text:
Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award, förkortat ALMA , tidigare även benämnt på svenska Litteraturpriset till Astrid Lindgrens minne, är ett statligt litteraturpris, instiftat 2002 av den svenska Regeringen Persson strax efter att Lindgren avled. Prissumman är på fem miljoner svenska kronor och delas ut i maj.

Föreskrifterna om priset regleras genom Förordning (2002:1091) om litteraturpriset till Astrid Lindgrens minne. Priset administreras av Statens kulturråd (Kulturdepartementet) och den årliga kostnaden på minst 12 miljoner kronor (2016, 2021) bekostas med svenska skattemedel.

Beskrivning

Historik
Priset tillkännagavs den 7 mars 2002 av kulturminister Marita Ulvskog, drygt 5 veckor efter att Lindgren avled.

Vid införandet av priset föreslog Kulturrådet att handläggningen av priset borde ske med så stor offentlig insyn som möjligt. Samtidigt föreslog de att sekretessförordningen (1980:657) skulle utvidgas till att omfatta verksamheten så att sekretesslagen (1980:100) skulle kunna åberopas som sekretessgrund i handläggningen av frågor om litteraturpriset.

Året för prisets tillkomst framfördes oro för att kostnaden för priset skulle leda till utarmade anslag till svensk barnlitteratur och svensk barnkultur. Carl Otto Werkelid skrev att priset hade tillkommit brådstörtat, obetänkt och som ett "svårslaget utbrott av hybris". Han skrev att priset troligen skulle bli administrativt mycket kostsamt och föredrog att pengarna hade använts till inköpsstödet till folk- och skolbibliotek.

Inriktning

Litteraturpriset till Astrid Lindgrens minne är världens största barn- och ungdomslitteraturpris. Det delas ut till författare, illustratörer, berättare och läsfrämjare vars verk eller arbete för barn och unga är av allra högsta konstnärliga värde och präglas av den djupt humanistiska anda som Astrid Lindgren förknippas med. Dessutom är det till summan det näst största litteraturpriset i världen.

Priset delas ut till enskilda barnboksförfattare eller illustratörer, men kan även utdelas till organisationer som främjar barn och ungas läsande och rättigheter och verkar i Astrid Lindgrens anda och som värnar demokratiska värderingar. Priset kan också delas ut till muntliga berättare. Ett helt konstnärskap kan belönas med priset. En eller flera pristagare kan utses, och endast nu levande personer kan motta priset.

Juryns beslut får inte överklagas.

Arbetsgång
Pristagarna offentliggörs i mars varje år, och själva utdelandet sker ett par månader senare. Detta är slutfasen på en omröstningsprocess som påbörjats i december över ett år tidigare.

December två år före utdelningen: Juryn uppdaterar listan över vilka instanser i världen som får lov att nominera kandidat till priset.
Januari: Inbjudan skickas ut till nomineringsinstanser.
Maj: Nomineringsförslagen kommer in (senast 15 maj).
Maj–augusti: Juryn granskar nominerade kandidater.
Oktober: Nomineringarna offentliggörs.
Oktober–februari: Juryn läser, diskuterar och sammanträder regelbundet omkring kandidaterna.
Mars: Vid säsongens sista jurymöte (i slutet av mars) utses årets pristagare. Beslutet offentliggörs av juryn vid en presskonferens direkt efter mötet.
Maj: Prisutdelningen sker under maj månad i Stockholm. Under en "pristagarvecka" arrangeras kringaktiviteter omkring det belönade författarskapet, för läsfrämjare, lärare, barn och ungdomar, politiker och journalister.

Jury
Juryn består av tolv ledamöter som utses av Statens kulturråd för fyra år i taget och som längst kan sitta i tolv år. Ledamöterna har yrken såsom litteraturforskare, författare, illustratörer, bibliotekarier och recensenter samt en ledamot som representerar Astrid Lindgrens familj. För att undvika att alla ledamöter skulle bytas ut samtidigt inledde hälften av de första medlemmarna sina mandatperioder med ett tvåårigt förordnande.

Juryns nuvarande ordförande är Boel Westin (2023), professor i litteraturvetenskap, som tillsattes sommaren 2014. Andra ledamöter är Lena Kåreland och läkaren Henry Ascher. Dessutom ingår Astrid Lindgrens barnbarnsbarn som ombud för Astrid Lindgrens familj i juryn.

Juryns ordförande
 2002–2004  Janne Lundström
 2004–2014 Larry Lempert
 2014– Boel Westin

Kostnad
Kostnaden för priset finansieras med svenska skattemedel.

Penningpriset är 5 miljoner kronor, men redan 2005 var den totala kostnaden nästan dubbelt så hög. 2008 var kostnaden 10 miljoner kronor årligen och bestod av fem miljoner i prissumma och fem miljoner i administrativa kostnader. 2016 var kostnaden minst 12 miljoner kronor då arvoden till ledamöter i arbets- och referensgrupper samt till juryn uppgick till 7 miljoner kronor.

Utdelningar
De senaste åren har prisutdelningen skett på Stockholms konserthus.

Pristagare
 2003 – Christine Nöstlinger () och Maurice Sendak ()
 2004 – Lygia Bojunga ()
 2005 – Ryōji Arai () och Philip Pullman ()
 2006 – Katherine Paterson ()
 2007 – Banco del Libro ()
 2008 – Sonya Hartnett ()
 2009 – Tamerinstitutet ()
 2010 – Kitty Crowther ()
 2011 – Shaun Tan ()
 2012 – Guus Kuijer ()
 2013 – Marisol "Isol" Misenta ()
 2014 – Barbro Lindgren ()
 2015 – Project for the Study of Alternative Education in South Africa (Praesa, )
 2016 – Meg Rosoff ()
 2017 – Wolf Erlbruch ()
 2018 – Jacqueline Woodson ()
 2019 – Bart Moeyaert ()
 2020 – Baek Heena ()
 2021 – Jean-Claude Mourlevat ()
 2022 – Eva Lindström ()
 2023 – Laurie Halse Anderson ()

Se även
 H.C. Andersen-medaljen
 Unga skriver för unga - Ett nationellt textpris, för personer 10 till 18 år, som är ett samarbete mellan ALMA och Tensta konsthall, och med en total prissumma på 6 000 sek.

Andra Astrid Lindgren-priser
I Sverige delas två andra priser kopplade till Astrid Lindgrens namn ut:
 Astrid Lindgren-priset är ett nationellt pris som instiftades den 14 november 1967 (på Lindgrens 60-årsdag) av Rabén & Sjögren. Det delas årligen ut för förtjänstfullt författarskap inom barn- och ungdomslitteratur och har (sedan år 2017) en prissumma på 100 000 kronor.
Samfundet De Nios Astrid Lindgren-pris instiftades vid Lindgrens 90-årsdag 1997. Det delas sporadiskt (senaste gången 2019) ut till forskare och författare inom barn- och ungdomslitteraturområdet och hade 2007 en prissumma på 125 000 kronor.

Fotnoter

Anmärkningar

Referenser

Externa länkar
 Almaprisets webbplats

Priser och utmärkelser instiftade 2003
Svenska barnlitteraturpriser


text:
Malakása (engelska: Malakasa) är en ort i Grekland.   Den ligger i prefekturen Nomarchía Anatolikís Attikís och regionen Attika, i den sydöstra delen av landet,  km norr om huvudstaden Aten. Malakása ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Malakása är huvudsakligen kuperad, men västerut är den bergig. Den högsta punkten i närheten är Béletsi,  meter över havet,  km sydost om Malakása. Runt Malakása är det tätbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Acharnes,  km söder om Malakása. I omgivningarna runt Malakása

Medelhavsklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är februari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är december, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är juli, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Orter i Attika

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
La Route A107 ou Petit périphérique de Moscou () est une route périphérique de 335 km de long entourant Moscou en Russie.

Présentation

Références

Liens internes
Liste des autoroutes de la Russie
A108 (autoroute russe)

Liens externes

A107


text:
Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins minted and issued by member states of the Eurozone. They are minted mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used on rare occasions. Austria was one of the first twelve countries in the Eurozone to introduce the euro (€), on 1 January 2002. Since then, the Austrian Mint has been minting both normal issues of Austrian euro coins (which are intended for circulation) and commemorative euro coins in gold and silver.

These commemorative coins are legal tender only in Austria, unlike the normal issues of the Austrian euro coins, which are legal tender in every country of the Eurozone. This means that the commemorative coins made of gold and silver cannot be used as money in other countries. Furthermore, as their bullion value generally exceeds their face value, these coins are not intended to be used as means of payment at all—although this remains possible where they are also legal tender. For this reason, they are usually named Collectors' coins.

Such coins usually commemorate the anniversaries of historical events. They can also draw attention to current events of special importance. Austria mints more than ten of these coins on average per year, in gold, silver and niobium, with face values ranging from €1.50 to €100 (though, as an exceptional case, 15 coins with face value €100,000 were minted in 2004).

Summary

As of 3 July 2008, eighty variations of Austrian commemorative coins have been minted: eleven in 2002, twelve in 2003, fourteen in 2004, thirteen in 2005, thirteen in 2006, nine in 2007 and eleven to date in 2008. These special high-value commemorative coins are not to be confused with €2 commemorative coins, which are coins designated for circulation and have legal-tender status in all countries of the Eurozone.

The following table shows the number of coins minted per year. In the first section, the coins are grouped by the metal used, while in the second section they are grouped by their face value.

Vienna Philharmonic Coin

2002 coinage

2003 coinage

2004 coinage

2005 coinage

2006 coinage

2007 coinage

2008 coinage

2008 Europe Taler

2009 Coinage

The following is the schedule for next year issues.

Notes

References

Austria
Currencies of Austria


text:
Ка́непи () — посёлок в Эстонии, в уезде Пылвамаа, находится в одноимённой волости Канепи, являясь также её административным центром. Через Канепи проходит река Выханду и дорога Таллин—Тарту—Выру—Лухамаа (E263).

Согласно переписи населения 2011 года в посёлке Канепи проживало 564 человека, из них 557 (98,8 %) — эстонцы. В 2000 году численность жителей посёлка составляла 657 человек.

В посёлке находится гимназия Канепи, в здании которой также размещены дом культуры, библиотека и детский сад. Из достопримечательностей в Канепи находится церковь и монумент, посвящённый Освободительной войне.

Топоним
Эстонское слово «kanep» означает «конопля». Издавна в волости Канепи, и, в частности, в окрестностях посёлка Канепи, выращивали коноплю, из которой изготавливали масло, волокно для тканей и верёвок. В 2018 году в ходе онлайн-голосования жители выбрали символом волости конопляный лист, который появился на гербе и флаге волости.

История

Первые упоминания о деревне на месте современного посёлка Канепи датируются 1582 годом, когда эти земли входили в состав Речи Посполитой. Деревня фигурировала под названием Канапиеза (Kanapieza) в описи земель, составленной после Ливонской войны. Во время польского правления здесь была построена католическая молельня, которая позднее была снесена.

После Польско-шведской войны, завершившейся в 1629 году, земли южной Эстонии отошли Швеции. В ревизии земель, проведённой шведскими властями в 1636 году, деревня упоминается под названием Kannebkyllo.

В 1674 году в деревне была построена деревянная церковь. 4 августа 1675 года, указом шведского короля Карла XI, на основе окраин приходов Отепя, Урвасте и Пылва, был сформирован приход Канепи. В 1725 году в составе прихода было 375 хуторов. В 1883 году население прихода составляло 8763 человек. В 1737 году было построено новое деревянное здание церкви.

В 1802 году пробст Иоганн Филипп фон Рот сделал Канепи центром пробства Вырумаа и создал здесь собрание церковных учителей, библиотеку и кружок изучения языка. В церковной мызе Канепи также находилось приходское собрание и суд. В 1804 году Рот основал в Канепи приходскую школу. 9 июля 1804 года началось строительство нового каменного здания церкви по проекту архитектора Ф. Зигеля. В 1808 году здание было построено и освящено 2 августа 1810 года ливонским суперинтендентом Карлом Коттлобом Зоннтагом.

В 1866 году приходы в Лифляндской губернии были разделены на волости, и деревня Канепи вошла в состав волости Пийганди. В 1894 году волость Пийганди была присоединена к волости Эраствере и Канепи стал волостным центром объединённой волости. В начале XX века развитие поселения замедлилось в связи с большим расстоянием от железной дороги и нехваткой земель для застройки. В 1939 году, в результате волостной реформы, на землях бывшей волости Эраствере была образована волость Канепи. После Второй мировой войны и присоединения Эстонии к СССР, в 1945 году волость упразднена и был образован сельсовет Канепи.

Известные уроженцы
 Хуго Треффнер (1845—1912) — эстонский педагог, публицист, редактор, основатель и многолетний директор гимназии в Юрьеве, единственной крупной средней школы в XIX веке на территории современной Эстонии. Видный деятель эстонского национального пробуждения.
 Салме Канн (1881—1957) — хоровой дирижёр и музыкальный педагог.

См. также
 Конопляное (Украина)

Примечания

Литература

Населённые пункты Эстонии
Пылвамаа
Канепи (волость)


text:
Liste des ducs de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg.

Origine
Issue de la Maison d'Oldenbourg, la Maison de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg est née lors des partages du duché de Schleswig-Holstein intervenus entre :
 les fils du duc Jean de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg (mort en 1622), dernier fils du roi Christian III de Danemark, lui-même fils du roi Frédéric ...
... et demi-frère aîné du duc Adolphe de Holstein-Gottorp dont la branche devait accéder au trône impérial de Russie en 1762 sous le nom de Romanov, ainsi qu'au duché d'Oldenbourg (Frédéric-Auguste en 1773, fils puîné de Christian-Auguste) et à la couronne de Suède (Adolphe-Frédéric en 1751, autre fils de Christian-Auguste) : cf. l'article Holstein-Gottorp,
 puis entre les fils d'Alexandre de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg (mort en 1627), lui-même troisième fils dudit duc Jean.
Rappelons que les comtes d'Oldenbourg accédèrent au trône de Danemark en 1448 avec Christian  (1426-1481), comte d'Oldenbourg en 1440-1448, aussi roi de Norvège en 1450 et de Suède en 1457, puis en 1460 duc de Schleswig et comte de Holstein (duc en 1474), père de Frédéric  (1471-1533) et grand-père de Christian III de Danemark (1503-1559). Christian  était le fils du comte Thierry d'Oldenbourg et d'Hedwige de Holstein-Slesvig, fille de Gérard VI de Holstein et de Slesvig. Hedwige de Holstein descendait des anciens rois de Danemark, de Suède, de Norvège, et était l'héritière des comtes de Holstein et des ducs de Slesvig/Schleswig.

Les descendants en lignée masculine de Frédéric II de Danemark, fils aîné de Christian III et frère du duc Jean, ont possédé la couronne de Danemark jusqu'à Frédéric VII († en 1863 ; arrière-petit-fils de Frédéric V), ainsi que, en union personnelle,

 le Holstein et le Slesvig, aussi jusqu'à Frédéric VII,
 et l'Oldenbourg de 1667 jusqu'à Christian VII qui le céda aux Holstein-Gottorp en 1773 ; auparavant, de 1448 à 1667, Oldenbourg relevait de la branche fondée par le dernier frère du roi Christian , Gérard (1430-1500) : sa lignée se termina avec Antoine-Gonthier, † 1667,
 alors que Delmenhorst était allé à leur frère Maurice (1428-1464), père de  (1463-1484) : ensuite  échut aux Oldenbourg.

Puis le trône danois échut en 1863 aux Schleswig-Holstein-Beck-Glücksbourg en la personne de Christian IX, le beau-père de l'Europe, qu'on retrouvera plus loin (sa femme Louise de Hesse-Cassel était une nièce maternelle de Christian VIII et lui-même un arrière-petit-fils maternel de Frédéric V ; mais Christian IX perdit le Schleswig et le Holstein en 1864 à l'issue de la Guerre des Duchés), jusqu'à son arrière-arrière-petite-fille Margrethe II.

(les parentés s'établissent de père à fils, sauf mention contraire) :

Lignée de Sonderbourg ensuite Franzhagen
 1622-1627 : Alexandre de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg, fils du duc Jean
 1627-1653 : Jean-Christian de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg, aussi duc de Schleswig-Holstein- (à Schulendorf) en 1634 (premier fils d'Alexandre). Franzhagen venait du duc François II de Saxe-Lauenbourg, dont deux des gendres étaient fils du duc Jean : Philippe de Glücksbourg et Frédéric de Norbourg, ci-dessous ; finalement, leur neveu Jean-Christian de Sonderbourg en hérita.
 1653-1667 : Christian-Adolphe de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Franzhagen.
Il cède Sonderbourg au roi de Danemark en 1667 et règne à Franzhagen jusqu'à sa mort en 1702
 1702-1707 : Léopold-Christian de Schleswig-Holstein-Franzhagen
 1707-1708 : Louis-Charles de Schleswig-Holstein-Franzhagen, son frère
 1708-1709 : Christian-Adolphe II de Schleswig-Holstein-Franzhagen (1707 - † 1709), son fils.

Lignée dite Silésienne
 1627-1667 : Alexandre-Henri de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg (deuxième fils d'Alexandre ci-dessus)
 1667-1702 : Ferdinand-Léopold de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg, son fils ;
 1702-1737 : Alexandre-Rodolphe de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg, son frère.

Lignée d'Augustenbourg
 1627-1689 : Ernest-Gonthier de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Augustenbourg (troisième fils d'Alexandre)
 1689-1692 : Frédéric de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Augustenbourg
 1692-1731 : Ernest-Auguste de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Augustenbourg, son frère
 1731-1754 : Christian-Auguste de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Augustenbourg, son neveu, fils de Frédéric-Guillaume
 1754-1794 : Frédéric-Christian  de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Augustenbourg
 1794-1814 : Frédéric-Christian II de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Augustenbourg (son frère cadet Charles-Auguste est prince héritier de Suède en 1810)
 1814-1852 : Christian-Auguste II de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Augustenbourg (1798-1869) (sa mère est Louise-Augusta de Danemark, et son frère cadet Frédéric fonde la branche des comtes de Nore)
 1869-1880 : Frédéric-Auguste de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Augustenbourg : issu du mariage inégal de son père Christian-Auguste II, il revendique cependant en 1863 les duchés de Schleswig et de Holstein comme chef de la Maison d'Oldenbourg et plus proche parent agnatique de Frédéric VII  — alors que son père Christian-Auguste avait renoncé à ses droits sur lesdits duchés en 1852 au profit de la Couronne danoise : cf. l'article Guerre des Duchés. Frédéric-Auguste s'intitule donc désormais duc de Schleswig-Holstein (son frère cadet Christian est un gendre de la reine Victoria)
 1880-1921 : Ernest-Gonthier II, duc de Schleswig-Holstein (sa sœur Augusta-Victoria est la femme du kaiser Guillaume II)
 1921-1931 : Albert, duc de Schleswig-Holstein, son cousin germain, fils de Christian
Le titre de duc de Schleswig-Holstein passe alors à Frédéric II de Glücksbourg ci-dessous, dont la mère Caroline-Mathilde était la fille du duc Frédéric-Auguste et la sœur d'Ernest-Gonthier II.

Lignée de Beck (à Löhne, Ulenburg) puis de Glücksbourg
 1627-1675 : Auguste-Philippe de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Beck (cinquième fils d'Alexandre)
 1675-1689 : Auguste de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Beck
 1689-1719 : Frédéric-Guillaume  de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Beck
 1719-1728 : Frédéric-Louis de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Beck, son oncle
 1728-1749 : Frédéric-Guillaume II de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Beck
 1749-1757 : Frédéric-Guillaume III de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Beck
 1757-1774 : Charles-Louis de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Beck, son oncle
 1774-1775 : Pierre-Auguste de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Beck, son frère
 1775-1816 : Frédéric-Charles-Louis de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Beck, son petit-fils, fils de Charles-Antoine-Auguste
 1816-1831 : Frédéric-Guillaume IV de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg, reçoit Glücksbourg ( lignée) en 1825, et marie Louise-Caroline de Hesse-Cassel, fille de Louise de Danemark et petite-fille de Frédéric V
 1831-1878 : Charles de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg
 1878-1885 : Frédéric de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg, son frère [un frère cadet des ducs Charles et Frédéric, Christian IX de Danemark, le beau-père de l'Europe, est à l'origine des rois de Danemark (1863), de Grèce (Georges  en1863 ; un de ses petits-fils, Philip, duc d'Edimbourg, épouse la reine Elisabeth II) et de Norvège (Haakon VII en 1905)]
1885-1934 : Frédéric-Ferdinand de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg (1855-1934)
 1934-1965 : Frédéric II de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg (1891-1965), duc de Schleswig-Holstein, chef de la Maison d'Oldenbourg
 1965-1980 : Pierre de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg
 Depuis 1980 : Christophe de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg.

Lignée de
 1627-1689 : Philippe-Louis de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Wiesenbourg (huitième fils d'Alexandre)
 1689-1724 : Frédéric de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Wiesenbourg
 1724-1744 : Léopold de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Wiesenbourg
Wiesenburg est cédé à Auguste de Saxe dès 1724.

Lignée de Glücksbourg
 1622-1663 : Philippe de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg (septième fils de Jean ci-dessus)
 1663-1698 : Christian de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg
 1698-1729 : Philippe de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg (1673-1729)
 1729-1766 : Frédéric de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg (1701-1766)
 1766-1779 : Frédéric-Henri-Guillaume de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg-Glücksbourg

Glüksbourg est réuni au Danemark à la mort de Frédéric-Henri-Guillaume en 1779.

Lignée de Plön
 1622-1671 : Joachim-Ernest  de Schleswig-Holstein-Plön (dixième fils de Jean)
 1671-1704 : Jean-Adolphe  de Schleswig-Holstein-Plön
 1704-1706 : Léopold-Auguste de Schleswig-Holstein-Plön, son petit-fils, fils d'Adolphe Auguste
 1706-1722 : Joachim-Frédéric de Schleswig-Holstein-Plön-Norbourg, son grand-cousin, fils d'Auguste de Plön-Norbourg (frère cadet de Jean-Adolphe  ; Norbourg ou Nordborg sur l'île d'Als : le titre ducal avait d'abord été porté par deux oncles d'Auguste et Jean-Adolphe  : Jean-Adolphe,  fils du duc Jean, puis Frédéric,  fils du duc Jean, suivi de son propre fils )
 1722-1729 : Jean-Adolphe II de Schleswig-Holstein-Plön-Rethwisch, son cousin germain, fils de Joachim-Ernest II duc de Rethwisch (un frère de Jean-Adolphe  et d'Auguste)
 1729-1761 : Frédéric-Charles de Schleswig-Holstein-Plön, son petit-cousin, fils de Christian-Charles et petit-fils d'Auguste

Réunion avec le Danemark en 1761 à la mort de Frédéric-Charles.

Liens internes
 Liste des comtes de Holstein
 Liste des ducs de Schleswig
 Liste des ducs de Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp et des ducs de Holstein-Gottorp
 Maison de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg

Bibliographie
 ; réédition 1966 Généalogie des comtes et ducs de Holstein: Volume III, Chapitre VIII, Tableau Généalogique

Maison d'Oldenbourg
Liste de ducs
Liste de ducs allemands
Maison de Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderbourg


text:
Jonagold es una variedad cultivar de manzano (Malus domestica)

Desportes
A partir de 'Jonagold' se han obtenido las siguientes mutaciones reconocidas:

Generalizados son los mutantes 'Jonagored', que tiene un color rojo uniforme y también se vende como 'Jonagored', y 'Red Jonaprince' (marca Red Prince®). Los mutantes comunes son 'Novajo', 'Jonica' y 'Wilmuta'. Estos tienen un color rojo más claro que la forma básica, pero también rendimientos ligeramente más bajos.

Historia
'Jonagold' es una variedad Triploide, conseguida en 1943 en el "New York State Agricultural Experiment Station" perteneciente a la Universidad Cornell, Geneva, New York, Estados Unidos. Fue introducida en 1968.

'Jonagold' se encuentra cultivado en el National Fruit Collection con el número de accesión: 2000 - 113 y Accession name Jonagold (EMLA).

Características
La manzana 'Jonagold' tiene de ascendencia parental 'Golden Delicious' & 'Jonathan'.

Las plantas tienen un crecimiento fuerte y bastante delgado. Los brotes generalmente se colocan planos, se forman muchos brotes largos. Las hojas son grandes y en forma de bote. La variedad florece tarde y largo y es fértil.

Los frutos son grandes y de forma esféricos a altos, su índice de altura-ancho es 0.88. Su color es amarillo soleado, en el lado soleado rojo anaranjado a rojo fresa brillante. Las lenticelas pueden reconocerse como estrellas rojas o puntos brillantes. La copa es de tamaño mediano. El tallo es medio grueso y largo. Las semillas se forman de manera irregular.

La carne es amarillenta, suelta, corta y jugosa, luego se vuelve suave. Se pueden disfrutar a partir de octubre. Su sabor es dulce-afrutado-sutilmente agrio. 'Jonagold' se utiliza principalmente para consumo de mesa en fresco.

En años particularmente húmedos y productivos, la superficie de esta variedad de manzana puede tener manchas oscuras. Estos son los llamados ``puntos Jonathan que se transmiten de la variedad madre 'Jonathan'. No hay deterioro del sabor.
 Cultivo
La variedad prefiere lugares cálidos, y prefiere suelos que sean fértiles y profundos. Las flores y la madera son moderadamente sensibles a las heladas. La vida útil de 'Jonagold 'es muy buena. Los frutos apenas están en peligro por el viento.

'Jonagold' es moderadamente susceptible a mildiu polvoriento, roña o sarna del manzano y cancro de árboles frutales. Como donador de polen 'Jonagold' no es adecuado como variedad triploide.

 Véase también

 Referencias

 Bibliografía
 Dapena, E., Blázquez, M.D. 2009. Descripción de las variedades de manzana de la D.O.P Sidra de Asturias. SERIDA. 69 pp. [disponible en línea: http://www.serida.org/pdfs/4071.pdf].
 Dapena, E., Blázquez, M.D., Fernández, M. 2006. Recursos fitogenéticos del Banco de Germoplasma de Manzano del SERIDA. Tecnología Agroalimentaria 3: 34-39. [disponible en línea: http://www.serida.org/pdfs/1524.pdf].

 Rivera Núñez, Diego; Obón de Castro, Concepción. Frutos secos, oleaginosos, frutales de hueso, almendros y frutales de pepita . Volum 1. Editum, 1997, p.152–153. ISBN 8476847440 [Consulta: 19 de febrero de 2012].
 Henri Kessler, Pomologie romande illustrée. Les 50 meilleures variétés de fruits pour la culture avec reproduction en couleurs d'après échantillons cultivés au pays, 1949.
 Willi Votteler: Verzeichnis der Apfel- und Birnensorten, Obst- und Gartenbauverlag, München 1993, ISBN 3-87596-086-6
 André Leroy, Dictionnaire pomologique, tomes 3 et 4, 1867.
 Les deux tomes de « Le Verger Français », 1947, 1948.
 Robert Silbereisen: Malus. In: Hans. J. Conert u. a. (Hrsg.): Gustav Hegi. Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Band 4 Teil 2B: Spermatophyta: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 2 (3). Rosaceae 2. Blackwell 1995. ISBN 3-8263-2533-8.
 Gerhard Friedrich und Herbert Petzold (Pomologe): Handbuch Obstsorten'', Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4853-6.

Enlaces externos

 Nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/full2.php?id=3905&&fruit=apple Jonagold
  Variedades de manzanas gallegas.
 Alimente.elconfidencial.com/diferencias entre las sidras vasca gallega y asturiana.
Variety Profile from Enza
A detailed description
Facebook
Nutritional information
Blog

Malus domestica
Jonagold
Jonagold


text:
The Buncefield fire was a major fire at an oil storage facility that started at 06:01 UTC on Sunday 11 December 2005 at the Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal, located near the M1 motorway, Hemel Hempstead, in Hertfordshire, England. The terminal was the fifth largest oil-products storage depot in the United Kingdom, with a capacity of about 60 million Imperial gallons (273 million litres) of fuel. The terminal is owned by TOTAL UK Limited (60%) and Texaco (40%).

The first and largest explosion occurred near tank 912, which led to further explosions which eventually overwhelmed 20 large storage tanks.
The emergency services announced a major emergency at 06:08 and a firefighting effort began. The cause of the explosion was a fuel-air explosion in a vapour cloud of evaporated leaking fuel. The British Geological Survey monitored the event, which measured 2.4 on the Richter scale.
News reports described the incident as the biggest of its kind in peacetime Europe and certainly the biggest such explosion in the United Kingdom since the 1974 Flixborough disaster. The flames had been extinguished by the afternoon of 13 December 2005. However, one storage tank re-ignited that evening, which firefighters left to burn rather than attempting to extinguish it again.

The Health Protection Agency and the Major Incident Investigation Board provided advice to prevent incidents such as these in the future. The primary need is for safety measures to be in place to prevent fuel escaping the tanks in which it is stored. Added safety measures are needed for when fuel does escape, mainly to prevent it forming a flammable vapour and stop pollutants from poisoning the environment.

Incident

Explosion and fire

The first and largest explosion occurred at 06:01 UTC on Sunday, 11 December 2005 near container 912. Further explosions followed which eventually overwhelmed 20 large storage tanks.
From all accounts, it seems to have been an unconfined vapour cloud explosion of unusually high strengthalso known as a fuel-air explosion. Because of an inversion layer, the explosions were heard up to  away; there were reports that they were audible in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands.

The British Geological Survey monitored the event, which measured 2.4 on the Richter scale. It was reported that people were woken in south London, and as far west as Wokingham (about ), where in its southern suburb, Finchampstead, numerous people felt the shockwave after the initial explosion. Subsequent explosions occurred at 06:27 and 06:28.

Witnesses many miles from the terminal observed flames hundreds of feet high; the smoke cloud was visible from space, and from as far north as Lincolnshire (about  away). Damage from the blasts included broken windows at various buildings including the Holy Trinity church and Leverstock Green School, blown-in or warped front doors, and an entire wall being removed from a warehouse more than half a mile (800 m) from the site. Buildings in neighbouring St Albans also suffered; Townsend School had serious blast damage, and a window was blown out of St Albans Abbey (about  away).

Several nearby office blocks were hit so badly that almost every window, front and back, was blown in as the explosion ripped through them. The timing of the explosion before work hours possibly prevented additional casualties. Reports also indicated that cars in nearby streets caught fire. The roof of at least one house was blown off. Buildings in the vicinity were evacuated by police, not only because of the smoke and possibility of more explosions, but because of the danger of structural damage making the buildings unstable.

There were 43 reported injuries; two people were deemed to be seriously injured enough to be kept in hospital, one in Watford General Hospital, with breathing difficulties, and another in Hemel Hempstead Hospital, although they were not in a life-threatening condition. Some early media reports spoke of eight fatalities, but these may have been persons missing. All members of staff from the terminal were accounted for.

Hertfordshire police and fire services and the member of parliament for the area, Mike Penning, said that there were seven fuel tanks on the site which, as of 14:00 on 12 December, had not been affected. These tanks were at risk of exploding if the fire were to spread.

Tackling the blaze

The emergency services announced a major emergency at 06:08 and a tremendous firefighting effort began. At peak times this effort consisted of 25 fire engines, 20 support vehicles and 180 fire fighters.

Around 150 firefighters were called immediately to the incident, and began tackling the blaze at 08:20 on the morning of 11 December, putting in containment measures before applying a large quantity of foam. The incident occurred close to junction 8 of the M1 motorway, which led to its closure and the setting up of a public exclusion area. It was estimated that this incident would be the largest "single-seat" fire in the world ever to be fought by a fire brigade, and foam supplies from sites all over the UK were drawn upon.

Plans had been in place to start using foam at midnight on 11 December, but were delayed by last-minute concerns over possible pollution of local rivers and underlying water sources. Six high volume pumps were used to extract  of water per minute per secondfrom a reservoir  from the fire, with six more high-volume pumps deployed at various locations to serve as boosters. Thirty-two thousand litres (7,039 imp gal) of fire fighting foam per minute were directed against the fire for just over four hours, after which the pumping rate was reduced. Half of the 20 individual fires were reported extinguished by midday.

By 16:30 on Monday 12 December, it was reported that a further two tank fires had been extinguished, but that one of the tanks extinguished earlier had ruptured and re-ignited, and was now threatening to cause the explosion of an adjacent tank. This led to the M1 motorway being closed again; the public exclusion area was widened, and firefighters were temporarily withdrawn until the risk posed by the threatened tank could be assessed.

Firefighting operations were resumed at about 20:00, and it was anticipated that all fires could be extinguished during the night. Further damage occurred to one of the storage tanks in the early hours of Tuesday morning, causing firefighters to be withdrawn once again, but operations resumed at 08:30. By midday on 13 December, all but three fires had been extinguished, although the largest tank was still burning. Bronze commandoperations on the groundwas visited by the Bishop of St Albans, the local vicar, and the industrial chaplain supporting the fire crews, to see how they were coping.

Firefighters were confident that the remaining fires could be extinguished during the day on Tuesday, 13 December. The smoke plume had been considerably reduced and was more grey, indicating the amount of vapourised water now combining with the smoke. It was reported at 16:45 that all tank fires had been extinguished, although some smaller fires persisted. 75% of firefighters for Hertfordshire were involved in fighting the fire, supported by 16 other brigades. The entire gold command operation, involving many agencies as well as all the emergency services, was run from Hertfordshire Constabulary's headquarters in Welwyn Garden City, some distance from the fire.

A further fire broke out during the early morning of 14 December. Firefighters were of the view that extinguishing it would leave the risk of petroleum vapour re-igniting or exploding, so it would be better to allow the fire, which was well contained, to burn itself out. Hertfordshire Fire Service's deputy chief Mark Yates stated that escaping petroleum vapour was the most likely cause of the original explosion and fire.

Smoke cloud

The black smoke cloud, which was visible from satellite photographs, drifted at a high altitude, around , towards Reading and Swindon, and could be seen across much of South East England.

The small particles in the smoke contained hydrocarbons, which can be an irritant but have a low toxicity and were not expected to cause any long-term harm. The Met Office issued warnings that the smoke in the atmosphere could come down in rainfall during the night of 11 December.

The fire resulted in 244 people requiring medical aidmainly on the first day of the fire. From those 117 had symptoms attributable to the incident, of whom 38 were members of the public. The majority of those visiting hospitals were from the rescue services and attended for precautionary check ups. Most of them had no symptoms, except for 63 emergency workers who suffered respiratory complaints, of which half were sore throats.

For the first two days of the fire, the high thermal energy made the plume highly buoyant; this, together with settled weather conditions, allowed the plume to rise to a great height with little cross-mixing. When the fire was reduced in intensity it was reported to be possible that the plume would be less buoyant and that ground-level smoke concentrations could then rise significantly. By 12 December, it was reported that the smoke cloud had reached northern France; it was expected to arrive in northern Spain by the weekend.

To investigate the smoke cloud the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements, a research aircraft operated jointly by NERC and the Met Office, made two flights on 12 and 13 December. In the first flight the edge of the plume was followed along the south coast of England. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and ozone concentrations were found to be low with soot particles being the major component in the cloud. The second flight went into the centre of the plume to obtain data to help forecasting and emergency teams.

Reactions and response

Evacuations and closures

Hundreds of homes in the Hemel Hempstead area were evacuated, and about 2,000 people had to find alternative accommodation; emergency services asked residents of the smoke-affected areas to close their windows and doors and to stay inside.

Hertfordshire Constabulary advised people who had houses with smashed windows to seek refuge with friends or family nearby if possible. Some people whose homes were damaged by the blast were placed in hotels, while others stayed in a nearby shopping centre. Total, the operator of the Buncefield depot, set up a helpline for people whose properties had been damaged by the explosion, and called in local authorities and the Salvation Army to provide accommodation or other help.

Concerns for public safety resulted in about 227 schools, libraries, and other public buildings across Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire closing on 12 and 13 December. Police and local authorities advised residents to consult the Hertfordshire Direct website for up-to-date information.

Seventy-eight schools in Luton borough were closed on 13 December, along with a limited number of schools in Bedfordshire, on the advice of Hertfordshire's Health Protection Agency that all schools within a  radius of the incident site should be closed because of concerns surrounding the effect of the smoke plume on children's health. Schools reopened as normal on 14 December.

Transport disruption
The incident occurred close to junction 8 of the M1 motorway. The motorway was shut between junctions 12 and 6aabout shortly after the incident. Other roads in the vicinity, including the short M10 motorway (now part of the A414 road), were also closed.

Some local petrol stations reported long queues as people started panic buying. A spokesman for the Department of Trade and Industry gave assurances that no petrol shortage was likely to result from the incident.

The oil terminal supplied 30% of Heathrow Airport's fuel, and because of the fire, the airport had to start rationing fuel. Some long-haul flights to Australia, the Far East, and South Africa had to make an intermediate stop at Stansted Airport or other European airports to refuel, while short-haul operators were asked to fuel their aircraft for the round trip before flying to Heathrow. Some aircraft were only allowed 40% of the fuel they would normally take on board. Fuel shortages continued for months after the explosion.

Business disruption
In the Maylands industrial area the worst affected buildings were the Northgate Information Solutions headquarters and the Fujifilm building. These buildings were so badly damaged they were rendered completely unusable. Demolition of the Fujifilm building began soon afterwards, and by June 2006 it had been completely removed from the site. Although the Northgate and Fujifilm buildings were closest to the blast, the surrounding Catherine House (to the north), Keystone Distribution building (to the west), 3Com Corporation and RO buildings (to the south), were also extensively damaged. In all, six buildings were designated for demolition and 30 more required major repairs before they could be reoccupied.

As a result of the destruction of the equipment in the Northgate building several websites hosted there were inaccessibleincluding that of the Labour Party. Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge was also affected; its IT system dealing with admissions and discharges had to be replaced for several days by a manual system.

A number of companies were affected by inability to reach their premises even where the premises themselves were largely unaffected by the blast. Criticism was expressed by local citizens and the local MP that originally the depot had been constructed away from other buildings, but that developmental pressures had led to both houses and commercial premises being built near the depot.

Groundwater pollution
In May 2006 Three Valleys Water announced that it had detected the persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic fluorosurfactant perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)which is used in fire fighting foamin a ground water bore hole close to the Buncefield site. It stated that no water from this well entered the public water supply and that a nearby well and pumping station had been closed since the fire as a precaution. The chemical is a known health risk and the UK government had been about to ban its use.

However just before the announcement, the Drinking Water Inspectorate announced that it was increasing the safe level of the chemical in drinking water. Hemel Hempstead MP, Mike Penning accused the government of changing the rules to suit the situation in which PFOS levels in drinking water in the area may rise in the future. Most of the fuel burned outrather than spilling into the soil, so the impact on surrounding land and the water table was limited.

Top Gear

In Series 7 of the UK version of Top Gear, The "Gas Guzzler Of The Year Award" (referring to Miles Per Gallon) was being presented. Jeremy Clarkson announced the third nominee to be Hemel Hempstead, while a photo of the explosion was shown on screens around the Top Gear Studio. "That actually used up 60 Million gallons of fuel, didn't move an inch"

Inquiry

A government inquiry held jointly by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and the Environment Agency was started, but calls for a full public inquiry were declined. The Board included Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree; Prof Dougal Drysdale, an authority on fire safety; and Dr Peter Baxter, a medical expert. Environment Agency and HSE staff were also on the board. Its aim was to identify the immediate causes of the explosion, rather than consider who was to blame for any deficiencies, so as not to prejudice further legal proceedings.

An initial progress report by the Major Incident Investigation Board on 21 February 2006 did not go into the causes of the explosion, but summed up the event and the immediate reaction from the emergency services. A second progress report, published on 11 April 2006, looked at the environmental impact.

A further announcement was made on 9 May 2006 about the sequence of events which caused the explosion. Starting at 19:00 on the evening of 10 December 2005, Tank 912, towards the north west of the main depot, was filled with unleaded petrolfrom the Coryton Refinery located in Essex, England. At midnight the terminal closed, and a check was made of the contents of tanks, which found everything normal. Normally the gauges monitor the level of the fuel in the tank as it fills from the particular pipeline. From about 03:00 the level gauge for Tank 912 began to indicate an unchanging level reading, despite it being filled at  per hour.

Calculations show that the tank would have begun to overflow at about 05:20. There is evidence suggesting that a high-level switch, which should have detected that the tank was full and shut off the supply, failed to operate. The switch failure should have triggered an alarm, but it too appears to have failed. Forty-one minutes later, an estimated  of petrol would have spilled down the side of the tank through the roof vents onto the ground inside a bund walla semi-enclosed compound surrounding several tanks.

An overflow such as this results in the rapid formation of a rich fuel and air vapour. CCTV footage showed such a vapour flowing out the bund wall from around 05:38. By 05:50 the vapour started flowing off the site, near the junction of Cherry Tree and Buncefield Lane. Around 05:50 the rate at which fuel was being pumped into the tank increased dramatically. Initially the fuel was pumped in at  per hour, but it increased to about  per hour. By 06:01, when the first explosion occurred, the cloud which was initially about  deep, thickened to  and had spread beyond the boundaries of the site.

The extent of the damage meant it was not possible to determine the exact source of ignition, but possibilities include an emergency generator and the depot's fire pump system. The investigators did not believe that it was caused either by the driver of a fuel tanker, as had been speculated, or by anyone using a mobile phone. It was felt unlikely that the explosion had a widespread effect on air quality at ground level.

Legal action

Civil liability

A total of 2,700 claims were filed by residents, businesses and insurers. A group of 146 claimants were hoping to bring a class action against Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd. On 17 March 2006 a High Court official, Senior Master Turner, adjourned a hearing on whether to permit the class action until October 2006. Claimants including insurance companies, small businesses and about 280 families whose properties were damaged or destroyed were claiming up to £1 billion in damages.

Several court cases resulted from the explosion, although the main trial to determine who was liable for the damage commenced at the High Court in October 2008. The BBC quoted Cheetah Courierswhich suffered a 20% drop in turnover because of the explosions, resulting in losses of around £300,000 to £400,000. The company was located in offices on an industrial estate  from the depot.

An initial trial concluded on 23 May 2008 when Mr Justice David Steel issued a summary judgment after hearing that both Total and Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd (HOSL) had agreed that negligence was the cause. In the main trial, Total UK claimed that the duty supervisor at the time was responsible for the explosion, but refused to admit either civil or criminal liability for the incident. Total UK argued that it should not be liable for damages because it could not reasonably have foreseen that it would cause the destruction it did. On 20 March 2009 the High Court found Total liable for the blast, saying that it was satisfied that Total had control of tank filling operations at the Buncefield depot. The judgement left the company facing damage claims of around £700 million.

Total appealed the judgement, but the appeal was dismissed in a hearing on 4 March 2010.

Criminal liability
The site is covered by the COMAH regulations. The Control of Major Accidents and Hazards Regulations are jointly enforced by the "competent authority" which is formed of the Environment Agency and the Health and Safety Executive. They carried out an investigation during and following the fire.

In April 2010 the five companies accused of causing the explosion faced a criminal prosecution brought by the Health and Safety Executive and the Environment Agency. Two defendants, Total UK and British Pipeline Agency Limited, had already pleaded guilty to offences under the Health and Safety at Work Act. The remaining three, Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd, TAV Engineering Ltd and Motherwell Control Systems were found guilty in June 2010. TAV Engineering Ltd and Motherwell Control Systems were found guilty of failing to protect their employees. Hertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd was found guilty of failing to prevent major accidents and limit their effects and then pleaded guilty to causing pollution to enter controlled waters underlying the vicinity around the site, contrary to the Water Resources Act.

Sentencing took place in July 2010. Total UK was fined £3.6m, plus £2.6m in costs. Hertfordshire Oil Storage Limited was fined £1.45m and £1m in costs. The British Pipeline Agency was fined £300,000 plus £480,000 costs. Motherwell Control Systems and TAV Engineering were fined £1,000 each. Local MP Mike Penning called the modest fines "insulting".

The terminal

The Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal (HOSLHertfordshire Oil Storage Ltd), generally known as the Buncefield complex, was the fifth largest oil-products storage depot in the UK, with a capacity of about  of fuel, although it was not always full. This was about 8% of UK oil storage capacity.

The HOSL is a major hub on the UK's oil pipeline network (UKOP) with pipelines to the Lindsey Oil Refinery and Stanlow Refinery and is an important fuel source to the British aviation industry, providing aircraft fuel for local airports including Gatwick, Heathrow and Luton airports. About half of the complex is dedicated to the storage of aviation fuel. The remainder of the complex stores oil, kerosene, petrol and diesel fuel for petrol stations across much of the South-East of England. The terminal is owned by TOTAL UK Limited (60%) and Texaco 40%.

The seat of the fire, and the worst damaged section, was "HOSL West", used by Total and Texaco to store a variety of fuels, and the neighbouring British Pipeline Agency area.

Causes

The final report of the Major Incident Investigation Board (MIIB) was written in 2008 and released in February 2011. The investigation found that Tank 912 at the Buncefield oil storage depot was being filled with petrol. The tank had a level gauge that employees used to monitor the level manually, and an independent high-level switch which would shut off inflow if the level got above a certain setpoint. On Tank 912, the manual gauge was stuck and the independent shut-off switch was inoperative, meaning that the tank was being "filled blind" with petrol (i.e., being filled without a clear indication of the level). Eventually Tank 912 filled up completely, the petrol overflowed through vents at the top, and formed a vapour cloud near ground level, which ignited and exploded. The fires from the explosion then lasted for five days.

The investigation found that the level gauge had stuck at random times after a tank service in August 2005, but it did not concern maintenance contractors or site management. The independent shut-off switch was not fitted with a critical padlock to allow its check lever to work. Secondary containment (meant to trap the petrol in a retaining wall around the tank) failed and allowed petrol to flow out. Tertiary containment (drains and catchment areas to prevent release of spilled chemicals to the environment) also failed, and fuel and firefighting foam entered groundwater supplies. The investigation found secondary and tertiary containment to be inadequately designed and poorly maintained.

Wider management failings were found by the investigation to have contributed to the explosion: management safety checks at the site were found to be deficient and not properly followed. Site staff did not have control over the flow rates and timing of two of the three inlet sources, meaning that they did not have enough information to properly manage the storage of incoming fuel. Further, overall throughput had increased, reducing wait times further and shifting the emphasis to process operations instead of process safety.

Aftermath

Soon after the incident the Health Protection Agency was stripped of its remit to provide air quality data and it was passed on to the Environment Agency which forms part of the Major Accident Investigation Board.

Remembrance
An anniversary service was held in Holy Trinity Church Leverstock Green on Sunday, 10 December 2006, at which the Bishop of St Albans spoke, calling again for a full public inquiry, for assurances that the local hospital would maintain its accident and emergency department, and for the community to continue to build on good and new relationships formed because of the blast.

Reconstruction
To rebuild the damaged parts of the site, the relevant approval from Dacorum Borough Council would be needed. The BP section of the site is a good way from the explosion and survived with very little damage, but it was inoperative as of 2009. BP is exploring plans for the future use of this part of the site, and has indicated a number of priorities, including the reopening of the fuel pipelines to Heathrow. It is considering using its section to store aviation fuel and as a distribution centre for motor fuel, but at a much-reduced level. In late 2009, Total UK submitted plans for the reconstruction of the oil depot. The reconstruction of the site has been taking place since March 2013.

Commemoration
On the roundabout at the entrance to Hemel, the "Phoenix Gateway" sculpture was designed by Jose Zavala to symbolize the recovery of the town from the Buncefield oil depot explosion.

See also

 2021 Balongan refinery explosion
 2009 Cataño oil refinery fire
 2009 Jaipur fire
 1987 Grangemouth Refinery explosion and fire
 1983 Milford Haven Refinery fire

References

Further reading

External links
 Buncefield explosion prosecution Prosecution resulting from Buncefield explosion.
 The Buncefield Investigation Official government enquiry.
 Hertfordshire Constabulary Aerial photographs of the fire in progress.
 Buncefield Terminal Incident Pages on the HOSL website.
 Hemel Today Coverage of the High Court compensation trial.
 Aerial photo (January 2006) of aftermath of the fire
 Aerial photo of the Buncefield terminal. Other .

Explosions in 2005
History of Hertfordshire
Explosions in England
Building and structure fires in England
2005 fires in the United Kingdom
2005 industrial disasters
2005 disasters in the United Kingdom
2005 in England
2000s in Hertfordshire
Engineering failures
Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom
Gas explosions
Dacorum
Disasters in Hertfordshire
TotalEnergies
Hemel Hempstead
December 2005 events in the United Kingdom
Industrial fires and explosions in the United Kingdom
Factory fires


text:
Live in Hollywood es el segundo álbum en vivo del grupo mexicano RBD, publicado originalmente el 4 de abril de 2006 en Estados Unidos y en México. El mismo día se lanza el DVD titulado Live in Hollywood.

El álbum fue grabado en el primer concierto de la agrupación en Los Ángeles, el 21 de enero de 2006 en el famoso Pantages Theatre, como parte de su gira mundial Tour Generación 2006. El concierto fue en vivo, pero tuvo un estilo diferente al álbum Tour Generación RBD en vivo, fue un show acústico.

El 19 de abril de 2006 se lanzó el primer sencillo del álbum, un nuevo tema, titulado «No pares» interpretado por Dulce María, la canción fue todo un suceso en las radios mexicanas. La canción fue compuesta por Lynda Thomas y el productor Carlos Lara.

Antecedentes y lanzamiento

El álbum se graba el 21 de enero de 2006 en el Pantages Theatre en Los Ángeles, Estados Unidos, como parte de su segunda gira mundial titulada "Tour Generación 2006" o "Nuestro Amor Tour". Dicha concierto fue el primero que la agrupación realizó en los Estados Unidos, siendo un show lleno de colores, con un estilo acústico y contando con la colaboración de un coro góspel.

Christian Chávez, durante una entrevista, explicó que las canciones grabadas forman parte del álbum Nuestro amor, con la diferencia de que fueron grabadas en acústico, agregando «hay muchos instrumentos, cuerdas, percusiones y el producto final es algo muy padre, como más íntimo».

El álbum fue lanzado a la venta simultáneamente el 4 de abril de 2006 en México, Brasil y Estados Unidos. En España el álbum se lanza el 11 de diciembre de 2006. Al mismo tiempo se lanzó el DVD filmado el 21 de enero de 2006. Contiene mayormente los temas incluidos en su segundo álbum de estudio titulado Nuestro amor.

Sencillos
El 19 de abril de 2006 se lanza el primer sencillo del álbum titulado «No pares». El tema es interpretado solo por Dulce María, el resto del grupo no participa en el tema. La canción fue compuesta por Lynda Thomas y el productor Carlos Lara. El video musical fue grabado en el DVD, y fue lanzada a modo de promoción del mismo. En 2007 el tema gana el Premio Orgullosamente Latino como canción latina del año.

Recepción

Crítica

Jason Birchmeier del sitio web Allmusic explica que el álbum contiene las canciones interpretadas en vivo de su nuevo álbum Nuestro amor y agrega «Una vez más, RBD no suena tan bien en vivo, encima del escenario, como lo hacen en el estudio, pero el rendimiento es muy animado, la gente está feliz, y todas las canciones clave está aquí: "Nuestro Amor", "Este Corazón", "Aún Hay Algo" y "Feliz Cumpleaños" en especial. Así, al menos, los fans deben estar satisfechos. Como beneficio adicional, hay una nueva versión de "Sólo Quédate en Silencio", uno de los éxitos de Rebelde, y también hay una nueva canción, "No Pares"».

Joey Guerra del sitio Amazon.com critica fuertemente el álbum así como también las voces de los integrantes de la agrupación, en especial la de la integrante Dulce María de la cual argumenta que esta «fuera de tono», finalmente agrega «Por su parte, la entusiasta multitud grita en cada entrada, cada salida y prácticamente cada palabra - bendiga sus corazones. En las manos de, bueno, cantantes, algunas de las canciones de RBD ("Este Corazón", "Solo Quédate En Silencio") podrían considerarse descaradamente como pop divertido. Tal como está, sin embargo, RBD chupa la energía y el alma de todo lo que sus voces entran en contacto. Sólo podemos aguantar la respiración -y nuestros oídos- hasta que la próxima moda española-pop se presente».

Desempeño comercial
En América del Norte, el álbum cosecha un gran éxito. En México alcanzó la posición catorce del Mexican Albums Chart. Fue certificado como disco de oro por la Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (AMPROFON), por la venta de 50 000 copias. En Estados Unidos el álbum se posicionó en la posición ciento veinte del Billboard 200, logrando cinco semanas en el chart. Logró el cuarto puesto del Billboard Latin Pop Albums y sexto puesto del Billboard Top Latin Albums. Gracias a ello, Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) le otorgó doble disco de platino por la venta de 200 000 copias en el país.

En Europa, el álbum tuvo una aceptable recepción. En España el álbum debutó en el puesto cuarenta y uno, alcanzando a la semana siguiente el puesto treinta y cuatro del Spanish Albums Chart.

En América del Sur, el álbum obtuvo una buena recepción desde su lanzamiento. En Brasil el álbum se posicionó en el segundo puesto del Brazilian Albums Chart, logrando permanecer doce semanas en la lista de ABPD. En Chile se posicionó en el cuarto puesto de la lista IFPI.

Lista de canciones
 Edición estándar

Listas y certificaciones

Semanales

Anuales

Certificaciones

Créditos y personal
Créditos por Live in Hollywood:

 Pedro Damián - Compositor, productor ejecutivo
 Camilo Lara - A&R, productor ejecutivo
 Carlos Lara - Compositor, Didjeridu, productor
 Guido Laris - Arreglos, Bajo sexto, dirección musical
 Luis Luisillo Miguel	- Productor asociado, fotógrafo
 Marisol Alcelay - Manejo de producción
 Raul González Biestro - Productor Stereo Mix
 Daniel Borner - Coordinación
 Gustavo Borner - Mixing, grabación
 Kara DioGuardi - Compositor
 Jade Ell - Compositor
 Leyla Hoyle - Coros
 Peter Kent -  Conducción de cuerdas
 Ivan Machorro - Arreglos

 Melissa Mochulske - A&R
 Rafael Padilla - Percusión
 Carolina Palomo - Coordinación, relaciones públicas
 RBD - Artista primario
 Fernando Roldán - Ingeniería
 Mario Sandoval - Compositor
 Maury Stern - Compositor
 Maxine Willard Waters - Coros

Premios y nominaciones

El álbum Live in Hollywood fue nominado en distintas ceremonias de premiación. A continuación, una lista con algunas de las candidaturas que obtuvo el álbum y los sencillos del disco:

Historial de lanzamiento

Véase también
 Live in Hollywood (DVD)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 RBD - Sitio oficial

Álbumes de RBD
Álbumes en vivo de 2006
Álbumes en español
Álbumes de pop


text:
Neoclypeodytes tumulus är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av K. B. Miller 2001. Neoclypeodytes tumulus ingår i släktet Neoclypeodytes och familjen dykare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Dykare
tumulus


text:
Falima Teao (ur. w 1931 roku) – polityk Tokelau, terytorium zależnego Nowej Zelandii, szef jego rządu w latach 1997–1998.

Od stycznia 1996 do stycznia 1999 był wodzem (Faipule) klanu na atolu Fakaofo. W roku 1997 został pierwszą osobą, która wykonała międzynarodowe połączenie telefoniczne z Tokelau – do tego czasu było to ostatnie terytorium, gdzie było to niemożliwe. Zadzwonił wówczas z gratulacjami do premiera Nowej Zelandii Jima Bolgera. W 2004 roku był jednym z dwóch praktykujących tam dentystów.

Przypisy

Szefowie rządu Tokelau
Urodzeni w 1931


text:
Richie Rich (Eigenschreibweise Ri¢hie Ri¢h) ist eine US-amerikanische Filmkomödie von Donald Petrie aus dem Jahr 1994. Der Film ist eine Comicverfilmung des gleichnamigen Comics aus dem Harvey Comics-Verlag. Die Hauptrolle spielte Macaulay Culkin.

Handlung

Richie Rich ist der Sohn des siebzigfachen Milliardärs Richard Rich und seiner Frau Regina Rich. Am Anfang werden seine Geburt und seine ersten Lebensjahre gezeigt. Als er zwölf Jahre alt ist, sind seine Eltern nach einem durch eine Bombe verursachten Flugzeugabsturz verschollen. Richie hätte an dieser Reise teilnehmen sollen. Unehrliche Angestellte, die den Anschlag auf die Familie verübt haben, versuchen daraufhin, sich der Firma und des Vermögens der Familie zu bemächtigen. Doch mit Unterstützung durch den treuen Diener Cadbury bietet ihnen Richie erst einmal Paroli und übernimmt erfolgreich die Leitung der Firma. Aufgrund einer Intrige wird Cadbury schließlich wegen des Verdachts, die Bombe gelegt zu haben, verhaftet. Richie wird nun von den Bösewichten auf dem Familienanwesen mehr oder minder eingesperrt, wo diese die "Schatzkammer" der Eltern, in der sie die teuersten Wertgegenstände vermuten, ausrauben wollen. Doch Richie kann fliehen und mit der Unterstützung anderer Kinder, mit denen er sich zwischenzeitlich angefreundet hat, des Professors und des aus dem Gefängnis befreiten Cadburys seine Eltern anhand eines speziellen Mobiltelefons lokalisieren – im Schlafzimmer nebenan, gefesselt und geknebelt. Sie waren von den Bösewichten aus der im Meer treibenden Rettungsinsel gerettet worden, da die "Schatzkammer" nur auf ihre Stimmen reagiert. Nach dem Öffnen stellt sich heraus, dass darin nur persönliche Gegenstände der Familie aufbewahrt werden, die für die Richs einen hohen emotionalen, aber kaum einen finanziellen Wert haben. Ein Baseballspiel mit den neuen Freunden beendet den Film.

Kritiken

Roger Ebert schrieb in der Chicago Sun-Times vom 21. Dezember 1994, der Film zeige die alte Geschichte eines reichen Kindes. Er verglich den Film mit den Filmen der 1930er Jahre, denen er mehr als den modernen Filmen über Kinder ähnele. Ebert schrieb, dass er überrascht sei, dass der Film ihm gefalle.

Das Lexikon des internationalen Films urteilte: "Ein mit unaufdringlichen sozialkritischen Tönen perfekt inszenierter Film nach einem erfolgreichen Comic; sorgfältig auch in Charakterzeichnung und Darstellung."

Auszeichnungen

Macaulay Culkin wurde 1995 für den Negativpreis Goldene Himbeere nominiert.

Hintergrund

Der Film wurde in Asheville (North Carolina), in Chicago, im Freizeitpark Six Flags Great America in Gurnee (Illinois) und in Gary (Indiana) gedreht. Er spielte in den Kinos der USA ca. 38,1 Millionen US-Dollar ein.

Im Jahr 1998 wurde die Fortsetzung Richie Rich – Die Wunschmaschine (Richie Rich's Christmas Wish) mit David Gallagher in der Hauptrolle veröffentlicht.

Die Dreharbeiten mit der Achterbahn, die Richie Rich zu Weihnachten geschenkt bekommen hat und die im Garten des Anwesens der Riches steht, fanden auf der Achterbahn Iron Wolf im Freizeitpark Six Flags Great America (USA) statt. Diese steht heute unter dem Namen Firebird im Freizeitpark Six Flags America (USA).

Kinostart in den USA war am 21. Dezember 1994. In Deutschland lief der Film ab dem 9. Februar 1995.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Filmtitel 1994
Filmkomödie
US-amerikanischer Film
Familienfilm
Comicverfilmung


text:
Francisco Domezain y Andia (Añorbe (Navarra) – Sevilla, 19 de abril de 1782) fue un político español que desempeñó el cargo de asistente de Sevilla entre 1778 y 1782.

Biografía
Fue hijo de Francisco Antonio Domezain, vecino de Añorbe, y de Pascuala Andía nacida en Lezaun, hermano de Joaquín Domezain (racionero en la Catedral de la Seo de Zaragoza), Ildefonso Domezain (teniente de caballería en Guatemala); Pedro José Domezain que ingresó en la orden jesuita y se embarcó hacia Nueva España, y Sor Águeda que ingreso como religiosa en el Monasterio de Santa Clara (Belorado).

En 1766, durante los acontecimientos del Motín de Esquilache, mientras actuaba como mercader y Comisario General de la Cruzada en Zaragoza, los manifestantes asaltaron su casa. Solicitó un nuevo destino a Carlos III de España que lo promovió a diversos cargos, entre ellos tesorero del ejército y reino de Mallorca entre 1766 y 1769, y a partir de 1769 contador e intendente del ejército de Andalucía, superintendente de rentas reales y asistente de Sevilla entre 1778 y 1782, sucediendo en este puesto a Pablo de Olavide que cesó al ser procesado y condenado por la inquisición. Estuvo vinculado a los círculos de Olavide y fue uno de los fundadores de
la Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País en Sevilla.

Pocos meses después de tomar posesión de su cargo como asistente en Sevilla, recibió una carta firmada por el conde de Floridablanca, fechada a 7 de octubre de 1779, en la que se la advertía que se había detectado la presencia de extranjeros que pretendían comprar el mayor número posible de pinturas de Bartolomé Esteban Murillo para sacarlas del país, por lo que se le indicaba tomara al respecto las medidas pertinentes. Por ota parte prestó especial atención a la protección de los niños desamparados que por aquel entonces abundaban en la ciudad, favoreciendo a la institución fundada por Toribio de Velasco en 1724 conocida como Seminario de Niños Toribios,  que se encargaba de recogerlos de la calle y educarlos para reinsertarlos en la sociedad, consiguiendo que fuera su sede el Colegio de San Hermenegildo que había pertenecido a los jesuitas hasta su expulsión de España en 1767 por orden de Carlos III.

Tras su muerte, fue enterrado en la Iglesia del Colegio de San Hermenegildo, bajo una lápida con el siguiente epitafio.

Referencias

Asistentes de Sevilla
Comisarios generales de Cruzada
Fallecidos en Sevilla


text:
Sven Vermant (4 d'abril de 1973) és un exfutbolista belga.

Selecció de Bèlgica
Va formar part de l'equip belga a la Copa del Món de 2002.

Referències

Futbolistes internacionals amb Bèlgica de la dècada de 1990
Futbolistes internacionals amb Bèlgica de la dècada de 2000
Entrenadors de futbol belgues
Esportistes de Lier
Esportistes de Malines


text:
Gaston Maulin (1932-2019), homme d'affaires français ;
 Olivier Maulin (1969), écrivain français.


text:
va ser un atleta kenyata, especialista en curses d'obstacles, que va competir durant la dècadad de 1960.

El 1964 va prendre part en els Jocs Olímpics d'Estiu de Tòquio, on fou el primer kenyata en disputar la cursa dels 3.000 metres obstacles del programa d'atletisme. No aconseguí classificar-se per la final. Quatre anys més tard, als Jocs de Ciutat de Mèxic, va guanyar la medalla de plata en la mateixa cursa, en finalitzar rere el seu compatriota Amos Biwott.

En el seu palmarès també destaca una medalla d'or als Jocs Panafricans de 1965 i una de bronze als Jocs de l'Imperi Britànic i de la Comunitat de 1966.

Va morir el 20 de gener de 2022, als 77 anys. L'any abans se li havia diagnosticat un càncer de pròstata.

Millors marques
 3.000 metres obstacles. 8' 31.6" (1967)

Referències

Esportistes als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1964
Medallistes als Jocs Olímpics d'estiu de 1968
Corredors d'obstacles kenyans
Medallistes olímpics kenyans
Morts el 2022


text:
La gens Anicia fue una familia de plebeyos de la Antigua Roma, mencionados por primera vez hacia finales del siglo IV a. C.. El primero de los Anicii que consiguió destacar bajo la República fue Lucio Anicio Galo, que condujo la guerra contra los ilirios durante la tercera guerra macedónica, en 168 a. C..

Una familia noble llevó este nombre en la época imperial, y puede haber sido descendiente de los Anicii de la República.

Origen
Los Anicii podrían proceder de la ciudad latina de Praeneste. El primero de la familia en obtener una magistratura curul en Roma llevó el apellido Praenestinus.

Praenomina
Se sabe que los Anicii utilizaron los praenomina Lucius, Quintus, Marcus, Gnaeus, Titus, y Gaius.

Ramas y cognomina
La única rama importante de la familia durante la República utilizó el cognomen Gallus, que puede referirse a un gallo, o a un galo. El apellido Praenestinus, encontrado en los primeros tiempos, puede indicar que la familia era original de la ciudad de Praeneste. Fue probablemente un cognomen personal, ya que no aparece en tiempos posteriores.

A finales del imperio, en el siglo IV d. C., una familia romana que llevaba el nomen Anicius alcanzó una gran prominencia. El historiador Edward Gibbon escribe:

.

Una rama de la familia fue transferida al Imperio Romano Oriental, estableciéndose en Constantinopla (donde Anicia Juliana, hija del Emperador de Occidente Olibrio, fue una mecenas de las artes) y aumentando en prestigio: el erudito y filósofo Boecio fue miembro de esta familia, como lo fue Anicio Fausto Albino Basilio, la última persona distinta del Emperador en ostentar el cargo de cónsul, en 541. En Occidente, por otro lado, los Anicii eran seguidores de la independencia del Imperio Occidental del Oriental; fueron, por tanto, seguidores del Reino ostrogodo de Italia, y por tanto, celebrados por el rey Teodato.

Referencias

Anicia


text:
Percy Thomas Carne Waram ( ; 28 October 1880 – 5 October 1961) was a British-born stage and film actor who spent much of his career in the United States. His career lasted 55 years on the American stage, and he had memorable roles in The Shanghai Gesture, Elizabeth the Queen, Mary of Scotland, Pride and Prejudice, and Anne of the Thousand Days. He starred in the Chicago production of Life With Father for three years, setting box office and attendance records, after which he took the production on the road for another 38 weeks. He starred in the Broadway production of The Late George Apley for a year, and then spent another 80 weeks with the show's national tour.

Waram originated the role of Horace Vandergelder in The Merchant of Yonkers, and appeared in an influential if not successful modern dress version of Hamlet.

Waram made only a few films, and had no starring roles, but is best remembered now for his role as General Haynesworth in the film A Face in the Crowd.

Early life
Percy Thomas Carne Waram was born 28 October 1880 in Cornwall in the United Kingdom to Joseph Carne Waram and his wife, Margaret Frances ( Powrie). His father served in the British Army, and his mother's family was Irish. He was a descendant of Mary Saunderson Betterton (1637–1712), the famed Elizabethan era actress. His great-grandmother was Julia Betterton Glover (1779–1850), the great comic actress of the early 1800s and the first woman to perform in Hamlet. His grandmother and mother were also actresses.

As a child, Waram wanted to join the army like his father had. While on holiday when he was 15 years old, he visited his older sister, who was appearing in the play East Lynne. A member of the cast fell ill, and Waram was cast as a butler in the play. He was immediately recast in the double role of an English nurse (in blonde wig) and French nurse (in black wig). It was his stage debut.

His family's difficult financial condition led him to go to work as an actor. He took a position with the same traveling company in which his sister was an actress, but quit shortly thereafter to join Sir Ben Greet repertory company. He made his London theatrical debut in 1899. Waram came with the Greet troupe when it traveled to the United States in 1902. He made his American stage debut in the play Everyman at the Maryland Theatre in Baltimore, Maryland.

After two years in the United States, Waram returned to the U.K. in 1905 to form his own touring troupe. The company largely performed in rural areas, often appearing in "tough mining towns". While performing in Glasgow, Scotland, an audience member threw a mug of beer at his head, knocking him senseless. Waram decided to rejoin the Ben Greet company after the incident, and traveled with them to the U.S. again. He traveled back and forth between the United Kingdom and United States, appearing in plays on both side of the Atlantic Ocean. He permanently relocated to the U.S. in 1908.

Stage work

Early years

The Greet troupe specialized in presenting plays by William Shakespeare, and Waram appeared in As You Like It, The Merchant of Venice, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, Much Ado About Nothing, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Hamlet, and The Taming of the Shrew. The Greet players occasionally did other plays, and Waram appeared in She Stoops to Conquer in 1908.

Waram sometimes worked for other companies as well. He appeared in the Violet Allen Company's production of Twelfth Night an American tour in 1903, the Frances Delaval Company's production of Her Lost Self at the St. James' Theatre in London in 1906, and performed for the William Faversham Company in 1909.

In 1910, Waram formed a very small troupe under the name "Percy Waram & Co.", and toured the Keith-Albee-Orpheum and Proctor theater circuits in vaudeville in the sketch The Boatswain's Mate ( The Bos'n's Mate). W. W. Jacobs and Herbert N. Sargent wrote the sketch specifically for Waram, adapting a short story of the same name by Jacobs. The sketch made its debut at the Montauk Theatre in Passaic, New Jersey, and Waram & Co. performed it until October 1915. Vaudeville proved highly lucrative for him.

Broadway debut and other early stage work
Waram most likely made his Broadway debut in the 1909 production of The Barber of New Orleans at Daly's Theatre. The following year he appeared in Arthur Conan Doyle play The Fires of Fate at the Liberty Theatre on Broadway.

After his three years in vaudeville ended, Waram returned to the stage as Captain Smollett in Treasure Island. The play premiered in June 1916 at the Colonial Theatre in Chicago. In October, the production moved to the Punch and Judy Theatre on Broadway, The play was Waram's first hit, running for 331 performances.

Waram returned to Broadway in the Mark Swan play Somebody's Luggage at the 48th Street Theatre in August 1916. This was followed by the role of the Gardener in the Charles Frohman Company's production of J. M. Barrie play Barbara's Wedding. The play had its world premiere in Buffalo, New York.

His second hit play was Jane Cowl and Jane Murfin Lilac Time, and his first important role. He played Captain Paget in the national touring company, which had a long run in Chicago in early 1918. He joined William Faversham's production of Lord and Lady Algy, which premiered at the Shubert Theatre on Broadway in December 1918, and stayed with the production during its 1919 national tour. He played the role of Lord Andrew Gordon in Guy Bolton and George Middleton play Adam and Eva during its national tour, which began in the summer of 1920 and did not end until March 1921. He followed by playing the role of George Herbert in Norman Trevor's Little Theater Group production of The Married Woman at Broadway's Princess Theatre in December 1921.

Waram appeared in a number of Broadway plays over the next five years: As Phillip Blanchard in Eden Phillpotts' The Shadow at the Klaw Theatre in April 1922, as the Elder Brother in The Lucky One at the Garrick Theatre in November 1922, as Jacques in The Tidings Brought to Mary at the Garrick Theatre in December 1922, as Domin in R.U.R. at the Shubert Theatre in April 1923, as Winthrop Field in A Love Scandal at the Ambassador Theatre in November 1923, as Beaucaire in Monsieur Beaucaire at the Murat Theatre in Indianapolis in May 1924, as Maitland White in Philip Barry You and I at the Murat Theatre in May 1924, as Hugh Chadwell in Walter Archer Frost Cape Smoke at the Martin Beck Theatre in February 1925, as Horatio in a modern dress version of Hamlet at the Booth Theatre in November 1925, and as Citizen Hogan in Hangman's House at the Forrest Theatre in December 1926. Waram later considered his role in the modern dress Hamlet to be one of the most important in his career.

The Shanghai Gesture and stardom

After a run of nearly a year on Broadway, John Colton hit play The Shanghai Gesture began a national tour, which began in Chicago in March 1927. Waram played Sir William Charteris, taking over from McKay Morris (who originated the role on Broadway). The play altered his career, turning him into a major star on the stage. After a four month run in Chicago, the play moved to Salt Lake City in May 1927, and San Francisco in June. After a four month run in California, the play moved to Kansas City, where it broke box office records for attendance. The play then toured Cincinnati, Detroit, Montréal, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C., before returning to Broadway's Majestic Theatre on January 30, 1928 for a final, limited run.

Waram worked steadily through the early years of the Great Depression after the success of The Shanghai Gesture. Taking almost no time off, he appeared as Bill Walker in the October 1928 production of Major Barbara at the Guild Theatre, and the role of the Servant in Camel Through the Needle's Eye at the Guild Theatre in April 1929. He left Camel after just a week in the role to join the national touring company of Major Barbara. The role helped cement his reputation as a reliable actor, and brought him to the attention of producers nationwide. After spending the summer on tour, he took the role of Col. Pickering in the regional touring company of Pygmalion. The play premiered in September 1929 at the Wilson Theatre in Detroit for tryouts before moving to Indianapolis, St. Louis, Chicago, and Pittsburgh.

In October 1930, Waram originated the role of Sir Walter Raleigh in Maxwell Anderson new play, Elizabeth the Queen. The play debuted at Ford's Theatre in Baltimore and then played regionally before making its Broadway premiere at the Guild Theatre in November 1930. Waram toured nationally in the role until June 1931.

After taking a year off, Waram took the role of Comte Dubarry in the new operetta The Dubarry, which had its world premiere at George M. Cohan's Theatre in November 1932. The operetta was not successful, and in April 1933 Waram originated the role of Howard Bartlett in Somerset Maugham new play, For Services Rendered. After a tryout in Oakland, California, the first week of April, the play moved to the Booth Theatre on Broadway. The play closed quickly, and was critically panned. Waram's performance was considered the only outstanding aspect of the production. With work on the stage scarce due to the Great Depression, Waram joined the summer stock repertory company at the Casino Theatre in Newport, Rhode Island. He appeared in at least one play, the drawing room comedy Aren't We All? In October 1933, he appeared as Don Salluste de Bazan in an English-language adaptation of Victor Hugo Ruy Blas. After a brief run at the Majestic Theatre, the play moved to Baltimore, where it closed after a week. Waram was not out of work long: When Stanley Ridges left the role of Lord Morton (which he had originated) in Mary of Scotland at the Alvin Theatre, Waram took over the role.

After Mary of Scotland closed in May 1934, Waram accepted the role of Uncle Robert in Picnic, a new comedy by Gretchen Damrosch staged at the National Theatre. The play quickly closed, and Waram returned to the Casino Theatre's summer stock company, where he appeared in A Bill of Divorcement and Benn Levy Art and Mrs. Bottle. Although Waram had no contract at the start of the 1934-1935 theater season, he appeared as Henry Pryor in the drama Living Dangerously at the Morosco Theatre in January 1935.

Film and stage work after 1935

First film roles and Pride and Prejudice
Waram was cast in his first film in March 1935. The role, a small one which barely made the final cut, was for Mutiny on the Bounty.

After completing work in Hollywood, Waram returned to Broadway in the role of Mr. Bennett in Helen Jerome stage adaptation of Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice. The play debuted at the National Theatre in October 1935, and was a major hit. It ran for 219 performances (with only short interruptions for cast vacations) until May 1936.

A series of much less successful plays followed over the next two years. These included the role Sir Hudson Lowe in the American premiere of St Helena in October 1936 at the Lyceum Theatre, Mr. Pinchwife in The Country Wife in December 1936 at Henry Miller's Theatre, and Malvolio in Twelfth Night at the Mohawk Drama Festival in Schenectady, New York, in July 1937. He joined the repertory company at the County Theatre in Suffern, New York, in the summer of 1937, appearing in A Bill of Divorcement and Pride and Prejudice. After nearly a year's break, Waram returned to the stage in Ruy Blas at a drama festival in Central City, Colorado, in May 1938.

Three and a half years after Mutiny on the Bounty, Waram signed to do a second film. He played the role of slumlord business manager Arthur Mather in the social drama ...One Third of a Nation...

The Merchant of Yonkers and Life With Father

In December 1938, Waram originated the role of Horace Vandergelder in Thornton Wilder new play, The Merchant of Yonkers. After a brief tryout in Boston, the play moved to the Guild Theatre on Broadway. Actress Jane Cowl (who played the role of Dolly Levi) intensely disliked director Max Reinhardt, and Reinhardt retaliated by isolating Cowl physically on stage. The play was considered a disappointment, and ran for only 28 performances.

After another year away from the theater, Waram took the role of "Father" Clarence Day Sr. in a Chicago production of the hit Broadway play Life With Father. After a tryout at the Maryland Theatre in Baltimore, it opened at the Blackstone Theatre in Chicago on February 19, 1940. Waram was the first individual to take over the role of Father from the play's co-author Howard Lindsay, who originated the role on Broadway. Waram was widely praised for his interpretation. The play ran for a record 66 weeks in Chicago, with attendance of more than 590,000 patrons and a box office gross of $850,000 ($ in  dollars). The play called for Father to stamp a foot on the floor, calling for the cook to come upstairs. Waram stomped so ferociously that he broke his foot, and had to switch feet for the scene. He tried banging on a plate with silverware, but the prop plates broke too easily. He then tried whistling, but was not very good at it. He returned to stomping. When he came down with gout, he began using a cane to bang on the floor. Lillian Gish played opposite Waram as "Mother" Lavinia Day. Waram spent three years in the role.

After a two-month break, a touring company of Life With Father began, with Margalo Gillmore in the role of "Mother". The tour ran until July 1942, and resumed again in October 1942 with June Walker as "Mother". After another 38 and a half weeks on the road and net profits of $559,000 ($ in  dollars), the tour finally came to an end.

Just as the tour of Life With Father came to an end, Waram was cast as Inspector Prentice in Paramount Pictures' noir crime film, Ministry of Fear.

The Late George Apley and Anne of the Thousand Days
After a year away from the stage, Waram returned to acting in the role of Roger Newcombe in an adaptation of the novel The Late George Apley. Waram originated the role, with Leo G. Carroll in the leading role of George Apley. After a tryout at the Wilmington Playhouse in Wilmington, Delaware, in October 1944 and the Plymouth Theatre in Boston in November, it made its Broadway debut at the Lyceum Theatre. With only brief interruptions to rest the cast, the play ran until November 1945 on Broadway before embarking on an 80-week national tour.

Just five months after finishing the Apley tour, Waram originated the role of Marcus Hubbard in Lillian Hellman play Another Part of the Forest. The play premiered in Wilmington before additional tryouts in Baltimore and Detroit. It premiered on Broadway at the Fulton Theatre in November 1946, where it ran for 182 performances. Waram left the show in September 1947.

In June 1946, during the national tour of The Late George Apley, Waram was cast as Roger Newcombe in the film version. Filming commenced in September 1947, and did not end until December. Waram only member of the stage production cast in film.

In November 1948, a year after filming The Late George Apley, Waram originated the role of Cardinal Wolsey in the new Maxwell Anderson play Anne of the Thousand Days. The play premiered at the Forrest Theatre in Philadelphia and moved to Broadway's Shubert Theatre in early December. Waram stayed with the production until early June 1949.

Final years
Last roles
Waram was cast in 1949 as senior law partner John Benley, father of Elizabeth Taylor Mary Benley, in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 1950 comedy The Big Hangover.

Now 70 years old, Waram did not work in 1950 or 1951. He returned to Broadway in October 1952 in the dual role of the Station Master and God in Ugo Betti play The Gambler (adapted by Alfred Drake). The play premiered at the Lyceum Theatre, and closed after a short run. Waram returned to acting in October 1954, originating the role of Lucas Edgerton, a wealthy industrialist who goes on an art buying spree, in Reclining Figure.

Waram's final hit stage role was that of the no-nonsense Judge in Enid Bagnold new play The Chalk Garden. The play had its world premiere at the Shubert Theater in Hartford, Connecticut, before moving to the Wilbur Theatre in Boston. It made its Broadway debut at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre in late October 1955, running for 182 performances.

In September 1956, Waram was cast in his final film role, that of General Haynesworth, chief executive officer of a vitamin company, in the film A Face in the Crowd.

Waram appeared in his final stage role in October 1957. He played veteran police inspector Desiré Merlin in Michael Blankfort and Dorothy Stiles Blankfort's new play Monique. The work premiered at The Playhouse in Wilmington before moving to Broadway's John Golden Theatre two weeks later. The play closed after 63 performances.

Death
Waram's wife, Lucia, died in March 1961.

In September 1961, Waram traveled to Huntington, New York, to be close to his daughter, who was ill. He entered the hospital himself on September 24, and died on October 5, 1961, at Huntington Hospital of an undisclosed illness. His funeral was held at Calvary Episcopal Church in Stonington, Connecticut, and he was buried at Stonington Cemetery.

Personal life
Percy Waram married Lucia Cole, an American stage actress, on February 11, 1909. They met when she appeared alongside Waram in Everyman in 1902, and she later joined the Ben Greet company. The couple made their home in Stonington, and maintained a second home on the Cornish coast. The couple had two children: Frances Cole Waram (1911-1994), who married John H. Trowbridge in 1937, and Julian Thomas Cole Waram (1913-1982), for years a member of the United States Coast Guard. Waram's children were educated at a private school in Switzerland.

Waram once voiced a fondness for quiet roles, and later said he preferred bloody mystery-thrillers.

Boating and golfing were Waram's favorite pastimes, and he often smoked cigars. He was a member and strong supporter of the Actors' Equity Association (the American stage performer's union).

Waram went mostly bald early in life. He had mid frontal baldness, and wore a toupée on stage in most of his roles. While starring in the play Lilac Time'', his toupée caught on a piece of stage scenery. The near-disaster led him to grow out a mustache out of a fear that a fake mustache would fall off during a performance.

Filmography

Stage roles

References
Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Percy Waram at IMDb.com
Percy Waram at IBDb.com

1880 births
1961 deaths
Male actors from Cornwall
English male film actors
English male stage actors
British emigrants to the United States


text:
Richard Gilliam is a short story author and the editor of such theme anthologies as Confederacy of the Dead (1993), Phobias (1994) and the Grails series (1992–94). He has contributed fantasy short stories to numerous books and magazines, and his non-fiction includes Joltin' Joe DiMaggio (1999).

Gilliam began as a sportswriter and worked as a publicist to Coach Bear Bryant at the University of Alabama. A veteran anthologist, he worked from his home in Green Bay, Wisconsin.

He devised the Movie Links online game in 1990, and it was played extensively on GEnie four years before the quite similar Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon game was promoted in 1994. Gilliam's game is much more difficult in that a player is required to find the shortest number of movies linking actors as diverse as, say, Gloria Swanson and Chris Farley rather than links to the same specific actor (a feat which can be memorized).

Awards
His story "Caroline and Caleb" was a Best Novella nominee in the 1993 Bram Stoker Awards, given annually by the Horror Writers Association.

Read
Gilliam, Richard. "Crone Woman Gandy" 100 Wicked Little Witch Stories (Sterling, 1995)

References

External links
Bibliography: Richard Gilliam
Bram Stoker Awards: Winners and Nominees
Fantastic Fiction: Richard Gilliam
Newspaper Rock: Review of Tales from the Great Turtle (1994), edited by Piers Anthony and Richard Gilliam

American fantasy writers
American short story writers
Writers from Green Bay, Wisconsin
Living people
American male short story writers
American male novelists
Novelists from Wisconsin
Year of birth missing (living people)


text:
Star Science Fiction Stories No.3 is a science fiction short story collection, first published in 1955 by Ballantine Books. The third book in the anthology series, Star Science Fiction Stories, edited by Frederik Pohl.

Contents
"It's Such a Beautiful Day" by Isaac Asimov
"The Strawberry Window" by Ray Bradbury
"The Deep Range" by Arthur C. Clarke
"Alien" by Lester del Rey
"Foster, You're Dead!" by Philip K. Dick
"Whatever Happened to Corporal Cuckoo?" by Gerald Kersh
"Dance of the Dead" by Richard Matheson
"Any More at Home Like You?" by Chad Oliver
"The Devil on Salvation Bluff" by Jack Vance
"Guinevere for Everybody" by Jack Williamson

External links

Anthopology 101: The Pohl Stars by Bud Webster, at Galactic Central

1954 anthologies
Star Science Fiction Stories anthology series
American anthologies
Ballantine Books books


text:
Calumma oshaughnessyi est une espèce de sauriens de la famille des Chamaeleonidae.

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique de Madagascar.

Étymologie
Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur d'Arthur William Edgar O'Shaughnessy.

Publication originale
 Günther, 1881 : Seventh Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fauna of Madagascar. Annals and magazine of natural history, , ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Saurien (nom scientifique)
Chamaeleonidae
Faune endémique de Madagascar


text:
Projektowanie gry komputerowej – rzemiosło związane z tworzeniem gier komputerowych, którego celem jest zbilansowanie elementów artystycznych oraz funkcjonalnych danego utworu interaktywnego. Do opracowania projektu gry komputerowej wymagane jest sporządzenie dokumentacji, którą w anglojęzycznych opracowaniach określa się mianem game design documents. Projektowanie gier może być ukierunkowane na potencjalnego gracza (a więc mieć na celu uprzyjemnianie rozgrywki oraz umożliwienie wczucia się w rolę sterowanego awatara) lub być po prostu aktem ekspresji twórców, którzy chcą wyrażać określone treści.

Zazwyczaj projekt gry jest opracowywany w zespołach, a więc podatny na ciągłe zmiany. Wśród osób związanych z projektowaniem gier zazwyczaj wyróżnia się między innymi następujące zawody:

 główny projektant (lead designer) – odpowiedzialny za ogólny projekt gry i spójność jej zasad, określany niekiedy "strażnikiem wizji" (keeper of the vision);
 projektant gry (game designer) – odpowiedzialny za określenie oraz dokumentację działania gry, w szczególności mechaniki (gameplay);
 projektant poziomów (level designer) – odpowiedzialny za wdrożenie elementów gry opracowanych przez projektantów wyższych rangą i za konstrukcję poszczególnych poziomów oraz modelowanie obiektów;
 scenarzysta (writer) – odpowiedzialny za słowne opracowanie fikcjonalnej zawartości gry: intro, opowieść wprowadzającą do głównej rozgrywki, dialogi, przerywniki filmowe;
 reżyser artystyczny (art director) – odpowiedzialny za zarządzanie produkcją wizualnych elementów gry: modeli, tekstur, animacji, elementów interfejsu;
 reżyser dźwiękowy (audio director) – odpowiedzialny za produkcję dźwiękowych elementów gry: muzyki, odgłosów, efektów, dialogów.

Przypisy

Produkcja gier komputerowych


text:
Висконти () — итальянская фамилия.

 Дом Висконти — династия миланских герцогов.

Носители фамилии
 Висконти, Адриано (1915—1945) — итальянский лётчик-ас Второй мировой войны.
 Висконти, Бьянка Мария (1425—1468) — жена миланского герцога Франческо Сфорца.
 Висконти, Гари (род. 1945) — американский фигурист-одиночник.
 Висконти, Давид Иванович (1772—1838) — русский архитектор, брат П. И. Висконти.

 Висконти, Эннио Квирино (1751—1818) — итальянский археолог.
 Висконти, Луи (1791—1853) — французский архитектор.
 Висконти, Лукино (1906—1976) — итальянский режиссёр.
 Висконти, Пётр Иванович (1778—1843) — русский архитектор, брат Д. И. Висконти.
 Висконти, Тони (род. 1944) — американский музыкальный продюсер, музыкант, мультиинструменталист и певец.
 Висконти, Элизеу (1866—1944) — бразильский живописец и график итальянского происхождения.
 Григорий X (Теобальдо Висконти; ок. 1210—1276) — папа римский с 1 сентября 1271 по 10 января 1276.

 Джан Галеаццо Висконти (1351—1402) — 1-й миланский герцог из рода Висконти.
 Литта-Висконти-Арезе, Антонио (1748—1820) — франко-итальянский государственный деятель, придворный императора Наполеона, обер-камергер.


text:
Angelagrion nathaliae – gatunek ważki z rodziny łątkowatych (Coenagrionidae).

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Łątkowate
Gatunki i podgatunki zwierząt nazwane w 2008 roku


text:
Амурск () е град в Хабаровски край, Русия. Разположен е на брега на река Амур, 45 km южно от Комсомолск на Амур. Административен център е на Амурски район. Към 2016 г. има население от 40 587 души.

История
Селището е основано през 1958 г. като Падали-Восточное във връзка с откриването на комбинат за производство на целулоза и картон. През 1978 г. получава статут на град. През 1965 г. заработва Амурската ТЕЦ, а през 1983 г. е открит завод за мебели.

Население

Климат

Икономика
Промишлени отрасли развити тук са целулозно-хартиената, химическата, дърводобивната и машиностроителната промишленост. Отделно Амурската ТЕЦ произвежда електроенергия за околността.

Източници

Градове в Хабаровски край