text:
The flag of Texas is the official flag of the U.S. state of Texas. It is well known for its prominent single white star which gives the flag its commonly-used name: "Lone Star Flag". This lone star, in turn, gives rise to the state's nickname: "The Lone Star State". The flag, flown at homes and businesses statewide, is highly popular among Texans and is treated with a great degree of reverence and esteem within Texas. Along with the flag of Hawaii, it is one of two state flags to have previously served as a national flag of an independent country. In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 U.S. state, territorial, and Canadian provincial flags and ranked the Texas flag second, behind New Mexico.

Flag design
The state flag is officially described by law as:

History and adoption

Legislation authorizing the flag was introduced in the Congress of the Republic of Texas on December 28, 1838, by Senator William H. Wharton. The flag was adopted on January 25, 1839, as the national flag of the Republic of Texas. "Accompanying the original Act ... is a drawing by Peter Krag of the national flag and seal ... although in the original President Lamar's approval and signature are at the top and upside down[.]"  When Texas became the 28th U.S. state on December 29, 1845, the national flag became the state flag. From 1879 until 1933 there was no official state flag, although the Lone Star Flag remained the de facto state flag; in adopting the Revised Civil Statutes of 1879, the Legislature repealed all statutes not expressly continued in force; since the statutes pertaining to the flag were not among those renewed, Texas was formally flagless until the passage of the 1933 flag law.

The actual designer of the flag is unknown.  Some claim that Dr. Charles B. Stewart of Montgomery, Texas, is either the designer of the flag or drew the image used by the Third Congress when enacting the legislation adopting the flag. However, Stewart's drawing "looks suspiciously like a tracing of the Peter Krag art, including the upside down signature of President Lamar".

Colors and symbolism
The exact shades of red, white, and blue to be used in the flag are specified by Texas statute to be the same as those of the flag of the United States, which are:

The Texas Flag Code assigns the following symbolism to the colors of the Texas flag: blue stands for loyalty, white for purity, and red for bravery. The code also states that the single (lone) star "represents ALL of Texas and stands for our unity as one for God, State, and Country".

The idea of the single red stripe and single white stripe actually dates back to the short-lived Republic of Fredonia, a small state near modern Nacogdoches which seceded from Mexico in 1826 before being forcibly re-integrated. The new state was formed through an alliance between local Anglo settlers and Native American tribes and the Fredonian flag used a white and red stripe to symbolize the two ethnic/racial groups from which the state was formed. Though this rebellion ultimately failed it served as an inspiration to the later Texas Revolution.

The idea of the "lone star" is, in fact, an older symbol predating the flag which was used to symbolize Texans' solidarity in declaring independence from Mexico.  A similar lone star was on the "Burnet Flag", which resembled the flag of the short-lived Republic of West Florida. The "Lone Star" is still seen today as a symbol of Texas' independent spirit, and gave rise to the state's official nickname "The Lone Star State".

Pledge of allegiance and flag protocol

The pledge of allegiance to the state flag is as follows:

The pledge was instituted by the Texas Legislature in 1933. The pledge originally referred to the "Texas flag of 1836" (which was the Burnet Flag, and not the Lone Star Flag then in use).  In 1965, the error was corrected by deleting the words "of 1836" because the current flag was not officially adopted by the Texas government until 1839.  In 2007, the phrase "one state under God" was added. The addition of "under God" has been challenged in court, though an injunction was denied.
As of 2001 (amended 2017), the pledge is recited standing at attention with one's right hand over one's heart. A person in uniform instead renders a military salute.  The Texas Pledge is always recited after reciting the Pledge of Allegiance to the American flag every morning in the majority of schools across the state.

The flag is required by law to be displayed on or near the main administration building of each state institution during each state or national holiday, and on any special occasion of historical significance, permanently above both doors of the Texas State Capitol, alone at the north door, and under the U.S. flag at the south door, with the exception being if the flags are at half mast or if the POW/MIA flag is being flown with the U.S. flag; in which event the Texas flag shall only fly at the North Door.  State law also requires that the state flag be flown at or near any International Port of Entry. When displayed vertically, the blue stripe should be at top and, from the perspective of an observer, the white stripe should be to the left of the red stripe.

Historical flags of Texas

National flags over Texas

Pre-Revolutionary flags

Revolutionary flags

During revolutionary eras of Texas history, during the Spanish Texas period, Mexican Texas period, and the times of the Texas Revolution, a great number and variety of flags appeared.

The Lone Star and Stripes/Ensign of the First Texas Navy/War Ensign flag was widely used by both Texan land and naval forces. This flag was simply the United States flag with a Lone star in the canton. This flag echoes an earlier design, carried by the forces of James Long in failed 1819 and 1821 attempts to separate Texas from Spanish control. This earlier flag was exactly the same, save for the canton having a red background rather than blue. There is evidence that the Lone Star and Stripes was used at the battles of Goliad, the Alamo, and San Jacinto, and the first Congress of the Republic of Texas as convened under it in 1836. Although interim President David Burnet issued a decree making the Lone Star and Stripes the first official flag of the Republic of Texas, it never became the legal national flag. It did remain the naval flag of Texas until annexation, and was noted for being "beneficial to our [Texan] Navy and Merchantmen" due to its resemblance to the U.S. flag. Despite its unofficial status, the flag remained well known inside the region and internationally as the symbol of Texas. The official blue and gold "Burnet Flag", on the other hand, was little known by Texans, and no contemporary illustrations of it have been discovered except for on the first series 2 dollar note of the Texas Dollar. An 1837 chart of national flags printed in Philadelphia showed the Lone Star and Stripes as the national flag of Texas, and Texas Senator Oliver Jones, who led the 1839 committee which approved the Lone Star Flag, was unaware that the Lone Star and Stripes was not the current official flag. Later, prior to the American Civil War, this flag was carried by Floridian militiamen in Pensacola during the seizure of U.S. property in that city.

The "Come and Take It Flag" was created by the people of Gonzales, featuring the phrase, a black five pointed star, and the image of the town cannon Mexican forces had demanded they turn over. In March 1831, Juan Gomez, a lieutenant in the Mexican Army, granted a small cannon to the colony of San Antonio. It was then transported to Gonzales, Texas and later was the object of Texas pride. At the minor skirmish known as the Battle of Gonzales, a small group of Texans successfully resisted the Mexican forces who had orders to seize their cannon. As a symbol of defiance, the Texans had fashioned a flag containing the phrase along with a black star and an image of the cannon which they had received six years earlier from Mexican officials.

The so-called "Alamo Flag" or "1824 flag" was created by replacing the Eagle in the center of the Mexican tricolor with the year "1824", referencing the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, in support of which Texas was fighting. This was the first flag approved for use by rebel forces by a Texan legislative body. In 1835, the Texan provisional government approved the use of this flag for privateers preying on Mexican commerce. It has often been said that the 1824 flag was flown by Texan forces at the Battle of the Alamo. However, this was never alleged until 1860, long after the battle had occurred. Modern writers have pointed out that the presence of the 1824 flag at the time and place of the battle is highly unlikely. A similar flag was flown at least briefly by Texan Tejano forces, featuring two black, six pointed stars in place of the date. It is likely that the actual "Alamo flag" referred to by accounts of the time was the Lone Star and Stripes, which had been depicted in use at earlier battles such as Goliad, and was widely referred to as the "Texian flag".

The Dodson Tricolor or Dodson flag was designed and sewn by a Mrs. Sarah Dodson during the Revolution. It resembled the flag of Revolutionary France, but with longer proportions and the Texan Lone Star in the canton. Stephen F. Austin was initially so alarmed by the obvious symbolism that he requested the flag not be used, but it nevertheless flew over Texan forces in Cibolo Creek, and may have been the first Texan flag raised over San Antonio. The flag was one of two that flew over the small cabin in which Texas delegates ratified their declaration of independence.

Republic of Texas flags

The Burnet Flag was adopted by the Texan Congress on December 10, 1836.  The name refers David G. Burnet, who was provisional president of the Republic of Texas when the flag was adopted. It consisted of an azure background with a large golden star, inspired by the 1810 "Bonnie Blue Flag" of the Republic of West Florida. Variants of the Burnet Flag with a white star, virtually identical to the Bonnie Blue Flag, were also common. Other variants featured the star (of either color) upside down, and/or ringed with the word TEXAS, with each letter filling one of the gaps of the star.

State flags over Texas

Secession flags of Texas, 1861

In early 1861, between the secession of Texas from the U.S. and its accession to the Confederacy, Texas flew an unofficial, variant flag of Texas with fifteen stars, representing the fifteen slave states. No drawings exist of the flag; there are only imprecise descriptions. The flag may have been based on the state flag or the Bonnie Blue Flag.

Civil War flags
Various flags used by Texan soldiers during the American Civil War.

Centennial flag of Texas, 1936
This flag was created for the Texas Centennial Exposition of 1936, a world fair located in Dallas to mark the 100th anniversary of Texas independence.

Urban legend

It is an urban legend that the Texas flag is the only state flag that is allowed to fly at the same height as the U.S. flag. However, the legend is false. Neither the Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United States nor the Ordinance of Annexation contains any provisions regarding flags. According to the United States Flag Code, any state flag can be flown at the same height as the U.S. flag, but the U.S. flag should be on its right (the viewer's left). Consistent with the U.S. Flag Code, the Texas Flag Code specifies that the state flag should either be flown below the U.S. flag if on the same pole or at the same height as the U.S. flag if on separate poles.

Proposed Governor's flag

The Texas governor currently uses a flag consisting of the state coat of arms (a lone star encircled by live oak and olive branches) on a light blue circle, all on a dark blue field with a white star in each corner. The flag has been in use since the late 1960s or early 1970s. The design has never been formally adopted by executive order or legislation. Legislation was introduced to the Texas Legislature in 2007 and 2009 to adopt the 1839 pilot flag/civil ensign of the Republic of Texas as the official flag of the Governor of Texas. While the 2007 bill died in committee, the 2009 bill was passed by the House but died in a Senate committee due to the flag's similarity to the flag of Russia.

Amendments to the Texas Flag Code, signed into law in 1993, authorize the Governor to adopt a flag of his or her own choosing, but this executive authority has not been exercised.

Similar flags

Texas's flag is similar to the flag of Chile, first used in 1817. However, the Chilean flag has a blue canton with a white star rather than the entire left side being blue, with the red bottom stripe begins below the canton.  One author suggests that both the Chilean flag and the Texas flag were designed to look like the flag of the United States from afar while at sea.

Many flags used by municipalities, counties, and other entities in Texas use the same basic scheme as the Texas flag.

See also
 Symbols of the State of Texas
 Six flags over Texas
 World's Largest Texas Flag

References

Further reading

External links

 Texas Flag Code
 Texas Flag status (full-staff or half-staff and instructions for display)
 Flags of Texas Independence Movements 1835-1836
 Historical Texas Flags
 Origin of the Lone Star Flag of Texas
 "Flags and Seals of Texas" by Charles A. Spain Jr., South Texas Law Review

 The Stewart Myth
 Official procedure for folding the flag of Texas

Texas
Symbols of Texas
Texas


text:
Beirut maintained a public tramway from the early to mid 20th century. The first tramline was developed under the Ottoman rule and continued operation under the French Mandate up to the 1960s, as modern automobiles became widely adopted. With the problem of congestion and severe traffic jams caused by the explosion of cars in the Beirut Metropolitan area, trams have been proposed as a possible solution.

History
The tramway system in Beirut opened in April 1908 and lasted until September 1965. The golden age of the Beirut Tram saw it cover 12 Kilometers around Beirut's center in 1931. As automobiles became more widely adopted, tram tracks were removed to give way for more cars until the tram was fully decommissioned in September 1968.

Gallery

See also
 Rail transport in Lebanon

References

Rail transport in Lebanon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Hrvatsko katoličko liječničko društvo (HKLD) je katolička stručna nevladina organizacija, koja okuplja doktore medicine, doktore dentalne medicine, farmaceute, medicinske biokemičare i druge visokoobrazovane zdravstvene djelatnike u Hrvatskoj.

Povijest
Osnovano je 16. veljače 1991. godine kao vjerska organizacija u krilu Katoličke crkve radi promicanja kršćanskih načela u zaštiti zdravlja naroda i čuvanju ljudskoga života od začeća do prirodne smrti. Ova načela njegovi članovi žele svjedočiti osobnim životom i stručnim djelovanjem pa se stoga stavljaju pod nebesku zaštitu Blažene Djevice Marije, koja se štuje kao Zdravlje bolesnih, i zagovor svetog Luke Evanđelista, zaštitnika liječnika.

Ustroj i djelovanje
Društvo ima svojstvo pravne osobe i uvedeno je u Registar udruga pri Ministarstvu pravosuđa RH. Ima predsjednika, duhovnog asistenta, dopredsjednike, tajnike, rizničare, glasnogovnornika, upravni odbor, nadzorni odbor i sud časti. Broji više od 2.400 članova koji su organizirani kroz središnjicu u Zagrebu i 21 podružnicu (Dubrovnik, Split, Sinj, Šibenik, Zadar, Gospić, Rijeka, Pula, Karlovac, Zagreb, Bjelovar, Varaždin, Čakovec, Koprivnica, Virovitica, Požega, Našice, Nova Gradiška, Slavonski Brod, Osijek, Vinkovci).

Izdaje glasilo Glasnik Hrvatskoga katoličkoga liječničkog društva kao registrirani stručni časopis, koji osim stručnih i duhovnih priloga sadržava i informacije o djelatnostima društva te društvene vijesti.

Član je Europskog saveza katoličkih liječničkih udruga (FEAMC) i Međunarodnog saveza katoličkih liječničkih udruga (FIMAC).

U ostvarenju ciljeva Društvo obavlja djelatnosti:
 potiče etičko-moralnu, zdravstvenu i stručnu izobrazbu svojih članova prema zahtjevima vremena i nauku Katoličke crkve
 u djelatnost zdravstva unosi i vlastitim primjerom svjedoči vrednote kršćanskog života
 u postupku s bolesnim čovjekom njeguje duh istinskog služenja i poštovanja ljudske osobe
 zauzima se za primjenu razumnih i najboljih postupaka u čuvanju zdravlja, sprečavanju, prepoznavanju i liječenju bolesti te oporavku bolesnika
 brine se za dostojanstvo liječnika i drugih zdravstvenih djelatnika kao i za dolične i sigurne uvjete rada u njihovu zvanju
 svojim stručnim znanjem po pozivu služi učiteljstvu Crkve
 promiče katoličke moralno-etičke stavove u medicinskoj znanosti i praksi

Društvo se ne bavi stranačkom politikom, sindikalnom djelatnošću ni djelatnostima s čisto materijalnim probicima.

Izvori
Bilješke i literatura

 Marko Jukić, 25-ta godišnjica Hrvatskog katoličkog liječničkog društva (1991.-2016.), hu-benedikt.hr, objavljeno 18. listopada 2016. (Internet Archive), pristupljeno 9. veljače 2021.

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Hrvatsko katoličko liječničko društvo, službene web stranice udruge
 Glasnik HKDL-a , stručni časopis kojeg izdaje HKDL
 Verbum , izdanja HKDL-a

Katoličanstvo u Hrvatskoj
Hrvatske udruge za zaštitu ljudskih prava
Hrvatske udruge
Liječništvo
Zdravstveni aktivisti
Zdravstveni aktivizam u Hrvatskoj


text:
Quarantine the Past: The Best of Pavement is a compilation album released by Pavement on March 8, 2010, to coincide with the band's reunion. The title of the compilation references a lyric from the 1994 song "Gold Soundz", which is the first song featured on the compilation.

Background
On January 5, 2010, Matador Records announced that a greatest hits compilation titled Quarantine The Past: The Best Of Pavement would be released on March 9 on CD and double LP. The compilation would contain 23 tracks from Pavement's entire career,  including "the scratchy and mysterious sounds of their early vinyl-only releases to the rich, multi-layered warmth of their final recordings." The blog posting noted that "although the compilation does not include any unreleased material, it definitely digs deeper than the hits." The blog posting revealed the artwork of the compilation, and announced a contest to guess the order of the songs on the album (except for the first track, which had been already revealed to be the band's 1994 single "Gold Soundz") in which the first-place winner would get to see a Pavement reunion concert at Central Park Summerstage. In addition, a second-place winner with the "most imaginative track listing" (as chosen by the band) would have their track listing pressed on a limited edition Record Store Day double LP version of Quarantine The Past. On January 25, Matador announced the correct track listing of the album and announced the winner of the competition.

Track listing
"Gold Soundz" - 2:40 from Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain (1994)
"Frontwards" – 3:01 from Watery, Domestic (1992)
"Mellow Jazz Docent" – 1:52 from Perfect Sound Forever (EP) (1991)
"Stereo" – 3:07 from Brighten the Corners (1997)
"In the Mouth a Desert" – 3:48 from Slanted and Enchanted (1992)
"Two States" – 1:48 from Slanted and Enchanted (1992)
"Cut Your Hair" – 3:05 from Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain (1994)
"Shady Lane / J Vs. S" – 3:51 from Brighten the Corners (1997)
"Here" – 3:55 from Slanted and Enchanted (1992)
"Unfair" – 2:31 from Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain (1994)
"Grounded" – 4:15 from Wowee Zowee (1995)
"Summer Babe (Winter Version)" – 3:15 from Slanted and Enchanted (1992)
"Range Life" – 4:56 from Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain (1994)
"Date w/ IKEA" - 2:38 from Brighten the Corners (1997)
"Debris Slide" - 1:56 from Perfect Sound Forever (EP) (1991)
"Shoot the Singer (1 Sick Verse)" - 3:15 from Watery, Domestic (1992)
"Spit on a Stranger" - 3:01 from Terror Twilight (1999)
"Heaven Is a Truck" - 2:29 from Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain (1994)
"Trigger Cut/Wounded-Kite At :17" - 3:15 from Slanted and Enchanted (1992)
"Embassy Row" - 3:50 from Brighten the Corners (1997)
"Box Elder" - 2:24 from Slay Tracks: 1933–1969 (1989) (alternative mix omitting bass guitar)
"Unseen Power of the Picket Fence" - 3:50 from No Alternative compilation (1993)
"Fight this Generation" - 4:23 from Wowee Zowee (1995)

Record Store Day Limited Edition
On February 2, 2010, Matador Records announced the second-place winner of their competition, in which their "most imaginative" track listing would be made into a special edition Record Store Day double LP release. Limited to 1,000 copies, this edition features special silkscreen cover art designed by the band themselves and was released on April 17 at participating record stores. The track listing is as follows:

 "Zurich Is Stained" – from Slanted and Enchanted (1992)
 "Trigger Cut/Wounded-Kite At :17" – from Slanted and Enchanted (1992)
 "Grave Architecture" – from Wowee Zowee (1995)
 "Unfair" – from Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain (1994)
 "…And Carrot Rope" – from Terror Twilight (1999)
 "Shady Lane / J Vs. S" – from Brighten the Corners (1997)
 "Two States" – from Slanted and Enchanted (1992)
 "Fame Throwa" – from Slanted and Enchanted (1992)
 "Cut Your Hair" – from Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain (1994)
 "Here" – from Slanted and Enchanted (1992)
 "Extradition" – from Wowee Zowee (1995)
 "Stereo" – from Brighten the Corners (1997)
 "The Hexx" – from Terror Twilight (1999)
 "Shoot The Singer (1 Sick Verse)" – from Watery, Domestic (1992)
 "Kennel District" – from Wowee Zowee (1995)
 "Price Yeah!" – from Slay Tracks: 1933–1969 (1989)
 "No Life Singed Her" – from Slanted and Enchanted (1992)
 "Stop Breathin'" – from Crooked Rain, Crooked Rain (1994)
 "Type Slowly (Live)" – from Tibetan Freedom Concert compilation (1997)
 "Fin" – from Brighten the Corners (1997)
 "Forklift" – from Demolition Plot J-7 (1990)
 "Fight This Generation" – from Wowee Zowee (1995)
 "Box Elder" – from Slay Tracks: 1933–1969 (1989)

Personnel
David Winton Bell – Photo Courtesy
Greg Calbi – Mastering
Doug Easley – Engineer
Mitch Easter – Engineer
Jesper Eklow – Compilation
Nigel Godrich – Engineer
Bryce Goggin – Engineer
Cy Jameson – Engineer
Davis McCain – Engineer
Mark Ohe – Art Direction
Pavement – Compilation, Art Direction
Mark Venezia –	Engineer

Chart performance

References

Pavement (band) albums
2010 greatest hits albums
Matador Records compilation albums
Domino Recording Company compilation albums
Record Store Day releases


text:
"Рок завинаги" (), режисиран от Адам Шанкам ("Лак за коса") е филм, който събужда заспалите сърца на рокаджиите в днешно време. Историята се развива през 80-те години, а на екрана виждаме много познати лица, изпълняващи незабравимите хитове на Деф Лепард, Джърни, Скорпиънс, Пойзън, Форинър, Гънс Ен Роузис, Пат Бенатар, Джоун Джет, Бон Джоуви, Дейвид Лий Рот, Туистед Систър.

Сюжет
Историята започва със срещата на Шери (Джулиан Хъф) и Дрю (Диего Бонета) на Сънсет Стрип в Холивуд, близо до последния истински рок клуб "Дъ Бърбън Рум". Там Дрю работи като барман, а голямата му мечта е един ден да излезе на сцената със своята банда. Шери също започва работа там и любовта им разцъфтява пред погледите на персонала. Но това, което те не знаят е, че собственикът Денис Дюпри (Алек Болдуин) има финансови проблеми и може да фалира. Съветникът му Лони Барнет (Ръсел Бранд) му намеква, че ако не поканят някой известен изпълнител, ще затворят клуба завинаги. Решението е в лицето на Стейси Джакс (Том Круз), звезда, започнал кариерата си в "Дъ Бърбън Рум". Но неговото предстоящо участие разбунва духовете в кметството, където съпругата на кмета Патриша Уитмор (Катрин Зита-Джоунс) организира протести срещу рока, заедно с църковните организации. Въпреки всичко Стейси изпълнява няколко от най-големите си хита, а приходите са достатъчни, за да бъдат платени всички данъци. Но мениджъра на Стейси – Пол Грил (Пол Джиамати) взима парите като хонорар. Денис и Лони са притиснати, а малко недоразумение между Шери и Дрю слага край на връзката им. Дали "Дъ Бърбън Рум" ще оцелее и дали по пътя на мечтите има място за любовта, ще ни разкрие филма "Рок завинаги".

Саундтрак
Специално заради огромния зрителски интерес е издаден диск с всички песни от филма. Песните са:

 "Paradise City" – Том Круз (3:43) — original Guns N' Roses – "Paradise City"
 "Sister Christian" / "Just Like Paradise" / "Nothin' but a Good Time" – Джулиан Хъф, Диего Бонета, Ръсел Бранд, Алек Болдуин (5:42) — original ''Night Ranger – "Sister Christian" / David Lee Roth – "Just Like Paradise" / Poison – "Nothin' But a Good Time" "Juke Box Hero" / "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" – Диего Бонета, Алек Болдуин, Ръсел Бранд, Джулиан Хъф (2:23) — original Foreigner – "Juke Box Hero" / Joan Jett & The Blackhearts – "I Love Rock 'N' Roll" "Hit Me with Your Best Shot" – Катрин Зита-Джоунс (2:28) — original Pat Benatar – "Hit Me With Your Best Shot" "Waiting for a Girl Like You" – Диего Бонета, Джулиан Хъф (3:25) — original Foreigner – "Waiting for a Girl Like You" "More Than Words" / "Heaven" – Джулиан Хъф, Диего Бонета (3:08) — original Extreme – "More Than Words" / Warrant – "Heaven" "Wanted Dead Or Alive" – Том Круз, Джулиан Хъф (4:20) — original Bon Jovi – "Wanted Dead Or Alive" "I Want to Know What Love Is" – Том Круз, Малин Акерман (3:32) — original Foreigner – "I Want To Know What Love Is" "I Wanna Rock" – Диего Бонета (2:26) — original Twisted Sister – "I Wanna Rock" "Pour Some Sugar on Me" – Том Круз (4:29) — original Def Leppard – "Pour Some Sugar On Me" "Harden My Heart" – Джулиан Хъф, Мери Дж. Блидж (2:40) — original Quarterflash – "Harden My Heart" "Shadows of the Night" / "Harden My Heart" – Мери Дж. Блидж, Джулиан Хъф (1:58) — original Pat Benatar – "Shadows of the Night" / Quarterflash – "Harden My Heart" "Here I Go Again" – Диего Бонета, Джулиан Хъф, Том Круз, Мери Дж. Блидж (3:07) — original Whitesnake – "Here I Go Again" "Can't Fight This Feeling" – Ръсел Бранд, Алек Болдуин (3:05) — original REO Speedwagon – "Can't Fight This Feeling" "Any Way You Want It" – Мери Дж. Блидж, Джулиан Хъф (2:32) — original Journey – "Any Way You Want It" "Undercover Love" – Диего Бонета (3:06)
 "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" – Диего Бонета, Джулиан Хъф, Мери Дж. Блидж, Том Круз (2:57) — original Poison – "Every Rose Has It's Thorn" "Rock You Like a Hurricane" – Джулиан Хъф, Том Круз (4:07) — original Scorpions – "Rock You Like a Hurricane" "We Built This City" / "We're Not Gonna Take It" – Ръсел Бранд/ Катрин Зита-Джоунс (2:18) — original Starship – "We Built This City" / Twisted Sister – "We're Not Gonna Take It" "Don't Stop Believin'" – Джулиан Хъф, Диего Бонета, Том Круз, Алек Болдуин, Ръсел Бранд, Мери Дж. Блидж (4:10) — original Journey'' – "Don't Stop Believin'"

Източници

Американски комедии
Филми от 2012 година
Американски музикални филми
Филми на Ню Лайн Синема
Филми на Уорнър Брос


text:
Héctor Luis Zordán MSSCC (* 30. November 1956 in Calchaquí, Argentinien) ist ein argentinischer Ordensgeistlicher und römisch-katholischer Bischof von Gualeguaychú.

Leben
Héctor Luis Zordán trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Missionare von den heiligsten Herzen Jesu und Mariens bei und empfing am 17. November 1984 das Sakrament der Priesterweihe.

Am 28. März 2017 ernannte ihn Papst Franziskus zum Bischof von Gualeguaychú. Der Koadjutorerzbischof von San Juan de Cuyo, Jorge Eduardo Lozano, spendete ihm am 28. Mai desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren der Apostolische Nuntius in Argentinien, Erzbischof Emil Paul Tscherrig, und der Bischof von San Miguel, Sergio Alfredo Fenoy.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Ordensangehöriger (römisch-katholisch)
Argentinier
Geboren 1956
Mann
Gualeguaychú
Person (Provinz Entre Ríos)


text:
Impuls (gammeldags: bevægelsesmængde) er inden for fysik en bevaret størrelse, det kan bruges til at beskrive et objekt. Impulsen er brugbar, da den for enhver proces i et lukket inertialsystem er konstant. I klassisk mekanik afhænger impuls af masse og hastighed, mens det i relativistisk mekanik også er muligt at tilskrive en impuls til fotonen og andre partikler uden hvilemasse.

Impuls i klassisk mekanik
I klassisk mekanik er impulsen  givet ved:

hvor  er massen, og  er hastigheden.

Impuls og impulsændring
Undertiden definerer man størrelsen I som ændringen (efter en periode med indvirkning af kræfter) i impuls p, altså

Det kan føre til forvirring at størrelsen I sommetider blot kaldes impuls. Men normalt menes der med "impuls" den absolutte bevægelsesmængde p.

Advarsel: På engelsk er det kun størrelsen I=Δp der kaldes impulse; den vigtigere og mere benyttede impuls p kan kun kaldes momentum (:en:Momentum) på dette sprog.
Dette har intet med det danske ord (kraft)moment at gøre.

Newtons 2. lov
Vigtigheden og oprindelsen af begrebet impuls p er Newtons 2. lov der udsiger

hvor F er den summerede kraft, og t er tiden.

Udledningen af dette forhold kan vises mere detaljeret:

Af Newtons 2. lov vides det at

hvor a er vektoren acceleration, F er vektoren kraft, og m er skalaren masse.

<=> Ved at multiplicere med masse på begge side, isolerer man F sådan:

<=> Da acceleration er defineret som ændringen af hastighed pr. tidsenhed, kan acceleration opskrives som den differentierede hastighed:

<=> Man mulitplicerer m med tælleren:

<=> Her finder man, at tælleren så opfylder førnævnte definition af impuls. Dvs. at man indsætter p i stedet for m·v sådan:

Det er dermed også vist, at kraften, der påvirker en partikel, er impulsændringen over tid.

Impuls i relativistisk mekanik

Den relativistiske impuls  er relateret til hastigheden ,  lysets hastighed og massen  af et objekt. Impuls er givet ved:

hvor  er massen (også kaldet hvilemassen),  er hastigheden, og  er Lorentzfaktoren givet ved:

hvor  er lysets hastighed.

For lave hastigheder  er en masses impuls tilnærmelsesvis givet ved den klassiske formel.

Fotoners impuls
Objekter uden hvilemasse som f.eks. fotoner (elektromagnetisk stråling) besidder også impuls; formlen er:

hvor
 p er størrelsen af impulsen i kg·m/s = J·s/m.
 h er Plancks konstant ca. h = 6,63 · 10-34 J·s.
 f er lyskvantens frekvens i hertz Hz = s-1.
 c er lysets hastighed i m/s; c = 299.792.458 m/s = 2,99792458 · 108 m/s.

Masseløse objekters impuls, som fx fotoners, indgår i Einsteins komplette relativistiske energiformel:

hvor m er massen og p er impulsen.

Se også
 impulsmoment

Ekstern henvisning
 Eric Weisstein's World of Physics: Mechanics Momentum

Fodnoter

Inerti
Fysisk størrelse


text:
St. Marys Township or Saint Marys Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:

 St. Marys Township, Adams County, Indiana
 St. Mary's Township, Wake County, North Carolina
 St. Mary's Township, Hancock County, Illinois
 Saint Marys Township, Auglaize County, Ohio
 Saint Mary's Township, Perry County, Missouri

See also
 St. Mary Township, Waseca County, Minnesota


text:
Ludwig Peka – papuaski trener piłkarski.

Kariera trenerska
Od 2003 do 2004 prowadzi narodową reprezentację Papui-Nowej Gwinei.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

 Profil na Soccerpunter

Papuańscy trenerzy piłkarscy
Selekcjonerzy reprezentacji Papui-Nowej Gwinei w piłce nożnej mężczyzn
Urodzeni w XX wieku


text:
Siberia ( ; ) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of Russia since the latter half of the 16th century, after the Russians conquered lands east of the Ural Mountains. Siberia is vast and sparsely populated, covering an area of over , but home to merely one-fifth of Russia's population. Novosibirsk, Omsk, and Chelyabinsk are the largest cities in the region.

Because Siberia is a geographic and historic region and not a political entity, there is no single precise  definition of its territorial borders. Traditionally, Siberia extends eastwards from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and includes most of the drainage basin of the Arctic Ocean. The river Yenisey divides Siberia into two parts, Western and Eastern. Siberia stretches southwards from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and to the northern parts of Mongolia and China. The central part of Siberia (West and East Siberian economic regions) was considered the core part of the region in the Soviet Union. Beyond the core, Siberia's western part includes some territories of the Ural region, and the far eastern part has been historically called the Russian Far East.

Siberia is known worldwide primarily for its long, harsh winters, with a January average of −25 °C (−13 °F). It is geographically situated in Asia; however, having been colonized and incorporated into Russia, it is culturally and politically a part of Europe. European cultural influences, specifically Russian, predominate throughout the region, due to it having had Russian emigration from Europe since the 16th century, forming the Siberian Russian sub-ethnic group. Over 85% of the region's population is of European descent.

Etymology
The origin of the name is unknown. Some sources say that "Siberia" originates from the Siberian Tatar word for "sleeping land" (Sib ir). The modern usage of the name was recorded in the Russian language after the Russian conquest of Siberian Khanate. A further variant claims that the region was named after the Sibe people. The Polish historian Chyliczkowski has proposed that the name derives from the proto-Slavic word for "north" (север, sever), same as Severia. Anatole Baikaloff has dismissed this explanation. He said that the neighbouring Chinese, Turks, and Mongolians, who have similar names for the region, would not have known Russian. He suggests that the name might be a combination of two words with Turkic origin, "su" (water) and "bir" (wild land). Another account sees the name as the ancient tribal ethnonym of the  (also "Syopyr" (sʲɵpᵻr)), a Paleoasiatic ethnic group assimilated by the Nenets.

History

Prehistory

The Siberian Traps were formed by one of the largest-known volcanic events of the last 251 million years of Earth's geological history. Their activity continued for a million years and some scientists consider it a possible cause of the "Great Dying" about 250 million years ago, – estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time.

The region has paleontological significance, as it contains bodies of prehistoric animals from the Pleistocene Epoch, preserved in ice or in permafrost. Specimens of Goldfuss cave lion cubs, Yuka the mammoth and another woolly mammoth from Oymyakon, a woolly rhinoceros from the Kolyma, and bison and horses from Yukagir have been found. Remote Wrangel Island and the Taymyr Peninsula are believed to have been the last places on Earth to support woolly mammoths as isolated populations until their extinction around 2000 BC.

At least three species of human lived in Southern Siberia around 40,000 years ago: H. sapiens, H. neanderthalensis, and the Denisovans.
In 2010 DNA evidence identified the last as a separate species.

Late Paleolithic southern Siberians appear to be related to paleolithic Europeans and the paleolithic Jōmon people of Japan. Ancient DNA analysis has revealed that the oldest fossil known to carry the derived KITLG allele, which is responsible for blond hair in modern Europeans, is a 17,000 year old Ancient North Eurasian specimen from Siberia. Ancient North Eurasian populations genetically similar to Mal'ta–Buret' culture and Afontova Gora were an important genetic contributor to Native Americans, Europeans, Ancient Central Asians, South Asians, and some East Asian groups (such as the Ainu people). Evidence from full genomic studies suggests that the first people in the Americas diverged from Ancient East Asians about 36,000 years ago and expanded northwards into Siberia, where they encountered and interacted with Ancient North Eurasians, giving rise to both Paleosiberian peoples and Ancient Native Americans, which later migrated towards the Beringian region, became isolated from other populations, and subsequently populated the Americas.

Early history

During past millennia different groups of nomads – such as the Enets, the Nenets, the Huns, the Xiongnu, the Scythians, and the Yugur inhabited various parts of Siberia. The Afanasievo and Tashtyk cultures of the Yenisey valley and Altay Mountains are associated with the Indo-European migrations across Eurasia. The proto-Mongol Khitan people also occupied parts of the region. In the 13th century, during the period of the Mongol Empire, the Mongols conquered a large part of this area.

With the breakup of the Golden Horde, the autonomous Khanate of Sibir formed in the late-15th century. Turkic-speaking Yakut migrated north from the Lake Baikal region under pressure from the Mongol tribes during the 13th to 15th century. Siberia remained a sparsely populated area. Historian John F. Richards wrote: "... it is doubtful that the total early modern Siberian population exceeded 300,000 persons".

The growing power of Russia in the West began to undermine the Siberian Khanate in the 16th century. First, groups of traders and Cossacks began to enter the area. The Russian Army was directed to establish forts farther and farther east to protect new Russian settlers who migrated from Europe. Towns such as Mangazeya, Tara, Yeniseysk, and Tobolsk developed, the last becoming the de facto capital of Siberia from 1590. At this time, Sibir was the name of a fortress at Qashliq, near Tobolsk. Gerardus Mercator, in a map published in 1595, marks Sibier both as the name of a settlement and of the surrounding territory along a left tributary of the Ob. Other sources contend that the Sibe, an indigenous Tungusic people, offered fierce resistance to Russian expansion beyond the Urals. Some suggest that the term "Siberia" is a russification of their ethnonym.

Russian Empire

By the mid-17th century, Russia had established areas of control that extended to the Pacific Ocean. Some 230,000 Russians had settled in Siberia by 1709. Siberia became one of the destinations for sending internal exiles. Exile was the main Russian punitive practice with more than 800,000 people exiled during the nineteenth century.

The first great modern change in Siberia was the Trans-Siberian Railway, constructed during 1891–1916. It linked Siberia more closely to the rapidly industrialising Russia of Nicholas II (). Around seven million Russians moved to Siberia from Europe between 1801 and 1914. Between 1859 and 1917 more than half a million people migrated to the Russian Far East. Siberia has extensive natural resources: during the 20th century, large-scale exploitation of these took place, and industrial towns cropped up throughout the region.

At 7:15 a.m. on 30 June 1908 the Tunguska Event felled millions of trees near the Podkamennaya Tunguska (Stony Tunguska) in central Siberia. Most scientists believe this resulted from the air burst of a meteor or a comet. Even though no crater has ever been found, the landscape in the (sparsely inhabited) area still bears the scars of this event.

Soviet Union

In the early decades of the Soviet Union (especially in the 1930s and 1940s), the government used the Gulag state agency to administer a system of penal labour camps, replacing the previous katorga system. According to semi-official Soviet estimates, which did not become public until after the fall of the Soviet government in 1991, from 1929 to 1953 more than 14 million people passed through these camps and prisons, many of them in Siberia. Another seven to eight million people were internally deported to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities or ethnicities in several cases).

Half a million (516,841) prisoners died in camps from 1941 to 1943 during World War II. At other periods, mortality was comparatively lower. The size, scope, and scale of the Gulag slave-labour camps remain subjects of much research and debate. Many Gulag camps operated in extremely remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The best-known clusters included Sevvostlag (the North-East Camps) along the Kolyma and Norillag near Norilsk, where 69,000 prisoners lived in 1952. Major industrial cities of Northern Siberia, such as Norilsk and Magadan, developed from camps built by prisoners and run by former prisoners.

Geography

Siberia spans an area of , covering the vast majority of Russia's total territory, and almost 9% of Earth's land surface (). It geographically falls in Asia, but is culturally and politically considered European, since it is a part of Russia. Major geographical zones within Siberia include the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau.

Eastern and central Sakha comprises numerous north–south mountain ranges of various ages. These mountains extend up to almost , but above a few hundred metres they are almost completely devoid of vegetation. The Verkhoyansk Range was extensively glaciated in the Pleistocene, but the climate was too dry for glaciation to extend to low elevations. At these low elevations are numerous valleys, many of them deep and covered with larch forest, except in the extreme north where the tundra dominates. Soils are mainly turbels (a type of gelisol). The active layer tends to be less than one metre deep, except near rivers.

The highest point in Siberia is the active volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Its peak reaches .

Mountain ranges

 Altai Mountains
 Anadyr Highlands
 Baikal Mountains
 Khamar-Daban
 Chersky Range
 Chukotka Mountains
 Dzhugdzhur Mountains
 Kolyma Mountains
 Koryak Mountains
 Sayan Mountains
 Tannu-Ola Mountains
 Ural Mountains
 Verkhoyansk Mountains
 Yablonoi Mountains

Geomorphological regions

 Central Siberian Plateau
 Central Yakutian Lowland
 East Siberian Lowland
 East Siberian Mountains
 North Siberian Lowland
 South Siberian Mountains
 West Siberian Lowland

Lakes and rivers

 Alazeya
 Anabar
 Angara
 Indigirka
 Irtysh
 Kolyma
 Lake Baikal
 Lena
 Nizhnyaya Tunguska
 Novosibirsk Reservoir
 Ob
 Podkamennaya Tunguska
 Popigay
 Upper Angara
 Uvs Nuur
 Yana
 Yenisey

Grasslands
 Ukok Plateau—part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Geology
The West Siberian Plain, consisting mostly of Cenozoic alluvial deposits, is somewhat flat. In the mid-Pleistocene, many deposits on this plain resulted from ice dams which produced a large glacial lake. This mid- to late-Pleistocene lake blocked the northward flow of the Ob and Yenisey rivers, resulting in a redirection southwest into the Caspian and Aral seas via the Turgai Valley. The area is very swampy, and soils are mostly peaty histosols and, in the treeless northern part, histels. In the south of the plain, where permafrost is largely absent, rich grasslands that are an extension of the Kazakh Steppe formed the original vegetation, most of which is no longer visible.

The Central Siberian Plateau is an ancient craton (sometimes named Angaraland) that formed an independent continent before the Permian (see the Siberian continent). It is exceptionally rich in minerals, containing large deposits of gold, diamonds, and ores of manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum. Much of the area includes the Siberian Traps—a large igneous province. A massive eruptive period approximately coincided with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The volcanic event is said to be the largest known volcanic eruption in Earth's history. Only the extreme northwest was glaciated during the Quaternary, but almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost, and the only tree that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the deciduous Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica) with its very shallow roots. Outside the extreme northwest, the taiga is dominant, covering a significant fraction of the entirety of Siberia. Soils here are mainly turbels, giving way to spodosols where the active layer becomes thicker and the ice-content lower.

The Lena-Tunguska petroleum province includes the Central Siberian platform (some authors refer to it as the "Eastern Siberian platform"), bounded on the northeast and east by the Late Carboniferous through Jurassic Verkhoyansk foldbelt, on the northwest by the Paleozoic Taymr foldbelt, and on the southeast, south and southwest by the Middle Silurian to Middle Devonian Baykalian foldbelt. A regional geologic reconnaissance study begun in 1932 and followed by surface and subsurface mapping revealed the Markova-Angara Arch (anticline). This led to the discovery of the Markovo Oil Field in 1962 with the Markovo—1 well, which produced from the Early Cambrian Osa Horizon bar-sandstone at a depth of . The Sredne-Botuobin Gas Field was discovered in 1970, producing from the Osa and the Proterozoic Parfenovo Horizon. The Yaraktin Oil Field was discovered in 1971, producing from the Vendian Yaraktin Horizon at depths of up to , which lies below Permian to Lower Jurassic basalt traps.

Climate

The climate of Siberia varies dramatically, but it typically has short summers and long, brutally cold winters. On the north coast, north of the Arctic Circle, there is a very short (about one month long) summer.

Almost all the population lives in the south, along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The climate in this southernmost part is humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with cold winters but fairly warm summers lasting at least four months. The annual average temperature is about . January averages about  and July about , while daytime temperatures in summer typically exceed . With a reliable growing season, an abundance of sunshine and exceedingly fertile chernozem soils, southern Siberia is good enough for profitable agriculture, as was demonstrated in the early 20th century.

By far the most commonly occurring climate in Siberia is continental subarctic (Koppen Dfc or Dwc), with the annual average temperature about  and an average for January of  and an average for July of , although this varies considerably, with a July average about  in the taiga–tundra ecotone. The business-oriented website and blog Business Insider lists Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, in Siberia's Sakha Republic, as being in competition for the title of the Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold. Oymyakon is a village which recorded a temperature of  on 6 February 1933. Verkhoyansk, a town further north and further inland, recorded a temperature of  for three consecutive nights: 5, 6 and 7 February 1933. Each town is alternately considered the Northern Hemisphere's Pole of Cold – the coldest inhabited point in the Northern hemisphere. Each town also frequently reaches  in the summer, giving them, and much of the rest of Russian Siberia, the world's greatest temperature-variation between summer's highs and winter's lows, often well over  between the seasons.

Southwesterly winds bring warm air from Central Asia and the Middle East. The climate in West Siberia (Omsk, or Novosibirsk) is several degrees warmer than in the East (Irkutsk, or Chita) where in the north an extreme winter subarctic climate (Köppen Dfd or Dwd) prevails. But summer temperatures in other regions can reach . In general, Sakha is the coldest Siberian region, and the basin of the Yana has the lowest temperatures of all, with permafrost reaching . Nevertheless,  Imperial Russian plans of settlement never viewed cold as an impediment. In the winter, southern Siberia sits near the center of the semi-permanent Siberian High, so winds are usually light in the winter.

Precipitation in Siberia is generally low, exceeding  only in Kamchatka, where moist winds flow from the Sea of Okhotsk onto high mountains – producing the region's only major glaciers, though volcanic eruptions and low summer temperatures allow only limited forests to grow. Precipitation is high also in most of Primorye in the extreme south, where monsoonal influences can produce quite heavy summer rainfall.

Global warming
Researchers, including Sergei Kirpotin at Tomsk State University and Judith Marquand at Oxford University, warn that Western Siberia has begun to thaw as a result of global warming. The frozen peat bogs in this region may hold billions of tons of methane gas, which may be released into the atmosphere. Methane is a greenhouse gas 22 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. In 2008 a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the atmosphere above the Siberian Arctic, likely the result of methane clathrates being released through holes in a frozen "lid" of seabed permafrost around the outfall of the Lena and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.

Since 1988, experimentation at Pleistocene Park has proposed to restore the grasslands of prehistoric times by conducting research on the effects of large herbivores on permafrost, suggesting that animals, rather than climate, maintained the past ecosystem. The nature reserve park also conducts climatic research on the changes expected from the reintroduction of grazing animals or large herbivores, hypothesizing that a transition from tundra to grassland would lead to a net change in energy emission to absorption ratios.

According to Vasily Kryuchkov, approximately 31,000 square kilometers of the Russian Arctic has subjected to severe environmental disturbance.

Fauna

Birds

Order Galliformes

Family Tetraonidae
 Hazel grouse
 Siberian grouse
 Black grouse
 Black-billed capercaillie
 Western capercaillie
 Willow ptarmigan
 Rock ptarmigan

Family Phasianidae
 Daurian partridge
 Grey partridge
 Altai snowcock
 Japanese quail
 Common quail
 Ring-necked pheasant

Mammals

Order Artiodactyla
 Moose
 Bactrian camel
 Wisent (European bison)
 Red deer
 Wild boar
 Siberian roe deer
 Manchurian wapiti
 Siberian musk deer

Order Carnivora

Family Canidae
 Grey wolf
 Tundra wolf
 Arctic fox
 Red fox

Family Felidae
 Snow leopard
 Amur leopard
 Siberian tiger
 Eurasian lynx
 Pallas cat

Family Mustelidae
 Least weasel
 Stoat
 Mountain weasel
 Siberian weasel
 Steppe polecat
 Sable
 Eurasian river otter
 Asian badger
 Wolverine

Family Ursidae
 Asian black bear
 Brown bear
 Polar bear

Flora

 Larix sibirica
 Larix gmelinii
 Picea obovata
 Pinus pumila

Politics

Notable sovereign states in Siberia
 Xianbei state (1st–3rd century CE)
 First Turkic Khaganate (6th–7th century)
 Eastern Turkic Khaganate (7th century)
 Second Turkic Khaganate (7th–8th century)
 Mongol Empire (13th–14th century)
 Khanate of Sibir (1468–1598)
 Tsardom of Russia (1598–1721)
 Russian Empire (1721–1917)
 Russian Republic (1917–1918)
 Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1918–1922)
 Far Eastern Republic (1920–1922)
 Tuvan People's Republic (1921–1944)
 Soviet Union (1922–1991)
 Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1922–1991)
 Russian Federation (1991–present)

Borders and administrative division

The term "Siberia" has both a long history and wide significance, and association. The understanding, and association of "Siberia" have gradually changed during the ages. Historically, Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia and North Kazakhstan to the east of Ural Mountains, including the Russian Far East. According to this definition, Siberia extended eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific coast, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the border of Central Asia and the national borders of both Mongolia and China.

Soviet-era sources (Great Soviet Encyclopedia and others) and modern Russian ones usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the watershed between Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central Kazakhstan and the national borders of both Mongolia and China. By this definition, Siberia includes the federal subjects of the Siberian Federal District, and some of the Ural Federal District, as well as Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, which is a part of the Far Eastern Federal District. Geographically, this definition includes subdivisions of several other subjects of Urals and Far Eastern federal districts, but they are not included administratively. This definition excludes Sverdlovsk Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast, both of which are included in some wider definitions of Siberia.

Other sources may use either a somewhat wider definition that states the Pacific coast, not the watershed, is the eastern boundary (thus including the whole Russian Far East), as well as all Northern Kazakhstan is its subregion in the south-west or a somewhat narrower one that limits Siberia to the Siberian Federal District (thus excluding all subjects of other districts). In Russian, 'Siberia' is commonly used as a substitute for the name of the federal district by those who live in the district itself, but less commonly used to denote the federal district by people residing outside of it. Due to the different interpretations of Siberia, starting from Tyumen, to Chita, the territory generally defined as 'Siberia', some people will define themselves as 'Siberian', while others not.

A number of factors in recent years, including the fomenting of 'Siberian separatism' have made the definition of the territory of Siberia a potentially controversial subject. In the eastern extent of Siberia there are territories which are not clearly defined as either Siberia or the Far East, making the question of 'what is Siberia?' one with no clear answer, and what is a 'Siberian', one of self-identification.

Major cities
The most populous city of Siberia, as well as the third most populous city of Russia, is the city of Novosibirsk. Present-day Novosibirsk is an important business, science, manufacturing and cultural center of the Asian part of Russia.

Omsk played an important role in the Russian Civil War serving as a provisional Russian capital, as well in the expansion into and governing of Central Asia. In addition to its cultural status, it has become a major oil-refining, education, transport and agriculture hub.

Other historic cities of Siberia include Tobolsk (the first capital and the only kremlin in Siberia), Tomsk (formerly a wealthy merchant's town) and Irkutsk (former seat of Eastern Siberia's governor general, near lake Baikal).

Other major cities include: Barnaul, Kemerovo, Krasnoyarsk, Novokuznetsk, Tyumen.

Wider definitions of geographic Siberia also include the cities of: Chelyabinsk and Yekaterinburg in the Urals, Khabarovsk and Vladivostok in the Russian Far East, and even Petropavlovsk in Kazakhstan and Harbin in China.

Economy

Novosibirsk is the largest by population and the most important city for the Siberian economy; with an extra boost since 2000 when it was designated a regional center for the executive bureaucracy (Siberian Federal District). Omsk is a historic and currently the second largest city in the region, and since 1950s hosting Russia's largest oil refinery.

Siberia is extraordinarily rich in minerals, containing ores of almost all economically valuable metals. It has some of the world's largest deposits of nickel, gold, lead, coal, molybdenum, gypsum, diamonds, diopside, silver and zinc, as well as extensive unexploited resources of oil and natural gas. Around 70% of Russia's developed oil fields are in the Khanty-Mansiysk region. Russia contains about 40% of the world's known resources of nickel at the Norilsk deposit in Siberia. Norilsk Nickel is the world's biggest nickel and palladium producer.

Siberian agriculture is severely restricted by the short growing season of most of the region. However, in the southwest where soils consist of exceedingly fertile black earths and the climate is a little more moderate, there is extensive cropping of wheat, barley, rye and potatoes, along with the grazing of large numbers of sheep and cattle. Elsewhere food production, owing to the poor fertility of the podzolic soils and the extremely short growing seasons, is restricted to the herding of reindeer in the tundra—which has been practiced by natives for over 10,000 years. Siberia has the world's largest forests. Timber remains an important source of revenue, even though many forests in the east have been logged much more rapidly than they are able to recover. The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the two or three richest fisheries in the world owing to its cold currents and very large tidal ranges, and thus Siberia produces over 10% of the world's annual fish catch, although fishing has declined somewhat since the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

Reported in 2009, the development of renewable energy in Russia is held back by the lack of a conducive government policy framework, , Siberia still offers special opportunities for off-grid renewable energy developments. Remote parts of Siberia are too costly to connect to central electricity and gas grids, and have therefore historically been supplied with costly diesel, sometimes flown in by helicopter. In such cases renewable energy is often cheaper.

In 2020 the gross regional product of Siberia was 26.7 trillion ₽ or around US$400 billion.

Sport

The Yenisey Krasnoyarsk basketball team has played in the VTB United League since 2011–12.

Russia's third most popular sport, bandy, is important in Siberia. In the 2015–16 Russian Bandy Super League season Yenisey from Krasnoyarsk became champions for the third year in a row by beating Baykal-Energiya from Irkutsk in the final. Two or three more teams (depending on the definition of Siberia) play in the Super League, the 2016–17 champions SKA-Neftyanik from Khabarovsk as well as Kuzbass from Kemerovo and Sibselmash from Novosibirsk. In 2007 Kemerovo got Russia's first indoor arena specifically built for bandy. Now Khabarovsk has the world's largest indoor arena specifically built for bandy, Arena Yerofey. It was venue for Division A of the 2018 World Championship. In time for the 2020 World Championship, an indoor arena will be ready for use in Irkutsk. That one will also have a speed skating oval.

The 2019 Winter Universiade was hosted by Krasnoyarsk.

Demographics

According to the Russian Census of 2010, the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts, located entirely east of the Ural Mountains, together have a population of about 25.6 million. Tyumen and Kurgan Oblasts, which are geographically in Siberia but administratively part of the Urals Federal District, together have a population of about 4.3 million. Thus, the whole region of Siberia (in the broadest usage of the term) is home to approximately 30 million people. It has a population density of about three people per square kilometre.

The largest ethnic group in Siberia is Slavic-origin Russians, including their sub-ethnic group Siberians, and russified Ukrainians. Slavic and other Indo-European ethnicities make up the vast majority (over 85%) of the Siberian population. There are also other groups of indigenous Siberian and non-indigenous ethnic origin. A minority of the current population are descendants of Mongol or Turkic people (mainly Buryats, Yakuts, Tuvans, Altai and Khakas) or northern indigenous people. Slavic-origin Russians outnumber all of the indigenous peoples combined, except in the Republics of Tuva and Sakha.

According to the 2002 census there are 500,000 Tatars in Siberia, but of these, 300,000 are Volga Tatars who also settled in Siberia during periods of colonization and are thus also non-indigenous Siberians, in contrast to the 200,000 Siberian Tatars which are indigenous to Siberia. Of the indigenous Siberians, the Mongol-speaking Buryats, numbering approximately 500,000, are the most numerous group in Siberia, and they are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic. According to the 2010 census there were 478,085 indigenous Turkic-speaking Yakuts. Other ethnic groups indigenous to Siberia include Kets, Evenks, Chukchis, Koryaks, Yupiks, and Yukaghirs.

About seventy percent of Siberia's people live in cities, mainly in apartments. Many people also live in rural areas, in simple, spacious, log houses. Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, with a population of about 1.6 million. Tobolsk, Tomsk, Tyumen, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, and Omsk are the older, historical centers.

Religion

There are a variety of beliefs throughout Siberia, including Orthodox Christianity, other denominations of Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism and Islam. The Siberian Federal District alone has an estimation of 250,000 Muslims.
An estimated 70,000 Jews live in Siberia, some in the Jewish Autonomous Region. The predominant religious group is the Russian Orthodox Church.

Tradition regards Siberia the archetypal home of shamanism, and polytheism is popular. These native sacred practices are considered by the tribes to be very ancient. There are records of Siberian tribal healing practices dating back to the 13th century. The vast territory of Siberia has many different local traditions of gods. These include: Ak Ana, Anapel, Bugady Musun, Kara Khan, Khaltesh-Anki, Kini'je, Ku'urkil, Nga, Nu'tenut, Num-Torum, Pon, Pugu, Todote, Toko'yoto, Tomam, Xaya Iccita and Zonget. Places with sacred areas include Olkhon, an island in Lake Baikal.

Transport
Many cities in northern Siberia, such as Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, cannot be reached by road, as there are virtually none connecting from other major cities in Russia or Asia. Siberia can be reached through the Trans-Siberian Railway. The Trans-Siberian Railway operates from Moscow in the west to Vladivostok in the east. Cities that are located far from the railway are reached by air or by the separate Baikal–Amur Railway (BAM).

Culture

Cuisine
Stroganina is a raw fish dish of the indigenous people of northern Arctic Siberia made from raw, thin, long-sliced frozen fish. It is a popular dish with native Siberians. Siberia is also known for its pelmeni dumpling; which in the winter are traditionally frozen and stored outdoors. In addition, there are various berry, nut and mushroom dishes making use of the riches of abundant nature.

See also

Siberian regionalism
Tunguska Basin

References

Bibliography

 Nicholas B. Breyfogle, Abby Schrader and Willard Sunderland (eds), Peopling the Russian Periphery: Borderland Colonization in Eurasian history (London, Routledge, 2007).

 James Forsyth, A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony, 1581–1990 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994).

 Steven G. Marks, Road to Power: The Trans-Siberian Railroad and the Colonization of Asian Russia, 1850–1917 (London, I.B. Tauris, 1991).

 Igor V. Naumov, The History of Siberia. Edited by David Collins (London, Routledge, 2009) (Routledge Studies in the History of Russia and Eastern Europe).

 Alan Wood (ed.), The History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution (London, Routledge, 1991).

North Asia
Eurasian Steppe
Geography of Russia
Regions of Russia
Geography of Kazakhstan


text:
Subclass Spiruria comprises mostly parasitic secernentean nematodes. In an alternate classification, they are treated as suborder Spirurina, with the orders listed here being ranked as infraorders.

Spiruria contain divirese group of worms that inhabit soil, water, and other bodies of organism. The subclass of Spiruria has a specialized structure called stoma, which ingests fluid from its host's tissue.

The Ascaridida and the  Oxyurida, which include worms that infect many mammals (including marine mammals), are sometimes placed in subclass Rhabditia. But that seems as spurious as the erstwhile placement of the Rhigonematida in subclass Tylenchia. The Camallanida and Drilonematida are sometimes included in the Spirurida as suborder and superfamily, respectively.

There is a lot of ongoing debate about the taxonomy of Spiruria. Some place the subclass Ascaridia and Oxyurida within Rhabditia subclass.

Some important species
Giant roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), causes ascariasis in humans
Toxocara canis, parasite of dogs
Anisakis, responsible for the human disease Anisakiasis

Footnotes

References

  (2002): Nematoda. Version of 2002-JAN-01. Retrieved 2008-NOV-02.
 Bowman, D. D. (2014). Georgis' parasitology for veterinarians. Elsevier Health Sciences.
 Hawdon, J. M., & Schad, G. A. (1990). Trichinella and trichinosis. Oxford University Press.

Parasitic nematodes of mammals
Protostome subclasses


text:
El mameyito (Garcinia intermedia)) es un árbol perennifolio de la familia Clusiaceae de frutos comestibles. Son también denominadas mameyillo. Estos árboles son ramificados desde su base, y alcanzan una altura de 15 metros con corona piramidal. Tienen un látex amarillo azufrado en todas sus partes. Hojas de 20 cm × 6 cm, simples, opuestas, oblongas elípticas, ápice acuminado y corto, base cuneada, pecíolo de 2,5 cm acanalado. Inflorescencia axilar en umbela, flores pedunculadas, unisexuales, anteras biloculares, orbiculares, cáliz con 2 sépalos, pétalos libres. Esta planta frutifica a partir de los 4 a 6 años de edad y en el Paraguay se conoce el fruto con su nombre indígena (o sea en el idioma Guaraní) se lo denomina "Pakurí".

El fruto es una cápsula esferoide que mide entre 2 a 5 cm de largo y hasta 6 cm de diámetro. La escasa pulpa o parte comestible es de sabor ácido; contiene 1 a 3 semillas envueltas. Este fruto se consume maduro, crudo.

Enlaces externos

Rheedia spp.
http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Rheedia.html

Referencias

Frutas
Clusiaceae
Flora de Ecuador


text:
Agostino Coletto – ciclista su strada italiano
 Angelo Coletto – ciclista su strada italiano
 Giovanni Coletto – presbitero, scrittore e storiografo italiano
 Luca Coletto – politico italiano


text:
Motoga (prononciation ) est un village de la gmina de Baranów du powiat de Puławy dans la voïvodie de Lublin, situé dans l'est de la Pologne.

Le village comptait une population de 42 habitants en 2003.

Histoire
De 1975 à 1998, le village est attaché administrativement à l'ancienne Voïvodie de Lublin.
Depuis 1999, il fait partie de la nouvelle voïvodie de Lublin.

Références

Village dans la voïvodie de Lublin
Powiat de Puławy


text:
Pluralizam opisuje ideju mirnog suživota ljudi različitih interesa,  vjeroispovjesti i načina života.

Koncepcija
Nasuprot totalitarnih ideologija pluralizam prepoznaje postojeće različitosti interesa i političkih pozicija. Smatra da je njihovo individualno postojanje, individualno zastupanje te artikulacija raznih pozicija legitimna i poželjna.

Pored tolerancije najznačajnije opće načelo pluralističkog političkog sustava je princip subsidiariacije: Sva pitanja koje nije moguće riješiti na političkoj razini prepuštaju se određenim društvenim organizacijama, kao što su vjerske zajednice za svoje vjernike.

Najvažnija karika u lancu pluralizma je sloboda svakog pojedinca, prigoda za razmjenu stajališta i mogućnost za zajedničko zastupanje interesa i stavova.

Politika
Globalizacija

en:Pluralism (political theory)


text:
FC Liefering is een Oostenrijkse voetbalclub uit Salzburg in de wijk Liefering. In 1947 werd de club opgericht als USK Anif, maar veranderde de naam in 2012 naar de huidige. Het speelt in de 2. Liga.

Hoewel FC Liefering een zelfstandige vereniging is, treedt het wel op als de belofteploeg van Red Bull Salzburg. Het speelt daarom in dezelfde tenues. Er wordt slechts sporadisch in Wals-Siezenheim gespeeld. De meeste thuiswedstrijden worden afgewerkt in het stadion van SV Grödig.

In 2013 promoveerde de club naar het tweede plan nadat men over twee wedstrijden won van LASK Linz.

Eindklasseringen vanaf 2012

Tot 2018 stond de 2. Liga bekend als Erste Liga.

Liefering
Sportclub in Salzburg


text:
Buena Vista 2.ª Sección es una localidad del municipio de Centro ubicado en la subregión centro del estado mexicano de Tabasco. Esta localidad formaba parte de Buena Vista 1.ª Sección hasta que fue desconurbada en 2010.

Geografía
La localidad de Buena Vista 2.ª Sección se sitúa en las coordenadas geográficas , a una elevación de 9 metros sobre el nivel del mar.

Demografía
Según el Conteo de Población y Vivienda 2020, efectuado por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, la localidad de Buena Vista 2.ª Sección tiene 2,540 habitantes, de los cuales 1,266 son del sexo masculino y 1,274 del sexo femenino. Su tasa de fecundidad es de 2.27 hijos por mujer y tiene 554 viviendas particulares habitadas.

Véase también
 Municipio de Centro

Referencias

Localidades del municipio de Centro (Tabasco)


text:
Het WTA-tennistoernooi van Indian Wells (officieel Pacific Life Open) van 2008 vond plaats van 12 tot en met 23 maart 2008 in de Amerikaanse plaats Indian Wells. Het was de 20e editie van het vrouwentoernooi, onderdeel van het tennistoernooi van Indian Wells 2008. Er werd gespeeld op hardcourtbanen.

Enkelspel
Het toernooi was sterk bezet: 35 speelsters uit de top 50 namen deel. Afwezig waren Venus Williams (WTA-7) en haar zus Serena (WTA-11) die dit toernooi sinds een incident in 2001 boycotten.

Titelverdedigster Daniela Hantuchová was het vijfde reekshoofd. Zij bereikte de kwartfinale, waarin zij werd uitgeschakeld door de als vierde geplaatste Maria Sjarapova.

Het eerste reekshoofd, Ana Ivanović uit Servië, won het toernooi. Zij versloeg in de finale de als tweede geplaatste Russin Svetlana Koeznetsova in twee sets. Koeznetsova had het jaar ervoor ook al de finale verloren. Ivanović wist voor het eerst in haar carrière het toernooi van Indian Wells op haar naam te schrijven. Het was haar zesde WTA-titel, de eerste van 2008.

De Nederlandse Michaëlla Krajicek was als 22e geplaatst, en kreeg een vrijstelling voor de eerste ronde. Haar openingspartij in de tweede ronde verloor zij evenwel, van de kwalificante Galina Voskobojeva.

Geplaatste speelsters

Prijzengeld en WTA-punten

Overige deelnemende speelsters uit de top 50
 33.  Caroline Wozniacki (WTA-46)
 34.  Gisela Dulko (WTA-47)
 35.  Pauline Parmentier (WTA-49)

Toernooischema

Eindfase

Deel 1

Deel 2

Deel 3

Deel 4

Deel 5

Deel 6

Deel 7

Deel 8

Dubbelspel

|
|-
|align="right"|

|}
Van de titelhoudsters Lisa Raymond en Samantha Stosur was de laatste haar titel niet komen verdedigen. Raymond speelde samen met Maria Kirilenko – dit team strandde in de eerste ronde.

Het eerste reekshoofd, Květa Peschke en Rennae Stubbs, bereikte de tweede ronde.

Het ongeplaatste Russische duo Dinara Safina en Jelena Vesnina won het toernooi. Zij versloegen in de finale het als derde geplaatste Chinese koppel Yan Zi en Zheng Jie in de match-tiebreak. Het was hun eerste gezamenlijke titel. Safina had daarnaast zeven eerdere dubbelspeltitels met andere partners; Vesnina twee.

De Nederlandse Michaëlla Krajicek en haar Italiaanse partner Tathiana Garbin kwamen niet voorbij de eerste ronde.

Geplaatste teams

Toernooischema

Finale

Bovenste helft

Onderste helft

Externe links
  Toernooischema WTA
  Toernooischema ITF

Indian Wells 2008
Indian Wells


text:
Alexander Penn Wooldridge (* 13. April 1847 in New Orleans, Louisiana; † 8. September 1930 in Austin, Texas) war ein US-amerikanischer Rechtsanwalt, Bankier und Politiker. Von 1909 bis 1919 bekleidete er das Amt des Bürgermeisters von Austin.

Leben
Wooldridge studierte an der University of Virginia und erhielt dort 1868 seinen Abschluss. Anschließend nahm er eine Lehrstelle als Professor für Physikalische Wissenschaften am Bethel College in Russellville, Kentucky an. 1872 zog Wooldridge nach Austin, Texas und studierte Rechtswissenschaften in der Anwaltskanzlei Terrell and Walker. Noch im selben Jahr wurde er als Anwalt für den fünften Circuit Court zugelassen und beteiligte sich an der Gründung der Anwaltskanzlei Fulmore, Wallace, and Wooldridge, Attorneys at Law and Land Agents. 1874 kehrte Wooldridge kurzzeitig nach Russellville zurück, um dort Ellen Waggener, die Schwester von Leslie Waggener, zu heiraten. Aus der Ehe gingen sieben Kinder hervor.

In den nächsten Jahren begann Wooldridge sich in Austin in verschiedenen Funktionen zivilgesellschaftlich zu engagieren. So wurde er 1880 Präsident des ersten public school board der Stadt und trug als solcher zu dem Aufbau des örtlichen öffentlichen Schulwesens bei. 1881 war er Vorsitzender des Komitees, welches einen Standort für die University of Texas suchte und führte die Kampagne für den Standort Austin an. Von August 1882 bis September 1894 war er Sekretär des Board of Regents der Universität.

1885 wurde er Präsident der City National Bank. Des Weiteren war er von 1888 bis 1890 Präsident der Handelskammer von Austin. 1902 wurde er Präsident des Board of Regents des Texas Industrial Institute and College for the Education of White Girls of the State of Texas in the Arts and Sciences. Als seine Frau 1903 unerwartet an Typhus starb, ging Wooldridge in den Teilruhestand. Er verzichtete auf eine weitere Amtszeit als Präsident des Board of Regents. Des Weiteren wurde er von seinen Aufgaben bzgl. seiner Bank freigestellt, als diese 1905 mit der Austin National Bank vereinigt wurde.

1909 wurde er zum Bürgermeister von Austin gewählt. Als solcher kümmerte er sich um die Pflasterung und Beleuchtung der Straßen der Stadt, stattete Polizei und Feuerwehr mit weiteren Mitteln aus und führte verschiedene Projekte im Bereich der Abwasserentsorgung durch. 1917 heiratete Wooldridge erneut. Seine zweite Frau Nellie Wylie Holden (1863–1944), war eine Austiner Philanthropin, welche in verschiedenen zivilgesellschaftlichen und Wohltätigkeitsorganisationen aktiv war. 1919 schied Wooldridge aus dem Bürgermeisteramt aus. 1924 war er der erste Empfänger des Most Worthy Citizen Award der Stadt. Der Wooldridge Park, die Wooldridge Elementary School und der Wooldridge Drive wurden nach ihm benannt.

Wooldridge starb am 8. September 1930 in Austin und wurde auf dem Oakwood Cemetery beigesetzt.

Literatur
 Ruth Ann Overbeck: Alexander Penn Woolridge (Austin. Von Boeckmann-Jones Company, 1963)

Weblinks
 Vivian Elizabeth Smyrl: Eintrag zu Alexander Penn Wooldridge im Handbook of Texas Online

Einzelnachweise

Bürgermeister (Austin)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Bankier
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1847
Gestorben 1930
Mann


text:
Sebastian Benker, född 27 mars 1992 i Borås, är en svensk ishockeyspelare som spelar för HC Vita Hästen i Hockeyallsvenskan. Benkers moderklubb är Borås HC och det var med dem han spelade som junior och fick göra debut i Hockeyallsvenskan säsongen 2009/2010. När han värvades till Vita Hästen beskrevs han som "en skridskostark, rutinerad spelare. Sebastian har visat över tid att han är en producerande spelare med målskyttet som främsta egenskap".

Klubbkarriär

Referenser

Födda 1992
Idrottare från Borås
Levande personer
Män
Spelare i Borås HC
Spelare i Gislaveds SK
Spelare i HC Vita Hästen
Spelare i Kongsvinger Knights
Spelare i Nybro Vikings
Spelare i Tingsryds AIF
Svenska idrottare under 2000-talet
Svenska ishockeyspelare


text:
Jan Kastner (24. dubna 1954 – 30. října 2017, Plzeň) byl český publicista, pedagog, filmový historik a filmový teoretik.

Po několik generací byl předsedou, dramaturgem a lektorem Filmového klubu Plzeň. Filmové projekce a svůj výklad k nim uváděl jednou týdně v kině Eden a po jeho zrušení v Kině Beseda v Měšťanské besedě v Plzni. Dlouhá léta spolupracoval se Západočeskou galerií v Plzni, kde byl pravidelným organizátorem doprovodného programu, při kterém přednášel o dějinách kinematografie v rámci konkrétních výstav.

Byl ředitelem festivalu Finále Plzeň a pravidelně se účastnil i dalších filmových festivalů, jako byl například Mezinárodní filmový festival v Karlových Varech. V roce 2013 byl ministrem kultury jmenován expertem Státního fondu kinematografie. Svými filmovými recenzemi pravidelně přispíval do deníku Mladá fronta dnes a byl také externím pracovníkem Českého rozhlasu.

V druhé polovině 90. let byl ředitelem na základní škole v Chotěšově a učil zde český jazyk a dějepis. Později působil jako učitel na střední umělecké škole Zámeček, kde vyučoval český jazyk a dějiny filmu. Vyučoval také předměty Filmová tvorba a Evropská kinematografie na Filozofické fakultě Západočeské univerzity v Plzni. Byl zastáncem rčení, že "Když je zapálený student, vždycky zapálí i ty ostatní".

Na konci října 2017 nečekaně zemřel po těžké nemoci a zanechal po sobě ženu a dvě děti. Je pochován na Ústředním hřbitově v Plzni. Náhrobek mu vyrobil sochař a kameník Vojtěch Soukup a jeho portrét vytvořila studentka Zámečku, Simona Týmlová.

Ve dnech 29. dubna – 3. května 2018 se v Měšťanské besedě v Plzni konala výstava, během níž si studenti Zámečku, prostřednictvím grafik, fotografií, maleb, soch, koláží a skic, Jana Kastnera připomněli.

Odkazy

Reference

Čeští publicisté
Filmoví historikové
Vyučující na Fakultě filozofické Západočeské univerzity v Plzni
Narození v roce 1954
Narození 24. dubna
Úmrtí v roce 2017
Úmrtí 30. října
Úmrtí v Plzni
Muži


text:
Чешаль () — село в общине Вишеград Республики Сербской Боснии и Герцеговины. Население составляет 16 человек по переписи 2013 года.

Географическое положение
Находится в 5 км к северо-востоку от Вишеграда. В километре от центра деревни находится гостиница «Вилина Влас».

История
Чешаль первый раз упоминается в XVII веке как дом местных чеканников. Предполагается, что в XIX году здесь осели Вуковичи из Герцеговины.

Население

Примечания

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт общины Вишеград

Населённые пункты Республики Сербской


text:
The Painter and The Buyer is a 1565 pen and ink on brown paper painting by Flemish artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The alternative title is The Artist and The Connoisseur.

The painter is thought to be a self-portrait of Pieter Bruegel the Elder.

Content
The artist holds a paint brush in his right hand, on the left past the viewer, presumably to the object he paints. A second man looks over his shoulder at the resulting picture. This work is for the viewer, however, face down. Bruegel is limited entirely to the presentation of two dissimilar men: the painter drawn in detail with disheveled hair, bushy eyebrows and unkempt beard, and the more vague outline reproduced viewer behind him with pince-nez, long nose and mouth slightly open.

Interpretation
In the Middle Ages, artists were fixed in a craft tradition supported by clients such as church, aristocracy and later the bourgeoisie. The depiction of painter and buyer or artist and connoisseur already reflects the new humanistic concept of art, which makes the painter dependent on the subjective judgement of a connoisseur. According to Hans Ost there is an "ignorant observer" who "with his mouth stupidly open, laboriously peers through his glasses over the artist's shoulder. This is the connoisseur and amateur, as we later find him in the circle of Roman antiquarians around Philipp von Stosch"

The identity of the painter, often assumed to be a self-portrait of Bruegel, is uncertain; it is also conceivable that he is a portrait of Hieronymus Bosch.

References

16th-century drawings
Collections of the Albertina, Vienna
Pieter Bruegel the Elder


text:
Седяш () — деревня в Благовещенском районе Республики Башкортостан Российской Федерации. Входит в состав Октябрьского сельсовета.

География
Стоит на речке Седяшке

Географическое положение
Расстояние до:
 районного центра (Благовещенск): 81 км,
 центра сельсовета (Осиповка): 4 км,
 ближайшей ж/д станции (Загородная): 86 км.

История
Основан русскими государственными крестьянами в первой половине или в середине XIX века. Можно допускать версию, что Седяш появился как выселок деревни Усы-Степановки. Последняя ревизия зафиксировала в Седяше 111 душ мужского пола. В 1881 году была освящена деревянная церковь в честь Рождества Христова. В 1891 году приходским священником в селе служил Петр Иванович Селиевский. Среди крестьян было много Ширинкиных, Печеницыных, Носковых, Бажиных. Также в селе проживали Горбуновы, Сапегины, Кислицины. Соколовы, Серебряковы, Светлаковы, Смердовы, Мясниковы, Шубинцевы, Смирновы, Воронцовы, Никулины, Разумовы, Деревянных, Заякины и другие. Крестьяне села образовывали одноимённое сельское общество. В 1895 году в селе насчитывалось 78 дворов и 422 человека, были отмечены хлебозапасный магазин, кузница, две бакалейные и одна мануфактурная лавки. В 1897 году в селе открыла земская одноклассная школа. Приход Христорождественской церкви в конце XIX века состоял из села и семи деревень. Приходским священником Христорождественской церкви в 1910-е годы был Константин Петрович Кипарисов.

В 1917 году в селе насчитывалось 136 домохозяйств и 822 человека, в том числе один чуваш. Посторонних была 21 семья. В графе сословие у большинства жителей села указано «крестьяне коренные собственники». Несколько крестьянских семей относились к сельским богатеям.

В советское время (до 1984 года) село Седяш являлось административным центром одноимённого сельсовета. С 1984 село Седяш входит в состав Октябрьского сельсовета.

Население

Национальный состав
Согласно переписи 2002 года, преобладающие национальности — русские (45 %), татары (26 %).

Историческая численность населения
Динамика населения: в 1939 году в селе насчитывалось 259 человек, в 1959—192, в 1969—153, в 1989-66, в 2010 — 18.

Известные уроженцы, жители
Коробицын, Александр Павлович (1940—2012) — советский российский режиссёр-постановщик.

Инфраструктура

Во время коллективизации в селе был создан колхоз «Первомайский», просуществовавший до начала 1950-х. В 1950-е годы Седяш входил в колхоз «Крестьянин», в 1957 году село вошло в состав совхоза «Полянский», а в 1981 году — в состав совхоза «Осиповский».

Примечания

Населённые пункты Благовещенского района Башкортостана


text:
La grande speranza bianca (The Great White Hope) è un'opera teatrale di Howard Sackler, debuttata a Washington nel 1967. Il dramma è basato sulla vita di Jack Johnson e ha vinto il Premio Pulitzer per la drammaturgia e il Tony Award alla migliore opera teatrale. Nel 1970 il regista Martin Ritt ne ha realizzato un adattamento cinematografico con James Earl Jones, Per salire più in basso.

Trama
La carriera di Jack Jefferson (ispirato al pugile Jack Johnson) risente del fatto che sia un uomo nero sposato con una donna bianca e che sia l'unico pugile di colore in mezzo ad altri lottatori bianchi.

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Opere teatrali sullo sport
Opere teatrali di autori statunitensi
Opere teatrali in inglese
Opere teatrali ambientate in Ohio
Opere teatrali ambientate in Wisconsin
Opere teatrali ambientate in Francia
Opere teatrali ambientate a Londra
Opere teatrali del 1967


text:
Segredos de uma Novela (Soapdish) é um filme de comédia americano de 1991, dirigido por Michael Hoffman, com base no roteiro de Robert Harling e Andrew Bergman. O filme mostra  os fatos que se passam nos bastidores de uma popular telenovela americana, envolvendo toda o elenco e equipe de produção.

É estrelado por Sally Field, que vive uma renomada atriz conhecida como 'A Queridinha da América', e  que interpreta a principal personagem da novela "O Sol Também se Põe".
Kevin Kline, Robert Downey Jr., Elisabeth Shue, Whoopi Goldberg, Teri Hatcher, Cathy Moriarty, Garry Marshall, Kathy Najimy e Carrie Fisher desempenham os demais papéis principais do filme. Por seu papel nesse longa, Kline foi indicado ao Globo de Ouro de melhor ator em comédia ou musical.

Elenco
 Sally Field –  Celeste Talbert / "Maggie"
 Kevin Kline –  Jeffrey Anderson / "Dr. Rod Randall"
 Robert Downey Jr. –  David Seton Barnes
 Cathy Moriarty – Montana Moorehead / "Nurse Nan"
 Elisabeth Shue – Lori Craven / "Angelique"
 Whoopi Goldberg – Rose Schwartz
 Carrie Fisher – Betsy Faye Sharon
 Garry Marshall –  Edmund Edwards
 Teri Hatcher – Ariel Maloney / "Dr. Monica Demonico"
 Kathy Najimy – Tawny Miller
 Paul Johansson – Blair Brennan / "Bolt"
 Sheila Kelley – Fran

Ligações externas

Filmes de comédia romântica dos Estados Unidos
Filmes dirigidos por Michael Hoffman


text:
Der Anton-Schrammel-Hof ist ein Gemeindebau in der Kopalgasse 55–61 im 11. Wiener Gemeindebezirk Simmering.

Geschichte

Im Roten Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit entstanden zahlreiche kommunale Wohnbauten, vor allem in den von vielen Arbeitern bewohnten Außenbezirken Favoriten und Simmering. Der Anton-Schrammel-Hof wurde von 1925 bis 1926 nach Entwürfen des Architekten Karl Krist errichtet. Von 1992 bis 1994 wurde er saniert, wobei unter anderem die Fenster und Türen erneuert wurden und ein Anschluss an die Fernwärme erfolgte. Benannt ist der Gemeindebau nach dem Gewerkschafter Anton Schrammel.

Architektur und Gestaltung
Die 257 Wohnungen umfassende und denkmalgeschützte () Wohnanlage wird durch die Kopalgasse und Meichlstraße sowie im Bereich eines gemeinsamen Innenhofes von einem 1913 errichteten, westlich anschließenden Wohnblock begrenzt. Am östlichen Ende der Anlage, wo sich Kopalgasse und Meichlstraße in spitzem Winkel treffen, ist ein gastronomischer Betrieb mit Gastgarten untergebracht. In der Kopalgasse befinden sich ein kleiner Straßenhof und ein Parteilokal. Der mittlere der drei Innenhöfe verfügt über einen Kinderspielplatz.

Ein von Karl Krist auch bei anderen Gemeindebauten verwendetes Stilelement sind Spitzbögen im Bereich der Toranlagen und der Türen und Fenster von Gassenlokalen. Darüber hinaus finden sich in diesem – aufgrund der topographischen Gegebenheiten – in seiner Gesamtheit eher unregelmäßig wirkenden Wohnbau Elemente wie Erker, Giebel und Zierzinnen. Die Wohnanlage wurde von 1993 bis 1994 renoviert. In einer Hofeinfahrt befindet sich eine Gedenktafel für Anton Schrammel. Neben einem der Eingangstore ist eine Gedenktafel angebracht, die an jene elf jüdischen Mieter erinnert, die 1938 von den Nationalsozialisten aus dem Haus vertrieben wurden.

Im noch zum Gelände des Hofes gehörenden östlichen Straßenzwickel befinden sich zwei Platanen, die wegen ihrer Ortsbildwirkung als Naturdenkmal klassifiziert sind (Listeneintrag).

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Hans Hautmann, Rudolf Hautmann: Die Gemeindebauten des Roten Wien. 1919–1934. Schönbrunn-Verlag, Wien 1980.

Weblinks

Wiener Gemeindebau der Zwischenkriegszeit
Simmering
Erbaut in den 1920er Jahren
Baudenkmal (Wien)


text:
Lamjruen is een bestuurslaag in het regentschap Aceh Besar van de provincie Atjeh, Indonesië. Lamjruen telt 329 inwoners (volkstelling 2010).

Plaats in Atjeh


text:
Der Typ 183 ist eine zwei Schiffe umfassende Schwergutfrachtschiffsklasse und wurde als Nachfolger des Typs 176 von der Sietas-Werft in Hamburg-Neuenfelde entwickelt. Die beiden Schiffe Svenja und Lone gehören zur Hamburger Reederei SAL Heavy Lift.

Geschichte

Im Dezember 2005 bestellte die Reederei SAL Heavy Lift neben zwei weiteren Typ-176-Schiffen auch zwei Schwergutschiffe bei Sietas, die mit je zwei 1000-t-Kränen und einem Dynamischen-Positionier-System (DP) ausgerüstet werden sollten. Diese beiden Neubauten mit den Baunummern 1279 und 1280 wurden zunächst als Typ 179 bezeichnet. Zwei weitere Typ-179-Schiffe (Baunummer 1300 und 1301) bestellte SAL Heavy Lift im Jahr 2006. Die beiden ersten Einheiten wurden am 20. Dezember 2007 auf Kiel gelegt. Ursprünglich sollte die Ablieferung der vier Neubauten von März bis Dezember 2010 erfolgen. Im August 2008 stornierte SAL Heavy Lift alle vier Bauaufträge, weil sich die Baukosten der Schiffe infolge stark gestiegener Stahlpreise erheblich erhöht hatten.

Als sich im Sommer 2009 das Ende der Weltwirtschaftskrise abzeichnete, entschloss sich SAL Heavy Lift dazu, die beiden bereits auf Kiel gelegten Schiffe in einer modifizierten Version fertigstellen zu lassen und abzunehmen. Der überarbeitete Schiffsentwurf bekam die Bezeichnung Typ 183. Als erstes Typ-183-Schiff wurde im Dezember 2010 die mit DP 1 ausgestattete Svenja in Dienst gestellt. Ihre im März 2011 fertiggestellte Schwester Lone ist mit DP 2 ausgerüstet. Beide Schiffe fahren unter der Flagge von Antigua & Barbuda.

Technische Daten
Die 160,00 m langen Schiffe, die eine maximale Tragfähigkeit von 12.500 dwt haben, sind mit zwei jeweils 1.000-t-Kränen von NMF ausgestattet, die im Tandembetrieb 2.000 t heben können. Damit sind diese Schiffe die leistungsfähigsten Schwergutfrachter am Markt. Ihr Laderaum ist 12.800 m³ groß, nicht unterteilt und ergibt somit einen 107 m langen Stauraum. Mit dem 12.600 kW starken Motor von MAN Diesel liegt die Dienstgeschwindigkeit bei 20 kn, eine Geschwindigkeit, die sonst von Containerschiffen erreicht wird. Die Schiffe sind mit zwei Bugstrahlrudern mit einer Leistung von jeweils 1.200 kW und einem Heckstrahlruder mit 800 kW ausgestattet. Zusätzlich hat die Lone noch zwei Azimut (Propellergondeln) von jeweils 1.200 kW.

Die Schiffe

Weblinks

 Website der Reederei SAL Heavy Lift mit Informationen zur Schiffsklasse

Fußnoten

Frachtschiffstyp
Schifffahrt (Hamburg)
J. J. Sietas


text:
Mimoclystia lichenarum är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Claude Herbulot 1963. Mimoclystia lichenarum ingår i släktet Mimoclystia och familjen mätare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Mätare
lichenarum


text:
Frankie Sue Del Papa (born September 21, 1949) is an American attorney and politician in the state of Nevada. She was the first woman elected as the Secretary of State of Nevada in 1986 and the first woman elected as the Nevada Attorney General, a position that she held between 1991 and 2003.

Early life
Del Papa earned a bachelors of arts degree from the University of Nevada, Reno, in 1971 and graduated from George Washington University Law School with a J.D. in 1974. She was the first woman elected as student body president at the University of Nevada. She was an associate at the law office of Lesley B. Gray in Reno, Nevada, between 1975 and 1978, a partner at the law offices of Thornton and Del Papa between 1979 and 1984, and worked in private practice in Reno between 1984 and 1987.

Political career
She was the first woman elected as the Secretary of State of Nevada in the 1986 general election and the first woman elected as the Nevada Attorney General, winning the 1990 general election, the 1994 general election, and the 1998 general election. Del Papa was not eligible to run for a fourth term in 2002 due to lifetime term limits established by the Nevada Constitution. She ran for Governor of Nevada in 1998 and for U.S. Senate in 1999 but dropped out of both elections due to lack of funds.

After retiring from politics, she served as the co-chair of Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign in Nevada. Currently, she sits on the bipartisan advisory board of the States United Democracy Center.

Partial works
 An oral history of the Nevada's Womens Conference  (1977)
 Nevada procedures and forms for filings under Article 9, parts 1 and 4 of the Uniform Commercial Code, effective July 1, 1987  (1988)
 Political history of Nevada (1990)
 Investigation regarding possible criminal activities in ticket distribution at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas Athletic Department  (1991)
 Administrative rulemaking : a procedural guide (1995)
 Elder abuse : an action plan to better protect Nevada's elderly (1997)
 Nevada's guidelines and procedures for community notification of ... sex offenders  (1998)
 Guide for mandated reporters of elder abuse (1999)
 Guide for nonprofit organizations (1999)
 Nevada board and commission manual (1999)
 Nevada open meeting law manual (2001)

See also
List of female state attorneys general in the United States

References

External links

1949 births
Living people
George Washington University Law School alumni
Nevada Attorneys General
Nevada Democrats
Politicians from Reno, Nevada
Secretaries of State of Nevada
University of Nevada, Reno alumni
Women in Nevada politics


text:
(207763) Oberursel ist ein Asteroid des äußeren Hauptgürtels, der sich zwischen Mars und Jupiter befindet.

Er wurde am 6. Oktober 2007 von den deutschen Amateurastronomen Rainer Kling und Ute Zimmer von der Hans-Ludwig-Neumann-Sternwarte (IAU-Code B01) auf dem Kleinen Feldberg im Taunus aus entdeckt.

Der Asteroid wurde am 10. Dezember 2011 nach der Stadt Oberursel in Hessen, dem Wohnort von Ute Zimmer, benannt.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Asteroiden
 Alphabetische Liste der Asteroiden

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Hauptgürtelasteroid unter 50 km Durchmesser
Oberursel (Taunus)


text:
Patrik Ingelsten (ur. 25 stycznia 1982 w Hillerstorp) – szwedzki piłkarz występujący na pozycji skrzydłowego lub napastnika. Obecnie gra w Vikingu Stavanger.

Kariera klubowa
Patrik Ingelsten zawodową karierę rozpoczynał w zespole Hillerstorps GoIF, z którego w 2000 roku trafił do IFK Värnamo. W nowym klubie szwedzki gracz spędził dwa lata, w trakcie których brał udział w 43 ligowych pojedynkach i strzelił dwanaście goli. W 2002 roku Ingelsten podpisał kontrakt z Halmstads BK. W jego barwach 7 kwietnia tego samego roku w meczu przeciwko GIF Sundsvall zadebiutował w rozgrywkach Allsvenskan. W debiutanckim sezonie w Halmstads Ingelsten nie strzelił ani jednego gola, natomiast podczas rozgrywek w 2003 roku na listę strzelców wpisał się pięć razy. W 2004 roku Szwed razem z drużyną zdobył wicemistrzostwo kraju tracąc dwa punkty do Malmö FF. 29 września 2005 roku Ingelsten zdobył decydującą o awansie do następnej rundy bramkę w meczu Pucharu UEFA przeciwko Sportingowi, który zakończył się zwycięstwem Halmstads 3:2.

Od 2007 roku Ingelsten zaczął grać dla Kalmar FF. Zajął z nim drugie miejsce w Allsvenskan, a mistrzowie Szwecji – piłkarze IFK Göteborg uzbierali wówczas o jeden punkt więcej. W 2008 roku Kalmar FF zdobyło jednak pierwszy w historii klubu tytuł mistrza kraju, a sam Ingelsten z dziewiętnastoma golami na koncie został królem strzelców rozgrywek.

22 grudnia tego samego roku poinformowano, że Szwed od stycznia będzie zawodnikiem SC Heerenveen, a razem z nim do tego klubu dołączy Viktor Elm. W Eredivisie Ingelsten po raz pierwszy wystąpił 24 stycznia w wygranym 2:0 spotkaniu z Rodą Kerkrade. Norweg nie potrafił wywalczył sobie miejsca w podstawowym składzie Heerenveen i pełnił rolę rezerwowego. 8 stycznia 2010 roku Ingelsten przeszedł do norweskiego Vikinga.

Kariera reprezentacyjna
W październiku 2008 roku Ingelsten zastąpił kontuzjowanego Markusa Rosenberga w kadrze reprezentacji Szwecji na mecz eliminacji do Mistrzostw Świata 2010 przeciwko Portugalii, jednak w pojedynku tym ostatecznie nie wystąpił.

Bibliografia

Szwedzcy piłkarze
Piłkarze Halmstads BK
Piłkarze Kalmar FF
Piłkarze sc Heerenveen
Piłkarze Viking FK
Urodzeni w 1982


text:
Zinacantán (littéralement pays des chauve-souris en Nahuatl) est une province mexicaine de l'État du Chiapas. La quasi-totalité des habitants de la province sont des indigènes mayas parlant le tzotzil.

Histoire
À l'époque précolombienne, Zinacantán avait de nombreux liens commerciaux avec les Aztèques du centre du pays. La région exporte alors principalement de l'ambre et du sel.

Les premiers missionnaires arrivés à Zinacantán furent les Dominicains qui s'établirent dans la région et y construisirent une première chapelle en bois au . Ils quittent la région avant d'être expulsés du Mexique au  pour y revenir en 1976.

Références

Ville dans l'État du Chiapas


text:
Hylaeamys ist eine Gattung von Nagetieren in der Gruppe der Neuweltmäuse mit Arten, die in Südamerika verbreitet sind.

Taxonomie
Die Arten der Gattung wurden bis zum Jahr 2006 in die Gruppe der Reisratten (Oryzomys) eingeordnet. Die Neueinteilung erfolgte infolge genetischer Untersuchungen. Weiterhin besitzen die Mitglieder der Gattung Hylaeamys gemeinsame Schädelmerkmale, die sie von den Reisratten unterscheiden. Der wissenschaftliche Gattungsname bezieht sich auf den Landschaftsnamen Hylaea, den Alexander von Humboldt für die Regenwälder am Fuße der Anden wählte.

Merkmale
Das kurze und recht borstige Fell der Oberseite hat eine dunkelgraue, intensiv braune oder hellbraune Farbe, während die Unterseite graues Fell trägt. Kennzeichnend sind schmale lange Hinterfüße und Haarbüschel, die teilweise die Krallen bedecken. In der äußeren Gestalt ähneln sich die Vertreter der Gattung stark. Unterschiede bestehen vor allem in den Proportionen der verschiedenen Körperteile und im Karyotyp.

Arten und Verbreitung
Die IUCN listet folgende Arten:
 Hylaeamys acritus lebt im nördlichen Bolivien.
 Hylaeamys laticeps ist im östlichen Brasilien verbreitet.
 Hylaeamys megacephalus kommt im zentralen und östlichen Südamerika vor.
 Hylaeamys oniscus hat ein Verbreitungsgebiet in Brasilien am Atlantik.
 Hylaeamys perenensis lebt im Norden und Zentrum Südamerikas.
 Hylaeamys tatei bewohnt ein kleines Gebiet in Ecuador.
 Hylaeamys yunganus hat ein ähnliches Verbreitungsgebiet wie Hylaeamys perenensis.

Diese Nagetiere leben im Flachland und im Gebirge bis 1000 Meter Höhe. Sie halten sich in Wäldern und im Umfeld von Baumgruppen in Savannen auf.

Gefährdung
Von der IUCN werden zwei Arten mit unzureichende Datenlage (data deficient), eine Art als gefährdet (vulnerable), eine Art in der Vorwarnliste (near threatened) und drei Arten als nicht gefährdet (least concern) gelistet.

Einzelnachweise

Wühler
Cricetidae


text:
George Goulton Lynas (7 September 1832 – 8 December 1896) was an English first-class cricketer, who played in both Roses Matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1867.  Yorkshire won the first, at Old Trafford by 165 runs and the second, at Swatter's Carr, Linthorpe Road East Ground in Middlesbrough by an innings.

Born in Coatham, Redcar, Yorkshire, England, Lynas was a right-handed tail ender, who scored four runs in his three innings, averaging 2.00.  His right arm round arm fast bowling was not called upon, but he was also an occasional wicket-keeper.  He also took two catches in his games.

Lynas died in December 1896 in Skelton-in-Cleveland, Yorkshire.

References

External links
 Cricinfo Profile
 Cricket Archive Statistics

1832 births
1896 deaths
People from Redcar
Yorkshire cricketers
English cricketers
Sportspeople from Yorkshire