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Christianity is the largest religion in Germany. It was introduced to the area of modern Germany by 300 AD, while parts of that area belonged to the Roman Empire, and later, when Franks and other Germanic tribes converted to Christianity from the fifth century onwards. The area became fully Christianized by the time of Charlemagne in the eighth and ninth century. After the Reformation started by Martin Luther in the early 16th century, many people left the Catholic Church and became Protestant, mainly Lutheran and Calvinist.

In 2021, around 52.7% of the population were Christians among them 49.7% members of the two large Christian churches. About half of Christians in Germany are Catholics, mostly Roman Catholics; Catholicism is stronger in the southern and the western part of the country. About half belongs to the Evangelical Church of Germany (EKD) predominant in the northern regions, and the rest to several small Christian denominations such as the Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany, the Eastern Orthodox Church or the Jehovah's Witnesses. Estimations for the percentage of Muslims vary between 3.5% and 6.7%, while much smaller religions include Buddhism, Judaism, Hinduism and Yazidism. The rest of the population is not affiliated with any church, and many are atheist, agnostic, or otherwise irreligious. 60% of German residents say that they believe there is a God, 9% say that they believe there is a higher power or spiritual force and 27% say that they do not believe there is a God, higher power or spiritual force. In another survey, 44% said that they believe there is a God, 25% said that they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 27% said that they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 35% of residents identify with their religion or belief.

Demographics of religion in Germany vary greatly by region and age. Non-religious people represent the majority in some of Germany's major cities, including Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen, and the absolute majority of 70–80% in the eastern states of what between 1949 and 1990 used to be East Germany.

By contrast, rural areas of the western states of what in the same period used to be West Germany are more religious, and some rural areas are highly religious.

History

Paganism and Roman settlement (1000 BC–300 AD)

Ancient Germanic paganism was a polytheistic religion practised in prehistoric Germany and Scandinavia, as well as Roman territories of Germania by the first century AD. It had a pantheon of deities that included Donar/Thunar, Wuotan/Wodan, Frouwa/Frua, Balder/Phol/Baldag, and others shared with northern Germanic paganism. Celtic paganism and later Gallo-Roman syntheses were instead practised in western and southern parts of modern Germany, while Slavic paganism was practised in the east.

Late Roman and Carolingian eras (300–1000)

In the territories of Germany under the control of the Roman Empire (the provinces Raetia, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior), early Christianity was introduced and began to flourish after the fourth century. Although pagan Roman temples existed beforehand, Christian religious structures were soon built, such as the Aula Palatina in Trier (then the capital of the Roman province Gallia Belgica), completed during the reign of Roman emperor Constantine I (306–337).

During the Carolingian period, Christianity spread throughout Germany, particularly during the reign of Charlemagne (r. 768–814). Religious structures built during the Carolingian period include the Palatine Chapel, Aachen, a surviving component of the Palace of Aachen built by architect Odo of Metz during the reign of Charlemagne.

Pre-Reformation period (1000–1517)
Territories of the present-day Germany, like much of Europe, were entirely Roman Catholic with religious break-offs being suppressed by both the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperor.

Reformation, Counter-Reformation and the Thirty Years' War (1517–1648)

Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the advent of the Protestant Reformation changed this drastically.  In the early 16th century abuses (such as selling indulgences in the Catholic Church) occasioned much discontent, and a general desire for reform emerged.  In 1517 the Reformation began with the publication of Martin Luther's 95 Theses detailing 95 assertions which Luther believed showed corruption and misguidance within the Catholic Church.  The Reformation demonstrated Luther's disagreement both with the way in which the higher clergy used and abused power, and with the very idea of a papacy. In 1521 the Diet of Worms outlawed Luther, but the Reformation spread rapidly.  Luther translated the Bible from Latin to German, establishing the basis of the modern German language. A curious fact is that Luther spoke a dialect which had minor importance in the German language of that time. After the publication of his Bible translation, his dialect evolved into what is now standard modern German.

With the protestation of the Lutheran princes at the Imperial Diet of Speyer (1529) and rejection of the Lutheran "Augsburg Confession" at the Diet of Augsburg (1530), a separate Lutheran church emerged.

From 1545 the Counter-Reformation began in Germany. Much of its impetus came from the newly founded (in 1540) Jesuit order. It restored Catholicism to many areas, including Bavaria. The Holy Roman Empire became religiously diverse; for the most part, the states of northern and central Germany became Protestant (chiefly Lutheran, but also Calvinist/Reformed) while the states of southern Germany and the Rhineland largely remained Catholic. In 1547 the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V defeated the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Protestant rulers.  The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 brought recognition of the Lutheran faith. But the treaty also stipulated that the religion of a state was to be that of its ruler (cuius regio, eius religio).

In 1608/1609 the Protestant Union and the Catholic League formed.  The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), one of the most destructive conflicts in European history, played out primarily in German lands, but involved most of the countries of Europe. It was to some extent a religious conflict, involving both Protestants and Catholics.

Post-Thirty Years' War period and Protestant church unions (1648–1871)

Two main developments reshaped religion in Germany after 1814. There was a movement to unite the larger Lutheran and the smaller Reformed Protestant churches. The churches themselves brought this about in Baden, Nassau, and Bavaria. However, in Prussia King Frederick William III was determined to handle unification entirely on his own terms, without consultation. His goal was to unify the Protestant churches, and to impose a single standardised liturgy, organisation, and even architecture. The long-term goal was to have fully centralised royal control of all the Protestant churches. In a series of proclamations over several decades the Evangelical Church of the Prussian Union was formed, bringing together the more numerous Lutherans and the less numerous Reformed Protestants. The government of Prussia now had full control over church affairs, with the king himself recognised as the leading bishop. Opposition to unification came from the "Old Lutherans" in Prussia and Silesia who followed the theological and liturgical forms they had followed since the days of Luther. The government attempted to crack down on them, so they went underground.  Tens of thousands migrated to South Australia and the United States, where they formed the Missouri Synod. Finally, in 1845 the new king, Frederick William IV, offered a general amnesty and allowed the Old Lutherans to form separate free church associations with only nominal government control.

From the religious point of view of the typical Catholic or Protestant, major changes were underway in terms of a much more personalised religiosity that focused on the individual more than the church or the ceremony.  Opposing the rationalism of the late 18th century, there was a new emphasis on the psychology and feeling of the individual, especially in terms of contemplating sinfulness, redemption, and the mysteries and the revelations of Christianity. Pietistic revivals were common among Protestants. Among Catholics there was a sharp increase in popular pilgrimages. In 1844 alone, half a million pilgrims made a pilgrimage to the city of Trier in the Rhineland to view the Seamless robe of Jesus, said to be the robe that Jesus wore on the way to his crucifixion.  Catholic bishops in Germany had historically been largely independent of Rome, but now the Vatican exerted increasing control, a new "ultramontanism" of Catholics highly loyal to Rome. A sharp controversy broke out in 1837–38 in the largely Catholic Rhineland over the religious education of children of mixed marriages, where the mother was Catholic and the father Protestant. The government passed laws to require that these children always be raised as Protestants, contrary to Napoleonic law that had previously prevailed and allowed the parents to make the decision. It put the Catholic Archbishop under house arrest. In 1840, the new King Frederick William IV sought reconciliation and ended the controversy by agreeing to most of the Catholic demands.  However Catholic memories remained deep and led to a sense that Catholics always needed to stick together in the face of an untrustworthy government.

Kulturkampf and the German Empire (1871–1918)

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck would not tolerate any base of power outside Germany and launched the Kulturkampf ("culture war") against the power of the pope and the Catholic Church. This gained strong support from German liberals, who saw the Catholic Church as the bastion of reaction and their greatest enemy. The Catholic element, in turn, saw the National Liberals as its worst enemy and formed the Center Party.

Catholics, although about a third of the national population, were seldom allowed to hold major positions in the Imperial government or the Prussian government. After 1871, there was a systematic purge of Catholics; in the powerful interior ministry, which handled all police affairs, the only Catholic was a messenger boy.

The German Empire passed the Pulpit Law (1871), which made it a crime for any cleric to discuss political issues, and the Jesuits Law (1872) drove this order out of German territory. In 1873, Bismarck, as prime minister of Prussia, launched further anti-church measures: Public schools and the registration of births, marriages and deaths were transferred from religious authorities (including the Protestant state church) to the state. Germans could now change their religious affiliation through the civil registry. Other German states followed through with similar measures. Nearly all Catholic bishops, clergy, and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws, and were defiant facing the increasingly heavy penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck's government.  Historian Anthony Steinhoff reports the casualty totals:

As of 1878, only three of eight Prussian dioceses still had bishops, some 1,125 of 4,600 parishes were vacant, and nearly 1,800 priests ended up in jail or in exile. ...Finally, between 1872 and 1878, numerous Catholic newspapers were confiscated, Catholic associations and assemblies were dissolved, and Catholic civil servants were dismissed merely on the pretence of having Ultramontane sympathies.

The British ambassador Odo Russell reported to London in October 1872 how Bismarck's plans were backfiring by strengthening the ultramontane (pro-papal) position inside German Catholicism:

The German Bishops who were politically powerless in Germany and theologically in opposition to the Pope in Rome – have now become powerful political leaders in Germany and enthusiastic defenders of the now infallible Faith of Rome, united, disciplined, and thirsting for martyrdom, thanks to Bismarck's uncalled for antiliberal declaration of War on the freedom they had hitherto peacefully enjoyed.

Bismarck underestimated the resolve of the Catholic Church and did not foresee the extremes that this struggle would entail. The Catholic Church denounced the harsh new laws as anti-catholic and mustered the support of its rank and file voters across Germany.  In the following elections, the Center Party won a quarter of the seats in the Imperial Diet.  The conflict ended after 1879 for two reasons: Pope Pius IX died in 1878 and was succeeded by the more conciliatory Pope Leo XIII. Bismarck was also looking for greater parliamentary support after his alliance with the National Liberals ended over Bismarck's tariff changes and Social-Democrats emerged as new threat. Following negotiations with Leo XIII, peace was restored: the bishops returned, and the jailed clerics were released. Laws were toned down or taken back (Mitigation Laws 1880–1883 and Peace Laws 1886/87), but the Jesuits Law and the Pulpit Law were not repealed until 1917 and 1953, respectively. The changes concerning schools, civil registry, marriage and religious disaffiliation remain in place today. The Center Party gained strength and became an ally of Bismarck, especially when he attacked socialism.

Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany (1918–1945)

The national constitution of 1919 determined that the newly formed Weimar Republic had no state church, and guaranteed freedom of religion. Earlier, these freedoms were mentioned only in state constitutions. Protestants and Catholics were equal before the law, and freethought flourished. The German Freethinkers League attained about 500,000 members, many of whom were atheists, before the organisation was shut down by the Nazis in May 1933.

When Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party seized power in January 1933, it sought to assert state supremacy over all sectors of life. The Reichskonkordat neutralized the Catholic Church as a political force. Through the pro-Nazi Deutsche Christenbewegung ("German Christians movement") and the forced merger of the German Evangelical Church Confederation into the Protestant Reich Church, Protestantism was brought under state control. Following a "gradual worsening of relations" in late 1936, the Nazis supported  Kirchenaustrittsbewegung ("movement to leave the church"). Although there was no top-down official directive to revoke church membership, some Nazi Party members started doing so voluntarily and put other members under pressure to follow their example. Those who left the churches were designated as Gottgläubig: they believed in a higher power, often a creator-God with a special interest in the German nation, but did not belong to any church, nor were they atheists. Many were Germanic neopagans. This movement, especially promoted by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, remained relatively small and by 1939, 3.5% of Germans identified as Gottgläubig; the overwhelming majority of 94.5% remained Protestant or Catholic, and only 1.5% did not profess any faith. Since 1933, Jews in Germany were increasingly marginalised, expelled and persecuted for a combination of religious, racial and economic reasons. From 1941 to the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, they were actively massacred during the Holocaust.

Cold War and contemporary period (1945–present)

In the aftermath of World War II, two states emerged in Germany in 1949: West Germany under the aegis of the Western Allies, and East Germany as part of the Soviet bloc. West Germany, officially known as the Federal Republic of Germany, adopted a constitution in 1949 which protected freedom of religion and adopted the regulations of the Weimar Constitution; consequently, secularisation in West Germany proceeded slowly. East Germany, officially known as the German Democratic Republic, had a communist system which actively tried to reduce the influence of religion in society; the government restricted Christian churches and discriminated against Christians. In the 21st century, eastern German states, including the area of the former eastern capital, East Berlin, are less religious than western German states.

Religious communities which are of sufficient size and stability and which are loyal to the constitution can be recognised as Körperschaften öffentlichen Rechtes (statutory corporations). This gives them certain privileges – for example, being able to give religious instruction in state schools (as enshrined in the German constitution, though some states are exempt from this) and having membership fees collected (for a fee) by the German revenue department as "church tax" (Kirchensteuer): a surcharge of between 8 and 9% of the income tax. The status mainly applies to the Catholic Church, the mainline Evangelical Church in Germany, a number of free churches, and Jewish communities. There has been much discussion about allowing other religious groups (such as Muslims) into this system as well. In the 21st century, eastern German states, including the area of the former eastern capital, East Berlin, are less religious than western German states.

In 2018 the states of Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and Bremen made Reformation Day (31 October) a permanent official holiday. This initiative began after the day had been held as a nationwide holiday in 2017, due to the 500th Reformation anniversary of the Reformation, and also due to the fact that the northern German states have significantly fewer holidays than the southern ones.

In 2019 the Catholic News Agency reported that the Catholic church in Germany had a net loss of 216,078 members the previous year. The Protestant churches in Germany had a similar net loss of membership of about 220,000 members. While the total of Catholic and Protestant church membership  stands at 45 million or 53%, demographers predict that based on current trends it will fall to 23 million by 2060. In 2020 it was reported that the Catholic church in Germany had a 402,000 loss in membership, the largest ever single year decrease up to that point. The Protestant churches in Germany also had a large drop in membership of about 440,000.

Demographics

Nowadays, Protestants are concentrated in northern and central Germany, while Catholics are predominant in the south and west, while unaffiliated people are concentrated in the east, where they make up the majority of the population, and are significant in the north and west of the country, mainly in metropolitan areas. With the decline of Christianity in the late 20th and early 21st century, accentuated in the east by the official atheism of the former German Democratic Republic, the northeastern states of Germany are now mostly not religious (70%), with many of the people living there being agnostics and atheists.

Immigrations in the late 20th and early 21st century have brought new religions into Germany, including Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Orthodox Christianity is practised among immigrated Greeks, Serbs, Russians, Romanians and other communities. Most Muslims are Sunnis and Alevis of Turkish origin, but there are a small number of Shi'a Muslims and other currents. Moreover, Germany has Europe's third-largest Jewish population (after France and the United Kingdom).

Censuses

Throughout history, in modern Germany several census had been carried out. Since the reformation until the 1960s the majority of the German population was Protestant (mainly Lutherans belonging to the Evangelical Church in Germany) while approximatively one third of the population was Catholic. After the German reunification, the religious landscape was significantly changed, as found by the 2011 Census, the first one since the 1960s.

The latest census in 2011 found that Christianity was the religion of 53,257,550 people or 66.8% of the total population, among whom 24,869,380 or 31.2% were Catholics, 24,552,110 or 30.8% were Protestants of the Evangelical Church in Germany, 714,360 or 0.9% were members of Protestant free churches, and 1,050,740 or 1.3% were members of Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches. A further 2.6% was affiliated to any other Christian denomination. Jews were 83,430 people or 0.1%, and 4,137,140 or 5.2% were members of other religions. The remaining 22,223,010 people, or 27.9% of the total German population, were not believers in or not members of any religion (including atheists, agnostics and believers in unrecognised religions).

Church figures and other estimates

German major religious bodies publish yearly updated records of their membership.

Only certain religious group publish updated figures on their official membership, and this kind of data is collected in order to levy taxes on the registered membership of those churches, which corresponds to 9% of the total income tax (8% in Baden-Württemberg). Many members choose not to formally register to their church anymore in order to have lighter taxes, since those who opt out aren't obligated to pay the additional church surtax. According to a study, approximately 44% of the persons who unregistered from their church in 2018 did so in order to avoid paying the church tax. According to a 2017 study by the Pew Research Center, around 20% of people who are not registered to any church nonetheless consider themselves Christians. Therefore, the official church count may underestimate the actual number of people who consider themselves as Catholic or Protestant, as noted by the 2011 Census, which provides comparable data on the religious statistics based on self-identification and the church register.

According to these church stats, Christianity is the largest religious group in Germany, with around 44.9 million adherents (53.9%) in 2020 of whom 22.2 million are Catholics (26.7%) and 20.2 million are Protestants (24.3%).

According to other estimates, Orthodox Christianity has 1.6 million members or 1.9% of the population. Other minor Christian religions counted together have approximately 0.8 million members, forming 1.1% of the total population.

The second largest religion in Germany is Islam, with around 2.9–4.7 million adherents (3.5–5.7% of the population), almost all of whom have full or partial foreign background. Smaller religious groups include Buddhism (0.2–0.3%), Judaism (0.1%), Hinduism (0.1%), Yazidis (0.1%) and others (0.4%). At the end of 2020, 33.8 million or 40.7% of the country's population were not affiliated with any church or religion.

Demographers estimate that in Germany there are around 100,000 religious Jews (Judaism), and a further 90.000 ethnic Jews with no religion, around 100,000 Yazidis, 130,000 Hindus, and 270,000 Buddhists.

Survey data

 In 2017, a survey conducted by Pew Research Center found that 71% of German adult population consider themselves Christians when asking about their current religion (irrespective of whether they are officially members of a particular Christian church). The same survey shows that most of Christians in Germany are non-practicing (defined as people who identify as Christians, but attend church services no more than a few times per year). 5% of people questioned state they have a non-Christian religion and 24% are of no religion.
 In 2016, the German Politbarometer, found that 34.2% of the adult population entitled to vote were Protestants, 31.9% were Catholics, 28.8% were unaffiliated, 2.5% were Muslims, 0.02% were Jews and 1.8% were affiliated with another religion. A further 0.9% did not answer to the question.
In 2016, the German General Social Survey found that 64.5% of Germans declared themselves to be affiliated to a Christian denomination, 30.5% were Catholics, 29.6% were members of the Evangelical Church, 1.7% were members of the Evangelical Free Church, 1.4% were Orthodox and 1.3% were other Christians. Non religious people comprised the 32.4% of the population, Muslims were the 2.6% and 0.5% were members of other religions.
 In 2015, Eurobarometer found that 72.6% of the adult population were Christians, the largest Christian denomination being Protestantism, comprising 33.1% of the population, followed by Catholicism with 31.1%, and Eastern Orthodoxy with 0.9%, and unspecified other forms of Christianity with 7.5%. A further 2.2% were Muslims, 0.4% were Buddhists, 0.1% were Jews and 1.3 belonged to other religions. A further 23.5% of the population were not religious, comprising 12.8% who were atheists and 10.7% who were agnostics. The Eurobarometer Poll 2010 found that 44% of German citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", 25% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 27% responded that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". 4% gave no response.
 According to a 2015 Worldwide Independent Network/Gallup International Association (WIN/GIA) poll, 34% of adult citizens said that they are religious, 42% said that they are not religious and 17% said that they are convinced atheists. 7% gave no response.
In 2018, according to a study jointly conducted by London's St Mary's University's Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society and the Institut Catholique de Paris, and based on data from the European Social Survey 2014–2016, among 16 to 29 years-old Germans 47% were Christians (24% Protestant, 20% Catholic, 2% Orthodox and 1% other Christian), 7% were Muslims, 1% were of other religions, and 45% were not religious. The data was obtained from two questions, one asking "do you consider yourself as belonging to any particular religion or denomination?" to the full sample of 900 people, and the other one asking "which one?" to the sample who answered "yes".

Religion by state

In 2016, the survey Politbarometer provided data regarding religion in each of the states of Germany for adults who are entitled to vote (18+), as reported in the table below. Christianity is the dominant religion of Western Germany, excluding Hamburg, which has a non-religious plurality. Northern Germany has traditionally been dominated by Protestantism, especially Lutheranism. The two northernmost provinces of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony have the largest percentage of self-reported Lutherans in Germany. Southern Germany has a Catholic majority, but also a significant Lutheran Protestant population (especially in Northern Württemberg and some parts of Baden and Franconia (Northern Bavaria)), in contrast to the almost entirely Protestant Northern Germany. Irreligion is predominant in Eastern Germany, which was the least religious region amongst 30 countries surveyed in a study in 2012.

Personal beliefs
According to a survey by Pew Research Center in 2017, 60% of German adult population believe in God, while 36% do not believe in God (9% don't believe in God but in a higher power, 27% do not believe in God or any higher power):

Christianity

At its foundation in 1871, about two-thirds of the population of the German Empire belonged to a state Protestant church; in 2020 the Evangelical Church in Germany  was the faith of 24.3%. In 1871, one-third of the population was Roman Catholic; in 2020 its membership was 26.7%. Other faiths have existed in the state, but never achieved the demographic significance and cultural impact of these denominations.

As of 2020, Christianity, with around 44.9 million members, was the largest religion in Germany (53.9% of the population)  Consequently, a majority of the German people belong to a Christian community, although many of them take no active part in church life. About 1.9% of the population was Orthodox Christian in 2020, and about 1.1% followed other forms of Christianity (including other Protestant churches, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and others).

Protestantism

Source for all data: REMID
Evangelical Church in Germany — 20,713,000 (2019) — 24.9% of the German population
Free Baptist and Mennonite Groups — 290,000 (2007)
Baptists (mostly Union of Evangelical Free Churches in Germany; see Baptists in Germany) — 80,195 (2020)
Methodists — 52,031 (2016)
Pentecostals (Bund Freikirchlicher Pfingstgemeinden) — 51,896 (2015)
Mennonites — 44,714 (2017)
Bund Freier evangelischer Gemeinden — 41,203 (2017)
Seventh-day Adventist Church — 34,811 (2014)
Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church — 33,175 (2014)
Independent African Churches — 30,000 (2005)
Evangelical Lutheran Free Church — 1,300 (2017)

Catholicism

Catholic churches in full communion:
Roman Catholic Church in Germany — 22,600,000 (2019) — 27.2% of the German population
Maronite Church Catholics — 6,000
Church not in communion:
Old Catholic Church — 15,715

Orthodox Christianity and Nestorianism

Orthodox Christians — around 1.6 million (1.9%)
Eastern Orthodox Churches
Churches of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople — 570,000
Greek Orthodox Church — 410,000
Ukrainian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Europe — 10,000
Patriarchal Exarchate for Orthodox Parishes of the Russian Tradition in Western Europe — 200
Serbian Orthodox Church — 337,000
Russian Orthodox Church — 270,000
Romanian Orthodox Church — 150,000
Ukrainian Orthodox — 143,000
Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kyiv Patriarchate — 110,000
Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Moscow Patriarchate — 33,000
Bulgarian Orthodox Church — 130,000
Oriental Orthodox Churches
Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch — 100,000
Armenian Apostolic Church — 35,000
Coptic Orthodox Church — 22,000
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church — 20,000
Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church — 15,000
Nestorians
Assyrian Church of the East — 10,000

Others
New Apostolic Church — 341,202 (2015)
Jehovah's Witnesses — 168,763
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints — 38,739
The Church of Almighty God — To be determined

No religion

As of 2021, 34.9 million or 42% of the Germans are irreligious.  Before World War II, about two-thirds of the German population was Protestant and one-third was Roman Catholic. In the north and northeast of Germany especially, Protestants dominated. In the former West Germany between 1945 and 1990, which contained nearly all of Germany's historically Catholic areas, Catholics have had a small majority since the 1980s. Due to a generation behind the Iron Curtain, Protestant areas of the former states of Prussia were much more affected by secularism than predominantly Catholic areas. The predominantly secularised states, such as Hamburg or the East German states, used to be Lutheran or United Protestant strongholds. Because of this, Protestantism is now strongest in two strips of territory in the former West Germany, one extending from the Danish border to Hesse, and the other extending northeast–southwest across southern Germany.

There is a non-religious majority in Hamburg, Bremen, Berlin, Brandenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. In the eastern state of Saxony-Anhalt. only 19.7% belong to the two main denominations of the country. This is the state where Martin Luther was born and lived most of his life.

In what used to be East Germany both religious observance and affiliation are much lower than in the rest of the country, after forty years of Communist rule. The government of the German Democratic Republic encouraged a state atheist worldview through institutions such as Jugendweihen (youth consecrations) — secular coming-of-age ceremonies akin to Christian confirmation which all young people were encouraged to attend. The number of christenings, religious weddings, and funerals is also lower than in the West.

According to a survey among German youths (aged 12 to 24) in the year 2006, most German youths are non-religious (51%). 30% of German youths stated belief in a personal god, 19% believe in some kind of supernatural power, 23% share agnostic views and 28% are atheists.

Islam

Islam is the largest non-Christian religion in the country. There are between 2.9 and 4.7 million Muslims, around 3.5% of the population. The majority of Muslims in Germany are of Turkish origin, followed by those from Pakistan, countries of the former Yugoslavia, Arab countries, Iran, and Afghanistan. This figure includes the different denominations of Islam, such as Sunni, Shia, Ahmadi, and Alevi. Muslims first came to Germany as part of the diplomatic, military, and economic relations between Germany and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century.

Muslims — 2.9–4.7 million (3.5%):
Sunnis — 2,640,000
Alevis — 500,000
Twelver Shi'as — 225,500
Alawites — 70,000
Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat Deutschland K.d.ö.R. — 35,000
Sufis — 10,000
Salafis — 9,700
Ismailis — 1,900
Zaydis — 800
Ibadis — 270
Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement — 60

Judaism

Jewish communities in German speaking regions go back to the fourth century. In 1910, about 600,000 Jews lived in Germany. After Adolf Hitler assumed power in 1933, he began systematically persecuting Jews in Germany. The systematic mass murder of Jews in German-occupied Europe began with the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. By the end of World War II, around 6 million Jews had been killed by the Nazi government.

About ninety thousand Jews from the former Eastern Bloc, mostly from ex-Soviet Union countries, settled in Germany since the fall of the Berlin Wall. This is mainly due to a German government policy which effectively grants an immigration opportunity to anyone from the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Baltic states with Jewish heritage, and the fact that today's Germans are seen as more significantly accepting of Jews than many people in the ex-Soviet realm.

Recently, antisemitic abuse against Jews in Germany has increased. The Central Council of Jews urged Jewish Germans to avoid wearing their kippahs in public.

Total religious Jews — 100,000 (0.1%)
Jews whose religious status is not ascertained — 90,000. They come from Eastern Europe and have no membership in any Jewish community.
Union of Progressive Jews in Germany — 5,000 members
Central Council of Jews in Germany — 23 national associations of 108 communities comprising approximately 100,500 members in 2014.

Buddhism

Buddhists are the third largest group of believers in Germany after different religious denominations of Christianity and Islam. There are around 270.000 Buddhists who are living in Germany.

Most of them are followers of the Buddhist school of Theravada especially from Sri Lanka. Furthermore, there are followers of Vajrayana, also referred to as Tibetan Buddhism as well as followers of Nichiren Buddhism mainly from Japan and Zen Buddhism from Japan, as well. Around 59,000 Buddhists are from Thailand who follow the school of Theravada and keep 48 temples in Germany and form one of the largest Buddhist community of Buddhists of Asian origin in Germany. A large portion of Buddhists in Eastern Germany are part of the Vietnamese community. Most of the different Buddhist schools and organisation in Germany are members of the non-profit association Deutsche Buddhistische Union e.V. (DBU).

Hinduism

There are approximately 100,000 Hindus living in Germany. Most of them are Tamil Hindus from Sri Lanka (around 42,000 to 45,000); from India are around 35,000 to 40,000; of German or European origin are around 7,500 and around 5,000 Hindus are originally from Afghanistan. There are also Hindus from Nepal in Germany however this number is very low.

In addition, there are Hindus in Germany who are followers of New religious movements such as Hare Krishna movement, Bhakti yoga, Transcendental Meditation. But the total number of these followers in Germany is comparatively low.

Other religions

Sikhism

Between 10,000 and 20,000 Sikhs are living in Germany. Many Sikhs in Germany have their roots from Punjab region in the north of India, as well as from Pakistan and Afghanistan. Germany has the third highest Sikh population in Europe after United Kingdom and Italy. The city Frankfurt is also known to the Sikhs, as Mini Punjab, because of a great Sikh Population, residing there.

Yazidism

There is a large Yazidi community in Germany, estimated to be numbering around 100,000 people. This makes the German Yazidi community one of the largest Yazidi communities in the Yazidi diaspora.

Druze Faith
In 2020, there were more than 10,000 Druze living in Germany, with the largest concentration in Berlin and North Rhine-Westphalia. The number of Druze has increased in recent years with thousands of Syrian refugees of the Syrian Civil War entered Germany to seek refugee status. Druze in Germany are mostly of Syrian descent, and they practice Druzism, a monotheistic religion encompasses aspects of Islam, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism and Greek philosophy, among influences.

Bahá'í Faith

A 1997–8 estimate is of 4000 Bahá'ís in Germany. In 2002 there were 106 Local Spiritual Assemblies. The 2007-8 German Census using sampling estimated 5–6,000 Bahá'ís in Germany. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 11,743 Bahá'ís.Following the German reunification in 1989–91 the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany handed down a judgment affirming the status of the Bahá'í Faith as a religion in Germany. Continued development of youth oriented programs included the Diversity Dance Theater (see Oscar DeGruy) which traveled to Albania in February 1997. Udo Schaefer et al.'s 2001 Making the Crooked Straight was written to refute a polemic supported by the Evangelical Church in Germany written in 1981. Since its publication the Evangelical Church in Germany has revised its own relationship to the German Bahá'í Community. Former member of the federal parliament Ernst Ulrich von Weizsaecker commended the ideas of the German Bahá'í community on social integration, which were published in a statement in 1998, and Chancellor Helmut Kohl sent a congratulatory message to the 1992 ceremony marking the 100th Anniversary of the Ascension of Bahá'u'lláh.

Neopaganism

Neopagan religions have been public in Germany at least since the 19th century. Nowadays Germanic Heathenism (Germanisches Heidentum, or Deutschglaube for its peculiar German forms) has many organisations in the country, including the Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft (Communion of Germanic Faith), the Heidnische Gemeinschaft (Heathen Communion), the Verein für germanisches Heidentum (Association for Germanic Heathenry), the Nornirs Ætt, the Eldaring, the Artgemeinschaft, the Armanen-Orden, and Thuringian Firne Sitte.

Other Pagan religions include the Celto-Germanic Matronenkult grassroots worship practiced in Rhineland, Celtoi (a Celtic religious association), and Wiccan groups. As of 2006, 1% of the population of North Rhine-Westphalia adheres to new religions or esoteric groups.

Sekten and new religious movements

The German government provides information and warnings about cults, sects, and new religious movements. In 1997, the parliament set up a commission for Sogenannte Sekten und Psychogruppen  (literally "so-called sects and psychic groups"), which in 1998 delivered an extensive report on the situation in Germany regarding NRMs. In 2002, the Federal Constitutional Court upheld the governmental right to provide critical information on religious organisations being referred to as Sekte, but stated that "defamatory, discriminating, or falsifying accounts" were illegal.

When classifying religious groups, the Roman Catholic Church and the mainline Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) use a three-level hierarchy of "churches", "free churches" and :
  (churches) is the term generally applied to the Roman Catholic Church, the Evangelical Church in Germany's member churches (Landeskirchen), and the Orthodox Churches. The churches are not only granted the status of a non-profit organisation, but they have additional rights as statutory corporations (), which means they have the right to employ civil servants (Beamter), do official duties, or issue official documents.
  (free churches) is the term generally applied to Protestant organisations outside of the EKD, e.g. Baptists, Methodists, independent Lutherans, Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists and others. However, the Old Catholics can be referred to as a free church as well. The free churches are not only granted the tax-free status of a non-profit organisation, but many of them have additional rights as statutory corporations.
  is the term for religious groups which do not see themselves as part of a major religion (but perhaps as the only real believers of a major religion).

Every Protestant  (church whose canonical jurisdiction extends over one or several states, or ) and Catholic episcopacy has a  ( delegate) from whom information about religious movements may be obtained.

See also

Religion by country
Heathenry (new religious movement)
History of Germany
Roman Catholicism (especially the Catholic Church in Germany)
Protestantism (especially Protestantism in Germany and the Evangelical Church in Germany)
Lutheranism
Calvinism
United and uniting churches (especially the Prussian Union of churches)
Landeskirche and Freikirche
Anabaptism
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation
Max Weber (the Protestant work ethic)
State atheism in the former East Germany

References
Notes

Further reading

 Büttner, Manfred. "On the history and philosophy of the geography of religion in Germany." Religion 10#1 (1980): 86–119.
 Drummond, Andrew Landale. German Protestantism since Luther (1951).
 Eberle, Edward J. "Free Exercise of Religion in Germany and the United States." Tulane Law Review 78 (2003): 1023+.
 Elon, Amos. The Pity of It All: A History of Jews in Germany, 1743–1933 (2002).
 Evans, Ellen Lovell. The German Center Party, 1870–1933: A Study in Political Catholicism (Southern Illinois UP, 1981).
 Evans, Richard J. "Religion and society in modern Germany." European History Quarterly 12#3 (1982): 249–288.
 Fetzer, Joel S., and J. Christopher Soper. Muslims and the state in Britain, France, and Germany (Cambridge University Press, 2005). excerpt.
 Gay, Ruth. The Jews of Germany: A Historical Portrait (1992).
 Harrington, Joel F., and Helmut Walser Smith. "Confessionalization, community, and state building in Germany, 1555–1870." Journal of Modern History (1997): 77–101. online; JSTOR.
 Kastoryano, Riva. "Religion and incorporation: Islam in France and Germany." International Migration Review 38#3 (2004) pp: 1234–1255.
 Latourette, Kenneth Scott. Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, I: The Nineteenth Century in Europe: Background and the Roman Catholic Phase (1959); Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, II: The Nineteenth Century in Europe: The Protestant and Eastern Churches (1959); Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, IV: The Twentieth Century in Europe: The Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Churches (1959); multiple chapters on Germany.
  Roper, Lyndal and R. W. Scribner. Religion and Culture in Germany:(1400-1800) (Brill, 2001) online.
 Scribner, Robert W., and C. Scott Dixon. German Reformation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).
 Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Germany, 1800–1914 (Bloomsbury Academic, 2001).
 Spohn, Willfried. "Religion and Working-Class Formation in Imperial Germany 1871–1914." Politics & Society 19#1 (1991): 109–132.
 Tal, Uriel. Christians and Jews in Germany: religion, politics, and ideology in the Second Reich, 1870–1914 (Cornell U.P. 1975).
 Thériault, Barbara. "Conservative Revolutionaries": Protestant and Catholic Churches in Germany after Radical Political Change in the 1990s (2004); focus on merger of GDR after 1990.


text:
Das Stadio Artemio Franchi (voller Name: Stadio Comunale Artemio Franchi) ist ein Fußballstadion mit Leichtathletikanlage in der italienischen Stadt Siena. Es ist die Heimstätte der ACN Siena mit einer Kapazität von 15.725 Zuschauern. Das Spielfeld liegt auf der Höhe von 318 Meter.

Geschichte
Das Artemio Franchi wurde am 8. Dezember 1938 mit einem Freundschaftsspiel zwischen der AC Siena und dem FC Empoli offiziell eingeweiht. Das erste offizielle Spiel war am 11. Dezember 1938 die Zweitligabegegnung mit dem SC Pisa.

Das Stadion liegt als eines der wenigen Stadien Italiens innerhalb der historischen Stadtmauern und gehört somit seit 1995 zum Gebiet des UNESCO-Welterbe. Es liegt zwischen der Festung (Fortezza Santa Barbara, auch Fortezza Medicea genannt), der Basilica di San Domenico und dem Park La Lizza. Anfangs trug das Stadion noch den Namen Stadio Rino Daus, benannt nach einem Schwarzhemden, der 1921 in Grosseto starb, später wurde es in Stadio del Rastrello umbenannt, ehe es im April 1986 seinen heutigen Namen erhielt, der sich auf den ehemaligen UEFA-Präsidenten Artemio Franchi bezieht, der nahe Siena gestorben ist.

Nach dem Aufstieg der AC Siena in die Serie A im Sommer 2003 wurde das Artemio Franchi an die geforderten Standards der höchsten italienischen Spielklasse angepasst. So wurden einige Tribünen erneuert, neue sanitäre Einrichtungen errichtet und Plätze für Behinderte und Journalisten geschaffen. Die Zuschauerkapazität wuchs dadurch von 10.560 auf 15.373 Plätze.

Am 12. September 2007 wurde der offizielle Stadionname durch Montepaschi Arena ergänzt, bezugnehmend auf den Hauptsponsor des Vereins, Monte dei Paschi di Siena, eines der größten Kreditinstitute Italiens. Nach Beendigung des Sponsoring durch die Bank 2013 wurde der Namenszusatz im November 2013 wieder gestrichen.

Galerie

Literatur
 Alessandro Lorenzini, Filippo Tozzi: Robur Anno Zero. Salvietti&Barabuffi Editori, Siena 2014, ISBN 978-88-97082-06-4

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Artemio Franchi (Siena)
Artemio Franchi (Siena)
Bauwerk in Siena
Erbaut in den 1920er Jahren
ACN Siena

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Khisor (Khasor) són unes muntanyes del Pakistan a la regió de Dera Ismail Khan al Panjab (Pakistan) també conegudes com a Rattah Roh o en anglès Red Hills (Muntanyes Roges). L'Indus rega la seva part oriental durant 40 km, des d'Isa Khel a Chura, després de lo qual les muntanyes s'orienten lleugerament a l'oest i van paral·leles a les Shaikh Budin Hills, de les que estan separades per la vall de Paniala amb una amplada mitjana de 8 km, fins a acabar a Paniala a uns 26 km de l'Indus.

Hi ha considerables ruïnes de dues fortaleses hindús, una a uns 14 km al sud del riu Kurram i l'altra al costat del poble de Bilot, anomenades totes dues Kafir Kot (Fort dels Infidels). A Bilot hi ha un santuari d'un santó sàyyid, els descendents del qual, els Makhdum de Bilot, van heretar la condició de santedat.

Hi ha alguns torrents, destacant el de Garoba a prop de Kirri Khisor, que permetien alguns cultius limitats. La llargada total és de 80 km i l'amplada d'uns 9 o 10 km. L'altura varia entre 600 i 1.100 metres.

Referències

Serralades del Pakistan
Panjab (Índia)


text:
Fatima Mohammadi (3 de julio de 1986) es una velocista afgana. Representó a su país en el Campeonato Mundial de Osaka 2007 en la carrera de 100 metros.

Biografía
Fue seleccionada en unos campeonatos nacionales para participar en el Campeonato Mundial de Osaka en 2007 y puesto que la Federación Internacional de Atletismo Amateur había ofrecido dos plazas a países donde los atletas conseguían marcas mínimas para clasificarse. Mohammadi y el velocista  Waleed Anwari que también corrió los 100 metros y terminó en 11.75.

Mohammadi representó a su país en el Campeonato Mundial de Osaka 2007 en la carrera de 100 metros. Corrió con un pañuelo en la cabeza y pantalones largos, fue última en su primer con un tiempo récord de 16:17. Cuando apenas había corrido 60 metros la rusa Yevgeniya Polyakova terminaba los 100 metros en 11.30. Mohammadi terminó con un tiempo de 16.17, su mejor marca personal y teniendo en cuenta el escaso entrenamiento que recibe en su país no estuvo mal.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Atletas de Afganistán
Deportistas femeninas de Afganistán
Velocistas
Afganas del siglo XXI
Atletas femeninas


text:
Iepurii cu coadă de bumbac sunt iepurii ce alcătuiesc genul Sylvilagus. Se găsesc în America.

Specii
Sunt actualmente recunoscute următoarele specii extante de iepuri cu coadă de bumbac:
Genul Sylvilagus
Subgenul Microlagus
Sylvilagus bachmani
Subgenul Tapeti
Sylvilagus andinus
Sylvilagus apollinaris
Sylvilagus aquaticus
Iepure sălbatic brazilian (Sylvilagus brasiliensis)
Sylvilagus daulensis
Sylvilagus dicei
Sylvilagus fulvescens
Sylvilagus gabbi
Sylvilagus incitatus
Sylvilagus insonus
Sylvilagus nicefori
Sylvilagus palustris
Sylvilagus parentum
Sylvilagus salentus
Sylvilagus sanctaemartae
Sylvilagus surdaster
Sylvilagus tapetillus
Sylvilagus varynaensis
Subgenul Sylvilagus
Sylvilagus audubonii
Sylvilagus cunicularis
Iepure de pădure din Florida (Sylvilagus floridanus)
Sylvilagus graysoni'
Sylvilagus nuttallii
Sylvilagus obscurus
Sylvilagus holzneri
Sylvilagus transitionalis

Note

Leporidae
Taxoni clasificați de John Edward Gray


text:
Jager bezeichnet

 Jager (Schiffstyp), Transportschiff
 Jager (Segel), ein spezielles Segel eines Segelschiffs
 eine Kreuzung aus männlichem Jaguar und weiblichem Tiger, siehe Großkatzenhybride

Jager ist der Name folgender geographischer Objekte:
 Jager (Sundhagen), ein Ortsteil der Gemeinde Sundhagen im Landkreis Vorpommern-Rügen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
 Jager (Gemeinden Brixen, Kirchberg), Ortslage bei Brixen im Thale und Kirchberg in Tirol, Bezirk Kitzbühel, Tirol

Jager ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Evan Jager (* 1989), US-amerikanischer Hindernis- und Langstreckenläufer
 Evert de Jager (1955–2010), niederländischer Schauspieler
 Finne Jager (* 1984), niederländischer Trance-DJ und Musikproduzent, besser bekannt als Phynn
 Francis Jager (1869–1941), slowenisch-US-amerikanischer Geistlicher, Apidologe, Agronom, Hochschullehrer, Imker und Gärtner
 Jonathan Jager (* 1978), französischer Fußballspieler, siehe Jonathan Jäger
 Luke Jager (* 2000), US-amerikanischer Skilangläufer
 Paolo Jager (* 2003), österreichischer Fußballspieler
 Robert Jager (* 1939), US-amerikanischer Komponist, Musikpädagoge und Dirigent
 Tom Jager (* 1964), US-amerikanischer Schwimmer
 Wim de Jager (1942–2020), niederländischer Radrennfahrer

Siehe auch:

 Jäger (Begriffsklärung)
 Jagel (Begriffsklärung)
 de Jager
 Jaager
 Jagger
 Yager (Begriffsklärung)
 Yagher


text:
Dhongariva spinosa är en insektsart som beskrevs av Webb 1983. Dhongariva spinosa ingår i släktet Dhongariva och familjen dvärgstritar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Dvärgstritar
spinosa


text:
Home Nations Championship 1902 – dwudziesta edycja Home Nations Championship, mistrzostw Wysp Brytyjskich w rugby union, rozegrana pomiędzy 11 stycznia a 15 marca 1902 roku. W turnieju zwyciężyła Walia, która pokonała wszystkich rywali i tym samym zdobyła Triple Crown.

Zgodnie z ówczesnymi zasadami punktowania przyłożenie i karny były warte trzy punkty, podwyższenie dwa, natomiast pozostałe kopy cztery punkty.

Tabela

Mecze

Inne nagrody
 Triple Crown –  (po pokonaniu wszystkich rywali)
 Calcutta Cup –  (po zwycięstwie nad Szkocją)
 Drewniana łyżka –  (za zajęcie ostatniego miejsca w turnieju)

Przypisy

1902
1902 w rugby union


text:
Ник Гомес (; ) — американский режиссёр и актёр. Он много раз был режиссёром на телевидении и на киностудиях. Он также сыграл в нескольких фильмах. В феврале 1998 года, Гомеса и его фильм «Жестокий город» наградили премией «Минами Тосико» на девятом Международном кинофестивале в Юбари.

Фильмография

Телевидение
Режиссёр (эпизоды)
 Сорвиголова / Daredevil (Netflix)
 Чёрная метка / Burn Notice (USA Network)
 Волшебный город / Magic City (Starz)
 Пробуждение / Awake (NBC)
 Голубая кровь / Blue Bloods (CBS)
 Схватка / Damages
 До смерти красива / Drop Dead Diva
 Детройт 1-8-7 / Detroit 1-8-7 (ABC)
 Закон и порядок: Лос-Анджелес / Law & Order: LA
 Вспомни, что будет / FlashForward (ABC)
 Доктор Хаус / House (Fox)
 В последний миг / Eleventh Hour (CBS)
 Рыцарь дорог / Knight Rider (NBC)
 Настоящая кровь / True Blood (HBO)
 Декстер / Dexter (Showtime)
 Узнай врага / Sleeper Cell (Showtime)
 Клан Сопрано / The Sopranos (HBO)
 4400 / The 4400
 Щит / The Shield (FX)
 Вероника Марс / Veronica Mars (UPN) (эпизод: "You Think You Know Somebody)
 Закон и порядок: Специальный корпус / Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (NBC)
 Кризис / Crisis (NBC)

Кино
Режиссёр
 Рикошет / Ricochet - ТВ (2011)
 Конечный риск / Final Jeopardy -ТВ (2001)
 Утопим Мону! / Drowning Mona (2000)
 Жестокий город / Illtown (1996)
 Дела в Нью-Джерси / New Jersey Drive (1995)
 Закон неизбежности / Laws of Gravity (1992)

Актёр
 Теория успеха / Theory of Achievement - короткометражка (1991)
 Война мафий / Mob War (1989)
 Часы / Hours (2012) — Лобо

Примечания

Ссылки

Выпускники Перчейз-колледжа
Киноактёры США


text:
Etlingera latifolia is a monocotyledonous plant species first described by Theodoric Valeton, and given its current name by Rosemary Margaret Smith. Etlingera latifolia is part of the genus Etlingera and the family Zingiberaceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalog of Life.

References

latifolia
Taxa named by Rosemary Margaret Smith


text:
Amakrinzellen (amakrin zu altgr.  a- 'un-',  makros 'groß',  ines 'Fasern') sind Neurone in der Netzhaut der Wirbeltiere. Ihre Zellkörper liegen überwiegend in der inneren Körnerschicht (INL). Die Amakrinzellen stellen eine sehr vielfältige Klasse von Neuronen in der Netzhaut dar; allein nach der Morphologie ihrer Zellfortsätze und deren retinalen Verzweigungsmustern werden über 30 Subtypen unterschieden.

Sie interagieren synaptisch in der inneren plexiformen Schicht (IPL) sowohl mit den Axonen der Bipolarzellen (Bi) als auch den Dendriten der retinalen Ganglienzellen (G) und sorgen so – ähnlich wie die Horizontalzellen (H) – für laterale Verbindungen innerhalb der Netzhaut, jedoch auf einer zweiten Ebene. Amakrinzellen beeinflussen den über die Bipolarzellen laufenden Signalfluss zu den Ganglienzellen.

Ihren Namen erhielten die Amakrinzellen, da man dachte, sie hätten kein Axon (Santiago Ramón y Cajal, 1894). Für die meisten gilt das tatsächlich: auf ihren Dendriten finden sich sowohl Eingangs- als auch Ausgangssynapsen; ein Axon fehlt. Einige 'large field' Amakrinzellen besitzen jedoch lange axonähnliche Fortsätze, die der Signalweiterleitung über größere Entfernungen in der Netzhaut dienen, aber nicht wie die Axone der Ganglienzellen aus der Retina austreten.

Siehe auch
 Linsenauge

Literatur
 Santiago Ramon y Cajal: Die Retina der Wirbelthiere. Untersuchungen mit der Golgi-Gajal'schen Chromosilbermethode und der Ehrlich'schen Methylenblaufärbung. J. F. Bergmann, Wiesbaden 1894.
 Rolf Sauermost (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Biologie.Band 1: A bis Arjona. Spektrum, Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0326-X.

Einzelnachweise

Anatomie des Auges
Zelltyp
Nervengewebe


text:
Le concept de décadence est lié à la chute de l'Empire romain.
 Se reporter aussi au mouvement décadent ou décadentisme.

Cinématographie

 Decadence est un film américain, (en anglais, Saw).

Littérature
 Décadence, une esquisse, un essai philosophique de Michel Onfray, paru en .


text:
Olmedilla de Alarcón és un municipi de la província de Conca, a la comunitat autònoma de Castella-La Manxa. Es troba entre Motilla del Palancar i Buenache de Alarcón, molt proper a Alarcón,

Referències

Municipis de la província de Conca


text:
La Iglesia de los Hermanos es una iglesia cristiana anabaptista. Su sede se encuentra en Elgin (Illinois) en Estados Unidos.

Historia
La primera congregación en Estados Unidos fue establecida en 1723 en Pensilvania. La Iglesia de los Hermanos representa la corriente más grande que proviene de la Iglesia de los Hermanos de Schwarzenau, fundada por Mack. Esta Iglesia de los Hermanos Bautistas Alemanes se conoce popularmente en Alemania como Neue Täufer (Nuevos Bautistas) o Tunkers (sumergidos) y en Estados Unidos como Dunkers o Dunkards. Experimentó en 1881 la escisión de los Antiguos Hermanos Bautistas Alemanes, quienes tenían por norma vestir sus trajes tradicionales y se oponían a las escuelas dominicales, al enfoque misionero y al acatamiento de las decisiones de las conferencias nacionales.

En 2003 la Asamblea Mundial de los Hermanos unió a seis denominaciones diferentes con origen común: antiguos, conservadores y liberales.

En la actualidad existen dos tipos de Iglesia de los Hermanos:
Iglesia de los Hermanos de la antigua orden. Su idioma principal es el Deitsch. Conservan tradiciones centenarias. La historia de este grupo de menonitas se caracteriza por sus reiteradas migraciones, en busca de lugares donde establecerse y donde sus prácticas se acepten sin interferencia del Estado o la sociedad. Rechazan ciertas tecnologías modernas y la electricidad. (Antiguos Hermanos Bautistas Alemanes)
Iglesia de los Hermanos de la nueva orden. Actúan como una iglesia protestante tradicional. Algunas comunidades usan el Deitsch exclusivamente para sus servicios religiosos, otras ni siquiera para eso. Aceptan la vida moderna, aunque con limitaciones. Según la comunidad, pueden rechazar la radio, la TV, la informática, los computadores, tener coche propio.

Según un censo de la denominación publicado en 2020, tiene 11 denominaciones miembros en 11 países, aproximadamente 2.600 iglesias y 600.000 miembros bautizados.

Creencias
La denominación no tiene una confesión de fe formal y considera el Nuevo Testamento como su guía para la vida cristiana. Ha tomado históricamente una postura pacifista firme, practicando siempre la no violencia. Sin embargo, ella se adhiere a las creencias de la Iglesia de creyentes, especialmente para bautismo del creyente .

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Iglesia de los Hermanos en Argentina, Filial Gerli "El Señor es mi Pastor"
Church of Brethren
Unofficial Web Site of the Church of the Brethren
Anabautistas, Menonitas y Hermanos en Cristo - España (AMyHCE)
Hermanos en Cristo España (Iglesia de los Hermanos de la nueva orden)

Hermanos
Hermanos
Hermanos
Hermanos
Cristianismo en Nigeria


text:
Методи Младенов Чавдаров е български офицер, генерал-майор.

Биография
Роден е на 18 април 1902 г. в пернишкото село Мошино, днес квартал на Перник. През 1924 г. завършва Военното училище в София, а през 1936 г. и Военната академия. От 1941 г. е временно военно аташе в Букурещ. От 1944 г. служи във втори окупационен корпус, а по-късно същата година е назначен за адютант на първа армия. От ноември 1944 до 1945 г. е началник-щаб на трета пехотна дивизия. Уволнен е от армията на 13 юли 1946 г. и е репресиран и убит. През 1992 г. е посмъртно повишен в звание "генерал-майор". Носител е на орден "За храброст" – IV ст., 1 кл.

Военни звания
 Подпоручик (6 септември 1924)
 Поручик (3 октомври 1927)
 Капитан (1 януари 1935)
 Майор (6 май 1941)
 Подполковник (14 септември 1944)
 Полковник (9 септември 1945)
 Генерал-майор (1992)

Източници

Генерал-майори от Република България
Четиридесет и трети випуск на Националния военен университет "Васил Левски"
Носители на орден "За храброст" IV степен
Български военни дейци от Втората световна война
Родени в Перник
Жертви на комунистическия режим в България


text:
Edwin Evans may refer to:

Edwin Evans (cricketer) (1849–1921), Australian cricketer
Edwin Evans (artist) (1860–1946), American painter from Utah
Edwin Evans (politician) (1855–1928), British politician
Edwin Evans (composer) (1844–1923), composer and organist
Edwin Evans (music critic) (1874–1945), English music critic (son of preceding)


text:
The Dabri Mor - Janakpuri South metro station is a station on the Magenta Line of the Delhi Metro. This represents part of the third phase of development of the Delhi Metro It was opened to the public on 29 May 2018.

The station

Station layout

Entry/exit

Connections

Bus
Delhi Transport Corporation bus routes number 0OMS (-), 0740, 740, 740EXT, 741, 753, 761, 813, 833A, 879, 893, OMS (-), Uttam Nagar Terminal – Gurugram Bus Stand, serves the station from nearby C-2D Janakpuri bus stop.

See also

Delhi
Janakpuri
Dashrath puri
List of Delhi Metro stations
Transport in Delhi
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
Delhi Suburban Railway
Delhi Monorail
Indira Gandhi International Airport
Delhi Transport Corporation
South West Delhi
National Capital Region (India)
List of rapid transit systems
List of metro systems

References

External links

 Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)
 Delhi Metro Annual Reports

Delhi Metro stations
Railway stations in West Delhi district
Railway stations in India opened in 2018
2018 establishments in Delhi


text:
Polly Waffle is a 50 gram Australian chocolate bar. It is a waffle wafer tube filled with marshmallow and coated in compound chocolate. The confection had been introduced in 1947 by the Hoadley's Chocolate Company, then taken over by Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery in 1972. When Rowntree Mackintosh was acquired by Nestlé in 1988, the Swiss company continued producing Polly Waffles until it was discontinued in 2009.

In 2019, it was announced that Australian confectioner Robern Menz, since January 2022 rebranded Menz Confectionery, had signed an agreement with rights holder Nestlé to produce the Polly Waffle bars. The launch of the product is due to occur in 2023.

History
Abel Hoadley opened a jam factory in South Melbourne, Victoria, in 1889, trading as A. Hoadley & Company. By 1895, business had expanded rapidly and Hoadley built a five-storey premises, the Rising Sun Preserving Works. He produced fruit preserves, including jams and jellies, candied fruit and peels, sauces, and confectionery, and employed a workforce as large as two hundred. By 1901, there were four preserving factories and a large confectionery works. Hoadley had acquired the firm of Dillon, Burrows & Co. and extended his products to vinegar, cocoa, and chocolate.

In 1910, the jam business was sold to Henry Jones Co-operative Ltd and in 1913, Hoadley's Chocolates Ltd was formed. The same year, Hoadley produced his first chocolate assortment.  Hoadley's Chocolates made the first Polly Waffle bar in Melbourne in 1947. It was conceived by company accounts supervisor and family friend, Mayfield B. Anthony.

In 1972, Hoadley's Chocolates was acquired by Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery and became known as "Rowntree Hoadley Ltd". In 1988, Nestlé acquired Rowntree. The Rowntree chocolate brands were initially branded as Nestlé-Rowntree, until Nestlé dropped the 'Rowntree' name altogether.

During the 1970s, the advertising slogan for Polly Waffle was "mmm, crunch, aah!".

In mid-2009, a new recipe for Polly Waffle was released along with new packaging announcing the change. The new product was the same appearance as the older product, but contained a more sugary and brittle wafer. On 23 November 2009 Nestlé discontinued Polly Waffle after 62 years due to poor sales.

In 2015, Melbourne-based company Chocolate Works released "The Great Aussie Waffle Log", a product specifically designed to mimic the Polly Waffle, in response to a social media campaign calling for the resurrection of the classic bar.

In 2019, Adelaide confectioner Robern Menz signed a deal with Nestlé to produce the Polly Waffle, a year after purchasing the rights to produce the Violet Crumble, also from Nestlé. The company said in 2020 that the chocolate bar would be back to stores in 2022, but by January 2022 this date was pushed back to 2023.

In popular culture
"Polly Waffle" is sometimes used by Australians as a euphemism for faeces. In May 2014, a member of the Liberal Party of Australia described a government budget delivered by Treasurer Joe Hockey as "about as popular as a Polly Waffle floating in a public pool".

A popular childhood prank involved throwing a Polly Waffle into a public swimming pool, to imitate faeces.

It is also used to describe lies told by loquacious politicians, since 'pollie' is Australian slang for 'politician' and 'waffle' means 'to speak or write vaguely and evasively'. "The pollie without the waffle" has been used as a slogan for election campaigns.

References

Sources
Australian Dictionary of Biography - Abel Hoadley entry
Australian Novel, Deadly Unna by Phillip Gwynne

Rowntree's brands
Nestlé brands
Chocolate bars
Australian confectionery
Australian snack foods
Australian slang


text:
Bois-de-Haye est une commune nouvelle française située dans le département de Meurthe-et-Moselle, en Lorraine, dans la région administrative Grand Est. Elle résulte de la fusion  des communes de Sexey-les-Bois et Velaine-en-Haye.

Géographie

Communes limitrophes

Urbanisme

Typologie
Bois-de-Haye est une commune rurale, car elle fait partie des communes peu ou très peu denses, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.

Par ailleurs la commune fait partie de l'aire d'attraction de Nancy, dont elle est une commune de la couronne. Cette aire, qui regroupe , est catégorisée dans les aires de  à moins de .

Toponymie

Histoire
Résultant de la fusion des communes de Velaine-en-Haye et Sexey-les-Bois, la commune nouvelle de Bois-de-Haye a pour origine un arrêté préfectoral en date du , sa création est effective à partir du , avec Velaine-en-Haye pour chef-lieu.

Politique et administration

Communes déléguées

Liste des maires

Jumelages

Population et société

Démographie

Économie

Culture locale et patrimoine

Lieux et monuments

Personnalités liées à la commune

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Liste des communes de Meurthe-et-Moselle
 Liste des communes nouvelles créées en 2019

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Aire urbaine de Nancy
Toponyme évoquant la forêt de Haye
Commune en Meurthe-et-Moselle
Commune fondée en 2019 en France
Commune nouvelle en Meurthe-et-Moselle


text:
Elastic Reality was a warping and morphing software application available on Windows, Macintosh, and Silicon Graphics workstations and was discontinued in 1999.

Features
The workflow of the application is based around drawing source and destination curves or shapes onto an image using bézier curve tools.  The software then automatically generates an animated distortion of the image, commonly called a warp.  If the warp is used to blend two images together, the effect is called morphing.  Elastic Reality made its name with the ease of use of its tool, and the quality of the resulting warps.  Other warping tools have typically offered a simpler warping and morphing based on animating points on a grid, which can require significantly more work from the artist to animate distortion of organic shapes such as human faces.

The application also featured basic color correction and image compositing tools, as well as the ability to keyframe the motion of bézier shapes in groups and onto motion paths, and could be used for motion graphics effects not typically associated with morphing.  The application supported 8-bit and 16-bit images, and image sequences.

History

The product was originally created by ASDG of Madison, Wisconsin, which renamed itself Elastic Reality Inc, in 1994, following the success of its product. The company was acquired by Avid Technology in March 1995.  The product was rebranded Softimage Elastic Reality after Avid separately acquired Softimage in 1998.

Before 1994, ASDG had started on the Amiga, and produced an image processing application called Art Department Professional (ADPro), and in 1992 a precursor to Elastic Reality called MorphPlus.  Other software products included Image Independence (graphic file conversion and scaling), ASDG Abekas driver, Lightning F/X (for lightning effects (Later called Avid LFX)) and NSA (No Strings Attached) for removing wires from live action effects.

As early as 1994, Elastic Reality for SGI, (written by Paul Miller at ASDG in collaboration with Ted Fay at VisionArt) became the de facto morphing system in the film and broadcast industry, and contributed to hundreds of feature films and television effects, including The Iron Giant, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, Independence Day, The Mask, and Batman Forever.

Along with Gryphon Software Morph, Elastic Reality continues to be used in the present day on old computers maintained for the purpose of running Elastic Reality.

In 1997, Avid made the core image warping engine available in the form of one morphing and one image warping effect in Avid Media Illusion 5.0.  These effects were integrated one year later in Avid|DS's image compositing module. The newest product to make these available is SoftimageXSI v6.0, released in December 2006, which features an integrated 2D image compositing module that is derived from Avid Media Illusion 6.0.

Compared to the classic Elastic Reality application, these effects use the 2D shape, user interface and other features native to these products, and the interaction is different, although the end results can be the same.  For example, in Avid Media Illusion and XSI 6.0, morphs can be performed with B-spline curves and polygonal lines, can process 16-bit images, and offer an interactive OpenGL preview of the warp.  The classic Elastic Reality application offered only Bezier curve, 8-bit image processing, and a wireframe preview which required a rendering step for accurate preview.  In Avid DS, the built-in 2D tracker can be used to procedurally animate the shapes.  In all three host  applications, the effects are offered as image operators inside an image compositing tree, and do not require launching a separate application which makes it easier to use in conjunction with other tools. On the other hand, the classic Elastic Reality application featured items like shape grouping which could be used for matting or complex intersection groups, a path tracing tool, and more seldom used motion graphics tools to constrain and animate shapes on a path and edit keyframes.  Avid DS features equivalent animation tools in its "Graphics" module, and standard tools in these host applications can be used to mask and combine image warping effects, often in ways more powerful than the classic Elastic Reality application offered.

Awards
Perry Kivolowitz and Garth Dickie received a 1996 Technical Achievement Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the invention of shape-based warping and morphing embodied in Elastic Reality. This award recognizes that all shape-based warping and morphing systems descend from this innovation.

Development

Release history

See also
Avid Matador
Avid Media Illusion
Avid Technology
Perry Kivolowitz

External links
 Academy Award citation

References

MorphPlus
1993 software
Products and services discontinued in 1999
Amiga software
Animation software
Discontinued software
IRIX software
Classic Mac OS software
Proprietary software
Windows graphics-related software


text:
Малое Сверчково — деревня в Никольском районе Вологодской области.

Входит в состав Пермасского сельского поселения, с точки зрения административно-территориального деления — в Переселенческий сельсовет.

Расстояние до районного центра Никольска по автодороге — 49,5 км, до центра муниципального образования Пермаса по прямой — 15 км. Ближайшие населённые пункты — Пермасский, Тарасовы Лога, Большое Сверчково.

По переписи 2002 года население — 10 человек.

Примечания

Ссылки
  в реестре населённых пунктов Вологодской области

Населённые пункты Никольского района (Вологодская область)


text:
Nihil sub sole novum (o anche Nihil novum sub sole, Nihil sub sole novi, Nihil novi sub sole) è una locuzione latina che dalla Bibbia (Qohelet, ), è entrata nell'uso comune della lingua italiana. Significa letteralmente «nulla di nuovo sotto il sole».

Nel passo biblico originale intende affermare che da quando la terra è stata creata non accade nulla di nuovo su di essa: da millenni si ripetono le stesse situazioni e gli stessi fatti. Nulla è veramente una novità. Il detto pone particolarmente l'accento sulla supposta vanità delle vicende umane.

Testo biblico

Note

Voci correlate
 Locuzioni latine

Collegamenti esterni

Frasi dell'Antico Testamento in latino


text:
Scott Frandsen (* 21. Juli 1980 in Kelowna) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Ruderer, der 2008 olympisches Silber im Zweier ohne Steuermann gewann.

Sportliche Karriere
Frandsen gewann mit dem kanadischen Achter bei den U23-Weltmeisterschaften 2001 die Goldmedaille und 2002 Silber. Ebenfalls 2002 trat er mit Cameron Baerg im Zweier ohne Steuermann bei den Weltmeisterschaften in der Erwachsenenklasse an und belegte den siebten Platz. Im Jahr darauf erreichte Frandsen mit Wayne Pommen den sechsten Platz bei den Weltmeisterschaften. 2004 wechselte Frandsen in den Achter und belegte bei den Olympischen Spielen 2004 den fünften Platz. Bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2005 ruderte Frandsen mit dem kanadischen Achter auf den siebten Platz. 2006 in Eton belegte er im Vierer ohne Steuermann den achten Platz, 2007 in München kam der Vierer gar nur ins C-Finale.

Bei den Olympischen Spielen 2008 trat Frandsen zusammen mit David Calder im Zweier ohne Steuermann an, die beiden belegten hinter den Australiern Drew Ginn und Duncan Free den zweien Platz mit fast fünf Sekunden Vorsprung auf die drittplatzierten Neuseeländern. 2011 kehrten Calder und Frandsen zurück auf die internationalen Regattastrecken und qualifizierten sich mit einem fünften Platz bei den Weltmeisterschaften für die Olympischen Spiele 2012. Bei der Olympischen Regatta in Eton belegten die beiden den sechsten Platz.

Weblinks

Ruderer (Kanada)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2004
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Kanadier
Geboren 1980
Mann


text:
Miguel Hernández (Orihuela, Alicante, 30 oktober 1910 - Alicante, 28 maart 1942) was een Spaans dichter en toneelschrijver.

Leven en werk
Hernández was de zoon van een geitenhoeder en hielp zijn vader al vanaf zijn veertiende met het werk. Hij werd echter al op jonge leeftijd gegrepen door de literatuur, bracht veel tijd in de plaatselijke bibliotheek door en bestudeerde Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Calderón de la Barca en Luis de Góngora. In 1933 publiceerde hij op instigatie van een groep katholieke dichters uit zijn geboortestreek zijn eerste gedichtenbundel, Perito en lunas (Maanexpert).

In 1934 trok Hernández naar Madrid en kwam in contact met de dichters van de 'Generatie van '27', waaronder Pablo Neruda en Vicente Aleixandre. Door hen geïnspireerd schreef hij in 1936 een bundel liefdessonnetten: El rayo que no cesa (De bliksem zonder eind). Zijn latere bundels Viento del pueblo (1937, Wind van het volk) en El hombre acecha (1939, De man in de hinderlaag) worden getekend door de Spaanse Burgeroorlog. Hernández steunde als communist actief de zaak van de Republikeinen en liet daarmee het katholicisme als inspiratiebron definitief achter zich. Zijn gedichten uit die periode zijn simpeler en directer dan zijn eerdere werk, oprecht, vol hoop, maar evenzeer met verbittering.

In 1937 huwde Hernández Josefina Manresa, afkomstig uit zijn geboortedorp. Ze kregen in 1938 een zoontje dat een jaar later overleed. Zijn postuum verschenen bundel Cancionero y Romancero de Ausencias (1938/1942, Zang en liedbundel van afwezigheden) bevat het bekend geworden Wiegeliedje van de ui, dat hij schreef voor zijn zoontje nadat zijn vrouw hem had verteld dat een ui het enige was wat ze voor het kindje aan voedsel had.

Na de burgeroorlog, in 1939, vluchtte Hernández naar Portugal, maar werd al vlak over de grens opgepakt en uitgeleverd aan de Guardia Civil. Hij overleed in gevangenschap aan tuberculose, in 1942, op 31-jarige leeftijd.

Diverse gedichten van Hernández werden in de jaren zestig en zeventig op muziek gezet door de Catalaanse zanger Joan Manuel Serrat.

Wiegeliedje van de ui (fragment)
De ui is ijzel
arm en gesloten.
IJzel van jouw dagen
en mijn nachten.
Honger en ui,
zwart ijs en ijzel
groot en rond.

In de wieg van de honger
lag het kind,
gevoed met
bloed van ui.
Maar jouw bloed,
bevroren met suiker,
honger en ui.

Vertaling T. Witmaar

Bibliografie
Perito en Lunas (1933)El rayo que no cesa (1936)El labrador de más aire (1936)Teatro en la Guerra - La cola, El hombrecito, El refugiado, Los sentados (1937)Viento del pueblo (1937)El hombre acecha (1938-1939)Cancionero y Romancero de Ausencias (1938-1942)Pastor de la muerte Literatuur en bronnen
 A. Bachrach e.a.: Encyclopedie van de wereldliteratuur''. Bussum, 1980-1984.

Eerbetoon
In juni 2021 werd het vliegveld Alicante-Elche omgedoopt in Aeropuerto de Alicante-Elche miguel Hernández.

Externe links
Hernández op Spanje.blog
 Biografie, met foto's

Spaans dichter
Spaans toneelschrijver


text:
The Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) is a project to find Kuiper belt objects (KBOs), using the facilities of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO). The principal investigator is Robert L. Millis.

Since 1998 through the end of 2003, the survey covered 550 square degrees with sensitivity of 22.5, which means an estimated 50% of objects of this magnitude have been found.

The survey has also established the mean Kuiper Belt plane and introduced new formal definitions of the dynamical classes of Kuiper belt objects.

The remarkable first observations and/or discoveries include:
 28978 Ixion, large plutino
 19521 Chaos (cubewano)
 , the first binary trans-Neptunian object (TNO)
 , the first object with perihelion too far to be affected (scattered) by Neptune and a large semi-major axis
 , remarkable for its semi-major axis of more than 500 AU and extreme eccentricity (0.96) taking the object from the inside of the Neptune's orbit to more than 1000 AU
 , the first Neptune trojan
, with one of the most inclined orbits (>68°)

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20040612003417/http://www.lowell.edu/Research/DES/

Astronomical surveys
Asteroid surveys


text:
Kaf Hachayim (; translation: "the palm of life") is the title of two widely cited codes of Jewish law. It may refer to:

a work by Rabbi Yaakov Chaim Sofer
a work by Rabbi Hayim Palaggi

Rabbinic legal texts and responsa


text:
Antoni Colomé i Bosomba (El Masnou, 9 d'agost de 1870 - ?, 1952)  fou cantant (tenor), traductor i professor de cant d'alumnes com Mercè Plantada i Francesca Mercé. Va estudiar piano a El Masnou i Mataró, violoncel a Barcelona, i també cant i composició. Sembla que va escriure un tractat de cant que no es va publicar.

A Barcelona va actuar com a cantant en alguns concerts; entre 1902 i 1906 va participar en el Faust de Liszt (sota la direcció de M. Crickboom) i en la Tetralogia de Wagner traduïdes per Joaquim Pena i organitzada per l'Associació Wagneriana, de la qual fou fundador i membre de la primera junta directiva, amb el càrrec de comptable, l'any 1901.

El 19016 va esposar la soprano Mercè Plantada i Vicente, estudiant de l'escola de música Cultura Musical Popular (fundada per Narcisa Freixas), amb la que van tenir un fill. Des de 1915 va ser membre adjunt numerari als Jocs Florals de Barcelona i durant aquell període va fer nombroses traduccions al català d'obres de concert per a la seva muller.

Malgrat tot, el matrimoni es va acabar separant a principis de la dècada dels anys vint. Colomé va continuar exercint de professor de sopranos com Pilar Rufí, Concepció Badia i Valia Sokolova, i seguí col·laborant com a traductor amb entitats com l'Associació d'Amics de la Música de Barcelona, l'Associació de Música Da Camera i l'Associació Obrera de Concerts.

Referències

Músics masnovins
Tenors catalans
Professors de cant catalans


text:
Little Wing е песен написана от Джими Хендрикс, издадена в албума Axis: Bold as Love на групата The Jimi Hendrix Experience през 1967 година. Песента е една от най-известните му произведения, изпълнявана от редица музиканти през годините.

Структурата на песента е уникална, а солото е винаги удължавано по време на изпълненията на живо (които са само 8 на брой). Джими Хендрикс написва оригиналния вариант на песента под името Fox още през 1963 година заедно с Лони Йънгблъд. Little Wing е една от песните в страна първа на албума, който Хендрикс забравя на задната седалка на едно такси преди записването му. В интервю признава, че песента е една малкото, които му харесват, защото писането на балади му доставя удоволствие. Песента е вдъхновена от атмосферата на Monterey Pop Festival, в който The Jimi Hendrix Experience взема участие през 1967 година.

Външни препратки
 www.songfacts.com

Песни от 1967 година
Джими Хендрикс Икспириънс


text:
Nirmal Verma (3 April 192925 October 2005) was a Hindi writer, novelist, activist and translator. He is credited as being one of the pioneers of the Nai Kahani (New Story) literary movement of Hindi literature, wherein his first collection of stories, Parinde (Birds) is considered its first signature.

In his career spanning five decades and various forms of literature, writing story, travelogues and essays, he penned five novels, eight short-story collections and nine books of non-fiction, including essays and travelogues.

Biography

Nirmal Verma was born on 3 April 1929 in Shimla, where his father worked as an officer in the Civil and Services Department of the British Indian Government. He was the seventh child among his eight siblings. One of his brothers is one of India's greatest artists Ram Kumar. He is survived by his wife, Gagan Gill who is a writer.

He wrote his first story for a students' magazine in the early 1950s. He completed  Masters of Arts in History from St. Stephen's College, Delhi University. Thereafter he started teaching in Delhi and writing for various literary magazines.

His activism streak was visible even during his student days; in 1947–48, he regularly attended Mahatma Gandhiji's morning prayer meetings in Delhi, even though he was a card holding member of Communist Party of India, which he resigned in 1956, after Soviet invasion of Hungary. The very activism was soon to be reflected in his stories, which added a whole new dimension to the Indian literary scene.

He stayed in Prague for 10 years, where he was invited by Oriental Institute to initiate a program of translation of modern Czech writers like Karel Capek, Milan Kundera, and Bohumil Hrabal, to Hindi; he also learnt the Czech language, and translated nine world classics to Hindi, before returning home in 1968, as the result of Prague Spring.

During his stay in Prague he travelled widely across Europe, and the result was seven travelogues, including Cheeron Par Chandni (1962), Har Barish Mein (1970) and Dhund Se Uthti Dhun and his first novel, based on his student days in Prague, titled, "Ve Din"  (Those Days) (1964). On his return from Prague, he was disillusioned by Communism and later became highly vocal against Indian Emergency, and an advocate for the Tibetan independence movement. His subsequent writing reflected his concerted relooking of Indian traditions, which he found to be innately modern, compared with external modernity reflected in the western viewpoints and cultural milieu, which were being imposed on Indian ethos, all around, so much so that later his views were confused as pro-Hindutva as well. A critical analysis of Verma's work was presented by Ram Prakash Dwivedi

From 1980–83, Verma served as chairman of Nirala creative writing chair in Bharat Bhavan, Bhopal. In 1988–90 he was director of Yashpal Creative Writing Chair in Shimla. A film based on his story, Maya Darpan (1972), directed by Kumar Shahani, won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film.

In his popular novel A Torn Happiness, August Strindberg looms large over the heads of many characters.

He died on 25 October 2005 in New Delhi.

Awards and milestones

 Jnanpith Award in 1999, the highest literary award for Indian writers.
 'Kavve aur Kala Pani', A collection of seven short stories, won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1985.
 Padma Bhushan in 2002.
 Jnanapith Trust's "Murtidevi Award" for his book of essays, Bharat Aur Europe: Pratishruti Ke Kshetra (1991).
 Jury member Lettre Ulysses Award for the art of Reportage −2003.
 He was a fellow with the International Institute for Asian Studies.
 Library of Congress catalogues most of the works of Nirmal Verma in its collection.
  India's highest literary award, for lifetime achievement, the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship in 2005.
 On the publication of his book, "The World Elsewhere", in 1988, by the Readers International in London, BBC Channel Four telecasted a film on his life and works.
  Chevalier de l'ordre des arts et des lettres (France) 2005

Nai Kahani movement

Nirmal Verma, together with Mohan Rakesh, Bhisham Sahni, Kamleshwar, Amarkant, Rajendra Yadav and others, is the founder of the Nai Kahani (new short story) in Hindi literature.

Nirmal Verma is best known for his short stories and his best known story, 'Parinde'  (Birds) (1959) is supposed to be the pioneer of the Nai Kahani Movement in Hindi literature. Nirmal Verma's other notable stories are Andhere Mein, Dedh Inch Upar, and Kavve Aur Kala Pani.
Nirmal Verma's last story was published in "Naya Gyanodaya" August 2005 issue, titled "Ab Kuchh Nahin".

Nirmal Verma experimented vividly with theme as well as technique of the Hindi short story in the 60s and 70s.

A collection of his letters written to Ramkumar (well known artist and his brother) has been published by Bhartiya Jnanpith, titled "Priya Ram" (Dear Ram).  His books have been translated into several European languages such as English, Russian, German, Icelandic, Polish, Italian and French.

Major works

Novels
Ve Din – His first novel, set in Prague, former Czechoslovakia (1964),
Antima Aranya (The Last Wilderness)
Ek Chithara Sukh (1979)
Lal Teen Ki Chhat (Red Tin Roof), (1974)
Raat ka Reporter  (1989)

Story anthologies
 'Parinde' (Birds) (1959)
 Jalti Jhari (1965)
 London ki raat
Pichli Garmiyon Mein (1968)
 Akala tripathi
 Dedh Inch Upar
  Beech Bahas Mein (1973)
  Meri Priya Kahaniyan (1973)
  Pratinidhi Kahaniyan (1988)
  Kavve aur Kala Pani (1983)
 Sookha aur Anya Kahaniyan (1995).
 Dhage (2003)

Reportage and travelogues
 Cheeron Par Chandni (1962)
 Har Barish Mein (1989)(In Every Rain)

Plays
 Teen Ekant (1976)

Essays and literary criticism
 Shabda aur Smriti (1976) – Literary essay
Kala Ka Jokhima (1981) – investigation of the Indic arts in the 20th century
Dhundha Se Uthati Dhun – written like a diary on issues related to Hindi literature. – Literary criticism
 Dhalan se Utarate Huye – Literary criticism
 Bharat Aur Europe: Pratishruti Ke Kshetra (1991) – Essay.

Further reading
 Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, 1992, Sahitya Akademi, Page 4503-4.
  The lost stream by Nirmal Verma (short story)
 A Day's Guest by Nirmal Verma (short story)
 Dhage (धागे) by Nirmal Verma
  "The Truth of Maya"[Maya ka Marm]by Nirmal Verma (short story)

See also
 List of Indian writers

References

External links
Nirmal Verma at Abhivyakti
 An Interview with Nirmal Verma, 2002
 Nirmal Verma at Library of Congress

1929 births
2005 deaths
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
Recipients of the Jnanpith Award
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Indian male novelists
Indian literary critics
20th-century Indian translators
Hindi-language writers
Hindi-language poets
People from Shimla
St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni
Delhi University alumni
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian novelists
Indian male poets
Indian male essayists
International Writing Program alumni
20th-century Indian essayists
Novelists from Himachal Pradesh
Poets from Himachal Pradesh
20th-century Indian male writers
Recipients of the Moortidevi Award


text:
Tomaž Kožar slovenski nogometaš, * 12. september 1994, Brežice. Tomaž je nekdanji član slovenskega prvoligaša NK Krško, ki je igral pri avstrijskem nižjeligašu  WSG Wietersdorf . Od februarja 2021 je znova član kluba NK Krško.

Sklici

Zunanje povezave

Slovenski nogometaši
Nogometaši NK Krškega
Nogometaši NK Brežice
Nogometaši WSG Wietersdorfa
Brežiški športniki


text:
Bielany – dawna kolonia. Tereny, na których była położona, leżą obecnie na Białorusi, w obwodzie witebskim, w rejonie brasławskim, w sielsowiecie Mieżany.

Na mapie WIG występuje pod nazwą Bielanie.

Historia
W latach 1921–1939 wieś a następnie kolonia leżała w Polsce, w województwie nowogródzkim (od 1926 w województwie wileńskim), w powiecie brasławskim, w gminie Brasław.

Według Powszechnego Spisu Ludności z 1921 roku zamieszkiwało tu 67 osób, wszystkie były wyznania rzymskokatolickiego i zadeklarowały polską przynależność narodową. Było tu 10 budynków mieszkalnych.

Kolonia należała do parafii rzymskokatolickiej w m. Mieżany. W 1933 podlegała pod Sąd Grodzki w Brasławiu i Okręgowy w Wilnie; właściwy urząd pocztowy mieścił się w Brasławiu.

Przypisy

Rejon brasławski
Opuszczone miejscowości na Białorusi


text:
Franco Fabrizi né Francesco Fabbrizzi le  à Cortemaggiore, en Émilie-Romagne (Italie), et mort dans la même ville le  des suites d'un cancer, est un acteur italien.

Il est également apparu sous le nom de Franco Fabrizzi ainsi que sous le pseudonyme de Fabrizzi Franco.

Il est inhumé dans le cimetière de sa ville natale et chère aimée « Cortemaggiore ».

Biographie

Quittant sa famille relativement tôt, Franco Fabrizi est d'abord acteur de romans-photos, puis mannequin. Il s'essaie au théâtre, puis obtient un rôle dans un film de Michelangelo Antonioni, Chronique d'un amour, en 1950. Dès lors, il se consacre entièrement au cinéma.
Fabrizi a tourné dans plus de 120 films de 1950 à 1992. Parmi ses nombreux rôles, on peut citer celui de Fausto et de ses deux rôles secondaires au côtés de Louis de Funès dans Le Petit Baigneur et L'Homme orchestre ainsi que dans Les Vitelloni de Federico Fellini (1953), qui a véritablement lancé sa carrière.

 Filmographie partielle
 1950 : Chronique d'un amour (Cronaca di un amore) de Michelangelo Antonioni
 1952 : Le Chevalier des croisades (La leggenda di Genoveffa) d'Arthur Maria Rabenalt
 1952 :  de Francesco De Robertis
 1952 : Ragazze da marito d'Eduardo De Filippo
 1952 : La Prisonnière de la tour de feu (La prigioniera della torre di fuoco) de Giorgio Walter Chili
 1952 :  (aussi ) de Gian Paolo Callegari
 1953 : Les Vitelloni (I Vitelloni) de Federico Fellini
 1953 : Larmes d'amour (Torna!) de Raffaello Matarazzo
 1954 : La Belle Romaine (La Romana) de Luigi Zampa
 1955 : Il bidone (Il Bidone) de Federico Fellini
 1955 : Femmes entre elles (Le Amiche) de Michelangelo Antonioni
 1955 : Cette folle jeunesse (Racconti romani) de Gianni Franciolini
 1956 : Una pelliccia di visone de Glauco Pellegrini
 1957 : Sait-on jamais... de Roger Vadim
 1957 : Ces sacrés étudiants (Noi siamo le colonne) de Luigi Filippo D'Amico
 1957 : Maris en liberté (Mariti in città) de Luigi Comencini
 1957 : La Femme du jour de Francesco Maselli
 1958 : Femmes d'un été (Racconti d'estate) de Gianni Franciolini
 1958 : Le dritte de Mario Amendola
 1959 : Un témoin dans la ville d'Édouard Molinaro Le chauffeur de Taxi Parisien
 1959 : Meurtre à l'italienne (Un maledetto imbroglio), de Pietro Germi
 1959 : R.P.Z. appelle Berlin de Ralph Habib
 1959 : Les Nuits de Lucrèce Borgia de Sergio Grieco
 1959 : Les Surprises de l'amour (Le sorprese dell'amore) de Luigi Comencini : Battista
 1960 : La Rue des amours faciles (Via Margutta) de Mario Camerini : Giosue
 1961 : Les Horaces et les Curiaces (Orazi e Curiazi) de Ferdinando Baldi et Terence Young
 1961 : Une vie difficile de Dino Risi
 1962 : Un dimanche d'été (Una domenica d'estate) de Giulio Petroni
 1962 : Copacabana Palace de Steno
 1962 : Le Reflux de Paul Gégauff
 1963 : Gli onorevoli de Sergio Corbucci
 1963 : Tempête sur Ceylan (Das Todesauge von Ceylon) de Giovanni Roccardi et Gerd Oswald
 1963 : Le Rat d'Amérique de Jean-Gabriel Albicocco
 1963 : Le Jour le plus court (Il giorno più corto) de Sergio Corbucci
 1964 : Casablanca, nid d'espions de Henri Decoin
 1965 : Je la connaissais bien (Io la conoscevo bene) d'Antonio Pietrangeli
 1966 : Question d'honneur, (Una questione d'onore) de Luigi Zampa
 1966 : Ah ! Quelle nuit, les amis ! (Che notte, ragazzi!) de Giorgio Capitani
 1966 : Belles dames, vilains messieurs (Signore & signori) de Pietro Germi
 1966 : Le facteur s'en va-t-en guerre de Claude Bernard-Aubert
 1967 : Le vicomte règle ses comptes de Maurice Cloche
 1968 : Le Petit Baigneur de Robert Dhéry
 1968 : Pas folles, les mignonnes (Le dolci signore) de Luigi Zampa
 1970 : L'Homme orchestre de Serge Korber
 1971 : Mort à Venise (Death in Venice / Morte a Venezia) de Luchino Visconti
 1971 : Scandale à Rome de Carlo Lizzani
 1972 : Société anonyme anti-crime (La Polizia ringrazia) de Stefano Vanzina
 1972 : L'Empire du crime (La Mala Ordina) de Fernando Di Leo
 1974 : Touche pas à la femme blanche de Marco Ferreri
 1974 : Permettete, signora, che ami vostra figlia de Gian Luigi Polidoro
 1974 : La Lame infernale (La polizia chiede aiuto) de Massimo Dallamano
 1974 : La police a les mains liées (La Polizia ha le mani legate) de Luciano Ercoli
 1975 :  L'Agression : Jean-Charles Sauguet
 1975 : La Bête tue de sang-froid d'Aldo Lado
 1975 : Gente di rispetto de Luigi Zampa
 1978 : L'Affaire suisse de Max Peter Ammann
 1980 : Action de Tinto Brass
 1985 : La Chute de Mussolini (Mussolini and I), télésuite d'Alberto Negrin
 1986 : Ginger et Fred (Ginger e Fred) de Federico Fellini
 1984 : Aurora (Qualcosa di biondo) de Maurizio Ponzi
 1992 : '' de Christian De Sica

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Cortemaggiore
Acteur italien
Naissance en février 1916
Décès dans la province de Plaisance
Décès en octobre 1995
Décès à 79 ans
Mort d'un cancer en Italie


text:
Out of It may refer to:

"Out of It", 2010 song by Fallulah from The Black Cat Neighborhood
"Out of It", 2017 song by The Story So Far from Proper Dose
Out of It (film), a 1969 American comedy film directed by Paul Williams


text:
Bantayan Baru is een bestuurslaag in het regentschap Rokan Hilir van de provincie Riau, Indonesië. Bantayan Baru telt 1750 inwoners (volkstelling 2010).

Plaats in Riau


text:
Horst Witterstein (* 6. Februar 1930 in Mainz; † 14. Juli 2018 in Kempten (Allgäu)) war ein deutscher Boxer. Er war Vize-Europameister der Amateure im Jahre 1955 im Schwergewicht.

Leben
Horst Witterstein wuchs in Kempten (Allgäu) auf und begann dort als Jugendlicher mit dem Boxen. Er machte erstmals im Jahr 1950 auf sich aufmerksam, als er bei den südbayerischen Meisterschaften im Schwergewicht den 2. Platz belegte. Horst Witterstein entwickelte sich dann relativ schnell zu einem der besten deutschen Schwergewichtsboxer im Amateurbereich. Er war mit guten körperlichen Voraussetzungen ausgestattet und auch technisch gut ausgebildet.

1951 belegte er beim bayerischen Ranglisten-Turnier in Nürnberg den 2. Platz hinter dem Münchner Hermann Schreibauer, der in den nächsten Jahren einer seiner Hauptkonkurrenten werden sollte.

Im Jahr 1952 bezwang er in Rosenheim im Finale der südbayerischen Meisterschaft erstmals Hermann Schreibauer, in München gewann er im Finale der bayerischen Meisterschaft gegen Adam Stenger aus Coburg. Etwas später siegte er in Weinheim auch im Finale der süddeutschen Meisterschaft. Hier schlug er Scheuermann aus Mannheim. Im Halbfinale der deutschen Meisterschaft bezwang er Heinz Bettendorf aus Frankfurt am Main und im Finale besiegte er den Vize-Europameister von 1951 Edgar Gorgas aus Essen nach Punkten. Im Juni 1952 fand dann die Olympia-Ausscheidung der deutschen Amateurboxer statt. Horst Witterstein traf wieder auf Edgar Gorgas. Er lieferte diesem einen ausgeglichenen Kampf, unterlag diesem jedoch nach Punkten.

1953 unterlag Horst Witterstein im Finale der bayerischen Meisterschaft gegen Karl Kistner aus Nürnberg und konnte deshalb nicht an den deutschen Meisterschaften teilnehmen. In einem Vergleichskampf Bayern gegen eine mitteldeutsche Auswahl kämpfte er gegen Preuß aus Ost-Berlin, unentschieden.

1954 wurde Horst Witterstein durch einen Punktsieg über Karl Kistner wieder bayerischer Meister. Bei der deutschen Meisterschaft siegte er im Halbfinale über Willy Lahr aus Rüsselsheim nach Punkten, unterlag aber überraschend im Finale gegen den Hamburger Uwe Jansen, mit dessen Schnelligkeit er nicht zurechtkam.

Das Jahr 1955 sah einen bestens vorbereiteten Horst Witterstein. Bei den deutschen Meisterschaften dieses Jahres siegte er u. a. im Halbfinale über Abraham Rosenberg aus Frankfurt durch technischen K. o. in der 3. Runde, und im Finale besiegte er seinen alten Konkurrenten Hermann Schreibauer einstimmig nach Punkten. Er wurde daraufhin als Vertreter des DABV für die Europameisterschaft in Berlin nominiert. In Berlin siegte er im Viertelfinale über den Belgier Debolster durch technischen K. o. in der 3. Runde. Im Halbfinale wurde er einstimmiger Punktsieger über Francois Magnetto aus Frankreich. Im Finale stand er dem sowjetischen Sportler Algirdas Schozikas gegenüber. Schozikas, größer und stärker als Witterstein, erwies sich als äußerst harter Gegner. Er hatte immer eine Hand mehr im Schlagabtausch und gewann so nach Punkten. Für Horst Witterstein kann aber der Gewinn der Vize-Europameisterschaft als Erfolg gewertet werden.

Im Jahre 1956 unterlag Horst Witterstein im Finale der bayerischen Meisterschaft überraschend gegen Josef Pietron aus München. Er konnte deshalb nicht bei den deutschen Meisterschaften starten. Er wurde aber vom DABV für die gesamtdeutsche Olympia-Ausscheidung nominiert. Dabei siegte er zunächst über Heinz Pingel, DDR, klar nach Punkten und schlug im Endkampf auch den deutschen Meister von 1956 Ulli Ritter aus Mannheim sicher nach Punkten. Er hatte sich damit für die Teilnahme an den Olympischen Spielen in Melbourne qualifiziert. Dass er letztlich doch nicht in Melbourne mit dabei war, lag an der Tatsache, dass dem DABV von den Nationalen Olympischen Komitees der BRD und der DDR, die die gesamtdeutsche Olympiamannschaft aufstellten, nur acht Startplätze für Melbourne genehmigt wurden. Bei zehn Gewichtsklassen mussten deshalb zwei Sportler zuhause bleiben. Dass neben Posorski aus Halle ausgerechnet auch der Vize-Europameister Horst Witterstein nicht berücksichtigt wurde, konnte dieser nicht nachvollziehen.

Horst Witterstein hat folgende Länderkämpfe bestritten:

 28. Januar 1953 in München, BRD gegen Österreich, techn. K. o.-Sieger 3. Runde über Mayerhofer,
 5. Dezember 1953 in Würzburg, BRD gegen Finnland, Punktniederlage gegen Ilka Koski,
 28. September 1954 in Karlsruhe, BRD gegen Jugoslawien, Punktniederlage gegen Krizmanic,
 5. November 1954 in London, England gegen BRD, K. o.-Sieger 3. Runde über Summers,
 25. November 1954 in Kopenhagen, Dänemark gegen BRD, K. o.-Sieger 1. Runde über Jensen,
 16. Januar 1955 in Helsinki, Finnland gegen BRD, K. o.-Sieger 2. Runde über Ojanen,
 18. Januar 1955 in Stockholm, Schweden gegen BRD, Punktniederlage gegen Ahsman,
 19. Februar 1956 in Warschau, Polen gegen BRD, K. o.-Sieg 2. Runde über Koszianski

Horst Witterstein, der den Beruf eines Holz-Bildhauers gelernt hatte, wurde nie Berufsboxer. Er beendete nach der Enttäuschung von 1956 seine Boxerlaufbahn und blieb zeitlebens in Kempten. Er widmete sich dort als Hobby-Trainer dem Boxernachwuchs. Er war noch als Achtzigjähriger im Jahre 2010 beim TV 1856 Kempten in diesem Metier tätig.

Einzelnachweise

Boxer (Deutschland)
Sportler (Kempten (Allgäu))
Deutscher
Geboren 1930
Gestorben 2018
Mann