text:
The Cuckoo Railway (, literally "Little Cuckoo Railway"), in its early days the Elmstein Valley Railway (Elmsteiner Talbahn), is a 12.97 kilometre long branch line in the central Palatine Forest, which runs through the region of Neustadt/Kaiserslautern from Lambrecht to Elmstein. It was built primarily to support the local forestry industry.

In 1902 the section to Sattelmühle was opened, initially just as an industrial siding. In 1909 it was extended to Elmstein and upgraded to a fully fledged branch line. Regular passenger services were withdrawn in 1960 - due to the sparse population of the region it had always played a secondary role. This was followed in 1977 by the cessation of goods traffic between Frankeneck and Elmstein. Since 1984 the line has been operated as a heritage railway. Goods trains still run as far as Frankeneck.

History

Background (1874–1890)
The Elmstein Valley, densely covered in woods and hence sparsely populated, suffered in earlier times from a poor road  infrastructure, especially away from the direct route between Neustadt and Kaiserslautern. The valley follows the upper reaches of the Speyerbach river, the most important  Palatine tributary of the Rhine. The key resource of the Speyerbach source region has always been its wood. For centuries, cut or split logs were transported by timber rafting down the river, i.e. propelled by the current, and were sold in the almost treeless Anterior Palatinate.

As early as March 1874 entrepreneurs from the villages of Frankeneck and Neidenfels complained that transporting  goods to Lambrecht station by road would be very expensive. For this reason, they launched a petition to the Palatine Railways, which aimed at the establishment of a halt and loading point, exclusively for goods traffic, between the stations of Weidenthal and Lambrecht. This was to be built in Frankeneck immediately next to the confluence of the Hochspeyerbach and the Speyerbach. The hope was that, using this planned operating point on the Palatine Ludwig Railway, would save on transportation costs. These efforts were initially unsuccessful. However, at the end of 1881, the Palatine Ludwig Railway Company built a stackyard at Lambrecht railway station.

On 28 May 1888, 67 entrepreneurs sent a request to the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior - at that time the Palatinate belonged to the Kingdom of Bavaria - with the aim of building a tramline from Neustadt via Lambrecht and Frankeneck to Elmstein. However, this submission was not successful: the administration of the Palatine Railways came to the conclusion that the road network was satisfactory and the distance to the existing stops on the Ludwig Railway was too short to justify an additional connection. The forest authorities also criticized the proposal for a tram line because it would have made an additional transhipment of wood necessary. The Bavarian government considered it pointless to create a transport link parallel to the Ludwig Railway between Neustadt and Lambrecht.

Planning and opening of the Lambrecht–Sattelmühle section (1890–1902)

The Bavarian government had received a draft law on 5 April 1892 concerning the construction of branch lines in the Palatinate. This was intended to assign interest rate guarantees to certain routes based on the model given. During this time, the establishment of a branch line from Lambrecht to Elmstein was also discussed, for which the MP, Andreas Deinhard, used his influence in the Chamber of Representatives.

With the gradual demise of timber rafting at the end of the 19th century, the main source of livelihood in the Elmstein Valley was threatened and the population was forced to find other sources of income. Those affected saw the solution to the problem as a railway link that would act as a replacement for the transportation of wood using timber rafts. In addition the planned line was seen as a way of stimulating the economy of the valley.

In August 1895 a committee was formed under the chairmanship of Lambrecht's mayor that sent another petition to the Bavarian government. At the same time the committee engaged the relevant communities with a memorandum entitled "The Necessity of an Elmstein-Neustadt Valley Railway" (Die Nothwendigkeit einer Elmstein=Neustadter=Thalbahn). Finally, one year later, the company of Vering & Waechter was awarded the contract. Planning was completed by January 1897.

Initially an industrial siding was laid from Lambrecht station, which ran via Frankeneck to the hamlet of Sattelmühle. It was opened in 1902 and served both to transport wood from the Palatine Forest as well as to serve the timber yard in Frankeneck. At the same time it formed the first stage of the planned branch line.

Planning the railway line (1902–1904)
The committee continued to campaign for a full branch line by the construction of an extension of the industrial siding to Elmstein. The government in Bavaria took the view that it should be a national responsibility to build the line, especially because of the imminent transfer of the Palatine Railways into the ownership of the Royal Bavarian State Railways.

This railway was intended predominantly to be used for the transportation of timber, which formed the bulk of the goods traffic, and not so much for passenger services. Nevertheless, it was recognized that, because 130 workers worked away from their homes in Elstein and its outlying villages of Appenthal and Iggelbach, there was some potential for passenger traffic as well.

At the beginning of 1904, a meeting of the Palatine Forest Railway Committee (Pfälzer Waldbahn-Komitee) took place. Because the line affected various parishes whose villages were some way from the direct route - for example, Hambach, Kirrweiler and Lachen – determining the course of the trackbed proved very difficult. The villages of Elmstein and Kirrweiler were prepared to offer the necessary land for the railway without being paid. In addition, Elmstein strove to increase the contributions from Esthal, Hambach and Lachen. During the course of the negotiations, it turned out that a sum of money in the five-figure range would be needed. Elmstein wanted a grant of 35,000 marks towards land acquisition costs, but because of the opposition of the royal treasury, they were only awarded 30,000 marks. In addition, individuals such as Albert Biirklin and Count D'Arlon gave both money and land for the railway. Furthermore, road construction engineers confirmed that the maintenance costs of the planned railway line would be significantly lower than that of the local roads.

After a lengthy campaign for a railway through the Elmstein Valley the Landtag of Bavaria finally gave permission on 10 Aug 1904 for the construction of a branch line.

Construction and opening (1905–1909)
Construction work finally began in March 1905. It entailed the removal of  of earth and cost a total of 692,000 marks. Responsibility for the course of line and the earthworks fell to the Neustadt Railway Division.

The construction of the  section from Sattelmühle to Elmstein was carried out by German and Italian workers. In 1907, the required expansion of Lambrecht railway station followed. The local construction industry also benefited from the work of the track. The latter was done mainly by hand, but was also helped by the construction of a Feldbahn, a light field railway worked by a small steam locomotive. The track bed was built on a sandstone foundation. Eleven bridges across the Speyerbach stream were built.

On 18 January 1909, a test run on the line was undertaken in order to check it technically. The train being used for the test arrived at Elmstein station at 11 am. The official inauguration took place five days later. The first train was due to depart Elmstein at 6.20 am. However, as it was about to leave there was a fatal accident. The Jungfern service was just a few metres from the end of the line when, owing to a wrongly set turnout, the train accelerated at full steam into the locomotive shed and killed a spectator. The locomotive escaped with only a few scratches; the shed, however, suffered more serious damage that had to be repaired. As a replacement, a train from Lambrecht arrived at the end of the section at 8.15 am; around 10 am the first train finally left Elmstein for Lambrecht.

The operator was initially the Bavarian State Railways who, since 1 January, had taken over the whole Palatine railway network; so that the opening of the railway was its first official duty there.

Further developments (1910–1945)
On 1 April 1920 the line became the property of the Deutsche Reichsbahn. In 1922 it was incorporated into the newly founded Ludwigshafen Reichsbahn Division (Reichsbahndirektion Ludwigshafen). In the wake of its disbandment on 1 April 1937 the line was allocated to the Mainz Division (Reichsbahndirektion Mainz).

Although it was initially called the Elmstein Valley Railway (Elmsteiner Talbahn), over time the nickname "Little Cuckoo Line" (Kuckucksbähnel) was adopted. The call of cuckoos was once a common sound in the Elmstein Valley, which is why the local population in Elmstein were given the nickname "cuckoos" (Kuckucke). The term Kuckucksbähnel was probably coined by the owner of the s Lokschuppen restaurant at Elmstein station. The regional press gradually adopted the name until it eventually became the official name of the line.

Decline (1945–1977)
After the Second World War the railway line was the responsibility of the Operating Association of Southwest German Railways (Betriebsvereinigung der Südwestdeutschen Eisenbahnen) or SWDE, which was transferred into the newly founded Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) in 1949. The latter assigned the Cuckoo Line to the Mainz Federal Railway Division (Bundesbahndirektion Mainz) to which all railway lines in the newly created state of Rhineland-Palatinate were allocated. At the same time the profitability of the line was questioned. On top of the rapid increase in car traffic of that time, DB itself contributed to the competition by introducing a bus service running parallel to the railway.

On 28 May 1960, regular passenger services were finally withdrawn. After the disbandment of the Mainz Division, its counterpart in Karlsruhe became responsible for the line on 1 June 1971. In 1977, goods traffic also ceased because the line had been used less and less by the forestry industry and goods takings had reduced sharply. The last scheduled goods train had already run on 30 June 1976. In its last years of operation the railway line had only had the official status of an industrial siding.

Plans for a heritage line (from 1977)
In the county of Bad Dürkheim, formed in 1969 and in which the line now lay, politicians began attempts in 1971 to preserve the line as a heritage railway. This was initially unsuccessful because DB blocked it.
Nevertheless, these efforts to preserve the line did not come to a halt. For example, in the time that followed the then Transport Minister of Rhineland-Palatinate, Heinrich Holkenbrink, took part in an inspection visit. Initially DB was persuaded to delay the planned closure and intended lifting of the line to a later date. At this time the trackage was already showing signs of needing structural repair. In addition, the Karlsruhe Federal Railway Division declared itself ready to sell all the land on the collective municipality of Lambrecht (Verbandsgemeinde Lambrecht).

Because the revival of the line initially appeared unrealistic, plans were made to convert the trackbed into a cycleway or track for post coaches. Meanwhile, the broadcasters, Südwestfunk, were planning a television series, The Soldier of Fortune - The Adventures of Robert Curwich. The company saw the village of Breitenstein, including the railway, as a suitable location, which is why the partially overgrown line between Lambrecht and Breitenstein had to be cleared. In addition, the railway embankment had to be made safe and the track repaired in places. Shooting itself took place in May 1983.

At the same time there were lengthy discussions with DB which saw the railway being sold to the county. The contract was signed in Spring 1984. The plans envisaged operating the line as a heritage railway in cooperation with the German Railway History Company's museum at Neustadt an der Weinstraße. On 14 February 1984 railway fans founded the "Little Cuckoo Line Operating Company" (Kuckucksbähnel-Betriebs-GmbH) or KKB, which was initially owned by the town of Neustadt an der Weinstraße, the collective municipality of Lambrecht, three clubs from the region and several private individuals.

Heritage railway (since 1984)

Finally, on 2 June 1984, the museum line was opened. The inaugural train departed at 9.45 am from Neustadt Central Station and carried 350 passengers. It had to be hauled to Lambrecht by the diesel locomotive, V 36 127, due to restrictions placed by the Bundesbahn .

Since then the line has been mainly used by holidaymakers and day trippers. As a result of the large numbers of customers, trains also had to be lengthened. In the years that followed, special trains were often run, for example, the Glass Train visited twice.  In June 2004 the Cuckoo Line celebrated its 20th anniversary as a heritage railway.

Route

After leaving Lambrecht station the railway line uses the southern track of the Mannheim–Saarbrücken railway before branching off to the southwest into the Elmstein Valley after about a kilometer. Immediately afterwards it passes over the B 39 federal highway on an overbridge. It passes the old Lambrecht Goods Station and the village of Frankeneck and then follows the Speyerbach stream, crossing it five times as it snakes back and forth repeatedly. After that it only passes through very small settlements like Sattelmühle, Erfenstein and Breitenstein as well as running past several castles such as the ruins of Erfenstein and Spangenberg, both linked to a local legend. It then runs through almost undisturbed nature. After Helmbach is a section with an incline of 1 : 69 (14 ‰) as it passes through a gorge.

The line ends at the entrance to Elmstein, where the main operating point is located. The signs for the halts are written in Fraktur lettering and their platforms are largely grassed over.

The Lambrecht–Elmstein railway runs entirely within the county of Bad Dürkheim and also the parish of the collective municipality of Lambrecht. In addition to the town of Lambrecht, it also links the communities of Frankeneck, Esthal (from the abandoned halt of Esthal to Breitenstein) and Elmstein (from Helmbach to the end of the line). Between Breitenstein and Helmbach it twice crosses the territory of Kirrweiler (Pfalz), an exclave of the county of Südliche Weinstraße. From Iptestal until just before Breitenstein the line borders on the borough of Neustadt immediately to the south.

Transport

Passenger traffic

In the early months three pairs of trains operated daily between Lambrecht and Elmstein. But as early as May 1909 a new timetable appeared, according to which there were four trains each way on working days and five on Sundays. The trains comprised second, third and, until 28 Oct 1928, fourth class coaches. In addition, the Palatine Forest Club, founded in 1902, arranged for the timetable to be adjusted for excursion traffic.

The journey time between Lambrecht and Elmstein was initially between 45 and 51 minutes, but this reduced over the course of time to around 30 minutes.

Goods traffic

Goods traffic, which always had a greater significance on the railway than passenger traffic, was largely sustained by the timber industry of the region. Consequently, flatbeds and open wagons were utilized. From 1902 to 1909 the Sattelmühle Goods Loading Yard (Güterverladestelle Sattelmühle) was the transshipment point for goods from the Elmstein Valley.

In the last years of goods services operating between Frankeneck and Elmstein, freight was only moved on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. The last scheduled DB goods train was on 30 June 1976. It hauled two empty wagons and one laden with timber. Officially goods traffic on this section of line, which by this stage was only an industrial siding, was ceased on 29 May 1977. That said, the Bundesbahn announced it was prepared to transport freight from the storage areas of the railway.

Frankeneck station, which was now just a part of Lambrecht station, continued to be served. Until 1996 timber was still loaded here; one year later the goods tracks were lifted. Until the end of 2004 there was an industrial siding to the Julius Glatz GmbH paper fabric from the direction of Lambrecht. Entsprechende Gleisreste befinden sich im Firmengelände. Five years later the factory was given a new siding, this time from the direction of  Elmstein. A lorry with additional wheelsets for rails is available for the loading of goods.

Heritage railway services
The trains of the Cuckoo Railway generally start at platform 5 of the central station in Neustadt an der Weinstraße. Over a length of just under seven route kilometres the trains run along the double-tracked, electrified Mannheim–Saarbrücken railway. At Lambrecht station the trains of the Cuckoo Line always depart from platform 1.

From April to October two pairs of trains work the line on Sundays and holidays. The first train of the day leaves between 10 and 11 a.m. from Neustadt, where the final service of the day from Elmstein ends between 18 and 19 00 hours. The other two services begin and end in Lambrecht. The journey time between Lambrecht and Elmstein is roughly one hour.

Ticket prices vary from 5 to 25 euros. There are reductions for children, families and groups. Tickets for the Cuckoo Railway are also valid for the DB connecting train between Lambrecht and Neustadt.

Special trains may also use the line.

Running and rolling stock

1909 to 1977 period
The nearest depot, Bahnbetriebswerk Neustadt, was primarily responsible for the running and rolling stock used on the line. The steam locomotives used in the first years of operation, were those of classes T 4.I and T 4.II of the Palatinate Railway. They were working the Cuckoo Railway until the late 1930s. From 1927, the Prussian T 9 - designated by the Deutsche Reichsbahn as DRG Class 91 - could be found on the route and, later, its sub-type, the Class T 9.3 was a common sight. Some years later, the DRG Class 64 locomotives, which had been stabled in Neustadt since 1928, also worked the branch line. In the first half of the 1950s, classes 57.10 (formerly the Prussian G 10) and 74 (formerly the Prussian T 12) were also used. The latter was especially employed on shunting duties. On 22 August 1954, number 91 593 headed the last scheduled steam-hauled passenger train. On this day it was decorated with the words "Cuckoo's last journey" (Kuckucks letzte Fahrt).

From the early 1960s, diesel traction replaced steam for goods haulage. Because the Neustadt engine shed was, at this time, being gradually wound down, the line was increasingly becoming the responsibility of its counterpart in Ludwigshafen. Until 1973 the latter deployed locomotives of Class V 20 that had originally served the wartime Wehrmacht. From 1973 until the cessation of goods services to Elmstein, Köf III engine, number 333 170-9, was utilized for the remaining sporadic requirements.

From March until the withdrawal of passenger services in 1960, passenger trains used Uerdingen railbuses. These were stabled in Bahnbetriebswerk Landau; from where they served the whole of the Palatinate region.

Museum stock
The engines and wagons of the Cuckoo Line are maintained for the KKB in the railway museum in Neustadt by the German Railway History Company (DGEG). This railway museum is housed in the historic engine shed at Neustadt's central station.

Locomotives
The locomotives working the heritage line are the tender engine, Speyerbach, a three-axled former industrial engine dating to 1904, and number 89 7159, a Prussian locomotive of Class T 3 dating to 1910. The latter had previously been deployed on the Acher Valley Railway. They haul various historic wagons through the Elmstein Valley. In addition, a diesel locomotive is available: a Class V 36 with running number 127, that was built in 1941.

Wagons

Stations and halts

Lambrecht (Pfalz)

The station was opened on 25 August 1849 when the gap in the Palatine Ludwig Railway between Frankenstein and Neustadt was closed. The completion of this section overcame the complicated topography of the Neustadt valley which had hitherto stood in the way. Lambrecht was one of two intermediate stations along this stretch of line.

Its original station building was designed in a style that was common for stations in the Palatinate especially in the second half of the 19th century. It was destroyed in the Second World War. The current station building was built in 1957. Since 12 March 1964 the station has also been electrified. It was integrated in 2003 into the network of the S-Bahn RheinNeckar.

The old goods shed, which was last used as a private house, was torn down in 1999 to create  car parking. From 16 May that year, an electronic signal box became operational in Neustadt whereupon the station lost its last employees. In addition, Deutsche Bahn dismantled some of the trackage, leaving the station with just three tracks.

Frankeneck and Lambrecht Goods Yard

The halt and former station is also in the borough of Lambrecht not far from the northeastern edge of the village of Frankeneck. During Bavarian State Railway times it was classified as Type 2 station, which meant that it handled "passenger, luggage and express goods". Because space at Lambrecht station was restricted and at the limits of its capacity, this station acted for decades as the "Lambrecht Goods Yard" (Güterbahnhof Lambrecht). Several years after the closure of the line, it was redesignated as "Frankeneck Yard of Lambrecht (Pfalz) Station" (Bahnhofsteil Frankeneck des Bf Lambrecht (Pfalz)).

With the regular opening of the railway the station was given a station building as it was the only intermediate station along the route. Because it had a rather low importance it was correspondingly small. In the mid-1970s it was dismantled and rebuilt 200 metres away, not far from the local road through the valley. By the turn of the millennium it was no longer occupied and rather run down.

In 1926 it was given another building that functioned as a goods shed. At the same time the station was expanded. In the course of this, a locomotive shed was built that has since been demolished.

Esthal

From 1902 to 1909 the so-called Sattelmühle goods loading yard (Güterverladestelle Sattelmühle) was the end of the industrial siding that began in Lambrecht. On the opening of the remaining section of the branch line in 1909 it also became a halt for passenger trains and was renamed Sattelmühle-Esthal because of its importance for the settlement of Esthal, around four kilometres away. During the Bavarian State Railways era it was also categorized as a Type 2 station, which meant that it handled passengers, luggage and express goods.

The platform, which has since been demolished, was between the two surviving tracks. Additional facilities included a goods shed. During the Second World War there were plans by the Reichsbahn to upgrade the halt to a full station; but this was never realised. Towards the end it was just called Esthal. The halt has not been reactivated since the formation of the heritage line.

Erfenstein

Originally the platform was located between the bridge over the Speyerbach towards Lambrecht and turnout 101 in the northern part of the station. During the time of the Bavarian State Railways it was designated as a Type 2 station. The points originally had a rod drive that has since been abandoned, but remnants of it can still be seen.

Today the station, which is level with the hamlet of the same name and not far from the eponymous castle, is the only intermediate stop where trains are able to pass one another. Such train crossings are rare, however, usually only taking place when there are special services. As a result, Erfenstein currently has an island platform. The western track acts as a crossing or passing loop, but was originally purely a loading siding open accessible only in the direction of Lambrecht. Following its conversion to a passing station, it was given another turnout, number 102. This has a Länderbahnen rail profile, mounted on steel sleepers.

Breitenstein (station and halt)

The present railway station is located at route kilometre 7.44. It has a storage siding facing Lambrecht, which used to be accessible from the direction of Elmstein as well. North of the running track there used to be a 50 metre long platform which is now used to stack track. In addition there was also a loading siding that was lifted following the withdrawal of regular passenger services in 1960. Alle drei Gleise kreuzten damals die nahe Totenkopfstraße.

During the time of the Bavarian State Railways, Breitenstein was classified as a Type 2 station. Bereits am 25. Dezember 1913 erfolgte die Einstellung des Fahrkartenverkaufs an der Bahnstation.

The present halt was built by the heritage railway 130 metres further west, not far from the forester's lodge, Forsthaus Breitenstein. It is separated from the station by the Totenkopfstrasse road. Unter ihn hindurch fließt der Argenbach, ein rechter Nebenfluss des Speyerbachs.

Helmbach (station and halt)

The present station is at route kilometre 9.18. It has a siding that faces Lambrecht. During the Bavarian State Railways era it was called Helmbacher Sägemühle ("Helmbach Sawmill") and was a Type 2 station. The current platform is located between the level crossing with the Kreisstraße 51 road to Iggelbach and turnout number 104. The loading of timber there was a major freight activity, which is why the station was equipped with five turnouts, two side- and one end-loading ramps. It also had two loading sidings, one of which was a loop off the running track.

The present halt is around 300 metres east at the site of a former turnout and cannot be accessed directly by roads or tracks.

Elmstein
The station is on the southeastern edge of Elmstein. Of all the halts along the line, this was the most important for passenger traffic. Annual ticket sales at the station ran to five figures.  During the Bavarian State Railway era it was classed as a Type 1 station, which meant that it handled passenger and also luggage services. In addition it was used periodically as a locomotive station for the Neustadt shed.
  The station building has survived. The former locomotive shed houses a restaurant.

Literature

References

External links

 Gemeinde Elmstein: Kuckucksbähnel
 Eisenbahnmuseum Neustadt (Weinstraße)

Standard gauge railways in Germany
Heritage railways in Germany
Transport museums in Germany
Railway museums in Germany
Museums in Rhineland-Palatinate
Railway lines in Rhineland-Palatinate
Anterior Palatinate
Palatinate Forest
Culture of the Palatinate (region)


text:
Фамилия
Бальфур () — шотландская фамилия:
 Бальфур, Артур (1848—1930) — британский государственный деятель, от чьей фамилии образован ряд топонимов.
 Бальфур, Грант (род. 1977) — австралийский бейсболист.
 Бальфур, Давид (1903—1989) — католический священник и монах, богослов, дипломат.
 Бальфур, Джон Хаттон (1808—1884) — шотландский ботаник.
 Бальфур, Исаак Бейли (1853—1922) — шотландский ботаник, сын Джона Хаттона Бальфура.
 Бальфур, Нил (род. 1944) — британский политик, член Европарламента.
 Бальфур, Патрик, 3-й барон Кинросс (1904—1976) — шотландский историк-востоковед.
 Бальфур, Фрэнсис Мейтленд (1851—1882) — английский зоолог и эмбриолог.
 Бальфур, Эрик (род. 1977) — американский актёр.
 Бальфур, Эрл (1933—2018) — канадский хоккеист, левый нападающий.

Топоним
 Бальфур — город в ЮАР.

Примечания

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Jean Fabre désigne notamment :

 Jean Fabre (1717-1797), protestant français ;
 Jean Fabre de La Martillière (1732-1819), militaire et homme politique français ;
 Jean Fabre (1904-1975), spécialiste de la littérature française ;
 Jean Fabre (1920-), géologue français ;
 Jean Fabre (1920-2014), éditeur français ;
 Jean Fabre (1935-), joueur français de rugby à XV.

Voir aussi
 Jean-Henri Fabre (1823-1915), un homme de sciences, un humaniste, un naturaliste, un entomologiste, un écrivain et un poète français
 Jan Fabre (1958-), un dessinateur, un sculpteur, un chorégraphe et un metteur en scène de théâtre belge


text:
Cette page contient les pages d'homonymie de Aiguebelle et Ayguebelle.

Toponyme

 Aiguebelle, une commune française  du département de la Savoie en région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.

Hydronyme

 Aiguebelle, une rivière du Tarn ;
 Aiguebelle, une rivière des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence ;
 Aiguebelle, une rivière des Hautes-Alpes.

 Ayguebelle, une rivière de la Haute-Garonne

Voir aussi
 Chocolaterie d'Aiguebelle, une chocolaterie marocaine
 Parc national d'Aiguebelle, un parc national du Québec
 Abbaye Notre-Dame d'Aiguebelle, une abbaye française de la Drôme
 Tunnels d'Aiguebelle et des Hurtières, sur l'autoroute A43 en Savoie


text:
José Mailhot, dite Shushei en innu, née le  et morte le à Montréal, est une ethnologue et linguiste québécoise formée en anthropologie. Ses travaux portent notamment sur l'innu-aimun, la langue des Innus du Québec et du Labrador.

Elle commence ses activités de chercheuse dans les années 1970. Elle commence alors à travailler avec l'écrivaine innue Joséphine Bacon et l'anthropologue Sylvie Vincent. Elle apparait dans le film Le goût de la farine (1977) de Pierre Perrault.

José Mailhot a transcrit en innu, traduit en français et assuré la publication du livre Je suis une maudite sauvagesse que lui a dicté la cheffe An Antane Kapesh. Elle a aussi contribué à la normalisation orthographique de l'innu, dont elle a conçu le premier dictionnaire contemporain. Deux semaines après sa mort, a paru chez Mémoire d'encrier son récit Shushei au pays des Innus, qui fait découvrir au public l'immensité de son travail.

Bibliographie des principaux ouvrages
 North West River : étude ethnographique, Québec, Université Laval, 1965.
 Lexique montagnais-français du dialecte de Schefferville, Sept-Îles et Maliotenam, Québec, Ministère des affaires culturelles, 1977.
 Les Amérindiens et les Inuit du Québec, des stéréotypes à la réalité, Québec, 1979
 Au pays des Innus : les gens de Sheshatshit, Montréal, Recherches amérindiennes au Québec, 1993.
 Dictionnaire innu-français, Uashat, Institut Tshakapesh, 2012.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en février 1943
Culture innue
Ethnologue québécois
Anthropologue québécois
Linguiste québécois
Décès à 78 ans
Décès en mai 2021
Décès à Montréal


text:
Hřebec (654 m, německy Schindelhengst) je čedičový vrch v Lužických horách, který se nachází 1,5 km jižně od Krásného Pole a 3 km severozápadně od Kytlic. Od sousedního Javoru jej odděluje sedlo, východním směrem se z něj vyděluje menší kopec Popel. Celý Hřebec je pokryt listnatým lesem a nacházejí se zde menší skalky či suťová pole.

Původní německý název kopce Schindelhengst odkazuje k dřívější výrobě střešních šindelů v místních lesích.

Reference

Hory a kopce v Lužických horách
Hory a kopce v okrese Děčín
Kopce pod 1000 metrů v Česku
Kytlice


text:
Vitorio Chemin (Ibituva, 5 september 1950) is een Braziliaanse schaker. Hij is een FIDE Meester (FM).

In 1971 en in 1987 was hij tweede op het kampioenschap van Brazilië.

In 1999 werd Vitorio kampioen van Curitiba Chess en in het jaar 2000 eindigde hij op de achtste plaats in het São Paulo toernooi. Darci Lima werd eerste.

Openingen
Vitorio Chemin opent vaak met de zet 1.d4 en met zwart speelt hij graag de schaakopening Siciliaans.

Partij van Vitorio Chemin
In 1999 speelde Vitorio Chemin tegen Ernani Francisco Choma, in Florianópolis in de damepionopening, het Colle systeem (zie Edgar Colle):
1.d4 Pf6 2.Pf3 c5 3.c3 e6 4.e3 d5 5.c4 Pc6 6.Pc3 dxc4 7.Lxc4 cxd4 8.exd4 Lb4 9.0-0 0-0 10.Lg5 h6 11.Lh4 Le7 12.Te1 Te8 13.Dd2 Pa5 14.Lb5 Ld7 15.Lxf6 Lxf6 16.Lxd7 Dxd7 17.Pe4 (1-0)

Externe links

Chemin,Vitorio


text:
Epalpodes equatoralis är en tvåvingeart som först beskrevs av Macquart 1854.  Epalpodes equatoralis ingår i släktet Epalpodes och familjen parasitflugor.

Artens utbredningsområde är Colombia. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Parasitflugor
equatoralis


text:
СПАД -{S.XIV}- () је француски морнарички ловац. Авион је први пут полетео 1917. године.

Највећа брзина у хоризонталном лету је износила 205 -{km/h}-. Размах крила је био 9,80 метара а дужина 7,40 метара. Маса празног авиона је износила 770 килограма а нормална полетна маса 1060 килограма. Био је наоружан са једним топом калибра 37 -{mm}- и једним митраљезом калибра 7,7 -{mm}-.

Наоружање

Референце

Литература
 Детаљнији подаци о авиону

Ловачки авиони
Војни авиони 1910—1919.
Авиони Првог светског рата
Француски ловачки авиони Првог светског рата
СПАД авиони
Француски ловачки авиони 1910—1919.


text:
«Come On Over» — десятий сингл третього студійного альбому канадської кантрі-співачки Шанаї Твейн — «Come On Over» (1997). У США і Канаді пісня вийшла 6 вересня 1999. Пісня написана Шанаєю Твейн та Робертом Джоном Лангом; спродюсована Робертом Джоном Лангом. Музичне відео зрежисерував Ларрі Джордан; прем'єра музичного відео відбулась 6 жовтня 1999.

Музичне відео
Музичне відео зрежисерував Ларрі Джордан. Зйомки проходили у Далласі, США 18 вересня 1998. Прем'єра музичного відео відбулась 6 жовтня 1999.

Список пісень
 Come On Over — 2:55

Чарти
Тижневі чарти

Річні чарти

Примітки

Посилання

Пісні за алфавітом
Сингли 1999
Пісні 1997
Англомовні пісні
Кантрі-пісні
Пісні Шанаї Твейн
Пісні, написані Шанаєю Твейн


text:
Paul Lukas, född Pál Lukács den 26 maj 1895 i Budapest, död den 15 augusti 1971 i Tanger, ungersk skådespelare som vann en Oscar 1943 för En dag skall komma.

Filmografi

Källor

Födda 1895
Avlidna 1971
Ungerska skådespelare under 1900-talet
Oscar för bästa manliga huvudroll
Skådespelare från Budapest
Män


text:
Palazzo Marchione è un edificio del comune di Cupello, in provincia di Chieti.

Si trova su viale Mazzini, con affaccio sul giardinetto davanti alla parrocchia della Natività di Maria Santissima.

Storia
Nasce come dimora di proprietari fondiari affermatisi socialmente ed economicamente sul finire del Settecento, con le caratteristiche di un vero e proprio palazzo fortificato. In seguito, ha ospitato la sede del Municipio e attualmente è uno degli edifici storici più suggestivi e meglio conservati del centro abitato. Dopo un'attenta opera di restauro, Palazzo Marchione è tornato all'antico splendore.

Durante la seconda guerra mondiale un gruppo di soldati tedeschi della Wehrmacht, si installò a Cupello nell'edificio, mentre il comando decretò la consegna di tutte le armi, disponendo anche l'emissione di un bando per il reclutamento di tutti gli uomini abili al lavoro, pena la rappresaglia contro i familiari.

Riguardo allo stile architettonico, il palazzo presenta delle coppie di nicchie sulle facciate ove potevano essere inserite delle sculture. Pur non essendo un vero e proprio palazzo di difesa, consta sul lato del cortile delle fuciliere e feritoie per la difesa personale. Forse questi elementi erano presenti sulle facciate prima di essere intonacate.

Altri progetti

Palazzi della provincia di Chieti


text:
Seznam všech loveckých hrádků a zámečků v Česku seřazených podle krajů:

Praha

Středočeský kraj

Jihočeský kraj

Plzeňský kraj

Karlovarský kraj

Ústecký kraj

Liberecký kraj

Královéhradecký kraj

Pardubický kraj

Kraj Vysočina

Jihomoravský kraj

Olomoucký kraj

Moravskoslezský kraj

Zlínský kraj

Možné lovecké zámečky
Jedná se o objekty označované jako lovecký zámeček, ale zatím se nepodařilo najít hodnověrný zdroj tohoto tvrzení.
 Černčice
 Olešnice v Orlických horách
 Podčejk

Zaniklé lovecké hrádky a zámečky

Poznámky

Reference

Externí odkazy
 Seznam na hrady.cz

Lovecké v Česku


text:
Riverside Township is a township in
Lyon County, Iowa, United States.

References

Lyon County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


text:
Адриан Ценц (; род. 1974) — немецкий учёный-антрополог и синолог, известный своими исследованиями лагерей для интернированных в Синьцзяне (также известных как лагеря «перевоспитания») и геноцида уйгуров. Он является старшим научным сотрудником Мемориального фонда жертв коммунизма, некоммерческого аналитического центра, базирующегося в Вашингтоне.

Карьера
Ценц получил степень магистра  в Оклендском университете, а затем докторскую степень по социальной антропологии в Кембриджском университете, защитив докторскую диссертацию по вопросам образования меньшинств, возможностей трудоустройства и этнической идентичности молодых тибетцев в западном Китае. Свободно говорит на севернокитайском языке.

Читал лекции по методологии  и консультировал докторантов в Европейской школе культуры и теологии, совместном проекте образовательного учреждения  и . Летом 2018 года Ценц переехал из Европы в США. С 2021 года является старшим научным сотрудником по изучению Китая в Мемориальном фонде жертв коммунизма.

Он также является советником .

Антропология

Синьцзян
Самой влиятельной работой Ценца было его исследование массовых задержаний уйгуров и других тюркских мусульманских меньшинств в китайских лагерях для интернированных в Синьцзяне. Ценц был одним из первых исследователей, открывший существование этих лагерей, узнавший об их размерах и масштабах.

Ценц изучал массовое содержание уйгуров в лагерях для интернированных в Синьцзян-Уйгурском автономном районе с февраля 2018 года. Его работа была основана на бюджетных планах китайского правительства, тендерных документах, утекших документах, электронных таблицах и на других официальных документах. Изначально, в отчёте Джеймстаунского фонда, опубликованном в мае 2018 года, Ценц подсчитал, что были задержаны от ста тысяч до чуть более одного миллиона мусульман, которые в дальнейшем были отправлены в лагеря. Ценц основывал свою оценку на документах, которые были слиты анонимными китайскими чиновниками из структур общественной безопасности в Истиклал, базирующуюся в Турции уйгурскую медиа-организацию в изгнании. Затем Ценц экстраполировал просочившиеся данные и включил информацию от бывших заключенных и публичные документы правительства Китая, в которых указывались размеры и расположение лагерей.

Работы
 2012. Worthy to Escape: Why All Believers Will Not Be Raptured Before the Tribulation, совместно с Марлоном Л. Сиасом. Блумингтон, Индиана: Westbow Press .
 2013. 'Tibetanness' Under Threat?: Neo-Integrationism, Minority Education and Career Strategies in Qinghai, КНР. Брилл.
 14 марта 2017. «Быстро развивающееся государство безопасности в Синьцзяне», совместно с Джеймсом Лейболдом. China Brief 17 (4). Фонд Джеймстауна.
 21 сентября 2017. «Чэнь Цюаньго: сила, стоящая за стратегией секьюритизации Пекина в Тибете и Синьцзяне», совместно с Джеймсом Лейбольдом. China Brief 17 (12).
 2018.  « « Тщательно реформируем их в сторону здорового отношения сердца »: китайская кампания политического перевоспитания в Синьцзяне» . Обзор Центральной Азии . Informa UK Limited. 38 (1): 102–128. DOI : 10.1080 / 02634937.2018.1507997 . ISSN 0263-4937 . S2CID 150169905 . ( через Academia.edu ).
 Краткое содержание: «Новые свидетельства кампании политического перевоспитания Китая в Синьцзяне». China Brief 18 (10). Фонд Джеймстауна.
 1 июля 2019. «Промывание мозгов, полицейская охрана и принудительное интернирование: свидетельства из документов правительства Китая о характере и масштабах «лагерей для интернированных профессионально-технического обучения» в Синьцзяне». Журнал политических рисков 7 (7).
 4 июля 2019. «Разрушьте их корни: доказательства китайской кампании по разлучению родителей и детей в Синьцзяне». Журнал политических рисков 7 (7).
 10 декабря 2019. «За пределами лагерей: долгосрочная программа Пекина по принудительному труду, борьбе с бедностью и социальному контролю в Синьцзяне». Журнал политических рисков 7 (12).    . Препринт .
 17 февраля 2020. «Список каракасов: анализ анатомии Пекина для интернирования в Синьцзяне». Журнал политических рисков 8 (2).
 июнь 2020. «Стерилизация, ВМС и обязательный контроль рождаемости: кампания КПК по снижению рождаемости уйгуров в Синьцзяне». Фонд Джеймстауна.
 сентябрь 2020. «Система военного профессионального обучения Синьцзяна приходит в Тибет». China Brief 20 (17). Фонд Джеймстауна.
 14 декабря 2020. «Принудительный труд в Синьцзяне: перемещение рабочей силы и мобилизация этнических меньшинств на сбор хлопка». Центр глобальной политики.
 24 августа 2021. ««Прекратить господство уйгурской этнической группы»: анализ стратегии Пекина по оптимизации численности населения в южном Синьцзяне». Обзор Центральной Азии . 40 (3): 291–312.

Комментарии

Примечания

Выпускники Кембриджского университета
Выпускники Оклендского университета
Антропологи XXI века
Википедия:Биографии современников
Синологи Германии
Родившиеся в 1974 году
Антропологи Германии
Геноцид уйгуров


text:
The fifth competition weekend of the 2018–19 ISU Speed Skating World Cup was held at the Vikingskipet in Hamar, Norway, from Friday, 1 February, until Sunday, 3 February 2019.

Schedule
The detailed event schedule:

Medal summary

Men's events

Women's events

Standings
Standings after completion of the event.

Men

500 m

1000 m

1500 m

Long distance

Mass start

Team pursuit

Team sprint

Women

500 m

1000 m

1500 m

Long distance

Mass start

Team pursuit

Team sprint

References

5
ISU World Cup, 2018-19, 5
2019 in Norwegian sport
Sport in Hamar
ISU Speed Skating


text:
The Rivulinae are a subfamily of moths in the family Erebidae described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1895. Caterpillars in the subfamily typically have long, barbed hairs and have full prolegs on abdominal segments 3 through 6. The adults have a unique microsculpturing proboscis.

Taxonomy
This subfamily was previously classified as part of the subfamily Hypeninae of Erebidae or within Noctuidae. Recent phylogenetic studies did not discover a close relationship with the Hypeninae but keep it within the Erebidae.

Genera
Alesua
Bocula
Oxycilla
Oglasa
Rivula
Zebeeba
Zelicodes

References

Moth subfamilies


text:
Svetovno prvenstvo v hokeju na ledu 2015 je 79. svetovno prvenstvo v hokeju na ledu. Vodila ga je Mednarodna hokejska zveza. 47 držav je bilo razporejenih v 4 različne divizije. Tekmovanje je tudi služilo kot kvalifikacije za Svetovno prvenstvo v hokeju na ledu 2016.

Elitna divizija

Tekmovanje je potekalo med 1. in 17. majem 2015 v Ostravi in na Pragi na Češkem.

Končni vrstni red

 — izpad v Divizijo I A
 — izpad v Divizijo I A

Divizija I

Divizija I A — končni vrstni red
 — napredovanje v elitno divizijo
 — napredovanje v elitno divizijo

 — izpad v Divizijo I B

Divizija I B — končni vrstni red
 — napredovanje v Divizijo I A

 — izpad v Divizijo II A

Divizija II

Divizija II A — končni vrstni red
 — napredovanje v Divizijo I B

 — izpad v Divizijo II B

Divizija II B — končni vrstni red
 — napredovanje v Divizijo II A

{{ih|ISR}}
<li>{{ih|JAR}} — ''izpad v Divizijo III''
{{Col-end}}

Divizija III
{{glavni|Svetovno prvenstvo v hokeju na ledu 2015 - Divizija III}}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Divizija III — končni vrstni red'''
{{ih|PRK}} — ''napredovanje v Divizijo II B''
{{ih|TUR}}
{{ih|LUX}}
{{ih|HKG}}
{{ih|GEO}}
{{ih|UAE}}
{{ih|BIH}}

{{Col-end}}

Zunanje povezave
 [http://hockeyarchive.info/en/t/98/2015-ice-hockey-world-championship/ Prvenstvo] na hockeyarchive.info

{{Svetovno prvenstvo v hokeju na ledu}}

[[Kategorija:Svetovna prvenstva v hokeju na ledu|2015]]
[[Kategorija:2015 v športu]]
[[Kategorija:Svetovno prvenstvo v hokeju na ledu 2015|*]]


text:
Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan také známý jako Jazíd I. byl druhý chalífa umajjovského chalífátu. Vládl od dubna 680 až do své smrti v listopadu 683. Jeho jmenování bylo první dědičnou posloupností chalífátu v islámské historii. Jeho chalífát byl poznamenán smrtí Mohamedova vnuka Husajna ibn Aliho a začátkem krize známé jako druhá fitna. Jazidovo jmenování v roce 676 (56 AH) jeho otcem Mu'awiya I bylo proti několika muslimským grandeeům z oblasti Hidžáz, včetně Husayna a Abd Allaha ibn al-Zubajra. Dva muži odmítli uznat Jazida po jeho nástupu a vzali si útočiště v Mekce. Když Husajn odešel do Kufy v Iráku, aby vedl povstání proti Jazidovi, byl se svou malou skupinou stoupenců zabit Jazidovými silami v bitvě o Karbalu. Husajnova smrt vyvolala nelibost v Hidžáz, kde Ibn al-Zubayr svolal poradní shromáždění, které mělo zvolit nového chalífu. Lidé z Medíny, kteří podporovali Ibn al-Zubajra, měli vůči Umajjovcům další stížnosti. Poté, co se nepodařilo získat loajalitu Ibn al-Zubayra a lidu Hejaz prostřednictvím diplomacie, Yazid vyslal armádu, aby potlačila jejich povstání. Armáda porazila Mediňany v bitvě u al-Harra v srpnu 683 a město bylo vydrancováno. Poté byla Mekka několik týdnů obléhána, než se armáda v důsledku Jazidovy smrti v listopadu 683 stáhla. Chalífát upadl do téměř deset let dlouhé občanské války, která skončila založením dynastie Marwanidů (umajjovský chalífa Marwan I. a jeho potomci). Jazíd pokračoval v Mu'awiyaově decentralizovaném modelu vládnutí a spoléhal se na své provinční guvernéry a kmenovou šlechtu. Opustil ctižádostivé nájezdy Mu'awiya proti Byzantské říši a posílil vojenskou obranu Sýrie. Za jeho vlády nebyla dobyta žádná nová území. Jazid je mnohými muslimy považován za nelegitimního vládce a tyrana kvůli jeho dědičné posloupnosti, smrti Husajna a jeho útoku na Medinu. Moderní historici zastávají mírnější názor a považují ho za schopného vládce, i když méně úspěšného než jeho otec.

Dětství
Jazid se narodil v Sýrii. Jeho rok narození je nejistý, pohybuje se mezi 642 a 649. Jeho otec byl Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, tehdejší guvernér Sýrie za chalífy Uthmana (r. 644–656). Mu'awiya a Uthman patřili k bohatému klanu Umajjovců z kmene Kurajšovců, seskupení mekkských klanů, ke kterým patřil islámský prorok Mohamed a všichni předchozí chalífové. Yazidova matka Maysun byla dcerou Bahdala ibn Unayfa, náčelníka mocného beduínského kmene Banu Kalb. Byla křesťankou, stejně jako většina jejího kmene. Yazid vyrostl se svým příbuzným Kalbite z matčiny strany, trávil své mládí v Syrské poušti, po zbytek roku byl ve společnosti řeckých a syrských dvořanů svého otce, který se stal chalífou v roce 661.

Vláda
Poté, co Mu'ávija I. v dubnu 680 zemřel, byl v Damašku Jazíd přijat za nového chalífu. Mezi arabskými elitami se však tento čin nesetkal s pochopením, protože zde žilo mnoho jiných významnějších mužů, kteří si nárokovali nástupnictví. Prakticky okamžitě došlo k povstání dvou pretendentů, a to al – Husajna (syna Alího a Fatimy) a Abdulláh ibn az-Zubajr.

Jazíd se nejprve obrátil proti al – Husajnovi, který se mezitím z Mekky přesunul na území dnešního Iráku, kde shromažďoval své šíitské stoupence. Husajnova váhavost způsobila, že Jazídovy oddíly obklíčily jeho vojsko u Karbalá, kde se 10. října 680 strhla proslulá bitva. Husajn s celou svou rodinou padl a bitevní pole se stalo poutním místem.

Nebezpečnějším protivníkem byl Abdulláh ibn az – Zubajr, který zůstával pod ochranou posvátné Mekky. Dokonce se zde nechal prohlásit chalífou. Jazíd proti němu vypravil roku 683 vojsko 12 000 bojovníků, kteří zvítězili nedaleko Medíny a poté oblehli Mekku. Sem však 11. listopadu téhož roku dorazila zpráva, že Jazíd I. zemřel. Obléhání skončilo a vojsko nabídlo hold Abdulláhovi, a to za podmínky přesídlení do Damašku, ten však odmítl, čímž paradoxně zachránil umajjovskou dynastii.

Ve vnitřní politice pokračoval Jazíd v politice svého otce. Posiloval administrativu říše a snažil se upevňovat svou moc v centru moci Umajjovců – Sýrii. Snažil se také zdokonalit finanční systém, když snížil daně některým křesťanským obcím a naopak opustil některé daňové úlevy u svých arabských souvěrců.

V zahraniční politice došlo pouze k tažení v severní Africe, kde se stal místodržícím Ukba ibn Nafi al-Fihrí. Jeho vojsko v letech 681 - 683 proniklo na území dnešního Alžírska a Maroka a dospělo až k Atlantskému oceánu. Odpor Berberů v oblasti byl však silný a při ústupu byl Ukba ibn Nafi al-Fihrí poražen a zabit.

Smrt
Jazid zemřel 11. listopadu 683 ve středosyrském pouštním městě Huwwarin, jeho oblíbené rezidenci, ve věku mezi 35 a 43 lety a byl tam pohřben. Raní analisté jako Abu Ma'shar al-Madani († 778) a al-Waqidi († 823) neuvádějí žádné podrobnosti o jeho smrti. Zdá se, že tento nedostatek informací inspiroval k vymýšlení popisů autorů s protiumajjovskými sklony, které podrobně popisují několik příčin smrti, včetně pádu koně, nadměrného pití, zánětu pohrudnice a pálení. Podle veršů současného básníka Ibn Arada, který v té době bydlel v Khurasan, Jazid zemřel ve své posteli s pohárem vína po jeho boku.

Literatura
 TAUER, Felix, Svět islámu, Praha, Vyšehrad, 1984.

Externí odkazy

Umajjovci
Narození v 7. století
Úmrtí v 7. století
Muži
Narození v roce 647
Narození 23. července
Úmrtí v roce 683
Úmrtí 14. listopadu


text:
Benimuslem is een gemeente in de Spaanse provincie Valencia in de regio Valencia met een oppervlakte van 4 km². Benimuslem telt  inwoners ().

Gemeente in Valencia (provincie)


text:
Geografia
 Aspremont (Alts Alps) (municipi francès)
 Aspremont (Alps Marítims) (municipi francès)
 Aspremont (castell a les Landes)

Literatura
 Aspremont (cançó de gesta)

Vegeu també els parònims
 Aspromonte (cadena muntanyosa a Calàbria, Itàlia)
 Apremont


text:
"Whatever the Case May Be" er det tolvte afsnit af tv-serien Lost. Episoden blev instrueret af Jack Bender og skrevet af Damon Lindelof & Jennifer Johnson. Det blev første gang udsendt 5. januar 2005, og karakteren Kate Austen vises i afsnittets flashbacks.

Eksterne henvisninger

Afsnit af Lost (sæson 1)


text:
Vigilance est un parti politique genevois créé en 1964 et disparu dans les années 1990.

Histoire de sa création
Le parti se constitue en 1965 à la suite de la création d'une pièce de théâtre de Walter Weideli. Cette pièce, Le Banquier sans visage, est consacrée au financier genevois Jacques Necker, ministre des finances de Louis XVI et porte un regard critique sur la bourgeoisie genevoise de l'époque. Ce spectacle doit être présenté lors des festivités marquant le  de l'entrée de Genève dans la Confédération suisse (1815) et est fortement critiqué à droite, en particulier son subventionnement. Le nouveau mouvement Vigilance lance alors le slogan .

Doctrine politique et résultats électoraux
Le mouvement milite dans un premier temps contre la présence d'étrangers, surtout italiens, à Genève dans le sillage des initiatives contre l'emprise étrangère de James Schwarzenbach et Valentin Oehen. Il critique également la présence des organisations internationales et lance un référendum contre la Fondation pour les immeubles à leur intention (FIPOI).

Ses principales figures sont le conseiller national Mario Soldini et l'avocat Arnold Schläpfer. Son slogan est Restons princes en notre ville. Vigilance obtient d'emblée 10 sièges de députés au Grand Conseil en 1965, n'est plus représentée en 1969, retrouve ses 10 députés en 1973 et est réduite à 8 en 1977 puis 7 sièges en 1981. Son apogée est atteint en 1985 avec 19 sièges (devenant le  du canton juste après les libéraux) mais de nombreux candidats qui ne pensaient pas être élus démissionnent et l'aile centriste de Vigilance s'inquiète de points de vue trop xénophobes de leur président, Éric Bertinat, proche du Front national français. Celui-ci démissionne en 1988. Par la suite, le parti retombe à 9 sièges en 1989 et finit par disparaitre.

L'Union démocratique du centre, le Parti des automobilistes et le Mouvement citoyens genevois font plus tard appel à la même sensibilité et idées politiques, récupérant du même coup d'anciens militants comme Pierre Schifferli (UDC), Roger Golay (MCG) et Éric Bertinat (UDC). Mais d'autres militants comme le futur procureur général du canton Olivier Jornot, qui le rejoint encore adolescent, iront rejoindre le Parti libéral suisse. Le négationniste Gaston-Armand Amaudruz aurait pour sa part aidé à la fusion de plusieurs partis nationalistes suisses    .

« La filiation avec l'extrême droite est indiscutable », estime le quotidien suisse  Le Temps. Le conseiller national du parti, Mario Soldini, était un ancien militant de l'Union nationale de Georges Oltramare, grande figure genevoise du fascisme de l'entre-deux-guerres. Un député de Vigilance, Pierre Jaquiard, qui est aussi responsable des Jeunesses vigilantes, après qu'un député du Parti du Travail a traité le groupe Vigilance au Grand Conseil de « Bande de fascistes ! », a rétorqué « Et je suis fier de l'être ! ».

Vigilance a eu une section vaudoise, issue en fait du Mouvement républicain, entre 1985 et 1987. Elle sera absorbée par l'Action nationale.

Publications
 Vigilance : bulletin d'information du Comité de vigilance, 1964-1978 (nos 1-137)
 Le vigilant, 1978- (nos 138-257)

Bibliographie

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Mario Soldini

Liens externes


text:
Leptogaster masaica är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Lindner 1955. Leptogaster masaica ingår i släktet Leptogaster och familjen rovflugor.

Artens utbredningsområde är Tanzania. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Rovflugor
masaica


text:
Nikola Ivanović (en serbio, Никола Ивановић, Podgorica, ) es un baloncestista montenegrino que pertenece a la plantilla del Estrella Roja de la ABA Liga. Con 1,90 metros de estatura, juega en la posición de base.

Trayectoria deportiva

Profesional
Comenzó a jugar al baloncesto en un club de su ciudad natal, el KK Joker Podgorica, de donde pasó a las categorías inferiores del KK Mornar Bar, con el que llegó al primer equipo, jugando una temporada en la Liga de los Balcanes, en la que promedió 11,3 puntos y 3,8 rebotes por partido.

En 2011 fue traspasado al principal club montenegrino, el KK Budućnost, con el que firmó su primer contrato profesional tras cumplir los 18 años de edad. En su primera temporada en el equipo promedió 6,9 puntos y 1,8 asistencias en el total de las competiciones que disputó.

En 2013 acabó en la décima posición en la votación por el Jugador Joven del Año Europeo de la FIBA, galardón que logró Jonas Valanciunas. Jugó en el KK Budućnost hasta 2015, fecha en la que fichó por el KK Mega Leks serbio. En la Liga ABA promedió 13,4 puntos y 5,2 asistencias por partido. Ganó la Copa de Serbia ante el KK Partizan, siendo elegido mejor jugador de la competición.

El 14 de junio de 2016 firmó un contrato por tres temporadas con el AEK Atenas, pero tras un comienzo de la temporada en el que promedió 6,4 puntos y 3,2 asistencias por partido, en enero de 2017 fue cedido a la Orlandina Basket italiana hasta final de temporada, promediando 12,0 puntos y 3,5 asistencias por partido.

El 13 de septiembre de 2017 regresó al KK Budućnost de su país.

En la temporada 2021-22, firma por el Estrella Roja de la ABA Liga.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Nikola Ivanović en aba-liga.com
Nikola Ivanović en fiba.com
Nikola Ivanović en eurobasket.com
Nikola Ivanović en euroleague.net
Ficha en Realgm.com

Nacidos en Podgorica
Baloncestistas de Montenegro
Baloncestistas de la selección de Montenegro
Baloncestistas del KK Mornar Bar
Baloncestistas del Buducnost Podgorica
Baloncestistas del KK Mega Bemax
Baloncestistas del AEK Atenas
Baloncestistas del Orlandina Basket
Baloncestistas del Estrella Roja de Belgrado


text:
A Seleção Bermudense de Rugby Union é a equipe que representa Bermudas em competições internacionais de Rugby Union.

Ligações Externas
 http://rugbydata.com/bermuda

B


text:
Data General Corporation was one of the first minicomputer firms of the late 1960s. Three of the four founders were former employees of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).

Their first product, 1969's Data General Nova, was a 16-bit minicomputer intended to both outperform and cost less than the equivalent from DEC, the 12-bit PDP-8. A basic Nova system cost  or less than a similar PDP-8 while running faster, offering easy expandability, being significantly smaller, and proving more reliable in the field. Combined with Data General RDOS (DG/RDOS) and programming languages like Data General Business Basic, Novas provided a multi-user platform far ahead of many contemporary systems. A series of updated Nova machines were released through the early 1970s that kept the Nova line at the front of the 16-bit mini world.

The Nova was followed by the Eclipse series which offered much larger memory capacity while still being able to run Nova code without modification. The Eclipse launch was marred by production problems and it was some time before it was a reliable replacement for the tens of thousands of Novas in the market. As the mini world moved from 16-bit to 32, DG introduced the Data General Eclipse MV/8000, whose development was extensively documented in the popular book, The Soul of a New Machine. Although DG's computers were successful, the introduction of the IBM PC in 1981 marked the beginning of the end for minicomputers, and by the end of the decade, the entire market had largely disappeared. The introduction of the Data General/One in 1984 did nothing to stop the erosion.

In a major business pivot, in 1989 DG released the AViiON series of scalable Unix systems which spanned from desktop workstations to departmental servers. This scalability was managed through the use of NUMA, allowing a number of commodity processors to work together in a single system. Following AViiON was the CLARiiON series of network attached storage systems which became a major product line in the later 1990s. This led to a purchase by EMC, the major vendor in the storage space at that time. EMC shut down all of DG's lines except for CLARiiON, which continued sales until 2012.

History

Origin, founding and early years: Nova and SuperNova
Data General (DG) was founded by several engineers from Digital Equipment Corporation who were frustrated with DEC's management and left to form their own company. The chief founders were Edson de Castro, Henry Burkhardt III, and Richard Sogge of Digital Equipment (DEC), and Herbert Richman of Fairchild Semiconductor.  The company was founded in Hudson, Massachusetts, in 1968. Harvey Newquist was hired from Computer Control Corporation to oversee manufacturing.

Edson de Castro was the chief engineer in charge of the PDP-8, DEC's line of inexpensive computers that created the minicomputer market. It was designed specifically to be used in laboratory equipment settings; as the technology improved, it was reduced in size to fit into a 19-inch rack. Many PDP-8s still operated decades later in these roles. De Castro was watching developments in manufacturing, especially more complex printed circuit boards (PCBs) and wave soldering that suggested that the PDP-8 could be produced much more inexpensively. DEC was not interested, having turned its attention increasingly to the high-end market. Convinced he could improve the process, De Castro began work on his own low-cost 16-bit design.

The result was released in 1969 by Data General as the Nova. The Nova, like the PDP-8, used a simple accumulator-based architecture. It lacked general registers and the stack-pointer functionality of the more advanced PDP-11, as did competing products, such as the HP 1000; compilers used hardware-based memory locations in lieu of a stack pointer. Designed to be rack-mounted similarly to the later PDP-8 machines, it was packaged on four PCB cards and was thus smaller in height, while also including a number of features that made it run considerably faster. Announced as "the best small computer in the world", the Nova quickly gained a following, especially in scientific and educational markets, and made the company flush with cash. DEC sued for misappropriation of its trade secrets, but this ultimately went nowhere. With the initial success of the Nova, Data General went public in the fall of 1969.

The original Nova was soon followed by the faster SuperNova, which replaced the Nova's 4-bit arithmetic logic unit (ALU) with a 16-bit version that made the machine roughly four times as fast. Several variations and upgrades to the SuperNova core followed. The last major version, the Nova 4, was released in 1978. During this period the Nova generated 20% annual growth rates for the company, becoming a star in the business community and generating US$ 100 million in sales in 1975. In 1977, DG launched a 16-bit microcomputer called the microNOVA to poor commercial success.
The Nova series played a very important role as instruction-set inspiration to Charles P. Thacker and others at Xerox PARC during their construction of the Xerox Alto.

Late 1970s to late 1980s: crisis and a short term solution
In 1974, the Nova was supplanted by their upscale 16-bit machine, the Eclipse. Based on many of the same concepts as the Nova, it included support for virtual memory and multitasking more suitable to the small office environment. For this reason, the Eclipse was packaged differently, in a floor-standing case resembling a small refrigerator.

Production problems with the Eclipse led to a rash of lawsuits in the late 1970s. Newer versions of the machine were pre-ordered by many of DG's customers, which were never delivered. Many customers sued Data General after more than a year of waiting, charging the company with breach of contract, while others simply canceled their orders and went elsewhere. The Eclipse was originally intended to replace the Nova outright, evidenced by the fact that the Nova 3 series, released at the same time and utilizing virtually the same internal architecture as the Eclipse, was phased out the next year. Strong demand continued for the Nova series, resulting in the Nova 4, perhaps as a result of the continuing problems with the Eclipse.

Fountainhead
While DG was still struggling with Eclipse, in 1977, Digital announced the VAX series, their first 32-bit minicomputer line, described as "super-minis". This coincided with the aging of DEC's 16-bit products, notably the PDP-11, which were coming due for replacement. It appeared there was an enormous potential market for 32-bit machines, one that DG might be able to "scoop".

Data General immediately launched their own 32-bit effort in 1976 to build what they called the "world's best 32-bit machine", known internally as the "Fountainhead Project", or FHP for short (Fountain Head Project). Development took place off-site so that even DG workers would not know of it. The developers were given free rein over the design and selected a system that used a writable instruction set. The idea was that the instruction set architecture (ISA) was not fixed, programs could write their own ISA and upload it as microcode to the processor's writable control store. This would allow the ISA to be tailored to the programs being run, for instance, one might upload an ISA tuned for COBOL if the company's workload included significant numbers of COBOL programs.

When Digital's VAX-11/780 was shipped in February 1978, however, Fountainhead was not yet ready to deliver a machine, due mainly to problems in project management. DG's customers left quickly for the VAX world.

Eagle
In the spring of 1978, with Fountainhead apparently in development hell, a secret skunkworks project was started to develop an alternative 32-bit system known as "Eagle" by a team led by Tom West. References to "the Eagle project" and "Project Eagle" co-exist. Eagle was a straightforward, 32-bit extension of the Nova-based Eclipse. It was backwards-compatible with 16-bit Eclipse applications, used the same command-line interpreter, but offered improved 32-bit performance over the VAX 11/780 while using fewer components.

By late 1979, it became clear that Eagle would deliver before Fountainhead, igniting an intense turf war within the company for constantly shrinking project funds. In the meantime, customers were abandoning Data General in droves, driven not only by the delivery problems with the original Eclipse, including very serious quality control and customer service problems, but also the power and versatility of Digital's new VAX line. Ultimately, Fountainhead was cancelled and Eagle became the new MV series, with the first model, the Data General Eclipse MV/8000, announced in April 1980.

The Eagle Project was the subject of Tracy Kidder's Pulitzer prize-winning book, The Soul of a New Machine, making the MV line the best-documented computer project in recent history.

MV series
The MV systems generated an almost miraculous turnaround for Data General. Through the early 1980s sales picked up, and by 1984 the company had over a billion dollars in annual sales.

One of Data General's significant customers at this time was the United States Forest Service, which starting in the mid-1980s used DG systems installed at all levels from headquarters in Washington, D.C. down to individual ranger stations and fire command posts. This required equipment of high reliability and generally rugged construction that could be deployed in a wide range of places, often to be maintained and used by people with no computer background at all. The intent was to create new kinds of functional integration in an agency that had long prized its decentralized structure. Despite some tensions, the implementation was effective and the overall effects on the agency notably positive. The introduction, implementation, and effects of the DG systems in USFS were documented in a series of evaluative reports prepared in the late 1980s by the RAND Corporation.

The MV series came in various iterations, from the MV/2000 (later MV/2500), MV/4000, MV/10000, MV/15000, MV/20000, MV/30000, MV/40000 and ultimately concluded with the MV/60000HA minicomputer. The MV/60000HA was intended to be a High Availability system, with many components duplicated to eliminate the single point of failure. Yet, there were failures among the system's many daughter boards, back-plane, and mid-plane. DG technicians were kept quite busy replacing boards and many blamed poor quality control at the DG factory in Mexico where they were made and refurbished.

In retrospect, the nicely performing MV series was too little, too late. At a time when DG invested its last dollar into the dying minicomputer segment, the microcomputer was rapidly making inroads to the lower-end market segment, and the introduction of the first workstations wiped out all 16-bit machines, once DG's best customer segment. While the MV series did stop the erosion of DG's customer base, this now smaller base was no longer large enough to allow DG to develop their next generation.  DG had also changed their marketing to focus on direct sales to Fortune 100 companies and thus alienated many resellers.

Software
Data General developed operating systems for its hardware: DOS and RDOS for the Nova, RDOS and AOS for the 16-bit Eclipse C, M, and S lines, AOS/VS and AOS/VS II for the Eclipse MV line, and a modified version of UNIX System V called DG/UX for the Eclipse MV and AViiON machines. The AOS/VS software was the most commonly used DG software product and included CLI (Command Line Interpreter) allowing for complex scripting, DUMP/LOAD, and other custom components.

Related system software also in common use at the time included such packages as X.25, Xodiac, and TCP/IP for networking, Fortran, COBOL, RPG, PL/I, C and Data General Business Basic for programming, INFOS II and DG/DBMS for databases, and the nascent relational database software DG/SQL.

Data General also offered an office automation suite named Comprehensive Electronic Office (CEO), which included a mail system, a calendar, a folder-based document store, a word processor (CEOWrite), a spreadsheet processor, and other assorted tools. All were crude by today's standards, but were revolutionary for their time.  CEOWrite was also offered on the DG One Portable.

Some software development from the early 1970s is notable. PLN (created by Robert Nichols) was the host language for a number of DG products, making them easier to develop, enhance, and maintain than macro assembler equivalents. PLN smacked of a micro-subset of PL/I, in sharp contrast to other languages of the time, such as BLISS. The RPG product (shipped in 1976) incorporated a language runtime system implemented as a virtual machine which executed pre-compiled code as sequences of PLN statements and Eclipse commercial instruction routines. The latter provided microcode acceleration of arithmetic and conversion operations for a wide range of now-arcane data types such as overpunch characters. The DG Easy product, a portable application platform developed by Nichols and others from 1975 to 1979 but never marketed, had roots easily traceable back to the RPG VM created by Stephen Schleimer.

Also notable were several commercial software products developed in the mid to late 1970s in conjunction with the commercial computers.  These products were popular with business customers because of their screen design feature and other ease-of-use features.
 The first product was IDEA (Interactive Data Entry/Access), which consisted of a screen design tool (IFMT), TP Controller (IMON), and a program development language (IFPL).
 The second was the CS40 line of products, which used COBOL and their own ISAM data manager. The COBOL variant used included an added screen section. Both of these products were a major departure from the transaction monitors of the day which did not have a screen design tool and used subroutine calls from COBOL to handle the screen. IDEA was identified by some market watchers as a precursor to fourth-generation programming languages.

The original IDEA ran on RDOS and would support up to 24 users in an RDOS Partition. Each user could use the same or a different program. Eventually, IDEA ran on every commercial hardware product from the MicroNova (4 users) to the MV series under AOS/VS, the same IDEA program running all those systems.  The CS40 (the first of this line) was a package system which supported four terminal users, each running a different COBOL program.
 These products also led to the development of a third product, TPMS (Transaction Processing Monitoring System (announced in 1980)) which could capably run a large number of COBOL or PL/I users with a smaller number of processors, a major resource and performance advantage on AOS and AOS/VS systems. TPMS had the same screen design tool as the earlier products. TPMS used defined subroutine calls for screen functions from COBOL or PL/I, which in some users' eyes made it more difficult to use. However, this product was aimed at the professional IS Programmers as were its competitors—IBM's CICS and DEC's TRAX.  As with IDEA, TPMS used INFOS for information management and DG/DBMS for database management.

Xodiac
In 1979, DG introduced their Xodiac networking system. This was based on the X.25 standard at the lower levels, and their own application layer protocols on top. Because it was based on X.25, remote sites could be linked together over commercial X.25 services like Telenet in the US or Datapac in Canada. Data General software packages supporting Xodiac included Comprehensive Electronic Office (CEO).

In June 1987, Data General announced its intention to replace Xodiac with the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol suite.

Dasher terminals
Data General produced a full range of peripherals, sometimes by rebadging printers for example, but Data General's own series of CRT-based and hard-copy terminals were high quality and featured a generous number of function keys, each with the ability to send different codes, with any combination of control and shift keys, which influenced WordPerfect design.  The model 6053 Dasher 2 featured an easily tilted screen, but used many integrated circuits; the smaller, lighter D100, D200 and eventually the D210 replaced it as the basic user terminal, while graphics models such as the D460 (with ANSI X3.64 compatibility) occupied the very high end of the range. Terminal emulators for the D2/D3/D100/D200/D210 (and some features of the D450/460) do exist, including the Freeware 1993 DOS program in D460.zip.

Most Data General software was written specifically for their own terminals (or the terminal emulation built into the Desktop Generation DG10, but the Data General One built-in terminal emulator is not often suitable), although software using Data General Business BASIC could be more flexible in terminal handling, because logging into a Business BASIC system would initiate a process whereby the terminal type would (usually) be auto-detected.

Data General-One

Data General's introduction of the Data General/One (DG-1) in 1984 is one of the few cases of a minicomputer company introducing a truly breakthrough PC product. Considered genuinely portable, rather than "luggable", as alternatives often were called, it was a nine-pound battery-powered MS-DOS machine equipped with dual 3-inch diskettes, a 79-key full-stroke keyboard, 128 KB to 512 KB of RAM, and a monochrome LCD screen capable of either the full-sized standard 80×25 characters or full CGA graphics (640×200). The DG-1 was considered a modest advance over similar Osborne/Kaypro systems overall.

Desktop Generation
Data General also brought out a small-footprint "Desktop Generation" range, starting with the DG10 that included both Data General and Intel CPUs in a patented closely coupled arrangement, able to run MS-DOS or CP/M-86 concurrently with DG/RDOS, with each benefiting from the hardware acceleration given by other CPU as a co-processor that would handle (for instance) screen graphics or disk operations concurrently.  Other members of the Desktop Generation range, the DG20 and DG30, were aimed more at traditional commercial environments, such as multi-user COBOL systems, replacing refrigerator-sized minicomputers with toaster-sized modular microcomputers based around the microECLIPSE CPUs and some of the technology developed for the microNOVA-based "Micro Products" range such as the MP/100 and MP/200 that had struggled to find a market niche. The Single-processor version of the DG10, the DG10SP, was the entry-level machine with, like the DG20 and 30, no ability to run Intel software. Despite having some good features and having less direct competition from the flood of cheap PC compatibles, the Desktop Generation range also struggled, partly because they offered an economical way of running what was essentially "legacy software" while the future was clearly either slightly cheaper Personal Computers or slightly more expensive "super minicomputers" such as the MV and VAX computers.

Lock-in or no lock-in?
Throughout the 1980s, the computer market had evolved dramatically. Large installations in the past typically ran custom-developed software for a small range of tasks. For instance, IBM often delivered machines whose only purpose was to generate accounting data for a single company, running software tailored for that company alone.

By the mid-1980s, the introduction of new software development methods and the rapid acceptance of the SQL database was changing the way such software was developed. Now developers typically linked together several pieces of existing software, as opposed to developing everything from scratch. In this market, the question of which machine was the "best" changed; it was no longer the machine with the best price–performance ratio or service contracts, but the one that ran all of the third-party software the customer intended to use.

This change forced changes on the hardware vendors as well. Formerly, almost all computer companies attempted to make their machines different enough that when their customers sought a more powerful machine, it was often cheaper to buy another from the same company. This was known as "vendor lock-in", which helped guarantee future sales, even though the customers detested it.

With the change in software development, combined with new generations of commodity processors that could match the performance of low-end minicomputers, lock-in was no longer working. When forced to make a decision, it was often cheaper for the users to simply throw out all of their existing machinery and buy a microcomputer product instead. If this was not the case at present, it certainly appeared it would be within a generation or two of Moore's law.

In 1988, two company directors put together a report showing that if the company were to continue existing in the future, DG would have to either invest heavily in software to compete with new applications being delivered by IBM and DEC on their machines, or alternately exit the proprietary hardware business entirely.

Thomas West's report outlined these changes in the marketplace, and suggested that the customer was going to win the fight over lock-in. They also outlined a different solution: Instead of trying to compete against the much larger IBM and DEC, they suggested that since the user no longer cared about the hardware as much as software, DG could deliver the best "commodity" machines instead.

"Specifically", the report stated, "DG should examine the Unix market, where all of the needed software already exists, and see if DG can provide compelling Unix solutions." Now the customer could run any software they wished as long as it ran on Unix, and by the early 1990s, everything did. As long as DG's machines outperformed the competition, their customers would return, because they liked the machines, not because they were forced; lock-in was over.

AViiON
De Castro agreed with the report, and future generations of the MV series were terminated. Instead, DG released a technically interesting series of Unix servers known as the AViiON. The name "AViiON" was a reversed play on the name of DG's first product, Nova, implying "Nova II". In an effort to keep costs down, the AViiON was originally designed and shipped with the Motorola 88000 RISC processor. The AViiON machines supported multi-processing, later evolving into NUMA-based systems, allowing the machines to scale upwards in performance by adding additional processors.

CLARiiON
An important element in all enterprise computer systems is high speed storage. At the time AViiON came to market, commodity hard disk drives could not offer the sort of performance needed for data center use. DG attacked this problem in the same fashion as the processor issue, by running a large number of drives in parallel. The overall performance was greatly improved and the resulting innovation was marketed originally as the HADA (High Availability Disk Array) and then later as the CLARiiON line. The CLARiiON arrays, which offered SCSI RAID in various capacities, offered a great price/performance and platform flexibility over competing solutions.

The CLARiiON line was marketed not only to AViiON and Data General MV series customers, but also to customers running servers from other vendors such as Sun Microsystems, Hewlett Packard and Silicon Graphics. Data General also embarked on a plan to hire storage sales specialists and to challenge the EMC Symmetrix in the wider market.

Joint venture with Soviet company
On December 12, 1989, DG and Soviet Union software developer NPO Parma announced Perekat (Перекат, "Rolling Thunder,") the first joint venture between an American computer company and a Soviet company. DG would provide hardware and NPO Parma the software, and Austrian companies Voest Alpine Industrieanlagenbau and their marketing group Voest Alpine Vertriebe would build the plant.

Final downturn
Despite Data General's betting the AViiON farm on the Motorola 88000,  Motorola decided to end production of that CPU. The 88000 had never been very successful, and DG was the only major customer. When Apple Computer and IBM proposed their joint solution based on POWER architecture, the PowerPC, Motorola picked up the manufacturing contract and killed the 88000.

DG quickly responded by introduced new models of the AViiON series based on a true commodity processor, the Intel x86 series. By this time a number of other vendors, notably Sequent Computer Systems, were also introducing similar machines. The lack of lock-in now came back to haunt DG, and the rapid commoditization of the Unix market led to shrinking sales. DG did begin a minor shift toward the service industry, training their technicians for the role of implementing a spate of new x86-based servers and the new Microsoft Windows NT domain-driven, small server world. This never developed enough to offset the loss of high margin server business however.

Data General also targeted the explosion of the internet in the latter 1990s with the formation of the THiiN Line business unit, led by Tom West, which had a focus on creation and sale of so-called "internet appliances".  The product developed was called the SiteStak web server appliance and was designed as an inexpensive website hosting product.

EMC takeover
CLARiiON was the only product line that saw continued success through the later 1990s after finding a large niche for Unix storage systems, and its sales were still strong enough to make DG a takeover target. EMC, the 800-pound gorilla in the storage market, announced in August 1999 that they would buy Data General and its assets for $1.1 billion or $19.58 a share. The acquisition was completed on October 12, 1999.

Although details of the acquisition specified that EMC had to take the entire company, and not just the storage line, EMC quickly ended all development and production of DG computer hardware and parts, effectively ending Data General's presence in the segment. The maintenance business was sold to a third party, who also acquired all of DG's remaining hardware components for spare parts sales to old DG customers. The CLARiiON line continued to be a major player in the market and was marketed under that name until January 2012. CLARiiON was also widely sold by Dell through a worldwide OEM deal with EMC. The Clariion and Celerra storage products evolved into EMC's unified storage platform, the VNX platform.

Data General would be only one of many New England based computer companies, including the original Digital Equipment Corporation, that collapsed or were sold to larger companies after the 1980s. On the Internet, even the old Data General domain (dg.com), which contained a few EMC webpages that only mentioned the latter company in passing, was sold to the Dollar General discount department store chain in October 2009.

Marketing
Data General exhibited a brash style of marketing and advertising, which acted to set the company in the spotlight.  A memorable advertising campaign during the early 1980s Desktop Generation era, was issuance of T-shirts with the logo "We did it on a desktop". The early AViiON servers were portrayed as powerful computing in the size of a pizza box.

Data General sponsored the Tyrrell Formula 1 team in the Formula 1 World Championships in 1985, 1986 and 1987, with prominent placing on the team's 014, 015 and DG016 cars. The DG016 used in 1987 was prefixed DG in deference to Data General.

Alumni
DJ Delorie designed PC motherboards and BIOS code for Data General for four years. He authored DJGPP, and currently works for Red Hat on GCC.
Peter Darnell was a developer of DG/L and went on to develop C compilers for Unix and Windows. He wrote a book on C and is the developer of the visual programming language VisSim by Visual Solutions.
Jean-Louis Gassée was with Data General in France before moving to Apple Computer and Be Inc.
Ronald H. Gruner was head of Data General's Fountainhead project which competed with the MV/8000. After leaving DG he co-founded Alliant Computer Systems along with former DG colleague Craig Mundie.
David C. Mahoney founded Banyan Systems and pioneered Local Area network technologies in late 1980s along with Novell.
Craig Mundie was a software developer at Data General and later became Chief Technologist at Microsoft.
Mike Nash worked on AOS/VS kernel virtual terminal services for PCI and was a Corporate Vice President at Microsoft and is currently Vice President, Consumer PC & Solutions, Printing and Personal Systems Group, Hewlett-Packard Company.
Ray Ozzie was a software developer at Data General. He subsequently worked for Software Arts, Lotus Development, Iris Associates, and Groove Networks. Groove Networks was acquired by Microsoft in 2005, and Ozzie replaced Bill Gates as chief software architect at Microsoft from 2006 until 2010.
Jonathan Sachs co-founded Lotus Development where he authored 1-2-3.
 Jit Saxena founded Netezza, search technology company
Christopher Stone founded Object Management Group (created CORBA) and became vice chairman/CEO of Novell.
Asher Waldfogel was a software engineer in Special Systems (software) who later went on to found Redback Networks, Tollbridge Technologies and PeakStream.
Steve Wallach cofounded Convex Computer.
Joshua Weiss was a manager in the Xodiac Networking group who went on to co-found Prominet (bought by Lucent Technologies) and later was founder and CEO of Nauticus (bought by Sun Microsystems).
Tom West was the manager for the MV/8000 and later projects.  He was the main protagonist of the Pulitzer Prize winning non-fiction book The Soul of a New Machine.
Edward Zander was product marketing manager at Data General before his positions at Apollo Computer, Sun Microsystems and Motorola as CEO.
Wayne Rosing was hardware manager of Special Systems (hardware) who left to design the Lisa workstation for Apple.  Though not a commercial success, stripped down it became the Macintosh.  Rosing later went to Sun Microsystems where he was Vice President of Advanced Development, appearing on the cover of Fortune magazine.  He retired as VP of Hardware at Google.
George Woltman went on to found the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS) and is the author of Prime95 (which is used to search for Mersenne Prime numbers and for hardware stress testing.)

Notes

References

Kidder, Tracy (1981). The Soul of a New Machine. Little, Brown and Company. Reprint edition July 1997 by Modern Library. .

External links
Official Website, circa 1996
SimuLogics ("dedicated to preserving the history and legacy of the Data General Nova, Eclipse, MV and compatible computers")
Carl Friend's Computer Museum (has pages for over a dozen DG systems)
  data general facebook alumni group

1968 establishments in Massachusetts
1999 disestablishments in Massachusetts
1999 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 1968
American companies disestablished in 1999
Computer companies established in 1968
Computer companies disestablished in 1999
Defunct computer companies based in Massachusetts
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct software companies of the United States
Dell EMC
Manufacturing companies established in 1968
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1999
Technology companies established in 1968
Technology companies disestablished in 1999


text:
Marion Gordon "Pat" Robertson  amerikai médiamogul, televíziós lelkipásztor, politikai kommentátor, volt republikánus elnökjelölt és volt baptista miniszter. Robertson konzervatív keresztény ideológiát támogat, és ismert a republikánus párt politikájában végzett korábbi tevékenységéről. A protestáns evangelikalizmuson belül a karizmatikus mozgalomhoz kötődik. A Regent Egyetem kancellárja és vezérigazgatója, valamint a Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) elnöke és alapítója.

Robertson saját bevallása szerint nem volt komoly keresztény, amíg személyes nehézségeken nem ment keresztül. 1955-ben osztályelsőként végzett a Yale jogi karán, de a New York-i ügyvédi vizsgán megbukott. Mivel Robertson a vizsgán megbukott, nem kapott lehetőséget az egyetem utáni elhelyezkedésre, és az ezt követő hónapokban, amelyeket később csalódásként, szégyenkezésként és munkanélküliségként fogalmazott meg, újjászületett keresztény lett, és lelkészi karrierbe kezdett.

Robertson több mint öt évtizeden át tartó karrierje során több nagy szervezet és vállalat, valamint egy egyetem alapítója volt.

Élete
1930. március 22-én született a virginiai Lexingtonban, egy prominens politikai családban, két fiú közül a kisebbikként. Szülei Absalom Willis Robertson (1887-1971), konzervatív demokrata szenátor és Gladys Churchill (szül. Willis; 1897-1968), háziasszony és zenész voltak. Megismerkedett Adelia "Dede" Elmerrel (szül. 1927. december 3.), aki divatmodell és szépségkirálynő volt, és aki a Yale Egyetemen ápolói mesterszakra készült. Emellett ápolóhallgató volt az Ohio Állami Egyetemen, az ohiói Columbusban. A pár 1954. augusztus 26-án kötött házasságot. Családjához négy gyermek tartozik, köztük Gordon P. Robertson és Tim Robertson, valamint 2016 közepén 14 unoka és 7 dédunoka.

Robertson fiatalon a Pat becenevet kapta hatéves bátyjától, Willis Robertson, Jr-tól, aki kisbaba korában szívesen paskolta meg az arcát, miközben azt mondogatta, hogy "pat, pat, pat". Később Robertson elgondolkodott azon, hogy melyik keresztnevét szeretné használni. A "Marion"-t nőiesnek, az "M. Gordon"-t pedig affektáltnak tartotta, ezért gyermekkori becenevét, a "Pat"-et választotta. Az, hogy mennyire tudatában van a nevek fontosságának a nyilvános megjelenés szempontjából, ismét megmutatkozott az elnökválasztási kampánya során, amikor azzal fenyegetőzött, hogy beperli az NBC híradóját, amiért "televíziós evangélistának" nevezte őt, ami később "televangelistává" módosult, egy olyan időszakban, amikor Jimmy Swaggart és Jim Bakker botrányok tárgya volt.

Művei
 Shout It from the Housetops, önéletrajz Jamie Buckinghammel (1972, újrakiadás 1995)
 My Prayer for You (1977)
 The Secret Kingdom (1982)
 Answers to 200 of Life's Most Probing Questions (1984)
 Beyond Reason: How Miracles can Change your Life (1985)
 America's Dates with Destiny (1986)
 The Plan (1989)
 The New Millennium (1990)
 The New World Order (1991)
 Turning Tide: The Fall of Liberalism and the Rise of Common Sense (1993)
 The End of the Age (1995, fiction)
 Six Steps to Spiritual Revival: God's Awesome Power in Your Life (2002)
 Bring It on: Tough Questions, Candid Answers, Nashville, Tenn: W Pub. Group, 2003.
 The Ten Offenses (2004)
 Courting Disaster (2004)
 Miracles Can Be Yours Today (2006)
 On Humility (2009)
 Right on the Money: Financial Advice for Tough Times (2009)

Művei
    Pat Robertson–Bob Slosser: Láthatatlan királyság. A remény és a szabadság ígérete a világ zűrzavarában; ford. Klement Antal, Morvay Péter; Hit Gyülekezete, Budapest, 1991
    Az új világrend; ford. Surjányi Csaba; Hit Gyülekezete, Budapest, 1993
    Az élő Istennel jártam; ford. Surjányi Lehel Zakariás; Patmos Records, Budapest, 2022

Jegyzetek

További információk

1930-ban született személyek
Élő személyek
Amerikai üzletemberek
Amerikai rádiósok, televíziósok
Baptista személyek


text:
Бутовський Михайло Іванович (*близько 1727, Борзна — †після 1749) — військовий канцелярист доби Гетьманщини. Вихованець Києво-Могилянської академії.

Біографія

Син священика Михайла Бутовського - настоятеля храму Василія Великого у Борзні. Його дід та прадід були становими козаками у Веркіївській сотні Ніжинського полку.

Навчався в Києво-Могилянській академії. В атестаті, підписаному 4 листопада 1746 професором богослов'я та єврейської мови В. Лящевським, зазначається, що Михайло Іванович вступив до Києво-Могилянської академії 1735 і навчався там до 1746, прослухавши всі курси до богослов'я включно.

1741 та 1742 присягав разом з іншими учнями імператриці Єлизаветі Петрівні і князеві Петру Федоровичу.

1749 Бутовський подав прохання до Генеральної військової канцелярії прийняти його на службу канцеляристом. Бутовський брав участь в Очаківському та Дністровському походах союзних армії Гетьманщини та Московії.

Література

Акты и документы.., отд. 2, т. 1, ч. 2. К., 1904;

ЦДІАК України, ф. 51, оп. 3, спр. 9157, арк. 58.

Уродженці Борзни
Українські військовики
Києво-Могилянська академія в іменах
Випускники Києво-Могилянської академії
Персоналії:Борзна


text:
Die Methodist Church Nigeria (MCN) ist die vereinigte  methodistische Kirche  Nigerias. Sie ist Mitglied des World Methodist Council und des  Weltkirchenrats.

Geschichte
Die methodistische Mission begann in Nigeria im Jahre 1842. Erste Missionsstationen befanden sich in Badagry und Abeokuta, von dort aus breitete sich die Kirche in westlicher und nördlicher Richtung aus. Mit der Ankunft der  Primitive Methodist Church im Jahr 1893 auf der Insel Fernando Póo, gelegen an der Südküste Nigerias, wurde auch der Süden Nigerias in die methodistische Mission einbezogen. Beide Kirchen existierten unabhängig voneinander, bis sie sich nach einer Konferenz im Jahr 1962 vereinigten. Im Jahr 1976 gab sich die Kirche eine  episkopale Verfassung.

Organisation
Das höchste beschlussfassende Organ ist die Konferenz der MCN. Der Prälat, der ihr vorsitzt, ist Sunday Olatunji Makinde. Die MCN ist in 8 Erzdiözesen aufgeteilt, denen jeweils ein Bischof vorsteht. Den Erzdiözesen sind 44 Diözesen untergeordnet. Verfassungsgemäß nehmen Laien an allen beschlussfassenden Versammlungen teil.

Aktivitäten
Die Kirche hat sich besonders auf dem Bildungs- und Gesundheitssektor engagiert. Mehrere Krankenhäuser wurden durch die MCN gegründet und unterhalten, darunter eine Klinik für Leprakranke, drei psychiatrische Kliniken und ein Heim für AIDS-Waisen. Sie errichtete Schulen, Kindergärten und theologische Seminare. Gegenwärtig wird die Gründung einer Universität vorbereitet, die Wesley University of Science and Technology (WUSTO) im Bundesstaat Ondo.

Literatur
 Peter Marubitoba Dong u. a.: The History of the United Methodist Church in Nigeria. Abingdon Press, Nashville TN 2000, ISBN 0-687-09014-8.

Weblinks
 Website der Methodist Church Nigeria
 Oikumene org.

Christentum in Nigeria
Nigeria
Mitgliedskirche des Ökumenischen Rates der Kirchen


text:
St. Andrews is een plaats (town) in de Canadese provincie New Brunswick en telt 1798 inwoners (2006). De oppervlakte bedraagt 8,35 km².

Plaats in New Brunswick


text:
Kvalserien till Elitserien i ishockey 2000 spelades 22 mars-14 april år 2000 för att avgöra vilka lag som skulle få spela i Elitserien 2000/2001. Kvalserien bestod av sex lag och spelades i tio omgångar, efter att alla lag mött varandra en gång hemma och en gång borta.. Timrå IK och IF Björklöven gick upp till Elitserien.

Kvalificerade lag
Från Elitserien
Västerås IK
Linköpings HC
Från Superallsvenskan
Timrå IK
Södertälje SK
Från Playoff
IF Björklöven
IK Nyköpings Hockey

Tabellen

Matcher
Omgång 1

Omgång 2

Omgång 3

Omgång 4

Omgång 5

Omgång 6

Omgång 7

Omgång 8

Omgång 9

Omgång 10

Källor
 Svenska Ishockeyförbundets historiska data (under menyn Divisions > Elitserien > 1999/2000 > Kvalserien till Elitserien)

Sport i Sverige 2000
Ishockeysäsongen 1999/2000
2000


text:
Die Kantonale Mittelschule Uri (KMSU) in Altdorf UR ist das einzige öffentliche Gymnasium des Kantons Uri. Die Schule wurde 1906 von Benediktinern als Kollegium Karl Borromäus gegründet und im Jahr 1978 dem Kanton übergeben.

Geschichte
Die Schule wurde 1906 von Benediktinern des Klosters Mariastein gegründet und dem heiligen Karl Borromäus gewidmet. Im ersten Schuljahr besuchten 131 Schüler das Gymnasium, wovon 62 im hauseigenen Internat wohnten. Zwischen 1934 und 1937 wurde südlich des Hauptgebäudes ein weiteres Schulgebäude angebaut, welches später nochmals vergrössert wurde.

1975 wurden das hauseigene Internat geschlossen und die Räumlichkeiten für den Schulbetrieb umgebaut. Die verbleibenden Internen wurden im Internat St. Josef der Mariannhiller Missionare untergebracht. 1978 ging die Trägerschaft auf den Kanton Uri über, bevor sich die Benediktiner auf Ende Schuljahr 1980/81 definitiv aus dem Schuldienst zurückzogen. Da die Schülerzahlen am Internat weiter zurückgingen, schloss auch das Internat St. Josef im Juli 1994.

Infrastruktur
Das Hauptgebäude aus dem Jahr 1906 mit der östlich angebauten Kapelle ist als Kulturgut von regionaler Bedeutung (B-Objekt) geschützt.

Die Schulräumlichkeiten bestehen aus dem Hauptgebäude, dem daran angebauten Mitteltrakt aus den Dreissigerjahren und dem mittels Passerelle verbundenen Südtrakt. Die Kapelle mit einer Goll-Orgel aus dem Jahr 1915 wird heute hauptsächlich als Aula verwendet. Ebenfalls unterrichtet wird im ehemaligen Lehrerseminar, welches rund 350 Meter entfernt an der Klausenstrasse in der Nachbargemeinde Bürglen liegt. Weiter befinden sich auf dem Schulgelände eine Doppelturnhalle, ein Sportplatz, eine 100-Meter-Laufbahn und ein 2014 umgebauter Aufenthaltsraum.

Angebot
Das Gymnasium bietet die Schwerpunktfächer «Physik und Anwendungen der Mathematik (PAM)», «Wirtschaft und Recht», «Spanisch», «Italienisch», «Musik» und «Bildnerisches Gestalten (BG)» an. Bis zur Matura 2019 wurde ebenfalls «Latein» angeboten.

Seit 2016 bietet das Gymnasium einen zweisprachigen Maturitätslehrgang an, wobei die Fächer Biologie, Chemie, Geografie, Geschichte und Physik ab der vierten Klasse in englischer Sprache unterrichtet werden.

Pro Jahrgangsstufe gibt es etwa drei Klassen. Eine davon wird bilingual geführt.

Neben dem obligatorischen Unterricht bietet die Schule diverse Freifächer an. Die Kollegimusik, der Kollegichor und das Kollegiorchester veranstalten jährlich zwei Konzerte, während das Kollegitheater jeden Frühling ein Stück auf die Bühne bringt.

Schüler (Auswahl)
 Markus Lusser (1931–1998), Jurist und Präsident der Schweizerischen Nationalbank
 Gabi Huber (* 1956), Politikerin
 Flavio Gisler (* 1989), Politiker und Jurist
 Sabine Dahinden (* 1968), Fernsehmoderatorin
 Bruno Risi (* 1968), Radrennfahrer
 Filippo Leutenegger (* 1952), Journalist, Nationalrat und Zürcher Stadtrat
 Lukas von Deschwanden (* 1989), Handballspieler
 Carmen Walker Späh (* 1958), Regierungsrätin Kanton Zürich
 Hansruedi Stadler (* 1953), ehemaliger Landammann und Ständerat von Uri

Weblinks

 Kantonale Mittelschule Uri

Einzelnachweise

Organisation (Altdorf UR)
Bildung (Kanton Uri)
Mittelschule (Schweiz)
Gegründet 1906


text:
Kevin Szalai is a Grand Prix motorcycle racer from France.

Career statistics

By season

Races by year
(key)

References

External links
 Profile on motogp.com

1992 births
French motorcycle racers
Living people
125cc World Championship riders
People from Forbach
Sportspeople from Moselle (department)


text:
Senging ist der Ortsname von

 Senging (Aidenbach), Ortsteil des Marktes Aidenbach, Landkreis Passau, Bayern
 Senging (Saldenburg), Ortsteil der Gemeinde Saldenburg, Landkreis Freyung-Grafenau, Bayern


text:
Könspelare eller gynostemium är ett organ hos orkidéer. Hos de flesta orkidéer är den enda fertila ståndaren sammanvuxen med pistillen till ett organ som kallas könspelare, som ofta är utdragen och pelarformig. En del orkidé-arter har dock två eller tre ståndare. I könspelaren finns förutom pistillen och pistillens märke även orkidéns pollen. Det sitter samlat i geleklumpar benämnda pollinier.

Orkidéer


text:
Gabriel Hargues (20 April 1904 – 7 July 1982) was a French racing cyclist. He rode in the 1931 Tour de France.

References

1904 births
1982 deaths
French male cyclists
Place of birth missing