text:
«Summer Night City» — второй внеальбомный сингл ABBA, выпущенный 6 сентября 1978 года. Изначально он планировался как ведущий сингл альбома Voulez-Vous, но по каким-то причинам не был включён в первое издание альбома. (Справедливость была восстановлена лишь в 1997 году, когда песня попала в ре-релиз в качестве бонусного трека.) На второй стороне пластинки было записано попурри из американских традиционных песен «Pick a Bale of Cotton», «On Top of Old Smokey» и «Midnight Special», которые группа подготовила к выпуску ещё в 1975 году. Это был единственный случай за всю историю группы, когда ABBA исполняли песни, не написанные ими самими. Бьорн позднее сказал, что эти песни были невероятно трудны для исполнения и, по их общему мнению, они исполнили их не так хорошо, как им хотелось бы. Неудивительно, что эти песни были записаны во множестве версий.

История
Запись песни «Summer Night City» началась в первых месяцах 1978 года. Новая звукозаписывающая студия ABBA, Polar Music Studio, открылась в мае, но была ещё не готова, поэтому первичная запись прошла на студии Metronome Studio. 43-секундное вступление к песне, выполненное в балладном стиле, было тщательнейшим образом отредактировано, но качество записи не устраивало группу; в общей сложности сведе́ние песни заняло не менее недели — значительно больше, чем у любой другой записи группы. В конце концов ABBA решили выпустить песню в сентябре как сингл, несмотря на свою разочарованность треком. Тем не менее, группа исполняла эту песню во время мирового турне 1979 года (даже с оригинальным вступлением, вырезанным в студии). Полная версия песни в итоге вышла в свет лишь в составе альбома-компиляции Thank You for the Music.

Несмотря на негативные оценки композиции со стороны участников группы, песня «Summer Night City» была достаточно популярна, заняв первые позиции в чартах таких стран, как Ирландия, Финляндия и Швеция (последняя песня группы, ставшая № 1 у них на родине), и пробилась в пятёрку в Бельгии, Норвегии, Нидерландах, Родезии (ныне Зимбабве), Швейцарии и Великобритании.

Однако, «Summer Night City» была первой песней со времён «SOS», не достигшей топ-3 в Соединённом Королевстве.

Позиции в чартах

Кавер-версии
 Различные eurotrance-ремиксы авторства Abbacadabra были выпущены Almighty Records в 1990-х, а также в компиляцию 2008 года We Love ABBA: The Mamma Mia Dance Collection.
 В 2001 году группа Therion записала кавер-версию, вошедшую в альбом Secret of the Runes.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Синглы 1978 года
Синглы ABBA
Песни, написанные Бенни Андерсоном и Бьорном Ульвеусом


text:
Valsjön är en sjö i Lindesbergs kommun i Västmanland och ingår i . Sjön är  meter djup, har en yta på  kvadratkilometer och befinner sig  meter över havet.

Delavrinningsområde
Valsjön ingår i det delavrinningsområde (661978-145992) som SMHI kallar för Mynnar i Råsvalen. Medelhöjden är  meter över havet och ytan är  kvadratkilometer. Räknas de 4 avrinningsområdena uppströms in blir den ackumulerade arean  kvadratkilometer. Hammarskogsån (Gränshytteån) som avvattnar avrinningsområdet har biflödesordning 3, vilket innebär att vattnet flödar genom totalt 3 vattendrag innan det når havet efter  kilometer. Avrinningsområdet består mestadels av skog (82 procent). Avrinningsområdet har  kvadratkilometer vattenytor vilket ger det en sjöprocent på  procent. Bebyggelsen i området täcker en yta av  kvadratkilometer eller 3 procent av avrinningsområdet.

Se även
 Lista över insjöar i Lindesbergs kommun

Källor

Externa länkar

Insjöar i Norrströms avrinningsområde
Insjöar i Västmanland
Insjöar i Lindesbergs kommun

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Pseudoceros bifurcus is a marine flatworm species that belongs to the family Pseudocerotidae.

Common name
Racing stripe flatworm, orange-band flatworm, orange tipped flatworm.

Distribution
Tropical Indo-Pacific, from eastern coast of Africa to Micronesia.

Habitat
Internal slope or top from coral reef.

Size
Up to .

Physical characteristics
"Dorsal surface with a background varying from green-bluish to cream with an intense purple margin without forming a distinctive marginal band. There is orange elongated spot beginning at the cerebral eyespot fading into a white median stripe that ends close to the posterior margin. Cream pseudotentacles formed by simple folds of the anterior margin with numerous ocella. A single cerebral cluster formed by about 30 eyes. Pharynx with elaborated folds."

Behavior

Benthic, diurnals, because of its aposematic colors, it has no fear to crawl around to feed.

External links
 Life desk, Pseudoceros bifurcus
 Discover Life, Pseudoceros bifurcus

Bibliographical references
 Leslie Newman & Lester Cannon, "Marine Flatworms",CSIRO publishing,2003,
 Neville Coleman, "Marine life of Maldives",Atoll editions,2004,
 Andrea & Antonnella Ferrrari,"Macrolife",Nautilus publishing,2003,

Turbellaria
Animals described in 1989


text:
Doctors of Madness were a British protopunk art rock band active as a recording and touring band from 1975 until late 1978. They found cult level acclaim and recognition in the 70s, but had little commercial success. Since then they have come to be regarded as prime movers who were forerunners of the later punk movement.

Band history

1974: Formation, band members
The Doctors of Madness were formed in 1974 in a basement in Brixton, south London, by the band's composer and lead singer/guitarist Richard Strange, known as 'Kid' Strange.

To provide a platform for his musical ideas and compositions, which analysed urban culture neurosis and systems of control, Strange joined forces with Stoner (Colin Bentley: bass guitar, vocals), Peter DiLemma (Pete Hewes: drums, vocals), and Urban Blitz (Geoff Hickmer: electric violin, baritone violectra and lead guitar) to provide a link between the early 1970s progressive rock and glam rock of David Bowie and Roxy Music and the later 1970s punk rock of the Sex Pistols and the Clash. Strange cited the Velvet Underground and writer William S. Burroughs as major influences on the band's music, which fused avant-garde hard rock with warped quasi-classical tones.

1975: Manager Bryan Morrison
In March 1975, the band started playing gigs at a pub in Twickenham, south-west London, where they were spotted by a talent scout for music manager Bryan Morrison, who had managed Pink Floyd, Syd Barrett and Marc Bolan. Morrison came to see them and was impressed. Morrison and his then partner Justin de Villeneuve launched an intensive publicity campaign to promote the band, which included an appearance on the BBC's prime time UK television The Twiggy Show. They were the opening act at the three-day Great British Music Festival at Olympia in London on 31 December 1975. The band signed to Polydor Records for the UK and Europe.

The Doctors of Madness were BBC Radio DJ John Peel's featured artists on 25 November 1976, and received British television exposure during 1975/76 on the Twiggy Show and the Janet Street-Porter Show.

1975-1978: Tours, theatrical style
The Doctors of Madness toured extensively in Great Britain and continental Europe, gigging in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Denmark and Sweden. Their early stage shows, in which Strange appeared with dyed-blue hair and Stoner wore skeletal-style make-up,
 incorporated costumes, props, make-up, projected backdrop images, smoke, strobe lights, theatrical spot-lighting and taped sound effects. Stoner recalled that they had wanted to create "a really outrageous image to match the songs Richard was writing". Strange spoke of a cinematic style of song-writing, "where the images come in and out, not making much sense on a rational level, more on a sensory one ... very sleazy, underground and outrageous."

Support acts during their heyday included the Sex Pistols (Middlesbrough 1976), the Jam (London Marquee on several occasions 1976), Joy Division (as "Warsaw" Manchester 1976) and Simple Minds (as "Johnny and the Self Abusers" Falkirk 1976). In 1977 Richard 'Kid' Strange was best man at the wedding of Dave Vanian of the Damned.

The band's tour manager and sound engineer was Dave 'Hobbs' Hilsden, who Strange called 'Obbsy'. Hilsden was subsequently sound engineer, road manager and crew boss for Motörhead for 30 years until his death in 2015.

1975-1978: Albums
Between 1975 and 1978, the Doctors of Madness recorded three albums for Polydor records: Late Night Movies, All Night Brainstorms [1976], produced by John Punter; Figments of Emancipation [1976], recorded at Abbey Road studios with producer John Leckie; and Sons of Survival [1978], recorded at Majestic Studios in Clapham, South London in late 1977. It was decided to give the band's third album  a more 'punk' feel, and the tracks on Sons of Survival were mostly recorded as high-volume live performances in the studio. Dave Hilsden was credited as producer.

"Bulletin" from Sons of Survival, backed by "Waiting" from Late Night Movies, All Night Brainstorms, was released as a single in late 1977.

1978: Urban Blitz, Dave Vanian, final gig
Urban Blitz left the band early in 1978, immediately after the release of Sons of Survival, because of musical and personal differences. He was briefly replaced by singer Dave Vanian of punk rock band the Damned, who had temporarily split.

The Doctors of Madness had been known informally as 'the Doctors' (or 'the Dox'). After the release of Sons of Survival  Kid Strange  renamed the band 'the Doctors', and Strange, Stoner and Peter DiLemma continued as a trio, minus violinist.

The Doctors disbanded later in 1978 after disappointing sales of Sons of Survival and withdrawal of record company support. They played their final gig at The Music Machine in Camden, North London, on 26 October 1978, with TV Smith of the Adverts as a guest.

Later developments

1981: Release of "Revisionism"
A posthumous Doctors of Madness 'best of' compilation, Revisionism, was released by Polydor in 1981. The track listing, drawn from the band's 1975-1978 Polydor recordings, was essentially an album version of their live performances. The band's first three albums were re-released on CD by Ozit Records in 2002.

2003-2006: Performances in Japan and UK
In later years, Richard Strange continued to promote and perform Doctors of Madness music while pursuing an extensive international career as a solo artist. In 2003 he performed in Japan, backed by ex-Pogues multi-instrumentalist David Coulter and Sister Paul, a Japanese Doctors of Madness tribute band based in Tokyo; and in Leeds and Doncaster, Yorkshire, England, with bassist Stoner in 2006.

2011: Recognition
Recognition of Doctors of Madness influence on the emergence of British punk rock was documented in the book An Unauthorised Guide to Punk Rock: The Early English Scene [2011], which included the Deviants, the Doctors of Madness, David Bowie, the Sex Pistols and the Clash. The band's reappraisal as an important influence in British punk rock had prompted the re-release of their albums on CD in 2002.

2014: Reunion

The original line-up of the Doctors of Madness - Kid Strange, Stoner, Peter DiLemma and Urban Blitz - reunited in London in October 2014 for a one-off performance at the South Bank Centre as part of Richard Strange's "Language is a Virus from Outer Space", a multi-media centenary celebration of satirical US writer William S Burroughs. Joe Elliott of Def Leppard made a guest appearance, duetting on "Suicide City".

Bassist Stoner, who had been ill for some time with cancer, died a month after the reunion concert, and received an obituary  in The Times newspaper citing his contributions to music.

2017: Album re-releases
In May 2017, Cherry Red Records released a comprehensive three-CD boxed set of the entire recorded works of the Doctors of Madness remastered, entitled Perfect Past - The Complete Doctors of Madness. The box set contained numerous bonus tracks, including an early version of "Out" and an out-take of "Doctors of Madness" from Figments of Emancipation, a previously-unheard "We Don't Get Back", a rehearsal version of Bob Dylan's "Ballad of a Thin Man", live recordings of songs the band never attempted in the studio, including those co-written with TV Smith of the Adverts, a prospective 1978 single made with Dave Vanian of the Damned, the unheard 1976 "Frustration" and an early version of "Don't Panic England".

2017-2019: Further performances and tours
The release of the Cherry Red three-CD box set was celebrated with a string of live performances by the band, featuring Richard "Kid" Strange, Urban Blitz, and the Japanese rhythm section of Susumu (bass) and Mackii (drums) from the band Sister Paul. This line-up toured in the UK and Japan.

In November 2017, Strange and Urban Blitz, joined by protest singer Lily Bud, performed an evening of "unplugged" Doctors of Madness songs in the neo-gothic chapel of The House of St Barnabas, in Soho, London.  The event was filmed and released as a DVD, In the Afterglow.

Strange occasionally tours in Japan, with the Japanese power duo Sister Paul taking bass and drum duties, and has also lectured students in Japan's Otaru University, Sapporo. He toured Japan with Sister Paul in September 2019.

2019: New Doctors of Madness album
In 2019, 42 years after recording Sons of Survival, Strange returned to the studio to record another album under the name 'Doctors of Madness'. The songs on the album were written by Strange in a short period of time, and were recorded at Doghouse Studios in Oxfordshire, England, with producer John Leckie, who had worked with Strange on the band's second album, Figments of Emancipation.

The new album, entitled Dark Times, was released on 13 September 2019 on the Molecular Scream label through Cargo Records (except in North America, where it was to be released by Cherry Bomb/Mailboat Records). The "unashamedly political" album contained eight songs: "So Many Ways To Hurt You", "Make It Stop!", "Sour Hour", "Walk Of Shame", "This Kind Of Failure", "This Is How To Die", "Blood Brother" and "Dark Times".

Guest musicians who participated in the recording of Dark Times included Joe Elliott of Def Leppard (vocals on five songs) and Sarah Jane Morris of the Communards (vocals on four songs). There were also contributions from Terry Edwards (Tindersticks, Nick Cave, PJ Harvey, Madness), Steve 'Boltz' Bolton (Paul Young, the Who, Atomic Rooster) and young protest singer Lily Bud. The Japanese power duo Sister Paul, comprising Susumu Ukei on bass and Mackii Ukei on drums, played on all eight tracks. The critical acclaim was unanimous. The record was released in the US on Cherry Bomb Records and in Japan via Crocus Records, and featured in end-of-year 'Top Albums of 2019' roundups.

Discography
Late Night Movies All Night Brainstorms 1976 – album, Polydor Records
Figments of Emancipation 1976 – album, Polydor Records
Sons of Survival 1978 – album, Polydor Records
Doctors of Madness 1978 – double album, United Artists
Into the Strange - The Doctors of Madness last live concert – 2000 Captain Trip Records, Japan
Dirty Water 2: More Birth of Punk Attitude - featured the Doctors of Madness song "Waiting", 2011 – Year Zero Records
Promo Flexi - EP for 1975 winter UK tour, featured "Waiting", "Afterglow", "Billy Watch Out" and "Noises of the Evening", catalogue number SFI217
Perfect Past: The Complete Doctors of Madness 2017 – 3CD boxed set with bonus tracks, live recordings, demos and out-takes, RPM/Cherry Red Records
Dark Times - album, Molecular Scream/Cargo Records, September 2019

DVDs
There. Then. Now. Always – US documentary on the band (1976)
Here Come the Hard Goods Now – a collection of live performances by Doctors of Madness and Richard Strange
In the Afterglow – unplugged concert at the House of St Barnabas, Soho London, featuring acoustic versions of the songs by Richard Strange and Urban Blitz, with Lily Bud

References

External links
 Doctors of Madness
 Doctors of Madness website

Protopunk groups
English art rock groups
Musical groups established in 1974
Musical groups from London
English rock music groups
Polydor Records artists


text:
Il distretto di Campanilla è uno dei cinque distretti  della provincia di Mariscal Cáceres, in Perù. Si trova nella regione di San Martín e si estende su una superficie di 2.249,83 chilometri quadrati.
Istituito il 24 gennaio 1959, ha per capitale la città di Campanilla; al censimento 2005 contava 7.526 abitanti.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
 Sito dell'Istituto nazionale di statistica e informatica del Perù


text:
The Avenue U station is a local station on the BMT Sea Beach Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of Avenue U and West Seventh Street in Gravesend, Brooklyn. It is served by the N train at all times. During rush hours, several W and northbound Q trains also serve the station.

History

This station opened on June 22, 1915, along with the rest of the Sea Beach Line.

In 2005, the station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

From January 18, 2016 to May 22, 2017, the Manhattan-bound platform at this station was closed for renovations. The Coney Island-bound platform was closed for a longer period of time, from July 31, 2017 to October 29, 2018.

Station layout

This station has four tracks and two side platforms. The two center express tracks are not normally used, but both are available for rerouted trains. The platforms are in an open cut. The concrete walls and columns are painted beige (prior to renovations the columns were blue-green). Alternating columns display the standard black station name plate with white lettering.

The 2018 artwork at this station is "Edges of a South Brooklyn Sky", a series of 14 glass mosaics made by Sally Gil. The artwork represent the local community of Gravesend and the diversity of its residents.

Exits
This station has two entrances, both of which are beige station houses at street-level between West Seventh and West Eighth Streets above the tracks and have a single staircase leading to each platform at either ends. The main exit at the south end has a turnstile bank and token booth and leads to Avenue U while the exit at the north end leads to Avenue T and is un-staffed, containing just HEET turnstiles and exit-only turnstiles.

Notes

References

External links

 Station Reporter — N Train
 The Subway Nut — Avenue U Pictures
 Avenue U entrance from Google Maps Street View
 Avenue T entrance from Google Maps Street View
Uptown Platform from Google Maps Street View

U
Railway and subway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City
New York City Subway stations in Brooklyn
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1915
1915 establishments in New York City
National Register of Historic Places in Brooklyn


text:
Гонгор.

 Гонгор — река в Амурской области, приток Архары, притока Амура.
 Ундур Гонгор (1880/85 — 1925/30) — монгольский уникально высокий человек.
 Франтишек Гонгор (1951—2010) — начальник генштаба вооружённых сил Польши.

См. также
 Луис Гонгора (1561—1627) — испанский поэт.


text:
Geodia macandrewii est une espèce d'éponges de la famille des Geodiidae présente dans l'Océan Atlantique nord.

Taxonomie
L'espèce est décrite par James Scott Bowerbank en 1858.

Description

Distribution
La localité type de l'espèce est collectée par Robert Mc Andrew à  de profondeur au large des îles Vikna (Norvège). L'espèce est présente à proximité des côtes dans tout l'Océan Atlantique nord.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Bowerbank, J.S. (1858). On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiadae. Part I. On the Spicula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 148(2): 279-332, pls XXII-XXVI

Liens externes

Notes

Geodiidae
Éponge (nom scientifique)


text:
Mary Doran (de son vrai nom Florence Arnot) est une actrice américaine née à New York le  et décédée dans la même ville le .

Filmographie
 1928 : Lucky Boy de Norman Taurog et Charles C. Wilson
 1928 : Mariage à l'essai (Half a Bride) de Gregory La Cava
 1928 : The River Woman de Joseph Henabery
 1929 : Broadway Melody de Harry Beaumont
 1929 : Le Procès de Mary Dugan (The Trial of Mary Dugan) de Bayard Veiller
 1929 : The Girl in the Show d'Edgar Selwyn
 1929 : Tonight at Twelve de Harry A. Pollard
 1929 : Their Own Desire d'E. Mason Hopper
 1929 : New York Nights de Lewis Milestone
 1930 : They Learned About Women de Jack Conway et Sam Wood
 1930 : La Divorcée (The Divorcee) de Robert Z. Leonard
 1930 : The Sins of the Children de Sam Wood
 1930 : Cœurs impatients (Our Blushing Brides), de Harry Beaumont
 1930 : La Bande fantôme (Remote Control) de Nick Grinde et Malcolm St. Clair
 1930 : The Third Alarm d'Emory Johnson
 1931 : Le Code criminel (The Criminal Code) de Howard Hawks
 1931 : Crimes Square d'Arthur Ripley
 1931 : L'Homme de fer (Iron Man) de Tod Browning
 1931 :  de Clarence G. Badger
 1931 : Their Mad Moment d'Hamilton MacFadden et Chandler Sprague
 1931 : Ex-Bad Boy de Vin Moore
 1931 : The Miracle Woman de Frank Capra
 1931 : Fifty Fathoms Deep de Roy William Neill
 1931 : Under 18 d'Archie Mayo
 1932 : Ridin' for Justice de D. Ross Lederman
 1932 : Union Depot d'Alfred E. Green
 1932 : The Final Edition de Howard Higgin
 1932 :  de Roy Del Ruth
 1932 : The Silver Lining d'Alan Crosland
 1932 : L'Étrange Passion de Molly Louvain (The Strange Love of Molly Louvain) de Michael Curtiz
 1932 : Miss Pinkerton de Lloyd Bacon
 1932 : Silence, on tourne ! (Movie Crazy) de Clyde Bruckman et Harold Lloyd
 1932 : Aimez-moi ce soir (Love me Tonight) de Rouben Mamoulian
 1932 : Exposure de Norman Houston
 1932 : Breach of Promise de Paul L. Stein
 1932 : Une allumette pour trois (Three on a Match) de Mervyn LeRoy
 1933 : Hard to Handle de Mervyn LeRoy
 1933 : Grand Slam de William Dieterle
 1933 :  d'Edward Sedgwick
 1933 : Une nuit seulement (Only Yesterday) de John M. Stahl
 1934 : Corn on the Cop de Ralph Staub (court métrage)
 1934 : Merry Wives of Reno de H. Bruce Humberstone
 1934 :  de Lewis D. Collins
 1935 : La Fugue de Mariette (Naughty Marietta) de Robert Z. Leonard et W. S. Van Dyke
 1935 :  de Ray McCarey
 1935 :  d'Edward Sedgwick
 1935 :  de Ray Enright
 1936 : The Bridge of Sighs de Phil Rosen
 1936 :  de David Howard
 1936 : The Blonde Bomber de Lloyd French (court métrage)
 1936 : A Girl's Best Years de Reginald Le Borg (court métrage)

Lien externe

Actrice américaine
Naissance en septembre 1910
Naissance à New York
Décès en septembre 1995
Décès à New York


text:
La fosse La Renaissance de la Compagnie des mines d'Aniche est un ancien charbonnage du Bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, situé à Somain. En , un groupe d'associés venus de Cambrai se rend maître de la Compagnie, ils entreprennent sa réorganisation complète. Le fonçage de la fosse d'Aoust est poursuivi, mais c'est la découverte de la houille à Somain, en 1839, qui permet enfin à la Compagnie d'Aniche de prendre son essor. Dès lors, toutes les vieilles fosses sont fermées, à l'exception de celle de l'Espérance.

La fosse La Renaissance est commencée en , et extrait à partir de 1841. Très rapidement, la Compagnie d'Aniche ouvre deux fosses plus au sud, Saint-Louis et Fénelon, qui entrent en production respectivement en 1845 et 1849. La fosse La Renaissance exploite à relativement faible profondeur, puisque son dernier accrochage est situé à . Le gisement ne pouvant pas être exploité de la façon la plus optimale, et des venues d'eaux ayant lieu dans les galeries du nord du gisement, l'extraction cesse en 1862, mais le puits continue d'assurer l'aérage et l'épuisement des eaux.

En 1872, il est décidé d'approfondir la fosse à , un sas à air permet un meilleur aérage des travaux des fosses Saint Louis et Fénelon. Le puits est équipé pour la circulation des ouvriers, ainsi, les trois fosses n'en forment qu'une seule, dont les deux puits extrêmes sont distants d'un peu plus d'un kilomètre. Le puits La Renaissance est serrementé en 1890, les deux autres continuent à servir et sont serrementés en 1925.

Dans les années 1970, la zone industrielle est baptisée du nom de la fosse. Au début du , Charbonnages de France matérialise la tête de puits La Renaissance.

La fosse

En , un groupe d'associés venus de Cambrai se rend maître de la Compagnie, ils entreprennent sa réorganisation complète. Le fonçage de la fosse d'Aoust est poursuivi, mais c'est la découverte de la houille à Somain, en 1839, qui permet enfin à la Compagnie d'Aniche de prendre son essor. Dès lors, toutes les vieilles fosses sont fermées, à l'exception de celle de l'Espérance.

Le sondage A dit  de Somain est entrepris au sud de la commune en avril 1839, à l'altitude de . Le terrain houiller est rencontré à . Une veine de houille épaisse de  est découverte au mois de juillet, à la profondeur , à laquelle le sondage est abandonné.

Fonçage

Le fonçage du puits La Renaissance commence en  au sud de Somain. Le puits est situé à  au sud de la ligne de Douai à Blanc-Misseron, et à  de la limite orientale de la concession. Le diamètre du puits est de , déjà utilisé pour la plupart des anciennes fosses de la Compagnie. Le terrain houiller est atteint à .

Exploitation

L'exploitation commence en 1841. En 1843, la fosse Saint Louis est entreprise  au sud, et entre en production deux ans plus tard. En 1847, la Compagnie des mines d'Aniche entreprend la fosse Fénelon à Aniche, près des limites avec Somain, à  au sud du puits La Renaissance. La fosse entre en production en 1849.

Le terrain houiller a été atteint entre les affleurements des veines Bonsecours et Marie. Le puits a recoupé le faisceau dans sa partie septentrionale. Les terrains y plongent de 30° environ vers le sud. La zone à exploiter au nord du puits décroît naturellement en profondeur, et les travaux se sont développés de plus en plus au sud. Mais de ce côté, se trouve la fosse Saint Louis, vers laquelle les veines se rapprochent en direction, à la suite de leur inflexion au sud-ouest, quand on s'éloigne vers le couchant.

La fosse La Renaissance a été abandonnée en 1862, afin de prendre par Saint Louis l'aval-pendage des veines. Le dernier étage exploité de la fosse La Renaissance se trouve au niveau de . De plus, l'extraction a été arrêtée également à cause d'une venue d'eau provenant d'une galerie au nord. La production totale a été de . Le puits a toutefois été approfondi jusqu'à  à partir de 1872, pour servir à la circulation des ouvriers et à l'aérage des fosses situées plus au sud, Saint Louis et Fénelon. En ce sens, le cuvelage de la fosse a été garni d'une chemise en fonte, un guidage a été installé, et le puits a été surmonté d'un sas à air, pour l'aérage.

Le puits est serrementé en 1890, il est alors profond de , et six étages de recette sont établis à 170, 182, 196, 222, 306 et .

Reconversion

Le puits, très tôt abandonné, a été réutilisé comme puits d'eau par le lavoir établi à proximité. Dans les années 1950,  cubes par heure y sont consommés pendant dix heures par jour.

Au début du , Charbonnages de France matérialise la tête de puits. Le BRGM y effectue des inspections chaque année. Le puits est situé entre l'autoroute A21 au nord, et l'usine Faurecia au sud.

34 victimes ( minima)
Les trois fosses communicantes Fosse Fénelon, Fosse La Renaissance et fosse Saint-Louis sont peu grisouteuses mais nombreux sont les mineurs tués d'accident du travail ainsi Gilles Pierrot meurt le  à Saint-Louis suivi de 1863 à 1870 de 12 mineurs dans les accidents mortels de la fosse Saint-Louis en avril et  puis de mars et . En  c'est à la Fosse Fénelon. À la fosse Saint-Louis c'est Jean-Baptiste Alruth; 45 ans; qui est pris entre 2 tampons de wagons le . Quatre accidents mortels se succèdent à la fosse Saint-Louis un mort en , le  Ségard est tué et Delannoy blessé. Un bloc se détache en ; un tué, un mort en . Fosse Fénelon un mort en . Les rapports d'accidents constatent tous la négligence ou l'imprudence de l'ouvrier jusqu'en 1898 où la loi rend obligatoire la reconnaissance de responsabilité par la Compagnie dans tous les cas.

Treize mineurs tués de 1849 à 1870, puis certainement quelques oubliés et vingt et un dynamités dans la Fosse Fénelon le .

Notes et références

 Notes

 Références

 Références aux fiches du BRGM

 Références à

 Références à

 Références à

 Références à

 Références aux dossiers concernant la renonciation à la concession d'Aniche par Charbonnages de France

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Compagnie des mines d'Aniche
 Catastrophe d'Aniche de 1827
 Catastrophe d'Aniche de 1900
 Usines de La Renaissance

Bibliographie

La Renaissance
Aniche La Renaissance


text:
La 131ª Divisione corazzata "Centauro" è stata una grande unità del Regio Esercito e nel secondo dopoguerra dell'Esercito Italiano con la denominazione di Divisione corazzata "Centauro" e successivamente ridotta a livello di brigata prima con la denominazione di 31ª Brigata corazzata "Centauro" dal 1986 al 1991 e poi da quella data Brigata meccanizzata "Centauro".

Storia
La Grande unità venne costituita il 20 aprile 1939 a Cremona dalla 1ª Brigata corazzata. Nel corso della seconda guerra mondiale fu stanziata in Albania, successivamente operò sul fronte greco e in Jugoslavia. Le unità principali della divisione (Comando, 31º Reggimento carristi e 5º Reggimento bersaglieri) furono trasferite in Tunisia nel novembre del 1942. Fu praticamente annientata, dopo aspri combattimenti, negli ultimi giorni del marzo 1943. Sciolta nell'aprile del 1943 fu ricostituita il 1º novembre del 1959 e posta alle dipendenze del III Corpo d'armata di Milano. Fu sciolta nel 1986 in seguito alla riorganizzazione dell'esercito italiano.

Organico divisionale al 20 aprile 1939
La Divisione Centauro fu costituita il 20 aprile 1939 dalla 1ª Brigata corazzata, disciolta nella stessa data, sul seguente organico:

 31º Reggimento Carristi su:
 I (VII), II (VIII), III (X) e IV (XXXI) Battaglione carri L (i numeri fra parentesi indicano gli originari battaglioni L autonomi)
 5º Reggimento bersaglieri su:
 XXII Battaglione motociclisti
 XIV e XXIV Battaglione autoportato
 131º Reggimento artiglieria corazzata su:
 I, II, III Gruppo (tutti su 75/27 trainati)
 131ª Sezione sanità
 131º Autoreparto
 79ª Sezione carabinieri
 80ª Sezione carabinieri

Operazioni sul fronte balcanico (1939-1941)
La Centauro iniziò il suo addestramento nei pressi di Siena, per essere trasferita nel corso dell'estate del 1939 nella zona di Tirana. Inquadrata successivamente nel XXV Corpo d'armata fu impegnata su due colonne quando iniziarono le ostilità contro la Grecia. All'inizio della campagna (28 ottobre 1940) la divisione aveva in organico 4000 uomini, 163 carri L e 24 pezzi di artiglieria. La colonna principale (comprendente la componente corazzata della divisione), impegnata nella conca di Kalibaki, non riuscì a sfondare le difese nemiche e, quando scattò il contrattacco greco, fu utilizzata per coprire la ritirata delle divisioni Ferrara e Modena. Successivamente fu impiegata per distaccamenti su varie parti del fronte. Ritirata dal fronte il 4 febbraio 1941 iniziò la riorganizzazione, ricevendo il 1º Reggimento Bersaglieri ed il IV Battaglione Carri M, che finalmente sostituivano i carri L. Alla fine di marzo fu trasferita a Scutari, per fronteggiare le forze della Jugoslavia, alle dipendenze del XVII Corpo d'Armata. Nella guerra contro la Jugoslavia ebbe violenti scontri sul Prini That e sul Prini Banush, riuscendo infine a sfondare le linee nemiche presso Kopliku. Il 17 aprile raggiunse Ragusa, incontrandosi con le avanguardie della Littorio che proveniva da Zara.
Il giorno 11 maggio 1941 iniziò a reimbarcarsi per rientrare in Italia.

Riorganizzazione (1942)
Rientrata in Italia la divisione fu smembrata perdendo il 1º Reggimento bersaglieri e il 31º Reggimento carristi, sostituito dal 131º Reggimento carri (fornito principalmente di carri francesi di preda bellica). Successivamente il 31º Reggimento Carristi, riorganizzato su battaglioni di carri M, fu riaggregato alla divisione, che fu trasferita in Piemonte sotto il comando del generale Carlo Calvi di Bergolo, inquadrata nel XXII Corpo d'armata, in attesa del trasferimento in Africa.

Organico

 Comando della I^ brigata corazzata per la divisione Centauro (Gen. B. Giovanni Casula dal 25 ottobre 1941)
 15º R.E.Co "Cavalleggeri di Lodi";
 31º Reggimento carristi
 XIV, XV, XVII Battaglione Carri M;
 5º Reggimento bersaglieri
 XXI Battaglione Motociclisti;
 XIV Battaglione Autoportato;
 XXIV Battaglione Autoportato;
 131º Reggimento artiglieria corazzata
 I Gruppo 75/27 (trainati);
 II Gruppo 75/27 (trainati)
 III Gruppo 105/28 (trainati);
 DLIV Gruppo semoventi (su semoventi 75/18);
 XXXI Battaglione del Genio;
 131ª Sezione Sanità;
 131ª Sezione Sussistenza.

Operazioni sul fronte nordafricano (1943)

Nel novembre la divisione partì dall'Italia, ma i convogli con cui doveva raggiungere immediatamente l'Africa subirono forti perdite e arrivarono solo 16 carri medi e 28 autoblindo AB41. A dicembre aveva incominciato a operare anche la Centauro con il XIV e XVII battaglione carri M, mentre i semoventi insieme a reparti minori si trovavano ancora in Italia. Successivamente si aggiunse il XV battaglione carri M e una compagnia di semoventi inquadrati nella L Brigata speciale "Imperiali".

La divisione "Centauro" non giunse in Tunisia come reparto organico, dato che parte delle sue unità non venne mai trasferita e che le unità trasferite, man mano che arrivavano sul suolo africano, venivano immediatamente inviate al fronte aggregate ad altre grandi unità, sia italiane sia tedesche. La maggior parte dei carri (XIV e XVII Battaglione) operarono sotto il comando del Raggruppamento "Cantaluppi", che aveva già assorbito quanto restava dell'Ariete e della Littorio. Dopo una serie di acquisizioni e perdite di unità, non ben chiarite a causa delle difficoltà di documentazione in quei frangenti abbastanza caotici, all'inizio del 1943 il Raggruppamento "Cantaluppi", assieme a reparti del 5º reggimento bersaglieri e del 31º reggimento carri giunti dalla Grecia, formava la Divisione "Centauro", che in quei primi mesi dell'anno è stata protagonista delle prime e uniche vittorie del Regio Esercito su quello statunitense, nelle battaglie del passo di Kasserine e di El Guettar. Nel gennaio 1943 la divisione partecipò a uno scontro presso Ousseltia, dove i francesi subirono trecento perdite e lasciarono sul terreno molti mezzi e cannoni. La Centauro fu inquadrata nella 5. Panzerarmee, a sua volta inquadrata, a partire dal 23 febbraio, nell'Heeresgruppe Afrika. Al passo di Kasserine i reparti della "Centauro" attaccarono in massa i reparti corazzati americani, sfondando la linea degli Sherman, costringendo gli americani ad arretrare sulla linea del Passo Kasserine e mentre gli americani erano in rotta, abbandonando ingenti quantità di materiale, soltanto pochi battaglioni isolati costituirono sacche di resistenza. Il 23 febbraio, un massiccio attacco aereo costrinse le truppe italo-tedesche ad arretrare e il passo tornò sotto il controllo americano; la Divisione "Centauro", rimasta a corto di mezzi, in quanto ne aveva ceduti ad altre unità e aveva perso dei veicoli che le erano stati assegnati durante il trasporto via mare, dovette armare dei gruppi appiedati, contava il 10 marzo 1943 soltanto trenta veicoli da combattimento (due semoventi 75/18, diciotto carri M14 e dieci autoblindo AB41) del XVII battaglione, e con questo materiale venne costituito il Raggruppamento corazzato "Piscitelli".

Il 20 marzo 1943 la divisione "Centauro", schierata a Gafsa fu attaccata dall'intero II Corpo statunitense. La Divisione "Centauro" resistette alle forze nemiche soverchianti per ben 12 giorni, finché il 31 marzo non fu sostituita in linea dalla 21ª Panzerdivision. Nonostante avesse tenuto il fronte, il 7 aprile 1943 la "Centauro" presso El Guettar era praticamente annientata, quindi i suoi reparti di bersaglieri furono aggregati al Kampfgruppe Manteuffel (Gruppo di combattimento Manteuffel) ed i carri, sempre sotto comando italiano, alla 10ª Panzerdivision nel Raggruppamento corazzato "Piscitelli" che continuò a resistere con diciassette carri M14 del XIV battaglione, dieci semoventi del 557º Gruppo e quattordici carri tedeschi della 21ª e 15ª Panzer Division, affrontando circa duecento corazzati inglesi. il 25 aprile ai piedi di Gebel Bou Kurnine, nello scontro durato circa due ore, i semoventi da 75/18 respinsero i corazzati inglesi, dopo averne distrutti ventotto con la perdita di soli quattro mezzi. Al 10 aprile il Raggruppamento "Piscitelli" poteva contare su undici carri M14 e dodici semoventi 75/18, il Gruppo autoblindo Nizza e il GECo Monferrato con quaranta mezzi AB41.
La Divisione "Centauro" in pratica venne considerata sciolta in zona di guerra a far data dal 7 aprile.

Il 22 aprile 1943 il comando della 1ª Armata, inquadrata anch'essa, nell'Heeresgruppe Afrika decise di riunire al "RECo Lodi", che aveva perduto, in 5 mesi di lotta, il 50% del personale e il 60% del materiale, tutti i reparti corazzati esistenti in Tunisia, e assorbendo tutti gli elementi meccanizzati italiani il Reco passò agli ordini della 5. Panzerarmee prendendo parte alla difesa della Linea del Mareth, nella vittoriosa battaglia di Gebel bou Kournine contro gli inglesi del 25 aprile 1943 e successivamente alla difesa di Capo Bon. L'8 maggio a Biserta, quando restavano operativi cinque carri M14, quattro Tiger tedeschi e sei semoventi 75/18 ci fu l'ultima battaglia, un ultimo episodio che vide la vittoria sul campo dei corazzati italiani ma la campagna era ormai perduta. Il 10 maggio Capo Bon viene investito da notevoli forze corazzate. Il RECo resiste, ma l'avanzata delle forze anglo-americane, ora sostenute anche da quelle francesi, superiori per uomini e mezzi, che provenivano contemporaneamente dalla Libia e dall'Algeria, causò gravissime perdite ai reparti italo-tedeschi e l'11 maggio 1943, dopo aver combattuto a nord ovest di Boufichia, sino ad ogni possibilità umana, ciò che rimaneva del R.E.Co. fu annientato in durissimi combattimenti e il 13 maggio 1943 il RECo venne disciolto. Il Bollettino di guerra n.1083 del 13-14 maggio 1943 citò per nome il Raggruppamento Esplorante Corazzato (R.E.Co.) "Cavalleggeri di Lodi".

Tra il 9 e il 13 maggio 1943 ciò che rimaneva dei reparti corazzati italiani e tedeschi in Tunisia fu costretto alla resa.

La ricostituzione
Nei giorni immediatamente successivi alla caduta del fascismo, il 27 luglio 1943 venne ricostituita con il nome di 136ª Divisione legionaria corazzata "Centauro" (rinominando la 1ª Divisione corazzata "M", divisione d'élite di fedelissimi al regime fascista, integrandola con ufficiali di sicura fede monarchica) al comando del generale Giorgio Carlo Calvi di Bergolo.

Unità modernamente armata, inquadrata all'interno del Corpo d'armata motocorazzato (CAM) predisposto in funzione della difesa di Roma, essa nelle giornate seguenti l'armistizio dell'8 settembre, a causa della sua dubbia fedeltà nei confronti di direttive atte a contrastare le forze tedesche, fu lasciata inattiva e non venne coinvolta nei combattimenti che si svolsero attorno alla Capitale.

A seguito dell'occupazione tedesca di Roma la "Centauro" fu definitivamente sciolta ed i suoi armamenti requisiti dalla Wehrmacht.

Elenco dei comandanti della divisione
 generale di brigata Giovanni Magli dal 20 aprile 1939 al 22 febbraio 1941
 generale di brigata Gavino Pizzolato dal 23 febbraio 1941 al 28 febbraio 1942
 generale di divisione Giorgio Carlo Calvi di Bergolo dal 1º marzo 1942 al 7 aprile 1943
Vicecomandante: generale di brigata Giuseppe Costa (dal 13 febbraio al 7 aprile 1943)

La ricostituzione nel secondo dopoguerra

Il 1º aprile del 1951 fu ricostituita la Brigata corazzata "Centauro" e il 1º novembre del 1959 fu trasformata in Divisione corazzata "Centauro" con il comando a Novara e schierata con i reparti in Piemonte e Lombardia. Nel 1963 la Divisione completò gli organici secondo quanto previsto dalle normative NATO e risultava articolata sulla 1ª Brigata Meccanizzata, la IIª Brigata Corazzata, la IIIª Brigata Corazzata e su una Brigata di Artiglieria.

Con la profonda ristrutturazione dell'esercito italiano del 1975 la "Centauro" inquadrò:
 3ª Brigata meccanizzata "Goito"
 Brigata meccanizzata "Legnano"
 31ª Brigata corazzata "Curtatone"

Completavano l'organico della grande unità i supporti tattici divisionali.

Il 1º novembre 1986 a seguito dell'abolizione del livello divisionale nelle unità dell'esercito italiano, la Divisione corazzata "Centauro" fu sciolta e a Novara la 31ª Brigata corazzata "Curtatone" fu trasformata in 31ª Brigata corazzata "Centauro".

Nel 1996 la Brigata fu trasformata in meccanizzata, passando poi il 15 ottobre 1997 alle dipendenze del 1º Comando delle Forze di Difesa (1° FOD) di Vittorio Veneto.

Nel quadro del processo di riordinamento dell'Esercito Italiano verso il modello professionale e di un processo di riduzione del numero delle Brigate, la "Centauro" non è inserita tra le Grandi Unità che dovranno inquadrare personale volontario. La "Centauro" subisce pertanto una progressiva riduzione del personale di leva e comincia a cedere ad altre Brigate i reggimenti per i quali è invece prevista l'alimentazione con personale volontario. Venne sciolta poi definitivamente nel 2002 in Novara.

Onorificenze

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 Esercito Italiano
 Carri armati italiani fino alla seconda guerra mondiale
 Divisione Ariete
 Divisione Littorio
 Divisione Centauro II
 Divisione Ariete II
 M13/40
 75/18 (semovente)

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Grandi Unità italiane della seconda guerra mondiale
Centauro


text:
Joseph Friedrich August Darbes, auch d'Arbes (* 29. September 1747 in Hamburg; † 26. Juni 1810 in Berlin), war ein deutscher Porträtmaler.

Leben
Darbes war der Sohn des Operettenkomponisten und Theaterdichters Francesco d'Arbes in Hamburg, der etwa 1748 nach Kopenhagen zog und dort Gemäldehändler wurde. Insofern genoss er um 1759 in Kopenhagen akademischen Zeichenunterricht bei Johann Martin Preissler und besuchte ab 1761 die Malerklasse von Carl Gustaf Pilo. Er arbeitete seine Porträts unter anderem als Ölgemälde, als Pastellbilder und als Miniaturmalerei auf Pergament. Nach ausgedehnten Reisen durch Europa (Studienreisen in Deutschland, Holland und Frankreich) war er in seiner ersten Schaffensphase ab 1773 am russischen Hof in St. Petersburg und in Kurland tätig und ging von dort 1785 nach Berlin, wo er auch am preußischen Hof tätig war. Darbes war seit 1786 Professor der Porträtmalerei und Mitglied der Preußischen Akademie der Künste. Auf den Ausstellungen der Berliner Akademie war er ab 1786 regelmäßig vertreten. Seine Porträts gelangten in die Residenzen des europäischen Hochadels und die entsprechenden Kunstsammlungen und -Museen. Darbes wurde im Baltikum als Mitglied der Rigaer Loge "Zum Schwert" Freimaurer und in St. Petersburg Illuminat. In Berlin war Darbes als Freimaurer Mitglied der Großen Loge von Preußen genannt Royal York zur Freundschaft.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Joseph Friedrich August Darbes (1747–1810) st.museum-digital.de
 Joseph Friedrich August Darbes (deutsch, 1747–1810) artnet.de
 Darbes, Joseph Friedrich August skd.museum

Maler (Deutschland)
Porträtmaler
Maler (Russisches Kaiserreich)
Person (Sankt Petersburg)
Maler (Berlin)
Freimaurer (18. Jahrhundert)
Freimaurer (19. Jahrhundert)
Illuminat
Deutscher
Geboren 1747
Gestorben 1810
Mann


text:
Macropyxis bathyalensis is een mosselkreeftjessoort uit de familie van de Macrocyprididae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1967 door Hulings.

Macrocyprididae


text:
Azuragrion granti, the Socotra bluet or Grant's bluet, is a species of narrow-winged damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is endemic to Socotra in the Indian Ocean. It is a member of the narrow-winged damselfly family Coenagrionidae with its closest relatives originating in Africa, for example Azuragrion nigridorsum.

Description
Azuragrion granti is, typically for narrow-winged dragonflies, a largely blue damselfly with black markings on top of the head, black stripes along the thorax and on the upper part of the abdomen which is paler underneath. It has narrow, transparent wings it holds vertically over their body when it is at rest.

Distribution
Endemic to the island of Socotra, part of Yemen where it occurs mostly in the eastern granitic, mountainous half of the island over an area of 550 km² in the Hagheir Mountains. Azuragrion granti apparently does not occur the karstic western half of Socotra as there are few open freshwater bodies to be found there.

Habitat
The natural habitats of Azuragrion granti are rivers, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, and ponds. It is threatened by habitat loss although said to be locally abundant. This species breeds in mountain running water. Nothing is known about the biology of this species.

Conservation status
There has been a decline in the quality of the habitat available to Azuragrion granti due to water extraction and pollution, and this has also been observed in the lowlands where the rapidly developing tourism industry concentrates. As a result, Azuragrion granti is therefore listed as near-threatened species. Due to its endemicity and the small range of the species, any future predicted impacts by infrastructure development on Socotra will almost certainly have negative effects.

References

Coenagrionidae
Endemic fauna of Socotra
Insects described in 1903
Taxa named by Robert McLachlan (entomologist)
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot


text:
International Microbiology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media and the official journal of the . It covers all aspects of microbiology. The journal was established in 1947 as Microbiología Española and renamed Microbiología SEM in 1985 before obtaining its current title in 1998.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, Biological Abstracts, MEDLINE, and Excerpta Medica. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.479.

References

External links

English-language journals
Open access journals
Microbiology journals
Publications established in 1998
Quarterly journals


text:
San Secondo steht für folgende geographischen Objekte in Italien:

 San Secondo di Pinerolo, Gemeinde in der Provinz Turin, Piemont
 San Secondo Parmense, Gemeinde in der Provinz Parma, Emilia-Romagna
 San Secondo (Città di Castello), Fraktion von Città di Castello, Provinz Perugia, Umbrien
 San Secondo (Venedig), Insel in der Lagune von Venedig
 San Secondo, Ortsteil von Città di Castello, Provinz Perugia, Umbrien
 San Secondo (Magnano), Kirche in Magnano, Piemont
 Villa San Secondo, Gemeinde in der Provinz Asti, Piemont


text:
Soutěžní ročník Serie B 2017/18 byl 86. ročník druhé nejvyšší italské fotbalové ligy. Soutěž začala 25. srpna 2017 a skončila 18. května 2018. Účastnilo se jí 22 týmů z toho se 15 kvalifikovalo z minulého ročníku, 3 ze Serie A a 4 ze třetí ligy. Poslední čtyři týmy předchozího ročníku, jimiž byli Trapani Calcio, Vicenza Calcio, SSD Latina Calcio 1932 a poslední tým ročníku – AC Pisa 1909, sestoupily do Serie C. Nováčci ze Serie C jsou: US Cremonese, Benátky FC, Parma Calcio 1913 a Foggia Calcio.

Tabulka

Poznámky
 Z = Odehrané zápasy; V = Vítězství; R = Remízy; P = Prohry; VG = Vstřelené góly; OG = Obdržené góly; B = Body
  1 FC Bari 1908 přišla během sezóny o 2 body.
  2 AC Cesena přišla během sezóny o 15 bodů.

Play off
Boj o postupující místo do Serie A.

Předkolo

Benátky FC – AC Perugia Calcio 3:0
AS Cittadella – FC Bari 1908 2:2 (AS Cittadella postoupilo)

Semifinále

Benátky FC – US Città di Palermo 1:1 a 0:1
AS Cittadella – Frosinone Calcio 1:1 a 1:1

Finále

US Città di Palermo – Frosinone Calcio 2:1 a 0:2

Poslední místo pro postup do Serie A 2018/19 vyhrál tým Frosinone Calcio

Reference

Související články
 Serie A
 Serie C

Serie B
Fotbal v Itálii v roce 2017
Fotbal v Itálii v roce 2018


text:
This is a list of characters in the original sequel Oz books by L. Frank Baum's successors.  The series was continued by Ruth Plumly Thompson, John R. Neill, Jack Snow, Rachel Cosgrove Payes, Eloise Jarvis McGraw and Lauren McGraw, Dick Martin, Eric Shanower, his grandson Roger S. Baum and Sherwood Smith.

Humans from the "real world"

Jam
Jonathan Andrew Manley, nicknamed "Jam", is a boy from Ohio who is the son of a biologist and first appears in Rachel Cosgrove Payes' The Hidden Valley of Oz. He alongside two guinea pigs and a laboratory rat (Percy) arrived in Gillikin Country on a large collapsible kite. After escaping from Terp the Terrible, Jam befriended Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and Hungry Tiger who agreed to help him against Terp the Terrible. They even get a new party member in the form of the Leopard with the Changeable Spots. After Terp the Terrible is defeated, Jam attends a celebratory banquet before he is returned to Ohio by Princess Ozma and the Wizard of Oz.

In the rejected first draft of chapter 1 of Hidden Valley, Jam arrives in Oz by a rocket ship rather than a kite. Reilly & Lee's editors rewrote this, possibly due to its similarity to Ruth Plumly Thompson's The Yellow Knight of Oz (1930), or to another author's rejected Oz book submission, in order to avoid allegations of plagiarism.

While Payes brought Percy the rat back for further appearances, Jam never appeared again in her work. As Hidden Valley remains under copyright until 2047, new stories featuring the character are unlikely. However, in 1966, Henry S. Blossom featured Jam in The Blue Emperor of Oz, a work which was not circulated widely enough to attract accusation of copyright infringement.

Jenny Jump
Jenny Jump is an important character in the four Oz books of John R. Neill. Living in New Jersey at the time, Neill named her after Jenny Jump Mountain.

Jenny begins as a fifteen-year-old in New Jersey, who one day finds a leprechaun stealing her cheese. She is clever enough to capture him with her stare, so that the leprechaun, called Siko Pompus must grant her a wish. She wishes to become a fairy, and the leprechaun transforms her. In the midst of this psychedelia, however, Jenny's gaze falters, and the leprechaun eludes her control, leaving her part-fairy and part-human. Still, Jenny has remarkable new abilities. With her fairy foot, she leaps all the way to the Land of Oz, to begin her adventures.

Jenny is not a fan of the traditional, single-color fashions favored by the Ozites, and she sets up a shop with a magic turnstile that dresses people according to their personalities.

Neill's text of The Wonder City of Oz was heavily rewritten by an anonymous editor at Reilly & Lee, and that editor added some controversial changes to the story, in particular, involving Jenny Jump. These additions include creatures who live in the Deadly Desert called Heelers, who live on shoes. Jenny is goaded into running against Princess Ozma as ruler of Oz. It is not taken very seriously by the Ozites, and it is decided that shoes will be used for votes in an Ozelection. The Ozelection and all that leads up to it is not in the manuscript. Furthermore, near the end of the novel, the Wizard casts a spell to make her younger and more obedient while removing the three creatures behind her flaws that become visible to everyone present: bad temper is a black wasp, envy is a green snake, and ambition is a fat red toad. Neill was not enamored of these changes and did not illustrate them (except for one image of the de-aged Jenny at the very end), and Jenny seems to have gone back to her old self in the two sequels (although she is more compassionate to her underlings).

Jenny is regularly accompanied by a Munchkin boy called Number Nine, who loves her even though she treats him like a slave during the first book. She has him wear whistling breeches that alert her to his presence.

In The Scalawagons of Oz, Jenny is again a main character, when she joins the trans-Oz search for the stolen magical cars. In Lucky Bucky in Oz, she is one of the planners of the grand Emerald City gala, but is only a background character, while Number Nine is a more prominent actor in the plot.

In The Runaway in Oz, whose publication was delayed over a half-century after the author's death, Jenny helps get the story started by quarreling with Scraps the Patchwork Girl; but once Scraps runs away, Jenny spends the rest of the book helping to look for her.

As Jenny is a copyrighted character, she is not found in modern Oz expanded universe stories, save Oziana magazine.

Notta Bit More
Notta Bit More is a circus clown from North America.

He first appears in The Cowardly Lion of Oz where he stumbles upon a magic phrase that sends him and a little orphan boy named Bobby Downs (also called Bob Up) to the Munchkin Country kingdom of Mudge. King Mustafa wanted them to bring the Cowardly Lion to him. When the two of them met the Cowardly Lion, he joined their party alongside a bird named Nickadoodle as she fell in love with Notta. When King Mustafa has been defeated by Princess Ozma and her allies, Notta Bit More accepted Princess Ozma's offer to live in the Land of Oz where he resides in a tent outside the Royal Palace. He also adopts the orphan Bob.

Notta Bit More appears in Return to Oz. He is seen in the background at the coronation scene at the end.

Peter Brown

Peter Brown is a boy from Philadelphia and protagonist of several Oz books by Ruth Plumly Thompson. He is first introduced in The Gnome King of Oz (1927), and reappears in Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz (1929) and Pirates in Oz (1931). The first and third of these feature Ruggedo the Nome King as the primary antagonist, while Pumpkinhead pits Peter and Jack against a "Red Baron" who seeks to invade and conquer the feudal domains of his neighbors before marching on the Emerald City. Peter's athleticism, as an ace pitcher in little league baseball, often comes into play in defeating obstacles.

Based on Gnome King's copyright, Peter will become available for other authors to use on 1 January 2023.

Robin Brown
Robin Brown is the protagonist of Merry Go Round in Oz. He is a small boy raised by an adoptive family of large boys who mistreat him before he escapes to Oz on Merry Go Round, a living Merry Go Round horse. He becomes King of Roundabout for a short time against his will.

Speedy
Speedy is the protagonist of The Yellow Knight of Oz and Speedy in Oz.  He is the nephew of William J. Harmstead, an eccentric inventor from Long Island, who raised Speedy after his parents were killed in a maritime accident in the South Seas. Speedy's first name appears to be William as well, although whether he shares his uncle's surname is unclear. He first comes to Oz when Uncle Billy's rocket ship, which Speedy was test-piloting, flies out of control. Landing in the underground nation of Subterranea, Speedy escapes to the surface and finds himself in the Winkie Country, where he joins a quest to rescue the kingdom of the Yellow Knight from an evil enchantment. Four years later, Speedy and Uncle are on a paleontological expedition in Wyoming, where a magic geyser brings a large dinosaur skeleton to life. Speedy and the dinosaur (named Terrybubble after a stuttering exclamation which Speedy made impulsively) land on Umbrella Island as it flies through the sky, and Speedy soon discovers an insidious plot to kidnap Gureeda, the island king's daughter, with whom Speedy is beginning to fall in love.

Copyright has made it difficult for other authors to use Speedy. His first novel enters the public domain on 1 January 2026.

Emerald City

Davy Jones
Davy Jones is a wooden whale who appears in Lucky Bucky in Oz.

Davy Jones originally served as a ship for some pirates until he abandoned them on an island they attacked. He met Bucky Jones who stated that he is not a pirate and they traveled the ocean. They came across various obstacles when making their way to the Land of Oz. The Wizard of Oz later offered Davy Jones a job where he now resides in Lake Quad which is two miles south of the Emerald City.

Davy is popular among fans as one of Neill's more innovative and memorable creations, with his origin (unaddressed by Neill) being a popular matter for speculative guesswork. Due to copyright protection, Davy will not become available for other authors to use without special permission, until his novel enters the public domain on 1 January 2038.

Herby
Herby is a character featured in the Oz books of Ruth Plumly Thompson. He was introduced in her 1928 novel, The Giant Horse of Oz, as a medical doctor who had been transformed into a bottle of cough syrup by Mombi. He was freed from his transformation by Prince Philidor of Ozure Isles early in the novel, but retained a three-shelf medicine chest in his chest and cough drop eyes, and by the end of the novel, was proclaimed the Court Physician in the Emerald City palace, although, because Ozites are almost never sick and cannot die of natural causes, he does not have much work to do, only treating occasional injuries.

Herby's name probably derives from the medicinal herbs that would have been contained in his chest. He appeared subsequently in Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz, Ojo in Oz, The Wishing Horse of Oz, Handy Mandy in Oz, and Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz, although never in a prominent role.

Mark E. Haas published his first Oz book, The Medicine Man of Oz,  based around Herby, in 2000. Charges of copyright infringement led to the book's withdrawal from mainstream markets, as Giant Horse is protected until 1 January 2024.

Snip
Snip is a boy who appears in The Lost King of Oz.

He is a boy who was captured by Mombi to aid her and Pajuku in finding King Pastoria. When traversing through Blankenberg, the three of them met an amnesiac tailor named Tora who joins them on their quest. When Dorothy, Humpy, and Kabumpo meet up with them, Snip is among those who thought that Humpy was the enchanted form of King Pastoria. It turns out that Tora was actually the enchanted form of King Pastoria. After King Pastoria allows his daughter Princess Ozma to continue ruling the Emerald City, he became a tailor where Snip became his apprentice.

Humpy
Humpy is a live test dummy that appears in The Lost King of Oz.

He was originally in Hollywood until Dorothy briefly arrived and brought him to the Land of Oz. After escaping the Back-woodsmen of the Back Woods, the two of them run into Kabumpo who carries them on his back. Humpy, Dorothy, and Kabumpo come across Mombi, Snip, Tora, and Pajuka where it was thought that Humpy was the long-lost King Pastoria. After it was discovered that Tora is actually King Pastoria and he allows his daughter Princess Ozma to continue ruling the Emerald City, King Pastoria started a tailor shop in the Emerald City with Humpy working as his tailor's dummy.

Sir Hokus of Pokes
Sir Hokus of Pokes is a character who is first introduced in The Royal Book of Oz by Ruth Plumly Thompson. His name is a reference to hocus pocus. He is an elderly knight, who doesn't realise that he is obsolete, in the vein of Don Quixote. Sir Hokus was discovered in the kingdom of Pokes, where he had been snoring for several centuries. Pokes is a small, sleepy (literally) kingdom by the road in Winkie Country, by the Winkie River. After joining Dorothy, Cowardly Lion, Comfortable Camel, and Doubtful Dromedary on an adventure, Sir Hokus returns with her to live at the Palace in the Emerald City.

In later books, he accompanies the main characters on several quests, and has a particularly significant adventure in The Yellow Knight of Oz and marries Princess Marygolden of Corabia. In that book, we learn that his current state is the result of magic of the Sultan of Samandra, a kingdom between Corumbia and Corabia where animals cannot speak. His favorite steed, the Comfortable Camel is immediately stuck dumb upon entering it. At the end of the novel, he becomes the younger Corum, Prince of Corumbia, the Yellow Knight of Oz, struck with the pit of a magic date that turns his silver armor golden and transforms him into a young, blond-haired man. Although Sir Hokus's disenchantment changed his appearance significantly, after his initial identification as Corum, he was referred to as Sir Hokus for the rest of the book. He does, however, receive a new steed, Stampedro, whom Speedy frees from enchantment and who facilitates Hokus's restoration.

This character shift was met with negative reaction from the fan base, and Thompson is reported to have been planning away to undo this element. In John R. Neill's writing, Hokus tends to be back to his old self, such as in The Scalawagons of Oz, when he play-fights a two-headed Dragonette. Even Thompson showed him as his implicitly old self and referred to him as Sir Hokus in a brief appearance in the Emerald City in Yankee in Oz (1972).

The entry of his first appearance into the public domain in 1997 made Hokus freely available to be used by other authors.

In an episode of Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz, he is voiced by Tom Kenny.

Percy
Percy is a laboratory rat from Ohio who debuts in Rachel Cosgrove Payes' The Hidden Valley of Oz. He came to the Land of Oz with Jam and two guinea pigs where they landed in Gillikin Country. At different points when it comes to the quest to defeat Terp the Terrible, Percy ate some of Terp the Terrible's special muffins that caused him to grow 10 times his usual size. After Terp the Terrible was defeated and Jam was sent back to Ohio, Percy persuaded the Wizard of Oz to permanently enlarge him. Percy has a "smart aleck" personality, frequently referring to everyone he meets as "kiddo."

In Payes' The Wicked Witch of Oz, Percy accompanied Dorothy Gale when the Wicked Witch of the South awakens from her long slumber.

Percy is the subject of Payes' shorter piece "Percy and the Shrinking Violet".

In the early 1990s, Payes was interviewed by The Baum Bugle in preparation for a rerelease of Hidden Valley and the first edition of the hitherto unpublished Wicked Witch. She explained that many of Percy's more bizarre traits, such as the "kiddos," were added in by Reilly & Lee editors without her consent, in an attempt to make the book more relevant with the slang of 1951.

As Percy remains under copyright, he generally is not used by other authors. However, Ray Powell bucked this restriction by including Percy in the rarely circulated novel The Raggedys in Oz (a crossover between Oz and the creations of Johnny Gruelle) in the 1980s.

Gillikin Country

Agnes
Agnes is a dragon who appeared in The Giant Horse of Oz. She is the close friend and assistant of the Good Witch of the North.

Great Royal Marshmallow
The Great Royal Marshmallow is a marshmallow man that rules over the Candy Country. In Dorothy of Oz, Dorothy and Toto are brought before the Great Royal Marshmallow by the Royal Sheriff when they broke the law of picking lollipops. The Great Royal Marshmallow was not pleased with what the Royal Sheriff told him as Dorothy learns the Great Royal Marshmallow is depressed due to a stomachache. Dorothy convinces the Royal Sheriff to let her help the Great Royal Marshmallow get rid of his stomachache. Dorothy tells the Great Royal Marshmallow to stick to eating marshmallows for a while until his stomach is feeling better. When the Great Royal Marshmallow pardons Dorothy and Toto of their crime, Dorothy tells the Great Royal Marshmallow that she came to the Land of Oz upon being told by Glinda the Good Witch that the Land of Oz is in danger. The Great Royal Marshmallow helps Dorothy by having his subjects give Dorothy some supplies for her journey ranging from baskets containing fruits, an assortment of candy, and an assortment of nuts. The Great Royal Marshmallow has the Royal Sheriff escort Dorothy and Toto to the border as he tells Dorothy that Princess Gayelette can help her.

Jester
The Jester is a servant of Princess Gayelette and Prince Quelala.

In Dorothy of Oz, the Jester had gotten his hands on a wand of the Wicked Witch of the West and was possessed by her ghost. Under the Wicked Witch of the West's possession, the Jester used the wand to turn Princess Gayelette, Prince Quelala, and their dinner guests into China Dolls. He even managed to do the same thing to Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion as well as abduct the China Princess from the Dainty China Country. When Dorothy and Toto arrived in Princess Gayelette's kingdom, they run into the Jester who points them to Princess Gayelette's castle. When Dorothy learns about the Jester's actions, she returns to the main hall and found that the Jester had turned Toto into a China Doll as the Jester shows Dorothy his China Doll collection. Dorothy came up with an idea to bring Glinda the Good Witch to the Jester under the condition that Toto, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion assists her. The Jester agrees to Dorothy's deal, but Toto will remain with him. When the Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion slipped into their China Doll disguises upon arrival outside of Princess Gayelette's castle, Dorothy then meets up with the Jester who shows Dorothy his collection which is now on the outside. Dorothy takes the Jester to the red wagon where Dorothy has him open the crates where she claims that Glinda is in one of them claiming that Glinda turned herself, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion into china dolls. Dorothy then hears the voice of the Wicked Witch of the West's ghost who suspects a trick and orders the Jester to turn Dorothy into a china doll quickly. As the Wicked Witch of the West's ghost continues to warn the Jester of Dorothy's trick, the Cowardly Lion's tail comes out of his disguise as the Jester prepares to attack. Dorothy reminds the Jester that jesters are supposed to make people happy causing the Jester to freeze in his tracks as the Wicked Witch of the West's ghost urges the Jester to turn Dorothy into a china doll. The Jester gives up the wand as the Wicked Witch of the West's ghost fades away. Thus, the spell is broken and everyone is returned to normal. Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and Toto rejoice now that the spell is broken. When Dorothy asks Princess Gayelette and Prince Quelala if the Jester can stay and jest for them again as a way to prove that he is sorry, Princess Gayelette accepts Dorothy's deals and has the Jester entertain them again.

The Jester appears in Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (loosely based on the Dorothy of Oz book) voiced by Martin Short. In the film, he is stated to be the brother of the Wicked Witch of the West and his Earth counterpart is a con artist claiming to be a government appraiser. The Jester has been capturing important people throughout the Land of Oz like His Woodjesty of the Twigs, the Bandmaster of Tune Town, Queen Else of Somewhere, General Blotz, General Candy Apple, Grand Bozzywood of Samandra, the Ferryman of Winkie River, Chief Dipper of Pumperdink, and Baron Belfaygor of Bourne.

Kabumpo

Kabumpo is an Indian elephant who appears in several of the Ruth Plumly Thompson Oz books, including a titular role in Kabumpo in Oz.

King Kinda Jolly
King Kinda Jolly of Kimbaloo is a character in The Lost King of Oz. The short and stout king of Kimbaloo, is a jolly little Gillikin in the kingdom known for its button trees and the crops they provide. Kinda Jolly wears a silver crown to match his silver beard, and is married to the sweet little Queen, Rosa Merry. He is the leader of the 249 other male citizens of Kimbaloo, and in charge of the button crops. He loves his people dearly and is loved by them. He once hired the witch Mombi as a cook in his palace, against the advice of Hah Hoh, the town laugher of the kingdom, since he took pity on the friendless old woman, and did not know she was, in fact, a former witch.

Leopard with the Changeable Spots
The Leopard with the Changeable Spots, nicknamed "Spots", is a leopard that lives in an unnamed jungle in Gillikin Country as seen in The Hidden Valley of Oz. He gets his name from the markings on his coat change, both randomly and in response to his feelings. They shift "from pink diamonds, to violet hearts, to spinning pinwheels; and so on and on...from golden snow flakes to silver crosses," plus "green apples" and "pink elephants," "red dots" and "big, black exclamation marks," "blue moons" and "electric lights." When he's in doubt, he produces "blue question marks," and when he is angry he has "brightly colored swords and muskets spinning madly on his back." It's because of his uniqueness that he is considered an outcast to his fellow leopards. Dorothy's group befriend the Leopard with the Changeable Spots where they nickname him "Spots". He joins them on their quest to defeat Terp the Terrible.

The Leopard with the Changeable Spots later starred in the story "Spots in Oz" where he and the Hungry Tiger investigate a spell that causes all the spots to disappear.

Pinny and Gig
Pinny and Gig are two guinea pigs from Ohio who debut in The Hidden Valley of Oz. They came with Jam and Percy to the Land of Oz where Jam's kite landed in Gillikin country. After escaping from Terp the Terrible's castle, Pinny and Gig did not have the taste for adventure and moved in with a farmer and his wife who allowed Jam to stay at their farm for the night.

Prince Pompadore
Prince Pompadore (called Pompa for short) is the prince of Pumperdink who first appears in Kabumpo in Oz. He is the son of King Pompus. Kabumpo the Elephant is his mentor and bodyguard. The plot focuses on Kabumpo and Pompa as they search for the "proper princess" described in a disturbing prophecy delivered to the Pumperdink palace. After many slapstick-filled misadventures, Pompa finds his intended mate, Princess Peg Amy of Suntop Mountain. While Kabumpo becomes a mainstay in Thompson's work, Pompa fades into the background, with his "niche" in the Kabumpo adventures taken by Randy of Regalia. Pompadore appears in The Purple Prince of Oz 10 years later when his family is kidnapped by the wicked fairy Faleero. He and Peg Amy are shown to have a daughter, Pajonia, giving Pompa the distinction of being the only human character explicitly stated to have fathered a child during the "present day" portions of Thompson's Oz books.

Tugg
Tugg is a wooden tugboat.

In Dorothy of Oz, Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion design and build Tugg from the limbs of the Talking Trees that are on the banks of the Munchkin River, some straw to make it waterproof, vines to make the ropes that held them all together, and a foghorn out of a hollow log with vine for a cord. Using some water and wild red berries, Dorothy converted them into a paint so that she can draw Tugg's mouth. When Tugg is named, Tugg starts to speak where he thanks the group for building him. Tugg tells the Talking Trees that he will travel the Munchkin River and tell them of what he has seen. Dorothy and her group board Tugg and they travel downstream. When Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion were in the Gamekeeper's maze, Tugg used his foghorn to help them get out before time ran out. Tugg then continues to carry the group down the Munchkin River until they reach the Munchkin Village. When Tugg gets close to where the Dainty China Country is located, Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and China Princess disembark as he heads back to the Talking Trees to tell them what he has seen on his journey. Dorothy states to Tugg that they will meet him again as soon as possible. Before her confrontation with the Jester, Dorothy has Wiser the Owl look for Tugg and tell him of their progress. After the Jester was freed from the possession of the Wicked Witch of the West's wand, Tugg later appeared on the part of the Munchkin River near Princess Gayelette's castle with Wiser and the dragons that were encountered along the way.

Tugg appears in Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (based on the Dorothy of Oz book) voiced by Patrick Stewart. This version is an old tree who donates his body to make a tugboat for Dorothy, Marshal Mallow, China Princess, and Wiser the Owl to travel the Munchkin River on.

Wiser the Owl
Wiser the Owl is an owl who has an unlucky attraction to molasses.

In Dorothy of Oz, Dorothy and Toto encounter Wiser who mentioned that he got his name because he gets wiser every day. When Dorothy tells Wiser that she is here looking for Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and Glinda, Wiser tells Dorothy that she is in Gillikin Country and tells her to head to Candy Country and ask the Great Royal Marshmallow that rules over Candy Country. Wiser points Dorothy in the direction of the Candy Country and leaves while warning her to "watch out for the molasses." Unfortunately, Toto doesn't heed the warning. While traveling to Glinda's castle, Dorothy, Scarecrow, Tin Man, Cowardly Lion, and China Princess run into Wiser as Dorothy tells him of her next mission involving going to Quadling County to meet with Glinda. Wiser tells Dorothy to build a boat and drive it down the Munchkin River. Wiser tells Dorothy that the wood for the boat must come from the Talking Trees that grow along the banks of the Munchkin River. Before Dorothy's confrontation with the Jester, Dorothy ends up encountering Wiser again. He asks if she has found Glinda. Dorothy then asks Wiser to help the Cowardly Lion with a crate and get him into his life-size china doll. After the Cowardly Lion is in his china doll disguise, Dorothy tells Wiser to find Tugg and tell him of their progress. After the Jester is freed from the possession of the Wicked Witch of the West's wand, Wiser appears at the river banks near Princess Gayelette's castle with Tugg and the dragons that Dorothy encountered along the way.

Wiser the Owl appears in Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (based on the Dorothy of Oz book) voiced by Oliver Platt.

Witch of the North
The Witch of the North was not named in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz nor was she named in any of Baum's Oz books. However, Baum gave her the name of Locasta in the 1902 musical extravaganza, The Wizard of Oz. Ruth Plumly Thompson, Baum's handpicked successor in writing Oz books, revamped the character and gave her the name of Tattypoo.

This version is not to be confused with the Good Witch of the North.

Quadling Country

Belfaygor of Bourne
Belfaygor of Bourne is a major character in Ruth Plumly Thompson's Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz.

Belfaygor resides in the Land of the Barons location of Bourne in the Quadling Country. He is in love with Shirley Sunshine, but because of a magic spell poorly cast by his Miserable Mesmerizer when he asked for a beard for his wedding day, his beard grows at such a rapid rate that he must carry scissors to constantly cut it. This causes severe problems when sleeping. When he is locked in a prison cell with Peter Brown, Jack Pumpkinhead, and Snif, all except Jack get a close-call as his beard grows in the night, filling so much of the cell that it makes it difficult to breathe.

Belfaygor's curse is often brought up in discussions of the inconsistencies about aging and death in the Land of Oz, as it indicates that mitosis continues to exist in Oz.

After Shirley Sunshine is rescued from Mogodore the Mighty, Belfaygore's beard disappears when he is caught and released from the pirate sack Peter found in The Gnome King of Oz as well as the enchantment being broken by the Wizard of Oz. Afterward, he vows never to grow a beard again as he finally marries Shirley.

Jack Snow's encyclopedia Who's Who in Oz (1954) describes Belfaygor as ruler over all the other barons, although Thompson never implied that this was the case.

In Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return, Belfaygor is shown among the captives of the Jester that were turned into marionettes.

Bell-snickle
Bell-snickle is the major villain of The Scalawagons of Oz. He is described as being like a blue-green buckwheat cake, and is proud to be a mystery. He interferes with the flabber-gas that operates the Scalawagons, sending them out of control. After his defeat, Jenny Jump used him as a rubber stamp in her shop.

Bell-snickle appears to be named after the German folkloric character Belsnickel, but does not have any obvious resemblance to him.

Snif
Snif is a character who appears in Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz.

Snif is an -iffin which is a doggerel-spouting griffin that lost its "gr." He first appears where he joins up with Peter Brown and Jack Pumpkinhead. Snif, Peter, and Jack later meet Baron Belfaygore and help in rescuing his fiancé Shirley Sunshine from Mogodore the Mighty. After Mogodore is defeated, Snif regains his "gr" and becomes a griffin again.

Munchkin Country

Abatha
Abatha the Good Witch of the East is the title character in Eric Shanower's graphic novel, The Blue Witch of Oz. She fell under a spell during a custody battle with her brother-in-law over custody of her son.

Crunch
Crunch is a gigantic stone man who appears in The Cowardly Lion of Oz. He was created by the wizard Wam during the early history of the Land of Oz. As Wam didn't have a purpose for Crunch, he wandered all over the Land of Oz.

Many years later, Crunch met Notta Bit More and the Cowardly Lion when they fell from the Skyle. He did join their party until got impatient with the customs of non-magical beings. Crunch took the Cowardly Lion to Mustafa in Mudge so that Mustafa can add the Cowardly Lion to his collection of lions. Then Crunch turned the Cowardly Lion and Mustafa's collection of lions to stone. Glinda and the Wizard of Oz used their magic to freeze Crunch. Ozma states that Crunch's frozen body will remain in Mudge as her way to punish Mustafa.

Handy Mandy
Handy Mandy is a goatherder who appears in Handy Mandy in Oz.

She comes from Mt. Mern somewhere in the eastern part of Nonestica where its inhabitants have seven arms. She described each of her hands to King Kerr and his nobles:

A geyser transported Handy Mandy to Keretaria in Munchkin Country. After being reprieved from the dungeon by Nox the Royal Ox, Handy Mandy joins him in finding King Kerry who is the rightful heir to Keretaria. They stumble upon a plot by the Wizard of Wutz to take over the Land of Oz even when Ruggedo is accidentally freed from his jar. When she strikes her silver hammer, she summoned an elf named Himself who turns the Wizard of Wutz and Ruggedo into potted cacti. After order is restored by Ozma, Mandy is finally given gloves. After a month back on Mt. Mern, she uses a wishing pill given to her to emigrated herself and her goat herd to Keretaria to start a new life.

Mooj
Mooj is a "bent and hideous" old Munchkin magician who appears in Ojo in Oz.

He usurped the throne of Seebania and dwells in a clock-filled hut on Moojer Mountain. It took Princess Ozma, Realbad, and the Wizard of Oz to defeat Mooj. Princess Ozma turned him into a drop of water that is sent into the Nonestic Ocean.

Realbad
Realbad is a tall, strong, and handsome man who appears in Ojo in Oz.

He is the chieftain of a bandit gang in Munchkin Country. He is later revealed to be Ree Alla Bad, the rightful King of Seebania, Ojo's father, and nephew of Unc Nuckie.

Snufferbux
Snufferbux, full name, Snufforious Buxorious Blundorious Boroso, is a bear who appears in Ojo in Oz. A group of gypsies captured Snufferbux with a bucket of honey and used him to perform for them. He gained his freedom when he fell in with Ojo and Realbad. Snufferbux accompanied them in their journey across Munchkin Country. After Mooj is defeated, Ozma provided Snufferbux with satisfaction by having the gypsies that captured him exiled from the Land of Oz.

X. Pando
X. Pando is a tall man with accordion-like legs who appears in Ojo in Oz.

X. Pando is an elevator man who lifts people to the top of Moojer Mountain. The payment is something minor like a brief dance. Though it isn't certain how much traffic he bears.

Zif
Zif is a Munchkin who appears in The Royal Book of Oz. He is a student at Wogglebug's College of Art and Athletic Perfection.

Winkie Country

Comfortable Camel
The Comfortable Camel is a Bactrian camel who came to the Land of Oz in The Royal Book of Oz. He and his companion the Doubtful Dromedary got lost in a sandstorm and ended up in Oz near the Deadly Desert where they met Dorothy Gale. The two of them assisted Dorothy Gale, Cowardly Lion, and Sir Hokes of Pokes in searching for Scarecrow.

Doubtful Dromedary
The Doubtful Dromedary is a dromedary who came to the Land of Oz in The Royal Book of Oz and doubts everything he says. He and his companion the Comfortable Camel got lost in a sandstorm and ended up in Oz near the Deadly Desert where they met Dorothy Gale. The two of them assisted Dorothy Gale, Cowardly Lion, and Sir Hokes of Pokes in searching for Scarecrow.

Peg Amy
Peg Amy is a wooden doll from Kabumpo in Oz who is revealed to be the long-lost princess of Sun Top Mountain in Winkie Country. After being freed from her enchantment, Peg Amy married Prince Pompadore and they ruled Sun Top Mountain together, though they spent part of their time in his father's kingdom, Pumperdink. In The Purple Prince of Oz they have a daughter named Pajonia, making Peg the only named human in Oz to have given birth in the "present day" of Ruth Plumly Thompson's stories.

Outside of Oz

A-B-Sea Serpent
The A-B-Sea Serpent is a large snake made of alphabet blocks who comes from Mer City in the Nonestic Ocean.

First appearing in The Royal Book of Oz, the A-B-Sea Serpent and the Rattlesnake were on vacation in the Munchkin River where they encounter the Scarecrow. After A-B-Sea Serpent helped Scarecrow cross the Munchkin River, he invited A-B-Sea Serpent and Rattlesnake to the Emerald City to meet Princess Ozma, Betsy Bobbin, Patchwork Girl, and Tin Woodman.

Rattlesnake
The Rattlesnake is a snake made of 100 rattles who is the A-B-Sea Serpent's companion.

First appearing in The Royal Book of Oz, the A-B-Sea Serpent and the Rattlesnake were on vacation in the Munchkin River where they encounter the Scarecrow. After A-B-Sea Serpent helped Scarecrow cross the Munchkin River, he invited A-B-Sea Serpent and Rattlesnake to the Emerald City to meet Princess Ozma, Betsy Bobbin, Patchwork Girl, and Tin Woodman.

Clocker
Clocker is a clock-headed man who serves as the wise man of Menankypoo and first appears in Pirates in Oz.

He can only speak once every 15 minutes when the clock sounds and its cuckoo emerges with a note. The people of Menankypoo confined Clocker to Kadj the Conqueror's cave for "putting ideas in the former king's head." Clocker forms an alliance with Ruggedo in his latest plot to conquer the Land of Oz. This starts when they take advantage of the invading pirates and persuade them to side with Ruggedo. With help from Peter and Captain Salt, Princess Ozma thwarts the invasion and one of the things she does is keep Clocker so that he can be reprogrammed.

Captain Samuel Salt
Captain Samuel Salt is the sea captain of the Crescent Moon who first appears in Pirates in Oz.

While he gained fame as a pirate captain, he was most interested in exploring causing his crew to abandon him and take two of his ships. When he arrived on Octagon Island, he encountered King Ako whose men also deserted him. The two of them left alongside Ako's companion Roger the Read Bird. The three of them met Peter Brown when they were looking for their deserted crew. After Ruggedo and the pirates are defeated, Captain Salt leaves the pirate business and remains in Oz as the Royal Explorer.

In Captain Salt in Oz, Captain Salt had the Crescent Moon refitted by Jinnicky the Red Jinn. He, King Ako, Roger the Read Bird where they discovered Patrippany, Ozamaland, Peakenspire Island, the Sea Forest, and Seeweegia.

In The Wonder City of Oz, Captain Salt was present at Ozma's birthday party.

In The Scalawagons of Oz, Captain Salt was present when the Wizard of Oz unveiled his latest invention in the form of the Scalawagons.

Captain Salt is one of Thompson's more popular Oz creations, but his copyright status has restricted his use by other authors. While his titular novel entered the public domain in 1965 due to a clerical oversight, his first appearance remains protected until 1 January 2027.

Jinnicky the Red Jinn

Jinnicky the Red Jinn is a character who frequently appears in Ruth Plumly Thompson's Oz books. He is depicted as a character who owns a lot of slaves and has his red body enclosed in a ginger jar. For long-distance travel he uses a magic jinriskishka. He maintains a friendly but sincere rivalry with the Wizard of Oz and is anxious to stop Faleero in "The Purple Prince of Oz" before the Wizard of Oz does.

Pigasus

Pigasus is a flying pig character written by Ruth Plumly Thompson in the 1930s. Her Pigasus was also a winged pig. As with Pegasus, his riders gained the gift of poesy, being magically compelled to speak in rhyming jingles while on his back. The character first appeared in Pirates in Oz (1931) and played a major role in the plot of The Wishing Horse of Oz (1935).

Other post-Baum characters

Baum's successors created other characters for the series that are either mentioned in passing, or play minor roles in the series. The following are in this category:

 Bangladore - A young candy giant that lives in a forest in Winkie Country.
 Blink - The housekeeper of the Scarecrow's mansion in Winkie Country.
 Mops - A worker at Scarecrow's mansion who serves as his cook.
 Pid - A servant of Sir Hokes.
 Wag - A traveling rabbit who was formerly bribed by Ruggedo and has a weakness for collecting. He later joins Kabumpo and Prince Pompadore in their quest to stop Ruggedo and Glegg.

See also
 List of Oz characters (created by Baum)
 List of Wicked characters

References

List
Oz


text:
Roger Loyer (Párizs, 1907. augusztus 5. – Boulogne-Billancourt, 1988. március 24.) francia autó- és motorversenyző.

Pályafutása

Két futamgyőzelmet szerzett a gyorsaságimotoros-világbajnokságon. 1937-ben a 250 köbcentiméteres géposztály francia futamán lett első, egy évvel később pedig a 350 köbcentimétereseknél nyerte meg hazája versenyét.

1938 és 1953 között öt alkalommal állt rajthoz a Le Mans-i 24 órás viadalon. Roger az öt futam egyikén sem ért célba.

1954-ben részt vett a Formula–1-es világbajnokság argentin versenyén. A futamon mindössze tizenkilenc kört teljesített; technikai problémák miatt kiesett. Pályafutása alatt elindult több, a világbajnokság keretein kívül rendezett Formula–1-es versenyen is.

Eredményei

Le Mans-i 24 órás autóverseny

Teljes Formula–1-es eredménylistája

Jegyzetek

További információk
 Profilja a grandprix.com honlapon
 Profilja a statsf1.com honlapon

Francia autóversenyzők
Francia motorversenyzők
Francia Formula–1-es versenyzők
1907-ben született személyek
1988-ban elhunyt személyek