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Loneliness is an unpleasant emotional response to perceived isolation. Loneliness is also described as social paina psychological mechanism which motivates individuals to seek social connections. It is often associated with a perceived lack of connection and intimacy. Loneliness overlaps and yet is distinct from solitude. Solitude is simply the state of being apart from others; not everyone who experiences solitude feels lonely. As a subjective emotion, loneliness can be felt even when a person is surrounded by other people. Hence, there is a distinction between being alone and feeling lonely. Loneliness can be short term (state loneliness) or long term (chronic loneliness). In either case, it can be intense and painful.

The causes of loneliness are varied. Loneliness can be a result of genetic inheritance, cultural factors, a lack of meaningful relationships, a significant loss, an excessive reliance on passive technologies (notably the Internet in the 21st century), or a self-perpetuating mindset. Research has shown that loneliness is found throughout society, including among people in marriages along with other strong relationships, and those with successful careers. Most people experience loneliness at some points in their lives, and some feel it often. The effects of loneliness are also varied. Transient loneliness (loneliness which exists for a short period of time) is related to positive effects, including an increased focus on the strength of one's relationships. Chronic loneliness (loneliness which exists for a significant amount of time in one's life) is generally correlated with negative effects, including increased obesity, substance use disorder, risk of depression, cardiovascular disease, risk of high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Chronic loneliness is also correlated with an increased risk of death and suicidal thoughts.

Medical treatments for loneliness include beginning therapy and taking antidepressants. Social treatments for loneliness generally include an increase in interaction with others, such as group activities (such as exercise or religious activities), re-engaging with old friends or colleagues, and becoming more connected with one's community. Other social treatments for loneliness include the ownership of pets and loneliness-designed technologies, such as meetup services or social robots (although the use of some technologies in order to combat loneliness is debated).

Loneliness has long been a theme in literature, going back to the Epic of Gilgamesh. However, academic coverage of loneliness was sparse until recent decades. In the 21st century, some academics and professionals have claimed that loneliness has become an epidemic, including Vivek Murthy, the Surgeon General of the United States. However, this claim has been disputed, with critics arguing that loneliness has not increased, but rather only academic focus on the topic has.

Causes

Existential
Loneliness has long been viewed as a universal condition which, at least to a moderate extent, is felt by everyone. From this perspective, some degree of loneliness is inevitable as the limitations of human life mean it is impossible for anyone to continually satisfy their inherent need for connection. Professors including Michele A. Carter and Ben Lazare Mijuskovic have written books and essays tracking the existential perspective and the many writers who have talked about it throughout history. Thomas Wolfe's 1930s essay God's Lonely Man is frequently discussed in this regard; Wolfe makes the case that everyone imagines they are lonely in a special way unique to themselves, whereas really every single person sometimes experiences loneliness. While agreeing that loneliness alleviation can be a good thing, those who take the existential view tend to doubt such efforts can ever be fully successful, seeing some level of loneliness as both unavoidable and even beneficial, as it can help people appreciate the joy of living.

Cultural
Culture is discussed as a cause of loneliness in two senses. Migrants can experience loneliness due to missing their home culture. Studies have found this effect can be especially strong for students from countries in Asia with a collective culture, when they come to study at universities in more individualist English speaking countries. Culture is also seen as a cause of loneliness in the sense that western culture may have been contributing to loneliness, ever since the Enlightenment began to favour individualism over older communal values.

Lack of meaningful relationships
For many people the family of origin did not offer the trust building relationships needed to build a reference that lasts a lifetime and even in memory after the passing of a loved one. This can be due to parenting style, traditions, mental health issues including personality disorders and abusive family environments. Sometimes religious shunning is also present.

This impacts the ability of individuals to know themselves, to value themselves and to relate to others or to do so with great difficulty.

All these factors and many others are overlooked by the standard medical or psychological advice that recommends to go meet friends, family and to socialise. This isn't always possible when there is no one available to relate to and an inability to connect without the skills and knowledge on how to proceed. With time a person might become discouraged or develop apathy from numerous trials, failures or rejections brought on by the lack of interpersonal skills.

As the rate of loneliness increases yearly among people of every age group and more so in the elderly, with known detrimental physical and psychological effects, there is a need to find new ways to connect people with each other and especially so at a time when a whole lot of the human attention is focused on electronic devices, it is a challenge.

Relationship loss
Loneliness is a very common, though often temporary, consequence of a relationship breakup or bereavement. The loss of a significant person in one's life will typically initiate a grief response; in this situation, one might feel lonely, even while in the company of others. Loneliness can occur due to the disruption to one's social circle, sometimes combined with homesickness, which results from people moving away for work or education.

Situational
All sorts of situations and events can cause loneliness, especially in combination with certain personality traits for susceptible individuals. For example, an extroverted person who is highly social is more likely to feel lonely if they are living somewhere with a low population density, with fewer people for them to interact with. Loneliness can sometimes even be caused by events that might normally be expected to alleviate it: for example the birth of a child (if there is significant postpartum depression) or after getting married (especially if the marriage turns out to be unstable, overly disruptive to previous relationships, or emotionally cold.) In addition to being impacted by external events, loneliness can be aggravated by pre-existing mental health conditions like chronic depression and anxiety.

Self perpetuating
Long term loneliness can cause various types of maladaptive social cognition, such as hypervigilance and social awkwardness, which can make it harder for an individual to maintain existing relationships, or establish new ones. Various studies have found that therapy targeted at addressing this maladaptive cognition is the single most effective way of intervening to reduce loneliness, though it does not always work for everyone.

Social contagion
Loneliness can spread through social groups like a disease. The mechanism for this involves the maladaptive cognition that often results from chronic loneliness. If a man loses a friend for whatever reason, this may increase his loneliness, resulting in him developing maladaptive cognition such as excessive neediness or suspicion of other friends. Hence leading to a further loss of human connection if he then goes on to split up with his remaining friends. Those other friends now become more lonely too, leading to a ripple effect of loneliness. Studies have however found that this contagion effect is not consistenta small increase in loneliness does not always cause the maladaptive cognition. Also, when someone loses a friend, they will sometimes form new friendships or deepen other existing relationships.

Internet

Studies have tended to find a moderate correlation between extensive internet use and loneliness, especially ones that draw on data from the 1990s, before internet use became widespread. Contradictory results have been found by studies investigating whether the association is simply a result of lonely people being more attracted to the internet, or if the internet can actually cause loneliness. The displacement hypothesis holds that some people chose to withdraw from real world social interactions so they can have more time for the internet. Excessive internet use can directly cause anxiety and depression, conditions which can contribute to lonelinessyet these factors may be offset by the internet's ability to facilitate interaction, and to empower people. Some studies found that internet use is a cause of loneliness, at least for some types of people. Others have found internet use can have a significant positive effect on reducing loneliness. The authors of meta studies and reviews from about 2015 and later have tended to argue that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between loneliness and internet use. Excessive use, especially if passive, can increase loneliness. While moderate use, especially by users who engage with others rather than just passively consume content, can increase social connection and reduce loneliness.

Genetics
In 2016, the first Genome-wide association study of loneliness found that the heredity of loneliness is about 14–27%. So while genes play a role in determining how much loneliness a person may feel, they are less of a factor than individual experiences and the environment. Previous smaller studies however, had estimated that loneliness may be between 37–55% hereditable.

Other
People making long driving commutes have reported dramatically higher feelings of loneliness (as well as other negative health impacts).

Typology
Two principal types of loneliness are social and emotional loneliness. This delineation was made in 1973 by Robert S. Weiss, in his seminal work: Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation Based on Weiss's view that "both types of loneliness have to be examined independently, because the satisfaction for the need of emotional loneliness cannot act as a counterbalance for social loneliness, and vice versa", people working to treat or better understand loneliness have tended to treat these two types of loneliness separately, though this is far from always the case.

Social loneliness
Social loneliness is the loneliness people experience because of the lack of a wider social network. They may not feel they are members of a community, or that they have friends or allies whom they can rely on in times of distress.

Emotional loneliness
Emotional loneliness results from the lack of deep, nurturing relationships with other people. Weiss tied his concept of emotional loneliness to attachment theory. People have a need for deep attachments, which can be fulfilled by close friends, though more often by close family members such as parents, and later in life by romantic partners. In 1997, Enrico DiTommaso and Barry Spinner separated emotional loneliness into Romantic and Family loneliness.
A 2019 study found that emotional loneliness significantly increased the likelihood of death for older adults living alone (whereas there was no increase in mortality found with social loneliness).

Family loneliness
Family loneliness results when individuals feel they lack close ties with family members. A 2010 study of 1,009 students found that only family loneliness was associated with increased frequency of self harm, not romantic or social loneliness.

Romantic loneliness
Romantic loneliness can be experienced by adolescents and adults who lack a close bond with a romantic partner. Psychologists have asserted that the formation of a committed romantic relationship is a critical development task for young adults, but is also one that many are delaying into their late 20s or beyond. People in romantic relationships tend to report less loneliness than single people, provided their relationship provides them with emotional intimacy. People in unstable or emotionally cold romantic partnerships can still feel romantic loneliness.

Other
Several other typologies and types of loneliness exist. Further types of loneliness include existential loneliness, cosmic lonelinessfeeling alone in a hostile universe, and cultural lonelinesstypically found among immigrants who miss their home culture. These types are less well studied than the threefold separation into social, romantic and family loneliness, yet can be valuable in understanding the experience of certain subgroups with loneliness.

Lockdown loneliness

Lockdown loneliness refers to "loneliness resulting because of social disconnection due to enforced social distancing and lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic and similar other emergency situations" such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Demarcation

Differences between feeling lonely and being socially isolated
There is a clear distinction between feeling lonely and being socially isolated (for example, a loner). In particular, one way of thinking about loneliness is as a discrepancy between one's necessary and achieved levels of social interaction, while solitude is simply the lack of contact with people. Loneliness is therefore a subjective yet multidimensional experience; if a person thinks they are lonely, then they are lonely. People can be lonely while in solitude, or in the middle of a crowd. What makes a person lonely is their perceived need for more social interaction or a certain type or quality of social interaction that is not currently available. A person can be in the middle of a party and feel lonely due to not talking to enough people. Conversely, one can be alone and not feel lonely; even though there is no one around, that person is not lonely because there is no desire for social interaction. There have also been suggestions that each person has their own optimal level of social interaction. If a person gets too little or too much social interaction, this could lead to feelings of loneliness or over-stimulation.

Solitude can have positive effects on individuals. One study found that, although time spent alone tended to depress a person's mood and increase feelings of loneliness, it also helped to improve their cognitive state, such as improving concentration. Furthermore, once the alone time was over, people's moods tended to increase significantly. Solitude is also associated with other positive growth experiences, religious experiences, and identity building such as solitary quests used in rites of passages for adolescents.

Transient vs. chronic loneliness
Another important typology of loneliness focuses on the time perspective. In this respect, loneliness can be viewed as either transient or chronic.

Transient loneliness is temporary in nature; generally it is easily relieved. Chronic loneliness is more permanent and not easily relieved. For example, when a person is sick and cannot socialize with friends, this would be a case of transient loneliness. Once the person got better it would be easy for them to alleviate their loneliness. A person with long term feelings of loneliness, regardless of if they are at a family gathering or with friends, is experiencing chronic loneliness.

Loneliness as a human condition
The existentialist school of thought views individuality as the essence of being human. Each human being comes into the world alone, travels through life as a separate person, and ultimately dies alone. Coping with this, accepting it, and learning how to direct our own lives with some degree of grace and satisfaction is the human condition.

Some philosophers, such as Sartre, believe in an epistemic loneliness in which loneliness is a fundamental part of the human condition because of the paradox between people's consciousness desiring meaning in life and the isolation and nothingness of the universe. Conversely, other existentialist thinkers argue that human beings might be said to actively engage each other and the universe as they communicate and create, and loneliness is merely the feeling of being cut off from this process.

In his 2019 text, Evidence of Being: The Black Gay Cultural Renaissance and the Politics of Violence, Darius Bost draws from Heather Love's theorization of loneliness to delineate the ways in which loneliness structures black gay feeling and literary, cultural productions. Bost limns, "As a form of negative affect, loneliness shores up the alienation, isolation, and pathologization of black gay men during the 1980s and early 1990s. But loneliness is also a form of bodily desire, a yearning for an attachment to the social and for a future beyond the forces that create someone's alienation and isolation."

Prevalence
Thousands of studies and surveys have been undertaken to assess the prevalence of loneliness. Yet it remains challenging for scientists to make accurate generalisations and comparisons. Reasons for this include various loneliness measurement scales being used by different studies, differences in how even the same scale is implemented from study to study, and as cultural variations across time and space may impact how people report the largely subjective phenomena of loneliness.

One consistent finding has been that loneliness is not evenly distributed across a nation's population. It tends to be concentrated among vulnerable sub groups; for example the poor, the unemployed, and immigrants. Some of the most severe loneliness tends to be found among international students from countries in Asia with a collective culture, when they come to study in countries with a more individualist culture, such as Australia. In New Zealand, the fourteen surveyed groups with the highest prevalence of loneliness most/all of the time in descending order are: disabled people, recent migrants, low income households, unemployed, single parents, rural (rest of South Island), seniors aged 75+, not in the labour force, youth aged 15–24, no qualifications, not housing owner-occupier, not in a family nucleus, Māori, and low personal income.

Studies have found inconsistent results concerning the effect of age, gender and culture on loneliness.
Much 20th century and early 21st century writing on loneliness assumed it typically increases with age. In high-income countries, on average, one in four people over 60 and one in three over 75 feels lonely. Yet as of 2020, with some exceptions, recent studies have tended to find that it is young people who report the most loneliness (though loneliness is still found to be a severe problem for the very old).
There have been contradictory results concerning how the prevalence of loneliness varies with gender. A 2020 analysis based on a worldwide dataset gathered by the BBC found greater loneliness among men, though some earlier work had found the opposite, or that gender made no difference.

While cross-cultural comparisons are difficult to interpret with high confidence, the 2020 analyses based on the BBC dataset found the more individualist countries like the UK tended to have higher levels of loneliness. However, previous empirical work had often found that people living in more collectivist cultures tended to report greater loneliness, possibly due to less freedom to choose the sort of relationships that suit them best.

Increasing prevalence
In the 21st century, loneliness has been widely reported as an increasing worldwide problem. In 2017, loneliness was labelled a growing "epidemic" by Vivek Murthy, the Surgeon General of the United States. It has since been described as an epidemic thousands of times, by reporters, academics and other public officials. A 2010 systematic review and meta analyses had stated that the "modern way of life in industrialized countries" is greatly reducing the quality of social relationships, partly due to people no longer living in close proximity with their extended families. The review notes that from 1990 to 2010, the number of Americans reporting no close confidants has tripled. Worldwide though there is little historical data to conclusively demonstrate an increase in loneliness. Several reviews have found no clear evidence of an increase in loneliness even in the US. Professors such as Claude S. Fischer and Eric Klinenberg opined in 2018 that while the data doesn't support describing loneliness as an "epidemic" or even as a clearly growing problem, loneliness is indeed a serious issue, having a severe health impact on millions of people. However, a 2021 study found that adolescent loneliness in contemporary schools and depression increased substantially and consistently worldwide after 2012.

A comparative overview of the prevalence and determinants of loneliness and social isolation in Europe in the pre-COVID period was conducted by Joint Research Centre of the European Commission within the project Loneliness in Europe.
The empirical results indicate that 8.6% of the adult population in Europe experience frequent loneliness and 20.8% experience social isolation, with eastern Europe recording the highest prevalence of both phenomena.

Effects

Transient
While unpleasant, temporary feelings of loneliness are sometimes experienced by almost everyone, they are not thought to cause long term harm. Early 20th century work sometimes treated loneliness as a wholly negative phenomena. Yet transient loneliness is now generally considered beneficial. The capacity to feel it may have been evolutionarily selected for, a healthy aversive emotion that motivates individuals to strengthen social connections. Transient loneliness is sometimes compared to short-term hunger, which is unpleasant but ultimately useful as it motivates us to eat.

Chronic
Long-term loneliness is widely considered a close to entirely harmful condition. Whereas transient loneliness typically motivates us to improve relationships with others, chronic loneliness can have the opposite effect. This is as long-term social isolation can cause hypervigilance. While enhanced vigilance may have been evolutionary adaptive for individuals who went long periods without others watching their backs, it can lead to excessive cynicism and suspicion of other people, which in turn can be detrimental to interpersonal relationships. So without intervention, chronic loneliness can be self-reinforcing.

Benefits
Much has been written about the benefits of being alone, yet often, even when authors use the word "loneliness", they are referring to what could be more precisely described as voluntary solitude. Yet some assert that even long-term involuntary loneliness can have beneficial effects.

Chronic loneliness is often seen as a purely negative phenomena from the lens of social and medical science. Yet in spiritual and artistic traditions, it has been viewed as having mixed effects. Though even within these traditions, there can be warnings not to intentionally seek out chronic loneliness or other conditionsjust advise that if one falls into them, there can be benefits. In western arts, there is a long belief that psychological hardship, including loneliness, can be a source of creativity. In spiritual traditions, perhaps the most obvious benefit of loneliness is that it can increase the desire for a union with the divine. More esoterically, the psychic wound opened up by loneliness or other conditions has been said, e.g. by Simone Weil, to open up space for God to manifest within the soul. In Christianity, spiritual dryness has been seen as advantageous as part of the "dark night of the soul", an ordeal that while painful, can result in spiritual transformation. From a secular perspective, while the vast majority of empirical studies focus on the negative effects of long term loneliness, a few studies have found there can also be benefits, such as enhanced perceptiveness of social situations.

Brain
Studies have found mostly negative effects from chronic loneliness on brain functioning and structure. However, certain parts of the brain and specific functions, like the ability to detect social threat, appear to be strengthened. A 2020 population-genetics study looked for signatures of loneliness in grey matter morphology, intrinsic functional coupling, and fiber tract microstructure. The loneliness-linked neurobiological profiles converged on a collection of brain regions known as the default mode network. This higher associative network shows more consistent loneliness associations in grey matter volume than other cortical brain networks. Lonely individuals display stronger functional communication in the default network, and greater microstructural integrity of its fornix pathway. The findings fit with the possibility that the up-regulation of these neural circuits supports mentalizing, reminiscence and imagination to fill the social void.

Physical health
Chronic loneliness can be a serious, life-threatening health condition. It has been found to be strongly associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, though direct causal links have yet to be firmly identified. People experiencing loneliness tend to have an increased incidence of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity.

Loneliness has been shown to increase the concentration of cortisol levels in the body and weaken the effects of dopamine, the hormone that makes people enjoy things. Prolonged, high cortisol levels can cause anxiety, depression, digestive problems, heart disease, sleep problems, and weight gain.

Associational studies on loneliness and the immune system have found mixed results, with lower natural killer (NK) cell activity or dampened antibody response to viruses such Epstein Barr, herpes, and influenza, but either slower or no change to the progression of AIDS.

Based on the ELSA, a study found that loneliness increased the risk of dementia by one-third. Not having a partner (being single, divorced, or widowed) doubled the risk of dementia. However, having two or three closer relationships reduced the risk by three-fifths.

Death
A 2010 systematic review and meta- analyses found a significant association between loneliness and increased mortality. People with good social relationships were found to have a 50% greater chance of survival compared to lonely people ( odds ratio = 1.5). In other words, chronic loneliness seems to be a risk factor for death comparable to smoking, and greater than obesity or lack of exercise. A 2017 overview of systematic reviews found other meta-studies with similar findings. However, clear causative links between loneliness and early death have not been firmly established.

Mental health
Loneliness has been linked with depression, and is thus a risk factor for suicide. A study based on more than 4,000 adults aged over 50 in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), looked at loneliness. Nearly one in five of those who reported being lonely had developed signs of depression within a year. Émile Durkheim has described loneliness, specifically the inability or unwillingness to live for others, i.e. for friendships or altruistic ideas, as the main reason for what he called egoistic suicide. In adults, loneliness is a major precipitant of depression and alcoholism. People who are socially isolated may report poor sleep quality, and thus have diminished restorative processes. Loneliness has also been linked with a schizoid character type in which one may see the world differently and experience social alienation, described as the self in exile.

While the long-term effects of extended periods of loneliness are little understood, it has been noted that people who are isolated or experience loneliness for a long period of time fall into a "ontological crisis" or "ontological insecurity," where they are not sure if they or their surroundings exist, and if they do, exactly who or what they are, creating torment, suffering, and despair to the point of palpability within the thoughts of the person.

In children, a lack of social connections is directly linked to several forms of antisocial and self-destructive behavior, most notably hostile and delinquent behavior. In both children and adults, loneliness often has a negative impact on learning and memory. Its disruption of sleep patterns can have a significant impact on the ability to function in everyday life.

Research from a large-scale study published in the journal Psychological Medicine, showed that "lonely millennials are more likely to have mental health problems, be out of work and feel pessimistic about their ability to succeed in life than their peers who feel connected to others, regardless of gender or wealth".

In 2004, the United States Department of Justice published a study indicating that loneliness increases suicide rates profoundly among juveniles, with 62% of all suicides that occurred within juvenile facilities being among those who either were, at the time of the suicide, in solitary confinement or among those with a history of being housed thereof.

Pain, depression, and fatigue function as a symptom cluster and thus may share common risk factors. Two longitudinal studies with different populations demonstrated that loneliness was a risk factor for the development of the pain, depression, and fatigue symptom cluster over time. These data also highlight the health risks of loneliness; pain, depression, and fatigue often accompany serious illness and place people at risk for poor health and mortality.

The psychiatrist George Vaillant and the director of longitudinal Study of Adult Development at Harvard University Robert J. Waldinger found that those who were happiest and healthier reported strong interpersonal relationships.

Suicide
Loneliness can cause suicidal thoughts (suicidal ideation), attempts at suicide and actual suicide. The extent to which suicides result from loneliness are difficult to determine however, as there are typically several potential causes involved. In an article written for the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention Dr. Jeremy Noble writes, "You don't have to be a doctor to recognize the connection between loneliness and suicide". As feelings of loneliness intensify so do thoughts of suicide and attempts at suicide. The loneliness that triggers suicidal tendencies impacts all facets of society.

The Samaritans, a nonprofit charity in England, who work with people going through crisis says there is a definite correlation between feelings of loneliness and suicide for juveniles and those in their young adult years. The Office of National Statistics, in England, found one of the top ten reasons young people have suicidal idealizations and attempt suicide is because they are lonely. College students, lonely, away from home, living in new unfamiliar surroundings, away from friends feel isolated and without proper coping skills will turn to suicide as a way to fix the pain of loneliness. A common theme, among children and young adults dealing with feelings of loneliness is they didn't know help was available, or where to get help. Loneliness, to them, is a source of shame.

Older people can also struggle with feelings of severe loneliness which lead them to consider acting on thoughts of suicide or self-harm. In some countries, senior citizens appear to commit a high proportion of suicides, though in other countries there is a significantly higher rate for middle-aged men. Retirement, poor health, loss of a significant other or other family or friends, all contribute to loneliness. Suicides caused by loneliness in older people can be difficult to identify. Often they don't have anyone to disclose their feelings of loneliness and the despair it brings. They may stop eating, alter the doses of medications, or choose not to treat an illness as a way to help expedite death so they don't have to deal with feeling lonely.

Cultural influences can also cause loneliness leading to suicidal thoughts or actions. For example, Hispanic and Japanese cultures value interdependence. When a person from one of these cultures feels removed or feels like they can't sustain relationships in their families or society, they start to have negative behaviors, including negative thoughts or acting self-destructively. Other cultures, such as in Europe, are more independent. While the cause of loneliness in a person may stem from different circumstances or cultural norms, the impact lead to the same results – a desire to end life.

Society level
High levels of chronic loneliness can also have society wide effects. Noreena Hertz writes that Hannah Arendt was the first to discuss the link between loneliness and the politics of intolerance. In her book The Origins of Totalitarianism Arendt argues that loneliness is an essential prerequisite for a totalitarian movement to gain power. Hertz states that the link between an individual's loneliness and their likelihood to vote for a populist political party or candidate has since been supported by several empirical studies. In addition to increasing support for populist policies, Hertz argues that a society with high levels of loneliness risks eroding its ability to have effective mutually beneficial politics. Partly as loneliness tends to make people more suspicious about each other. And also as some of the ways individuals alleviate loneliness, such as technological or transactional substitutes for human companionship, can reduce peoples political and social skills, such as their ability to compromise and to see other points of view.

However, the link between loneliness and political attitudes remains underexplored and ambiguous. Studies investigating the relationship between loneliness and voter orientation directly found that lonely individuals tend to abstain from elections rather than support populist parties. This inconsistency might stem from differences in the definition and operationalization of loneliness. While Hertz applies a broader definition of loneliness, the empirical studies that contradict her point use self reported, directly measured loneliness as predictor for voting behavior.

Physiological mechanisms linked to poor health
There are a number of potential physiological mechanisms linking loneliness to poor health outcomes. In 2005, results from the American Framingham Heart Study demonstrated that lonely men had raised levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a blood chemical linked to heart disease. A 2006 study conducted by the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of Chicago found loneliness can add thirty points to a blood pressure reading for adults over the age of fifty. Another finding, from a survey conducted by John Cacioppo from the University of Chicago, is that doctors report providing better medical care to patients who have a strong network of family and friends than they do to patients who are alone. Cacioppo states that loneliness impairs cognition and willpower, alters DNA transcription in immune cells, and leads over time to high blood pressure. Lonelier people are more likely to show evidence of viral reactivation than less lonely people. Lonelier people also have stronger inflammatory responses to acute stress compared with less lonely people; inflammation is a well known risk factor for age-related diseases.

When someone feels left out of a situation, they feel excluded and one possible side effect is for their body temperature to decrease. When people feel excluded blood vessels at the periphery of the body may narrow, preserving core body heat. This class protective mechanism is known as vasoconstriction.

Relief
The reduction of loneliness in oneself and others has long been a motive for human activity and social organization. For some commentators, such as professor Ben Lazare Mijuskovic, ever since the dawn of civilization, it has been the single strongest motivator for human activity after essential physical needs are satisfied. Loneliness is the first negative condition identified in the Bible, with the Book of Genesis showing God creating a companion for man to relieve loneliness. Nevertheless, there is relatively little direct record of explicit loneliness relief efforts prior to the 20th century. Some commentators including professor Rubin Gotesky have argued the sense of aloneness was rarely felt until older communal ways of living began to be disrupted by the Enlightenment.

Starting in the 1900s, and especially in the 21st century, efforts explicitly aiming to alleviate loneliness became much more common. Loneliness reduction efforts occur across multiple disciplines, often by actors for whom loneliness relief is not their primary concern. For example, by commercial firms, civic planners, designers of new housing developments, and university administration. Across the world, many departments, NGOs and even umbrella groups entirely dedicated to loneliness relief have been established. For example, in the UK, the Campaign to End Loneliness. With loneliness being a complex condition, there is no single method that can consistently alleviate it for different individuals; many different approaches are used.

Medical treatment
Therapy is a common way of treating loneliness. For individuals whose loneliness is caused by factors that respond well to medical intervention, it is often successful. Short-term therapy, the most common form for lonely or depressed patients, typically occurs over a period of ten to twenty weeks. During therapy, emphasis is put on understanding the cause of the problem, reversing the negative thoughts, feelings, and attitudes resulting from the problem, and exploring ways to help the patient feel connected. Some doctors also recommend group therapy as a means to connect with other patients and establish a support system. Doctors also frequently prescribe anti-depressants to patients as a stand-alone treatment, or in conjunction with therapy. It may take several attempts before a suitable anti-depressant medication is found.

Doctors often see a high proportion of patients with loneliness; a UK survey found that three-quarters of Doctors believed that between 1–5 patients visited them each day mainly out of loneliness. There isn't always sufficient funds to pay for therapy, leading to the rise of "social prescription", where Doctors can refer patients to NGO and Community led solutions such as group activities. While preliminary findings suggest social prescription has good results for some people, the evidence to support its effectiveness is not strong, with commentators advising that for some people it is not a good alternative to medical therapy.

NGO and community led
Along with growing awareness of the problem of loneliness, community led projects explicitly aiming for its relief became more common in the latter half of the 20th century, with still more starting up in the 21st. There have been many thousands of such projects across North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Some campaigns are run nationally under the control of charities dedicated to loneliness relief, while other efforts may be local projects, sometimes run by a group for which loneliness relief is not their primary objective. For example, housing associations that aim to ensure multi generational living, with social interaction between younger and older people encouraged, in some cases even contractually required. Projects range from befriending schemes that facilitate just two people meeting up, to large group activities, which will often have other objectives in addition to loneliness relief. Such as having fun, improving physical health with exercise, or participating in conservation efforts.

Government
In the UK, the Jo Cox Commission on Loneliness began pushing to make tackling loneliness a government priority from 2016. In 2018, this led to Great Britain becoming the first country in the world to appoint a ministerial lead for loneliness, and to publish an official loneliness reduction strategy. There have since been calls for other countries to appoint their own minister for loneliness, for example in Sweden and Germany. Various other countries had seen government led anti loneliness efforts even before 2018 however. For example, in 2017 the government of Singapore started a scheme to provide allotments to its citizens so they could socialise while working together on them, while the Netherlands government set up a telephone line for lonely older people. While governments sometimes directly control loneliness relief efforts, typically they fund or work in partnership with educational institutions, companies and NGOs.

Pets

Pet therapy, or animal-assisted therapy, can be used to treat both loneliness and depression. The presence of animal companions, especially dogs, but also others like cats, rabbits, and guinea pigs, can ease feelings of depression and loneliness among some patients. Beyond the companionship the animal itself provides there may also be increased opportunities for socializing with other pet owners. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention there are a number of other health benefits associated with pet ownership, including lowered blood pressure and decreased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.

Technology
Technology companies have been advertising their products as helpful for reducing loneliness at least as far back as 1905; records exist of early telephones being presented as a way for isolated farmers to reduce loneliness. Technological solutions for loneliness have been suggested much more frequently since the development of the internet, and especially since loneliness became a more prominent public health issue at around 2017. Solutions have been proposed by existing tech companies, and by start-ups dedicated to loneliness reduction.

Solutions that have become available since 2017 tend to fall under 4 different approaches. 1) Mindfulness apps that aim to change an individual's attitude towards loneliness, emphasising possible benefits, and trying to shift towards an experience more similar to voluntary solitude. 2) Apps that warn users when they're starting to spend too much time online, which is based on research findings that moderate use of digital technology can be beneficial, but that excessive time online can increase loneliness. 3) Apps that help people connect with others, including to arrange real life meetups. 4) AI related technologies that provide digital companionship. Such companions can be conventionally virtual (having existence only when their application is switched on), can have an independent digital life (their program may run all the time in the cloud, allowing them to interact with the user across different platforms like Instagram & Twitter in similar ways to how a real human friend might behave), or can have a physical presence like a Pepper robot. As far back as the 1960s, some individuals had stated they prefer communicating with the ELIZA computer program rather than regular human beings. AI driven applications available in the 2020s are considerably more advanced, able to remember previous conversations, with some ability to sense emotional states, and to tailor their interaction accordingly. An example of a start-up working on such technology is Edward Saatchis Fable studio. Inspired by the Joi character in Blade Runner 2049, Saatchi seeks to create digital friends that can help alleviate loneliness. As they'll be in some senses beyond human, untainted by negative motivators like greed or envy, and with enhanced powers of attention, they may be able to help people be kinder and gentler to others. And so assist with loneliness relief on a society wide level, as well as directly with individuals.

Effectiveness of digital technology interventions
A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of digital technology interventions (DTIs) in reducing loneliness in older adults found no evidence supporting that DTIs reduce loneliness in older adults with an average age from 73 to 78 years (SD 6–11). DTIs studied included social internet-based activities, that is, social activities via social websites, videoconferencing, customized computer platforms with simplified touch-screen interfaces, personal reminder information and social management systems, WhatsApp groups, and video or voice networks.

Religion
Studies have found an association with religion and the reduction of loneliness, especially among the elderly. The studies sometimes include caveats, such as that religions with strong behavioural prescriptions can have isolating effects. In the 21st century, numerous religious organisations have begun to undertake efforts explicitly focusing on loneliness reduction. Religious figures have also played a role in raising awareness of the problem of loneliness; for example, Pope Francis said in 2013 that loneliness of the old (along with youth unemployment) were the most serious evils of the age.

Others
Nostalgia has also been found to have a restorative effect, counteracting loneliness by increasing perceived social support. Vivek Murthy has stated that the most generally available cure for loneliness is human connection. Murthy argues that regular people have a vital role to play as individuals in reducing loneliness for themselves and others, in part by greater emphases on kindness and on nurturing relationships with others.

Effectiveness
Professor Stella Mills has suggested that while social loneliness can be relatively easy to address with group activities and other measures that help build connections between people, effective intervention against emotional loneliness can be more challenging. Mills argues that such intervention is more likely to succeed for individuals who are in the early stages of loneliness, before the effects caused by chronic loneliness are deeply engrained.

A 2010 meta-study compared the effectiveness of four interventions: improving social skills, enhancing social support, increasing opportunities for social interaction, and addressing abnormal social cognition (faulty patterns of thoughts, such as the hyper-vigilance often caused by chronic loneliness). The results of the study indicated that all interventions were effective in reducing loneliness, possibly with the exception of social skill training. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that correcting maladaptive social cognition offers the best chance of reducing loneliness. A 2019 umbrella review of systematic reviews focussing on the effectiveness of loneliness relief efforts aimed just at older people, also found that those targeting social cognition were most effective.

A 2018 overview of systematic reviews concerning the effectiveness of loneliness interventions, found that generally, there is little solid evidence that intervention are effective. Though they also found no reason to believe the various types of intervention did any harm, except they cautioned against the excessive use of digital technology. The authors called for more rigorous, best practice compliant research in future studies, and with more attention to the cost of interventions.

History
Loneliness has been a theme in literature throughout the ages, as far back as Epic of Gilgamesh. Yet according to Fay Bound Alberti, it was only around the year 1800 that the word began to widely denote a negative condition. With some exceptions, earlier writings and dictionary definitions of loneliness tended to equate it with solitude – a state that was often seen as positive, unless taken to excess. From about 1800, the word loneliness began to acquire its modern definition as a painful subjective condition. This may be due to the economic and social changes arising out of the enlightenment. Such as alienation and increased interpersonal competition, along with a reduction in the proportion of people enjoying close and enduring connections with others living in close proximity, as may for example have been the case for modernising pastoral villages. Despite growing awareness of the problem of loneliness, widespread social recognition of the problem remained limited, and scientific study was sparse, until the last quarter of the twentieth century. One of the earliest studies of loneliness was published by Joseph Harold Sheldon in 1948. The 1950 book The Lonely Crowd helped further raise the profile of loneliness among academics. For the general public, awareness was raised by the 1966 Beatles song "Eleanor Rigby".

According to Eugene Garfield, it was Robert S. Weiss who brought the attention of scientists to the topic of loneliness, with his 1973 publication of Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Before Weiss's publication, what few studies of loneliness existed were mostly focussed on older adults. Following Weis's work, and especially after the 1978 publication of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, scientific interest in the topic has broadened and deepened considerably, with tens of thousands of academic studies having been carried to investigate loneliness just among students, with many more focussed on other subgroups, and on whole populations.

Concern among the general public over loneliness increased in the decades since "Eleanor Rigby"'s release; by 2018 government-backed anti-loneliness campaigns had been launched in countries including the UK, Denmark and Australia.

See also

 Solitude
 Shyness
 Social anxiety
 Social anxiety disorder
 Social isolation
 Autophobia
 Individualism
 Interpersonal relationship
 Loner
 Pit of despair (animal experiments on isolation)
 Schizoid personality disorder

Notes and references

External links

Emotional issues
Philosophy of love
Social issues
Emotions


text:
A Place in the World is the third studio album by Australian rock band The Black Sorrows. The album was released in November 1985. All tracks were written by band members Joe Camilleri and Nick Smith, except "Let the Four Winds Blow".

Review
The Canberra Times Debbie Cameron noted the album was, "a cocktail of styles — from a strong piano accordion and calypso sound in "A Place in the World", to good dancing in "Country Girls", through a rocky but unremarkable "The Final Touch" and to a tragic "Sons of the Sea"". Although Cameron preferred Sonola, she found A Place in the World had "the action, the beat and the melody of Ry Cooder".

Track listing
 CD track listing

Personnel
Accordion – George Butrumlis
Bass – Joe Creighton
Cover – Richard Lewis
Drums, washboard – Peter Luscombe
Engineer – Gary Constable
Guitar – Jeff Burstin, Ross Hannaford, Andrew Pendlebury
Harmony vocals – Nick Smith, The Blackberries
Illustration – Jenny Aitken
Lap steel guitar – Ed Bates
Violin – Steve McTaggart, Danny Bourke

References

External links
 "A Place in the World" at discogs.com

1985 albums
The Black Sorrows albums
Albums produced by Joe Camilleri

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Липп:
 Липп — брассери, расположенная в VI округе Парижа на бульваре Сен-Жермен.
 Липп, Алина Владимировна (род. 1993) — немецкая и российская журналистка.
 Липп, Вольфганг (род. 1941) — немецкий социолог.
 Липп, Марко (род. 1999) — эстонский футболист.
 Липп, Отто-Роберт (род. 2000) — эстонский футболист.
 Липп, Хейно Юлиусович (1922—2006) — советский толкатель ядра.

См. также
 Липпе
 Липпи
 Липпс
 Липс


text:
Onthophagus carinicollis är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Achille Raffray 1877. Onthophagus carinicollis ingår i släktet Onthophagus och familjen bladhorningar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Bladhorningar
carinicollis


text:
A Baía da Commonwealth é uma baía aberta de cerca de 48 km de largura que fica entre o ponto Alden e o cabo cinza, na Antártica. Essa baía foi descoberta em 1912 durante a Expedição Antártica Australasiática, comandada por Douglas Mawson, que estabeleceu a base principal da expedição em cabo Denison à frente da baía.

Vento catabático

É considerada  como o lugar com os ventos mais turbulentos da terra, regularmente excedendo 240 km/h e com velocidade média anual de  80 km/h.
As tempestades são causadas por vento catabático, um fluxo concentrado de ar frio em movimento ao longo da superfície íngreme do escudo de gelo em direção ao mar. O fluxo de ar é acelerado pelo aumento do gradiente térmico entre a superfície de gelo e o monólito de penhasco em cabo Denison. No verão, há períodos de relativa calma, mas durante o inverno as tempestades são especialmente fortes e de longa duração e podem começar e terminar inesperadamente. Tempestades com início e fim abruptos podem ser acompanhadas por redemoinhos poderosos e expressivas nuvens de curta duração e velozes na linha de costa. Apesar das condições meteorológicas extremas, a Baía de costa da Commonwealth é uma área importante de preservação para Petreis Antárticos, pinguins-imperadores e pinguins de adélia, que significa que há também focas-leopardo.

Redução populacional dos pinguins de adélia
Uma colônia de pinguins de adélia residente na baía sofreu um acidente que reduziu drasticamente sua população, de 160.000 para 10.000, em 2010. A única saída para o mar que havia na região foi bloqueada por um iceberg gigante com cerca de 100 km de diâmetro, e a colônia agora está efetivamente isolada.

Baías da Antártida
Exploração da Antártida
Território Antártico Australiano


text:
est une comète à courte période du système solaire. Sa trajectoire a un demi-grand axe de , entre Jupiter et Saturne, une inclinaison de  et une excentricité de 0,33. Son périhélie se trouve à  du Soleil, un peu plus près du Soleil que Jupiter ; la comète y passera le  et il est prévu qu'elle y repasse fin . Sa période orbitale est de . Son aphélie est à , un peu au-delà de Saturne. La comète croise donc l'orbite de Jupiter et celle de Saturne.

Références

Bibliographie
 MPEC 2019-W132 : P/2019 V2 (Groeller)
 P/2019 V2 (Groeller) sur astro.vanbuitenen.nl

Comète découverte en 2019
Comète périodique non numérotée


text:
Мімо́зові (Mimosoideae) — підродина бобових рослин, яку іноді виділяють у власну родину. Головним чином дерева і чагарники. Існує близько 2500 видів (40-55 родів), що поширені переважно в тропіках, субтропіках.

Листя у більшості двоякоперисте, рідко просто перисте, іноді внаслідок недорозвинення відгину просте, філодіальне, тобто складається з одних розширених черешків, звернених вгору і вниз ребрами. Квіти дрібні кутові або зібрані суцвіттями іноді у вигляді щільних головок, правильні; в чашечці та віночку однакове число частин, 5 або 6, зрідка 3 або 6; тичинок стільки ж, або вдвічі більше, навіть невизначене число; Квітковий пилок зібраний по 4, іноді по 8, 12 і 16, або ж порошковатою. Зав'язь і плід — як у решти бобових.

Деякі мімозові служать джерелом отримання цінної деревини, дубильних речовин і гуміарабіку. Плоди (боби) ліан з роду ентада можуть досягати 2 м довжини.

Таксономія
Ця підродина поділяється на три триби: , , .

Акаційові (Acacieae)
Ця триба представлена родами:

  Britton & Rose
  Seigler & Ebinger
 Senegalia Raf.
  Wight & Arn.

Являють собою квіти з безліччю тичинок (завжди більше 10) з вільними нитками.

До цієї триби входять такі роди::

До цієї триби входять такі роди:

Примітки

Бобові
Підродини рослин


text:
The Polikarpov I-1 was the first indigenous Soviet monoplane fighter. It had to be redesigned after the crash of the first prototype, and was eventually ordered into production in small numbers, but it was never accepted for service with the Soviet Air Forces.

Development
The I-1 (I = Istrebitel or fighter) was a single-seat, low-wing, wooden aircraft. The first prototype, known as the IL-400, was designed around the  Liberty L-12 piston engine. It used the radiator and propeller of the Airco DH.9A. The fuselage and wings were covered with a mix of plywood and fabric. The landing gear was braced by wires and the wingtips were protected by tubular curved skids. On the IL-400's maiden flight on 15 August 1923, the aircraft stalled and crashed because its center of gravity was too far aft.

A second prototype, designated as the IL-400bis or IL-400B, was built, but it had to be redesigned to cure the center of gravity problem. A new, thinner, aluminum wing was designed and the tailplane and vertical stabilizer were enlarged. The cockpit and engine were moved forward and the radiator was replaced by a Lamblin type. It made its first flight on 18 July 1924 and was cleared for production on 15 October as the I-1.

Thirty-three aircraft were ordered, but the first production aircraft was still a prototype. The aluminum skin was replaced by plywood, the radiator was switched for a honeycomb type, and two synchronised 7.62  mm (0.3  in) PV-1 machine guns were fitted. The production aircraft differed from one another and all were used for testing. This showed that the I-1 did not easily recover from a spin and Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gromov was forced to make the first Soviet parachute jump during one such incident on 23 June 1927. The aircraft never entered operational service.

Operators

Soviet Air Force

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

1920s Soviet and Russian fighter aircraft
I-001
Aircraft first flown in 1923


text:
Angelique Kerber was the two-time defending champion, but she lost in the second round to Kristina Mladenovic.

Laura Siegemund won the title, defeating Mladenovic in the final, 6–1, 2–6, 7–6(7–5).

As a result of Kerber's loss, Serena Williams regained the world No. 1 ranking, despite being on pregnancy leave. This tournament also marked the return of Maria Sharapova to the WTA Tour, after serving a 15-month suspension for doping offences.

Seeds
The top four seeds receive a bye into the second round.

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

Qualifying

Seeds

Qualifiers

Lucky loser

Draw

First qualifier

Second qualifier

Third qualifier

Fourth qualifier

External links
 Main draw
 Qualifying draw

Porsche Tennis Grand Prix Singles
2017 Women's Singles


text:
The women's 200 metre freestyle swimming competition at the 1999 Pan American Games took place on 3 August 1999 at the Pan Am Pool in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The last Pan American Games champion was Cristina Teuscher of US.

This race consisted of four lengths of the pool, all in freestyle.

Results
All times are in minutes and seconds.

Heats
The first round was held on August 3.

B Final
The B final was held on August 3.

A Final
The A final was held on August 3.

References

Swimming at the 1999 Pan American Games
1999 in women's swimming


text:
Кроу, Айра (художник) (1824—1910) — английский живописец и график.
 Кроу, Айра Александр (1864—1925) — британский дипломат.
 Кроу, Айра Эванс (1799—1868) — английский журналист и историк.


text:
Dmitrij Alekszandrovics Galjamin (oroszul: Дмитрий Александрович Галямин; Moszkva, 1963. január 8. –) orosz labdarúgóedző, korábban szovjet és orosz válogatott labdarúgó.

Pályafutása

Klubcsapatban
Moszkvában született. Utánpótlásszinten a Szpartak Moszkva csapatában nevelkedett. 1981-ben a CSZKA Moszkva igazolta le, ahol tíz éven keresztül játszott. 1991-ben szovjet bajnoki címet és kupát nyert. Még abban az évben Spanyolországba szerződött az Espanyolhoz, ahol három szezont töltött. 1995-ben a szintén spanyol CP Mérida játékosaként fejezte be a pályafutását.

A válogatottban

1990 és 1991 között 12 alkalommal szerepelt a szovjet válogatottban. 1992-ben 1 mérkőzésen lépett pályára a FÁK válogatottjában. 1993 és 1994 között 6 alkalommal játszott az orosz válogatottban. Részt vett az 1994-es világbajnokságon.

Edzőként
Aktív pályafutását követően edzősködni kezdett. 1996 és 1999 között az Espanyol segédedzője volt. Később hazatért Oroszországba és számos csapatnál vállalt munkát. Megíbzott edzőként és sportigazgatóként is dolgozott többek között az FK Himki, a Tom Tomszk, az Anzsi Mahacskala, a Szpartak Nyizsnyij Novgorod, a FK Szaturn, a Zenyit Szankt-Petyerburg, a Gyinamo Moszkva, a kazah Kajrat Almati és a Krilja Szovetov együttesénél.

Sikerei, díjai

Játékosként
CSZKA Moszkva
Szovjet bajnok (1): 1991
Szovjet kupagyőztes (1): 1990–91

Jegyzetek

További információk

1963-ban született személyek
Élő személyek
Szovjet labdarúgók
Orosz labdarúgók
Orosz labdarúgóedzők
Labdarúgóhátvédek
A Szpartak Moszkva labdarúgói
A CSZKA Moszkva labdarúgói
Az Espanyol labdarúgói
A Mérida labdarúgói
Az 1994-es világbajnokság labdarúgói


text:
State Road 16 (SR 16) runs from northwest to southeast between Raiford and St. Augustine. It passes through the towns of Starke and Green Cove Springs in addition to providing access to Camp Blanding. Major roads and/or highways that SR 16 crosses include: US 301, SR 21, US 17, SR 13, Interstate 95 and US 1.

Route description

The route begins at Florida State Road 121 in Raiford and runs straight east. After passing the Union Correctional Institute, and a furniture factory across from a forest, it curves southeast to cross a bridge over the New River, thus crossing the Union-Bradford County Line. From there it runs between the Florida State Prison and New River Correctional Institute, and remains at this general trajectory until it reaches Starke.

After passing under the diamond interchange with U.S. Route 301 Alternate (Starke Bypass), the road enters the northern edge of downtown Starke, where it encounters the intersection with CR 229 and makes a curve more towards the east before intersecting US 301. Five blocks later, it has a grade crossing with the two tracks of the CSX Wildwood Subdivision then four blocks later, curves directly east once again.  Leaving the city, the road bends slightly to the northeast and later crosses the Bradford-Clay County Line where it then encounters a sharp left curve to the north at a wye intersection with the eastern terminus of SR 230, only to curve back straight east again, where it has another intersection with the southern terminus of CR 225. These sharp curves are around the northwest shores of Kingsley Lake, and then the vicinity of Camp Blanding. The southwestern terminus of CR 215 provides a shortcut towards Jacksonville, but the main road leading to that city is found later as SR 21, north of Belmore.

East of SR 21, the road passes by the historic town of Penney Farms and then runs through Pass Station before crossing a bridge over Peters Creek. At the Clay County Fairgrounds, the route has a short overlap with Clay CR 315, a tri-county road running from Marion County through Putnam County almost towards Fleming Island. In Green Cove Springs, the road crosses the CSX Sanford Subdivision and the Clay County Historical Museum, then makes a sharp turn to the south at US 17, sharing an overlap with that route until the Leonard C Taylor Parkway, where it leaves US 17 and returns to the east.

SR 16 crosses the St. Johns River using the Shands Bridge.  This bridge connects Clay and St. Johns Counties.  The Shands is often considered an emergency alternative to the Buckman Bridge that is farther north.  The difference between both bridges is that the Buckman, which carries Interstate 295, has eight lanes  while the Shands has only two lanes. The Shands Bridge is expected to be retired and replaced with a wider bridge in the future as part of the First Coast Expressway project.

After the bridge, the road has a wye intersection with SR 13, and turns southbound again in another overlap. As SR 16 turns east again, Route 13 is downgraded into St. Johns County Road 13, which runs along the east bank of the St. Johns River towards Spuds, Hastings, and even as far south as the vicinity of Bunnell. SR 16's eastern trajectory ends again at the southeastern terminus of CR 16A and southern terminus of Silverlake Parkway. It curves back to the east between CR 208 and Interstate 95 at Exit 318. The last CR 16A is at Lewis Speedway before the road crosses a bridge over the San Sebastian River and enters the historic City of Saint Augustine where it crosses the main line of the Florida East Coast Railroad just before the intersection with US 1. Florida State Road 16 ends two blocks later at San Marco Avenue (US Business Route 1).

Major intersections

Related routes

Clay County

CR 16A is a county road in Clay County. It is a suffixed spur of SR 16 located just west of the city of Green Cove Springs serving residences around the northwest quadrant of Kingsley Lake.

St. Johns County

CR 16A is a county road in St. Johns County, Florida. It is a spur of SR 16 in northwestern St. Johns County. It goes through mainly rural land. It begins at SR 13 just north of the Shands Bridge and continues about 1.5 miles before making a junction with County Road 210 afterwards it continues until its end at SR 16 near World Golf Village. It is the older alignment of SR 16, ending at SR 13 at the Old Shands Bridge pier.

References

External links

016
016
016
016
016


text:
és un exfutbolista equatorià de la dècada de 2000.

Fou 101 cops internacional amb la selecció de l'Equador amb la qual participà en els Mundials de 2002 i 2006.

Pel que fa a clubs, defensà els colors de Deportivo Quito, Barcelona S.C., Aucas, Cruzeiro, Hibernian, Aston Villa, Reading i Birmingham City.

A les eleccions generals de 2013 fou escollit membre de l'Assemblea Nacional per la província de Carchi.

Referències

Futbolistes internacionals amb l'Equador
Polítics equatorians
Futbolistes del Birmingham City Football Club
Futbolistes de l'Aston Villa FC


text:
SN 2007bk – supernowa typu Ia odkryta 20 kwietnia 2007 roku w galaktyce A152845+5852. W momencie odkrycia miała maksymalną jasność 16,50.

Przypisy

Supernowe zaobserwowane w 2007 roku


text:
El trogón canela (Harpactes orrhophaeus) es una especie de ave trogoniforme de la familia Trogonidae que habita en el sudeste asiático.

Descripción
El trogón canela mide alrededor de 25 cm de largo, incluida su larga cola. Su pico azul es robusto y con la punta curvada hacia abajo. El macho tiene la cabeza negra con una pequeña lista superciliar azul. El resto de sus partes superiores son de color canela, salvo sus alas que presentan un fino y denso listado en blanco y negro, y sus partes inferiores son de color rosado rojizo. Su cola es canela en la parte superior y blanca en la inferior, con plumas laterales negras. Las hembras en cambio tienen la cabeza parda con tonos castaños o canelas alrededor de los ojos y en el lorum, y sus partes inferiores son de color ocre amarillento. Además el listado de sus alas es negro y ocre.

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra en la península malaya, Sumatra y el norte de Borneo. Su hábitat natural son las selvas húmedas hasta los 180 .

Comportamiento
Es una especie sedentaria que alimentan principalmente de insectos que atrapan en niveles entre 2 y 3 metros del suelo.

Esta especie construye su nido en cavidades aproximadamente a 1,5 metros sobre el suelo, y suele poner dos huevos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Imagen en ADW
 Vídeo del trogón canela

Aves del Sureste Asiático
Orrhophaeus
Animales descritos en 1863
Taxones descritos por Jean Cabanis
Taxones descritos por Ferdinand Heine Jr.


text:
Nina Grigorjevna Pletnjova-Otkalenko (), ruska atletinja, * 23. maj 1928, Kurska oblast, Sovjetska zveza, † 13. maj 2015, Moskva, Rusija.

Ni nastopila na poletnih olimpijskih igrah. Leta 1954 je osvojila naslov evropske prvakinje v teku na 800 m. Petkrat zapored je postavila svetovni rekord v teku na 800 m, ki ga je držala med letoma 1951 in 1960.

Sklici

Zunanje povezave

 Profil na Track and Field Brinkster

Ruski atleti
Tekači na srednje proge
Nekdanji svetovni rekorderji v atletiki


text:
TV Azteca è un gruppo televisivo messicano, il più importante dopo Televisa.

Fondato nel 1983 come proprietà statale, con il nome di Instituto Mexicano de la Televisión ("Imevisión"), è stato privatizzato con il suo attuale nome nel 1993. Il suo fiore all'occhiello è il telegiornale Hechos, ma negli ultimi anni la sua produzione di telenovelas, oltre ad aumentare sensibilmente gli ascolti in patria, lo ha reso conosciuto anche internazionalmente.

Possiede due canali, Azteca 7 e Azteca 13, e gestisce la programmazione di una terza rete nazionale, adn40, e del network di Città del Messico a+.

In Italia, grazie ad un accordo col canale satellitare Lady Channel, dal 2009 vengono trasmesse in esclusiva telenovelas della sua recente library in lingua originale con sottotitoli.

Canali televisivi

Reti terrestri

Azteca Uno
Rete televisiva generalista che trasmette reality show, talk show, film, sport e notiziari. È una delle prime reti televisive messicane per ascolti.

Azteca 7
Rete televisiva dedicata a un pubblico giovane e generalista. Durante il giorno trasmette cartoni animati sia statunitensi che giapponesi. Nel tardo pomeriggio trasmette propria series ragazzi prodotti da altre aziende. In prima serata trasmette serie televisive statunitensi.

A Más
Rete televisiva disponibile solo a Città del Messico. Trasmette film messicani, serie televisive e telenovelas prodotte.

adn40
Rete televisiva disponibile solo a Città del Messico. Trasmette notiziari e programmi d'attualità e d'approfondimento.

Via cavo
 Corazón
 Clic!
 Mundo (precedentemente Azteca Trece Internacional)
 Cinema
 Romanza+ África (Africa) - creato in collaborazione con Grupo Cisneros de Venezuela e AfricaXP, trasmette nell'Africa anglofona

Collegamenti esterni
 Sito ufficiale


text:
The Emperor's Old Clothes () is a 1923 German silent film directed by Franz Seitz and starring Dary Holm, Ernst Rückert and Fritz Greiner.

The film's sets were designed by the art directors Kurt Dürnhöfer and Karl Machus.

Cast
 Dary Holm
 Ernst Rückert
 Fritz Greiner
 Rudolf Basil
 Lili Dominici
 Frau Thoma
 Max Weydner

References

Bibliography
 Alfred Krautz. International directory of cinematographers, set- and costume designers in film, Volume 4. Saur, 1984.

External links

1923 films
Films of the Weimar Republic
German silent feature films
Films directed by Franz Seitz
German black-and-white films
1920s German films


text:
Seznam kanadskih fizikov.

A
 John F. Allen
 Nima Arkani-Hamed (1972 – )

B
 Alexander Graham Bell (1847 – 1922)
 Robert Birgeneau (1942 – )
 Robert William Boyle (1883 – 1955)
 Willard Sterling Boyle (1924 – 2011)  2009
 Bertram Neville Brockhouse (1918 – 2003)  1994
 D. Allan Bromley (1926 – 2005)
 Harriet Brooks (1876 – 1933)
 Eli Franklin Burton (1879 – 1948)

C
 John Herbert Chapman
 Matthew William Choptuik
 Fred Isaac Cooperstock (1940 – 2018)

D
 Arthur Jeffrey Dempster (1886 – 1950)
 Chandre Dharma-wardana

F
 Sylvia Fedoruk
 Melissa Franklin
 Ursula Franklin
 Laurent Freidel
 Charlotte Froese Fischer
 Valerij Pavlovič Frolov (1946 – )

H
 Robert Haynes
 Gerhard Herzberg

I
 Werner Israel (1931 – 2022)

J
 John David Jackson (1925 – 2016)
 Sajeev John
 Harold E. Johns

K
 Larkin Kerwin
 Lev Abramovič Kofman (1957 – 2009)
 Lawrence M. Krauss

L
 Robert Langlands
 Hugh Le Caine
 Wilfrid Bennett Lewis (1908 – 1987)
 James Loudon

M
 Steven MacLean
 John Cunningham McLennan (1867 – 1935)
 John W. Moffat (1938 – )
 Robert Myers

P
 Don Nelson Page (1948 – )
 Anthony Pawson
 Philip James Edwin Peebles (1935 – )  2019
 Eduard Prugovečki

R
 Hubert Reeves

S
 Louis Slotin
Donna Strickland  2019

T
 Richard E. Taylor (1929 – 2018)

U
 William George Unruh (1945 –)

V
 Erich Vogt
 George Michael Volkoff (1914 – 2000)

W
 John Tuzo Wilson
 Mark B. Wise

Fiziki


text:
Theodore Stratelates ( (); ), also known as Theodore of Heraclea (; AD 281–319), was a martyr and Warrior Saint in the Eastern Orthodox, Catholic and Oriental Orthodox Churches.

There is much confusion as to whether he and St. Theodore of Amasea were the same person, as the stories about their lives later diverged into two separate traditions.

Life

Theodore came from the city of Euchaita in Asia Minor. He killed a giant serpent living on a precipice in the outskirts of Euchaita. The serpent had terrorised the countryside. Theodore armed himself with a sword and vanquished it.  According to some of the legends, because of his bravery, Theodore was appointed military-commander (stratelates) in the city of Heraclea Pontica, during the time the emperor Licinius (307–324) began a fierce persecution of Christians. Theodore invited Licinius to Heraclea, having promised to offer a sacrifice to the pagan gods. He requested that all the gold and silver statues of the gods which they had in Heraclea be gathered up at his house. Theodore then smashed them into pieces which he then distributed to the poor.

Theodore was arrested and subjected to torture and crucified. His servant Varos (also venerated as a saint), witnessed this and recorded it. In the morning the imperial soldiers found him alive and unharmed. Not wanting to flee a martyr's death, Theodore voluntarily surrendered to Licinius, and was beheaded by the sword. This occurred on 8 February 319, on a Saturday, at the third hour of the day. His "life" is listed in Bibliotecha Hagiographica Graeca 1750-1754

The two Theodores

Numerous conflicting legends grew up about the life and martyrdom of Theodore of Amasea so that, in order to bring some consistency into the stories, it seems to have been assumed that there were two different venerated individuals, St Theodore Tiron of Amasea and Theodore Stratelates of Heraclea. The earliest text referring to the two saints is the Laudatio of Niketas David of Paphlagonia in the 9th century. It was said that his Christianity led to many conversions in the Roman army, which was the reason that Licinius was so concerned. Christopher Walter treats at length of the relationship between these saints.

It is suggested that Theodore Tiron as a recruit and ordinary foot soldier was viewed by the people of Byzantium as a patron of common soldiers and that the military aristocracy sought a patron of their own rank.

Another possibility is that he was in fact originally derived from a third Theodore called Theodore Orientalis from Anatolia.

In art both Theodore of Amasea and Theodore Stratelates are shown with thick black hair and pointed beards. In older works they were often distinguished by the beard having one point for Theodore Tiron of Amasea and two points for Stratelates as in the fresco from the Zemen Monastery below.

There is much confusion between them and each of them is sometimes said to have had a shrine at Euchaita in Pontus. In fact the shrine existed before any distinction was made between the saints. The separate shrine of Stratelates was at Euchaneia (the modern Çorum in Turkey), a different place about 35 km west of Euchaita (the modern Avkhat).

However, it is now generally accepted, at least in the west, that there was in fact only one Theodore. Delehaye wrote in 1909 that the existence of the second Theodore had not been historically established, while Walter in 2003 wrote that "the Stratelates is surely a fiction".

Before Saint Mark's relics were (according to tradition) brought to Venice in 828, Theodore was the patron saint of the city. The Doge of Venice's original chapel was dedicated to that saint, though, after the translation of Saint Mark's relics, it was superseded as his chapel by St Mark's Basilica. This may be either Theodore of Amasea or Theodore Stratelates, but the Venetians do not seem to have distinguished between them.

Byzantine perspective
Gregory of Nyssa, brother of Basil the Great (also known as Basil of Caesarea), who is venerated as a saint in Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, Lutheranism and Anglicanism, held a different opinion. This is because, although the two Theodores were born in close territories and martyred in parallel, their names were involved in the confusion between two pilgrimage sites. Theodore Stratelates was from Euchaneia while Theodore Tiron (Ἅγιος Θεόδωρος ὁ Τήρων) was from Euchaita (territories close to each other). Usually mostly western researchers by mistake interpret the lack of reference to two Theodores in the valley of Irida (or Iris) in Yeşilırmak River (up to the 9th century, which was the date that their names were established) as proof that they both were one and the same person. Unfortunately this is not the case since, in fact, each of the saints had his own pilgrimage site. What causes western researchers to get confused is at that time (9th century) the pilgrimage site of Euchaita had declined but that of Euchaneia was starting to flourish. Also, Avgaros or Uarus ( or ) the personal secretary of Theodore Stratelates wrote his biography, which clearly differs from the one Gregory of Nyssa wrote for Theodore Tiron.

Coptic perspective
Theodore is known in Egypt as Saint Theodore of Shotep, Saint Tadros of Shotep or Prince Theodore (; ). He was born to a soldier in the Roman army named John, an Egyptian from the city of Shateb in Upper Egypt. His mother Oussawaia was the daughter of a prince. John married her when he went to Antioch to fight against the Persians.  When his wife learned that he was a Christian, she attempted to make him deny his faith and become a pagan. When John refused, she drove him out of the house. Later, an angel appeared to John and assured him in regards to Theodore, saying that he would be the reason for the faith of many people in Christ. John rejoiced at what he heard and decided to return to his home in Upper Egypt.

The days passed and Theodore grew. He was awarded the title of prince, because his grandfather was a prince and his mother as well, and because of his father's high position in the army. Theodore's mother sent him to the army to become a soldier, and over the years he became famous for his courage and skill. Through his friends he learnt that his father was a Christian, and so he returned to his mother and told her what he had heard, and was angry because she had lied to him and said that his father had died in the war.

At this point, Theodore decided to become a Christian. He went to the priest called Olgianus and asked to rely on the name of Christ. A priest taught him the foundations of Christian faith. Over time he became a brilliant military commander and when Diocletian heard about him, he appointed him a commander over five hundred knights, and called him Prince Theodore the Esphehlar (i.e. brave commander).

Life continued and one day, the saint wanted to meet his father. He took a search to know his father's home and decided to go and met him. He travelled to Alexandria and from there to Shotep. He went to the church of the city and prayed, and then asked for a person named John, and the people told him where he was and that he was suffering from a severe illness. Theodore went to John's house and met him. His father was very glad to meet him and thanked God for achieving his request, and they talked together.  Five days later, John died. Theodore and the people buried him, and the people offered consolation to Theodore. He told them that when he died, they must bury him next to his father John.  A war was raging between the Persians and the Romans, and the emperor called Theodore to go to Antioch for war. The prince left the village, travelled to Antioch and met Theodore of Amasea. Here the story is similar to the above-mentioned.  Many churches have been built in his name since the time of Emperor Constantine, and he currently has many churches named after him throughout Egypt, and for the great fame of the saint in Egypt, including an archaeological monastery in his name in Madinet Al Hawamdeyah, Giza. It is said that the body of the saint rests there. After he was attended by his mother when he became a Christian in the reign of Emperor Constantine, an area in Alexandria was named by that name the region became known as Alexandria "Shatby" attributed to him.

Commemoration
His annual feast day is commemorated on 8 February (21 February N.S.) or 7 February in the Latin Rite, though this is no longer liturgically celebrated in the Roman Catholic church.

One of the few ceramic icons in existence, dated to c. 900, shows Saint Theodore. It was made by the Preslav Literary School and was found 1909 near Preslav, Bulgaria (now National Archaeological Museum, Sofia).

Gallery

See also
 Simeon I of Bulgaria
 Theodore the Martyr

References

Sources

 Book of Saints, The "A dictionary of servants of God canonised by the Catholic church" compiled by the Benedictine monks of St Augustine's Abbey, Ramsgate (6th edition, revised & rest, 1989)
 Butler's Lives of the Saints (originally compiled by the Revd Alban Butler 1756-1759)
 Delaney, John J: Dictionary of Saints (1982)
 Delehaye, Hippolyte: Les Legendes Grecques des Saints Militaires (Paris.1909)
 Demus, Otto: The Church of San Marco in Venice (Washington 1960)
 Demus, Otto: The Mosaics of San Marco in Venice  (4 volumes)  1 The Eleventh & Twelfth Centuries - Text (1984)
 Farmer, David: The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (4th edition, 1997)
 Grotowski, Piotr: Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints: Tradition and Innovation in Byzantine Iconography (843–1261) (Leiden 2010)

 The Oxford Companion to the Year (by Bonnie Blackburn & Leofranc Holford-Stevens) (Oxford 1999)
 Oikonomidès, N. Le dédoublement de saint Théodore et les villes d΄ `Euhaïta et d΄ `Euchaneia, Analecta Bollandiana 104 (1986) p. 327–335.
 Walter, Christopher: The Warrior Saints in Byzantine Art and Tradition (2003)
 Συναξάριον, Σάββατον Α' Εβδομάδος, ΤΡΙΩΔΙΟΝ ΚΑΤΑΝΥΚΤΙΚΟΝ της Αγίας και Μεγάλης ΤΕΣΣΑΡΑΚΟΣΤΗΣ, εκδόσεις ΦΩΣ, ΑΘΗΝΑ

External links
 Lives of all saints commemorated on February 8 at Orthodox Church in America

319 deaths
4th-century Christian martyrs
4th-century Romans
281 births
Military saints
Saints from Roman Egypt

de:Theodor Tiro


text:
The Marine Band of Allentown is a civilian concert band based in Allentown, Pennsylvania.  Founded 1903, the band played over 130 engagements during its first year.

Despite its name, the Marine Band has no affiliation to the military or the United States Marine Corps.  Today, the Marine Band performs a number of times each year in a number of venues, which include annual spring and Christmas concerts, West Park, the Festival of Bands, Mayfair and other locations throughout Allentown and the Lehigh Valley.  The Marine Band is part of Allentown's rich musical heritage of civilian concert bands, which also includes the Allentown Band, the Municipal Band of Allentown and the Pioneer Band of Allentown.

References

External links

Concert bands
Culture of Allentown, Pennsylvania
Musical groups established in 1903


text:
The Scheldecross Antwerpen is a cyclo-cross race held in Antwerp (Antwerpen), Belgium. Since 2015 it is part of the DVV Trophy.

Past winners

References
 Men's results
 Women's results

Cyclo-cross races
Cycle races in Belgium
Recurring sporting events established in 2006
2006 establishments in Belgium
Sport in Antwerp


text:
La route nationale 428, ou RN 428, est une ancienne route nationale française reliant Châtillon-sur-Seine à Saints-Geosmes.

À la suite de la réforme de 1972, la RN 428 a été déclassée en RD 928 en Côte-d'Or et RD 428 en Haute-Marne.

Ancien tracé
 Châtillon-sur-Seine (km 0)
 Maisey-le-Duc (km 10)
 Vanvey (km 13)
 Voulaines-les-Templiers (km 19)
 Leuglay (km 21)
 Recey-sur-Ource (km 28)
 Colmier-le-Haut (km 38)
 Germaines (km 43)
 Auberive (km 48)
 Saints-Geosmes où elle rejoignait la RN 74 (km 70)

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des routes nationales de France
 Liste historique des routes nationales de France
 Réseaux routiers de la Côte-d'Or et de la Haute-Marne

Lien externe
 Voir le tracé de la RN 428 sur Google Maps

428
428


text:
La baie de Wismar (Wismarer Bucht) est une baie la plus méridionale de la mer Baltique après la lagune de Szczecin. Elle se situe dans le land de Mecklembourg-Poméranie-Occidentale au nord-est de l'Allemagne. La baie de Wismar est une subdivision de la baie du Mecklembourg, au nord de la ville hanséatique de Wismar.

Mecklembourg
Géographie du Mecklembourg-Poméranie-Occidentale


text:
Fürstenberg ist ein Familienname, der vor allem im deutschsprachigen Raum vorkommt.

Namensträger

A
 Adelina von Fürstenberg (* 1946), Schweizer freie Kuratorin
 Adolphus Fürstenberg (1908–1988), deutscher Geistlicher, Bischof von Mpika
 Andreas von Fürstenberg (1663–1738), deutsch-baltischer Offizier und Landrat
 Anna von Fürstenberg († 1626), deutsche Geistliche, Äbtissin von Oelinghausen
 Anton Egon (Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg) (1656–1716), deutscher Reichsfürst und Statthalter

C
 Carl Fürstenberg (1850–1933), deutscher Bankier
 Caspar Dietrich von Fürstenberg (1615–1675), deutscher Alchimist, Kavallerieobrist und Künstler
 Catherine von Fürstenberg-Dussmann (* 1951), US-amerikanische Unternehmerin
 Cecil Blaffer von Fürstenberg (Titi; 1919–2006), US-amerikanische Mäzenin
 Christian Franz Dietrich von Fürstenberg (1689–1755), deutscher Geistlicher und Richter
 Clemens von Fürstenberg-Borbeck (1835–1891), preußischer Generalmajor
 Clemens Lothar Ferdinand von Fürstenberg (1725–1791), deutscher Erbdrost
 Cordula von Fürstenberg († 1561), deutsche Geistliche, Äbtissin von Geseke
 Cornelia von Fürstenberg (* 1981), deutsche Schauspielerin

D
 Diane von Fürstenberg (* 1946), belgisch-US-amerikanische Modedesignerin
 Dietrich von Fürstenberg (1546–1618), deutscher Geistlicher, Fürstbischof von Paderborn
 Dorothee Fürstenberg (1935–2015), deutsche Opernsängerin (Sopran)

E
 Eduard Fürstenberg (1827–1885), deutscher Gehörlosenpädagoge
 Egon von Fürstenberg (Landrat) (1833–1888), preußischer Landrat
 Egon von Fürstenberg (1946–2004), Schweizer Modedesigner
 Egon VIII. (Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg) (1588–1635), deutscher Heerführer
 Eleonore von Fürstenberg (1523–1544), Gemahlin von Graf Philipp IV. von Hanau-Lichtenberg
 Eleonora Katharina von Fürstenberg (um 1630–1670), Gräfin aus dem süddeutschen Adelsgeschlecht von Fürstenberg und Frau von Graf Franz Wilhelm I. von Hohenems
 Elimar Freiherr von Fürstenberg (1910–1981), deutscher Politiker (Bayernpartei, CSU), MdB
 Elisabeth zu Fürstenberg (1767–1822), deutsche Adlige, Kämpferin für Privilegien der Reichsstände
 Engelbert Egon von Fürstenberg-Herdringen (1850–1918), deutscher Fideikommissherr, Politiker

F

 Friedrich Fürstenberg (* 1930), deutscher Soziologe

G
 Gregor von Fürstenberg (* 1965), deutscher Theologe

H
 Hans Fürstenberg (1890–1982), deutsch-französischer Bankier und Bibliophiler

 Hilde Fürstenberg (1902–2005), deutsche Schriftstellerin
 Hillel Fürstenberg (auch Harry Fürstenberg; * 1935), israelischer Mathematiker
 Hugo Franz von Fürstenberg (1692–1755), Domherr in Hildesheim und Münster

I
 Ilse Fürstenberg (1907–1976), deutsche Schauspielerin und Synchronsprecherin
 Ira von Fürstenberg (* 1940), Schauspielerin und Schmuckdesignerin

J
 Jakob Ludwig von Fürstenberg (1592–1627), kaiserlicher Feldzeugmeister, bayerischer General der Artillerie
 Joachim Egon zu Fürstenberg (1749–1828), k.k wirklicher Geheimer Rat, Kämmerer und Oberhofmarschall, Ritter des Goldenen Vließ
 Joachim Egon Fürst zu Fürstenberg (1923–2002), deutscher Unternehmer

 Johann zu Fürstenberg (1802–1879), Besitzer des Fideikommiss Weitra und Mitglied des Herrenhauses
 Josefa zu Fürstenberg-Weitra (1776–1848), Fürstin von Liechtenstein
 Josefine Karoline von Fürstenberg-Stammheim (1835–1895), deutsche Benediktinerin und Klostergründerin

K

 Kaspar von Fürstenberg (1545–1618), deutscher Landdrost

L
 Leopold von Fürstenberg (1905–1979), deutscher Politiker (CDU)

M

 Maximilien de Fürstenberg (1904–1988), vatikanischer Diplomat und Kurienkardinal
 Michael von Fürstenberg (1942–2012), deutscher Geistlicher
 Molly von Fürstenberg (* 1942), deutsche Filmproduzentin
 Moritz Fürstenberg (1818–1872), deutscher Zoologe und Parasitologe
 Myriam Baroness von Fürstenberg (1908–2006), niederländisch-deutsche Adlige

O
 Ottilia von Fürstenberg (1549–1621), deutsche Geistliche, Äbtissin von Heerse

P
 Paula Fürstenberg (* 1987), deutsche Schriftstellerin
 Peter Freiherr von Fürstenberg (* 1936), deutscher Forstwissenschaftler

R
 Rainer Fürstenberg (1961–2013), deutscher Bildhauer

S
 Solly Fürstenberg (Siegfried Fürstenberg; 1810–1887), deutscher Porträt- und Genremaler der Düsseldorfer Schule, Zeichenlehrer in Saarbrücken

T
 Tassilo Fürstenberg (1903–1987), österreichisch-ungarischer Adliger

V
 Veith von Fürstenberg (* 1947), deutscher Filmproduzent, Drehbuchautor und Regisseur

W

 Wratislaw I. von Fürstenberg (1584–1631), Offizier und Diplomat

Familienname
Deutscher Personenname


text:
John Sacramoni, más conocido como Johnny Sack, es un personaje ficticio de la serie de HBO Los Soprano interpretado por Vincent Curatola. Durante gran parte de la serie, Sacrimoni es el subjefe de la familia criminal Lupertazzi de Brooklyn liderada por Carmine Lupertazzi. Es uno de los nexos entre la familia criminal Soprano y la familia Lupertazzi debido a la gran amistad que le une con Tony Soprano. Más tarde, tras el fallecimiento de Carmine Lupertazzi, Sacramoni se convierte en el jefe de dicha familia, periodo que coincide con la llegada de Phil Leotardo y el empeoramiento de las relaciones entre las dos familias. Finalmente murió en prisión debido a un cáncer de pulmón.

Lecturas recomendadas
 The Sopranos: The Complete Book, 2007 HBO ISBN 1-933821-18-3.
 Glen O. Gabbard, The Psychology of the Sopranos Love, Death, Desire and Betrayal in America's Favorite Gangster Family - Basic books, 2002.
 Michael Hammond, Lucy Mazdon, The Contemporary Television Series, Edinburgh University Press, Edimburgo 2005.
 Martha P. Nochinsom, Dying to Belong: Gangsters Movies in Hollywood and Hong Kong, Wiley Blackwell, 2007.

Enlaces externos
 Perfil de Johnny "Sack" Sacramoni en HBO.com

Gánsteres ficticios
Italoestadounidenses ficticios
Personajes de Los Soprano
Sicarios ficticios


text:
El Terremoto de Azerbaiyán de 2012 fue un sismo de magnitud 5,6 que sacudió Zaqatala el 7 de mayo de 2012 a las 9:40 (hora local). El sismo también sacudió otros países como Georgia y Rusia. 10 horas más tarde una réplica sísmica casi similar golpeó otra vez el área. Que fue divulgada inicialmente mientras que los daños menores pronto llegaron a ser más serios.

Réplicas

7 de mayo
 Después del primer sismo se registró una réplica que alcanzó una magnitud de 5.4 grados en la escala de Richter que se sintió incluso en Tiflis, la capital de Georgia.

18 de mayo
 El viernes 18 de mayo un terremoto de 6 grados en la escala de Richter sacudió de nuevo Zaqatala. El sismo causó daños en algunas urbanizaciones. No hubo víctimas porque muchas personas vivían en tiendas de campaña por la serie de terremotos del 7 de mayo. Según previas estimaciones 250 edificios fueron destruidos por completo en el sismo del 7 de mayo.

Daños

 El ministro de las situaciones de emergencia Kamaladdin Heydarov dijo a los periodistas el jueves que la cantidad de dinero necesario para reparar y para reconstruir a las comunidades de los daños puede ser más alta que esperada inicialmente. Si más dinero se necesita, él dijo, más dinero será reservado para lograr esta tarea.
 El número de construcciones dañadas anterior divulgadas aumentaron considerablemente a 3123 (aproximadamente 3000 casas y 123 edificios del estado como escuelas, de los servicios sociales etc).
 Mirando el grado de destrucción en los pueblos, Earthquake-Report.com lo llama un milagro a que nadio murió durante este terremoto (aunque 1 periódico mencionaba esto sin especificar ningunos detalles). El número de herido es también muy limitado como contaron 35 heridos en total, solamente nada serio. La explicación más conveniente para el limitado herido es que el terremoto ocurrió durante las horas de última mañana en que la gente está fuera de sus casas. Más tarde se confirmó que el terremoto dejó 2 personas fallecidas.
 El personal y los equipos de rescate médicos ayudaron en los campos entoldados y funcionaron en cambios para estar presentes siempre.

 Elman Ramazanow de la comisión de la emergencia del distrito de Zaqatala dio números más exactos en el daño del terremoto y de las réplicas sísmicas dobles. Esto es un informe intermedio con los datos recogidos en más de 24 horas. De acuerdo con el área limitada del daño y de la experiencia después de acontecimientos del terremoto, asumimos que estos números pueden aumentar solamente levemente.
 274 casas, los establos y otras construcciones se han derrumbado
 2.052 casas tienen daño leve (grietas, paredes parcialmente derrumbadas etc)
 100 instalaciones sociales están mostrando las grietas
 Hay 500 tiendas en varios pueblos muy afectados y han asignado 1.050 familias a estos campos tenting. Otras 500 tiendas serán erigidas, que traen el total a 1.000.
 temporalmente un refugio encontrado con 1.276 familias en las casas de parientes
 El gobierno central de Azerbaiyán ha reservado 20 millones de manats (24,5 millones de US$) para la ayuda de la reconstrucción

 Algunos pueblos en el área directa del terremoto permanecieron sin electricidad
 Los oficiales del gobierno tienen dicho la prensa que la reconstrucción y la reparación de las casas dañadas comenzarán tan pronto como el día siguiente

Después del terremoto

 El Presidente Aliyev visitó el área dañada por el terremoto. Él se encontró y habló con las personas. El Presidente Aliyev reiteró la ayuda a los damnificados de 20 millones de nuevos manats (24,5 millones de USD) en la fase inicial en 2012, y el gobierno ha prometido reconstruir y reparar el área.
 Los servicios de emergencia comenzaron con la reparación y la reconstrucción de las áreas más afectadas.
 Las tiendas fueron distribuidas en los pueblos siguientes: Zaqatala, Gözbarax, Zəyəm, Qımır, Çobankol, Bazar, Qax, Güllü, Tasmalı, Ləkid, Zərnə y Lələpașa.

Véase también
 Anexo:Terremotos en Azerbaiyán
 Terremotos de Italia de 2012
 Terremoto de Bulgaria de 2012
 Terremotos de Afganistán de 2012
 Terremoto de Turquía de 2011
 Terremoto de Spitak 1988

Referencias

Terremotos de 2012
Terremotos en Azerbaiyán
Azerbaiyán en 2012