text:
Das Art/Brut Center Gugging ist ein Kulturzentrum, das sich auf den ehemaligen Klinikarealen der 2007 geschlossenen NÖ Landesnervenklinik Ost – Klosterneuburg-Gugging befindet.

Gegenwart
Das Art/Brut Center Gugging besteht aus folgenden Teilinstitutionen:

 Haus der Künstler
 museum gugging
 galerie gugging
 Offenes Atelier

In der gegenwärtigen Konstellation des Kulturzentrums greifen die historisch gewachsenen Teilinstitutionen ineinander: das Haus der Künstler ist eine vollbetreute Wohneinrichtung für Kunstschaffende mit Psychiatriehintergrund oder Behinderung. In der Wohneinrichtung wird die Basis für die künstlerische Tätigkeit der Bewohner geschaffen. Im Haus der Künstler und besonders im offenen Atelier werden Kunstschaffende individuell im schöpferischen Prozess unterstützt und gefördert. Das museum gugging und die galerie gugging bieten die Infrastruktur für einen den Kunstschaffenden und deren Werken entsprechenden professionellen Ausstellungsbetrieb.

Geschichte

Leo Navratil und die Zeichentest-Methode
Das Jahr 1954 markierte den Beginn der Entstehung von Bildwerken in der damaligen psychiatrischen Klinik Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Gugging: Der Psychiater Leo Navratil führte mit seinen Patienten spezielle Zeichentests zu diagnostischen Zwecken durch. Angeregt dazu wurde er durch die Auseinandersetzung mit der Methode "Personality projection in the drawing of a human figure: A method of personality investigation" der amerikanischen Psychologin Karen Machover aus dem Jahr 1949. Navratil wurde überrascht von der Kreativität und dem künstlerischen Potenzial einzelner seiner Patienten. Dass es beinahe ausschließlich männliche Bildautoren sind, liegt daran, dass Navratil in den Männerabteilungen des psychiatrischen Krankenhauses tätig war.

1965 veröffentlichte Navratil Schizophrenie und Kunst. Ein Beitrag zur Psychologie des Gestaltens. Mit diesem Buch gelangten erstmals Abbildungen von Werken bzw. Lyrik aus der Klinik in Gugging an die Außenwelt. Die Publikation erregte das Interesse anderer Künstler dieser Zeit, wie beispielsweise Peter Pongratz oder Arnulf Rainer. Sie suchten darauf die psychiatrische Klinik in Gugging auf, um die Schöpferinnen und Schöpfer der unter Pseudonymen veröffentlichten Werke aus Navratils Publikation kennenzulernen und um mehr Werke zu sehen.

Jean Dubuffet und Art brut
Im Jahr 1969 kam es zum ersten Briefwechsel zwischen Navratil und Jean Dubuffet, unter anderem Begründer des Terminus Art brut. Nachdem Navratil im Rahmen dieser Korrespondenz zwei Radierungen von Johann Hauser an Dubuffet geschickt hatte, erwuchs Dubuffets Interesse an den Kunstschaffenden in der Anstalt in Gugging. In weiterer Folge kam es zur Zuteilung der Werke aus Gugging und der Kategorisierung zur Art brut durch Dubuffet selbst. Werke aus Gugging wurden ab diesem Zeitpunkt verstärkt innerhalb dieser Zuschreibung rezipiert, die im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs fortlaufend kritisch diskutiert wird.

Die erste Ausstellung von Kunst aus Gugging: "Pareidolien"
Im Jahr 1970 fand die erste Ausstellung von Kunstwerken aus Gugging statt. Schauplatz war die Galerie nächst St. Stephan im Stadtzentrum Wiens. Der Titel der Ausstellung lautete: "Pareidolien. Druckgraphik aus dem Niederösterreichischen Landeskrankenhaus für Psychiatrie und Neurologie Klosterneuburg." Gezeigt wurden 84 teilweise kolorierte Radierungen. Die Ausstellung war ein öffentlicher Erfolg. Das Interesse der Medien sowie der Besucherandrang waren hoch. 500 Blätter der gezeigten Graphiken wurden verkauft. Unter anderem erfolgte ein Ankauf von Werken aus Gugging durch die Albertina Wien.

Gründung Haus der Künstler und Art/Brut Center Gugging
Zu Beginn der achtziger Jahre wurden Umstrukturierungen im Krankenhaus in Gugging vorgenommen. Diese brachten eine entscheidende Chance für Navratil und eine Gruppe künstlerisch talentierter Patienten mit sich: 1981 konnte Navratil, unter entscheidender Initiative des Klinikdirektors Alois Marksteiner, das "Zentrum für Kunst-Psychotherapie" bzw. das spätere Haus der Künstler gründen. 18 Patienten zogen in das Zentrum ein und hatten ab diesem Zeitpunkt die Möglichkeit in ihrem Wohnbereich ihren kreativen Tätigkeiten nachzugehen und dabei besondere Unterstützung zu erfahren.

Im Jahr 1986 trat Johann Feilacher, ab diesem Zeitpunkt Leiter des hauses der künstler sowie späterer Gründer des Art/Brut Center Gugging und künstlerischer Direktor des museum gugging, Navratils Nachfolge an. Unter Feilachers Initiative begann man 1983 die Bemalung der Fassade der Wohneinrichtung. 1986 erfolgte durch ihn die Umbenennung des "Zentrums für Kunst-Psychotherapie" in Haus der Künstler. Mit der Umbenennung initiierte Feilacher sowohl eine inhaltliche Umorientierung der Wohneinrichtung, als auch die Aufhebung des Patientenstatus – Menschen und Kunstschaffende wurden in den Mittelpunkt gerückt.

1994 wurde die galerie gugging als Verkaufsgalerie gegründet. Ab dem Jahr 1997 begann man mit der Renovierung und dem Umbau des ehemaligen Kinderhauses der "NÖ Landes-Irrenanstalt Kierling Gugging", um Galerieräumlichkeiten sowie Arbeits- und Lagerräume zu schaffen. Im Jahr 2006 wurde in diesen Räumlichkeiten schließlich das Art/Brut Center Gugging in seiner heutigen Form eröffnet.

Künstler aus Gugging
Bekannteste Kunstschaffende aus Gugging der ersten Generation sind die Künstler Johann Hauser, Oswald Tschirtner, August Walla sowie der Lyriker Ernst Herbeck.

Die erste Generation der Künstler aus Gugging waren Patienten der damaligen Heil- und Pflegeanstalt Gugging. Der Psychiater Leo Navratil entdeckte zu Teilen deren künstlerisches Talent im Rahmen der von ihm in Gugging praktizierten Zeichentest-Methode bzw. wurde er in Folge seiner Tätigkeit darauf aufmerksam gemacht. Das beinahe ausschließlich männliche Geschlecht der ersten Generation von Künstlern aus Gugging ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass Navratil in den Männerabteilungen des psychiatrischen Krankenhauses tätig war.

Heute werden die Werke von Kunstschaffenden aus Gugging der ersten Generation und der gegenwärtigen, im Rahmen wechselnder Ausstellungen im museum gugging präsentiert bzw. von der galerie gugging vertreten. Werke aus Gugging sind darüber hinaus Teil internationaler privater und öffentlicher Sammlungen, wie des Philadelphia Museum of Art, des Milwaukee Art Museum oder des Setagaya Art Museum, Tokyo.

Folgende Künstler gingen aus Gugging hervor (Auswahl):
 Franz Artenjak (1920–1985)
 Josef Bachler (1914–1979)
 Laila Bachtiar (* 1971)
 Josef Blahaut (1922–unbekannt)
 Anton Dobay (1906–1986)
 Leonhard Fink (* 1982)
 Alois Fischbach (1926–1987)
 Johann Fischer (1919–2008)
 Franz Gableck (1910–1974)
 Johann Garber (* 1947)
 Johann Hauser (1926–1996)
 Ernst Herbeck (1920–1991)
 Helmut Hladisch (* 1961)
 Rudolf Horacek (1915–1986)
 Franz Kamlander (1920–1999)
 Franz Kernbeis (1935–2019)
 Fritz Koller (1929–1994)
 Johann Korec (1937–2008)
 Rudolf Limberger (1937–1988)
 Fritz Opitz (1911–1987)
 Otto Prinz (1906–1980)
 Heinrich Reisenbauer (* 1938)
 Arnold Schmidt (* 1959)
 Philipp Schöpke (1921–1998)
 Günther Schützenhöfer (* 1965)
 Jürgen Tauscher (* 1974)
 Oswald Tschirtner (1920–2007)
 Karl Vondal (* 1953)
 August Walla (1936–2001)
 Erich Zittra (1915–1980)

Auszeichnungen und Ehrungen
Im Jahr 1990 wurde die Gruppe der Künstler aus Gugging mit dem Oskar-Kokoschka Preis ausgezeichnet.

Rezeption
Kunstschaffende waren fasziniert von Kunst aus Gugging und suchen bis heute die kreative Auseinandersetzung damit: Arnulf Rainer, Alfred Hrdlicka, Eduard Angeli, Peter Pongratz, Franz Ringel, Loys Egg, Friederike Mayröcker, Ernst Jandl, André Heller waren früh an einer Auseinandersetzung interessiert.

Vermittelt durch André Heller besuchte im Jahr 1994 David Bowie gemeinsam mit Brian Eno das haus der künstler in Gugging. Der Besuch wurde von der Fotografin Christine de Grancy dokumentiert. Im Jahr darauf erschien in Zusammenarbeit mit Eno Bowies Album 1. Outside, das sich mit menschlicher Existenz abseits der Norm auseinandersetzt.

Der Modeschöpfer Christopher Kane kreierte im Jahr 2015 eine Kollektion, zu der er sich vor Ort in Gugging vor allem von den Werken von Johann Korec und Heinrich Reisenbauer inspirieren ließ. Die aus diesem Besuch resultierende Pre-Fall Collection wurde im Jänner 2017 erstmals in Kanes Showroom in Paris präsentiert.

Weblinks
Fotos zu Künstlern der Galerie Gugging von Silke Wernet

Einzelnachweise

Kultur (Klosterneuburg)
Kulturzentrum (Niederösterreich)
Organisation (Klosterneuburg)


text:
Pico Duarte je najviši vrh Dominikanske Republike i svih karipskih otoka. Visok je 3098 metara.

Prvi uspon na Pico Duarte dogodio se 1851. godine, kada se na njega popeo britanski konzul Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk. Nazvao je planinu "Monte Tina " i procijenio visinu na 3140 metara. Godine 1912., svećenik Miguel Fuertes smatrao je, da je Pico Duarte viši te najviši vrh otoka Hispaniole.

Planinu je godinu dana kasnije istraživao švedski botaničar Erik Leonard Ekman i smatrao, da je Englez bliže istini.

Za vrijeme diktatrora Rafael Trujilla, zvao se Pico Trujillo, a nakon njegove smrti preimenovan je u današnje ime Pico Duarte, u čast Juana Pabla Duarte, jednog od očeva domovine u Dominikanskoj Republici. Na vrhu se nalazi njegova brončana bista te dominikanska zastava i križ.

Područje planine ima klimu koja je vrlo netipična za karipski otok, s hladnim temperaturama tijekom cijele godine, Temperatura je malo ispod 0°C tijekom zimskih noći.

Reljefni oblici u Dominikanskoj Republici
Planinski vrhovi u Sjevernoj Americi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Christian Lukas (* 29. Juli 1970 in Witten) ist ein deutscher Filmkritiker und Sachbuchautor, der sich in seinen Büchern vor allem mit Fernsehserien auseinandersetzt.

Leben
Christian Lukas hat sich in seinen bislang erschienenen Büchern vor allem mit Fernsehserien wie Buffy – Im Bann der Dämonen und Akte X – Die unheimlichen Fälle des FBI auseinandergesetzt. Mit Die Scream-Trilogie und die Geschichte des Teenhorrorfilms hat er außerdem ein deutsches Standardwerk zum Thema Teenhorror verfasst. Den größten Teil seiner Bücher hat er mit dem Dortmunder Filmjournalisten Sascha Westphal geschrieben.

Weitere Bücher befassen sich mit Fernsehserien wie Sex and the City oder Desperate Housewives. Bei allen Sekundärtiteln handelt es sich um inoffizielle Bücher, die sich filmjournalistisch und filmhistorisch mit der jeweiligen Materie auseinandersetzen. Titel von ihm wurden ins Russische und Ungarische übersetzt.

Der Autor arbeitet darüber hinaus im Metier des Heftromans.

Werke (Auswahl)
 Benedict Cumberbatch – Die unautorisierte Biografie. zus. mit Christian Humberg. Rohde, St. Augustin 2013.
 Bollywood. Heel, Königswinter 2006, ISBN 978-3-89880-571-1.
 Housewives – zum Äußersten bereit, zus. mit Sascha Westphal. Heyne, München 2005, ISBN 3-453-59017-1.
 Zauberhafte Hexen. Heel, Königswinter 2003, ISBN 3-89880-163-2.
 Die Stadt, der Sex und die Frauen, zus. mit Sascha Westphal. Heyne, München 2002, ISBN 3-453-86535-9.
 Angel – der dunkle Engel, zus. mit Sascha Westphal. Droemer Knaur, München 2002, ISBN 3-426-62082-0.
 Die Scream-Trilogie ... und die Geschichte des Teen-Horrorfilms, zus. mit Sascha Westphal. Heyne, München 2000, ISBN 3-453-18124-7.
 Buffy – im Bann der Dämonen. Droemer Knaur, München 1999, ISBN 3-426-61354-9.
 Ewan McGregor. Heyne, München 1999, ISBN 3-453-16147-5.
 Stargate, zus. mit Claudia Kern. Heyne, München 1999, ISBN 3-453-15404-5.
 X-Akten. Econ-und-List-Taschenbuch-Verlag, München 1998, ISBN 3-612-26591-1.
 David Duchovny. Heyne, München 1997, ISBN 3-453-13396-X.
 Gillian Anderson. Heyne, München 1997, ISBN 3-453-13395-1.

Weblinks

 Christian Lukas' Bücherwelten, offizielle Seite

Autor
Filmkritiker
Person (Witten)
Deutscher
Geboren 1970
Mann


text:
Hurlburt steht für:

 Hurlburt (Indiana), Ort in Indiana
 Hurlburt Motor Truck Company, ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Nutzfahrzeughersteller
 Hurlburt Field, Militärflugplatz in Florida

Hurlburt ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Joshua Hurlburt-Yu (* 1994), kanadischer Badmintonspieler


text:
A Tyerenygai járás (oroszul Тереньгульский район) Oroszország egyik járása az Uljanovszki területen. Székhelye Tyerenyga.

Népesség

 2002-ben lakosságának 70%-a orosz, 12,5%-a csuvas, 12%-a mordvin, 4%-a tatár.
 2010-ben 18 761 lakosa volt, melynek 75%-a orosz, 9,9%-a csuvas, 6,5%-a mordvin, 4,1%-a tatár.

Források
 Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам России. Демоскоп Weekly.
 A 2010-es népszámlálás adatai: http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm

Az Uljanovszki terület járásai


text:
Dendryphantes ovchinnikovi är en spindelart som beskrevs av Logunov, Marusik 1994. Dendryphantes ovchinnikovi ingår i släktet Dendryphantes och familjen hoppspindlar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Hoppspindlar
ovchinnikovi


text:
Воймежный — посёлок в Шатурском муниципальном районе Московской области. Входит в состав Кривандинского сельского поселения. Население —  чел. ().

Расположение
Посёлок Воймежный расположен в центральной части Шатурского района, расстояние до МКАД порядка 142 км. Высота над уровнем моря 120 м.

Название
Посёлок назван по реке Воймега, протекающей к востоку от посёлка.

История
К юго-востоку от посёлка на озёрах Воймега и Карасово расоположены стоянки первобытного человека (неолит, эпоха бронзы) и поселения XIV—XVII века.

Во второй половине 1990-х — первой половине 2000-х годов посёлок входил в Лузгаринский сельский округ.

В окрестностях посёлка обитают несколько видов бабочек, занесённых в Красную книгу Московской области: прозерпина, вилохвост буковый, лишайница мышиная, ложная пестрянка Фегеля, анарта черничная, совка ювентина и др.

Население

См. также
 Воймежный (платформа)

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Населённые пункты Шатурского района
Сельское поселение Кривандинское


text:
L'Indépendance Belge (1843–1940), initially published as L'Indépendant (1831–1843), was a politically liberal newspaper of record published in Brussels, Belgium. The first issue appeared on 6 February 1831, the last on 13 May 1940. The title changed in 1843, but issues were numbered through continuously.

In 1850, the newspaper became the first subscriber to the news agency that Paul Reuter had just set up in Aachen.

Towards the end of the 19th century the newspaper ran into financial difficulties but was saved from bankruptcy by Ernest Solvay. During the First World War the newspaper moved its offices in turn to Ghent, Ostend, Folkestone, and finally London, returning to Brussels at the conclusion of the conflict.

References

1831 establishments in Belgium
French-language newspapers published in Belgium
Newspapers published in Brussels
Publications established in 1831
Publications disestablished in 1940
Defunct newspapers published in Belgium
1940 disestablishments in Belgium


text:
A sexta temporada da série de televisão dramática estadounidense Chicago Fire foi encomendada em 10 de maio de 2017 pela NBC, estreou em 28 de setembro de 2017 e foi finalizada em 10 de maio de 2018, contando com 23 episódios. A temporada foi produzida pela Universal Television em associação com a Wolf Entertainment, com Derek Haas, Michael Brandt e Matt Olmstead como produtores e com Dick Wolf como produtor executivo. A temporada foi ao ar na temporada de transmissão de 2017-18 às noites de quinta-feira às 22h00, horário do leste dos EUA.

A sexta temporada estrela Jesse Spencer como Tenente Matthew Casey, Taylor Kinney como Tenente Kelly Severide, Monica Raymund como Bombeira Gabriela Dawson, Kara Killmer como paramédica Sylvie Brett, David Eigenberg como Bombeiro Christopher Hermann, Yuri Sardarov como Bombeiro Brian "Otis" Zvonecek, Joe Minoso como Bombeiro Joe Cruz, Christian Stolte como Bombeiro Randy "Mouch" McHolland, Miranda Rae Mayo como Bombeira Stella Kidd e Eamonn Walker como Chefe de Batalhão Wallace Boden.

A temporada terminou com uma audiência média de de 9.67 milhões de telespectadores e ficou classificada em 29.º lugar na audiência total e classificada em 26.º no grupo demográfico de 18 a 49 anos.

Enredo
O show explora a vida, tanto profissional quanto pessoal, dos bombeiros, equipes de resgate e paramédicos do Corpo de Bombeiros de Chicago no fictício Quartel 51, lar do fictício Carro Pipa 51, Viatura 81, Esquadrão de resgate 3, Batalhão 25 e Ambulância 61.

Elenco e personagens

Principal
 Jesse Spencer como Tenente Matthew Casey
 Taylor Kinney como Tenente Kelly Severide
 Monica Raymund como Paramédica Gabriela Dawson
 Kara Killmer como paramédica Sylvie Brett
 David Eigenberg como Bombeiro Christopher Hermann
 Yuri Sardarov como Bombeiro Brian "Otis" Zvonecek
 Joe Minoso como Bombeiro Joe Cruz
 Christian Stolte como Bombeiro Randy "Mouch" McHolland
 Miranda Rae Mayo como Bombeira Stella Kidd
 Eamonn Walker como Chefe de Batalhão Wallace Boden

Recorrente
 Randy Flagler como Bombeiro Harold Capp
 DuShon Brown como Connie
 Gary Cole como Chefe Carl Grissom
 Eloise Mumford como Hope Jacquinot
 Daniel Di Tomasso como Tenente Zach Torbett
 Ariane Rinehart como Lily
 Daniel Zacapa como Ramon Dawson
 Melissa Ponzio como Donna Boden
 Damon Dayoub como Bombeiro Jake Cordova
 Quinn Cooke como Bria Jameson
 Andrew Rothenberg como Sr. Jameson
 Michael Hayden como Chefe Dave Huffhines

Participações
 Robyn Coffin como Cindy Herrmann
 Sarah Shahi como Renee Royce
 Marquis Rodriguez como Rashidi
 John Gatins como Chefe Sam Mullins
 Michael Cognata como Julian Robbins
 Treat Williams como Bennie Severide
 Kim Delaney como Jennifer Sheridan
 Cynthia Sosa como Delia Cantor
 Steve Casillas como Gregg Hill

Crossover

 Jason Beghe como Sargento Hank Voight ()
 Jon Seda como Detetive Antonio Dawson ()
 Jesse Lee Soffer como Detetive Jay Halstead ()
 Tracy Spiridakos como Detetive Hailey Upton ()
 Patrick John Flueger como Adam Ruzek ()
 Marina Squerciati como Kim Burgess ()
 Amy Morton como Sargento Trudy Platt ()
 Nick Gehlfuss como Dr. Will Halstead ()
 Yaya DaCosta como April Sexton ()
 Colin Donnell como Dr. Connor Rhodes ()
 Brian Tee como Dr. Ethan Choi ()
 Marlyne Barrett como Maggie Lockwood ()

Episódios

Recepção

Audiência

Notas

Lançamento em DVD

Temporadas de Chicago Fire
Temporadas de séries de televisão de 2017
Temporadas de séries de televisão de 2018


text:
Carlos Ballesteros (Zaragoza, 31 de dezembro de 1935) é um ator e diretor teatral espanhol. É considerado um dos grandes diretores de teatro da história de seu país.

Diretores de teatro da Espanha


text:
Futurama () — видеоигра по мотивам мультсериала «Футурама». Это приключенческий «боевик» на трёхмерном движке, включающий 22 уровня. Игра вышла в августе 2003 года на платформах PlayStation 2 и Xbox.

Команда «Planet Express» должна помешать планам Мамочки по захвату власти над вселенной. Игра начинается с того, что контроль над «Planet Express» получает владелец «Momcorp»: «Хорошие новости! Я продал Планетный Экспресс Мамочке!». После приобретения этой компании Мамочка становится владельцем 50 % планеты Земля, становится верховной властительницей, а всех остальных людей делает своими рабами.

Разработка игры была начата ещё до того как была прервана съёмка первых сезонов сериала. Тем не менее игра вышла лишь после того, как была показана последняя серия. Игра содержит 28 минут новой анимации, тем самым, её можно считать отдельным эпизодом. Этот эпизод позже вышел под названием «Futurama: The Lost Adventure» на DVD-диске с фильмом Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs.

Геймплей
Игра является смесью боевика и платформера. По мере развития сюжета, игрок управляет каждым из четырёх персонажей: Лила, Фрай, Бендер и Зойдберг. На уровнях Фрая игра — это, в основном, шутер, уровни Бендера ближе к платформеру, на уровнях Лилы происходят в основном сражения на близкой дистанции, а игра за Зойдберга представляет собой гонку с уклонением от препятствий.
На каждом уровне спрятано несколько Нибблеров; если их собрать, открываются бонусы, такие, как видеоклип или галерея.

Компьютерные игры 2003 года
Игры для PlayStation 2
Игры для Xbox
Компьютерные игры по мотивам мультсериалов
Компьютерные игры с трёхмерной графикой
Компьютерные игры жанра Action
Футурама
Игры с сел-шейдерной анимацией
Компьютерные игры, разработанные Unique Development Studios


text:
Central Standard Time may refer to:

 Central Standard Time (North America), UTC−06:00
 Australian Central Standard Time, UTC+09:30
 Central Standard Time/Vasil + Bluey, a split EP between bands The Get Up Kids and The Anniversary


text:
Lissemysia agrawali är en plattmaskart som beskrevs av Singh och Tewari 1985. Lissemysia agrawali ingår i släktet Lissemysia och familjen Aspidogastridae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Sugmaskar
agrawali


text:
Il minuto secondo (più comunemente, per ellissi, secondo) è un'unità di misura del tempo e una delle sette unità base del Sistema Internazionale.

Il simbolo esatto è s, senza punto; a volte i secondi vengono erroneamente indicati con  sec. o sec (che invece corrispondono rispettivamente all'abbreviazione di secolo e al simbolo di secante), o con il simbolo ″.

Stando alla dicitura ufficiale del BIPM, il secondo è definito come la durata di  periodi della radiazione corrispondente alla transizione tra due livelli iperfini, da (F=4, MF=0) a (F=3, MF=0), dello stato fondamentale dell'atomo di cesio-133.

Storia
Storicamente il secondo venne definito, in termini di rotazione terrestre, come 1/86 400 del giorno solare medio, oggi è lievemente meno di 1/86 400 del giorno medio a causa del lentissimo e impercettibile, ma progressivo allungamento delle giornate causato dall'interazione gravitazionale Terra-Luna e la forza di marea che quest'ultima esercita sul nostro pianeta; unitamente a altri fattori principalmente riguardanti la fusione di ghiacciai alle alte latitudini. Nel 1956 il Comitato internazionale dei pesi e delle misure, con l'autorità datagli dalla decima Conferenza generale sui pesi e sulle misure del 1954, definì il secondo in termini di rivoluzione terrestre attorno al Sole in una particolare epoca, poiché si riconobbe che la rotazione terrestre non era sufficientemente uniforme da essere uno standard per il tempo. Il movimento della Terra venne descritto nelle Tabelle del sole di Newcomb, che fornivano una formula per il movimento del sole all'epoca 1900, basata sulle osservazioni astronomiche fatte durante il XVIII e XIX secolo. Il secondo effemeride così definito era:
«la frazione di 1/ dell'anno tropico per lo 0 gennaio 1900 alle ore 12 tempo effemeride».

Questa definizione venne ratificata dall'undicesima Conferenza generale sui pesi e sulle misure del 1960. Il riferimento all'anno 1900 non significa che questa sia l'epoca del giorno solare medio di  secondi. Piuttosto, è l'epoca dell'anno tropico di  secondi in tempo effemeride. Il tempo effemeride (ET) venne definito come la misura del tempo che porta la posizione osservata dei corpi celesti, in accordo con la teoria dinamica del movimento newtoniano.

A seguito di numerosi anni di lavoro, due astronomi - William Markowitz dello United States Naval Observatory (USNO) e Louis Essen del National Physical Laboratory di Teddington (Inghilterra) - determinarono la relazione tra la frequenza dell'atomo di cesio e il secondo effemeride. Essi determinarono il movimento orbitale della Luna rispetto alla Terra, dal quale il movimento apparente del Sole può essere riferito, in termini di tempo misurato da un orologio atomico. Come risultato, nel 1967 la tredicesima conferenza generale sui pesi e sulle misure adottò il secondo del Tempo atomico internazionale nel Sistema Internazionale come:

«la durata di  periodi della radiazione corrispondente alla transizione tra due livelli iperfini, da (F=4, MF=0) a (F=3, MF=0), dello stato fondamentale dell'atomo di cesio-133»

Questa definizione, e il valore della costante fisica, sono stati confermati nel 2018 dalla 26ª CGPM.

Lo stato fondamentale è definito a campo magnetico nullo. Il secondo così definito è equivalente al secondo effemeride.

Il secondo è l'unità di misura definita con maggiore accuratezza, che è attualmente nell'ordine di 10-12.

In Italia il secondo è misurato in base al campione dell'Istituto elettrotecnico nazionale Galileo Ferraris, a Torino.

Multipli e sottomultipli
Nei prefissi SI vengono usati i multipli e i sottomultipli del secondo.

L'exasecondo che equivale a circa 32 miliardi di anni e i suoi multipli non sono usati poiché superiori alla data stimata dell'universo dal Big bang (circa 1017 secondi): quindi non ha senso esprimere periodi di tempo con queste unità di misura estremamente grandi persino per le età delle galassie e dello stesso universo.

La seguente tabella illustra ulteriori multipli non ufficiali ma di uso comune del secondo.

Note

Voci correlate
 Ordini di grandezza (tempo)

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Unità di misura SI di base
Unità cgs
Unità di tempo


text:
Léonce Cormier (born June 29, 1948) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler. He was born in Dorchester, New Brunswick. He competed across Canada, in several American promotions, and wrestled internationally for both Puerto Rico's World Wrestling Council (WWC) and the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) in New Zealand.  In Canada, where he spent the majority of his career, Cormier used the ring name Leo Burke. In the United States, however, he competed as Tommy Martin.

Over the course of his career, Cormier held 46 wrestling championships. Several of his title victories came as part of a tag team with his brothers, three of whom were also professional wrestlers. He had long-term storyline feuds with such wrestlers as Cuban Assassin and Bret Hart, both of whom he later reconciled with and joined forces with to hold tag team championships. Since his retirement in 1992, he has also trained many wrestlers for both World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW). Cormier also competes in occasional wrestling matches and has been honored by both the Cauliflower Alley Club, a fraternal organization of professional wrestlers, and Stampede Wrestling, who inducted him into their hall of fame.

Career
Growing up in a wrestling family, Léonce Cormier decided at age six that he wanted to become a professional wrestler. He followed in the footsteps of his older brothers Yvon and Jean-Louis, who trained him to compete.

1960s
Cormier made his professional debut in 1966. Competing in Central States Wrestling, an affiliate of the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), he used the ring name Tommy Martin. He won his first championship belt on October 11, 1968 by defeating Bob Brown for the NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship. Later that month, he gained another title when he formed a tag team with his brother Romeo (who was competing under the ring name Terry Martin) to win the Central States version of the NWA North American Tag Team Championship from Brown and Bob Geigel. The reign as tag team champions lasted for seven days before the Martins dropped the belts in a match against The Texas Outlaws (Dick Murdoch and Dusty Rhodes). The following month, Martin also lost the heavyweight championship to Rhodes.

1970s
Cormier spent much of the early 1970s competing in the Maritimes for his brother Jean-Louis' Eastern Sports Association (ESA) (which owned International Wrestling, or IW) as both a singles and tag team wrestler. He did not want to use their name recognition to further his own career, so he took the last name of his friend, boxer Jackie Burke. The four Cormier brothers all competed in the territory and often joined forces in feuds with the promotion's top heel (villain) wrestlers. Burke won the IW North American Heavyweight Championship on June 22, 1971 by defeating Eric Pomeroy. The title reign lasted for three months; Gino Brito won the title from Burke during a match in Halifax, Nova Scotia, but Burke regained the championship five days later. On August 8, 1972. Burke teamed with his brother Romeo again (who was now wrestling as Bobby Kay) to win the ESA International Tag Team Championship. They held the title until the following June, when they dropped it to Fred Sweetan and Kurt Von Steiger. In August 1973, Burke became the first ESA Taped Fist Championship when the promotion awarded him the title.

Burke next competed in the NWA's Amarillo, Texas territory. He teamed with another brother, Yvon, who competed under the ring name The Beast. In January 1974, they defeated Don Fargo and Hank James to win the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship, which they held for two months until a loss to Ricky Romero and Dory Funk, Jr. Returning to the ESA, Burke had a short reign as IW North American Heavyweight Champion in May 1974, which he followed in July with another reign with the ESA International Tag Team Championship. Holding the title with his brother The Beast, Burke held the championship for less than one month before dropping it to Geto Mongol and Great Kuma. That month, he also dropped the Taped Fist Championship to Mongol but regained it in a rematch within days. The following year, he held the North American Heavyweight Championship twice more, defeating Bolo Mongol and Bob Brown. For the second victory, Burke substituted for Killer Karl Krupp, who was unable to compete. Although Burke won the match, the title was later returned to Brown after Brown appealed the decision, claiming that a substitute wrestler should not be eligible to win a championship. Burke also had one final reign with the Taped Fist Championship before vacating the title.

Burke continued to compete for Central States Wrestling, and he teamed with The Beast in a tournament for the vacant NWA Western States Tag Team Championship. The brothers defeated Silver Streak and Ricky Romero in the finals on February 20, 1976 to win the belts but lost them in a rematch one week later. Returning from Texas to Nova Scotia, Burke became the only person ever to hold the ESA Maritimes Heavyweight Championship. He defeated The Brute to win the title; when the ESA closed in 1977, the title became part of Romeo Cormier (Bobby Kay)'s Trans-Canada Wrestling (TCW). TCW closed later the same year, and Burke's Maritimes Heavyweight Championship was retired. In 1976, Burke also defeated The Brute to begin another reign as IW North American Heavyweight Champion. He later dropped it to Michel Dubois but regained it by defeating Frenchy Martin on July 14, 1977. The title was also retired when TCW closed that month. Prior to the promotion closing, Burke also had a short reign with Hubert Gallant with the ESA Maritimes Tag Team Championship. While competing in Nova Scotia, Burke also challenged Terry Funk for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. Burke controlled the majority of the encounter, but Funk intentionally got himself disqualified 55 minutes into the match. Because the title cannot change hands on a disqualification, Funk retained the belt.

In 1977, Burke moved to Calgary, Alberta to compete for Stu Hart's Stampede Wrestling. He teamed with Hart's son Keith to win the Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship in early 1977 by defeating The Cuban Assassins. Although they dropped the belts to The Royal Kangaroos, Burke was able to regain the title in September 1977 while teaming with his brother Romeo (who was then competing as Bobby Burke). On December 10, however, they lost the belts to Michel Martel and Mr. Hito. In the new year, Leo Burke focused on competing as a singles wrestler and won the Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship on several occasions. He defeated Don Gagne (formerly known as Frenchy Martin) for the first title and Michel Martel for the second. He won it once more, by defeating Larry Lane, before leaving the area to compete briefly in New Zealand. Competing for the NWA territory there, he won the New Zealand version of the NWA British Commonwealth Heavyweight Championship. He soon vacated the title, however, and returned to Stampede Wrestling.

1980s
Upon his return to Calgary in 1980, Burke teamed with Keith Hart once again to win the promotion's International Tag Team Championship. He also began feuding with Keith's brother Bret Hart around that time. Burke defeated Mr. Sekigawa to win the North American Heavyweight Championship but lost it to Bret Hart later that year. He regained it in a rematch but dropped it to Hart once again. Burke returned to Canada's Atlantic Coast briefly to compete for Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling (AGPW) and won the promotion's North American Tag Team Championship with Hubert Gallant. They lost the belts to Cuban Assassin and Bobby Bass that summer, but Burke was able to regain the championship by teaming with Stephen Petitpas. AGPW only promoted shows in the summer, and Burke then returned to Calgary during AGPW's off-season; while there, he teamed with his brother Bobby Burke again to regain the International Tag Team Championship in December 1980. Two months later, he had another reign as North American Heavyweight Champion after defeating "Dr. D" David Schults (who later regained the title in a rematch). Another reign as NWA Central States Heavyweight Champion followed in November 1981, in which Cormier returned to his Tommy Martin ring name.

Returning to Stampede Wrestling once again, Burke entered and won a tournament for the vacant North American Heavyweight Championship, defeating Duke Myers in the final match on March 21, 1982 to win the title. He dropped it back to Bret Hart three months later, however. He followed this with a brief return in August 1982 to AGPW, where he defeated Rick Valentine to win the AGPW United States Heavyweight Championship. On November 19, 1982, Burke teamed with his longtime rival Bret Hart to win the Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship. After losing the title the following month, the feud resumed, and Burke defeated Hart for the North American Heavyweight Championship on January 14, 1983; the men continued to face each other, and Hart regained the championship that May.

Around that time, Burke spent more of his time competing in Central and Eastern Canada. He wrestled for Maple Leaf Wrestling in Toronto, Ontario, where he feuded with Johnny Weaver. In the summer of 1983, he held both the AGPW United States Heavyweight Championship and the AGPW International Heavyweight Championship. He was also credited with an additional reign as United States Heavyweight Champion because he regained the title in a rematch after it was vacated due to a controversial match against The Spoiler. In February 1986, Burke had one final title reign in Stampede Wrestling, holding the International Tag Team Championship with Ron Ritchie.

In 1987 he became the heel commentator for the nwa tv show in french, La Lutte Quatre Saisons, french version of World Wide Wrestling.

Back in AGPW, Burke continued to win championships. He held the International Heavyweight Championship three more times from 1986 to 1989, and held the North American Tag Team Championship three times as well during that period. He won the tag team titles by reuniting with former partners Hubert Gallant and Stephen Petitpas; the third reign came with Cuban Assassin, a former enemy of the entire Cormier wrestling family.

In the late 1980s Burke he decided to compete in Puerto Rico's World Wrestling Council. He quickly won the promotion's top title, the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship, by defeating Caribbean wrestling veteran Carlos Colón on December 17, 1989.

1990s
Burke held the WWC title until February 1990, when he dropped it to TNT. This was followed by a return to AGPW, where he held the tag team championship with his brother Bobby Kay. Back in Puerto Rico, Burke defeated Colón again on March 24, 1990, this time  to win the WWC Television Championship. Four days later, he also won the WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship while teaming with Chicky Starr. They won the title from Invader #1 and Invader #4 but dropped it back to them in May. Shortly after dropping the tag team title, Burke defeated Invader #1 in a singles match to win the WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship. Burke's final title victory came in the summer of 1990, when he defeated Ron Starr to win the AGPW International Heavyweight Championship for a fifth time.

Retirement
After retiring from full-time wrestling, he went to Calgary in the early 1992. His old rival and real-life friend Bret Hart arranged a position for Cormier as a trainer for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now World Wrestling Entertainment). Cormier helped train Ken Shamrock, Mark Henry, Adam Copeland (known as Edge in WWE), Jason Reso (known as Christian in WWE), and Andrew Martin (known as Test in WWE). He also trained two former Canadian Football League players for their careers in professional wrestling: former Edmonton Eskimo Jeff Thomas, who later opened his own wrestling training school, and former Ottawa Rough Rider Glenn Kulka, who went on to compete for the WWF.

When Cormier's contract expired, he began training wrestlers for WWF rival World Championship Wrestling. In January 2002, he was hospitalized with sepsis and was put on life support before recovering. In November 2005, he underwent surgery to replace his right knee; this was followed by a left knee replacement in February 2006. He has had eight operations on his knees altogether. After his last surgery, WWE invited him back to resume training wrestlers, but Cormier declined. Since his retirement, he has worked in the now-closed bar at Calgary's Cecil Hotel and has also operated a mobile coffee and sandwich shop.

Although Cormier considers himself retired from professional wrestling, he continues to compete from time to time. He was featured in a news video by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation during a return to the Maritimes for a match in 1998. In June 2009, it was announced that he was participating in an Ultimate Championship Wrestling Legends Tribute Tour in Atlantic Canada alongside his former rival Cuban Assassin. In 2010, Burke refereed a match at the final wrestling card ever promoted at the Berwick Arena in Nova Scotia.

Cormier has been inducted into the Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame. In 2009, the Cormier wrestling family was honored by the Cauliflower Alley Club in recognition of their contributions to the sport. Bret Hart has described Burke as "one of the greatest Canadian wrestlers ever". Les Thatcher, who competed against Cormier, said that he, "technically, is probably one of the most sound performers that ever stepped foot in a ring". Michel Martel, who wrestled against Cormier for several championships, called him "a great worker" and "a professional in the ring and outside the ring".

In 2013 Cormier appeared in the Victoria Pavilion, in Calgary, Alberta for the Hart Legacy Wrestling promotion.

On April 29, 2017 Cormier appeared alongside the Cuban Assassin as special guests at the Ultimate Championship Wrestling 10th Anniversary event at the Halifax Forum. The pair would answer questions during a fan access event, reappearing later in the night during a match where an injured Nick Strong was replaced by Cuban Assassin.

Championships and accomplishments
Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling
AGPW North American Tag Team Championship (6 times) - with Cuban Assassin (2), Hubert Gallant (1), Bobby Kay (1), and Stephen Petitpas (2)
AGPW United States Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
Cauliflower Alley Club
Men's Wrestling Award (2009)
Central States Wrestling
NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
NWA North American Tag Team Championship (Central States version) (1 time) - with Terry Martin
Eastern Sports Association
ESA International Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with Bobby Kay (1) and The Beast (1)
ESA Maritimes Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
ESA Maritimes Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Hubert Gallant
ESA Taped Fist Championship (3 times)
IW North American Heavyweight Championship (6 times)
NWA New Zealand
NWA British Commonwealth Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Class of 2021
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship (8 times)
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship (6 times) - with Keith Hart (2), Bobby Burke (2), Bret Hart (1) and Ron Ritchie (1)
Stampede Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 1995)
Western States Sports
NWA Western States Tag Team Championship (2 times) - with The Beast
World Wrestling Council
WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Chicky Starr
WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WWC Television Championship (1 time)

References

External links
Video about Burke from CBC Archives

1948 births
Living people
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Professional wrestlers from New Brunswick
Professional wrestling trainers
Canadian male professional wrestlers
Stampede Wrestling alumni
20th-century professional wrestlers
WWC Universal Heavyweight Champions
WWC Television Champions
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Champions
Stampede Wrestling North American Heavyweight Champions


text:
Lichtstrahlen war eine sozialistische und freidenkerische Zeitschrift in Berlin von 1890 bis 1895.

Geschichte
Am 1. September 1890 erschien die erste Ausgabe der Lichtstrahlen. Blätter für volksverständliche Wissenschaft. Zugleich Unterhaltungsblatt und litterarischer Wegweiser für das Volk. Herausgeber waren Bruno Sommer und Bernhard Kampffmeyer, leitender Redakteur Hermann Teistler und der Verleger Otto Harnisch in Berlin. Diese gehörten zum neu entstandenen Verein Unabhängiger Sozialisten.

Der Titel wurde bald in Lichtstrahlen, . Blätter für volksverständliche Wissenschaft und götterlose Weltanschauung. Zugleich Unterhaltungsblatt und litterarischer Wegweiser für das Volk geändert.
Einige Hefte wurden in der folgenden Zeit verboten. Seit 1894 war die Zeitschrift Organ der Humanistischen Gemeinde Berlin (Freidenker).

Hermann Teistler und Otto Harnisch wurden im November 1894 wegen Verbreitung unerlaubten Schrifttums verhaftet und danach zu 1 bzw. 1½ Jahren Gefängnis verurteilt. Die Zeitschrift bestand noch kurze Zeit weiter und wurde dann eingestellt.

Autoren
In der Zeitschrift Lichtstrahlen wurden Texte von sozialistischen Autoren veröffentlicht

 Richard Blank
 Max Böhm
 B. Braun
 Paul Ernst
 Friedrich Förster
 E. Fröbel
 E. H. Herrmann
 E. Hoyer
 Karl Hunger
 Pechuel-Loesche
 J. Roszkowski
 P. A. Rüdt
 W. Sacks
 Balduin Säuberlich (Pseudonym?)
 Bruno Sommer
 H. Thorwald
 Th. Trede
 Julius Türk
 Bruno Wille
 Hermann Wolf
 B. Zöllner

Literatur
 Thomas Dietzel, Hans-Otto Hügel: Deutsche literarische Zeitschriften 1880–1945. Ein Repertorium. Band 1. K. G. Saur München 1988, S. 729

Weblinks
 Lichtstrahlen Dadaweb
 Lichtstrahlen Zeitschriftendatenbank

Ersterscheinung 1890
Erscheinen eingestellt 1895
Antiquarische Zeitschrift (Berlin)


text:
Valentine Python (born 18 Juni 1975 in Neuchâtel) is a Swiss climatologist and a member in the National Council of Switzerland of the Green Party of Switzerland (GPS).

Education and early life
Valentine Python was born on 18 June 1975 in Neuchâtel. She studied history and geography at the University of Neuchâtel and graduated in 2006 with a master's degree. In 2010 she completed her doctorate at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL).

Professional career
While still preparing her Doctorate at the EPFL, she studied the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) from 2007 onwards and she defends the view that the human being has a responsibility in the global warming effect. In March 2020, she was elected into the advisory council of the , an organization focused on the higher education in Switzerland together with Élisabeth Baume-Schneider.

She also writes a blog on environmental issues for the newspaper Le Temps.

Political career
Valentine Python only joined the Green Party in 2018 and was directly elected to the municipal council of La Tour-de-Peilz. In the Swiss parliamentary elections in 2019 Python ran for the National Council and became the first candidate to succeed. After Adèle Thorens Goumaz was elected into the Council of States on 10 November 2019, Phyton slipped into the National Council as her successor. She was sworn in as a national councilor on 2 December 2019. In parliament, she took a seat in the science, education and culture as well as the environmental commission.

Political positions
She introduced a bill on a feasibility study to evaluate an eventual introduction of a tax on financial transfers and she defends the view that the human being has a responsibility in the global warming effect. In 2023, she introduced a bill which demanded from the Federal Council an evaluation on how to prevent the denial of climate change.

Personal life
Her place of origin is Bôle in Neuchâtel.

References

1975 births
Swiss climatologists
People from Neuchâtel
Living people
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne alumni
University of Neuchâtel alumni


text:
Голубок зеленоголовий (Geotrygon chrysia) — вид голубоподібних птахів родини голубових (Columbidae). Мешкає на Карибах.

Опис
Довжина птаха становить 27-31 см, вага 175 г. Виду не притаманний статевий диморфізм. Забарвлення переважно рудувато-коричневе, голова і задня частина шиї мають бронзово-зелений відтінок. На обличчі під очима ідуть широкі білі смуги. Шия з боків і груди сіро-рожеві, живіт світло-кремовий. Верхня частина спини райдужно-малинова, решта верхньої частини тіла темно-бордова. Дзьоб біля основи темний, на кінці червонуватий. Райдужки оранжеві, навколо очей тьмяно-червоні кільця.

Поширення і екологія
Зеленоголові голубки мешкають на Багамських і Великих Антильських островах (за винятком Ямайки), трапляються у Флориді, зокрема на островах Флорида-Кіс. Вони живуть в підліску сухих і вологих рівнинних тропічних лісів, в сухих чагарникових заростях і на плантаціях. Зустрічаються поодинці, парами абл невеликими зграйками, на висоті до 500 м над рівнем моря. Живляться насінням, ягодами і дрібними безхребетними, яких шукають на землі.

Примітки

Джерела
 Gerhard Rösler: Die Wildtauben der Erde – Freileben, Haltung und Zucht. Verlag M. & H. Schaper, Alfeld-Hannover 1996
 David Gibbs, Eustace Barnes, John Cox: Pigeons and Doves – A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World. Pica Press, Sussex 2001

Голубові
Птахи, описані 1852
Птахи Багамських Островів
Птахи Куби
Птахи Домініканської Республіки
Птахи Гаїті
Птахи Пуерто-Рико
Птахи Теркс і Кейкос
Птахи США


text:
Xhelal Bey Koprëncka (187621 October 1919) was an Albanian politician. He was one of the signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence.

References

Signatories of the Albanian Declaration of Independence
1919 deaths
People from Skrapar
All-Albanian Congress delegates
Congress of Durrës delegates
Albanian politicians
1876 births


text:
Wawrzyniec Jan Rudawski (ur. 1617, zm. w Ołomuńcu 1674) – polski historyk XVII-wieczny.

Autor dzieła Historiarum Poloniae ab excessu Vladislai iv ad pacem Olivensem vsque libri ix, seu, Annales regnante Ioanne Casimiro Poloniarum (Historja polska od śmierci Władysława IV aż do pokoju oliwskiego, czyli dzieje panowania Jana Kazimierza od 1648 do 1660 r.), omawiającego lata 1648–1660, od śmieci Władysława IV do pokoju oliwskiego. Pomyślane było jako kontynuacja Kroniki Pawła Piaseckiego.

Linki zewnętrzne
 Zarys biografii Wawrzyńca Jana Rudawskiego (1617–1674)
 Problematyka genealogii rodu Wawrzyńca Rudawskiego i nobilitacja jego ojca, Jana (1583–1640)
 "Historia Polski od śmierci Władysława IV aż do pokoju oliwskiego". Opis i dzieje rękopisu
 Historiarum Poloniae ab excessu Vladislai iv ad pacem Olivensem vsque libri ix, seu, Annales regnante Ioanne Casimiro Poloniarum 1755
 Historja polska od śmierci Władysława IV aż do pokoju oliwskiego, czyli dzieje panowania Jana Kazimierza od 1648 do 1660 r. T. 1–2 Mohylew – Petersburg 1855, przekład Włodzimierz Spasowicz
 Publikacje i rękopisy Wawrzyńca Jana Rudawskiego w bibliotece Polona

Historycy I Rzeczypospolitej
Polscy pisarze nowołacińscy XVII wieku
Urodzeni w 1617
Zmarli w 1674


text:
Paladinul sufletelor (2003) (titlu original Paladin of Souls) este un roman fantasy scris de Lois McMaster Bujold. Acțiunea cărții se petrece în Universul Chalionului, la trei ani după evenimentele relatate în Blestemul Chalionului.

Intriga

Ista - mama roinei Iselle, un personaj secundat în precedentul roman - și-a revenit după ce blestemul Generalului de Aur a fost ridicat de pe familia sa. Pentru a scăpa de viața plicticoasă din Valenda și de amintirile neplăcute, ea pornește într-un pelerinaj religios alături de frații dy Gura - care o însoțesc pe post de protectori, Liss - o fată-curier isteață pe care o ia drept cameristă și dy Cabon - un preot din ordinul Bastardului, care devine 'ghidul ei spiritual'.

Pelerinii sunt capturați de o trupă roknari în apropierea principatului Jokona, dar sunt eliberați de o patrulă a cetății în apropierea căreia se aflau, Porifors. La conducerea salvatorilor se află Arhys, fiul celui a cărui moarte o orchestrase Ista în trecut în încercarea de a alunga blestemul Generalului de Aur. Ajunsă în castelul Porifors, Ista o întâlnește pe foarte tânăra și frumoasa soție a lui Arhys, Cattilara, și află despre fratele vitreg al acestuia, Lord Illvin, care zace mereu fără cunoștință, cu excepția unei scurte perioade de amiază în care Arhys se odihnește. Se dovedește că Lord Illvin este cel pe care Ista l-a văzut anterior în viziunile sale, chemând-o să îl ajute. Încetul cu încetul, Ista pune cap la cap toate ițele problemei: Lord Illvin fusese pe punctul de a se căsători cu o prințesă jokoniană - aparent pentru a pune punct conflictelor dintre regate - dar aceasta pusese ochi pe Arhys; orbită de gelozie, Cattilara vrea să o ucidă, dar, din greșeală, îl ucide și pe soțul ei în învălmășeală. Prințesa jokoniană era însă posedată de un demon - care dorea să slăbească castelul Porifors, făcându-l vulnerabil în fața atacului Jokonei - și acesta sare în trupul Cattilarei odată cu moartea gazdei sale. Cu ajutorul acestui demon, Cattilara îl readuce la viață pe Arhys folosindu-se de energia vitală a lui Illvin. Planul ei pare fără cusur, dar Ista o atenționează că, pe de o parte, scurta perioadă de la amiază în care este treaz îi este insuficientă lui Illvin pentru a-și reface forțele secătuite de Arhys și, pe de altă parte, Arhys oricum se descompune încetul cu încetul, iar spiritul său s-a rupt de zei, devenind un strigoi condamnat să rătăcească pe pământ după moarte.

Castelul Porifors este atacat de forțele roknari conduse de prințul Sordso și de mama lui, prințesa Joen, cea mai mică fiică a Generalului de Aur. Misterul demonilor care se răspândesc în Chalion și Ibra în ultima vreme este astfel elucidat: Joen a ajuns sub stăpânirea unui demon extrem de puternic, pe care ruperea blestemului Chalionului l-a eliberat. Cu ajutorul lui, prințesa-mamă și-a creat o rețea de vrăjitori - persoane în trupul cărora plasează demoni pe care îi controloează -, Sordso fiind una dintre aceste marionete ale ei.

Castelul Porifors este devastat de atacul prin magie al rețelei de vrăjitori coordonați de Joen, dar Arhys face un raid nocturn în care reușește să ucidă șapte dintre marionetele prințesei-mamă. Lovitura sa, deși puternică, nu e de ajuns; avându-l alături pe Bastard, Ista se predă jokonienilor și, ajunsă față în față cu Joen, îi înghite monstrul, trimițându-l pe lumea cealaltă. La fel procedează apoi și cu demonii mai mici care posedau trupurile lui Sordso și ale celorlalți vrăjitori și, astfel, principalul atu al armatei jokoniene este distrus. Restul este făcut de trupele lui dy Oby, tatăl Cattilarei, care vine în ajutorul castelului Porifors. Ista devine unealta Bastardului, ajungând să călătorească prin Chalion și Ibra și să trimită înapoi demonii răspândiți în lume, avându-l alături pe Lord Illvin.

Zeii Chalionului

Dacă în Blestemul Chalionului accentul religios era pus pe Fiică, simbol al primăverii, Paladinul sufletelor se concentrează asupra altui zeu, Bastardul. Spre deosebire de ceilalți patru zei, acesta nu este patronul unui anotimp sau al unei situații anume, ci el creează echilibrul, fiind în același timp și patronul demonilor. Tocmai de aceea, jokonienii nu îl acceptă drept zeu, religia lor fiind cvadriană, nu cvinteriană ca în Chalion. În romanul de față, Bastardul și-o alege ca reprezentantă în lumea materială pe Ista, folosind-o pentru a-și readuce sub control demonii evadați cu ajutorul prințesei-mamă Joen.

Un alt zeu care își face apariția într-un rol secundar este Tatăl, simbolul iernii, care este patronul lui Arhys. Datorită vrăjilor concepute de Cattilara împreună cu demonul ei, sufletul lui Arhys se transformă în strigoi, pierzând legătura cu zeul său. Tatăl apelează tot la Ista pentru ca, prin intermediul ei, să-și ajute protejatul să găsească drumul înapoi spre zeul său.

Opinii critice

Thomas M. Wagner de la SF Reviews consideră că romanului "îi lipsește substanța intelectuală a cărții precedente, simțul ei moral al consecințelor. În timp ce Blestemul a căpătat o identitate literară și stilistică diferită de populara sagă Miles Vorkosigan a lui Bujold, Paladinul pare a fi o carte Miles într-un cadru fantasy." Cu toate acestea el admiră "sfidarea stilului convențional al continuărilor", prin faptul că Bujold nu merge mai departe cu relatarea aventurilor personajelor principale din precedentul roman, ci le trece pe acestea în plan secundar și preia personajele secundare din Blestem și le urmărește evoluția. Nu în ultimul rând, el apreciază faptul că Bujold "și-a dus continuarea în direcții neașteptate și s-a concentrat asupra unei eroine fantasy neconvenționale (o văduvă criminală de 40 de ani, abia ieșită din starea de nebunie)".

La rândul său, Sherwood Smith face pe SF Site o schiță atotcuprinzătoare a romanului: "Acțiune, personaj, umor, teroare, conflict fizic și moral, misiune religioasă pe tărâmul spiritului . . . acestea sunt elementele unui roman splendid."

Romanul a fost recompensat cu o serie de premii prestigioase:

 premiul Hugo pentru "Cel mai bun roman" (2004)
 premiul Locus pentru "Cel mai bun roman fantasy" (2004)
 premiul Nebula pentru "Cel mai bun roman" (2004)

Note

Legături externe

 Istoria publicării Paladinului sufletelor pe ISFDB

Cărți din 2003
Romane fantastice
Romane americane
Premiul Nebula pentru cel mai bun roman
Premiul Hugo pentru cel mai bun roman
Opere de Lois McMaster Bujold


text:
Sinocyclocheilus anatirostris is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de eigenlijke karpers (Cyprinidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1986 door Lin & Luo.

Eigenlijke karpers


text:
Lin Li (Nantong, 9 oktober 1970) is een Chinees zwemster.

Biografie
Tijdens de  Aziatische Spelen 1990 won Lin vier titels.

In 1991 werd Lin wereldkampioene op de 200m en 400m wisselslag.

Qian behaalde haar grootste succes met het winnen van olympische goud in 1992 met een wereldrecord op de 200m wisselslag. Op dezelfde spelen won Lin de zilveren medaille op de 200m schoolslag en de 400m wisselslag.

Vier jaar later tijdens de spelen van Atlant won Lin de bronzen medaille op de 200m wisselslag.

Internationale toernooien

Chinees zwemmer
Chinees olympisch kampioen


text:
O maliquismo () é uma das quatro madhabs da fiqh, ou seja uma escola ou corrente de direito islâmico do Islão sunita. É seguida por 20% a 35% dos muçulmanos, sendo predominante no Norte de África, África Ocidental e em alguns territórios isolados da península Arábica, estando também presente nos Emirados Árabes Unidos, Kuwait e em algumas áreas da Arábia Saudita, Omã e muitos outros países do Médio Oriente. No passado teve também grande relevância nas zonas da Europa sob domínio islâmico, particularmente na Ibéria muçulmana e no Emirado da Sicília.

A principal diferença entre o maliquismo e as outras três escolas jurídicas está nas fontes usadas para determinar a jurisprudência. Todas as madhabs usam o Alcorão, a suna, bem como a  (consensos ou acordos dos companheiros de Maomé) e às  (analogias), mas os maliquitas usam igualmente as práticas dos primeiros habitantes muçulmanos de Medina (Amal ahl al-medina) como fonte de jurisprudência.

Bases

A escola maliquita deriva da obra de , imã de Medina, principalmente as compilações  e . O primeiro é uma coleção de hadiths que são vistos como seguros e encontram-se também no Sahih al-Bukhari com alguns comentários de Maleque acerca das "práticas 'amal" do povo de Medina e onde o 'amal está em conformidade ou em desacordo com os os hádices relatados. Isto porque Maleque (e o que depois seria a escola com o seu nome) encarava o 'amal de Medina (as primeiras três gerações) como sendo uma prova superior da suna "viva" à dos hádices que são confiáveis mas isolados.

O segunda fonte principal, al-Mudawwanah al-Kubrā, é uma obra coletiva de ibne Alcácime, um pupilo de longa data de Maleque, e do seu mujahid (aluno)  Sanune. O al-Mudawwanah consiste nas notas de ibne Alcácime das lições com Maleque e respostas a questões legais levantadas por Sanune nas quais ibne Alcácime cita Maleque e, onde não existiam notas a sua própria argumentação jurídica baseada nos princípios aprendidos com Maleque. Os livros al-Muwatta e al-Mudawwanah, juntamente com outras fontes primárias escritas por outros alunos proeminentes de Maleque acabariam por ir parar ao Mukhtaṣar Khalīl, que formaria a base do madhhab maliquita.

O maliquismo difere das outras três escolas jurídicas islâmicas principalmente nas fontes que usa para derivar as regras. Todas as quatro escolas usam o Alcorão como fonte primária, seguido pela suna de Maomé, transmitida como hádices. Na madhhab Malequeī, a suna inclui não só o que está registado nos hádices, mas também na legislação dos  quatro "califas bem guiados" (Ortodoxo), sobretudo Omar, ijmā' (consenso dos académicos), qiyās (analogia) e  (costumes locais que não estão em conflito direto com os princípios islâmicos). Adicionalmente, a escola malaquita baseia-se fortemente na prática dos Salaf (nome dado às pessoas da primeira geração de muçulmanos, constituída pelos Ṣaḥābah [companheiros de Maomé],  e os sucessores mais antigos). Isto porque a sua prática coletiva, juntamente com as regras derivadas dos académicos salaf são consideradas mutawātir, ou seja, algo que por ter sido conhecido e praticado por tanta gente só pode ser da suna. Noutras palavras, a prática das três primeiras gerações de muçulmanos que viviam em Medina, isto é, os salaf ou antecessores retos formam a prática normativa da "suna viva" que foi preservada desde Maomé. Quando forçados a confiar em hádices autenticados contraditórios para derivar uma regra, os maliquitas escolheriam o hadith com origem em Medina, ou seja aqueles cujos transmissores residiam em Medina.

Notas

Sunismo
Direito islâmico
Filosofia islâmica


text:
Století: 8. století př. n. l. – 7. století př. n. l. – 6. století př. n. l.

Roky: 689 – 680 679 – 670 – 669–660 př. n. l. – 659 – 650 649 – 640

Události
 669 – Aššurbanipal nastupuje po svém otci Asarhaddonovi na asyrský trůn.
 668 – Šamaš-šum-ukin, Aššurbanipalův nevlastní bratr, se stává králem Babylónu.
 668 – Egyptské povstání proti asyrské nadvládě.
 667 – Založeno Byzantion a emporion Berezaň kolonisty z Megary.
 667 až 663 – Asyřané znovu obsazují Egypt.
 660 – Skythové vpadli do severní Mezopotámie
 660 – Psammetik I. vyhání Asyřany z Egypta.
 660 – podle tradice založeno Japonské císařství císařem Džimmuem.
 660 – 11. února podle proleptického gregoriánského kalendáře – den založení Japonska, vyhlášený v roce 1872 za vlády Meidži – počátek tzv. císařského letopočtu (Imperial Era) používaného v Japonsku v letech 1872-1948

Vědy a umění
 První nám známé použití démotického písma.

Úmrtí
 668 – Asarhaddon, asyrský král
 664 – Necho I., faraon Dolního Egypta
 663 – Taharka, faraon Horního Egypta

Hlava státu
 Médie – Fraortés
 Urartu – Rusa II.
 Asýrie – Aššurbanipal
 Egypt – Taharka, poté Psammetik I.
 Makedonie – Argaios I.
 Judské království – Menaše

7. století př. n. l.


text:
Die Gmina Wolbórz  ist eine Stadt-und-Land-Gemeinde im Powiat Piotrkowski der Woiwodschaft Łódź in Polen. Ihr Sitz ist die gleichnamige Stadt mit etwa 2330 Einwohnern. Zum 1. Januar 2011 wurde Wolbórz zur Stadt erhoben.

Gliederung
Zur Stadt-und-Land-Gemeinde gehören neben der Stadt Wolbórz folgende 22 Dörfer mit einem Schulzenamt:
 Bogusławice
 Brudaki
 Golesze Duże
 Kaleń
 Komorniki
 Kuznocin
 Lubiaszów
 Lubiatów
 Młoszów
 Młynary
 Polichno
 Proszenie
 Psary Stare
 Psary Witowskie
 Psary-Lechawa
 Stanisławów
 Studzianki
 Swolszewice Duże
 Świątniki
 Wolbórz
 Żarnowica Duża
 Żywocin

Weitere Ortschaften der Gemeinde sind:
 Adamów
 Apolonka
 Bogusławice (osada)
 Bronisławów
 Dąbrowa
 Dębina
 Dębsko
 Golesze Małe
 Golesze-Parcela
 Janów
 Kolonia Dębina
 Krzykowice
 Kula
 Leonów
 Lubiatów-Zakrzew
 Marianów
 Modrzewek
 Noworybie
 Polichno-Budy
 Studzianki-Kolonia
 Węgrzynów
 Żarnowica Mała
 Żywocin (gajówka)
 Żywocin (kolonia)
 Żywocin (leśniczówka)

Fußnoten


text:
American Me is an American metalcore band from Portland, Oregon, whose music also featured elements of various genres of heavy metal and hip hop. The band was formed in 2006 and signed with Rise Records in late 2007.  The band's music is often described as 'brutal hardcore' and is known for its fast pace and heavy sound.

The band's first studio album, Heat, was released in 2008. The album received praise from reviewers for exhibiting a unique, heavier style of hardcore punk, combining hardcore punk and heavy metal with a slight hip hop edge.

History

American Me was formed in Portland, Oregon in 2006 by high school friends, Tony Tataje and Brian Blade after gaining inspiration from the 1992 film of the same name. Originally, the band was a side-project of melodic hardcore band, It Prevails, although it soon became a full-time band in its own right, distinguished by a far heavier sound.

In November 2009 while touring after the release of their second studio album, Siberian Nightmare Machine, the band's tour trailer was burglarized in Antelope, California causing the loss of their equipment and merchandise which prompted the band's year-long hiatus from the music scene.

After recovering from their robbery and parting ways with hired touring members, the core members re-formed with new drummer, Duncan Allen and released their third studio album, III on August 14, 2012. Later that year, the band embarked on a month-long tour of Europe. In August 2013 the band was added to the "No Way Out Tour" in support of label mates, The Acacia Strain.

One year after their breakup and other projects, the band reformed for their 10-year anniversary tour on August 23–27 with bands Givemblood and CRITIC. They also announced a new EP called Still Firing. The EP was released on November 17, 2017, via Rise Records. Their new music video, "Anti Life Equation", which features AJ Channer of Fire From the Gods, was released on November 15, 2017.

Band members
Brian Blade – lead guitar (2006–2014, 2017–2018, 2021),  lead vocals (2014)
Cameron Bledsoe – rhythm guitar (2006–2007, 2009–present)
Duncan Allen – drums (2011–2014, 2017–present)
Tony Tataje – lead vocals (2006–2013, 2017–present)
Joseph Manning – bass (2017–present), live rhythm guitar (2013–2014)

Former members
Phillip Ralston – live guitar (2008–2009)
Scott Walker – drums (2008, 2011)
Charles Nikolet – live drums (2008–2009)
Adam Levesque – live drums (2010–2011)
Jerry Roush – live lead vocals (Japan tour, 2011)
Steve Tinnon – live lead vocals (2010)
Ian Fike – live bass, backing vocals (2006–2008)
Jake Harris – live bass (2006–2008)
Aaron Marsh – drums (2006–2008, 2009–2010)
Doug Funny – bass (2008–2009)
Nate Dorval – live bass, vocals (2008–2009)
Michael Nordeen – live bass (2009–2010)
Pig Tooth – live bass (2010–2011)
Jason Clifford – live bass (2011–2012)

Timeline

Discography
Studio albums
Heat (2008)
Siberian Nightmare Machine (2009)
III (2012)
EP
"Still Firing EP" (2017)
Demos
Demo/EP (2006)

Videography
"Back Malicious Lie" (2006)
"Anti-Life Equation" (2017)

Tours
"Japan Tour" (2011)

References

External links

 American Me statistics and tagging at Last.FM

2006 establishments in Oregon
Metalcore musical groups from Oregon
Hardcore punk groups from Oregon
Musical groups from Portland, Oregon
Musical groups established in 2006
Musical quintets


text:
Beverly Sainte-Marie, más conocida por su nombre artístico Buffy Sainte-Marie (Piapot, Valle Qu'Apelle, Saskatchewan, Canadá, 20 de febrero de 1941), es una cantautora, compositora y artista visual canadiense de origen cree. Aunque su carrera se ha basado en estos temas, también centra su trabajo en la población amerindia.

Uno de sus proyectos más importantes como activista en pro de la comunidad amerindia fue la fundación del centro Cradleboard Teaching Project con el que dar a conocer a la etnia. A lo largo de su carrera ha sido galardonada tanto por su carrera profesional como por su activismo social en la educación. El Gobierno de su país natal le otorgó la Orden de Canadá.

Biografía
Sainte-Marie nació en 1941 en la reserva Cree de Piapot cerca del río Qu'Appelle. Tras ser adoptada, se crio en Wakefield, Massachusetts en el seno de una familia relacionada con sus padres biológicos. Estudió en la Universidad de Massachusetts Amherst donde obtuvo su diploma en 1963 y su tesis doctoral veinte años después en la enseñanza de filosofía oriental y donde quedó entre las diez primeras de la clase.

En 1964 regresó a su reserva natal durante una excursión donde fue recibida (dentro de la cultura de la nación Cree) y adoptada por el hijo pequeño del Jefe de Piapot y su mujer, la cual le enseñó la cultura de su pueblo.

En 1968 contrajo matrimonio hasta el año 1971 con el profesor Dewain Bugbee. En 1975 volvería a casarse en Minesota con Sheldon Wolfchild, con el que tuvo un hijo: Dakota Starblanket Wolfchild, pero volvió a divorciarse y a principio de los años 80 se casó por tercera vez con Jack Nitzsche hasta que en 1993 comenzó una relación con Chuck Wilson.

A mediados de los años 70 se convirtió al Bahaísmo tras asistir en 1973 a una conferencia en Oklahoma. Desde entonces ha continuado ofreciendo conciertos y conferencias sobre la religión. En 1992 apareció en un evento musical organizado por el Congreso Internacional Bahaísta.

Trayectoria
Desde los 10 años ha aprendido a tocar el piano y la guitarra. Mientras estudiaba en la universidad ha interpretado canciones populares como Ananias, Now That the Buffalo's Gone y Mayo Sto Hoon (esta última en hindi).

Años 60
A los veinte años, Sainte-Marie empezó a ir de gira por su cuenta actuando en varias salas de conciertos, festivales de música folk y en reservas nativoaméricanas de Canadá y Estados Unidos. La mayor parte del tiempo lo pasaba en cafés teatro del distrito de Yorkville, Toronto y en el Greenwich Village de Nueva York como parte de sus inicios dentro de la música. A menudo actuaba junto con artistas contemporáneos emergentes como Leonard Cohen, Joni Mitchell (el cual le presentó a su mánager: Eliot Roberts) Y Neil Young.

Enseguida se ganó la reputación como cantautora y la mayor parte de sus singles fueron interpretados por varios artistas además de alcanzar los puestos más altos de los charts. Uno de sus singles más conocidos, Until It's Time for You to Go fue grabado para cantantes como Elvis Presley, Barbra Streisand, Neil Diamond, Michael Nesmith, Arthur Fiedler y la Orquesta de los Boston Pops entre otros.

En 1963 estuvo recuperándose de una afección de garganta debido a su adicción a la codeína, tal experiencia le sirvió como inspiración para la canción Cod'ine, interpretada más adelante por Donovan, Janis Joplin, The Charlatans, Quicksilver Messenger Service entre otros cantantes y grupos. Charles Brutus McClay, Aquel mismo año fue testigo del estado en el que llegaron los soldados estadounidenses de la Guerra de Vietnam por lo que compuso una canción protesta titulada Universal Soldier que fue incluida en su primer álbum: It's My Way on Vanguard Records y la cual supuso un éxito para Donovan. Posteriormente fue nominada a la Mejor Artista Novel por la Billboard Magazine. Alguna de sus canciones levantaron controversias entre la población nativoamericana cuando en 1966 incluyó en su álbum de 1966 el sencillo titulado My Country 'Tis of Thy People You're Dying.

En 1967 publicó el álbum Fire and Fleet and Candlelight, el cual contenía una versión de la canción popular inglesa Lyke Wake Dirge. El álbum incluye varios singles conocidos como Mister Can't You See (n.º1 del Top 40 de Estados Unidos en 1972), He's an Indian Cowboy in the Rodeo y el tema principal de la película Soldier Blue. Aparte de la música, Sainte Marie también ha colaborado en la pequeña pantalla durante la década de los 60 cuando en 1966 hizo un cameo en To Tell the Truth como sigo misma. Otros programas fueron Rainbow Quest with Peter Seeger, American Bandstand, Soul Train y The Johnny Cash Show.

A finales de los 60 empezó a utilizar el sintetizador Buchla para la grabación del álbum Illuminations, el cual no tuvo gran acogida.

 Años 70
A finales de 1975, Sainte Marie recibió la llamada de Dulcy Singer, en aquellos tiempos productora de Sesame Street para colaborar en el programa infantil. Según sus palabras, quería que participase para contar y recitar el alfabeto como a cualquier otro niño, sin embargo quería que les enseñase que los "amerindios todavía existen". También recibió invitaciones para participar en otros programas, pero declinó la oferta desde que el susodicho programa [del que no hay constancia del nombre] empezó a promocionar los juguetes de G.I. Joe a los que calificó de belicistas.

No obstante ha participado de manera habitual en Sesame Street durante cinco años desde 1976 hasta 1981 junto con su primer hijo: Dakota Wolfchild. Algunos de aquellos episodios se rodaron en Hawaii donde coincidió con los actores de entonces: Bob McGrath, Sonia Manzano, Will Lee, Alaina Reed Hall y Carroll Spinney.

En 1979 colaboró en la banda sonora de la película Spirit of the Wind siendo una de las tres nominadas al Festival de Cannes junto a El síndrome de China y Norma Rae. En 1980 se emitió por televisión para Estados Unidos y para Francia en 2003. En cuanto a los críticos, describieron la BSO como "inspiradora, encantadora y perfecta".

 Años 80
A partir de los años 80 empezó a recurrir a los sistemas operativos de Apple Inc., Apple II y Macintosh para grabar sus trabajos.. En 1982 alcanzaría reconocimiento al ser una de las compositoras del tema de la película An Officer and a Gentleman: Up Where We Belong, sencillo interpretado por Joe Cocker y Jennifer Warnes y que fue premiado con un Óscar a la Mejor BSO en 1982.

A principios de la década, una de sus canciones nativas fue utilizada para la serie de la CBC: Spirit Bay. En 1993 participó en la TV movie The Broken Chain, la cual fue rodada en Virginia. En 1989 también compuso el tema principal para Where the Spirits Lives, película sobre unos niños amerindios que son internados a la fuerza en reformatorios.

 Años 90
En 1991 volvería a participar en una TV movie como la voz en off de Kate Bighead en Son of the Morning Star en la que cuenta la batalla de Little Big Horn desde el punto de vista amerindio.

Tras un retiro de dieciséis años, volvió al panorama musical con el álbum Coincidence and Likely Stories, el cual fue grabado en 1990 mediante su ordenador y retransmitido vía módem en los primeros años de internet por su productor Chris Birkett desde Londres, Inglaterra. Dicho álbum contenía canciones con temas políticos como The Big Ones Get Away y Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (en la que menciona a Leonard Peltier), ambos singles levantaron polémica entre la población nativoamericana. En 1992 compartió cartel con Pierce Brosnan en la película The Broken Chain y su compañero de la congregación bahaísta Phil Lucas. El siguiente trabajo vino en 1996 con un álbum recopilatorio de grandes éxitos entre los que se incluye Up Where We Belong y actuaciones en directo y en acústico. Aparte de su trayectoria como cantautora y actriz en series de televisión, también ha mostrado interés en el arte tras presentar una exposición en varios museos tanto de Canadá como de Estados Unidos.

En 1999 fundó una organización caritativa dedicada a la enseñanza y a la ayuda para los estudiantes nativoamericanos. Tres años antes formó un consejo de enseñanza con los fondos conseguidos con la colaboración de W. K. Kellogg Foundation y las comunidades de Mohawk, Cree, Ojibwa, Menomini, Coeur d'Alene, Navajo, Quinault, Hawaii y Apache en once estados, y en la que los estudiantes comparten aula con americanos [no-nativos] en grados escolares de primaria, secundaria y materias de ciencias sociales, estudios sociales, música y ciencias naturales.

 Años 2000
En el año 2000 presentó la ceremonia de apertura del curso en la Haskell Indian Nations University. Y en el 2002 cantó en el Centro espacial John F. Kennedy para el Comandante de origen Chickasaw y primer astronauta de etnia nativoamericana: John Herrington. Al año siguiente aceptó el puesto de portavoz para el Programa de escuelas asociadas de Canadá de la UNESCO.

En 2002 escribió e interpretó el sencillo Lazarus, versionado al estilo hip hop por Kanye West e interpretado también por Cam'ron y el integrante de The Diplomats: Jim Jones.

 Polémicas
En 2008 Saint-Marie ofreció una entrevista en el Museo Nacional de los Indios Americanos en el que declaró haber sido vetada junto a otros amerindios y demás personas estadounidenses por los dirigentes del Red Power movement.

En otra entrevista concedida en el Diné College para Brenda Norrel del Indian Country Today, comentó que en los años 80, el Presidente Lyndon B. Johnson estuvo escribiendo cartas desde la Casa Blanca a las emisoras de radio para que no emitiesen su música y añadió que en los 70 la comunidad nativa estaba siendo discriminada.

 Recepción
En 1996 Saint-Marie ganó el premio Gemini por su cover de Up Where we Belong.

En 1983 y 1984, la misma canción para la película An Officer and a Gentleman ganó un Óscar, Globo de Oro y un BAFTA a la Mejor Banda Sonora.

En 2010 recibió el Premio a las Artes.

 Reconocimientos honoríficos
En 1996 obtuvo el certificado Doctor Honoris Causa de LLD por parte de la Universidad de Regina. También se dirigió a la administración e hizo entrega de los diplomas a los estudiantes de administración, enseñanza e ingeniería. Como parte del programa, interpretó una canción dedicada al sistema educativo de los amerindio-canadienses.

En 2007, el instituto Emily Carr de Arte y Diseño de Vancuver premió a Sainte-Marie con el doctorado en Filosofía. Un año después recibiría en Ottawa otro doctorado LLD por parte de la Universidad de Carleton, un Honoris Causa en música por la Universidad de Western Ontario de London y otro a las Bellas Artes de la Universidad de Arte y Diseño de Toronto.

 Discografía
 Álbumes

 Singles

 Véase también

 Mujeres en la música

 Referencias

 Enlaces externos

 Website oficial de Buffy Sainte-Marie en el Reino Unido

Buffy Sainte-Marie's Cradleboard Teaching Project
Buffy Sainte Marie, Heyoka Magazine Paintings
Buffy Sainte-Marie: A Multimedia Life, documentary produced by CineFocus-Paquin Pictures
Legendary Native American Singer-Songwriter Buffy Sainte-Marie - video report by Democracy Now!''
Short documentary Buffy (2010) at the National Film Board of Canada

Amerindios
Cantautores de Canadá
Activistas de Canadá
Bahaísmo
Adoptados
Paseo de la Fama de Canadá
Doctores honoris causa por la Universidad de Columbia Británica
Cantautoras
Cantantes de folk de Canadá
Artistas de Vanguard Records
Actrices de Canadá
Músicos de Saskatchewan
Ganadores del  premio Óscar a la mejor canción original


text:
Ugandatrichia mindoroensis är en nattsländeart som beskrevs av Wolfram Mey 1995. Ugandatrichia mindoroensis ingår i släktet Ugandatrichia och familjen smånattsländor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Smånattsländor
mindoroensis


text:
David Benke is a Lutheran pastor and the former president of the Atlantic District of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, or LCMS.
After the 9/11 attacks, Benke participated in an interfaith event with people of other faiths, including Muslims. For doing so, he was found in 2002 to have violated LCMS teachings, and, unwilling to apologize, he was suspended. In 2003, the President of the LCMS reinstated him.

Education and career
Benke was born on May 5, 1946, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as the first child of Raymond and Dorothea Benke. He attended Lutheran schools in Milwaukee and earned an Associate of Arts degree from Concordia College, Milwaukee (now Concordia University Wisconsin) in 1966. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree with honors from Concordia Senior College in Fort Wayne, Indiana. On August 17, 1968, he married Judith Platt, a teacher who graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Benke earned his Masters of Divinity degree from Concordia Seminary and was ordained a pastor at his boyhood church in Milwaukee on June 15, 1972. His career as an ordained pastor included time as an assistant pastor at Zion Lutheran Church in St. Louis and a religion teacher at Martin Luther High School in New York City. He became pastor of St. Peter's Lutheran Church in Brooklyn, and he served as pastor there from 1975 to 1991 and from 1998–present. While at St. Peter's, Benke earned his Doctor of Ministry degree from the New York Theological Seminary in May 1983.

Benke was elected president of the Atlantic District of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in 1991 and has been re-elected seven times, most recently in 2012.

Events following September 11 attacks
Following the attacks of September 11, 2001, he participated in an interfaith worship service for the victims that took place at Yankee Stadium and included high-profile speakers of many different religious denominations. His participation in this event was met with opposition by some Missouri Synod Lutherans, who claimed that his participation constituted syncretism and unionism. One such individual was Dr. Wallace Schulz, who was at that time the host of The Lutheran Hour and Second Vice President of the Synod. For several months following the Yankee Stadium event, Schulz tried to negotiate with Benke for a public apology. Schulz conducted an investigation into the allegations and found that Benke had violated synodical teachings in several areas. As Benke offered no apology publicly or privately, on July 6, 2002, Schulz suspended him. However, on April 10, 2003, the President of the Synod, Gerald B. Kieschnick, reinstated Benke. The charges against Benke were eventually withdrawn because an investigation determined he had received permission to attend the Yankee Stadium event from Kieschnick, his ecclesiastical supervisor.

References

External links
 Academic paper detailing the Yankee Stadium incident
 Official Atlantic District biography
 home.netcom.com
 ctlibrary.com
 consensuslutheran.org

20th-century American Lutheran clergy
Religious leaders from Milwaukee
Living people
1946 births
Concordia University Wisconsin alumni
Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod people
Concordia Seminary alumni
21st-century American Lutheran clergy


text:
Palazzese ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Iván Palazzese (1962–1989), venezolanischer Motorradrennfahrer
 Franky Palazzese (* 1993), US-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler


text:
El poble de Toló, també anomenat Sant Vicenç de Toló, nasqué del castell del mateix nom, i és l'origen del posterior poble de Sant Salvador de Toló. Pertangué al municipi d'aquest poble, i actualment forma part del de Gavet de la Conca. La primitiva parròquia del terme era la de Sant Vicenç. El poble primitiu era en el lloc del castell.

Està situat al sector sud-est del terme, a la part alta de la vall del riu de Conques.

No fou mai un poble gaire poblat, més relacionat amb l'acció defensiva derivada del castell que no pas del conreu agrícola. El 1359, Toló i Montllor consten amb 2 focs (deu ser un cadascun), o sigui, uns 10 habitants. Pascual Madoz, en la seva obra del 1845 diu que Toló consta de 5 cases unides a una hora del cap de municipi, i una petita església que fou la parroquial del terme.

A principis del  hi consten 10 edificis, amb 32 pobladors, i el 1970 encara hi havia 10 habitants, tot i que el 1980 ja no n'hi consta cap. Actualment hi viu una comunitat de neorurals i hi consten censats tan sols 2 habitants.

L'església del lloc és la capella del castell de Toló.

Bibliografia
 BELLMUNT I FIGUERAS, Joan. "Sant Salvador de Toló", a Pallars Jussà, IV. Lleida: Pagès Editors, 2000 (Fets, costums i llegendes, 34).
 CASES I LOSCOS, Maria-Lluïsa. "Toló", a El Pallars. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1993 (Catalunya romànica. XV).
 GAVÍN, Josep M.. Pallars Jussà, Barcelona: Arxiu Gavín, 1981 (Inventari d'esglésies, 8).
 MADOZ, Pascual. Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar. Madrid: Establecimiento Literario-Tipográfico, 1845. Edició facsímil Articles sobre El Principat de Catalunya, Andorra i zona de parla catalana del Regne d'Aragó al <<Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar>> de Pascual Madoz. V. 1. Barcelona: Curial, 1985.
 PAGÈS, M. "Gavet de la Conca. Sant Salvador de Toló", a El Pallars, la Ribagorça i la Llitera. Barcelona: Fundació Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1984 (Gran geografia comarcal de Catalunya, 12).
 ROCAFORT, Ceferí. "Provincia de Lleyda", a Geografia general de Catalunya dirigida per Francesch Carreras y Candi. Barcelona: Establiment Editorial d'Albert Martín, després del 1900
 ROIG I DEULOFEU, Albert. "Despoblat de Toló", a El Pallars. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1993 (Catalunya romànica. XV). .

Enllaços externs

 Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya

Toló


text:
George Pol. Papadakis is a Greek poet, writer and mathematician who was born in Athens. He also deals with literary criticism.

Career

Papadakis is a secondary education teacher in Computer Science, and has also taught in institutes of vocational training. He is a member of the Greek Literary Society and received a prize in prose writing from the Literary Society Parnassos in 2002.
As a researcher he is engaged in the area of "Entexno" Greek popular music. He also writes verses, some of which set to music by Greek composers including Joseph Benakis and Chrysanthos Mouzakitis.
Papadakis is Associate Editor of the literary journal Pnevmatiki Zoi (Athens Academy Award – 2002).

Works
 (2001) Anthologia Poiisis. (A Poetry Anthology) Athens: Pnevmatiki Zoi.
 (2001) Enas Peripatos stin Amorgo tou Nikou Gatsou. (A Stroll in Nikos Gatsos's Amorgos, Essay) Athens: Pnevmatiki Zoi.
 (2001) Sta Balkonia tou Ouranou. (At Heaven's Balconies, Poetry) Athens: Pnevmatiki Zoi.
 (2003) Anthologia Poiisis. (A Poetry Anthology) Athens: Pnevmatiki Zoi.
 (2003) To Iparchon Fos. (The Existing Light, Poetry) Athens.
 (2005) Oi Dromoi tou Fantastikou. (The Roads of Fantasy Literature, Stories – Essays) Athens: Oxy.
 (2007) Sto Likofos ton Kairon. (In the Twilight of Times, Poetry) Athens: Oxy.
 (2007) Tromos kai Fantasia. (Terror and Fantasy, Comics on Fantasy Literature) Athens: Psichis ta Lampirismata.
 (2007) "To Nekronomikon", Apagorevmena Vivlia (Forbidden Books) Athens: Archetipo, pp. 75–81.
 (2007) Akatonomastes Exomologiseis. (Unutterable Confessions, Psychological Atmospheric Horror) Athens: Oxy.
 (2007) "Takis Varvitsiotis", in Timi ston Taki Varvitsioti (A Tribute to Takis Varvitsiotis, Texts on his poetic Work), Various Authors. Thessaloniki: Bibis.
 (2008) "Giati i Poiisi", 27th symposium of poetry. Patras: Ekdoseis Peri Texnikon.
 (2008) "Ti Akrivos Einai I Tetarti Diastasi" (What Exactly Does The Fourth Dimension Stand For), "Sxetika me to Apeiro" (Issues Related To The Infinity), "Poso Efikto Einai Ena Taxidi ston Xrono" (Is Travelling Through Time An Attainable Objective?), "Oi Neoteres Theories Xronometaforas", "I Ekpliktiki Xronomixani tou Kathigiti Ronald Malett" (Professor Ronald Malett's Amazing Time Machine) (All Works on the issue of time travelling and the fourth dimension), in Tetarti Diastasi kai Taxidia ston Xrono, Various Authors. Thessaloniki: Arxetypo.
 (2008) The Little Runaways and the House in the Woods (Opera for Children). Montreal and Athens: ChromaMusika and Ekdoseis Hadjilakos.
 (2011) Simandro Afipnisis. (A Gong of Awakening), Poetry. Athens: Pnevmatiki Zoi.
 (2011) Fos sti Siopi. (Light in Silence), Poetry. Athens: Pnevmatiki Zoi.
 (2012) Matomenos Erotas. (Bloody Love), Novel. Athens: Dromon.
 (2013) Mou Eipan. (They talk to me), Interviews. Athens: Dromon.
 (2013) Dokimia ston Evropaiko Politismo, (Essays in European Culture). Athens: Dromon.
 (2014) Nea Atrapos,(New Path). Poetry Athens: Difros.
 (2015) Kostas Davourlis O Pele tis Evropis, (Costas Davourlis, A Pele in Europe). Study, Athens: Dromon.
 (2015) Iroes tou Steliou Anemodoura, (Heros of Stelios Anemodouras). Study, Athens:Mikros Iros.
 (2016) O Manolis Pratikakis sto fos tiw dialektikis, (Manolis Pratikakis of the light of dialectics). Athens: Kedros
 (2017) Laxeftis Topion, (Landscape Carver) Poetry. Athens: Difros.
 (2019) Draculas, i eksomologisi toy, (The confession of Dracula), horror comic. Athens: Dromon.

References

External links
Interview George Pol Papadakis by Takis Varvitsiotis
Γιώργος Πολ. Παπαδάκης, Ονειροπαρμένος
Γιώργος Πολ. Παπαδάκης, Η σκιά
«Μπλεκ», «Ζαγκόρ» & «Μικρός Ήρωας» σε ένα βιβλίο!
Συνέντευξη στο βιβλίο του Γιώργου Πολ. Παπαδάκη "Μου Είπαν..." | Σαράντος Καργάκος
Λέξημα > Λοιπές κατηγορίες > Γιώργος Π. Παπαδάκης :: Lexima.gr

Living people
21st-century Greek poets
Greek male poets
Writers from Athens
21st-century Greek male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Greek schoolteachers


text:
Харкі́вка — село в Україні, у Шосткинському районі Сумської області. Населення становить 56 осіб. Орган місцевого самоврядування — Кучерівська сільська рада.

Після ліквідації Глухівського району 19 липня 2020 року село увійшло до Шосткинського району.

Географія
Село Харківка розташоване на правому берез річки Клевень,вище за течіє на відстані 3 км розташоване село Комарівка, нижче за течією на відстані 6 км розташоване село Студенок. На відстані 2.5 км розташоване село Кучерівка.

По річці пролягає кордон з Росією.

Назва
На території України 2 населених пункти із назвою Харківка.

Посилання
 Погода в селі Харківка

Села Сумської області
Населені пункти Шосткинського району


text:
Gemmatimonas aurantiaca is a Gram-negative, aerobic, polyphosphate-accumulating micro-organism. It is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped aerobe, with type strain T-27T (=JCM 11422T =DSM 14586T). It replicates by budding.

References

Further reading
Whitman, William B., et al., eds. Bergey's manual® of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4. Springer, 2012.

External links

LPSN
Type strain of Gemmatimonas aurantiaca at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Gemmatimonadota
Bacteria described in 2003


text:
The Skeptic (also known as: The Haunting of Bryan Becket) is a 2009 American suspense thriller film written and directed by Tennyson Bardwell. Starring Tim Daly, Zoe Saldana, and Tom Arnold, and featuring Robert Prosky (in his final film appearance) and Edward Herrmann, it depicts the story of an attorney who inherits a seemingly haunted house, though he does not believe in the supernatural.

The film was shot in Upstate New York from late 2005 through 2006. Completed in 2008, it was screened at the Cannes Film Festival before being purchased by IFC Films for a limited theatrical release and airing on their video on demand channel as well.

Plot
A police officer responds to a 911 call that came from a large home, upon his investigation he comes across an old woman who had apparently died of fright, holding a set of rosary beads. Bryan Beckett (Tim Daly) is an overly analytical lawyer, whose lack of true emotion has caused a rift in his marriage. When he gets word that his old aunt had died, he assumes he inherits her home as a result of being her remaining kin. He makes it clear he does not believe in life after death, or many other superstitions and treats her death and funeral like everyday events. His friend and partner at the law firm Sully (Tom Arnold) has a seizure when they visit the home and warns Bryan not to enter the closet behind the cross. He recovers having no recollection of saying this. Wanting a separation from his wife to "scare her" into accepting his behavior, Bryan decides to spend a few weeks at his aunt's home. While he is there several strange occurrences are ignored by him that might hint at haunting behavior; a chest in the upstairs bedroom falls unaided, a large shrine is found in the closet behind a crucifix, and the house is filled with strange unexplained noises and glimpses of what appears to be a woman.

Bryan learns that the house was willed to an institute that studies sleep disorders. Upon investigation, the director Koven shows him another department that deals with psychic energy for scientific research. Though he maintains that they do not believe in the paranormal, Bryan decides to contest the will. But the sounds of whispering about an old trunk send him back. After Koven discounts his theories of voices in his house, Bryan goes to his psychiatrist Shepard (Edward Herrmann) who decides that Bryan's stress-induced insomnia is to blame. The visions become more vivid, and Cassie (Zoe Saldana) a psychic specimen of Koven's arrives to scan the house. She comes to several conclusions that Bryan had not disclosed, and the strange sound of someone falling down a flight of stairs that only he can hear clearly disturbs him. While going through an old trunk he found in the basement, Bryan and Cassie come across a doll that absolutely terrifies him into an emotional outrage. The next day, he begins to sense recurring memories of his mother abusing him and locking him in the same closet that seems to be the source of the hauntings. Shepard confirms this, and allows Bryan to remember that as a five-year-old, due to the harsh treatment by his mother, he consciously placed toys on the stairs, causing her to fall down them to her death. Shepard and Bryan's father used Bryan's repressed memories to make him forget about the event entirely. This makes Bryan realize that it is the ghost of his mother haunting the house.

He returns to his aunt's home, but decides against going in. He sees Cassie's car parked in the driveway and calls her from outside the house but he is unable to reach her, so he enters the home searching for her. He calls her cell phone again and she answers. He asks why she left her car in the driveway and she says she didn't. He looks out the window and finds that her car is not there. Bryan realizes that his mother tricked him to get him in the house. A now angry Bryan, storms from the room and finds his mother's body lying on the floor at the foot of the stairs. The shock causes him to faint and he falls down the stairs, landing where his mother had died. As his mother touches his face, he receives a vision of the picnic he had missed on the day before her death, when she had locked him in the closet for leaving a sock on the floor when he cleaned his room. It is implied in this vision, that she is apologizing to him for her deeds; then all goes dark and Bryan finds himself at the foot of the stairs as the screen goes dark.

Cast

Production
Writer and director Tennyson Bardwell .  Mary-Beth Taylor, was one of the film producers, along with Bardwell himself, Isen Robbins, and Aimee Schoof.

Shooting began in 2005, with eight weeks spent filming in various locations around the Saratoga Springs, New York area –  including the city Court House, the Olde Bryan Inn, the Union Gables Bed and Breakfast as well as Union College in nearby Schenectady, The Batcheller Mansion Inn was used for the three-story Victorian mansion where much of the film takes place. The production paid for exclusive use of the mansion for five weeks during its off-season. Filming was completed in 2006, and post-production finished in 2008.

In creating the film, in a markedly different genre from his first work, the 2004 comedy Dorian Blues, Bardwell aimed to create a film that would be "a Rorschach test for people's beliefs", in which viewers would have different ideas of what happened. Intended to concentrate on the psychological rather than gore, the film has no "blood and guts" and instead requires viewers to be skeptical and open to the different possible interpretations of the ending.

Release
The Skeptic was presented at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, after which the Independent Film Channel purchased it for distribution. IFC first released it to their video on demand channel on April 29, 2009. The film premiered theatrically in Saratoga Springs and at the IFC Center in New York City on May 1, 2009, in Albany, New York on May 8, 2009, and in Beverly Hills on May 15, 2009.

References

External links

 New York Times review

2009 films
2009 horror films
2000s ghost films
2000s supernatural films
2000s thriller films
American supernatural horror films
American supernatural thriller films
Films about child abuse
Films about lawyers
Films directed by Tennyson Bardwell
Films shot in New York (state)
American haunted house films
Matricide in fiction
2000s English-language films
2000s American films