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Daryl Dixon é um personagem fictício da série televisiva de drama e terror pós-apocalíptica da AMC, The Walking Dead. O personagem foi criado especificamente para o seriado pelos escritores Frank Darabont, Charles H. Eglee e Jack LoGiudice e é interpretado pelo ator americano Norman Reedus. Ele não tem um personagem homólogo nos quadrinhos, que servem como material base para a série de televisão. Ele foi introduzido pela primeira vez no episódio "Tell It to the Frogs" da primeira temporada da série como um caçador e rastreador especialista, vivendo na sombra de seu irmão mais velho, Merle Dixon.

Apesar de seu mau humor e volatilidade, ele é tolerado pelo grupo principal de sobreviventes devido às suas habilidades em caçar animais e à destemida eficiência em matar mortos-vivos. Isso é particularmente importante nos primeiros dias do apocalípse. Após o desaparecimento de Merle, Daryl deixa sua personalidade distante e começa a se relacionar com o grupo, particularmente com Carol Peletier após o desaparecimento de sua filha, e Beth Greene após os dois se separarem do grupo na quarta temporada. O personagem se torna o braço direito cooperativo e protetor de protagonista Rick Grimes e lidera várias corridas de suprimentos.

Daryl é o personagem mais antigo da série de televisão. Sua origem é explorada no videogame de 2013, The Walking Dead: Survival Instinct, e ele estrela o jogo para celular The Walking Dead: No Man's Land. Daryl foi bem recebido por fãs e críticos e inicialmente foi escalado como um membro do elenco recorrente, mas Reedus foi atualizado para um ator regular da série após a primeira temporada. Após a saída de Andrew Lincoln como Rick, Reedus ficou com o topo da lista de personagens mais influentes da série e assumiu o papel de protagonista a partir da nona temporada.

Biografia
Na infância, Daryl e seu irmão mais velho, Merle, viviam com um pai alcoólatra e abusivo, Will. Ele foi criado por Merle, embora Merle estivesse frequentemente ausente (cumprindo pena em instituições juvenis). Daryl teve períodos significativos de tempo sozinho e, durante esses períodos solitários, aprendeu a se defender e adotou uma mentalidade de sobrevivência fervorosa. Quando o surto ocorreu, ele e Merle se cuidam e andam à deriva, evitando os mortos-vivos. Mais tarde, Daryl e seu irmão se refugiaram em um acampamento nos arredores de Atlanta, juntamente com muitos outros sobreviventes, mas a maior parte do tempo ele permaneceu isolado. Os dois irmãos, planejavam saquear o local e, em seguida, continuar por conta própria.

1ª temporada

Daryl é introduzido pela primeira vez no episódio da 1ª temporada "Tell It to the Frogs". Estabelecido como um caçador para garantir alimento para o grupo de sobreviventes fora de Atlanta, ele fica furioso ao saber que um grupo que saíram atrás de suprimentos deixaram Merle algemado ao encanamento em cima de um arranha-céu da cidade e coloca a maior parte de sua raiva em Rick, o novato do grupo. Daryl se junta a Rick e outros para retornar à cidade, descobrindo que Merle escapou cortando sua mão. Daryl se torna um dos principais lutadores do grupo, mas cai sob as ordens de Rick quando eles abandonam Atlanta, dirigindo a motocicleta de seu irmão.

2ª temporada

Na segunda temporada, o grupo se instala na fazenda de Hershel Greene, enquanto procuram a filha desaparecida de Carol, Sophia, após um ataque de mortos-vivos. Daryl ajuda na busca e tenta ajudar Carol a lidar com seus sentimentos. Durante uma caminhada solitária, ele é nocauteado e sofre alucinações de Merle, reclamando que está passando um tempo procurando Sophia e não por ele, antes de retornar ao grupo. Depois que é descoberto que Sophia já foi transformada em caminhante e estava escondida no celeiro de Hershel, Daryl ajuda Carol a lidar com sua perda. Ele ajuda a proteger o grupo enquanto eles lidam com uma ameaça potencial de sobreviventes hostis nas proximidades e dias depois ajudar a evacuar a fazenda quando ela é invadida por caminhantes.

3ª temporada

O grupo de Rick encontra e faz uma prisão como um novo abrigo no início da terceira temporada. Ao lidar com isso, a esposa de Rick, Lori, morre após dar à luz sua filha, e Rick fica arrasado, tendo alucinações e incapaz de tomar decisões. Daryl decide ajudar a liderar o grupo ao lado de Hershel durante o lapso de Rick. Sua amizade com Carol se fortalece depois que ela aparecer viva após o ataque dos mortos-vivos. Mais tarde, o grupo é forçado a lidar com o Governador da comunidade vizinha de Woodbury, que procura matá-los e levar seus suprimentos para si. Ao resgatar dois de seus aliados seqüestrados pelo governador, Daryl descobre que Merle ainda está vivo, tendo escapado de Atlanta, mas trabalhando para o Governador. Depois que o Governador considera Merle um traidor, Daryl o ajuda a escapar e volta com ele para a prisão. O grupo de Rick descobre que o Governador quer capturar a recém-chegada Michonne que está na prisão, mas caso o grupo não a entregue, Woodbury irá atacar o presídio. Rick fica incapaz de tomar a decisão, e Merle leva Michonne ao Governador, com Daryl seguindo-o depois de descobrir sua ausência. Merle mudou de idéia, liberta Michonne e embosca os homens do Governador. Daryl chega ao local de encontro e encontra o cadáver reanimado de Merle, morto pelo Governador, e chora quando é forçado a matar o irmão. O grupo de Rick evita um grande ataque do Governador, afastando-o e levando os sobreviventes de Woodbury para a prisão.

4ª temporada

Rick se recuperou da morte de Lori e ele, Daryl e Hershel lideram a crescente população na prisão. Uma epidemia semelhante à gripe atinge a prisão, matando muitos antes que a cura seja encontrada. Carol toma a iniciativa de matar dois sobreviventes que mostraram sinais da gripe em segredo, e quando Rick descobre isso, a despeja do grupo, perturbando Daryl. Mais tarde, o Governador, tendo obtido mais homens, lança um ataque fatal à prisão, forçando os sobreviventes a fugir em grupos separados. Daryl resgata Beth Greene, que está catatônica depois de assistir o Governador decapitar seu pai Hershel. Depois de dias de viagem, Beth fica mais próxima de Daryl entendendo-o cada vez melhor, e dias depois, os dois são brevemente separados durante um ataque de mortos-vivos. Daryl vê Beth ser sequestrada por homens em um carro com uma cruz branca. Ele tenta segui-los, mas é pego por Joe e um pequeno grupo de bandidos, os Reivindicadores, e eles o forçam a ficar com eles. O grupo depois captura Rick, Carl e Michonne, mas Rick e Daryl revidam quando tentam estuprar Carl e Michonne, matando todos os Reivindicadores. Os quatro viajam para Terminus, um refúgio seguro de acordo com sinais ao longo de uma ferrovia. Embora a comunidade pareça aberta, eles encontram evidências de que seus amigos foram capturados. Os quatro são feitos prisioneiros e levados para os outros, com Rick afirmando que eles mexeram com o grupo errado.

5ª temporada

O grupo de Rick escapa de Terminus depois de descobrir que eles praticam canibalismo, e com a ajuda de Carol, que lançou uma horda de caminhantes no local. Depois de conhecer o padre Gabriel Stokes, em sua igreja, o grupo faz planos para ir a Washington DC. Enquanto Daryl e Carol estão se aproximando, eles veem um carro passando com uma cruz branca, e eles o perseguem. Isso os leva a descobrir que Beth foi levada ao Hospital Memorial Grady, onde foi forçada a trabalhar por policiais corruptos. Depois que Carol é capturada, Daryl lidera o grupo de Rick para tentar resgatá-las. Carol é salva, mas Beth é morta em um confronto com a polícia, e Daryl retorna seu corpo à igreja para enterrá-la. O grupo continua, eventualmente encontrando Aaron, um recrutador da Zona Segura de Alexandria, na Virgínia, que lhes oferece santuário lá. Como Rick, Daryl permanece cético, dada a falta de experiência de sobrevivência que os moradores têm, mas aceita a oferta de Aaron para ajudá-los a encontrar mais recrutas. Daryl e Aaron descobrem que a comunidade está sendo observada por um grupo de bandidos chamados Os Lobos, exilados de Alexandria que buscam vingança. Depois de entrar em uma armadilha dos lobos, eles são resgatados por Morgan Jones, um velho amigo de Rick, e o trazem de volta para Alexandria.

6ª temporada

Rick e os outros membros do seu grupo são encarregados de defender Alexandria depois de provar suas habilidades de sobrevivência. Para se livrar de uma horda de mortos-vivos presos em uma pedreira nas proximidades, Rick planeja levá-los para longe de Alexandria. Daryl, junto com Abraham Ford e Sasha Williams, lideram a missão. No entanto, os Lobos lançam um ataque surpresa, interrompendo a missão, e Rick instrui Daryl a liderar uma boa parte da horda. O ataque destrói as muralhas de Alexandria, permitindo que os mortos-vivos entrem na comunidade. Depois de afastar os demais mortos-vivos, Daryl é brevemente atacado por Dwight e sua esposa Sherry. Ele encontra um caminhão de combustível e se reúne com Abraham e Sasha, e rapidamente lida com um grupo de homens trabalhando para Negan. Eles usam o caminhão para atrair os caminhantes para longe dos cidadãos em Alexanria.

Enquanto Alexandria se recupera, Carol opta por ir embora sozinha, para não ver outras pessoas que ela gosta morrer, deixando Daryl chateado. Rick e Daryl conhecem Jesus e são apresentados à comunidade Hilltop. Eles pedem ajuda para lidar com os Salvadores, um grupo brutal que demanda suprimentos como uma oferta periódica. Rick, Daryl e outros lançam um ataque a um posto avançado dos Salvadores, parecendo matar Negan e todos os Salvadores. Mais tarde, Daryl encontra Dwight novamente com outros homens que afirmam ser salvadores trabalhando para Negan. Depois de relatar isso a Rick e aos outros, Daryl patrulha para rastrear os Salvadores, mas logo é capturado. Ele é levado a uma clareira junto com Rick e vários outros do grupo que foi capturado pelos Salvadores, e eles conheceram o verdadeiro Negan, que empunha um taco de beisebol enrolado em arame farpado chamado "Lucille". Negan se prepara para matar um dos membros do grupo em retaliação ao ataque a uma de suas bases e forçá-los a jurar lealdade a ele.

7ª temporada

Depois que Negan escolhe matar Abraham, Daryl o ataca, mas ele é retido pelos Salvadores. Negan passa a matar Glenn e convence Rick a concordar com seus termos. Daryl é feito prisioneiro por Dwight de volta ao Santuário, a base oficial dos Salvadores. Dwight tenta convertê-lo para se juntar a Negan, mas Daryl se recusa. Mais tarde, Sherry ajuda Daryl a escapar, e ele é ajudado a ir para Hilltop por Jesus, onde Rick e outros se encontram para discutir a situação com Negan. Depois de uma reunião chorosa, todos concordam que Daryl é um fugitivo de Negan e Jesus sugere que ele vá ao Reino administrado pelo rei Ezekiel por segurança, além de tentar convencer Ezekiel a ajudar. Lá, Ezekiel permanece sem compromisso, já que seu acordo com Negan é amigável, mas oferece abrigo a Daryl.

Enquanto estava lá, um dos homens do Reino, Richard, sugere um plano para atrair Ezekiel a lutar contra os Salvadores, fazendo com que os Salvadores mate uma mulher que Ekeziel gostava, mas permanecia fora do Reino. Daryl percebe que é Carol e se recusa a seguir o plano. Ele opta por voltar para Hilltop, mas decide se reunir com Carol. Depois de voltar para comunidade Hilltop, ele pede desculpas a Maggie pela morte de Glenn e ela o perdoa. Daryl então retorna a Alexandria e ajudou a preparar um plano para atacar Negan na próxima vez que ele vier. No entanto, eles descobrem que Dwight chegou a comunidade, jurando que quer ajudá-los a impedir Negan, apesar da raiva de Daryl. Negan lança um ataque surpresa a Alexandria, mas a chegada oportuna das comunidades de Hilltop e do Reino permite que eles dominem os Salvadores e seus aliados, os Catadores e as três comunidades concordam em ir à guerra contra Negan. Daryl encontra uma nota de Dwight jurando que não sabia o que Negan havia planejado.

8ª temporada

Daryl é é a chave para o plano deles de atacar o Santuário, atraindo um enorme rebanho de caminhantes usando explosivos e sua motocicleta. Depois que o plano é bem-sucedido, ele se separa de Rick para atacar um complexo que abriga armas dos Salvadores. Daryl e Rick procuram as armas sem sucesso; Ao contrário de Rick, que está começando a questionar sua decisão de ir à guerra, Daryl não tem escrúpulos em sua missão, matando o ex-sobrevivente de Atlanta, Morales, e executando um Salvador a quem Rick prometeu misericórdia. Ele ainda desconfia de Dwight. Quando Rick e Daryl têm um mal-entendido, suas armas recém-adquiridas são acidentalmente incendiadas enquanto eles dois lutam. Depois que Dwight é posteriormente exposto como uma toupeira, um Salvador foge depois que o resto é baleado, e então Dwight pede para ser poupado. Apesar disso, Daryl permanece hostil a Dwight e declara expressamente sua intenção de matá-lo quando a guerra terminar. Embora Tara inicialmente concorde com ele, ela muda de idéia depois que Dwight salva sua vida duas vezes. No final da temporada, Daryl participa da batalha final com os Salvadores e sobrevive. Depois, ele leva Dwight para a floresta, onde Dwight espera que Daryl o execute. Em vez disso, Daryl exila Dwight sob ameaça de morte se ele voltar e encoraja seu ex-inimigo a procurar sua esposa Sherry.

9ª temporada

Dezoito meses se passaram desde que Rick derrotou Negan. As comunidades de Alexandria, Hilltop, Reino, Oceanside e Santuário reconstruíram o que podiam para tornar as sociedades mais viáveis. Daryl e Eugene supervisionam os demais Salvadores no Santuário, onde o solo infértil dificulta o cultivo de qualquer coisa. Justin, um Salvador, começa a causar confusão e Daryl entra em impasses com ele ao longo dos dias e Rick tenta obter controle sobre o grupo. Rick e Daryl percebem que os Salvadores estão começando a ficar fora de controle, devido à pressa de Rick em terminar uma ponte e à falta de comida. Mais tarde, alguns eventos trágicos com mortos-vivos causados por Justin, que levou Aaron perder o braço, Daryl cria uma raiva do Salvador e briga constantemente com ele. Quando Justin é encontrado morto, e vários outros Salvadores desaparecendo, Daryl é apontado como o possível assassino, mas ele e Maggie descobrem que as mulheres de Oceanside iniciaram um plano de vingança contra os ex-bandidos e não decidem interferir. Daryl e Maggie planejam a morte de Negan que está preso em Alexandria, mas quando Rick descobre, entra em uma briga com Daryl, afirmando que matar Negan iria fazê-lo de martim. Ao mesmo tempo, os Salvadores indignados pelos desaparecimentos de seus amigos causam um motim no acampamento de obra da ponte e atrai vários mortos-vivos até lá que também seguem para as comunidades. Para evitar que a horda chegue nas comunidades, Rick se sacrifica ao explodir a ponte com dinamite e é dado como morto.

Durante seis anos após o desaparecimento de Rick, Daryl passou a maior parte de seu tempo nas florestas em busca do corpo do amigo, mas nunca encontrou. Ele passou a cuidar de um cachorro e se distanciou das comunidades, passando a viver na floresta. Quando Rosita chega ferida em Hilltop e diz que Eugene está em perigo e sendo perseguido por mortos-vivos falantes, Daryl acha estranho e vai com Jesus e Aaron em busca do amigo desaparecido e Daryl e seus amigos observam um grupo de mortos-vivos se comportando de jeito estranho. Eles encontram Eugene e depois ocorre um ataque de mortos-vivos que resulta na morte de Jesus por um homem mascarado de zumbi. O grupo descobre um novo grupo perigoso chamado os Sussurradores e capturam Lydia, filha da líder dos Sussurradores, Alpha, que mais tarde aparece em Hilltop para resgatar a filha, e caso eles recusassem a devolvê-la, atacaria a comunidade. Daryl devolve a garota a Alpha, mas, mais tarde, o filho adotivo de Carol, Henry, apaixonado por Lydia vai em busca desta última. Daryl ao saber, vai procurar o garoto com Connie. Ele resgata Henry e Lydia do acampamento de Alpha e chega a matar alguns Sussurradores para a ira de Alpha. Ao ser contrariada pelos sobreviventes, Alpha decide demonstrar o poder de seu grupo ao decaptar membros de Hilltop, Alexandria e do Reino durante um festival, oprimindo os sobreviventes. Daryl e os demais ficam a merce do poder de Alpha.

Desenvolvimento e recepção

Norman Reedus leu o roteiro do programa e demonstrou muito interesse em fazer parte do projeto. Os produtores escolheram inicialmente o papel de Merle para Reedus, mas Michael Rooker ficou com o papel. Os produtores gostaram da audição de Reedus e deram a ele o papel de Daryl. Daryl era originalmente um personagem recorrente, mas foi atualizado para o elenco principal na segunda temporada. Reedus originalmente perguntou aos escritores e equipe se Daryl poderia ter um cachorro. Seu pedido foi negado, e Daryl ganhou uma nova besta. Na 9ª temporada, Daryl consegue um cachorro que é introduzido pela primeira vez em "Stradivarius".

Depois de ocupar o quarto lugar no top de faturamento da terceira temporada, Reedus foi promovido ao segundo lugar no top de faturamento de todas as temporadas desde a quarta temporada, onde o personagem Daryl se tornou um dos principais protagonistas da série. Reedus conseguiu o melhor resultado após a saída de Andrew Lincoln na 9ª temporada. Os fãs debateram a orientação sexual de Daryl, uma vez que ele não teve relações apaixonadas ou sexuais com Carol ou Beth; alguns fãs argumentam que ele é heterossexual, enquanto outros argumentam que ele é gay ou bissexual. Robert Kirkman, criador dos quadrinhos The Walking Dead, afirmou que Daryl é heterossexual, mas que o programa o retratou como uma pessoa assexual  "Acho que ele é um personagem muito introvertido e acho que esse é o seu apelo. Mas preciso esclarecer alguma coisa", disse Kirkman. "Na coluna de Walking Dead na velha história em quadrinhos que eu faço, havia uma pergunta que me fez mencionar que havia uma possibilidade desde cedo de tornar o personagem de Daryl Dixon em gay e isso causou uma grande confusão online. Eu só queria fazer fica claro que eu estava dizendo que a possibilidade existe e eu ficaria bem com isso, a rede ficaria bem com isso, mas no final não fizemos isso."

A Entertainment Weekly apresentou Reedus como Daryl na capa de uma edição da terceira temporada de The Walking Dead. Além disso, Daryl ganhou o "Melhor Herói de TV" do IGN de 2012, e o personagem foi apresentado em um comercial do Super Bowl XLVII para a Time Warner Cable. Por sua atuação como Daryl, Reedus ganhou o People's Choice Award como Herói de TV Favorito em 2014 e foi indicado ao Saturn Award de Melhor Ator Coadjuvante na Televisão em 2011.

O TV Guide listou Daryl como o melhor personagem de The Walking Dead, classificando os vinte e quatro melhores personagens nas primeiras cinco temporadas. Sua transformação de um "egoísta solitário em um membro integrante dos sobreviventes" foi destacada, além de ser um "excelente caçador".
O personagem ocupa o 2º lugar na lista dos 30 melhores personagens de 'Walking Dead', produzidos pela Rolling Stone. A partir de agosto de 2019, Daryl é atualmente eleito o número 1 em "Os Melhores Personagens de Walking Dead" de Ranker. Watchmojo classificou o personagem #1 em sua lista de "Os dez melhores personagens de Walking Dead". Noel Murray, da Rolling Stone, classificou Daryl Dixon em 2º na lista dos 30 melhores personagens de Walking Dead, dizendo: "The Walking Dead é um programa que trafega na iconografia - e você não fica mais iconográfico do que o cabelo desgrenhado e a besta do hillbilly raivoso que evoluiu para uma das figuras mais impressionantes da série, Daryl revelou mais dimensões ao longo do tempo e o desempenho de Norman Reedus ajudando a expor uma bondade e compromisso insuperáveis com os companheiros mais próximos do herói."

Ligações externas
  no Internet Movie Database
  na AMC

Personagens de The Walking Dead
Policiais fictícios


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Municipio de Solomon puede referirse a alguno de los siguientes lugares en Estados Unidos:

 Municipio de Solomon (condado de Cloud, Kansas), un municipio ubicado en el condado de Cloud.
 Municipio de Solomon (condado de Graham, Kansas), un municipio ubicado en el condado de Graham.
 Municipio de Solomon (condado de Phillips, Kansas), un municipio ubicado en el condado de Phillips.
 Municipio de Solomon (condado de Saline, Kansas), un municipio ubicado en el condado de Saline.
 Municipio de Solomon (condado de Sheridan, Kansas), un municipio ubicado en el condado de Sheridan.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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"A Fistful of Meg" is the fourth episode of the twelfth season and the 214th overall episode of the animated comedy series Family Guy. It aired on Fox in the United States and Canada on November 10, 2013, and is written by Dominic Bianchi and Joe Vaux and directed by Joe Vaux. In the episode, Meg tries to get out of a fight with a tough bully while Brian retaliates against Peter for posing naked. The episode was made to reference 1987 teen comedy film Three O'Clock High.

Plot

At school, Meg hears about a new student named Mike Pulaski from her friends, mentioning that he is an unstable bully, which Meg gets to see firsthand when he turns Neil Goldman into a balloon animal and pops him. While in the cafeteria with her friends, Meg accidentally spills her lunch on Mike, leading him to threaten her with a showdown at 3:00 P.M. on Friday after school. Meg unsuccessfully tries to get out of the fight first by asking Lois to transfer her to another school. The school in mind is too expensive. The next day at school, Principal Shepherd announces on the PA that he is accepting bets on who will win the showdown. For her second attempt to get out of the fight, Meg intentionally releases a sex tape in an attempt to get expelled from school. It is only watched by Stewie. Finally, Meg pays four of the toughest jocks in school to beat up Mike for $1,000. Mike grievously beats them all and writes "You're next, Meg!" on a hallway wall in their blood. Meg goes crying to the bathroom where her friends decide to abandon her for their own safety. While crying, Quagmire calls her into one of the stalls that serve as his "base of operations" and admits to Meg that he had been bullied by a girl named Tracey Bellings as a teenager over preferring RC Cola during the cola wars. She then forced him into a long and sexually abusive relationship. His reasons for helping Meg is because he never stood up to his bully, and doesn't want Meg to go through the same thing. After extensive training with Quagmire, Meg faces Mike at school on Friday. Initially getting beaten up where some of the punches to Meg's face causes it to switch between her normal face (which is considered the ugly one) and the beautiful face, Meg decides to kiss Mike grossing him out. Meg then further grosses him out by popping a pimple onto him before finally lifting up her shirt in front of Mike, while everyone else looks away. Mike, however, does not look away, and is gruesomely melted, similar to what happened to Major Toht in Raiders of the Lost Ark. Although Quagmire tells Meg that she will be alive to tell the story for a "long time," Meg reveals in a narration that she dies a year later from septic shock due to her body reacting to a frozen hot dog.

Meanwhile, Peter casually starts taking his clothes off in front of Brian while talking to him about the Three Little Pigs as he sometimes prefers sleeping nude. Brian is disgusted by it, although Peter points out that Brian himself is typically nude, and claims that everyone undresses in front of their dogs. After another encounter with Brian in the bathroom nude after he has just finished showering, Peter realizes that Brian doesn't like to see him nude and starts harassing him in the nude including using Lois in a bait-and-switch tactic and even cutting off his own penis and mailing it to Brian in a package (though Peter collapsed from blood loss). At Stewie's suggestion, Brian decides to shave all of his fur off to give Peter a taste of his own medicine. After falling into Brian's trap, Peter is shocked at seeing Brian hairless, wrinkled, and with six nipples. Brian is very affectionate to Peter, scaring him even when he asks why Brian has six nipples. Too scared by what he has seen, Peter agrees to wear clothes at all times in front of Brian, having learnt his lesson the hard way. Although Stewie's idea worked, Brian's fur won't grow back for three months. In the meantime, Stewie allows him to wear a pair of his own clothes in the interim to keep warm.

Reception
Eric Thurm of The A.V. Club gave the episode a D, criticizing the running theme of the show making fun of Meg as "distasteful," specifically taking issue with the episode's jokes as unfunny beyond a typical Family Guy offensiveness. Thurm commented positively on the side story between Brian and Peter, but opined that the latter was ultimately overshadowed by the jokes at Meg's expense.

On November 15, 2013, five days after the episode's airdate, the Parents Television Council filed an indecency complaint to the FCC, alleging that the episode jokes about child molestation, exploitation, rape, the sexualized use of food and the perverse 'internal defrosting' of frozen hot dogs, and the overall theme of the episode about a boy bullying and beating up a girl, violated the FCC's indecency guidelines.

The episode received a 2.0 rating and was watched by a total of 4.18 million people, this made it the second most watched show on Animation Domination that night beating American Dad! and Bob's Burgers but losing to The Simpsons with 4.20 million.

References

External links

Family Guy (season 12) episodes
2013 American television episodes
Television episodes about bullying


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Флора () — созданный в 1864 году ботанический сад в Кёльне. После трёхлетнего ремонта, в 2014 году, к 150-летней годовщине здесь вновь открылся для посещений парковый дворец (), также носящий наименование «Флора».

История
Нынешний кёльнский ботанический сад «Флора» был задуман как альтернатива находившемуся в центре города, близ Кёльнского собора, ботаническому парку, на месте которого должен был расположиться новый железнодорожный вокзал. В 1862 году планировалось разбить «Флору» в прилегавшей к городу местности Риль (Riehl), ныне являющейся частью Кёльна. Обустройством парка занималось специально основанное гражданами Кёльна в 1863 году акционерное общество, которому покровительствовала прусская королева Августа. В рамках этого «Flora AG» за собранные 22 130 талера выкупили 5,6 гектаров, в непосредственной близости от созданного в 1860 году кёльнского зоопарка.

Общий план работ и разбивки ботанического сада произвёл проживавший в Бонне 73-летний королевский главный директор по парковым работам Петер Йозеф Ленне. Ботанический сад Флора он разработал в так называемом «смешанном германском стиле», соответствовавшем популярному в то время в Европе историзму. Ленне сумел совместить в своём ботаническом саду различные типы европейского садового мастерства. Так, садовый партер (Parterre) между главным входом и «Пальмовым павильоном» создан как французский парк барокко, пятиступенчатый водяной каскад с параллельно проложенными проходами с лиственными деревьями является типичным для итальянского парка эпохи Ренессанса, другой участок разбит по правилам английского паркового искусства. 14 августа 1864 года здесь открылся «Стеклянный дворец» — возведённый архитектором Максом Нолом зимний сад из стекла и металла. Здание соединяет элементы неоренессанса и неороманского стиля с мавританским стилем архитектуры, служит как пальмовый павильон и также носит название «Флора».

В 1912—1914 годах ботанический парк был расширен на 4,7 гектара, в 1919 году он стал использоваться вновь открытым Кёльнским университетом для научных исследований. После Первой мировой войны территорию парка под свои нужды заняли английские оккупационные войска, оборудовавшие здесь теннисные корты; лишь в 1926 году он вновь открылся для публики.

В течение второй половины XIX столетия в ботаническом парке неоднократно проводились различные выставки. В годы Второй мировой войны «Флора» серьёзно пострадала. Долгие восстановительные работы повлекли замену ряда зданий, возведённых согласно требованиям историзма в архитектуре, на новые, соответствующие функционализму современного зодчества. Не обошлось при этом и без потерь: здание храма Флоры, лишь незначительно во время войны повреждённое, при реставрационных работах было полностью снесено; стоявшая там статуя Флоры с тех пор утеряна. Металлический купол также убран, само здание упрощено до одноэтажного. Вновь для посетителей Ботанический сад открылся 29 декабря 1949 года. Полное окончание восстановительных работ было приурочено к 100-летию парка в 1964 году.

В 1980 году ботанический сад Флора включён в список охраняемых памятников города Кёльна. Вход на территорию Флоры свободный.

Парковый комплекс

Во время восстановительных работ в парке построены новые павильоны, ориентированные на содержание определённых групп растений, отобранных по соответствующим климатическим зонам и условиям существования в естественной для них среде. Это малый павильон тропических растений (1950), павильон кактусов (1953) и большой павильон тропических растений (1954/55). Расположенные по соседству, они позволяют посетителю совершить «кругосветное путешествие» по различным тропическим и субтропическим зонам и регионам от влажного мангрового леса до засушливых лесостепей и пустыни. При проведении в 1957 году Германской выставки паркового искусства был открыт также «регион» с водяными и болотными растениями, в том числе из тропических лесов Южной Америки. В 1964 году открылся новый павильон субтропиков, в котором с 2000 года находится собрание камелий (насчитывает более 600 видов этих растений; отмечено международными наградами). В 2008 году здесь заложена первая в Германии пальмовая аллея.

При садовом комплексе создана «Зелёная школа Флоры» (), которая бесплатно проводит занятия по 25 направлениям, согласно времени года и возрасту учеников; акцент при обучении делается на чувственно-практическом восприятии мира растений.

В парковом комплексе «Флоры», как под открытым небом, так и в закрытых, с поддерживаемым постоянно соответствующим микроклиматом павильонах произрастает более 10 тысяч различных видов растений. Территория ботанического сада украшена многочисленными скульптурными работами немецких и французских мастеров XIX—XX веков, колоннадами, малыми пластическими работами.

Примечания

Литература
 Stephan Anhalt, Gerd Bermbach: Die Kölner Flora, Festhaus und Botanischer Garten, Köln 2014
 Gartenkultur im Rheinland. Landschaftsverband Rheinland, Rheinisches Amt für Denkmalpflege (Hg), Arbeitshefte der Rheinischen Denkmalpflege, Bd. 60 / 2003
 Ronald Clark, Angelika Weißmann: Garten Reiseführer 2004/2005, 400 private und 900 öffentliche Gärten und Parks in Deutschland, Callwey Verlag, (September 2005)
 Reinhard Zeese: Historische Parks und öffentliche Gärten in Köln 1801 bis 1932, CD, LEB — Brühl, 2007

Ссылки

 Die Flora — сайт «Флоры»
 http://www.freundeskreis-flora-koeln.de/ веб-сайт "Друзей ботанического сада Флора
 http://www.flosio.de/ веб-сайт Симфонического оркестра Флора

Кёльн
Ботанические сады Германии


text:
Kinder vom Napf is een Zwitserse bergfilm  van Alice Schmid uit het jaar 2011,

De schrijfster en regisseur Alice Schmid volgde met haar camera een jaar lang de kinderen van de Zwitserse gemeente Romoos. Ze filmde ze in het ruige landschap rond de berg Napf tot bij het mystieke Aenziloch, waar volgens de legende de donder wordt gemaakt en de demonen wonen. Krachtige beelden gemaakt in het wilde westen van Luzern.

Plot
De kinderen dalen iedere dag de berg af om naar school te gaan. Daarnaast werken ze op hun boerderijen en spelen in de Alpenweiden. De geïsoleerde gemeenschap wordt steeds kleiner doordat er steeds meer mensen wegtrekken uit het gebied.

Festival
Deze film was te zien op het Dutch Mountain Film Festival 2013

Externe links

Bergfilm
Zwitserse film


text:
The 1964 Formula One season was the 18th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It included the 1964 World Championship of Drivers, won by John Surtees; and the 1964 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, won by Ferrari – both of which were contested concurrently over a series which commenced on 10 May and ended on 25 October after ten races. The season also included eight non-championship races for Formula One cars.

Season summary
The World Championship of Drivers, fiercely contested by Jim Clark, John Surtees and Graham Hill, was decided at the Mexican Grand Prix when Hill was delayed after a collision with Lorenzo Bandini's Ferrari. Clark was forced to stop with an oil leak on the last lap, and Ferrari signalled Bandini to let Surtees through into the second place which gave him the championship by one point from Hill. A Ferrari 158 car officially entered by the American privateer team NART sealed the win of the championship with Surtees, as the works team competed the last two races (the United States Grand Prix and Mexican Grand Prix) in cars painted white and blue – the national colours of the United States. This was done as a protest concerning arguments between Ferrari and the Italian motorsport body ACI regarding the homologation of a new mid-engined Ferrari Le Mans race car. Ferrari won the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers. Honda made a low-key debut in Grand Prix racing with the American driver Ronnie Bucknum, and Maurice Trintignant retired at the age of 46 after one of the longest world championship careers. He was the last active driver to have competed in the first World Championship season in 1950.

Dutchman Carel Godin de Beaufort died during practice for the German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, driving a privately entered Porsche 718.

Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers competed in the 1964 FIA World Championship.

Calendar

The South African Grand Prix at the Prince George Circuit was scheduled for 26 December but was cancelled and run a week later to be the season opener of the 1965 Formula One season.

Results and standings

Grands Prix

World Drivers' Championship standings

Championship points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis for the first six positions in each race. Only the best 6 results counted toward the championship. Hill scored 41 points during the year, but only 39 points were counted toward the championship. Surtees scored 40 points, all of which counted toward the championship. Thus, Surtees became the World Champion, although he did not score the most points over the course of the year.

International Cup for F1 Manufacturers standings
Points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis for the first six positions at each round with only the best six round results retained. Only the best placed car from each manufacturer at each round was eligible to score points.

Non-championship races
Eight other races which did not count towards the World Championship of Drivers and the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers were held for Formula One cars during the season.

References

Formula One seasons


text:
Ozarchaea ornata est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Malkaridae.

Distribution
Cette espèce est endémique de Tasmanie en Australie.

Description
La femelle holotype mesure  et le mâle décrit par Rix en 2005 mesure .

Publication originale
 Hickman, 1969 : New species of Toxopidae and Archaeidae (Araneida). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Malkaridae
Espèce d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Tasmanie


text:
Mortlake was a historical place name in what is now Brooklyn, Connecticut.

History
On October 19, 1687, the Connecticut Colonial General Court granted Captain William Blackwell a patent for a separate township laid out south of Mashamoquet Brook, six miles east to west and seven miles north to south, to be called Mortlake. Captain Blackwell chose that name to honor Mortlake in Surrey, England (now part of greater London).

Geographically, the northbound followed Mashamoquet Brook, the eastbound followed the Quinebaug. The western boundary was approximately half mile west of and parallel to today's Connecticut State Route 169, while the southern boundary laid approximately half mile north of today's U.S. Route 6 – looking at a map, it roughly aligned with Herrick Road and the part of Brown Road that runs more or less straight east–west.

This patent was in the form of a Manor, a form of tenure restricted to certain Proprietary colonies, a large estate with hereditary rights granted by royal charter,  – a legal anomaly in Connecticut, where it was outside of the power and authority of any Town. Jurisdiction in Mortlake did not rest in an elected town government, but as property right that could be bought and sold. Falling outside the legal framework that Connecticut organized Towns, Mortlake's residents found themselves without responsibilities, but also without normal rights (such as to levy taxes to pay for roads and general welfare of its inhabitants). Indeed, once Windham County was established the very first case heard in its courts was a lawsuit by the Town of Norwich to force Mortlake to pay for the care of "the poor, witless Peter Davison" who resided originally in Mortlake. Massachusetts Governor Johnathan Belcher, who had purchased Mortlake from Captain Blackwell, was successfully defended by his attorney with the argument that Mortlake as a Manor did not have the same responsibilities to the poor as a Town would.

The Town of Pomfret bordered Mortlake to the North, West, and after Pomfret was expanded southward taking a portion of Canterbury, on the South as well. This southernmost part of Pomfret being the area today known as Brooklyn Center.

In 1731, an ecclesiastical society was formed to establish a Congregational Church for the benefit of the residents of the area – consisting of the southern half of Mortlake (the present Brooklyn / Pomfret town line), the southernmost parts of Pomfret, and the northern section of Canterbury.

It would take four years, but in 1735 the society was formally named the odd construct, "The Society taken out of Pomfret, Canterbury, and Mortlake." The area was referred to as Mortlake Parish, with the church referred to as the Second Church of Pomfret.

In 1739, Governor Belcher sold portions of Mortlake to Israel Putnam and John Pope of Salem, Massachusetts. Putnam would settle in Mortlake, and later buy out Pope. The remaining portions of Mortlake were sold to Godfrey Malbone of Newport, Rhode Island by Governor Belcher the following year.

The lack of town status continued to be a problem – residents of the southern village of Pomfret had to cross for some seven miles through Mortlake before re-entering Pomfret again. Further, at the time Town taxes were levied to support the Church – but the portions of Mortlake Parish within Mortlake Manor laid outside of either Pomfret or Canterbury, and thus could not be taxed to support the Church its residents where expected to attend.

Finally in May 1752, the General Court decided "that this tract of Mortlake shall be accounted, taken, and doomed to belong to Pomfret." At the same time, they also replaced the lengthy name of the ecclesiastical society with the much simpler, "Society of Brooklyn" known as Brooklyn Parish.

In 1775 Israel Putnam, who held a commission from the Colony of Connecticut as a Major General, was plowing a field in Brooklyn Center (near where the library is today) when word reached him of the Battle of Lexington and Concord. Leaving his plow in the field, he rode a relay of horses to reach Boston in only 18 hours, taking command of the rebel forces, and at Breed's Hill uttering the famous, "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!"

Brooklyn Parish in 1786 would be set off from Pomfret and Canterbury to become a town in its own right.

In the 1920s and 30s, Edith Kermit Carow, wife of Theodore Roosevelt, operated an old family property as Mortlake House – a country inn for vacationing city visitors. Mrs. Roosevelt was a descendant of the Tyler family, and the Tylers where related by marriage to the Putnams.

Mortlake House was demolished in the late 1960s. Today, the Post Office stands on that spot, with a large equestrian statute of General Putnam adjacent to it, and the Daniel Tyler Law Office, which serves as the small museum of the Brooklyn Historical Society, at the rear of the property. The Tyler family continues to maintain the family homestead, Putnam Elms, on Church Street in Brooklyn as a historical site that is occasionally open to the general public.

In 1927 the citizens of Brooklyn Center established a volunteer fire department, and as a nod to both the history of the area being known as Mortlake and to Mrs. Roosevelt and her establishment named the organization, "The Mortlake Fire Company of Brooklyn, Connecticut, Inc." – which carries that name until this day.

References

Brooklyn, Connecticut
Connecticut Colony
Former populated places in Windham County, Connecticut


text:
Pollyanna – tytuł klasycznej powieści dla dziewcząt autorstwa Eleanor H. Porter oraz imię jej głównej bohaterki.

Jest to historia jedenastoletniej dziewczynki, która po śmierci ojca zostaje odesłana, by mieszkać z surową i despotyczną ciotką. Pogodna i radosna dziewczynka jednak stopniowo to zmienia.

Książka była wielokrotnie filmowana, z czego najbardziej znaną jest wersja wytwórni Disneya z Hayley Mills w roli głównej.

Fabuła powieści
Stany Zjednoczone, przełom XIX i XX w. Bogata arystokratka, panna Polly Haringtton, dowiaduje się o śmierci swojego szwagra, pana Whittiera. Kiedyś przed laty siostra panny Polly wyszła za mąż wbrew woli rodziny za ubogiego pastora; urodziła mu kilkoro dzieci, z których większość zmarła, a jakiś czas później umarła ona sama. Teraz zmarł również pastor i przy życiu została jedynie jego najmłodsza córka, jedenastoletnia Pollyanna Whittier (dziewczynka otrzymała imiona Polly i Anna na cześć swoich ciotek). Polly Haringtton uważa, że jej obowiązkiem jest zaopiekować się siostrzenicą, więc sprowadza ją do siebie. Nie wyjeżdża jednak po nią na stację, na którą wysyła służącą Nancy. Nancy, choć oburzona takim postępowaniem wobec dziecka, wykonuje polecenie. Pollyanna jest uroczą osobą: miłą, sympatyczną, troskliwą i – co najdziwniejsze – potrafi znaleźć radość w nawet najtrudniejszej sytuacji. Nawet tym razem, choć dziewczynka jest zawiedziona, że ciotka po nią nie wyjechała, odzyskuje humor, gdyż nadal ma przed sobą możliwość spotkania jej.

Wzajemne poznawanie się nie należy jednak z początku do najmilszych. Pollyanna dużo mówi, co drażni pannę Polly, która każe jej przestrzegać dobrych manier i zabrania wspominania choćby słowem o ojcu dziewczynki, pastorze Wittherze. Później jest jeszcze gorzej; panna Polly umieszcza siostrzenicę w pokoju na poddaszu, gdzie jest małe okienko i nie ma lustra, obrazów ani dywanów. Pollyanna, choć początkowo smutna, szybko odzyskuje humor, stwierdzając, że bez lustra nie musi patrzeć na swoje piegi. Wyjaśnia również Nancy zabawę w radość, w którą ciągle się bawi. Wymyślił ją ojciec Pollyanny. Wszystko zaczęło się od drewnianych kul dla inwalidów, jakie przysłano dziewczynce z Koła Opieki. Pollyanna chciała dostać lalkę i była bardzo smutna; jej ojciec jednak powiedział, że powinna się ona cieszyć, gdyż nie musi o nich chodzić. Dziewczynka od tego czasu bawi się w ten sposób i stara się pocieszać wszystkich kogo tylko można, choćby tym, że zawsze mogło być gorzej. Nancy, choć jest zdumiona tą zabawą, postanawia też w nią grać.

Pierwszego dnia pobytu w nowym domu Pollyanna spóźnia się na obiad i za karę ma go zjeść w kuchni z Nancy. Nie smuci jej to jednak, dzięki temu bowiem może spędzić z Nancy więcej czasu. Innym razem Pollyanna wychodzi w nocy na dach domu i przechodzi na dach stodoły, gdzie później przysypia. Znaleziono ją jednak szybko i ciotka kazała swej siostrzenicy za karę spać u siebie w pokoju, co dziewczynka również wita z radością. Panna Polly jest zdumiona tym wszystkim. Wymyśla dla Pollyanny różne zajęcia i nie może wyjść z podziwu, jak można cieszyć się ze wszystkiego, nawet kary. W dodatku ciotka okazuje dziwną wrogość wobec doktora Chiltona, który jej siostrzenicy bardzo przypada do gustu.

Któregoś dnia podczas spaceru Pollyanna poznaje pana Johna Pedlentona. Okazuje on jej niechęć, ale dziewczynka nie przejmuje się tym; co więcej, ratuje go, gdy pan Pendleton łamie nogę pod miastem. Pollyanna znajduje go i na polecenie mężczyzny biegnie do jego domu, dzwoni po doktora Chiltona i wraca na miejsce pilnować rannego aż do przyjazdu lekarza. Potem odwiedza go dość często. Pan Pendleton, gdy poznał nazwisko swej wybawicielki i dowiedział się, że jest ona siostrzenicą panny Polly, najpierw zakazuje jej przychodzić, potem jednak sam ją zaczął zapraszać do siebie. Pollyanna domyśla się, że żywi on do jej ciotki jakąś dziwną niechęć; Nancy podejrzewa, że jest to spowodowane pewną historią miłosną, która była udziałem panny Polly. Otóż miała ona kiedyś narzeczonego, ale pokłóciła się z nim i odtąd oboje się nie widywali. Nancy podejrzewa, że to właśnie pan Pendleton mógł być tym narzeczonym. W międzyczasie Pollyanna zawiera znajomość z hipochondryczną panią Swann, do której na polecenie ciotki Polly przychodziła wraz z Nancy przynosząc jej obiad. Pani Swann wmawia sobie ciężką chorobę, cały czas spędza w łóżku, ma się za umierającą i do tego terroryzuje swoją córkę. Pollyanna jednak tłumaczy jej, że wcale nie jest chora i uczy ją bawić się w radość. Pani Swann powoli, ale skutecznie zmienia się na lepsze; zaczyna nawet szyć ubrania dla biednych dzieci.

Pollyanna zmienia również życie w domu swojej ciotki – do tego stopnia, że ta, wzruszona, daje dziewczynce lepszy pokój. Do domu trafiają bezpańskie kotek i piesek, na co panna Polly, chociaż niezbyt zachwycona, wyraża zgodę. Któregoś dnia Pollyanna przyprowadza do domu dziesięcioletniego chłopca – Jimmy'ego Beana, sierotę z domu dziecka. Chłopiec uciekł stamtąd, gdyż nikt go tam nie chciał, a teraz marzy o znalezieniu prawdziwego domu. Jest gotów nawet pracować na swoje utrzymanie. Pollyanna zaproponowała, by zamieszkał u cioci Polly, ale ta nie wyraża na to zgody. Dziewczynka nie poddaje się jednak i działa dalej. Osobiście odwiedza panie z Koła Opieki i prosi je o wsparcie dla Jimmy'ego. Panie jednak się nie zgadzają, bo żeby go wesprzeć, musiałaby użyć pieniędzy z funduszy na dzieci w Indiach, a to sprawiłoby, że nie byłyby już na czele listy największych dobroczyńców. Pollyanna próbuje również interweniować u pań z Koła Opieki, które kiedyś zajęło się nią, ale nic nie zyskuje. Nie poddaje się jednak i szuka dalej.

Któregoś dnia Pollyanna ozdabia swoją ciotkę: czesze jej włosy w piękną fryzurę i wpina we włosy różę. Panna Polly, choć zdziwiona, nie protestuje i stwierdza ze zdumieniem, że nadal jest piękna. Uśmiech jednak znika z jej twarzy, gdy wychodzi na taras i spostrzega doktora Chiltona, który akurat przyjechał po Pollyannę, by zawieźć ją do pana Pedlentona. Panna Polly niszczy fryzurę i zabrania Pollyannie podobnych zabaw. Sam lekarz natomiast w rozmowie z dziewczynką nie ukrywa, że fryzura jej ciotki bardzo mu się podobała.

Pollyanna coraz częściej odwiedza pana Pedlentona. Ponieważ zaczął się rok szkolny, musi skrócić te wizyty, ale zawsze o nich pamięta. Pacjent wraca do zdrowia. Co prawda nie jest zachwycony, że po domu pałęta mu się służba (której wcześniej nie miał) i doktor Chilton, ale Pollyanna poprawia mu humor. Pewnego razu pan Pendleton każe nawet zdjąć żyrandol i pryzmaty z niego zawiesić nad oknem – Pollyanna odkryła bowiem, że oświetlone przez słońce rzucają one na ścianę blask tęczy. Od tego czasu w jego domu zawsze świeciło tęczowe światło. Któregoś dnia pan Pendleton wyjawia Pollyannie swoją najpilniej strzeżoną tajemnicę. Otóż był on zakochany w matce Pollyanny (a nie w panie Polly, jak myślała Nancy); kochał ją całym sercem, miał nawet poparcie rodziny, ale ona go nie chciała, gdyż wybrała miłość ojca dziewczynki. Z tego powodu pan Pendleton zawsze był zgorzkniały i smutny, teraz jednak chciałby mieć Pollyannę zawsze przy sobie i proponuje, żeby dziewczynka zamieszkała u niego. Pollyanna, choć z żalem w sercu musi odmówić, proponuje z kolei, by zaadoptował on Jimmy'ego Beana. Pan Pendleton nie skłania się ku takiemu rozwiązaniu i domyśla się, że przyczyną odmowy Pollyanny jest jej ciotka. Mówi dziewczynce, że ciotka wcale jej nie kocha i wzięła ją pod opiekę tylko i wyłącznie z obowiązku. Pollyanna nie może w to uwierzyć i zastanawia się, czy naprawdę tak jest. Jednak kiedy Nancy przybiega po nią w deszcz z parasolem na polecenie ciotki, dziewczynka odkrywa, że ciotka naprawdę się o nią troszczy, a zatem ją kocha.

Któregoś dnia dochodzi do wypadku: Pollyanna wracając ze szkoły zostaje potrącona przez samochód. Dziewczynka ma uszkodzoną głowę, nogi i kręgosłup; doktor, który ją opatruje, stwierdza, że jest ona sparaliżowana i możliwe, że już nigdy nie będzie mogła chodzić. Dorośli ukrywają przed nią ten fakt, ale Pollyanna przypadkiem słyszy rozmowę ciotki z doktorem na ten temat (dzieje się tak przez kota, który otwiera drzwi, by wyjść do pokoju swej pani) i bardzo ją to przeraża; nawet ukochana zabawa nie jest w stanie jej pocieszyć. Mija kilka miesięcy; dziewczynkę odwiedza dużo gości, między innymi córka pani Swann, wdzięczna Pollyannie za to, że ta odmieniła jej matkę, jak również pan Pendleton, który wreszcie zgodził się zaopiekować się Jimmym, a nawet zdecydował się go adoptować. Proponuje on również, by ciotka Polly wezwała doktora Chiltona, uparta panna Harrington jednak odmawia. Jej decyzję zmienia ostatecznie Jimmy, który podsłuchał rozmowę pana Pedlentona z doktorem Chiltonem. Okazało się, że to doktor Chilton był narzeczonym panny Polly, kiedyś jednak pokłócili się i już nigdy się nie spotkali, ustalili bowiem, że to z nich, które odwiedzi drugie jako pierwsze, uzna swoją winę; żadne z nich nie jest jednak na to jeszcze gotowe. Doktor mówi panu Pendletonowi, że ma znajomego lekarza, chirurga, który leczył kiedyś osobę sparaliżowaną i wyleczył ją; Jimmy pędzi więc do panny Polly i przekonuje ją, by wezwała doktora Chiltona. Między byłymi narzeczonymi dochodzi do spotkania po latach, a w rezultacie – do pogodzenia. Doktor Chilton odwozi Pollyannę do ośrodka, gdzie pracuje jego przyjaciel; ten za pomocą operacji przywraca dziewczynce władzę w nogach. Czytelnik dowiaduje się o tym z listu Pollyanny do cioci Polly i doktora Chiltona, którzy przez ten czas wzięli ślub. Pollyanna zawiadamia ich o swoim wyzdrowieniu i rychłym powrocie do domu. Wszystko kończy się więc dobrze.

Wybrane ekranizacje
 Pollyanna – film z 1920 roku z Mary Pickford w roli tytułowej
 Pollyanna – film z 1960 roku z Hayley Mills w roli tytułowej
 Pollyanna – miniserial z 1973 roku z Elizabeth Archard w roli tytułowej
 Pollyanna – serial animowany z 1986 roku
 Polly z 1989 roku – film z 1989 roku z Keshią Knight Pulliam w roli tytułowej
 Pollyanna – film z 2003 roku z Georginą Terry w roli tytułowej

Zobacz też
 imię literackie
 efekt Pollyanny

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Książka Pollyanna na portalu Project Gutenberg
 Książka Pollyanna dorasta na portalu Project Gutenberg
 O polskich wydaniach Pollyanny
 Ekranizacje Pollyanny w portalu IMDb.com

Amerykańskie powieści dla dzieci i młodzieży
Amerykańskie powieści obyczajowe
Powieści z 1913
Postacie z adaptacji filmowych
Postacie z amerykańskich utworów literackich
Powieści, których akcja toczy się w Stanach Zjednoczonych


text:
Aphrodroma is een geslacht van vogels uit de familie stormvogels (Procellariidae). Het geslacht telt één soort.

Soorten
Aphrodroma brevirostris – Kerguelenstormvogel

Stormvogels


text:
Die Kamratmästerskapen war ein von der Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna (IFK) ausgetragener schwedischer Fußballwettbewerb.

Geschichte
Die erste Austragung der Kamratmästerskapen fand 1901 statt. Mit Ausnahme des Jahres 1923 wurde der Wettbewerb bis 1924 jährlich ausgetragen. 1940 wurde er wiederbelebt und bis 1942 ausgespielt. Nachdem 1945 die Meisterschaft begonnen, aber nicht zu Ende gespielt wurde, wurde der Wettbewerb endgültig wieder eingestellt. Am Wettbewerb durften ausschließlich Mannschaften der Mitglieder der Idrottsföreningen Kamraterna teilnehmen.

Nachdem im ersten Jahrzehnt IFK Stockholm den Wettbewerb dominieren konnte, gelang es in der Folgezeit IFK Göteborg, sich den Titel elf Mal bei 25 ausgetragenen Meisterschaften zu holen. Damit ist der Klub unangefochten Rekordsieger.

Wettbewerbe

Titelträger

Fußballwettbewerb in Schweden


text:
Wicken is een civil parish in het bestuurlijke gebied East Cambridgeshire, in het Engelse graafschap Cambridgeshire met 839 inwoners.

Civil parish in Cambridgeshire


text:
Besh-Burkan () is a village in Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Nookat District. Its population was 2,519 in 2021.

References

Populated places in Osh Region


text:
Awonou est l'un des huit arrondissements de la commune d'Adjohoun dans le département de l'Ouémé au Bénin.

Géographie
L'arrondissement de Awonou est situé au sud-est du Bénin et compte 4 villages que sont Abidomey, Assigui, Awonou et Siliko.

Histoire

Démographie
Selon le recensement de la population de  conduit par l'Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique (INSAE), Awonou compte 5781 habitants .

Références

Arrondissement au Bénin
Ouémé


text:
Mytilina bicarinata är en hjuldjursart som först beskrevs av Perty 1850. Enligt Catalogue of Life ingår Mytilina bicarinata i släktet Mytilina och familjen Mytilinidae, men enligt Dyntaxa är tillhörigheten istället släktet Mytilina och familjen Brachionidae. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Hjuldjur
bicarinata


text:
Erik Martin Magnusson, född 11 januari 1979 i Västerleds församling, Stockholms län, är en svensk skådespelare.

Erik Magnusson har studerat vid Stockholms Elementära Teaterskola och examinerat vid Teaterhögskolan i Malmö. Han har bland annat jobbat på Dramaten, Uppsala Stadsteater, Byteatern i Kalmar och på Dramalabbet i Stockholm.

Teater

Roller (ej komplett)

Regi (ej komplett)

Referenser

Externa länkar

Svenska skådespelare
Män
Födda 1979
Levande personer


text:
Dans la mythologie grecque, Polyphème (en grec ancien , littéralement  : , ou  : ) est un cyclope, fils de Poséidon et de la nymphe Thoôsa.

Mythes

La rencontre avec Ulysse

Polyphème apparaît pour la première fois au chant IX de l'Odyssée. Ulysse et ses compagnons mettent pied à terre au , une terre sans nom qu'Homère désigne seulement par le peuple qui l'habite. Confiants dans les dieux immortels, ces Cyclopes ne pratiquent pas l'agriculture, ils ne naviguent pas. Vivant de ce que la nature leur procure ; ce sont des pasteurs, mangeurs de fromages et grands consommateurs de viande. Ils n'ont aucune organisation politique, mais vivent en formations familiales :

Ces êtres  sont aussi d'horribles anthropophages.

Ulysse part avec un groupe de douze hommes et ils s'aventurent dans une large grotte. Y trouvant une abondance de nourriture, ils se servent et festoient. Ils ne savent pas qu'ils sont dans l'antre de Polyphème. À son retour des pâturages et se moquant des règles de l'hospitalité due aux étrangers (Xenia), Polyphème les enferme dans la grotte en roulant une grande pierre. Il commence par dévorer deux compagnons d'Ulysse le soir même et deux le lendemain matin.

Afin de rendre Polyphème moins alerte, Ulysse lui donne une barrique d'un vin très fort et non coupé, le vin offert par le prêtre des Kikones. Quand Polyphème demande son nom à Ulysse, ce dernier lui répond s'appeler . Une fois le géant endormi, Ulysse et ses hommes utilisent un pieu durci au feu et crèvent l'œil du géant. Lorsque ses cris de douleur attirent les autres cyclopes, et que ceux-ci lui demandent qui l'a rendu aveugle, il ne peut que répondre : , ce qui les pousse à l'abandonner à son triste sort. Le lendemain matin, Ulysse accroche ses hommes ainsi que lui-même sous les brebis de Polyphème. Ainsi, lorsque, comme à son habitude, le Cyclope sort ses moutons pour les mener au pâturage, les hommes sont transportés hors de la caverne. Comme Polyphème est désormais aveugle, il ne peut les voir, bien que par précaution il touche le dos de ses moutons pour vérifier que les hommes ne s'évadent pas par ce moyen. Mais dans une ultime raillerie, une fois à l'abri sur son vaisseau, Ulysse proclame à Polyphème sa véritable identité : il est .

Cet épisode explique l'acharnement de Poséidon, père de Polyphème, contre Ulysse.

Polyphème et Galatée

On voit l'image du géant anthropophage qu'est Polyphème évoluer profondément dans la littérature des siècles ultérieurs : deux poètes nous ont livré un autre épisode retraçant les amours de Polyphème et de Galatée, une Néréide ; plus tardif et sans rapport avec celui d'Homère, il est rapporté d'abord dans l'Idylle XI intitulée « Le Cyclope » du poète grec Théocrite : originaire de Sicile, Théocrite évoque le rude Polyphème, qu'il appelle « le Cyclope de chez nous », assis sur le rivage, face à la mer, et se consumant d'amour pour . Barbu et hirsute, le géant amoureux apparaît quelque peu ridicule mais encore touchant.

Dans les Métamorphoses, Ovide suit son modèle Théocrite, mais en développant longuement ce que le poète grec avait dit en une pièce brève, et en brodant autour de ce thème les amours de Galatée et du jeune Acis. Polyphème aspire à l'amour de Galatée, nymphe de la mer ; mais celle-ci lui préfère le berger sicilien Acis. Polyphème, les ayant surpris ensemble, tue son rival en l'écrasant sous un rocher. Galatée change alors le sang d'Acis en une rivière portant son nom en Sicile.

Localisations du pays des Cyclopes
Dès l'Antiquité, les Grecs situaient le pays des Cyclopes en Sicile, au pied de l'Etna, comme le fait Thucydide :  Mais l'historien ne faisait ainsi que reprendre les connaissances transmises par les navigateurs grecs depuis les premières expéditions coloniales au , connaissances qui reflètent leur représentation des mers et des terres occidentales.

Face au , Ulysse et son escadre débarquent sur une île inhabitée et de surcroît riche en ressources : terres fertiles, prairies pour l'élevage, coteaux pour des vignobles, source d'eau limpide, et port naturel au mouillage aisé, sans amarre et sans manœuvres toujours longues et délicates. Tout ce développement du poème semble conçu pour suggérer que cette île offre tous les avantages possibles pour des marchands en quête de comptoirs. Hellénistes et érudits ont donc cherché à localiser le pays des Cyclopes. Les toponymes figurant sur toutes les cartes marines et les données des Instructions nautiques situent le pays des Cyclopes sur les pentes de l'Etna, face aux quatre îlots des Faraglioni, . Cette première hypothèse permet d'assimiler le Cyclope Polyphème à un volcan à l'œil rond, à l'Etna : comme le volcan, Polyphème tombe dans le sommeil après une éruption, et dans ses réveils terribles, éructe et projette des blocs de roche au loin.

Victor Bérard quant à lui, s'appuyant sur une brève indication de Thucydide, situe le pays des Cyclopes au nord de Naples, là où se trouvent l'île de Nisida et, dans les falaises du Pausilippe, de nombreuses grottes ayant servi d'habitations troglodytiques jusqu'au . L'une de ces cavernes, particulièrement vaste, appelée par erreur , pourrait être, selon l'helléniste, l'antre de Polyphème.

Enfin, Ernle Bradford opte pour l'archipel des Égades, aujourd'hui Marettimo, Favignana et Levanzo. Sur cette dernière île se trouve la Grotta dei Genovesi, habitée au paléolithique et au néolithique. L'île montagneuse de Marettimo en particulier, creusée de cavernes, est très impressionnante. En face, les vestiges de l'ancienne cité d'Érix (Érice) attestent une présence grecque très ancienne.

Aucune de ces trois hypothèses n'est formellement établie. Il existe en revanche une certitude : des navigateurs grecs venus d'Eubée, de Chalkis et d'Aulis dès le  lancent des expéditions coloniales vers les terres d'Occident, et enrichissent le mythe archaïque de leurs propres expériences maritimes ; par sa narration, l'auteur de l'Odyssée donne à cette matière épique ainsi enrichie sa forme achevée. Toute une représentation du monde méditerranéen et de ses confins, tel que les Grecs le connaissaient au , se trouve donc enveloppée dans l'épisode d'Ulysse et de Polyphème.

Origine du mythe
Les Cyclopes sont habituellement interprétés comme « des démons du feu, qui peuvent tantôt se rendre utiles aux hommes, tantôt leur nuire ». Ceux de l´Odyssée, rustres asociaux et impies, n'ont à première vue, en dehors de leur œil unique, rien de commun avec d'autres Cyclopes tels les trois alliés de Zeus ou les compagnons d'Héphaïstos. Ils sont la contrepartie sauvage des feux divins. Selon Arthur Cook, la signification de l'épisode de l'Odyssée où Ulysse crève l'œil de Polyphème est directement lié à la production du feu par frottement.

Polyphème correspond au conte-type  dans la classification Aarne-Thompson. On connait en effet diverses légendes très similaires ; en Europe, autour du bassin méditerranéen et en Amérique du Nord. Une analyse de type phylogénique de leurs similarités et différences permet de reconstruire une origine commune à ces récits; un proto-mythe de Polyphème qui pourrait dater de l'époque paléolithique.

Parmi de très nombreux exemples de récits similaires, on peut mentionner le Troisième Voyage de Sinbad le Marin, dans Les Mille et Une Nuits.

Postérité du mythe

Musique
Louis-Nicolas Clérambault a composé autour des années 1700 une cantate, Polyphème, opus 4. Le compositeur français Jean Cras, sur un poème d'Albert Samain, écrira son ultime drame lyrique en quatre actes et cinq tableaux, sur ce sujet, œuvre qui obtient le prix du Concours musical de la ville de Paris en 1921, et qui est créée à l'Opéra Comique en 1922.

Philosophie
Pour l'antique allégoriste Héraclide, le cyclope représenterait « la fureur sauvage, propre à chaque homme ». D'après le philosophe néoplatonicien Porphyre, elle est suscitée dans l'homme par « le démon de son horoscope natal ». Le cyclope naît dans une caverne qui, selon le vaste commentaire de l'archevêque byzantin Eustathe, serait « la cavité du cœur ; car c'est là que naît la fureur, celle-ci étant le bouillonnement du sang dans la région du cœur ». Pour le philosophe d'Hooghvorst, qui suit ces interprétations anciennes, Polyphème, après la visite de la sagesse incarnée par Ulysse (dont le second pseudonyme, Mêtis, signifie à la fois  et ), se transforme en un prophète, « abondant en paroles », qui . En effet, sa prophétie se réalisera : Ulysse rentrera en Ithaque « sur un vaisseau d'emprunt ».

Sculpture
 Tête du cyclope Polyphème, sculpture grecque du IIe siècle av. J-C, Musée des Beaux-Arts (Boston)
 Polyphème surprenant Galatée dans les bras d'Acis, par Auguste Ottin (1866), Jardin du Luxembourg (Paris)

Peinture
 Acis et Galatée se dérobant au regard de Polyphème, par François Perrier, musée du Louvre, réplique Musée des beaux-arts de Carcassonne
  Le cyclope Polyphème s'apprête à écraser Acis sous un rocher, Fresque d'Annibale Carracci (1560-1609), Palais Farnèse, Rome

Céramique
 Ulysse fuit la caverne de Polyphème accroché sous le ventre d'un bélier, vase grec à figures rouges, vers 501 av. J-C, Badisches landesmuseum Karlsruhe
Ulysse et ses compagnons crevant l'œil de Polyphème, cratère archaïque, vers 670 av. J-C., Musée archéologique d'Argos

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Galatée (Néréide)
 Fable de Polyphème et Galatée
 Ulysse

Bibliographie

 .

 .
 .
 .
 .

Berger de la mythologie grecque
Cyclope
Créature fantastique de la mythologie grecque
Progéniture de Poséidon
Mythologie grecque de Sicile
Cannibalisme dans la mythologie grecque
Personnage de l'Odyssée


text:
Lokomotivy řady EU40 jsou čtyřnápravové stejnosměrné elektrické lokomotivy, které pro polské železnice Polskie Koleje Państwowe dodala německá společnost v roce 1913 v počtu 1 kusů.

Reference

Externí odkazy

EU40
EU40


text:
Guatemala is divided in 22 departments that are organized in 8 development regions declared by the Guatemalan government.

Official regions

Region I or Metropolitan

 Guatemala

Region II or North

 Alta Verapaz
 Baja Verapaz

Region III or Northeast

 Chiquimula
 El Progreso
 Izabal
 Zacapa

Region IV or Southeast

 Jutiapa
 Jalapa
 Santa Rosa

Region V or Central

 Chimaltenango
 Sacatepéquez
 Escuintla

Region VI or Southwest

 Quetzaltenango
 Retalhuleu
 San Marcos
 Suchitepéquez
 Sololá
 Totonicapán

Region VII or Northwest

 Huehuetenango
 Quiché

Region VIII or Petén

 Petén

References

Guatemala geography-related lists
Guatemala


text:
Jan Niemiec may refer to:
 Jan Niemiec (bishop) (1958–2020), Polish-born Ukrainian Roman Catholic bishop
 Jan Niemiec (canoeist) (1941–2017), Polish slalom canoeist


text:
Psiloderces nasicornis är en spindelart som beskrevs av Léon Baert 1988. Psiloderces nasicornis ingår i släktet Psiloderces och familjen Ochyroceratidae.

Artens utbredningsområde är Sulawesi. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Spindlar
nasicornis


text:
La nazionale Under-23 di pallavolo maschile della Russia è una squadra europea composta dai migliori giocatori di pallavolo della Russia con un'età inferiore di 23 anni ed è posta sotto l'egida della Federazione pallavolistica della Russia.

Rosa

Risultati

Campionato mondiale Under-23

Collegamenti esterni

 U-23
Russia


text:
West Pennant Hills – przedmieście (suburb) Sydney, w Nowej Południowej Walii, w Australii. Według danych z 2016 roku zamieszkiwane przez 16 374 osoby.

Przypisy

Podział aglomeracji Sydney


text:
La stagione 1960 è stata la dodicesima del Motomondiale; inizialmente il calendario previsto era identico a quello dell'anno precedente ma sorsero dei problemi per quanto riguardava l'effettuazione del Gran Premio motociclistico di Svezia; in conseguenza a ciò il mondiale venne disputato su 7 gran premi.

Il contesto
Dopo il tentativo del 1959 poco fruttuoso di inserire una nuova classe che comprendesse sia i prototipi da corsa che le moto derivate dalla serie, si tornò al regolamento precedente, senza modifiche in merito ai punteggi e ai metodi di conteggio nelle classifiche di fine anno.

Perdurando l'assenza delle case italiane che avevano firmato il patto d'astensione, nonché di quelle britanniche, era prevedibile che la MV Agusta, che aveva anche mantenuto i piloti dell'anno precedente, facesse man bassa di titoli; in effetti così fu, con le classifiche praticamente identiche a quelle del motomondiale 1959: John Surtees vincitore in 500 e 350, Carlo Ubbiali vincitore in 250 e 125.

In questo modo, per la terza volta consecutiva, la MV Agusta conquistò tutti i titoli per quanto riguarda le moto sciolte (lasciando alla BMW i sidecar).

Durante quest'anno si registrò un maggiore sforzo nell'attività sportiva da parte della Honda e anche due altre case motociclistiche giapponesi si affacciarono alle competizioni motociclistiche: Suzuki e Yamaha. Tra le altre nuove arrivate la Aermacchi che aveva appena firmato un accordo con la Harley Davidson.

La conclusione di questo campionato vide anche il ritiro dalle competizioni dei campioni del mondo in carica: Ubbiali si ritirò dopo aver ottenuto 9 titoli iridati e Surtees, che ne aveva ottenuti 7, decise di passare completamente all'automobilismo dopo che già in questo stesso anno aveva partecipato ad alcune gare di Formula 1.

Il calendario

Sistema di punteggio e legenda

Le classi

Classe 500

La competizione in questa classe, che si disputò su tutte e sette le prove in calendario, non fu particolarmente accesa, con John Surtees che già dopo la quinta prova si era assicurato matematicamente il titolo. Le uniche vittorie nei gran premi che gli sfuggirono furono nel GP d'Olanda in cui si ritirò e il successo arrise al suo compagno di squadra Remo Venturi e nel GP dell'Ulster dove John Hartle portò al successo una Norton.

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Classe 350

La 350 si disputò su due prove in meno rispetto alla classe regina (non si disputò né in Belgio né in Germania) e anche qui il successo arrise a Surtees, seppure in maniera meno facile che in 500. Il suo compagno di squadra Gary Hocking ottenne due vittorie e una arrise anche a John Hartle che nel Tourist Trophy era occasionalmente alla guida di una MV Agusta.

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Classe 250

Il calendario della 250 prevedeva la disputa di 6 prove (con l'unica esclusione del GP di Francia) e il campionato visse sulla lotta tra i due compagni di squadra alla MV Agusta, Carlo Ubbiali e Gary Hocking che, fino alla quarta prova, erano perfettamente appaiati in classifica con due primi e due secondi posti a testa; la sfida si risolse a favore del pilota italiano quando l'avversario rodesiano fu costretto per due volte al ritiro mentre Ubbiali ottenne altrettante vittorie.

In questa classe si cominciarono anche a registrare i primi buono risultati da parte della Honda che ottenne il quarto posto in classifica grazie a Jim Redman.

In occasione del Gran Premio motociclistico di Germania, durante le prove, perse la vita Bob Brown, pilota australiano che, pur non essendo mai riuscito a salire sul primo gradino del podio, aveva raccolto dei buoni risultati negli anni precedenti.

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Classe 125

Nella categoria di minor cilindrata, disputata su 5 prove (esclusi i GP di Francia e Germania), ai primi due posti si piazzarono gli stessi due compagni di squadra alla MV, Ubbiali e Hocking, in questo caso con minore lotta, visto che il campionato era già deciso alla penultima prova in programma.

Ubbiali si impose in 4 delle 5 gare in programma e l'unico altro a salire sul gradino più alto del podio fu Ernst Degner su una MZ.

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Classe sidecar

Anche per quest'anno la lotta per le posizioni di vertice fu esclusivamente riservata a equipaggiati dotati di veicoli BMW con Helmut Fath che, con Alfred Wohlgemuth quale passeggero, si aggiudicò il suo primo titolo iridato e quattro vittorie su cinque gare.

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Note

Voci correlate
Albo d'oro del motomondiale

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

 1960


text:
A sabaton or solleret is part of a knight's body armor that covers the foot.

History
Fourteenth and fifteenth century sabatons typically end in a tapered point well past the actual toes of the wearer's foot, following fashionable shoe shapes of the fourteenth century. Sabatons of the first half of sixteenth century end at the tip of the toe and may be wider than the actual foot. They were the first piece of armour to be put on, and were made of riveted iron plates called lames. These  plates generally covered only the top of the foot. Some sources maintain that the broad-toed variant is the true sabaton, whereas the earlier versions should be referred to as a solleret.

At least in theory, French princes and dukes were allowed to have toes of Gothic sabatons  long, lords (barons and higher) 2 feet long and gentry only  long.

The sabaton was not commonly used by knights or men at arms fighting on foot. Instead, many would simply wear leather shoes or boots. Heavy or pointy metal footwear would severely hinder movement and mobility on the ground, particularly under wet or muddy conditions. Attacks against the feet are not common in dismounted combat, as a strike to an enemy's foot would typically put the attacker in a very awkward and vulnerable position. Conversely, a mounted knight's feet would be at perfect height for strikes from dismounted soldiers, and so sabatons or other foot armour would be vital when riding into battle. An earlier solution was for the mail of the chausses to completely cover the foot, but later the mail terminated at the ankle, either overlapping the outside of the sabaton or extending beneath it.

The effigy of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick in the Collegiate Church of St Mary, Warwick, shows how 15th century Italian-style sabatons would have been worn. These consist of a toe cap, four articulated lames, a foot plate and ankle plate, and a hinged heel cap, joined with buckled straps. Although the spurs are missing from the effigy, remains of rivet holes and staples may represent the way that the spurs would have been directly attached to the heel cap of the sabaton, rather than being strapped on afterwards.

Other uses
"Sabaton" is also the name of a type of broad-toed Flemish shoe, popular in the Late Middle Ages.

Sabaton is the name of a Swedish heavy metal band who write songs based on military history.

References

Historical footwear
Medieval armour
Western plate armour


text:
In der Chemie ist der mesomere Effekt (kurz: M-Effekt) eine Wirkung von funktionellen Gruppen in chemischen Verbindungen. Der M-Effekt wirkt durch konjugierte Systeme und beeinflusst Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten, Ionengleichgewichte und die Stelle, an der ein Molekül reagiert (dirigierender Effekt).

Substituenten können nur dann einen mesomeren Effekt ausüben, wenn sie mit einem konjugierten System (ungesättigte Bindungen oder Atome mit freien Elektronenpaaren) verbunden sind. Dadurch wird das konjugierte System (auch: mesomere System) vergrößert. In diesem Fall hat der Erstsubstituent einen M-Effekt. Wenn der Substituent ein freies Elektronenpaar besitzt, das er für die Mesomerie zur Verfügung stellen kann, fügt er dem konjugierten System Elektronendichte hinzu, man spricht von einem +M-Effekt. Besitzt der Substituent hingegen eine Doppel- oder Dreifachbindung, so wird dem mesomeren System Elektronendichte entzogen; man spricht von einem −M-Effekt.

Der M-Effekt wirkt auf Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten und Ionengleichgewichte, da die p-Orbitale (oder π-Bindungen) eines Substituenten mit dem Rest des Moleküls überlappen. Es kommt zur Delokalisierung oder deren Erweiterung. Daneben gibt es den induktiven Effekt (+I-Effekt und −I-Effekt).

+M-Effekt

Der Substituent hat ein freies Elektronenpaar, das er für die Mesomerie zur Verfügung stellen kann.
Bei +M-Effekten erhöht sich die Elektronendichte des mesomeren Systems. Eine eventuelle elektrophile Zweitsubstitution wird dadurch begünstigt, der +M-Effekt wirkt somit aktivierend in Bezug auf Reaktivität. Bei Halogenen als Erstsubstituenten an aromatischen Systemen ist die Substitutionsgeschwindigkeit allerdings aufgrund des −I-Effektes insgesamt herabgesetzt, dennoch wird durch den +M-Effekt weiter in ortho/para-Stellung dirigiert (siehe Substitutionsmuster).

Beispiel: Reaktion von Brom und Benzol: Benzol enthält ein mesomeres System und Brom hat drei freie Elektronenpaare. Nach der Substitution ist Brom mit einer Einfachbindung an ein Kohlenstoffatom des Benzols gebunden. Ein freies Elektronenpaar des Broms kann in die Mesomerie einbezogen werden, wodurch sich neue mesomere Grenzstrukturen ergeben.

Substituenten mit +M-Effekt
 –O−
 –NH2
 –NR2
 –OH
 –OR
 –NH(CO)R
 –O(CO)R
 –(Aryl) (z. B. –Phenylgruppe)
 –Br, –Cl, –I, –F

−M-Effekt

Bei −M-Effekten wird dem mesomeren System Elektronendichte entzogen, da der Substituent eine Doppel- oder Dreifachbindung besitzt. Das erschwert weitere Substitutionen bzw. setzt die Aktivierungsenergie, die dazu nötig ist, herauf. Der −M-Effekt wirkt also aus reaktionskinetischer Sicht deaktivierend. Außerdem wirken die folgenden Gruppen bei aromatischen Systemen für einen elektrophilen Angriff meta-dirigierend (siehe Substitutionsmuster). Dort befindet sich die größte Elektronendichte, da durch den Elektronenentzug aus dem aromatischen System die ortho- und para-Position eine positive Ladung trägt.

Substituenten mit −M-Effekt
 –COOR
 –COOH
 –CHO
 –(CO)R
 –CN
 –CH=CH–COOH
 –NO2
 –SO3H

Säurestärke
Substituenten mit −M-Effekt bewirken eine Erhöhung der Säurestärke von aromatischen, aciden Verbindungen, da der Substituent dem konjugierten System Elektronendichte entzieht. Beispielsweise sind Nitrophenole im Vergleich zu Phenol (pKs = 9,99) stärkere Säuren. Trinitrophenol erreicht einen pKs-Wert von 0,29. Das liegt daran, dass alle drei Nitro-Gruppen (–NO2) wie oben aufgelistet, einen −M-Effekt haben. Durch Mesomerie werden dem Benzolring Elektronen entzogen, sodass dieser in ortho-/para-Stellung positiv geladen ist. Da die Hydroxygruppe ihrerseits diesen Elektronenmangel durch ihr ungebundenes Elektronenpaar ausgleichen kann, überträgt sich diese positive Ladung auf den Sauerstoff. Diese instabile Situation strebt danach das Wasserstoffion abzuspalten, damit der Sauerstoff die Bindungselektronen für sich einbehalten kann und nicht mehr positiv geladen ist. Im Weiteren wirkt der doppelt an den Benzolring gebundene Sauerstoff ebenfalls einen −M-Effekt aus, sodass das resultierende Anion mesomeriestabilisiert ist. Das heißt, es ist nicht eindeutig, an welchen Sauerstoffatomen sich die negative Ladung befindet.

Basenstärke
Bei einem aromatischen Ring, an dem sich eine Aminogruppe befindet, werden aufgrund des +M-Effektes Elektronen in den Ring gedrückt. So wird die funktionelle Gruppe positiver, der pKb-Wert steigt insgesamt für diese Verbindung. Das heißt, die "Basenstärke" nimmt ab.

Dirigierender Effekt
Mesomere Effekte beeinflussen auch, an welcher Position – also an welchem Atom – eine weitere Reaktion wahrscheinlich ablaufen wird. Bei der elektrophilen Zweitsubstitution am Benzolring "dirigieren" (= "bestimmen")  die Erstsubstituenten die Position der weiteren. Im Allgemeinen kann man sagen, dass Erstsubstituenten, die einen +M-Effekt haben in ortho/para-Stellung dirigieren, solche mit −M-Effekt in meta-Stellung. Dies kann durch die Stabilität der während der Substitution auftretenden Übergangszustände erklärt werden.

Einzelnachweise

Chemische Bindung


text:
Jesper Thilo (* 28. November 1941 in Kopenhagen) ist ein dänischer Jazzmusiker (Alt- und Tenorsaxophon, Klarinette und Flöte).

Leben und Wirken
Thilo begann im Alter von elf Jahren mit dem Saxophonspiel; er studierte am Königlichen Musikkonservatorium klassische Klarinette. Er gehörte zunächst zu Arnvid Meyer's Orchestra und einem Quintett um Bent Jædig. Nach dem Militärdienst wurde er 1966 als Altsaxophonist Mitglied der Danmarks Radios Big Band, der er mit Unterbrechungen 25 Jahre lang angehörte. Daneben war er wieder bei Meyer tätig (bis 1973); zudem spielte er von 1968 bis Mitte der 1970er Jahre spielte er in der Beatkapel um Niels Jørgen Steen und begann im Umfeld der dänischen Mainstream-Jazz-Szene zu wirken. Als Sideman wirkte er u. a. bei Aufnahmen von Edmond Hall, J. C. Higginbotham, Roy Eldridge, Ben Webster, Coleman Hawkins, Benny Carter, Harry Sweets Edison, Eddie Lockjaw Davis, Vic Dickenson, Dizzy Gillespie und Clark Terry.

Mit seinem Quintett gastierte er beim Montreux Jazz Festival 1971. Seit Beginn der 1970er Jahre veröffentlichte er unter eigenem Namen eine Reihe von Alben auf den Plattenlabels Storyville Records bzw. Music Mekka. Auch gehörte er ab 1980 zu Ernie Wilkins' Almost Big Band und später von Steens Gruppen Saxmaniacs und A-Team.

Thilo ist als Solist vielseitig und gefragt; sein frühes Spiel orientierte sich an Ben Webster und Coleman Hawkins, später erinnerte seine Stilistik an Dexter Gordon und Lockjaw Davis. Fantasievolle und beeindruckende Soli sind etwa auf Aufnahmen mit Meyer, Steen, Gugge Hedrenius, der DR Big Band, Finn Savery, Wilkins, Wild Bill Davison, Børge Roger Henrichsen, Al Grey, Roland Hanna, Clark Terry, Sweets Edison oder Hank Jones zu hören, aber auch mit Klüvers Big Band.

1977 erhielt Thilo als erster Musiker den angesehenen Ben Webster Prize.

Diskographische Hinweise
Tribute to Frog mit Richard Boone, Jesper Lundgaard, Svend-Erik Nørregaard, Clark Terry, 1980
Copenhagen 1980 (live) mit Billy Hart, Jesper Lundgaard, Svend-Erik Nørregaard, Clark Terry, Mads Vinding, 1980
Jesper Thilo Quartet Swingin' Friends
Aura mit Miles Davis, 1985
Jesper Thilo Quintet featuring Harry Edison mit Harry Sweets Edison, Ole Kock Hansen, Jesper Lundgaard, Svend-Erik Nørregaard, Hugo Rasmussen, 1986
Jesper Thilo Quintet with Hank Jones mit Hank Jones, Svend-Erik Nørregaard, Doug Raney, Hugo Rasmussen, (Storyville, 1991)
Strike Up the Band mit Bob Barnard, Romano Cavicchiolo, Henri Chaix, Stephan Kurmann, 1998
Snap Your Fingers mit Søren Kristiansen, Thomas Ovesen, 2002
 Ken Peplowski & Jesper Thilo Happy Together: Live At Birdland Volume One (2008)
 Jesper Thilo, Olivier Antunes, Bo Stief, Frands Rifbjerg Jesper Thilo on Clarinet (2010)
 Still Movin' (mit Ben Besiakov, Jesper Lundgaard)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Jazz-Saxophonist
Jazz-Klarinettist
Jazz-Flötist
Musiker (Dänemark)
Däne
Geboren 1941
Mann


text:
The green gross domestic product (green GDP or GGDP) is an index of economic growth with the environmental consequences of that growth factored into a country's conventional GDP. Green GDP monetizes the loss of biodiversity, and accounts for costs caused by climate change. Some environmental experts prefer physical indicators (such as "waste per capita" or "carbon dioxide emissions per year"), which may be aggregated to indices such as the "Sustainable Development Index".

Calculation

Calculating green GDP requires that net natural capital consumption, including resource depletion, environmental degradation, and protective and restorative environmental initiatives, be subtracted from traditional GDP. Some early calculations of green GDP take into account one or two but not all environmental adjustments. These calculations can also be applied to net domestic product (NDP), which deducts the depreciation of produced capital from GDP. In each case, it is necessary to convert the resource activity into a monetary value, since it is in this manner that indicators are generally expressed in national accounts.

Rationale

The motivation for creating a green GDP originates from the inherent limitations of GDP has as an indicator of economic performance and social progress. GDP assesses gross output alone, without identifying the wealth and assets that underlie output. GDP does not account for significant or permanent depletion, or replenishment of these assets. Ultimately, GDP has no capacity to identify whether the level of income generated in a country is sustainable. Richard Stone, one of the creators of the original GDP index, suggested that while "the three pillars on which an analysis of society ought to rest are studies of economic, socio-demographic and environmental phenomenon", he had done little work in the area of environmental issues.

Natural capital is poorly represented in GDP. Resources are not adequately considered as economic assets. Relative to their costs, companies and policy makers also do not give sufficient weight to the future benefits generated by restorative or protective environmental projects. As well, the important positive externalities that arise from forests, wetlands and agriculture are unaccounted for or otherwise hidden because of practical difficulties around measuring and pricing these assets. Similarly, the impact that the depletion of natural resources or increases in pollution can and do have on the future productive capacity of a nation are unaccounted for in traditional GDP estimates.

The need for a more comprehensive macroeconomic indicator is consistent with the conception of sustainable development as a desirable phenomenon. GDP is mistakenly appropriated as a primary indicator of well-being, and as a result, it is used heavily in the analysis of political and economic policy. Green GDP would arguably be a more accurate indicator or measure of societal well-being. Therefore, the integration of environmental statistics into national accounts, and by extension, the generation of a green GDP figure, would improve countries' abilities to manage their economies and resources.

History
Many economists, scientists and other scholars have theorized about adjusting macroeconomic indicators to account for environmental change. The idea was developed early on through the work of Nordhaus and Tobin (1972), Ahmad et al. (1989), Repetto et al. (1989), and Hartwick (1990).

In 1972, William Nordhaus and James Tobin introduced the first model to measure the annual real consumption of households, called the Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW). MEW adjusts GDP to include the value of leisure time, unpaid work and environmental damages. They also defined a sustainable MEW (MEW-S) value, and their work was the precursor to more sophisticated measures of sustainable development.

Repetto further explored the impact that the failure of resource-based economies to account for the depreciation of their natural capital could have, especially by distorting evaluations of macroeconomic relationships and performance. He and his colleagues developed the concept of depreciation accounting, which factors environmental depreciation into "aggregate measures of economic performance".

In their seminal report, "Economic Accounting for Sustainable Development", Yusuf Ahmad, Salah El Serafy and Ernst Lutz compiled papers from several UNEP-World Bank sponsored workshops, convened after 1983, on how to develop environmental accounting as a public policy tool. The central theme of all of the authors' arguments is that the system of national accounts (SNA), as it traditionally calculates income, omits important aspects of economic development that ought to be included. One important disagreement on environmentally adjusted indicators is presented by Anne Harrison and Salah El Serafy in their respective chapters. Harrison argues that appropriate adjustments ought to be made within the existing SNA framework, while El Serafy suggests a redefinition of what constitutes intermediate and final demand. In his view, the SNA should not consider the sale of natural capital as generating value added, while at least part of the income generated from this sale should be excluded from GDP and net product. This would effectively allow GDP to continue to be used extensively.

In "Natural Resources, National Accounting and Economic Depreciation", John Hartwick presents an accounting methodology to find NNP inclusive of the depletion of natural resource stock by representing the use of natural resources as "economic depreciation magnitudes".

This method of accounting, which makes adjustments to the existing national account indicators, found traction in the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA), published by the United Nations as an appendix to the 1993 SNA. The report offered five approaches, or versions, to developing environmental accounts. Over the years, the SEEA has been expanded and revised in view of the increased sophistication of accounting methodologies and technology. This revision will be explored in greater detail in the "Global Initiatives" section. Ultimately, the importance of the SEEA with respect to the green GDP is that it is possible to create full-sequence accounts from which aggregates such as green GDP can be derived and compared internationally, and many countries have begun this process.

Several reports and initiatives after the SEEA-1993 have explored the possibility of expanding or changing the scope of environmentally-adjusted macroeconomic indicators. As the popularity of green GDP and other environmentally adjusted macroeconomic indicators grows, their construction will increasingly draw on this continuously developing body of research, especially with respect to the methodology associated with valuing non-market capital (e.g., services from natural capital which exist outside of traditional market settings).

In 1993, the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the official bookkeeper of the U.S. economy, began responding to concerns that the GDP needed retooling. The agency began working on a green accounting system called Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounts. These initial results released in 1994 showed that GDP numbers were overstating the impact of mining companies to the nation's economic wealth. Mining companies didn't like those results, and in 1995 Alan B. Mollohan, a Democratic House Representative from West Virginia's coal country, sponsored an amendment to the 1995 Appropriations Bill that stopped the Bureau of Economic Analysis from working on revising the GDP and that's where things stand today.

Costanza et al. (1997) estimated the current economic value of 17 ecosystem services for 16 biomes. The value of the entire biosphere, most of which exists outside of the market, is estimated conservatively to be between $16–54 trillion per year. By comparison, global GNP is approximately $18 trillion per year. The size of this figure demonstrates the significance of ecosystem services on human welfare and income generation, and the importance of identifying and recognizing this value. The valuation techniques used by the authors were often based on estimations of individuals' "willingness-to-pay" for ecosystem services.

Kunte et al. (1998) use their paper "Estimating National Wealth: Methodology and Results" to demonstrate that expanding the national accounts to include natural capital is a "practical [and necessary] exercise". They estimate the total wealth of nations by including different components of wealth in their calculations, including natural capital. They place values on natural capital by using the concept of economic rent. "Economic rent is the return on a commodity in excess of the minimum required to bring forth its services. Rental value is therefore the difference between the market price and cost of production / extraction." Following this, and by adjusting calculations for (un)sustainable use patterns, they are able to determine the stock of natural capital in a country that more accurately reflects its wealth.

Nature's Numbers: Expanding the National Economic Accounts to Include the Environment, written by William Nordhaus and Edward Kokkelenberg and published in 1999, examined whether or not to broaden the U.S. National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) to include natural resources and the environment. The panel, which addressed this question, concluded that extending the NIPA and developing supplemental environmental accounts should be a high priority goals for the U.S., because these would provide useful data on a variety of economic issues and government trends, which entailed both replenishing and extractive activities. One of the major findings of the report is that it is fundamentally necessary for green adjustments to account for instances when natural capital is discovered or replenished, along with general depletive activities.

In 2004, Wen Jiabao, the Chinese premier, announced that the green GDP index would replace the Chinese GDP index itself as a performance measure for government and party officials at the highest levels. The first green GDP accounting report, for 2004, was published in September 2006. It showed that the financial loss caused by pollution was 511.8 billion yuan ($66.3 billion), or 3.05 percent of the nation's economy.

As an experiment in national accounting, the Green GDP effort collapsed in failure in 2007, when it became clear that the adjustment for environmental damage had reduced the growth rate to politically unacceptable levels, nearly zero in some provinces. In the face of mounting evidence that environmental damage and resource depletion was far more costly than anticipated, the government withdrew its support for the Green GDP methodology and suppressed the 2005 report, which had been due out in March, 2007.

Independent estimates of the cost to China of environmental degradation and resource depletion have for the last decade ranged from 8 to 12 percentage points of GDP growth. These estimates support the idea that, by this measure at least, the growth of the Chinese economy is close to zero.

The most promising national activity on the green GDP has been from India. The country's environmental minister, Jairam Ramesh, stated in 2009 that "It is possible for scientists to estimate green GDP. An exercise has started under the country's chief statistician Pronab Sen and by 2015, India's GDP numbers will be adjusted with economic costs of environmental degradation."

Organizations
The Global Reporting Initiative's (GRI) core goals include the mainstreaming of disclosure on environmental, social and governance performance. Although the GRI is independent, it remains a collaborating centre of UNEP and works in cooperation with the United Nations Global Compact. It produces one of the world's most prevalent standards for sustainability reporting—also known as ecological footprint reporting, environmental social governance (ESG) reporting, triple bottom line (TBL) reporting, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting. It is working on a green GDP to be implemented worldwide.

Current debate

Some critics of environmentally adjusted aggregates, including GDP, point out that it may be difficult to assign values to some of the outputs that are quantified. This is a particular difficulty in cases where the environmental asset does not exist in a traditional market and is therefore non-tradable. Ecosystem services are one example of this type of resource. In the case that valuation is undertaken indirectly, there is a possibility that calculations may rely on speculation or hypothetical assumptions.

Supporters of adjusted aggregates may reply to this objection in one of two ways. First, that as our technological capabilities increase, more accurate methods of valuation have been and will continue to develop. Second, that while measurements may not be perfect in the cases of non-market natural assets, the adjustments they entail are still a preferable alternative to traditional GDP.

A second objection may be found in the Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, when Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi remark that:

"there is a more fundamental problem with green GDP, which also applies to Nordhaus and Tobin's SMEW and to the ISEW/GNI indices. None of these measures characterize sustainability per se. Green GDP just charges GDP for the depletion of or damage to environmental resources. This is only one part of the answer to the question of sustainability."

See also

Environment of China
Genuine progress indicator (GPI)
Green national product
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

References

Further reading
 Green GDP Accounting Study Report 2004 issued .
 A brief explanation of Green GDP.
 China issues first 'green GDP' report – article from China Dialogue
 Environmental pollution costs China 64 billion dollars in 2004 – article from Terra Daily
 NYTimes documentary on China's Green GDP effort

Sustainability metrics and indices
Sustainable development
Environmental social science concepts


text:
Temoteo Alves de Brito (Itapetinga/BA, 09 de novembro de 1941), mais conhecido como Temoteo Brito, é um agropecuarista e político brasileiro, filiado ao Partido Progressista (PP) desde 2019. É casado e pai de três filhos.

Biografia
Temoteo participou ativamente da luta pela emancipação de Teixeira de Freitas, que pertencia aos municípios de Alcobaça e Caravelas. No dia 09 de maio de 1985 foi criado o município de Teixeira de Freitas. Foi eleito como o primeiro prefeito de Teixeira de Freitas, pelo Partido da Frente Liberal (PFL) e esteve à frente da administração municipal de 1985-1988, período em que realizou obras relevantes para o desenvolvimento local, entre elas, o Parque de Exposições Temoteo Alves de Brito, a sede da Universidade Estadual da Bahia (UNEB) e a antiga Emarc (atual IFBaiano).

Em 1990, foi eleito para o cargo de Deputado Estadual pelo Partido da Reconstrução Nacional (PRN). Em 1992 foi novamente eleito como prefeito, permanecendo no cargo até 1996. Temoteo concorreu mais uma vez ao legislativo estadual, sendo eleito deputado estadual pelo Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (PMDB), 2011-2015.

Em 2016 concorreu mais uma vez ao executivo municipal, sagrando-se pela terceira vez prefeito de Teixeira de Freitas, pelo Partido Social Democrático (PSD), 2017-2020.

Nas eleições municipais de 2020 disputou a reeleição para prefeito, terminando em segundo lugar.


text:
Zatoka Nara () – zatoka znajdująca się na Wyspie Hook należącej do Australii. Zatoka przypomina fiord, wraz z sąsiednią zatoką Macona Inlet wcina się głęboko w południowe wybrzeże wyspy.

Zatoki Queenslandu
Zatoki Morza Koralowego