang en recht genoeg is, met zo weinig mogelijk zijtakken. Daarna het vellen, transporteren en voorbereiden van de stam.

Het eigenlijke uithollen kon op verschillende manieren gebeuren, van alleen branden tot het bewerken met gereedschappen van steen, been, brons en ijzer, naargelang de ontwikkeling en cultuur. In Suriname worden korjalen na het uithollen doorgaans uitgebogen en krijgen ze een opbouw aan de zijkant, waardoor vrij brede kano's ontstaan.

Het is een tijdrovende zaak geweest die veel inzet vroeg van de makers, die dit alleen konden en kunnen doen als zij deel uitmaakten van een gemeenschap die als geheel gediend was met het vaartuig.

Boomstamkano Eindhoven
In 2003 ging in Eindhoven een boomstamkanoproject van start. Om een Noord-Amerikaanse boomstamkano na te maken, werd een 18 ton zware populier met een doorsnede van 1,80 m uit Duitsland overgebracht. Hieruit werd een 10 m lange boomstamkano vervaardigd. Bij het maken van de kano werd gebruikgemaakt van modern gereedschap.

Kano (scheepstype)


text:
Sandomierz (, /sandomiésh/; en alemán y antiguamente en español, Sandomir; ) es una pequeña ciudad en el sudeste de Polonia, que contaba con  en 2018.

Situada en el voivodato de Świętokrzyskie desde 1999 —anteriormente en el voivodato de Tarnobrzeg (1975-1998)— es la capital del condado de Sandomierz (desde 1999).

Sandomierz es conocida por su casco antiguo, una importante atracción turística.

Historia

Sandomierz es una de las ciudades más antiguas e históricamente más importantes de Polonia. Descubrimientos arqueológicos analizados alrededor de la ciudad indican que los seres humanos habitaron la zona desde el Neolítico. Se conoce la existencia de la ciudad desde la alta Edad Media, tomando ventaja de su excelente ubicación en el cruce de los ríos Vístula y San, y en el camino de importantes rutas comerciales. La primera mención histórica conocida de la ciudad proviene de los principios de , cuando el cronista Gallus la calificó, junto con Cracovia y Breslavia, como una de las principales ciudades de Polonia. En el testamento de Boleslao Bocatorcida, en el que Polonia fue dividida entre sus hijos, una de las partes resultantes fue el ducado de Sandomierz, que tenía como sede esta ciudad.

En el curso del  la ciudad sufrió graves daños durante las incursiones de los mongoles en 1241, 1259 y 1287. La viejos edificios de madera de la ciudad quedaron totalmente destruidos. Como resultado de ello, en 1286 la ciudad fue refundada eficazmente por Leszek II el Negro, tomando como base la ley de Magdeburgo. El documento fundacional aún se conserva en el archivo municipal.

Cuando grandes áreas del sureste de Polonia fueron reunificadas con el territorio polaco en el , el antiguo ducado se convirtió en el voivodato de Sandomierz. En ese momento Sandomierz contaba unos 3.000 habitantes y era una de las mayores ciudades polacas. A mitad del , la ciudad fue incendiada de nuevo durante una incursión de los lituanos. Fue reconstruida durante el reinado de Casimiro III de Polonia. El diseño de la ciudad ha sobrevivido prácticamente sin cambios desde entonces hasta nuestros días.

Los siguientes trescientos años, hasta mediados del , fueron muy prósperos para la ciudad y los edificios históricos más importantes fueron construidos en ese período. Esa edad de oro llegó a su fin en 1655, cuando las fuerzas suecas tomaron la ciudad. Tras una breve celebración en la ciudad, en su retirada los suecos volaron el castillo y causaron grandes daños a otros edificios. En los siguientes 100 años la economía de Polonia sufrió un descenso, que afectó también a la ciudad. Un gran incendio en 1757 y la primera partición de Polonia en 1772, que colocó Sandomierz en Austria, redujo aún más su importancia. Como resultado, Sandomierz perdió su papel de capital administrativa.

En 1809 la ciudad sufrió daños durante los combates entre las fuerzas de Austria y el ducado de Varsovia durante las Guerras Napoleónicas. Después de 1815 pasó a formar parte del Imperio Ruso (Congreso de Polonia). En ese momento Sandomierz contaba con

La ciudad sufrió nuevamente daños durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. En 1918 nuevamente se convirtió en parte integrante de Polonia. En septiembre de 1939, tras la invasión alemana de Polonia, la ciudad fue ocupada por Alemania y formó parte del Gobierno General. La población judía de la ciudad, que consta de cerca de , pereció durante el Holocausto, sobre todo en los campos de la muerte de Treblinka y Belzec. La ciudad fue liberada por el ejército soviético en agosto de 1944.

Apenas hay desarrollo industrial en Sandomierz, preservándose como una pequeña ciudad con muchos monumentos históricos entre paisajes vírgenes.

Patrimonio

Principales atracciones turísticas en Sandomierz:

Educación
 Wyższa Szkoła Humanistyczno-Przyrodnicza Studium Generale Sandomiriense
 Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne W Sandomierzu
 1 Liceum Ogolnoksztalcace Collegium Gostomianum

Véase también
 Condado de Sandomierz
 Ducado de Sandomierz
 Voivodato de Sandomierz

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Sandomierz city council
 Sandomierz Forum - City life
 collegium gostomianum
 Secondary School in Sandomierz no 2

Localidades del voivodato de Santa Cruz
Localidades a orillas del río Vístula


text:
Az 1990-es labdarúgó-világbajnokság C csoportjának mérkőzéseit június 10. és június 20. között játszották. A csoportban Brazília, Svédország, Costa Rica és Skócia szerepelt.

A csoportból Brazília és Costa Rica jutott tovább az első két helyen. A harmadik és negyedik helyezett Skócia, valamint Svédország kiesett. A mérkőzéseken 12 gól esett.

Tabella

Mérkőzések

Brazília – Svédország

Costa Rica – Skócia

Brazília – Costa Rica

Svédország – Skócia

Brazília – Skócia

Svédország – Costa Rica

Források

C3


text:
Furch ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Bruno Furch (1913–2000), österreichischer Lehrer, Spanienkämpfer, Widerstandskämpfer, politischer Journalist und bildender Künstler
 Helmuth Furch (* 1947), österreichischer Lehrer, Kulturschaffender und Autor
 Janne Furch (auch Jane Furch; 1915–1992), deutsche Drehbuchautorin, Schauspielerin, Schriftstellerin und Übersetzerin
 Johann Furch (1890–1930), bessarabiendeutscher katholischer Priester und Opfer des Stalinismus
 Julio Furch (* 1989), argentinischer Fußballspieler
 Rainer Furch (* 1964), deutscher Schauspieler
 Robert Furch (1894–1967), deutscher Mathematiker

Furch ist der Name folgender Unternehmen:

 Furch Guitars, tschechische Gitarrenproduktion


text:
Die evangelische Dorfkirche Schorstedt ist eine kleine romanische Saalkirche im Ortsteil Schorstedt von Bismark (Altmark) im Landkreis Stendal in Sachsen-Anhalt. Sie gehört zum Pfarrbereich Kläden im Kirchenkreis Stendal der Evangelischen Kirche in Mitteldeutschland (EKMD).

Geschichte und Architektur
Die kleine romanische Saalkirche aus Feldsteinmauerwerk mit eingezogenem Chor stammt aus der Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts. Der Dachturm und die stichbogigen Fenster wurden im 18. Jahrhundert geschaffen. Das Untergeschoss des Dachturms ist wie ein Westquerturm angelegt, die Westwand darüber jedoch als Glockengiebel ausgeführt, an den der Fachwerkturm mit Quersatteldach angefügt ist. Nur das schmale hohe Ostfenster und das Fenster der nördlichen Chorwand sind noch ursprünglich. Vermauert erhalten sind die Priesterpforte auf der Südseite mit spitzbogigem abgetrenntem Granitgewände, das Rundbogenportal sowie Reste zweier romanischer Fensteröffnungen auf der Nordseite. Das Westportal stammt aus dem 18. Jahrhundert. Eine Renovierung des Inneren erfolgte im Jahr 1960. Das Innere ist durch eine flache Holzbalkendecke geschlossen, zum Turm führt ein rundbogiger Durchgang.

Ausstattung
Die bescheidene Ausstattung stammte vom Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, von der ehemaligen Kanzelwand blieb nur der Korb erhalten.

Die Orgel war ein Werk aus der Zeit um das Jahr 1760 mit acht Registern auf einem Manual. Zum ältesten erhaltenen Inventar gehören zwei Zinnleuchter des 18. Jahrhunderts; weitere Stücke der Ausstattung gingen verloren, ebenso eine Gedenktafel für den Grenadier Johann Christoph Thiemann aus dem Befreiungskrieg 1813.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio: Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler. Sachsen Anhalt I. Regierungsbezirk Magdeburg. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München/Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-422-03069-7, S. 850.

Weblinks

 Website der Kirchengemeinde

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude in Bismark (Altmark)
Kulturdenkmal in Bismark (Altmark)
Kirchengebäude des Evangelischen Kirchenkreises Stendal
Romanische Kirche
Bauwerk der Romanik in Sachsen-Anhalt
Saalkirche
Feldsteinkirche
Erbaut im 13. Jahrhundert
Kirchengebäude in Europa


text:
Lacmellea edulis är en oleanderväxtart som beskrevs av Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten. Lacmellea edulis ingår i släktet Lacmellea och familjen oleanderväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Oleanderväxter
edulis


text:
Indian Hills Country Club is a private club and golf course in Mission Hills, Kansas.

The club was organized as the Community Golf Club in 1919 by J.C. Nichols on land adjoining Mission Hills Country Club.  In 1922 it temporarily moved to land that is now Kansas City Country Club.  Membership was open to anybody in the Nichols-developed subdivision of Mission Hills with an annual fee of $30 and $5 for each family member.

In 1925, Kansas City Country Club took over the course and Nichols helped organize Indian Hills Country Club. A.W. Tillinghast designed the course.

The three clubs became the most socially desirable in the Kansas City metropolitan area.

The Nichols strategy to create the three clubs was to make Kansas more attractive to upscale buyers who had previously not wanted to leave Kansas City, Missouri.

The original clubhouse was replaced in 1972. The new clubhouse was renovated from 1997 to 2001 and again in 2009.

The course is an 18-hole, 6,474 yard par 70.

References

External links
official site

1918 establishments in Kansas
Golf clubs and courses in Kansas
Buildings and structures in Johnson County, Kansas
Sports in the Kansas City metropolitan area
Golf clubs and courses designed by A. W. Tillinghast


text:
Rhyparidella is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is distributed in New Guinea and New Britain.

Species
 Rhyparidella arachi (Gressitt, 1964)
 Rhyparidella aviceps Gressitt, 1969
 Rhyparidella bicolor Gressitt, 1969
 Rhyparidella cacaona (Gressitt, 1966)
 Rhyparidella casuarinae (Gressitt, 1964)
 Rhyparidella cobaltina Gressitt, 1969
 Rhyparidella corpulenta Gressitt, 1969
 Rhyparidella fakfaka Gressitt, 1969
 Rhyparidella fordi Gressitt, 1969
 Rhyparidella fulva Medvedev, 2009
 Rhyparidella hibisci (Gressitt, 1964)
 Rhyparidella nigripennis Medvedev, 2009
 Rhyparidella ovipennis Medvedev, 2009
 Rhyparidella quadripustulata (Jacoby, 1884)
 Rhyparidella riedeli Medvedev, 2009
 Rhyparidella rufocapitis Medvedev, 2009
 Rhyparidella rufometallica Gressitt, 1969
 Rhyparidella sewana Gressitt, 1969
 Rhyparidella sobrina (Bryant, 1950)
 Rhyparidella suturalis Medvedev, 2009
 Rhyparidella wauensis Gressitt, 1969
 Rhyparidella weisei Medvedev, 2009

References

Eumolpinae
Chrysomelidae genera
Beetles of Oceania
Insects of New Guinea


text:
Wah Sum Estate () is a public housing estate in Wo Hop Shek, Fanling, New Territories, Hong Kong, near Flora Plaza and Wo Hing Sports Centre. It consists of two residential buildings built in 1995.

King Shing Court () is a Home Ownership Scheme court in Wo Hop Shek, near Flora Plaza and Wah Sum Estate. It consists of four residential buildings built in 1995.

Houses

Wah Sum Estate

King Shing Court

Demographics
According to the 2016 by-census, Wah Sum Estate had a population of 4,588 while King Shing Court had a population of 6,804. Altogether the population amounts to 11,392.

Politics
Wah Sum Estate and King Shing Court are located in Wah Do constituency of the North District Council. It is currently represented by Cheung Chun-wai, who was elected in the 2019 elections.

See also

Public housing estates in Fanling

References

Residential buildings completed in 1995
Wo Hop Shek
Public housing estates in Hong Kong


text:
Maidstone Grammar School for Girls, also known as Maidstone Girls Grammar School (MGGS), is a selective grammar school in Maidstone, UK. It operates under the 11-plus exam system, in which students take an exam at the end of primary school in order to be accepted at this school. The school is primarily a single-sex girls' school, however it also incorporates a sixth form college which is mixed.

History
Maidstone Grammar School for Girls was founded in 1887 by the Wardens and Assistants of Rochester Bridge, at a cost of £4,500. It was originally located at Albion Place when it opened in January 1888 with 18 pupils. The current building was opened in Great Buckland in 1938. The new site was previously the home to Great Buckland, a 17th-century mansion once owned by the Earl of Aylesford, which was knocked down to make room for the new building; at the point of demolition, the mansion was unsafe and was in a state of disrepair. Additional buildings have since been added, including a large extension to the old building, and several separate blocks of classrooms and a large sports hall. The school used to have an onsite swimming pool for students to use, but this was later filled to make room for a car park.

The school became a voluntary controlled grammar school since 1944, and it returned to the 11 plus entry examination in 1993.

Previous Head Teachers

Air Raid Shelters
During the second world war, the school was believed to be at high risk due to its location at the intersection of two train lines, the Medway Valley line and the Maidstone line. As a result, three separate air raid shelters were constructed on the school site; two at the front and one at the rear of the main building. The largest of the three shelters is located at the southern side of the site, under what is a building that is now known as 'T Block'. This shelter differs in design from the others, being a large open room; though a corner is filled with concrete for the foundations of the building above. The two other shelters that are on the northern and western sides of the site are made of a series of corridors, equipped with benches and black-boards. The shelters were constructed at the time to keep students from the main building so teaching could continue, but it is believed the structures would not survive a direct hit.

Since 2018 the school has been opening the northern shelter to local schools, with future plans to open the additional shelters on the site.

Buildings
The site is made up of 5 separate buildings. The largest of these is 'A block', referred often as the 'main building'. This is the original building which houses the main hall, history, modern foreign languages, religious studies, chemistry, physics, the two drama studios, the Mary Smith library and the gym. A block is a symmetrical building, consisting of two quadrangles surrounded by corridors, similar to cloisters, which originally had no windows and were open roofed; both have since been installed. The main hall is the home of the largest stage in the school, with an additional gallery at the back.

In the late 1970s, a large extension was added to the eastern side of 'A Block'; this extension is known as 'C block'. This section of the school is the home of Maths and design technology. It also has a large room on the upper floor which was formerly the sixth form common room, but is now known as the small hall.

In 2010 the school was given approval for a new building. Construction commenced in January 2011 and was planned to be completed by Christmas, however due to delays, it was officially opened in April 2012 for students. The new building, called Buckland house, houses sixth-form and Art and English departments, releasing space in the main buildings for further expansion. A small, mobile building (known as a second N Block) was thought to be knocked down as due to the addition of the new building, but will now be refurbished.

The newest addition to the school site is the Molly Tipples Sports Hall, named after the late Chairman of Governors. In 2015, further planning permission was granted to build the replacement sports hall. The hall contains a large multi-use games area, equipped with retractable basketball hoops and a sound system. On the upper floor of the building there are two dance studios, which have now been temporarily fitted to be used as changing rooms. A request for planning permission to extend the sports hall was placed in May 2019. The planning permission was granted in October 2019. The extension would add additional changing facilities, as well as showers and one additional classroom.

RAG Week

RAG Week, standing for raising and giving, is a weeklong charity event which runs annually in the last week before the Christmas term. The event has become tradition at the school, running for over 50 years. The school often raises over £4,000 each year. Each day throughout the week has a separate theme and lunch time performance, organised and selected by the head students for that year. The lunch time performances often involve large portions of the staff faculty. These performances often follow a similar format each year; a pantomime, a television based re-enactment, a video section and a musical performance. All proceeds raised are split, with half going to the school's partner school, The Himalaya Milan Secondary School, and the other half split further again then given to one local charity and one national charity.

Houses

The school operates a house system consisting of six different houses; Vikings, Normans, Danes, Britons, Saxons and Romans. These houses compete in four annual competitions which encourage teamwork and team spirit and are a vibrant part of MGGS life. Perhaps the most popular competition is the House Arts Cup which takes place at the end of October. The event celebrates the arts of song, dance and acting and alternates between these each year. As well as  House Arts the other competitions are Sports Day, Inter-house Rounders and Science Quiz. The houses are led by three year 13 students, who are elected into their role of House Leaders by their house.

From 2006, the House Captain election process, which had previously been decided entirely by votes from members of the house (both staff and students) was decided by interview as well as votes. Elections take place at the end of the second term before year thirteen students go on study leave.
Every so often, house captains organise assemblies on set topics, which feature different house vents that students can take part in.

Incidents

May 2019 Prom Incident
On 11 May 2019, it was reported that following several pranks performed by students at the end of the year, the year 11 prom would be canceled. According to the school there were several unsafe pranks that included lubricating stairways and putting itching powder on the toilets. It is reported that the itching powder sent several students to hospital due to allergic reactions. Several parents took to organising their own prom, which went ahead on the same day to replace the canceled event.

October 2017 Admissions Incident
Following a complaint, a local government inspector found that the school was failing to follow its admissions policy and was therefore in 'breach of statutory guidance'. It was found the school was applying different entry requirements into the sixth-form for internal and external applicants. The school vowed to change its policy to give all applicants fair and equal requirements.

Notable alumni (Old Girls)

 Dame Karen Dunnell, National Statistician & Registrar-General, Office for National Statistics
 Carole Goble, Professor of Computer Science at the University of Manchester
 Alison Noble, Professor at the University of Oxford
 Lizzy Yarnold, skeleton racer who won two Winter Olympic gold medals (2014 in Sochi, 2018 in PyeongChang)
 Mia Mckenna-Bruce,  actress and dancer in The Dumping Ground

References

External links
 Maidstone Grammar School for Girls website

Girls' schools in Kent
Grammar schools in Kent
Schools in Maidstone
Educational institutions established in 1887
1887 establishments in England

Foundation schools in Kent


text:
Melese castrena är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av William Schaus 1905. Melese castrena ingår i släktet Melese och familjen björnspinnare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Björnspinnare
castrena


text:
Gary Stephen Webb (August 31, 1955 – December 10, 2004) was an American investigative journalist.

He began his career working for newspapers in Kentucky and Ohio, winning numerous awards, and building a strong reputation for investigative writing. Hired by the San Jose Mercury News, Webb contributed to the paper's Pulitzer Prize-winning coverage of the Loma Prieta earthquake.

Webb is best known for his "Dark Alliance" series, which appeared in The Mercury News in 1996. The series examined the origins of the crack cocaine trade in Los Angeles and claimed that members of the anti-communist Contra rebels in Nicaragua had played a major role in creating the trade, using cocaine profits to finance their fight against the government in Nicaragua. It also stated that the Contras may have acted with the knowledge and protection of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The series provoked outrage, particularly in the Los Angeles African-American community, and led to four major investigations of its charges.

The Los Angeles Times and other major papers published articles suggesting the "Dark Alliance" claims were overstated and, in November 1996, Jerome Ceppos, the executive editor at Mercury News, wrote about being "in the eye of the storm". In May 1997, after an internal review, Ceppos stated that, although the story was right on many important points, there were shortcomings in the writing, editing and production of the series. He wrote that the series likely "oversimplified" the crack epidemic in America and the supposed "critical role" the dealers written about in the series played in it. Webb disagreed with this conclusion.

Webb resigned from The Mercury News in December 1997. He became an investigator for the California State Legislature, published a book based on the "Dark Alliance" series in 1998, and did freelance investigative reporting. He died by suicide on December 10, 2004.

The "Dark Alliance" series remains controversial. Critics view the series' claims as inaccurate or overstated, while supporters point to the results of a later CIA investigation as vindicating the series. The follow-up reporting in the Los Angeles Times and other papers has been criticised for focusing on problems in the series rather than re-examining the earlier CIA-Contra claims.

Early life and education
Webb was born in Corona, California. His father was a Marine sergeant, and the family moved frequently, as his career took him to new assignments. When Webb's father retired from the Marines, the family settled in a suburb of Indianapolis, where Webb and his brother attended high school.

After high school, Webb attended an Indianapolis community college on a scholarship until his family moved to Cincinnati. He then transferred to nearby Northern Kentucky University.

Webb first began writing for the student newspaper at his college in Indianapolis. After transferring to Northern Kentucky, he entered its journalism program and wrote for the school paper, The Northerner. Although he attended Northern Kentucky for four years, he did not finish his degree. Instead, he found work in 1978 as a reporter at the Kentucky Post, a local paper affiliated with the larger Cincinnati Post.  In 1979, Webb married Susan Bell; the couple eventually had three children.

Early career
Webb's first major investigative work appeared in 1980, when the Cincinnati Post published "The Coal Connection," a seventeen-part series by Webb and Post reporter Thomas Scheffey. The series, which examined the murder of a coal company president with ties to organized crime, won the national Investigative Reporters and Editors Award for reporting from a small newspaper.

In 1983, Webb moved to the Cleveland Plain Dealer, where he continued doing investigative work. A 1985 series, "Doctoring the Truth," uncovered problems in the State Medical Board and led to an Ohio House investigation which resulted in major revisions to the state Medical Practice Act. Webb then moved to the paper's statehouse bureau, where he covered statewide issues and won numerous regional journalism awards. In 1984, Webb wrote a story titled "Driving Off With Profits" which claimed that the promoters of a race in Cleveland paid themselves nearly a million dollars from funds that should have gone to the city of Cleveland. The article resulted in a lawsuit against Webb's paper which the plaintiffs won. A jury awarded the plaintiffs over 13 million dollars and the case was later settled. In 1986, Webb wrote an article saying that the Chief Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court, Frank D. Celebrezze accepted contributions from groups with organized crime connections. Celebrezze eventually sued the Plain Dealer and won an undisclosed out of court settlement.

In 1988, Webb was recruited by the San Jose Mercury News, which was looking for an investigative reporter. He was assigned to its Sacramento bureau, where he was allowed to choose most of his own stories. As part of The Mercury News team that covered the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, Webb and his colleague Pete Carey wrote a story examining the causes of the collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct. The Mercury News'''s coverage of the earthquake won its staff the Pulitzer Prize for General News Reporting in 1990.

 Dark Alliance series

Webb began researching "Dark Alliance" in July 1995. The series was published in The Mercury News in three parts, from Sunday, 18 August 1996 to 20 August 1996, with a first long article and one or two shorter articles appearing each day. It was also posted on The Mercury News website with additional information, including documents cited in the series and audio recordings of people quoted in the articles. The website artwork showed the silhouette of a man smoking a crack pipe superimposed over the CIA seal. This artwork proved controversial, and The Mercury News later removed it.

 Series claims
The lede of the first article set out the series' basic claims: "For the better part of a decade, a San Francisco Bay Area drug ring sold tons of cocaine to the Crips and Bloods street gangs of Los Angeles and funneled millions in drug profits to a Latin American guerrilla army run by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency." This drug ring "opened the first pipeline between Colombia's cocaine cartels and the black neighborhoods of Los Angeles" and, as a result, "The cocaine that flooded in helped spark a crack explosion in urban America."

To show this, the series focused on three men: Ricky Ross, Oscar Danilo Blandón, and Norwin Meneses. Ross was a major drug dealer in Los Angeles. Blandón and Meneses were Nicaraguans who smuggled drugs into the U.S. and supplied dealers like Ross. After introducing the three, the first article discussed primarily Blandón and Meneses, and their relationship with the Contras and the CIA. Much of the article highlighted the failure of law enforcement agencies to successfully prosecute them and stated that this was largely due to their Contra and CIA connections.

The second article described Blandón's background and how he began smuggling cocaine to support the Contras. Meneses, an established smuggler and a Contra supporter as well, taught Blandón how to smuggle and provided him with cocaine. When Ross discovered the market for crack in Los Angeles, he began buying cocaine from Blandón. Blandón and Meneses' high-volume supply of low-priced high-purity cocaine "allowed Ross to sew up the Los Angeles market and move on. In city after city, local dealers either bought from Ross or got left behind."

The third article discussed the social effects of the crack trade, noting that it had a disparate effect on African-Americans. Asking why crack became so prevalent in the Black community of Los Angeles, the article credited Blandón, referring to him as "the Johnny Appleseed of crack in California." It also found disparities in the treatment of Black and White traffickers in the justice system, contrasting the treatment of Blandón and Ross after their arrests for drug trafficking. Because Blandón cooperated with the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), he spent only 28 months in prison, became a paid government informant, and received permanent resident status. Ross was also released early after cooperating in an investigation of police corruption, but was rearrested a few months later in a sting operation arranged with Blandón's help. The article suggested this was in retribution for Ross' testimony in the corruption case.

 Response to the series
After the publication of "Dark Alliance," The Mercury News continued to pursue the story, publishing follow-ups to the original series for the next three months. Other papers were slow to pick up the story, but African Americans quickly took note, especially in South Central Los Angeles where the dealers discussed in the series had been active. They were outraged by the series's charges.

California senators Barbara Boxer and Dianne Feinstein also took note and wrote to CIA director John Deutch and Attorney General Janet Reno, asking for investigations into the articles' allegations.  Maxine Waters, the representative for California's 35th district, which includes South-Central Los Angeles, was also outraged by the articles and became one of Webb's strongest supporters. Waters urged the CIA, the Department of Justice, and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence to investigate.

By the end of September, three federal investigations had been announced: an investigation into the CIA allegations conducted by CIA Inspector-General Frederick Hitz, an investigation into the law enforcement allegations by Justice Department Inspector-General Michael Bromwich, and a second investigation into the CIA by the House Intelligence Committee.

Webb's continuing reporting also triggered a fourth investigation. The first article in "Dark Alliance" that discussed the failure of law enforcement agencies to prosecute Blandón and Meneses had mentioned several cases. One of these was a 1986 raid on Blandón's drug organization by the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, which the article suggested had produced evidence of CIA ties to drug smuggling that was later suppressed. When Webb wrote another story on the raid evidence in early October, it received wide attention in Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Sheriff's Department began its own investigation into the "Dark Alliance" claims.

 Coverage in other papers
After the announcement of federal investigations into the claims made in the series, other newspapers began investigating, and several papers published articles suggesting the series' claims were overstated.

The first detailed article on the series's claims appeared in The Washington Post in early October. In their front-page article, reporters Roberto Suro and Walter Pincus wrote that "available information" did not support the series's claims and that "the rise of crack" was "a broad-based phenomenon" driven in numerous places by diverse players. The article discussed Webb's contacts with Ross's attorney and prosecution complaints of how Ross's defense had used Webb's series.The New York Times published two articles on the series in mid-October, both written by reporter Tim Golden. One article, dealing mostly with the response of the Los Angeles Black community to the stories, described the series's evidence as "thin". Golden also referred to the controversy over Webb's contacts with Ross's lawyer. The other article, citing interviews with current and former intelligence and law-enforcement officials, questioned the importance of the drug dealers discussed in the series, both in the crack cocaine trade and in supporting the Nicaraguan Contras' fight against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua.

The Los Angeles Times devoted the most space to the story, publishing a three-part series called "The Cocaine Trail." The series ran from October 20–22, 1996, and was researched by a team of 17 reporters. The three articles in the series were written by four reporters: Jesse Katz, Doyle McManus, John Mitchell and Sam Fulwood. The first article, by Katz, developed a different picture of the origins of the crack trade than "Dark Alliance" had described, with more gangs and smugglers participating. The second article, by McManus, was the longest of the series and dealt with the role of the Contras in the drug trade and CIA knowledge of drug activities by the Contras.  McManus wrote that Blandón's and Meneses's contributions to Contra organizations were significantly less than the "millions" claimed in the series, and stated there was no evidence that the CIA had tried to protect them. The third article, by Mitchell and Fulwood, covered the effects of crack on African-Americans and how it affected their reaction to some of the rumors that arose after the "Dark Alliance" series.

In 2013, Jesse Katz, a former Los Angeles Times reporter, said of the newspaper's coverage "As an L.A. Times reporter, we saw this series in the San Jose Mercury News and kind of wonder[ed] how legit it was and kind of put it under a microscope, and we did it in a way that most of us who were involved in it, I think, would look back on that and say it was overkill. We had this huge team of people at the L.A. Times and kind of piled on to one lone muckraker up in Northern California." And "we really didn't do anything to advance his work or illuminate much to the story, and it was a really kind of tawdry exercise. ... And it ruined that reporter's career."

=== The Mercury Newss response ===
Surprised by The Washington Post article, The Mercury News's executive editor Jerome Ceppos wrote to the Post defending the series. The Post refused to print his letter. Ceppos also asked reporter Pete Carey to write a critique of the series for publication in The Mercury News, and had the controversial website artwork changed. Carey's critique appeared in mid-October and went through several of the Post'''s criticisms of the series, including the importance of Blandón's drug ring in spreading crack, questions about Blandón's testimony in court, and how specific series allegations about CIA involvement had been, giving Webb's responses.

When the Los Angeles Times series appeared, Ceppos again wrote to defend the original series. He also defended the series in interviews with all three papers. The extent of the criticism, however, convinced Ceppos that The Mercury News had to acknowledge to its readers that the series had been subjected to strong criticism. He did this in a column that appeared on November 3, defending the series, but also committing the paper to a review of major criticisms.

Ceppos' column drew editorial responses from both The New York Times and The Washington Post. An editorial in the Times, while criticizing the series for making "unsubstantiated charges", conceded that it did find "drug-smuggling and dealing by Nicaraguans with at least tentative connections to the Contras" and called for further investigation.

The Posts response came from the paper's ombudsman, Geneva Overholser. Overholser was harshly critical of the series, "reported by a seemingly hotheaded fellow willing to have people leap to conclusions his reporting couldn't back up." But while calling the flaws in the series "unforgivably careless journalism," Overholser also criticized the Post's refusal to print Ceppos' letter defending the series and sharply criticized the Post's coverage of the story. Calling the Post's overall focus "misplaced", Overholser expressed regret that the paper had not taken the opportunity to re-examine whether the CIA had overlooked Contra involvement in drug smuggling, "a subject The Post and the public had given short shrift."

In contrast, the series received support from Steve Weinberg, a former executive director of Investigative Reporters and Editors. In a long review of the series' claims in The Baltimore Sun, Weinberg said "I think the critics have been far too harsh. Despite some hyped phrasing, "Dark Alliance" appears to be praiseworthy investigative reporting."

After the series's publication, the Northern California branch of the national Society of Professional Journalists voted Webb "Journalist of the Year" for 1996. Despite the controversy that soon overtook the series, and the request of one board member to reconsider, the branch's board went ahead with the award in November.

End of the series
After Ceppos' column, The Mercury News spent the next several months conducting an internal review of the story. The review was conducted primarily by editor Jonathan Krim and reporter Pete Carey, who had written the paper's first published analysis of the series. Carey ultimately decided that there were problems with several parts of the story and wrote a draft article incorporating his findings.

The paper also gave Webb permission to visit Central America again to get more evidence supporting the story.  By January, Webb filed drafts of four more articles based on his trip, but his editors concluded that the new articles would not help shore up the original series's claims.

The editors met with Webb several times in February to discuss the results of the paper's internal review and eventually decided to print neither Carey's draft article nor the articles Webb had filed. Webb was allowed to keep working on the story and made one more trip to Nicaragua in March. At the end of March, Ceppos told Webb that he was going to present the internal review findings in a column. After discussions with Webb, the column was published on May 11, 1997.

In the column, Ceppos defended parts of the article, writing that the series had "solidly documented" that the drug ring described in the series did have connections with the Contras and did sell large quantities of cocaine in inner-city Los Angeles.

But, Ceppos wrote, the series "did not meet our standards" in four areas. 1) It presented only one interpretation of conflicting evidence and in one case "did not include information that contradicted a central assertion of the series." 2) The series's estimate of the money involved was presented as fact instead of as an estimate. 3) The series oversimplified how the crack epidemic grew. 4) The series "created impressions that were open to misinterpretation" through "imprecise language and graphics."

Ceppos noted that Webb did not agree with these conclusions. He concluded, "How did these shortcomings occur? ... I believe that we fell short at every step of our process: in the writing, editing and production of our work. Several people here share that burden ... But ultimately, the responsibility was, and is, mine."

Resignation
Webb strongly disagreed with Ceppos's column and, in interviews, was harshly critical of the paper's handling of the story. Editors at the paper, on the other hand, felt that Webb had failed to tell them about information that contradicted the series's claims and that he "responded to concerns not with reasoned argument, but with accusations of us selling him out."  In June 1997, The Mercury News told Webb it was transferring him from the paper's Sacramento bureau and offered him a choice between working at the main offices in San Jose under closer editorial supervision, or spot reporting in Cupertino; both locations were long commutes from his home in Sacramento.  Webb eventually chose Cupertino, but was unhappy with the routine stories he was reporting there and the long commute. He resigned from the paper in November 1997.

Federal investigation results
The reports of the three federal investigations into the claims of "Dark Alliance" were not released until over a year after the series's publication. The reports rejected the series's main claims but were critical of some CIA and law enforcement actions.

Justice Department report
The Department of Justice Inspector-General's report was released on July 23, 1998. According to the report's "Epilogue," the report was completed in December 1997 but was not released because the DEA was still attempting to use Danilo Blandón in an investigation of international drug dealers and was concerned that the report would affect the viability of the investigation. When Attorney General Janet Reno determined that a delay was no longer necessary, the report was released unaltered.

The report covered actions by Department of Justice employees in the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the DEA, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and U.S. Attorneys' Offices. It found that "the allegations contained in the original Mercury News articles were exaggerations of the actual facts." After examining the investigations and prosecutions of the main figures in the series, Blandón, Meneses and Ross, it concluded that "Although the investigations suffered from various problems of communication and coordination, their successes and failures were determined by the normal dynamics that affect the success of scores of investigations of high-level drug traffickers … These factors, rather than anything as spectacular as a systematic effort by the CIA or any other intelligence agency to protect the drug trafficking activities of Contra supporters, determined what occurred in the cases we examined."

It also concluded that "the claims that Blandón and Meneses were responsible for introducing crack cocaine into South Central Los Angeles and spreading the crack epidemic throughout the country were unsupported." Although it did find that both men were major drug dealers, "guilty of enriching themselves at the expense of countless drug users," and that they had contributed money to the Contra cause, "we did not find that their activities were responsible for the crack cocaine epidemic in South Central Los Angeles, much less the rise of crack throughout the nation, or that they were a significant source of support for the Contras."

The report called several of its findings "troubling." It found that Blandón received permanent resident status "in a wholly improper manner" and that for some time the Department "was not certain whether to prosecute Meneses, or use him as a cooperating witness." Regarding issues raised in the series's shorter sidebar stories, it found that some in the government were "not eager" to have DEA agent Celerino Castillo "openly probe" activities at Ilopango Airport in El Salvador, where covert operations in support of the Contras were undertaken, and that the CIA had indeed intervened in a case involving smuggler Julio Zavala. It concluded, however, that these problems were "a far cry from the type of broad manipulation and corruption of the federal criminal justice system suggested by the original allegations."

CIA report
The CIA Inspector-General's report was issued in two volumes. The first one, "The California Story," was issued in a classified version on December 17, 1997, and in an unclassified version on January 29, 1998. The second volume, "The Contra Story," was issued in a classified version on April 27, 1998, and in an unclassified version on October 8, 1998.

According to the report, the Inspector-General's office (OIG) examined all information the agency had "relating to CIA knowledge of drug trafficking allegations in regard to any person directly or indirectly involved in Contra activities." It also examined "how CIA handled and responded to information regarding allegations of drug trafficking" by people involved in Contra activities or support.

The first volume of the report found no evidence that "any past or present employee of CIA, or anyone acting on behalf of CIA, had any direct or indirect dealing" with Ross, Blandón, or Meneses or that any of the other figures mentioned in "Dark Alliance" were ever employed by or associated with or contacted by the agency.

It found nothing to support the claim that "the drug trafficking activities of Blandón and Meneses were motivated by any commitment to support the Contra cause or Contra activities undertaken by CIA." It noted that Blandón and Meneses claimed to have donated money to Contra sympathizers in Los Angeles, but found no information to confirm that it was true or that the agency had heard of it.

It found no information to support the claim that the agency interfered with law enforcement actions against Ross, Blandón or Meneses.

House committee report
The House Intelligence Committee issued its report in February 2000. According to the report, it used Webb's reporting and writing as "key resources in focusing and refining the investigation." Like the CIA and Justice Department reports, it also found that neither Blandón, Meneses, nor Ross were associated with the CIA.

Examining the support that Meneses and Blandón gave to the local Contra organization in San Francisco, the report concluded that it was "not sufficient to finance the organization" and did not consist of "millions," contrary to the claims of the "Dark Alliance" series. This support "was not directed by anyone within the Contra movement who had an association with the CIA," and the Committee found "no evidence that the CIA or the Intelligence Community was aware of these individuals' support." It also found no evidence to support Webb's suggestion that several other drug smugglers mentioned in the series were associated with the CIA, or that anyone associated with the CIA or other intelligence agencies was involved in supplying or selling drugs in Los Angeles.

Dark Alliance book

After his resignation from The Mercury News, Webb expanded the "Dark Alliance" series into a book that responded to the criticism of the series and described his experiences writing the story and dealing with the controversy. It was published in 1998 as Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion. A revised version was published in 1999 that incorporated Webb's response to the CIA and Justice Department reports. The February 2000 report by the House Intelligence Committee in turn considered the book's claims as well as the series' claims.
Dark Alliance was a 1998 Pen/Newman's Own First Amendment Award Finalist, 1998 San Francisco Chronicle bestseller, 1999 Bay Area Book Reviewers Award Finalist, and 1999 Firecracker Alternative Booksellers Award Winner in the Politics category.

Webb's later views
In interviews after leaving The Mercury News, Webb described the 1997 controversy as media manipulation. "The government side of the story is coming through the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Washington Post", he stated. "They use the giant corporate press rather than saying anything directly. If you work through friendly reporters on major newspapers, it comes off as The New York Times saying it and not a mouthpiece of the CIA." Webb's longest response to the controversy was in "The Mighty Wurlitzer Plays On," a chapter he contributed to an anthology of press criticism:

Within "The Mighty Wurlitzer Plays On" essay Webb stated he believed there was an active "collusion between the press and the powerful" to report freely on inconsequential matters, "but when it comes to the real down and dirty stuff... We begin to see the limits of our freedoms". He also stated "the series presented dangerous ideas" by suggesting "crimes of state had been committed" (i.e. that the "federal government bore some responsibility, however indirect, for the flood of crack that coursed through black neighborhoods in the 1980s").

Later career
After leaving The Mercury News, Webb worked as an investigator for the California State Legislature. His assignments included investigating racial profiling by the California Highway Patrol and charges that the Oracle Corporation had received a no-bid contract award of $95 million in 2001.
While working at the legislature, Webb continued to do freelance investigative reporting, sometimes based on his investigative work. For instance, he published an article on racial profiling in traffic stops in Esquire magazine, in April 1999.

Webb later moved to the State Assembly's Office of Majority Services. He was laid off in February 2004 when Assembly Member Fabian Núñez was elected Speaker.

In August 2004, Webb joined the Sacramento News & Review, an alternative weekly newspaper, where he continued doing investigative writing. One of his last articles examined America's Army, a video game designed by the U.S. Army.

Death
Webb was found dead in his Carmichael home on December 10, 2004, with two gunshot wounds to the head. His death was ruled a suicide by the Sacramento County coroner's office. According to a description of Webb's injuries in the Los Angeles Times, he shot himself with a .38 revolver, which he placed near his right ear. The first shot went through his face, and exited at his left cheek. The coroner's staff concluded that the second shot hit an artery.

After a local newspaper reported that Webb had died from multiple gunshots, the coroner's office received so many calls asking about Webb's death that Sacramento County Coroner Robert Lyons issued a statement confirming Webb had died by suicide. When asked by local reporters about the possibility of two gunshots being a suicide, Lyons replied "It's unusual in a suicide case to have two shots, but it has been done in the past, and it is in fact a distinct possibility." News coverage noted that there were widespread rumors on the Internet at the time that Webb had been killed as retribution for his "Dark Alliance" series, published eight years before.

Webb's ex wife, Susan Bell told reporters that she believed Webb had died by suicide. "The way he was acting it would be hard for me to believe it was anything but suicide," she said. According to Bell, Webb had been unhappy for some time over his inability to get a job at another major newspaper. He had sold his house the week before his death because he was unable to afford the mortgage.

After Webb's death, a collection of his stories from before and after the "Dark Alliance" series was published. The collection, The Killing Game: Selected Stories from the Author of Dark Alliance, was edited by Webb's son, Eric.

Legacy

Views on Webb's journalism
Views on Webb's journalism have been polarized. During and immediately after the controversy over "Dark Alliance," Webb's earlier writing was examined closely. A January 1997 article in American Journalism Review noted that a 1994 series Webb wrote had also been the subject of a Mercury News internal review that criticized Webb's reporting.  A New York Times profile of Webb in June 1997 noted that two of his series written for the Cleveland Plain Dealer had resulted in lawsuits that the paper had settled.

On the other hand, many of the writers and editors who worked with him have had high praise for him. Walter Bogdanich, a Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter who worked with Webb on The Plain Dealer, told American Journalism Review editor Susan Paterno "He was brilliant; he knew more about public records than anybody I've ever known." Mary Anne Sharkey, Webb's editor at The Plain Dealer, told writer Alicia Shepard in 1997 that Webb was known as 'the carpenter' "because he had everything nailed down. Gary's documentation is awesome and his work ethic is unbelievable." California Representative Maxine Waters, who was Webb's strongest supporter in Congress after the "Dark Alliance" controversy broke, issued a statement after Webb's death calling him "one of the finest investigative journalists that our country has ever seen."

Jonathan Krim, The Mercury News editor who recruited Webb from The Plain Dealer and who supervised The Mercury News internal review of "Dark Alliance," told AJR editor Paterno that Webb "had all the qualities you'd want in a reporter: curious, dogged, a very high sense of wanting to expose wrongdoing and to hold private and public officials accountable." But as Krim told Webb's biographer Nick Schou, "The zeal that helped make Gary a relentless reporter was coupled with an inability to question himself, to entertain the notion that he might have erred." Scott Herhold, Webb's first editor at The Mercury-News, wrote in a 2013 column that "Gary Webb was a journalist of outsized talent. Few reporters I've known could match his nose for an investigative story. When he was engaged, he worked hard. He wrote well. But Webb had one huge blind side: He was fundamentally a man of passion, not of fairness. When facts didn't fit his theory, he tended to shove them to the sidelines."

Views on "Dark Alliance" series
Webb's reporting in "Dark Alliance" remains controversial.  Many writers discussing the series point to errors in it.  The claim that the drug ring of Meneses-Blandón-Ross sparked the "crack explosion" has been perhaps the most criticized part of the series. Nick Schou, a journalist who wrote a 2006 biography of Webb, has claimed that this was the most important error in the series. Writing on the Los Angeles Times opinion page, Schou said, "Webb asserted, improbably, that the Blandón-Meneses-Ross drug ring opened 'the first pipeline between Colombia's cocaine cartels and the black neighborhoods of Los Angeles,' helping to 'spark a crack explosion in urban America.' The story offered no evidence to support such sweeping conclusions, a fatal error that would ultimately destroy Webb, if not his editors."

While finding this part of the series unsupported, Schou said that some of the series's claims on CIA involvement are supported, writing that "The CIA conducted an internal investigation that acknowledged in March 1998 that the agency had covered up Contra drug trafficking for more than a decade." According to Schou, the investigation "confirmed key chunks of Webb's allegations." In a 2013 article in the LA Weekly, Schou wrote that Webb was "vindicated by a 1998 CIA Inspector General report, which revealed that for more than a decade the agency had covered up a business relationship it had with Nicaraguan drug dealers like Blandón."

Writing after Webb's death in 2005, The Nation magazine's former Washington Editor David Corn said that Webb "was on to something but botched part of how he handled it." According to Corn, Webb "was wrong on some important details, but he was, in a way, closer to the truth than many of his establishment media critics who neglected the story of the real CIA-contra-cocaine connection." Like Schou, Corn cites the inspector general's report, which he says "acknowledged that the CIA had indeed worked with suspected drugrunners (sic) while supporting the contras."

Not all writers agree that the Inspector-General's report supported the series's claims. Jeff Leen, assistant managing editor for investigative reporting at The Washington Post, wrote in a 2014 opinion page article that "the report found no CIA relationship with the drug ring Webb had written about." Leen, who covered the cocaine trade for the Miami Herald in the 1980s, rejects the claim that "because the report uncovered an agency mindset of indifference to drug-smuggling allegations", it vindicated Webb's reporting.

Peter Kornbluh, a researcher at George Washington University's National Security Archives, also does not agree that the report vindicated the series. Noting that most of the activities discussed in the report had nothing to do with the people Webb reported on, Kornbluh told Schou, "I can't say it's a vindication. It was good that his story forced those reports to come out, but part of what made that happen was based on misleading information."

Films
Kill the Messenger (2014) is based on Webb's book Dark Alliance and Nick Schou's biography of Webb. Actor Jeremy Renner portrays Webb.

TV
Snowfall is an American crime drama television series set in Los Angeles in 1983. The series revolves around the first crack epidemic and its impact on the culture of the city. The series follows the stories of several characters whose lives are fated to intersect including CIA operative Teddy McDonald who helps to secure guns for the Contras. The character reporter Irene Abe is said by fans of the show to be a stand in character for the real life Gary Webb.

See also
 Allegations of CIA drug trafficking
 CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking
 Iran–Contra affair

References

Sources

  Includes follow up stories and links to coverage from other papers (some of these are broken).
 The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions The United States Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General report on the claims made in the Dark Alliance newspaper series, released on July 22, 1998.
 Report of Investigation Concerning Allegations of Connections Between CIA and The Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States The Central Intelligence Agency Office of the Inspector General report on the claims made in the Dark Alliance newspaper series, released in two volumes, volume 1 on January 29, 1998, and volume 2 on October 8, 1998.
 House Intelligence Committee report on the claims made in the Dark Alliance series (excerpt).
 Record of Senate Intelligence Committee hearings on Dark Alliance series claims, October 23 and November 26, 1996.

Further reading

 Rick Ross & Cathy Scott (2014). Freeway Rick Ross: The Untold Autobiography. Freeway Studios. pp. 263–279. .

External links

 Gary Webb: In His Own Words (2004), video of interview with Gary Webb from Guerrilla News Network
 "Inside the Dark Alliance: Gary Webb on the CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion", audio interviews (1997–1998) with Gary Webb from Democracy Now!
 'A NATURAL STORY': Tribute to 'Dark Alliance' and Journalist Gary Webb, transcripts of a 1997 Webb speech and interview from San Francisco Bay Area Independent Media Center
 Archive of Gary Webb stories at Sacramento News and Review

1955 births
2004 deaths
2004 suicides
20th-century American journalists
21st-century American journalists
American investigative journalists
American male journalists
Conspiracy theories
Journalists from California
The Mercury News people
Multiple gunshot suicides
Northern Kentucky University alumni
People from Carmichael, California
People from Corona, California
Pulitzer Prize winners for journalism
Suicides by firearm in California
Writers from California
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area


text:
Palaeodictyna est un genre fossile d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Dictynidae.

Distribution
Les espèces de ce genre ont été découvertes dans de l'ambre de la République dominicaine. Elles datent du Néogène.

Liste des espèces
Selon The World Spider Catalog 17.0 :
 †Palaeodictyna intermedia Wunderlich, 1988
 †Palaeodictyna longispina Wunderlich, 1988
 †Palaeodictyna singularis Wunderlich, 1988
 †Palaeodictyna spiculum Wunderlich, 1988
 †Palaeodictyna termitophila Wunderlich, 1988
 †Palaeodictyna unispina Wunderlich, 1988

Publication originale
 .

Liens externes

 Référence La classification de Hallan

Notes et références

Dictynidae
Genre fossile d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Résine fossile
Paléontologie en République dominicaine
Animal du Néogène
Taxon fossile décrit en 1988


text:
Als Pankgraf bezeichnet man Angehörige der Alten Pankgrafen-Vereinigung von 1381 zu Berlin bey Wedding an der Panke (APV), eines Vereins in Berlin.

Organisation

Der Verein ist bundesweit organisiert. Die Abkürzung APV ist mehrdeutig, sie steht für Alte Pankgrafen-Vereinigung und für Anti-Politische Vereinigung. Nach seinem Selbstverständnis definiert sich der Verein als weltlicher Ritterorden. Sein Pankgräfliches Hauptquartier befindet sich in Berlin am Gierkeplatz, im Ortsteil Charlottenburg.

Durch die auswärtigen Aktivitäten (Ritterfahrten) der Organisation entstehen Vasallenstädte und die dortigen Ableger der Pankgrafen.

Die Legende um die Herkunft des Pankgrafenordens
Die Herkunft des Pankgrafenordens ist ein moderner Mythos. Entsprechend dieser selbstgeschaffenen Legende geht die Ordensgründung der APV auf den Urgrafen Udo mit der gespaltenen Klaue in das Jahr 1381 zurück. Damals habe Udo "im Verbande mit anderen rechtschaffenen Rittern" in der "denkwürdigen Schlacht am Lausefenn" nahe dem damaligen Dorf Pankow das "räuberische Gesindel" in die Flucht geschlagen.

Unter Führung des Urgrafen Udo hätten sich die "siegreichen Friedensstifter" daraufhin zu einem Ritterorden zusammengetan, der Pankgrafen-Vereinigung. In den folgenden Jahrzehnten und Jahrhunderten hätten sie fahrenden Handelsleuten gewerbliche Geleitdienste erbracht und somit zur Hebung der öffentlichen Sicherheit "für alle Bürger und Bauern" beigetragen. "Die Spuren der Pankgrafschaft" verlören sich in den Wirren des Dreißigjährigen Krieges.

So sei es geschehen auch im Jahre 1881. Bei diesem "letzten Erscheinen" des Urgrafen Udo mit der gespaltenen Klaue . Im Gegenteil, einige der direkten Nachkommen der ritterlichen Pankgrafen saßen zwar beim herkömmlichen gewaltigen Schoppen, was durchaus zur Ehre gereichte, aber sie hatten ganz und gar vergessen, das Vaterland über alles zu setzen. Sie zankten sich um einen Stammtisch in der Norddeutschen Brauerei am Pankestrand sitzend um Parteidoktrinen und jeder wollte recht haben. Der eine sehnte die guten alten Zeiten zurück, der andere sprach von liberalen Freiheiten, ein dritter glaubte, sein Heil in Schutzzöllen zu finden, und einer war da, dem paßte am Deutschen Reich überhaupt nichts.
Als nun Graf Udo dieses Geschrei und Gezanke hörte, erschien er in voller Rüstung unter den Streitenden, die schon erheblich in den Humpen geblickt hatten, schlug mit der Faust auf den Tisch und gebot ihnen, sich des alten Wahlspruches zu erinnern und danach zu handeln. Er verlangte von ihnen, die Alte Pankgrafschaft wiedererstehen zu lassen und mit neuem Leben zu erfüllen. Sie sollten echte Deutsche, aber keine kleinlichen Bürger sein.

Gründung
Es waren zunächst nur wenige Kämpen, die im Jahre 1881 die Alte Pankgrafenvereinigung gründeten. Aber aus diesem Freundeskreis wurde sehr bald eine im ganzen Land bekannte Vereinigung, die in ihrer Art insgesamt dem ganzen deutschen Vaterland zur Verfügung stand und ihre Lebenskraft auch durch die Schrecken zweier Weltkriege und großer politischer Wirren hindurch bewies.

Die Gründung der Alten Pankgrafen-Vereinigung vollzog sich vor dem Hintergrund des wirtschaftlichen und politischen Aufschwungs des Deutschen Reiches am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts, des ersten deutschen Wirtschaftswunders der Neuzeit, der sogenannten Gründerzeit. Hinzu kam die neue politische Konstellation. Das Ziel der deutschen Einigungsbewegung, wie alle anderen europäischen Völker auch in einem einigen Nationalstaat zusammenzuleben, war durch die kleindeutsche Lösung im Jahre 1871 zumindest teilweise erfüllt. In diesen Jahren nach der Reichsgründung herrschte eine Euphorie, eine Aufbruchsstimmung, eine Zukunftsgewissheit unter den Deutschen, die der Gründerzeit ihren Namen gab.

Diese Zeit verzeichnet viele Gründungen vaterländisch ausgerichteter Vereine. Das Besondere an der Pankgrafschaft ist hierbei, dass sie sich durch einen Verzicht auf ein politisches und religiöses Bekenntnis nicht innerlich zerstritten und aufgelöst hat, wie es den meisten parteipolitisch ausgerichteten vaterländischen Vereinen erging.

Das Hauptquartier der Pankgrafen, die "Burg", befand sich Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in der Schloßstraße 6 (heutige Ossietzkystraße) in Pankow nahe der Panke am Schlosspark Niederschönhausen. Die Lokalität mit Naturgarten und Ballsaal bot 4000 Gästen Platz.

Im Bezirk Pankow wurden in den Ortsteilen Karow und Pankow die Pankgrafenstraßen nach dem Verein benannt.

Wappen, Motto und Gliederung des Vereines

Die Wappenfarben der APV sind schwarz, grün, grau und blau.

Das Wappen zeigt einen Schild in diesen Farben. Das Wappen erscheint dabei in zwei Variationen: entweder mit einem auf dem Schild liegenden Visierhelm mit Federbusch oder mit einer auf dem oberen Schildrand aufgesetzten Goldkrone. Beide Wappen stehen gleichberechtigt nebeneinander. Darüber hinaus findet das Wappen Brandenburgs, der rote Adler, Anwendung in der APV. Das Motto der Pankgrafen lautet: "Wohltun - Freundschaft - Vaterland"

Die Gemeinnützigkeit der APV besteht durch die Förderung
 des Heimatgedankens
 der Verbundenheit der deutschen Städte und Regionen und ihrer Bevölkerung untereinander
 der Bewahrung und Pflege der Überlieferung der Berliner und deutschen Geschichte, einschließlich der Sammlung und Nachbildung von Gegenständen und Unterlagen aus der Vorzeit
 Pflege des deutschen Lied- und Musikgutes
 und insbesondere die materielle Unterstützung bedürftiger Personen

Zur ordnungsgemäßen Spendenerfassung dient der Barnajadenbund e.V., eine Unterorganisation der APV.

Die Mitglieder der APV von 1381 setzen sich zusammen aus
 den Großkomturen
 den Komturen
 den Pankgrafen

Der Hochmeister ist der Vorsteher der APV. Er führt die Oberaufsicht über die Geschäfte und die Verwaltung des Vereinsvermögens, beruft den Vorstand und das Kollegium der Großkomture ein, leitet die Versammlung und veranlasst die Ausführung der Beschlüsse, kann Aufgaben an seine beiden Stellvertreter delegieren, die ihn auch in Abwesenheit vertreten.

Dem Hochmeister zur Seite steht ein von ihm selbst ausgesuchter Adjutant, der Erste und der Zweite Stellvertreter sowie die Statthalter der Vasallenstädte. Weiterhin gehören zum Vorstand der Ordenskanzler, der Generalconsul und sein Stellvertreter, der Ordensmarschall, der Oberschatz- und der Schatzmeister, der Oberzeremonien- und der Zeremonienmeister sowie die Beisitzer Archivverwalter, Archivgehilfe, Rüst- und Gewandmeister, Rüstgeselle, Reisemarschall sowie Beisitzer zur besonderen Verwendung (z. b. V.)

Die Pankgräfliche Kleiderordnung
Die Kleiderordnung des Vereins gibt für bestimmte Anlässe folgende Vorgaben
 für Remterabende: zwanglos, jedoch mit Krawatte
 kleiner Festanzug: schwarzer bzw. dunkler Anzug, weißes Hemd, Pankgrafennadel sowie Auszeichnungen
 zur Trauerfeier: wie kleiner Festanzug, Trauernadel umflort, ggf. auf dem Mantelrevers zu tragen
 Ordenskleid: (auf Anordnung verpflichtend) Hut mit Federn, Ordenskleid mit Gürtelhaken in Hüfthöhe, bestickter Kragen, Smoking-Hemd mit Eckenkragen, Manschetten (weiß), Handschuhe (weiß), Gürtel mit Tasche, Schwert, Stiefel, Pankratiuskreuz, Medaillen von Ritterfahrten, Offene Hände (silberne und goldene), Auszeichnungen und Ehrungen von gleichgesinnten Vereinen (keine Fantasieorden)
 Turnierkette: unabhängig von der Kleiderordnung bei allen offiziellen Anlässen

Zum Zeichen seiner Pankgrafenwürde trägt der Pankgraf auf seiner Brust ein metallenes Kreuz um den Hals.

Die Pankgräfliche Remterordnung
 Das Ordenskreuz ist vor dem Betreten des Raumes anzulegen. Die pankgräfliche Höflichkeit erfordert, zuerst den Hochmeister und dann alle anderen Anwesenden mit Handschlag zu begrüßen.
 Der offizielle Teil des Remterabends zeichnet sich durch diszipliniertes Verhalten der Freunde bei den Ausführungen des Hochmeisters und bei den künstlerischen Darbietungen aus. Die Kolonnenführer sind für die Ordnung in ihren Kolonnen verantwortlich.
 Dem Rufzeichen zur Eröffnung oder Wiedereröffnung des Officiums ist umgehend Folge zu leisten.
 Später Eintretende bleiben während einer Rede oder eines Vortrages am Eingang wartend stehen.
 Das Betreten des Remters und seiner Nebenräume bei und nach offiziellen Veranstaltungen ist weiblichen Personen streng untersagt.
 Das Betreten des Remters im Mantel zu jeder Zeit erzwingt eine sogenannte pankgräfliche Bestrafung.
 Name und Beruf eines eingeführten, dem Hochmeister vorgestellten Gastes sind mit dem Namen des einführenden Freundes zur Erleichterung der Vorstellung (in deutscher Sprache) geschrieben dem Adjutanten des Hochmeisters zu übergeben.

In der Kumperkatenstunde wie auch bei allen anderen Begrüßungen durch den Hochmeister (Geburtstage etc.) erheben sich alle Freunde unaufgefordert, wenn der Geehrte vor den Hochmeistertisch tritt. Nach der Ehrung stoßen ausnahmslos alle Freunde vor dem Hochmeistertisch begrüßend und beglückwünschend mit dem Geehrten an.

Vereinsfeste

Ordensfest Pankratius
Die Pankgrafen bezeichnen den 12. Mai als Pankratiustag und feiern ihr Ordensfest. An diesem Tag werden Auszeichnungen verliehen, Beförderungen zum Komtur oder Großkomtur vorgenommen sowie Kumperkaten zum Pankgrafen ernannt. Der abschließende Teil des Festes ist öffentlich. Pankratius ist der höchste Feiertag im Jahreslauf der Pankgrafen. Viele Lieder und Gebräuche der Pankgrafen behandeln diesen Tag.

Pankgräfliches Eisbeinessen
Jährlich im November findet in Berlin die "pankgräfliche Eisbeinatzung" (Zitat nach degenhardscher Chronik) statt. Dieses Ereignis ist ausschließlich Männern vorbehalten, Frauen ist der Zugang zu dem Saal nicht gestattet.

Ritterfahrten
Die Liste der Ritterfahrten umfasst über 100 Städtenamen, die 100. Stadt führte die Pankgrafen 2007 nach Braubach am Rhein. Die Fahrten beginnen im Jahre 1881 mit einer Ritterfahrt nach Bernau, wie auch 1994 wieder. Die Zählung der Fahrten geht natürlicherweise auf die "Alte Pankgrafschaft 1381 von Wedding an der Panke bei Berlin" bezogen. So fand 2010 die 631. Ritterfahrt als Freundschaftsfahrt nach Höxter statt. Manche dieser Ritterfahrten endeten allerdings statt als besonderes Ereignis mit Zerwürfnissen. So war 1959  eine "Ritterfahrt zur Eroberung der Herzen" nach Ansbach geplant und am Ende war es ein bitterböser Streit mit dem Verdacht des Meineids. Manche Gemeinde nutzt die Ritterfahrten zur Selbstwertgewinnung:  Auszüge weiterer Beschreibungen aus der "degenhardt`schen Chronik" finden sich auf der "Homepage" der Pankgrafen.

Literatur
 Gustav Degenhardt: Chronik der Alten Pankgrafschaft 1381 bis 1981. Berlin 1980.

Weblinks
 Homepage des Vereins

 Tagesspiegel.de: Für Freundschaft, Wohltun, Vaterland, vom 24. Februar 2003

Einzelnachweise

Weltlicher Ritterorden
Verein (Berlin)
Gegründet 1881


text:
A 1990-es önkormányzati választások első fordulóját szeptember 30-án, második fordulóját pedig október 14-én bonyolították le valamennyi magyar településen. A rendszerváltásnak köszönhetően ekkor került sor a tanácsrendszer lebontására Hajdúnánáson is.

A választáson a legtöbb mandátumot az SZDSZ szerezte meg, összesen 4-et (a listás szavazatok 17%-át kapta a párt). 3 mandátumot szerzett az FKGP (18%), 2-2 mandátumot nyert az MSZP (14%) és a KDNP (8%), és 1-1 képviselőt delegálhatott a testületbe az Ipartestület (11%), a Fidesz (10%), az MDF (10%), valamint a Bocskai SE (6%). 4 független képviselő lett a testület tagja. Az alakuló ülésen Boros Miklóst (SZDSZ) választották meg a képviselők a város polgármesterévé.

A választás rendszere
A tanácsrendszerről az új önkormányzati rendszerre való áttérésről szóló törvényeket 1990 augusztusának elején fogadta el az országgyűlés. A törvények értelmében a települések legfőbb döntéshozó szerve a tanács helyett a képviselő-testület, a település elsőszámú vezetője pedig immár nem a tanácselnök, hanem a polgármester lett.

Az új választási rendszer szerint a 10 ezer főnél népesebb településeken a polgárok csak a képviselőkre adhatták le a szavazataikat, a polgármester megválasztása a képviselő-testület hatáskörébe tartozott.

A képviselők száma a lakosság számához igazodott. Hajdúnánásnak ebben az évben 19 ezer lakója volt, ezek alapján 19 fős képviselő-testületet alakíthatott meg. A képviselőket úgynevezett kétszavazatos rendszerben választották. A tizenkilencből 10-et egyéni választókerületekben, 9-et pedig listán választhattak meg a választópolgárok.

Egyéni jelölt állításához a választókerületi polgárok 1%-ának az ajánlására volt szükség. Listát az a szervezet indíthatott, amelyik legalább két egyéni jelöltet állított.

Ha az első fordulóban a részvétel nem érte el a 40%-ot, akkor második fordulót kellett tartani. Az egyéni választókerületekben az érvényességen túl arra is szükség volt, hogy a legtöbb szavazatot kapó jelölt a szavazatok legalább egynegyedével bírjon – ennek hiányában szintén második fordulót kellett tartani. A második fordulóban nem voltak sem érvényességi, sem eredményességi feltételek.

Választókerületek

A képviselő-testület létszáma 1990-ben 19 fő volt. A szabályok szerint a települési képviselő-testületek létszáma a település lakosságszámához igazodott. A választópolgárok száma 1990-ben 13.682 fő volt, a lakosságszám pedig 19.198 fő.

A képviselők közül tízet az egyéni választókerületekben választhattak meg a polgárok, kilenc fő a jelölő szervezetek listáiról nyerte el a mandátumot.

Tedej településrész a 10. választókerület része volt.

Előzmények
Az utolsó tanácsi választásokat 1985. június 8-án tartották (a 40-es körzetben pótválasztást kellett tartani június 22-én). 43 képviselő szerzett mandátumot, mindannyian egyéni választókerületből (valamint 35 póttag). A június 17-i alakuló ülésen ismét Papp Imrét választották meg a tanács elnökévé, az elnökhelyettes Bódi Jánosné, a vb-titkár pedig újfent Medgyesiné dr. Gombos Éva lett (aki a rendszerváltás után a város jegyzője is volt 2006-ig). Papp Imrét saját kérésére 1986 októberében felmentették, őt Polonkai László váltotta a poszton ügyvezető elnökként. Az 1987. május 16-i időközi választáson a 26-os körzetben Gut Istvánné, a 44-esben pedig Polonkai László szerzett mandátumot, akit a választást követő tanácsülésen meg is választottak elnökké. A tanács utolsó ülését 1990. szeptember 10-én tartották.

Oláh Zoltán, a Nánási Újság újságírója 1990 nyarán háromrészes cikksorozatban szólaltatta meg azokat a személyeket, akiket a helyi közvélemény lehetséges polgármesterjelöltként tartott számon. Fontos megjegyezni, hogy ekkor még nem volt elfogadott törvény az önkormányzatokról, illetve az önkormányzati képviselők és a polgármester megválasztásáról, így sok volt a bizonytalanság. Ennek több interjúalany is hangot adott.

 Polonkai László (48) tanár, a Városi Tanács elnöke 1986-1990 között: tekintve, hogy az akkor már megjelent törvénytervezetben sok volt a bizonytalansági tényező a polgármester választásának módját és a képviselő-testület összetételét illetően is, így nem tudott nyilatkozni arról, indul-e a polgármesteri posztért.
 Papp Imre (53) tanár, a Városi Tanács elnöke 1984-1986 között: bár többen is megkeresték, de akkori nyilatkozata szerint nem akarta vállalni a jelöltséget.
 Patai István (45) népművelő-könyvtáros, moziüzemvezető: két feltételhez kötötte jelöltségét: legyen közvetlen polgármester-választás, ugyanis ellenkező esetben a képviselő-testület tagjai fogják leosztani egymás között a pozíciókat. A másik pedig, hogy tisztázódjon le az önkormányzatok vagyonának, anyagi hátterének kérdése, tekintve, hogy anyagi háttér nélkül semmit nem lehet tenni.
 Tarr Sándor (64) nyugdíjas, a Városi Tanács elnöke 1965-1984 között, okleveles mezőgazdász: bár többen is megkeresték, nyilatkozata szerint csak akkor lett volna hajlandó indulni, ha érzi a városlakók többségének támogatását, álláspontja szerint ugyanis csak így tudott volna segíteni a város lakosságának ebben a kritikus időszakban. Kizárólag független jelöltként lett volna hajlandó indulni akkor is, ha esetleg több párt is támogatta volna.
 Dr. Kricsfalussy István (52) ügyvéd, az MDF helyi csoportjának vezetője: hülyeségnek nevezte azt a feltevést, hogy polgármester-jelöltként indul. Szerinte amiatt gondolták, hogy indul a jelöltségért, mert benne volt az MDF vezetésében.
 Dr. Éles András (36), a Hajdúnánási Állami Gazdaság jogásza: indulását attól tette függővé, hogy sikerül-e megszerezni az aláírásokat. Beszélt arról, hogy ilyen lehetőség csak egyszer adódik az ember életében, ezzel együtt azonban a felelősség is nagy, ugyanis egy eddig járatlan utat kell kitaposni. Kizárólag független jelöltként lett volna hajlandó elindulni.
 Molnár Sándor (49) műszaki tanár a helyi Kőrösi Gimnáziumban: meglepődött az újságírói megkeresésen, ugyanis más személy ez ügyben őt nem kereste. Szerinte paraszti származása, illetve maga és apósa gazdálkodói tevékenysége okán hozták összefüggésbe a nevét a hozzá közel álló párttal.
 Dr. Pappné Bernád Judit közgazdász, a Ventifilt igazgatója: bár MDF-körökben elfogadott volt a személye, sőt, támogatták is volna, nem vállalta a jelöltséget.
 Kalmár Imre (65) nyugdíjas, a Városi Tanács elnökhelyettese 1972-1975 között, előtte-utána tanácsi osztályvezető: 40 évi közszolgálat után még érzett magában annyi erőt, hogy elinduljon a jelöltségért. Szerinte az államigazgatás külön szakma, és felelőtlenség, hogy "dilettáns" emberek jelöltessék magukat polgármesternek, ugyanis ezt a feladatot nem lehet hozzá nem értéssel elvállalni, a városlakók nem kísérleti nyulak. Álláspontja szerint a választás módja közömbös, a legfontosabb a tiszta kéz és a szakértelem.
 Ádám László (55) tanár, a 125. sz. Ipari Szakmunkásképző Intézet (ma Csiha Szakgimnázium) igazgatója: nem kapott megkeresést, de ha kapott volna sem vállalta volna. Megítélése szerint az akkori helyzetben mindenképpen fiatal ember lett volna polgármesternek való.
 Bódi László (46) agrármérnök, a Hajdúnánási Állami Gazdaság igazgatója: nem voltak polgármesteri ambíciói, nem is tudott arról, hogy szóba került volna a neve.
 Dr. Diószegi Sándor (39) jogász, a Hajdúnánás Városi Rendőrkapitányság vezetője: nem ambicionálta a polgármesteri posztot, továbbra is a kapitányságon kívánta szolgálni a várost.
 Dr. Papp Imre (43) jogász, a Hajdú-Bihar Megyei Rendőrfőkapitányság vezetője: bár nem tudott arról, hogy felmerült a neve a posztra, nagy megtiszteltetés volt számára, hogy nem felejtették el őt a városban. Pár évvel korábban szívesen vette volna a jelölést, de ekkor már nem kívánt indulni a polgármesteri posztért.

Jelöltek

Képviselőjelöltek

Egyéni választókerületi jelöltek

Dőlt betűvel szerepelnek azok a képviselőjelöltek, akik visszaléptek a második forduló előtt. Mivel ezen a választáson még gyakori jelenség volt, hogy független egyéni képviselőjelöltek szerepeltek valamely szervezet listájára is felkerültek, ezért esetükben zárójelben szerepel az a jelölő szervezet, amelynek listáján szerepeltek.

Listák

Polgármesterjelöltek
A képviselő-testület alakuló ülésén két jelölt közül választhattak a képviselők: az egyik jelölt Boros Miklós pénzügyi osztályvezető volt, aki az SZDSZ listájáról került a testületbe. A másik jelölt Papp Imre tanár volt, aki a 8. körzet független képviselője volt, ezen kívül az Ipartestület listáján is szerepelt. 1984 és 1986 között a Városi Tanács elnöke volt.

A szavazás menete
A választás első fordulóját 1990. szeptember 30-án, vasárnap bonyolították le. Mivel a részvételi arány nem érte el a 40%-ot egyik választókerületben sem, így mind a 10 körzetben második fordulót kellett tartani október 14-én. A választópolgárok mindkét fordulóban reggel 6 órától kezdve adhatták le a szavazataikat, egészen a 18 órás urnazárásig.

Részvétel

Az alig 30 százalékos részvétel elmaradt a 40%-os küszöbtől, egyik körzetben sem lett érvényes a választás, ugyanez igaz a listás szavazásra is. A képviselői helyek sorsa így a két héttel későbbi második fordulóban dőlt el, ahol némileg magasabb volt a részvétel.
A pártok képviselői megdöbbenésüknek adtak hangot a rossz első fordulós részvétel miatt. Mindannyian másban látták az alacsony aktivitás okait: volt, aki szerint a pártok kampánya nem volt elég jó, volt, aki az emberek érdektelenségét emelte ki, illetve egy olyan magyarázat is született, miszerint az előző rendszerből maradt beidegződések miatt nem ment el az emberek többsége szavazni.

Eredmény

Képviselő-választások

Egyéni választókerületi eredmények
Mivel a Nánási Újságban csak a győztes jelöltekre leadott szavazatok számát közölték, ezért a többi jelölt szavazatszáma a Hajdú-Bihari Naplóban közreadott százalékos eredmények alapján becsült adat. Az érvénytelen első forduló után nem közölt a helyi lap szavazatszámokat, a megyei lap adta közre a százalékos eredményeket.

Listás eredmények
1990-ben listára is szavazhattak a választópolgárok, a kilenc mandátumot a szavazatok arányában osztották ki.

7 szervezet delegálhatott listáról képviselőt a testületbe: az FKGP és az SZDSZ 2-2, az MSZP, az Ipartestület, a FIDESZ, az MDF és a KDNP pedig 1-1 mandátumot szerzett.

Összesítés (második forduló)

Polgármester-választás

A megválasztott önkormányzat

A választás után
A legnagyobb frakciót az SZDSZ alakíthatta meg 4 fővel (listán 17%-ot szerzett a párt), az FKGP 3 (18%), az MSZP (15%) és a KDNP (8%) 2-2, az Ipartestület (11%), a FIDESZ (10%), az MDF (10%) és a Bocskai SE (6%) 1-1 főt delegálhatott a testületbe. Az egyéni választókerületekben a legtöbb szavazatot a független jelöltek kapták, 4-en jutottak közülük mandátumhoz. A megválasztott képviselők szeptember 18-án vették át mandátumukat egy kivétellel: a 9. körzetben bejelentés érkezett a választási eredmény ellen, így Mészáros János ekkor még nem vehette át a mandátumát. Mivel a bejelentést a testület október 29-i megalakulásáig nem sikerült kivizsgálni, így a 19 helyett csak 18 képviselő tette le az esküt. A művelődési központban tartott alakuló ülésen a körzet egyik lakója felszólalásában amellett érvelt, hogy a polgármestert nem lehet megválasztani, ugyanis az ő választókerületükben még nincs képviselő. A jogszabályok szerint azonban ez nem akadály, így a testület elfogadta a napirendet kibővítve az alpolgármester megválasztásával. Eztuán a képviselő-testület meg is vonta a hozzászólás jogát a vendégektől. A polgármester személyére két jelölés érkezett: az Ipartestület képviselője Papp Imre tanárt javasolta a posztra, aki 1984 és 1986 között már vezette a várost tanácselnökként. Az SZDSZ a harmincéves Boros Miklóst javasolta a posztra, aki korábban a tanácsnál dolgozott pénzügyi osztályvezetőként. Érvelésük szerint lakossági vélemény alapján gazdasági szakembernek kell ellátnia a polgármesteri feladatokat, a jogi tudás úgyis ott van a jegyzőnél. Végül 12-6 arányban Boros Miklóst választotta meg a testület polgármesterré. Az alpolgármester személyére három javaslat érkezett: dr. Éles András, Úri Sándor és Papp Imre, utóbbi viszont nem vállalta a jelöltséget. 11-5 arányban Éles András mellett döntött a testület. Megyei közgyűlési küldöttként Nyakas Gábort, Úri Sándort és Bódi Lászlót választották meg a képviselők, közülük utóbbi lett a megyei közgyűlés helyben megválasztott tagja. Az ülést követően Papp Imre lemondott képviselői mandátumáról. Döntését azzal indokolta, hogy "ebben" a képviselő-testületben nem kíván dolgozni. Mészáros János november 30-án vehette át mandátumát. 1993 szeptemberében történt még változás a képviselő-testület személyi összetételeben, amikor is Oláh Zoltán (SZDSZ) halála miatt a megüresedő listás mandátumot Hrotkó Vendel vette át, igaz, ekkor már pártonkívüliként, ugyanis ekkorra már saját bevallása szerint eltávolodott a párttól.

Időközi választás 1991
Papp Imre lemondása miatt időközi választást kellett tartani a 8. választókerületben. A választás első fordulóját 1991. február 3-án tartották, ami 16,5%-os részvétel mellett érvénytelen lett. A február 17-i második fordulóban 283 érvényes szavazatot adtak le, amelyből 144-et László Sándor kapott (50,88%). László Sándor ezután több mint 15 évig volt a körzet képviselője (1994-től az MSZP színeiben), a 2006-os választáson szoros versenyben kapott ki Buczkó Józseftől, de listáról bekerült a testületbe.

Jegyzetek

Önkormányzati választások Hajdú-Bihar megyében
1990
Hajdúnánás