text:
Vilhelm Thaning Holck (25. juni 1856 på Christianshavn – 4. oktober 1936 i Hillerød) var en dansk arkitekt og museumsinspektør.

Uddannelse og karriere
Vilhelm Holck blev født på Christianshavn, hvor faderen, Johan Christopher Holck, var kateket og senere sognepræst. Moderen var Thyra Elisabeth Christine Thomine Thaning. Holck arbejdede som murersvend i fire år, hvor han anvendte vintrene til at gå på teknisk skole og forbedre sine tegneevner. Derefter fulgte fire år på Kunstakademiet. Han fik arbejde som konduktør ved en del større byggeforetagender i København; bl.a. for Hans J. Holm.

1. april 1885 blev han ansat som konservator ved Det Nationalhistoriske Museum på Frederiksborg Slot, desuden blev han senere sammen med E.F.S. Lund museumsinspektør her; en stilling han beholdt til 1916. Samtidig fungerede han som arkitekt i Hillerød og omegn.

Da han var en af de eneste uddannede arkitekter i området, fik han snart mange opgaver og blev hurtigt anset som Hillerøds uofficielle stadsarkitekt. Han tegnede bl.a. Hillerød Rådhus (opført 1887-88 på Hillerød Torv, nuværende politistation. Anvendt som Korsbæk Rådhus i tv-serien Matador afsnit 8,), Bankbygningen på Hillerød Torv (opført 1908), Teknisk Skole i Møllestræde (opført 1888), Sparekassebygningen (opført 1898 med facade af granit) i Slotsgade, Marie Mørks Skole på Milnersvej (opført 1895) foruden et stort antal privatboliger.

Da Frederiksværkbanen blev anlagt mellem Hillerød og Frederiksværk tegnede han de fleste stationer deriblandt Frederiksværk Station og Skævinge Station. Han var desuden også meget brugt som arkitekt i selve Frederiksværk by hvor han blandt andet tegnede Sygehuset, Grand Hotel og flere andre større bygninger.

Han virkede desuden i et større område, således er hospitalsbygninger i Frederikssund, Usserød og Esbønderup oprindeligt tegnede af Holck.

I begyndelsen af sin karriere var Holck typisk historicist (rådhuset er i nygotik), men han fulgte tidens tendenser og skiftede til nationalromantikken (stationerne på Frederiksværkbanen) og siden nybarokken (teglværksejer Clausens villa).

Hæder
Han var formand for Hillerød Industriforening fra 1896 til 1918, Ridder af Dannebrog og Dannebrogsmand.

Ægteskab
Han blev gift med Marie født baronesse Wedell-Wedellsborg (død 1927), datter af kammerherre, amtmand, baron Vilhelm Wedell-Wedellsborg og Louise Marie Sophie komtesse Schulin. Han var fader til amtmand Povl Holck.

Værker

I Hillerød
 Hillerød Rådhus, nu politistation, Torvet (1887-88)
 Teknisk Skole, Møllestræde (1888)
 Ligkapel, Hillerød Kirkegård (1894)
 Marie Mørks Skole, Milnersvej (1895)
 Asyl bag Skolegade (1896)
 Afholdshotellet, Slangerupsgade (1898-99)
 Hillerød Sparekasse, Fisketorvet (1898-1900)
 Udvidelse af kommuneskoler (1905)
 Hillerød og Omegns Bank, Torvet/Slotsgade (1908)
 Skolehjem og håndværkerskole, Møllestræde (1909)
 Villa for teglværksejer Heinrich Clausen, nu Slotssø Pælæet, Helsingørsgade 51 (1910, ombygget i det indre)

Andetsteds

 Kommunal mellem- og realskole, Nordby, Fanø (1891)
 Teknisk Skole, Fanø (1892)
 Stald med to tjenesteboliger, et hundehus, en havepavillon og en fårestald samt hegnsmure og gitre, Svenstrup (1894-96, fredede)
 Tisvildeleje Badehotel (1895)
 Stationerne på Frederiksværkbanen (1896-97)
 Usserød Sygehus (1896-97, nedlagt 2011)
 Esbønderup Sygehus (1896-97, nedlagt 2011)
 Missionshus, Esbønderup (1903)
 Gadevang Kirke (1903)
 Villingerød Filialkirke (1906)
 Grand Hotel, Nørregade, Frederiksværk (1907-08)
 Ombygning af Ting- og arresthus, Hørsholm (1909)
 Tagrytter på Nordby Kirke, Fanø (1909)
 Sovesalsbygning, Opdragelsesanstalten Godhavn, Tisvilde (1909-10)
 Amts- og epidemisygehus, Hillerødvej, Frederiksværk (1912, nedlagt 1985)
 Vejby Skole (1912)
 Unnerup Skole (1914)
 Maskinværksted, Opdragelsesanstalten Godhavn, Tisvilde (1915-19)
 Tilbygning til Frederikssund Sygehus (1926)

Restaureringer
 Restaurering af Svenstrup, Borup (1890-94)
 Restaurering af Gammel Holtegaard, Gammel Holte (1901)
 Restaurering af Åstrup Kloster, Tølløse (1922-28)

Henvisninger

Kilder
 Bligaard, Mette, Hillerød gamle rådhus og dets arkitekt Vilhelm Holck , 1988.
 Hermansen, Victor, Hillerød By, København: Gyldendal 1925.
 Nielsen, Svend, Det gamle Hillerød – Bysvenden fortæller videre, Dansk Bladforlag 1982.
 Kraks Blå Bog 1929

Arkitekter fra Danmark
Museumsfolk fra Danmark
Riddere af Dannebrog
Historicistiske arkitekter
Nationalromantiske arkitekter
Danskere i 1800-tallet
Danskere i 1900-tallet
Personer fra København
Personer fra Hillerød
Kirkearkitekter
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog (afdøde)


text:
4297 Eichhorn este un asteroid din centura principală, descoperit pe 19 aprilie 1938 de Wilhelm Dieckvoss.

Legături externe

 4297 Eichhorn în JPL Small-Body Database
 4297 Eichhorn în baza de date a Minor Planet Center
 Diagrama orbitei asteroidului 4297 Eichhorn (JPL)

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1938
Centura de asteroizi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Garoé es una novela de Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa publicada en el 2010. La trama se desarrolla en la isla del Hierro durante la conquista y colonización de ésta, y gira en torno a la explotación de la orchilla. También se aproxima a la leyenda del Garoé, árbol sagrado de los bimbaches.

Argumento
Dada la alta cotización de la orchilla para la fabricación del color púrpura, muy demandado por comerciantes de los países nórdicos y mediterráneos, la Corona española decidió enviar un ejército a la isla de El Hierro. En un principio no hubo oposición de los bimbaches, puesto que este liquen  no tenía ningún valor para ellos. El problema era que se necesitaba gran cantidad de agua dulce, que a causa de la sequía del momento llegó a escasear.

El joven teniente Gonzalo Baeza se enamora de una nativa llamada Garza que le hace comprender la vida de los habitantes de la zona, pero teniendo que hacer frente a su servicio leal a la Corona española.

Premio
Fue galardonada con el Premio de Novela Histórica Alfonso X El Sabio (2010).

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Web oficial de Alberto Váquez-Figueroa
hislibis.com

Novelas de 2010
Novelas de Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa
Novelas históricas de España
Novelas ambientadas en Canarias
Novelas de España del siglo XXI en español
España en 2010


text:
Pavayil () is a small village in Kozhikode district of Kerala state, South India. It is located near the Akalapuzha River - ecotourism has begun to grow in the area. A festival of the same name takes place in April. The Kerala Lalitakala Academy organizes artistic day-camps and activities during the Pavayil Festival, such as a painting camps.

References

Geography of Kozhikode district
Kozhikode north


text:
DNA repair protein RAD50, also known as RAD50, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD50 gene.

Function

The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad50, a protein involved in DNA double-strand break repair. This protein forms a complex with MRE11 and NBS1 (also known as Xrs2 in yeast). This MRN complex (MRX complex in yeast) binds to broken DNA ends and displays numerous enzymatic activities that are required for double-strand break repair by nonhomologous end-joining or homologous recombination. Gene knockout studies of the mouse homolog of Rad50 suggest it is essential for cell growth and viability. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of Rad50, which encode distinct proteins, have been reported.

Structure

Rad50 is a member of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family of proteins.  Like other SMC proteins, Rad50 contains a long internal coiled-coil domain that folds back on itself, bringing the N- and C-termini together to form a globular ABC ATPase head domain.  Rad50 can dimerize both through its head domain and through a zinc-binding dimerization motif at the opposite end of the coiled-coil known as the "zinc-hook".  Results from atomic force microscopy suggest that in free Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complexes, the zinc-hooks of a single Rad50 dimer associate to form a closed loop, while the zinc-hooks snap apart upon binding DNA, adopting a conformation that is thought to enable zinc-hook-mediated tethering of broken DNA ends.

Interactions
Rad50 has been shown to interact with:
 BRCA1,
 MRE11A,
 NBN,
 RINT1,
 TERF2IP,  and
 TERF2.

Evolutionary ancestry
Rad50 protein has been mainly studied in eukaryotes.  However, recent work has shown that orthologs of the Rad50 protein are also conserved in extant prokaryotic archaea where they likely function in homologous recombinational repair.  In the hyperthermophilic archeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, the Rad50 and Mre11 proteins interact and appear to have an active role in repair of DNA damages introduced by gamma radiation.  These findings suggest that eukaryotic Rad50 may be descended from an ancestral archaeal Rad50 protein that served a role in homologous recombinational repair of DNA damage.

Diseases
Human RAD50 deficiency is an autosomal recessive syndrome that has been reported in patients with microcephaly and short stature. Their clinical phenotype resembled Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome. Cells from these patients showed increased radiosensitity with an impaired response to chromosome breaks.

See also
MRN complex
Homologous recombination
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome

References

Further reading

External links


text:
Ludwig Andreas Khevenhüller, Graf von Aichelberg-Frankenburg (en: Louis Andrew Khevenhüller, Count of Aichelberg-Frankenburg) (30 November 1683 – 26 January 1744) was an Austrian field-marshal who came of a noble family that was originally from Franconia and had settled in Carinthia.

Career
He first saw active service under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the War of the Spanish Succession and by 1716 had been given command of Prince Eugene's own regiment of dragoons. He distinguished himself at the battles of Peterwardein (5 August 1716) and Belgrade (1717), and became in 1723 General-Feldwachtmeister (equivalent to major general), in 1726 Colonel-Proprietor a Dragoon regiment and in 1733 Feldmarschalleutnant (equivalent to lieutenant-general).

In 1734 the War of the Polish Succession brought him into the field again. He was present at the Battle of Parma (29 June 1734), where Count Mercy, the Austrian commander, was killed, and after Mercy's death he held the chief command of the army in Italy until the arrival of Field Marshal Königsegg under whom he again distinguished himself at the Battle of Guastalla (19 September 1734). He was once more in command during the operations which followed the battle, and his skillful generalship won for him the grade of General of Cavalry. He continued in military and diplomatic employment in Italy to the close of the war.

In 1737 Khevenhüller was made Field Marshal, Prince Eugene recommending him to his sovereign as the best general in the service. His chief exploit in the Turkish War, which soon followed his promotion, was at the Battle of Radojevatz (28 September 1737), where he cut his way through a greatly superior Turkish army. In 1738/9 Khevenhüller met severe budgetary restrictions with an elaborate army reduction scheme. This was successful, and led to his appointment as commander-in-chief of the Vienna garrison.

Khevenhüller surpassed himself in the War of the Austrian Succession. As commander-in-chief of the army on the Danube he not only drove out the French and Bavarian invaders of Austria in a few days of rapid marching and sharp engagements (January 1742), but overran southern Bavaria, captured Munich, and forced a large French corps in Linz to surrender. Later in the summer of 1742, owing to the inadequate forces at his disposal, he had to evacuate his conquests, but in the following campaign, though now subordinated to Prince Charles of Lorraine, Khevenhüller reconquered southern Bavaria, and in June forced the emperor to conclude the unfavourable Convention of Nieder-Schönfeld. He disapproved of the advance beyond the Rhine which followed these successes, and events showed that his fears were justified, for the Austrians had to fall back from the Rhine through Franconia and the Breisgau. Khevenhüller, however, conducted the retreat with admirable skill.

On his return to Vienna, Maria Theresa decorated the field marshal with the Order of the Golden Fleece. He died suddenly at Vienna on 26 January 1744.

Military instruction manual
Khevenhüller wrote various instructional works for officers and soldiers: (Des G. F. M. Grafen von Khevenhüller Observationspunkte für sein Dragoner-Regiment (1734 and 1748) and a règlement for the infantry (1737)), and  two important works on war in general, Kurzer Begriff aller militärischen Operationen (Vienna, 1756; French version, Maximes de guerre, Paris, 1771); and "Ideen vom Kriege," posthumously published in _Mittheilungen des k. und k. Kriegsarchiv_, Neue Folge 7--8 (1893—4): 286—441 and 319—97.

Notes

Ancestry

References
Constantin von Wurzbach: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. Vienna 1856 - 1891.

1683 births
1744 deaths
Military personnel from Linz
Field marshals of Austria
German Roman Catholics
Austrian Roman Catholics
Counts of Austria
Austrian military personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria


text:
Le musée Yves-Saint-Laurent de Marrakech (MYSLM)  est un musée consacré au couturier Yves Saint Laurent à Marrakech, au Maroc, ainsi qu'à Jacques Majorelle et à l'art marocain.

Historique
Deux musées sont édifiés pour exposer des œuvres du  couturier Yves Saint-Laurent et le fonds de la fondation Pierre Bergé - Yves Saint Laurent, l'un à Marrakech et l'autre à Paris, avenue Marceau, au siège historique  de la maison de couture : pour Pierre Bergé, . L'ouverture des deux musées est organisée en .

Le musée de Marrakech est financé notamment par une vente d'objets d'art marocains effectuée par Pierre Bergé en septembre 2015 dans cette ville.

Il est inauguré en  et ouvre le . Il reçoit en  le prix du meilleur nouveau bâtiment public aux Design Awards 2018 du magazine britannique de design international Wallpaper.

Situation
Ce musée de Marrakech est situé dans une rue baptisé déjà du nom du couturier, rue Yves Saint Laurent, à proximité du jardin Majorelle, lieu de vie de Yves Saint Laurent au Maroc, transformé après sa mort en un lieu d'exposition, un musée des arts et de la culture berbères, avec un jardin, qui attire plus de  par an. L'inauguration du musée consacré à l'œuvre du couturier doit renforcer l'attractivité des deux lieux.

Description
Le musée est sur . Il est conçu par les architectes de Studio KO et construit par la filiale marocaine de Bouygues.

Il comprend une salle d'exposition sur l'œuvre d'Yves Saint Laurent, et une autre consacrée à Jacques Majorelle, des salles  pour des expositions temporaires (avec la volonté d'y exposer des artistes contemporains dont des artistes marocains), et un auditorium de , une boutique et librairie, un café-restaurant avec terrasse et une bibliothèque de recherche de 5000 ouvrages(des livres arabo-andalous dont certains datent du , des livres sur la botanique, sur l'art berbère, des ouvrages sur Yves Saint Laurent).

Extérieurement, le bâtiment, couleur terre, se présente comme un assemblage de cubes et de courbes, habillés d'une dentelle de briques évoquant  la trame d'un tissu. Les matériaux sont de la terre cuite, du béton, du granito, avec des couleurs permettant au bâtiment de s'intégrer dans son environnement. Les briques en terre cuite sont constituées de terre du Maroc et sont fabriquées localement. Le granito en façade et au sol est constitué d'un agrégat de pierre et marbre locaux.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Musée Yves Saint Laurent de Paris

Musée à Marrakech
Musée fondé en 2017
Culture au Maroc
Yves Saint Laurent


text:
Janice Marjorie Lord is a New Zealand academic, a plant evolutionary biologist, and as of 2020 is an associate professor at the University of Otago, where she is the curator of the Otago Regional Herbarium.

Academic career

After a PhD titled The evolutionary ecology of Festuca novae-zelandiae in mid-Canterbury, New Zealand, submitted to the University of Canterbury in 1992, Lord moved to the Department of Botany at the University of Otago, where she is an associate professor.

Lord's research focuses on how the New Zealand fauna have shaped plant flora through pollination and fruit dispersal systems. She has worked particularly on alpine plant communities, but has also published on subantarctic megaherbs, and the use of traditional knowledge of native plants in botany. She is also interested in mycorrhizal flora for ecological restoration, and carbon sequestration by native plants. She is a principal investigator for the 1 Billion Trees project, and is part of the Otago Climate Change Network.

Lord received the Leonard Cockayne Lecture Award in 2015; she was only the second female recipient after Lucy Moore won the first award in 1965. Lord gave her lectures on subantarctic flora.

In 2017, Lord featured as one of the Royal Society Te Apārangi's 150 women in 150 words, celebrating the contributions of women to knowledge in New Zealand.

Selected works

References

External links

2016 podcast from the BBC series "Planet Earth II" featuring Lord talking about her interest in subantarctic megaherbs

New Zealand women academics
University of Canterbury alumni
Academic staff of the University of Otago
20th-century New Zealand botanists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people

New Zealand women botanists
21st-century New Zealand botanists
20th-century New Zealand women scientists


text:
Sidney è una località (town) del Canada, situata in Columbia Britannica, nel distretto regionale della Capitale.

Amministrazione

Gemellaggi

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Municipalità della Columbia Britannica
Distretto regionale della Capitale


text:
Ходжи Мирзо (, имя при рождении Ибронов Мирзомурод Давлатович, род. 22 сентября 1967, Куляб) — таджикский имам, один из самых известных богословов Таджикистана.

Биография
Родился 22 сентября 1967 года в Кулябе. В 1984 году окончил находящуюся в том же городе среднюю школу № 9. Одновременно окончил бухгалтерские курсы.

В 1985 году был призван в армию, службу проходил в Киеве. Принимал участие в ликвидации последствий аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС. В 1987 году демобилизовался. После возвращения в Таджикистан работал бухгалтером. В 1995 году окончил Исламский институт Имама Тирмизи (позднее был переименован в Исламский институт имени Абу Ханифы). В 1994-95 годах совершил хадж.

В 1999 году окончил факультет «Методология религии» Исламабадского университета Файсала. В том же году вернулся в Таджикистан. После приезда до 2011 года работал имам-хатибом мечети «Хилоли Ахмар». Впоследствии получил популярность в интернете, став самым популярным исламским проповедником в таджикском сегменте интернета.

Владеет английским и арабским языками.

Примечания

Имамы Таджикистана
Ликвидаторы Чернобыльской аварии
Выпускники вузов Пакистана


text:
JCC 200 miles 1937 je bila sedemnajsta neprvenstvena dirka za Veliko nagrado v . Odvijala se je 28. avgusta 1937 na angleškem dirkališču Donington Park.

Rezultati

Dirka
Dirkači razreda voiturette so označeni poševno.

|-
! 1
| 9
|  Arthur Dobson
| ERA Ltd.
| ERA C
| 77
| 2:49:12.4
| 3
|-
! 2
| 4
|  Princ Bira
| Privatnik
| Maserati 8CM
| 77
| + 40 s
| 2
|-
! 3
| 15
|  Peter Whitehead
| Privatnik
| ERA B
| 77
| + 5:33
| 7
|-
! 4
| 20
|  John Wakefield
| Privatnik
| Maserati 6CM
| 77
| + 6:24
| 11
|-
! 5
| 3
|  Antony Powys-Lybbe
| Privatnik
| Alfa Romeo Monza
| 77
| + 8:44
| 10
|-
! 6
| 6
|  Percy Maclure
| Privatnik
| Riley 2000
| 77
| + 9:22
| 8
|-
! 7
| 16
|  Charles Brackenbury Carlo Pintacuda
| Privatnik
| 'ERA B
| 77
| + 12:04
| 15
|-
! 8
| 21
|  Reg Parnell
| Privatnik
| MG K3
| 76
| +4 krogi
| 16
|-
! 9
| 7
|  Tony Rolt
| Privatnik
| Triumph Dolomite
| 75
| +5 krogov
| 13
|-
! Ods
| 8
|  Raymond Mays
| ERA Ltd.
| ERA B
| 64
| Zadnje vzmetenje
| 4
|-
! Ods
| 10
|  Earl Howe
| ERA Ltd.
| ERA B
| 51
| Trčenje
|
|-
! Ods
| 19
|  Robin Lewes Hanson
| Privatnik
| Maserati
| 49
| Motor
| 14
|-
! Ods
| 18
|  Austin Dobson
| Privatnik
| Maserati
| 39
| Črpalka za vodo
| 5
|-
! Ods
| 14
|  Reggie Tongue
| Privatnik
| ERA B
| 12
| Motor
| 12
|-
! Ods
| 2
|  Kenneth Evans
| Privatnik
| Alfa Romeo
| 12
| Menjalnik
| 9
|-
! Ods
| 11
|  Ian Connell
| Privatnik
| ERA B
| 3
| Puščanje olja
| 17
|-
! Ods
| 12
|  Charlie Martin
| Privatnik
| ''ERA A
| 0
| Menjalnik
| 6
|-
! DNA
| 1
|  Hans Ruesch
| Privatnik
| Alfa Romeo
|
|
|-
! DNA
| 5
|  Steve Chiappini
| Privatnik
| Maserati
|
|
|-
! DNA
| 17
|  Peter Aitken
| Privatnik
| Maserati
|
|
|-
! DNA
| 22
|  Rene Brooke
| Privatnik
| Brooke-Riley
|
|
|}

Viri

1937
Sezona Velikih nagrad 1937


text:
Die Kerala-Feldratte oder Kerala-Ratte (Rattus ranjiniae) ist eine Säugetierart aus der Gattung der Ratten innerhalb der Nagetiere (Rodentia). Sie lebt ausschließlich in einigen verstreuten Gebieten im südwest-indischen Bundesstaat Kerala und wird als bedrohte Art eingestuft.

Merkmale
Die Kerala-Ratte erreicht eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 16,2 bis 26,1 Zentimetern und eine Schwanzlänge von 18,7 bis 23,2 Zentimetern. Damit ist sie eine mittelgroße bis große Art innerhalb der Ratten. Sie hat ein langes und weiches Fell mit weichen Fellstacheln. Das Rückenfell ist grau-braun und das Fell der Bauchseite weiß. Die Hinterfüße sind lang und schlank mit vergleichsweise langen Krallen, die Hinterfußlänge beträgt 44 bis 47 Millimeter. Die Ohren sind mit einer Ohrlänge von 18 bis 21 Millimeter vergleichsweise kurz und die Vibrissen sind lang. Der durchgehend dunkelbraune Schwanz erreicht etwa die gleiche Länge wie die Kopf-Rumpf-Länge und ist damit innerhalb der Gattung relativ kurz.

Der Schädel ist kompakt und erreicht eine Länge von 43 bis 53 Millimetern Er besitzt groß ausgebildete Paukenhöhlen. Die Schneidezahnfenster sind im Vergleich zu anderen Arten schmal und der knöcherne Gaumen ist kurz und reicht nicht bis hinter die dritten Molare des Oberkiefers.

Verbreitung
Die Art lebt endemisch in mehreren voneinander getrennten Gebieten im Bundesstaat Kerala im Südwesten Indiens. Nachgewiesen ist sie bisher nur in den Distrikten  Thrissur, Alappuzha und Thiruvananthapuram.

Lebensweise
Über die Lebensweise der Kerala-Ratte liegen nur sehr wenige Angaben vor. Sie lebt vor allem in meist landwirtschaftlich genutzten, feuchten bis nassen Flächen in Höhen bis zu maximal 1000 Metern. Sie ist nachtaktiv und lebt wie die meisten Ratten am Boden. Über die Ernährung und die Fortpflanzung liegen keine Informationen vor.

Systematik
Die Kerala-Ratte wird als eigenständige Art innerhalb der Ratten (Gattung Rattus) betrachtet und wurde 1969 von V.C. Agrawal und D.K. Ghosal wissenschaftlich beschrieben. Die Position innerhalb der Ratten ist ungeklärt und es wird vorgeschlagen, dass die Art aufgrund spezifischer Merkmale in eine eigenständige Gattung eingeordnet werden könnte.

Innerhalb der Art werden keine Unterarten abgegrenzt.

Gefährdung und Schutz
Die Kerala-Ratte ist nur von einigen Exemplaren wissenschaftlich bekannt und kommt in Kerala wahrscheinlich nur sehr verstreut in voneinander getrennten Gebieten vor. Sie wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) aufgrund des fragmentierten Verbreitungsgebietes und der als Lebensraum genutzten Fläche von weniger als 500 km2 als bedrohte Art ("endangered") eingestuft. Sie wird allerdings lokal auch als Nahrungsschädling betrachtet und entsprechend mit anderen Feldschädlingen bekämpft. Eine Bedrohung der Bestände besteht vor allem durch die Trockenlegung, Umwandlung und Bebauung von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen in Siedlungsgebiete sowie durch den verstärkten Einsatz von Pestiziden und anderen Agrochemikalien. Zudem besteht eine zunehmende Konkurrenz zu der ebenfalls im Verbreitungsgebiet lebenden Hausratte (Rattus rattus wroughtoni).

Belege

Literatur
 C. Denys, P.J. Taylor, K.P. Aplin et al.: Ranjini's Rat Rattus ranjiniae. In: Don E. Wilson, T.E. Lacher, Jr., Russell A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Rodents 2. (HMW, Band 7) Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2017, ISBN 978-84-16728-04-6, S. 832.

Weblinks

Ratten


text:
Замок Ла-Рош () — название ряда замков, построенных на территории современных Франции, Бельгии и Швейцарии.

Бельгия
  — средневековый замок на территории современной Бельгии в коммуне Ла-Рош-ан-Арден.

Франция
 Ла-Рош — средневековый французский замок в излучине реки Луара в коммуне Сен-Прист-ла-Рош, департамент Овернь — Рона — Альпы..
  — средневековый французский замок в Аквитании в коммуне Аннес-э-Больё.
  — средневековый французский замок в коммуне Бельфос (департамент Нижний Рейн).
 Ла Рош-Курбон — замок во Франции.
  — средневековый замок во французской коммуне Рине в департаменте Ду в регионе Бургундия — Франц-Конте.
 Ла-Рош-о-Муан — средневековый замок в Анжу неподалёку от коммуны Совеньер во французском департаменте Мен и Луара, около которого 2 июля 1214 года состоялась битва при Рош-о-Муане между армиями английского короля Иоанна Безземельного и французского короля Филиппа II Августа.

Швейцария
  — средневековый замок в Оллоне (кантон Во, Швейцария)

См. также
 Ла-Рош


text:
Bagat-en-Quercy è un comune francese di 199 abitanti situato nel dipartimento del Lot nella regione dell'Occitania.

Società

Evoluzione demografica

Note

Altri progetti

Comuni del Lot


text:
Geomagnetyzm – zespół naturalnych zjawisk magnetycznych związanych z Ziemią jako planetą. Badanie tych zjawisk jest domeną geofizyki.

Wokół Ziemi oraz w jej wnętrzu istnieje naturalne pole magnetyczne zwane ziemskim polem magnetycznym. Odpowiada w przybliżeniu polu dipolowemu (polu wytwarzanemu przez magnes w kształcie kuli). Ulega cały czas wahaniom oraz powolnym zmianom, a nawet odwróceniu namagnesowania, co zdarza się średnio raz na kilkaset tysięcy lat; danych na ten temat dostarczają badania paleomagnetyczne.

Pole to jest wytwarzane przez prądy płynące we wnętrzu i atmosferze Ziemi oraz przez namagnesowane skały.

Paleomagnetyzm jest dziedziną geomagnetyzmu zajmującą się badaniem pola magnetycznego w przeszłości. Metoda paleomagnetyczna opiera się na fakcie, że powstające skały (zarówno wylewne, jak i osadowe) ulegają trwałemu namagnesowaniu w momencie zastygania lub sedymentacji w sposób zgodny z panującym w danym czasie polem magnetycznym; namagnesowanie to pozostaje pomimo zmian kierunku zewnętrznego pola magnetycznego. Badając skały w miejscu ich narastania, można określić kierunek pola magnetycznego w przeszłości.

Badania pola magnetycznego minerałów z różnych okresów i miejsc posłużyły do weryfikacji teorii powstawania kontynentów, w tym i do teorii wędrówki kontynentów.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
  Paweł Mróz, Czym jest geomagnetyka i jaki ma wpływ na życie ludzkie?, uslugi-geologiczne24.pl, 7 czerwca 2019 [dostęp 2023-01-11].


text:
El Parque Xochipilli  es un parque que está ubicado en la ciudad de Monclova, Coahuila. Está formado por dos parques ubicados al margen del Río Monclova, que entre ambos suman más 48 hectáreas de áreas verdes, lo que lo vuelve el parque más grande de todo el estado de Coahuila.

Se encuentra abierto todo el año, de martes a domingo en horarios de 6:30 AM a 6:30 PM para la temporada invernal y 6:00 AM a 8:00 PM en temporada de verano.

Ubicación
Ambos parques están ubicados cerca del centro de la ciudad de Monclova, en la Avenida Adolfo López Mateos #50 en Monclova, México

Historia
Formado a iniciativa de los esposos Pape, éste parque ofrece espacios naturales, culturales y recreativos para la convivencia familiar.

El primer sector del parque fue inaugurado el 4 de abril de 1988 por Gerardo Benavides Luna y su esposa Amparo Pape de Benavides, contando con la participación del entonces Gobernador del Estado el Lic. Eliseo Mendoza Berrueto.

Este primer sector cuenta con 20 hectáreas de jardines, instalaciones deportivas, juegos infantiles, áreas de descanso, un lago artificial, teatro al aire libre y una gran variedad de plantas y árboles.

El sector II, fundado el 4 de abril de 1999, tiene una extensión de 28 hectáreas con áreas de descanso, deportivas, juegos infantiles, pista para caminar y trotar, un lago, tirolesa, pared para escalar y jardines.

El Parque Xochipilli, en sus dos sectores, es único en su tipo a nivel nacional. Además es el parque con más hectáreas verdes en el estado de Coahuila.

Referencias

Parques de México
Estado de Coahuila
Monclova
Arquitectura de México del siglo XX
Arquitectura de México de 1988


text:
Chetham's School of Music () is an independent co-educational music school in Manchester, England. Chetham's educates students between the ages of 8 and 18, all of whom enter via musical auditions. Students receive a full academic education alongside specialist group and individual music tuition.

Chetham's offers a year-round programme of concerts at the school, Manchester Cathedral, the Royal Northern College of Music, Band on the Wall and Bridgewater Hall. Recitals also take place in churches and community spaces, at festivals and internationally. Its senior ensembles, Chetham's Symphony Orchestra and Big Band, alongside many individual students, have won awards for their music, and many alumni have progressed to highly successful careers as professional musicians or in other sectors.

The music school was established in 1969 from Chetham's Hospital School, founded as a charity school by Humphrey Chetham in 1653. After becoming a boys' grammar school in 1952, the school turned to music as its speciality, at the same time becoming a private school and accepting its first female students. There are approximately 300 students on roll, including a large sixth form making up around half of the school. Approximately two-thirds of students board on site, with others travelling in as day students from around Greater Manchester. The oldest parts of the school date to the 1420s, when the building was constructed as a residence for priests of the church which is now Manchester Cathedral. These parts are listed buildings housing Chetham's Library, the oldest free public reference library in the English-speaking world.

Academic and music teaching moved into a new, purpose-designed building in 2012; this replaced the Victorian Palatine building and allowed easier access for concert visitors. A 482-seat concert hall, Stoller Hall, opened within the New School Building in 2017 as a home for both school and professional music and other genres of performance.

History

Beginnings

The school is built on the site of Manchester Castle, a fortified manor house owned by the Grelleys after the Norman Conquest, at the confluence of the River Irwell and the River Irk. Medieval Manchester grew around the manor house and the parish church, which eventually became Manchester Cathedral.

In the early 14th century, the de la Warre family acquired the land through marriage. Thomas de la Warre refounded the church as a collegiate church in 1421. De la Warre gave the site of his manor house for the construction of a college, where eight priests, four clerks and six lay choristers lived in the care of a warden. It is likely that building began between 1424 and 1429, and the main hall and cloister rooms finished by 1458. It remains the most complete building of its kind in the country, and at the time of its construction, was the second largest building in Manchester, surpassed only by the church.

The college was dissolved during the English Reformation in 1547, and purchased by Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby. It was re-founded by Queen Mary, before Elizabeth I refounded it as 'Christ's College' in 1578. This arrangement lasted until the foundation of Manchester Cathedral in 1847. The college buildings remained the property of the Stanleys, and wardens (including the Elizabethan astronomer and mathematician John Dee) lived on the premises with their families and servants. During the English Civil War, the college was used as a gunpowder factory and a prison and was left damaged by powder, disused and overrun by pigs. Lord James Stanley, a Royalist, was executed in 1651, and Parliament confiscated his property, including the college.

Humphrey Chetham

Humphrey Chetham (1580–1653) was an unmarried and childless financier, philanthropist and cloth merchant from Manchester. In the 1640s he provided money for the maintenance and education of fourteen poor boys from Manchester, six from Salford, and two from Droylsden.  In March 1649 he wrote to the Earl of Derby about his intention to establish a school. He attempted unsuccessfully to acquire the buildings, which were "spoyld and ruin'd and become like a dunghill", to provide a hospital, school and library. In his will, Chetham left over £8,000 from his estate (which was worth about £14,000 in total) to establish a hospital school for 40 poor local boys, between the ages of six and ten and from "honest" families, who should be taught and cared for until they were 14. His executors obtained the lease of the college in 1654 to house both the school and library.

Charity school
After repairs to the college were completed in mid-1656, the first admissions were made. The first headmaster, Richard Dutton, was appointed in 1655, and in 1665 the institution became an incorporated charity. The number of pupils grew, with admissions rising to 100 by the 1870s. Boys were admitted based on the parish they lived in, and on need, health and background of the family. Illegitimate boys were not admitted, and all boys had to be able to read to a certain standard that meant they were not hard to teach. In 1878, a new schoolroom designed by architect Alfred Waterhouse (who designed Manchester Town Hall) was built in a Tudor style. The number of boys admitted was reduced to 75 in 1908 to save money, though three years later admissions increased again to 99. In 1916, no boys were admitted due to lack of funding caused by World War I, and in 1918 the number was limited to 70. Successful public appeals resulted in the numbers rising to 97 in 1929. In 1926 a scheme was set up which allowed boys to apply for scholarships to join a grammar school, which meant that while they lived at Chetham's, they were educated elsewhere during the day. Further, they would stay at grammar school until at least the age of 16 and sometimes 18.

World War II and aftermath: 1939 to 1952
During World War II, the boys were evacuated to the seaside town of Cleveleys, Lancashire, where they shared accommodation with a primary school. Chetham's was damaged by an explosion in December 1940, when most of the windows were shattered and the roof set alight. The boys relocated to Chapel-en-le-Frith, Derbyshire, in 1943, although thirteen boys attending grammar school moved to Buxton College. By 1944 the governors believed that it would not be appropriate for the school to return to Manchester, and it was proposed the site become a religious education centre. However, after years of discussion, it was decided to return the school to Manchester. The Education Act 1944, which stipulated that schools should be classified as primary or secondary, complicated matters, since Chetham's went across the middle.  It was decided in 1950 that Chetham's should become a grammar school, and this change took place two years later. In 1950, Chetham's amalgamated with Nicholls' Hospital School, a similar school based in Ardwick which had been established in 1863. While it could take up to 100 boys, by the end of the war there were only 22 and it was considered beneficial for the schools to merge.

Later history: since 1952

After the change in organisation, Chetham's could no longer afford to provide education based on scholarships and other allowances, and began charging fees. In 1952, the school buildings were considered insufficient so a new block was built, it is currently known as the Nicholls Building and opened in 1955. By 1960 the numbers of boys admitted had increased significantly, particularly among day pupils; 230 non-boarding students attended that year, alongside 64 boarders.

Before becoming a specialist school, Chetham's had a good reputation for music, and on this basis the decision was made to become a co-educational music school in 1969. The former Palatine Hotel, which housed offices and shops, was converted into extra teaching space and practice rooms. In 1969, 50 students were admitted based on musical potential and by 1972 this had risen to 150, more than half of the entire school. In 1977 the school changed to its present name. In 1978 the Long Millgate building, the original home of Manchester Grammar School, was purchased to provide additional space to the campus. Also included with the building was The Whiteley Hall, a 200-seat central performance space which became the primary venue of Chetham's concerts until 2017.

New College House, a purpose built boarding house for girls at Chetham's, was opened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in 1994. The boarding capacity at the school was further increased following an extension to the Nicholls Building in 2004. In 2012, a new school building adjacent to the existing site, purpose-designed for music teaching, was opened by the Earl of Wessex (Patron of the school). This included The Carole Nash Hall, a 100-seat recital hall, and space for a 400-seat concert hall, which would later open in 2017 as The Stoller Hall. The Long Millgate building continues to be used as a boarding house for students, as well as a dining space, a school gym and currently houses the school's art department. The Palatine Building was demolished in 2016 to reveal the previously hidden medieval buildings and allow easier access to the library.

In June 2021, a fire broke out within the Long Millgate building, beginning at approximately 2.20am within The Whiteley Hall. The adjacent student boarding houses, Millgate House and Victoria House, were reported to have been successfully evacuated with no harm caused to either the students or staff. Fire crews reportedly arrived immediately on the scene and contained the blaze, however the incident caused substantial damage to The Whiteley Hall itself, including the main stage and a pipe organ originally installed in 2002. The school gym on the lower levels also suffered water damage, however this was quickly repaired soon after. The Whiteley Hall is likely to be closed off to students, staff and the public for the foreseeable future.

Historical abuse allegations and convictions (2013 onwards)
In February 2013, Michael Brewer, Director of Music from the late 1970s to the early 1990s, and his ex-wife, were convicted of indecently assaulting a pupil, Frances Andrade, between 1978 and 1982. Andrade committed suicide after giving evidence at their trial. Prosecutors claimed Brewer was forced to resign in the 1990s after an inappropriate relationship with a 16-year-old girl. The school's statement said the current staff were "shocked ... to the core" by the revelations of "the most appalling acts which took place during his time at the school ..." In March 2013, Brewer was found guilty of indecent assault and sentenced to six years imprisonment.

It was reported that allegations of assault were made against another teacher in the 1980s. On 12 February, Malcolm Layfield, Head of Strings at the Royal Northern College of Music resigned from the RNCM Board after claims of his previous sexual misconduct were brought up during the Brewer hearing. Before his appointment at RNCM, Layfield had admitted to having relationships with six Chetham's pupils aged between 16 and 18 whilst he taught there. Two RNCM teachers, including the Head of Keyboard Studies, Martin Roscoe, resigned in protest at his appointment in 2002. In October 2013 Layfield was arrested on suspicion of raping and indecently assaulting an 18-year-old woman between 1988 and 1999, but was found not guilty at a trial in 2015.

On 14 February 2013, Wen Zhou Li, a violin teacher at the Royal Northern College of Music and former teacher at Chetham's, was arrested on charges of rape that allegedly occurred whilst he taught at the school. The case was dropped in 2016 before coming to trial, and Wen Zhou Li was told that he left court "without a stain on his character". Allegations of sexual abuse were also made against the pianist Ryszard Bakst, who died in 1999, and former violin teacher Christopher Ling. Ling, who had moved to Los Angeles in the 1990s, shot himself at his home when US marshals arrived in September 2015 with a provisional arrest warrant.

On 8 May 2013, the Greater Manchester Police reported that over 30 women had reported incidents of abuse relating to the school. The investigation into allegations of abuse made against individuals said by police to "have or have had connections with either Chetham's and/or Royal Northern College of Music and/or have taught music privately", was known as Operation Kiso. Thirty-nine individuals were named and 10 of these proactively investigated; the school stated that it was assisting the police with their inquiries, and had instigated an action plan to review their safeguarding processes and procedures. In 2013, two independent reports found that school "failed to follow its own guidelines to keep children safe. They also discovered that no formal, minuted meetings had taken place at the school to discuss the recent allegations and consider changes to its child protection policy."

Between September and October 2019, Chetham's School of Music gave evidence to the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, after applying as a core participant along with four other residential music schools. In a statement from Chetham's, Alun Jones, the principal in 2019 commented, "I welcome this Inquiry. Victims and survivors of child sexual abuse need to know that they are being listened to and that changes happen as a result of what they say. As Principal of Chetham's I have a duty of care to our current and future students to make sure we also do everything possible to learn from victims and survivors' experiences."

In March 2022, the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse delivered its preliminary findings, which included damning statements about the conduct of senior staff at Chetham's School of Music, criticising a cultural reluctance to report serious safeguarding concerns, also seen across other participating schools within the inquiry. One such statement from the report read, "On occasion, when allegations of child sexual abuse arose, headteachers moved to protect the reputation of the school rather than the welfare of victims and other children at the school.". It concluded that the power and influence of its eminent music teachers at the time further compromised its pupils.

In October 2022, the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse made 20 recommendations within its final report. In a statement, Chetham's School of Music said, "To the victims and survivors of abuse including their families and loved ones, we are truly sorry [...] [This] report confirms above all else that there is no room for complacency. As the report says 'child sexual abuse is not a problem consigned to the past'. These mistakes must never be repeated, here or elsewhere. We therefore welcome all 20 recommendations in the report. [...] "None of this work can undo past failures, and our apologies will never be enough, but we will do everything in our power to ensure that young people across the UK today are safe and protected."

Academics and pastoral care

Admissions
Students are admitted to the school on musical ability and talent. The application process involves an audition, and advance 'advice auditions' are offered to help potential applicants to prepare. In addition to competency in playing an instrument, qualities such as aural awareness, creativity and ability to sight-read are sought. Grades and exam results are not required  (Grade 5 theory is desired for sixth form); as musical potential is considered most important. Students between the ages of 8 and 18 can apply for a place studying any western instrument.  Funding for up to 100% of study and boarding fees is available to most students through the UK Government's Music and Dance Scheme.  Open Days are held twice each year.

Curriculum
As a specialist music school, Chetham's requires all students to study a curriculum that concentrates on music and other subjects in accordance with the National Curriculum. Students taking GCSEs and A-levels study music. All students study at least two instruments and choir practice is compulsory. Despite entry being solely through musical audition, the school regularly obtains good exam results, in comparison to other local schools and nationally.

Chetham's educates choristers from Manchester Cathedral who follow a similar curriculum to other students and study an instrument. However, they do not apply in an audition. When a chorister reaches Year 9 (age 13 or 14), or their voice breaks, they can apply to join Chetham's via the usual audition process.

Ensembles form an important part of the musical curriculum, with all students taking part in at least one. The ensembles include Chetham's Symphony Orchestra, which has performed all over the world, including Germany, Spain and the United States, and on BBC Radio 3. The award-winning Big Band played an integral part in the creation of a Jazz Studies programme, and has won many prizes, including The Daily Telegraph Young Jazz Competition, and the junior section of the BBC Radio 2 Big Band of the Year Competition three times. The Chamber Choir has performed on Songs of Praise and the BBC Proms and the Symphonic Wind Band and Orchestra have won prizes at the Boosey and Hawkes National Concert Festival.

School life
Chetham's admits boarding and day students to one of three houses: Victoria House, a mixed-gender house for students aged 8–13; Millgate House, for boys aged 13–18; and New College House aged 13–18. In senior houses, boarding students usually share rooms for four people, and in the sixth form students either have single rooms or share with one other person. Students have a personal tutor to discuss their progress, and boarding students have a house parent who communicates with parents at home.

The school offers extra-curricular activities during free time. It has a multi-gym facility as well as classes in Kung-Fu, Zumba and Ballet. As well as this, computer games, board games, pool, table tennis and many more activities can be done. Weekend trips are sometimes organised for climbing and mountain biking, or to the cinema or theatre.

Campus

Chetham's is situated in Manchester City Centre, close to Manchester Victoria railway station, The National Football Museum and Manchester Cathedral. There are several buildings on the site, many of which are listed. They surround a large open space, the north part is a car park and courtyard, and the south part is a playground.

College House

College House, the original 15th-century college, is a Grade I listed building built of sandstone in the shape of a lowercase 'b' with a slate roof. It is accessed by the original gatehouse; which was constructed on a plinth and contains the original timbers. The upper storey is accessed by an external staircase. Baronial Hall, once the Great Hall, contains many of its original features, such as its timber roof, dais and canopy. There is a large fireplace dating from the 19th century, and three windows likely to date from the 16th century. The Audit Room, originally a common room, contains a panelled ceiling with decorations suggesting it was installed by the Stanley family. The upper room, originally the warden's chamber, is now the library reading room, and contains a large bay window within an elaborate Tudor arch, as well as original 17th-century doors. The west part of the building surrounding the cloister courtyard contained accommodation known as sets, for people who lived in college. There were two rooms in each set on two floors, the lower floor being used as a study. Historian Clare Hartwell, describes the cobbled courtyard which has a restored well as "one of the most atmospheric spaces in the building". It is surrounded by many windows, which were probably originally unglazed. Inside there are several corridors and passages containing open beams and original stonework. To the east is the kitchen and associated rooms, and further east are rooms used for administration offices, most of which have been substantially altered.

New School Building
Constructed in 2012 opposite Manchester Victoria Station and connected by a bespoke link bridge to the original site at Chetham's, the New School Building contains most academic teaching rooms and all music teaching rooms across seven floors, as well as two performance spaces. The Carole Nash Hall is used regularly for recitals and masterclasses, including free Lunchtime Concerts which take place five times each week during the school term.  Its primary concert space, The Stoller Hall, was opened by Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex in 2017 and houses larger scale performances for audiences of up to 500. It was named after its chief benefactor Sir Norman Stoller, founder of The Stoller Charitable Trust.

Other buildings
The Millgate Building, the former site of Manchester Grammar School, is a Grade II listed building designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the 1870s. Attached to it is the Nicholls Building, which was originally built in 1955. Combined, they are known as The Long Millgate Buildings, which contain The Whiteley Hall, school gym, school kitchen and dining room, art department, and two student boarding houses. Following the opening of the New School Building in 2012, many of the old classrooms inside were repurposed and refurbished as student accommodation. A top-down extension of the Nicholls Building was completed in 2004, allowing for the construction of these additional boarding facilities. Originally purposed as sixth form accommodation, the Nicholls Building now only contains Victoria House for junior boarders.

The Waterhouse Building (formerly known as The Vallins Arts Centre) is another building on the site designed by Alfred Waterhouse in 1878. Waterhouse is Grade II listed and styled as a medieval chapel, it contains both upper and lower floor spaces often used as overflow classrooms and large ensemble rooms. Waterhouse was responsible for much of the alterations made to College House in the 19th century, and so the building was renamed in recognition of this. It formerly housed the school's drama department until the late 2010's, when the department was relocated to the lower levels of College House. It has been speculated that this building could eventually be repurposed as a future visitors centre for the adjacent Chetham's Library.

New College House is the third boarding house and was opened by HM Queen Elizabeth II in 1994. Located adjacent to what is now Urbis and Cathedral Gardens, it was originally purpose-built as the Girls' House. It now houses both middle and sixth form students, complete with its own sixth form common room.

A small section of the former Palatine Building (demolished in 2016) also remains at the disused entrance gates adjacent to Manchester Cathedral and The Glade of Light Memorial. This section remains due to Grade I restrictions in relation to the medieval outer walls at Chetham's.

Notable alumni

Chetham's, as a music school, has produced many notable alumni. Many of its students become professional musicians, as well as conductors, teachers and actors. This is a partial list of alumni:
 Max Beesley – actor
 Olivia Chaney – folk singer
 Jiafeng Chen – violinist
 Gareth Owen – classical pianist
 Gary Cooper – harpsichordist, fortepianist, and conductor
 Thangam Debbonaire – Labour MP
 Peter Donohoe – pianist
 Daniel Harding – conductor
 David Hill – choral director
 Stephen Hough – pianist
 Guy Johnston – cellist
 Paul Lewis – pianist
 Mike Lindup – rock musician (Level 42)
 Grant Llewellyn – conductor
 Leon McCawley – pianist
 Kevin Mallon conductor and violinist
 Murray McLachlan – pianist
 Anna Markland – pianist
 Wayne Marshall – pianist, organist and conductor
 Doug Naylor – writer of Red Dwarf
 Jennifer Pike – violinist
 Robert Plane – clarinettist
 Greg Scott – violinist
 Dominic Seldis – double bassist
 Sam Shepherd aka Floating Points – electronic musician
 Gwilym Simcock – jazz pianist, composer
 Albert Cano Smit – pianist
 Iyad Sughayer – pianist
 David Thornton – euphonium player
 Adam Walker – flautist
 Andrew Wilde – pianist
 Roger Wright – former director BBC Proms, Chief Executive of Aldeburgh Music

See also

 Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester
 Listed buildings in Manchester-M3

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Chetham's School of Music official website
  Ian Herbert, The two sides of Chetham's: what the press reports – and what the parents see, The Independent, 2 March 2013

Music schools in England
Private schools in Manchester
Music in Manchester
01
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Educational institutions established in 1969
1969 establishments in England
Grade II listed buildings in Manchester
Grade I listed educational buildings
Charities based in Manchester


text:
Jaworze – dawna gromada, czyli najmniejsza jednostka podziału terytorialnego Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej w latach 1954–1972.

Gromady, z gromadzkimi radami narodowymi (GRN) jako organami władzy najniższego stopnia na wsi, funkcjonowały od reformy reorganizującej administrację wiejską przeprowadzonej jesienią 1954 do momentu ich zniesienia z dniem 1 stycznia 1973, tym samym wypierając organizację gminną w latach 1954–1972.

Gromadę Jaworze z siedzibą GRN w Jaworzu utworzono – jako jedną z 8759 gromad na obszarze Polski – w powiecie bielskim w woj. stalinogrodzkim, na mocy uchwały nr 15/54 WRN w Stalinogrodzie z dnia 5 października 1954. W skład jednostki wszedł obszar dotychczasowej gromady Jaworze (z wyłączeniem terenów kolonii Jaworze Średnie, wchodzących w skład gromady Wapienica) oraz część obszaru dotychczasowej gromady Jasienica, położona na wschód od drogi (parcela nr kat. 3189) ze zniesionej gminy Jaworze w tymże powiecie. Dla gromady ustalono 27 członków gromadzkiej rady narodowej.

20 grudnia 1956 województwo stalinogrodzkie przemianowano (z powrotem) na katowickie.

Gromada przetrwała do końca 1972 roku, czyli do kolejnej reformy gminnej, po czym Jaworze na okres ponad 18 lat utraciło funkcje administracyjne. Odzyskało je dopiero 1 kwietnia 1991, kiedy to w województwie bielskim reaktywowano gminę Jaworze

Przypisy

Jaworze


text:
Udny may refer to:

 Udny Station, a small village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
 Udny Green, a hamlet in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
 Clan Udny, a Scottish clan from Aberdeenshire, Scotland
 Udny Yule (1871–1951), British statistician

See also

 Udney, a given name and surname
 Undy, a village in Monmouthshire, south east Wales

 EDNY (disambiguation)
 WDNY (disambiguation)


text:
Postkolonialisme eller postkoloniale studier er en akademisk disciplin, der har til formål at undersøge kolonialismen og imperialismens kulturelle arv, både i de tidligere kolonier og i kolonimagterne. Det postkoloniale (egtl.:"det efterkoloniale") kan betyde både tiden, der kommer efter kolonitiden, og den måde, hvorpå den kulturelle imperialisme fortsat påvirker de tidligere kolonier, efter at disse blev frie nationer. Postkolonialismen kombinerer metoder og teorier fra samfundsvidenskab og humaniora, og er inspireret af både postmodernismen og poststrukturalismen. Fra poststrukturalismen har disciplinen lånt forskellige koncepter, blandt andet Michel Foucaults teorier om forholdet mellem viden og magt, og Jacques Derridas metode til dekonstruktion af sproget. Grundlæggende er postkoloniale studier en undersøgelse af forholdet mellem (tidligere) kolonier og kolonimagter, samt det sprog og de narrativer der omgiver kolonialismen, hvor målet er at dekonstruere det koloniale.

Blandt de vigtigste postkoloniale teoretikere kan nævnes Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Homi K. Bhabha, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak og Achille Mbembe.

Udviklingen i tidligere kolonier
Den nedtur, mange tidligere kolonilande har oplevet efter selvstændigheden, sættes ofte i forbindelse med et økonomisk afhængighedsforhold til de tidligere kolonimagter. Teorier herom er fremsat at blandt andet Samir Amin og André Gunder Frank. I langt de fleste lande skyldes udviklingen imidlertid fortrinsvis indre politiske forhold, idet en enkelt magtgruppe har overtaget magten og mere eller mindre systematisk undertrykker større eller mindre dele af befolkningen. Dette må ses i sammenhæng med, at mange tidligere kolonier ikke udgør homogene befolkninger men tvært imod er sammensat af ulige nationale grupper, der kun ved skæbnens lune er endt i samme statsdannelse. I ikke så få tidligere kolonier har der derfor været borgerkrige og bestræbelser for løsrivelse af større eller mindre dele af landet. Sådanne træk er forekommet i blandt andet Afghanistan, Indien, Somalia, Sudan, Sydafrika.

Afhængighedsteori

André Gunder Frank er et klassisk eksempel på vulgærpolitisk pseudovidenskab. Blandt hans vigtigste tidlige arbejder var Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America, mens han senere udgav arbejder som ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age og The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand (med Barry Gills). Franks teorier er samlede om ideen om, at et lands økonomiske styrke bestemmer dets internationale magt. Han er også kendt for at mene, at kapitalisme er i modstrid med udviklingslandenes interesser.

Frank er mest kendt for sine påstande om "afhængig udvikling" som en årsag til, at landene i den 3. verden forblev uudviklede. Denne tradition stammer fra Latinamerika i 1950-erne, hvor udviklingsteoretikere mente, at de latinamerikanske lande befandt sig i en underkuet stilling dels i forhold til Europa, dels i forhold til USA betinget af:
- at en række udenlandsk (fortrinsvis nordamerikansk) ejede virksomheder kontrollerede store dele af landenes økonomiske virksomhed,
- at et nationalt borgerskab var tilknyttede disse udenlandske virksomheder og virkede til gavn for disse og til skade for opbygningen af en selvstændig (national) produktion og formueopbygning,
- at landenes embedsstand og militær bistod med at beskytte de udenlandske interesser til skade for landenes egne borgere.
Disse forklaringer brugtes der efter som "dårlig undskyldning" for, at landenes tilstand var så elendig, som den var.

Frank tog udgangspunkt i disse tanker og hævdede, angiveligt som en marxistisk tradition, at de omtalte bindinger udgjorde et led i "undertrykkelsen" af landene, der angiveligt befandt sig i et centrum-periferi- eller metropol-satellit-forhold, hvorfor deres eneste mulighed for en selvstændig var et "revolutionært" opgør med disse udenlandske kræfter. Først og sidst var hans påstande udtryk for et politisk kampskrift beregnet på at imødegå den videnskabelige legitimitet, der lå til grund for de latinamerikanske regeringers laissez faire-politik. Franks påstande lod sig i marxistisk teori udvikle til en hel kæde af sådanne afhængighedsforhold dels på internationalt plan (mellem lande), dels på nationalplan (mellem hovedstad og provinser), dels på regionalt plan (mellem større og mindre byer og mellem by og land).

Franks påstande er uholdbare og tvetydige. Først og fremmest vil næsten ethvert sted dels kunne siges at "befinde sig i afhængighed" af et andet sted, dels selv "dominere" andre steder, hvorved begrebernes klarhed undergraves og enhver forklaringsevne skrider. Desuden er historien fuld af eksempler på, at områder, der i princippet ikke skulle være i stand til at udvikle sig, alligevel har gjort det, hvilket viser, at bindingspåstanden er alt for forenklet. Desuden har hans påstande karakter af klassisk "syndebuk-teori", hvor det alene gælder om at lægge skylden hos andre for selv at gå fri. Endelig set ideologisk er Franks teori den klassiske marxistiske "klassekamp"-teori løftet op på det internationale plan.

Franks teorier blev imidlertid populære. Flere lande benyttede dem som argument for, at de alligevel ikke kunne ændre på den internationale binding til vestlige kapitalistiske centre. Særligt blandt venstreorienterede blev de brugt som argument for at yde ulandsbistand for at "frigøre" udviklingslandene fra bindinger til vestlige kapitalistiske lande. Ulandsbistanden gav imidlertid ikke det ønskede resultat: selv mere end 60 år efter bistandens indførelse var de sociale forhold i ulandene uforandrede og industrien uudviklet. Det skyldtes, at udviklingslandene udviklede sig til permanente bistandsmodtagere, hvor international bistand udgjorde betydelige andele af staternes indkomster. Af samme grund var statsledere ikke interesserede i at udvikle indenlandsk industri, men derimod at fastholde landet i en "bistandsværdig" tilstand. Ligeledes betød bistanden, at de statslige ledere blev frigjort for ansvar over for det indenlandske skole-, sundheds- og socialvæsen, da disse statlige opgaver er blevet finansieret ved bistand. I flere lande kan statskup påvises at være direkte sammenhængende med kampen om at være den statsleder, der på statens vegne modtager bistanden.

Postkolonial litteraturteori

Postkolonialisme er også en litteraturteoretisk tilgang til at analysere og fortolke litteratur på. Den litteratur, der fortolkes, er både den litteratur, der er skrevet af vestlige forfattere i kolonitiden, og den litteratur, der er skrevet af forfattere fra de (post)koloniale områder.

Den første kategori er bøger som Joseph Conrads Mørkets hjerte eller Karen Blixens Den afrikanske farm. En postkolonial analyse af kolonitidens litteratur undersøger, hvordan sproget bruges til at fremstille kolonialismen og de koloniserede folk, altså hvordan den koloniale diskurs kommer til syne i litteraturen. For eksempel har den kenyanske forfatter Ngugi Wa Thiong'o i en analyse af Den afrikanske farm påpeget Karen Blixens tendens til at sammenligne de kikuyuer, der bor og arbejder på farmen, med dyr, eller omtale dem som barnlige og ubehjælpsomme. Derved kommer kolonialismen til at fremstå som de hvides nødvendige hjælp til de indfødte snarere end udnyttelse, og det er med til at blåstemple kolonialismen. Postkolonial litteraturanalyse kan bruges til at forstå hvordan litteraturen har formet og til dels stadig former forståelsen af både koloniserede folk og kolonialismen selv.

Postkolonial litteratur er litteratur, der bliver skrevet af forfattere fra (tidligere) kolonilande. Det er litteratur, der på den ene eller anden måde beskæftiger sig med konsekvenserne af både kolonisering og de-kolonisering. Nigerianske Chinua Achebes Alt falder fra hinanden (1958) og indiske Salman Rushdies Midnatsbørn (1981) er eksempler på postkolonial litteratur. En analyse af postkolonial litteratur undersøger, hvordan litteraturen er med til at udfordre og gentænke kolonialismen. For eksempel kan Alt falder fra hinanden læses som en beskrivelse af de negative psykologiske konsekvenser, koloniseringen har haft både for individet og de koloniserede folk som et hele. Postkolonial litteratur bliver ofte skrevet som et modsvar til kolonial litteratur. Blandt andre har den algierske forfatter Kamel Daoud skrevet bogen Meursault, contre-enquête (2013) som en genfortælling af Albert Camus' Den fremmede (1942), hvori Daoud giver den navnløse araber, der bliver myrdet i Camus' roman, et navn og en baggrund.

Udover de allerede nævnte forfattere er også Arundhati Roy, Michael Ondaatje og Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie blandt de mest berømte og indflydelsesrige postkoloniale forfattere.

Postkolonial litteratur i Danmark
Også Danmark har været en kolonimagt, og derfor er der også danske bøger, der kan kaldes postkoloniale. Thorkild Hansens romantrilogi om den danske slavehandel på Guldkysten, Kim Leines Profeterne i Evighedsfjorden om koloniseringen af Grønland, Jakob Ejersbos Afrika-trilogi og Mich Vraas romantrilogi om Dansk Vestindien er eksempler på dansk, postkolonial litteratur. Det er alle bøger, der undersøger Danmarks fortid som kolonimagt, og hvilken betydning kolonialismen har haft, både for Danmark og de tidligere kolonier.

Litteratur

 Samir Amin: Trois expériences africaines de développement: Le Mali, La Guinée et Le Ghana. Presses Universitaire de France 1965
 Steen Christensen Og Alex F. Larsen (red.): Det lænkede Afrika. København: Forlaget Soc. 1974
 Georg Sørensen: Udviklingsteori og den tredje verden. Aalborg Universitetsforlag, Aalborg 1986

 Frantz Fanon: Black Skin, White Masks. Grove Press 1967 (originialt 1952). Overættelse ved Charles Lam Markmann.
 Frantz Fanon: Fordømte her på jorden. Forlaget Rhodos 1966 (originalt 1961). Med forord af Jean-Paul Sartre og efterord af Simone de Beauvoir. Oversat af Lis Thorbjørnsen
 Edward Said: Orientalisme. Roskilde Universitetsforlag 2002 (originalt 1978). Oversat af John Botofte.
 Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: "Can the subaltern speak?". Basingstoke: Macmillan 1988
 Homi K. Bhabha: "Of mimicry and man: the ambivalence of colonial discourse." Modern literary theory: a reader. Ed. Philip; Waugh Rice, Patricia. New York: E. Arnold1992.
 Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths og Helen Tiffin: The Empire Writes Back, Theory and Practice in Post-colonial Literatures. Routledge 1989

Eksterne henvisninger

 Sven Bislev: "Økonomisk udvikling i Indien" (Politica, Bind 5; 1972)
 Erling Bjøl: "Den økonomiske imperialismeteori" (Nationaløkonomisk Tidsskrift, Bind 108; 1970)
 Erik Christensen: "Erling Bjøls opgør med Lenins imperialismeteori – en kamp med vejrmøller" (Politica, Bind 4; 1971)
 Vagn Mikkelsen: "Imperialisme og afhængighed. En drøftelse af periferiens udvikling og studiet af afhængighed" (Politica, Bind 8; 1976)
 Irene Nørlund: "Kapitalismens udvikling i den 3. verden" (Historisk Tidsskrift, Bind 14. række 6; 1985)
 Georg Sørensen: "Kamp for en Gammel Økonomisk Verdensorden?" (Politica, Bind 10; 1978)
 Georg Sørensen: "The missing link. Om forholdet mellem udviklingsteorier, -strategier og -begreber" (Politica, Bind 11; 1979)
 Gregers Friisberg: Postkolonialisme: http://gf.dk/socana2.htm

Noter

International politik
Marxisme
Poststrukturalisme
Litteraturteoretiske skoler


text:
Российско-камбоджийские отношения — дипломатические отношения между Российской Федерацией (ранее СССР) и Королевством Камбоджа, установленные 13 мая 1956 года.

История

Дипломатические отношения были установлены в 1956 году, через год после того, как Камбоджа (тогда Кампучия) стала членом ООН. СССР оказывал значительную помощь Кампучии. В Пномпене в 1962—1964 годах СССР выстроил Высший технологический институт и подарил его «кампучийскому народу». Ранее, в 1956—1960 годах, СССР также выстроил в этом государстве и подарил здание больницы.

Отношения с режимом Лон Нола

Отношения с Красными Кхмерами

Красные Кхмеры относили СССР к числу недружественных стран.

В ноябре 1973 года МИД СССР отозвал из Камбоджи весь дипломатический персонал. К апрелю 1975 года в Пномпене оставалось лишь несколько технических специалистов, которые следили за состоянием здания и имущества посольства. Фактически главой дипмиссии был журналист Юрий Косинский.

Сразу после падения Пномпеня Москва обратилась к новому руководству Кампучии с предложением восстановить между странами полноценные дипломатические отношения. Однако Красные Кхмеры отказались и разместили в здании бывшего посольства СССР штаб-квартиру «Ангкара». В дальнейшем Красные Кхмеры превратили советское посольство в место пыток и убийств своих бывших соратников, приговоренных к смертной казни.

При этом до конца 1975 года в кампучийском посольстве в Москве оставались камбоджийские дипломаты из Королевского правительства национального единства. Впоследствии их сменили двое сотрудников, присланных B-1. Дипломаты Красных Кхмеров вели замкнутый образ жизни и занимались в основном распространением пропагандисткой литературы. В сентябре 1977 года дипломаты Демократической Кампучии без объяснения причин покинули Москву, оставив здание кампучийского посольства без присмотра.

После 1991 года

Советский Союз, а впоследствии Россия, приняли активное участие в разблокировании камбоджийского конфликта, подготовке и заключении Парижских мирных соглашений по Камбодже (октябрь 1991 года), проведении миротворческой операции ООН (1991—1993 гг.).

В 1995 году были подписаны Совместная декларация об основах дружественных отношений, межправительственные соглашения о торгово-экономических связях, о культурном и научном сотрудничестве, протокол о межмидовских консультациях.

Современная ситуация

Осуществляется диалог между внешнеполитическими ведомствами двух стран. В 2005 году и в апреле 2011 года в Пномпене прошли межмидовские консультации на уровне заместителей министров иностранных дел, а в июле 2010 года на «полях» асеановских мероприятий в Ханое состоялась встреча министра иностранных дел РФ Сергея Лаврова с камбоджийским коллегой.

Поддерживаются контакты по парламентской линии. Делегация парламента Камбоджи во главе с Председателем Национальной Ассамблеи участвовала в 15-й сессии Азиатско-Тихоокеанского парламентского форума в январе 2007 года в Москве. В ноябре 2008 года Камбоджу посетил заместитель Председателя Государственной Думы. В январе 2009 года во Вьентьяне «на полях» 17-й сессии АТПФ состоялась встреча Председателя Совета Федерации с Председателем Национальной Ассамблеи Камбоджи. В октябре 2009 года Россию посетила делегация Сената Камбоджи во главе с Генеральным секретарем Сената. В ноябре 2009 года состоялся официальный визит в Россию Председателя Национальной Ассамблеи Камбоджи. В июне 2011 года на стажировке в Управлении информационного и документационного обеспечения Аппарата Совета Федерации находились два специалиста Генерального секретариата Сената Камбоджи.

Политэкономическое сотрудничество

Товарооборот за январь–ноябрь 2016 года составил 130,4 млн. долл. США (по сравнению с аналогичным периодом 2015 года рост составил 30,6%). При этом экспорт российской продукции в Камбоджу составил 7,5 млн. долл. США, а импорт — 122,9 млн. долл. США (рост на 181,2% и 26,5% соответственно).

Военно-техническое сотрудничество

См. также
 Список послов СССР и России в Камбодже

Примечания

Ссылки
 Посольство РФ в Королевстве Камбоджа

Россия
Камбоджа


text:
Els hepsètids (Hepsetidae) són una família de peixos teleostis d'aigua dolça i de l'ordre dels caraciformes.

Distribució geogràfica
Es troba a l'Àfrica de clima tropical, tot i que és absent del riu Nil.

Gèneres i espècies
 Hepsetus
Hepsetus odoe

Referències

Bibliografia
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 Anònim, 2000. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, Sud-àfrica. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Grahamstown, Sud-àfrica.
 . Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del Museu Nacional d'Història Natural (en anglès). Smithsonian Institution, 2001.
 Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
 Baensch, H.A. i R. Riehl, 1985. Aquarien atlas. Band 2. Mergus, Verlag für Natur- und Heimtierkunde GmbH, Melle, Alemanya. 1216 p.
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  .
 Okeyo, D.O., 2003. On the biodiversity and the distribution of freshwater fish of Namibia: an annotated update. p.156-194. A: M.L.D. Palomares, B. Samb, T. Diouf, J.M. Vakily i D. Pauly (eds.) Fish biodiversity: local studies as basis for global inferences. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. 14: 281 p.
 Olaosebikan, B.D. i A. Raji, 1998. Field guide to Nigerian freshwater fishes. Federal College of Freshwater Fisheries Technology, New Bussa, Nigèria. 106 p.
 Ologunmeta, T.R., 1981. The food of African pike Hepsetus odoe (Pisces: Hepsetidae) and the histology of the alimentary tract. B.Sc. thesis, University of Calabar, Nigèria. 56 p.
 Paugy, D., 1990. Hepsetidae. p. 192-194. A: C. Lévêque, D. Paugy i G.G. Teugels (eds.) Faune des poissons d'eaux douces et saumâtres de l'Afrique de l'Ouest. Tom I. Coll. Faune Tropicale n° XXVIII. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren i O.R.S.T.O.M., París, 384 p.
 Paugy, D., K. Traoré i P.S. Diouf, 1994. Faune ichtyologique des eaux douces d'Afrique de l'Ouest. p. 35-66. A G.G. Teugels, J.F. Guégan i J.J. Albaret (eds.) Biological diversity of African fresh- and brackish water fishes. Geographical overviews presented at the PARADI Symposium, Senegal, 15-20 de novembre de 1993. Ann. Mus. R. Afr. Centr., Sci. Zool., 275: 177 p.
 Poll, M., 1967. Contribution à la faune ichthyologique de l'Angola. Diamang Publ. Cult., núm. 75: 381 p.
 Riede, K., 2004. Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Alemanya. 329 p.
 Roberts, T.R., 1984. Hepsetidae. p. 138-139. A: J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse i D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ORSTOM, París i MRAC, Tervuren. Vol. 1.
 Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p.
 Skelton, P.H., 1993. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p.
 Teugels, G.G., C. Lévêque, D. Paugy i K. Traoré, 1988. État des connaissances sur la faune ichtyologique des bassins côtiers de Côte d'Ivoire et de l'ouest du Ghana. Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop. 21(3): 221-237.
 Titiati, E.K., 1970. Some common names of fresh-water fishes of Ghana in Latin, English, Ewe and Ga-adangbe. Manuscript Fisheries Dept., Volta Lake Research Project, 5 p.
 Vivien, J., 1991. Faune du Cameroun. Guide des mammifères et des poissons. GICAM. 271 p.
 Wheeler, A., 1977. Das grosse Buch der Fische. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co. Stuttgart. 356 p.

 Winemiller, K.O. i L.C. Kelso-Winemiller, 1994. Comparative ecology of the African pike, Hepsetus odoe, and tigerfish, Hydrocynus forskahlii, in the Zambezi River floodplain J. Fish Biol. 45:211-225.

Enllaços externs

 uBio

Caraciformes


text:
Gare de Pommevic – przystanek kolejowy w Pommevic, w departamencie Tarn i Garonna, w regionie Oksytania, we Francji.

Został otwarty w 1856 przez Compagnie des chemins de fer du Midi et du Canal latéral à la Garonne. Jest przystankiem Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF), obsługiwanym przez pociągi TER Midi-Pyrénées.

Położenie
Znajduje się na wysokości 70 m n.p.m., na 164,870 km linii Bordeaux – Sète, pomiędzy stacjami Valence-d'Agen i Malause.

Historia
Przystanek otwarto 29 maja 1856 przez Compagnie des chemins de fer du Midi et du Canal latéral à la Garonne (Midi), wraz z otwarciem do użytku odcinka z Tonneins do Valence-d'Agen linii Bordeaux – Sète.

Linie kolejowe
 Bordeaux – Sète

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 TER Midi-Pyrénées

Pommevic


text:
Łapacina (biał. Лапаціна) – wieś na Białorusi, w obwodzie mohylewskim, w rejonie mścisławskim nad rzeką Białą Natopą.

Historia
Przed 1500 ks. Michał nadał dobra Łopacin w księstwie mścisławskim Bohdanowi Łopacińskiemu za zasługi jego ojca Wilhelma w bitwie pod Grunwaldem. Od 1527 w starostwie mścisławskim, od 1566 w woj. mścisławskim.
Dobra te były znane pod różnymi nazwami: Żeleźnikowskie, Gradebickie i Bohdanowskie. Łopacin należał do kolejnych pokoleń Łopacińskich h. Lubicz:
 Bohdana, starosty grodowego mścisławskiego,
 Józefa, rotmistrza zamku mścisławskiego,
 Teodora - do 1542,
 Teodora, podsędka mścisławskiego,
 Wacława, instygatora litewskiego - do ok. 1595,
 Jana Tomasza, rotmistrza mścisławskiego - do 1653,
 Łukasza, rotmistrza mścisławskiego - do 1705,
 Leona, rotmistrza miecznika i mostowniczego mścisławskiego - do 1732,
 Mikołaja Tadeusza, starosty mścisławskiego i wojewody brzeskolitewskiego,
 Jana Nikodema - starosty mścisławskiego, do 1773.

Wieś duchowna położona była w końcu XVIII wieku w województwie mścisławskim.

Po I rozbiorze Polski miejscowość została przyłączona do Rosji w składzie powiatu czerykowskiego guberni mohylewskiej (gm. Malatycze). W 1773 Jan Nikodem Łopaciński zrzekł się tych dóbr na rzecz młodszego brata Tomasza Ignacego, który pozostał na ziemiach zabranych przez Rosję, a sam rozbudował majątek w Szarkowszczyźnie. W 1778 T. Łopaciński sprzedał dobra arcybiskupowi mohylewskiemu Siestrzeńcewiczowi. W 1773 było 281 mieszk. płci męskiej. W 1858 Łopacin był własnością Zofii Markiewiczowej, z 37 domami i 196 mieszk.

Od I wojny światowej w Białoruskiej SRR. W latach 1924-26 był siedzibą sielsowietu Łapacina, od 1926 w sielsowiecie Chodasy, a od 1966 w sielsowiecie Muszyna rejonu mścisławskiego.

Osoby związane z Łopacinem (Łapaciną)
 Wacław Łopaciński - założyciel gałęzi starszej, czyli mścisławskiej Łopacińskich,
 Jan Dominik Łopaciński - biskup żmudzki, ur. 1708,
 Mikołaj Tadeusz Łopaciński - instygator litewski, starosta mścisławski i wojewoda brzeskolitewski, ur. 1715,
 Ignacy Błażej Łopaciński - pamiętnikarz, dramatopisarz, ur. 1722

Linki zewnętrzne

Suplement

Przypisy

Łopacin
Łopacińscy herbu Lubicz
Wsie w rejonie mścisławskim


text:
Castiarina suehasenpuschae is a species of Australian beetle in the jewel beetle family, Buprestidae, described in 2005.

References

suehasenpuschae
Beetles described in 2005
Beetles of Australia


text:
Dipteretrum hanstroemi är en kackerlacksart som beskrevs av Karlis Princis 1963. Dipteretrum hanstroemi ingår i släktet Dipteretrum och familjen småkackerlackor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Småkackerlackor
hanstroemi


text:
Avfallstrappan eller "avfallshierarkin" anger en hierarki för i vilken ordning olika metoder för att behandla avfall bör användas. Den grundar sig på EU-direktiv och är en metod för att uppnå EU:s miljömål. Principen är också införd i svensk lagstiftning där förebyggande av avfall (det högst prioriterade steget) beskrivs i miljöbalkens hänsynsregler och de övriga stegen beskrivs i miljöbalkens kapitel som handlar om avfall.

Avfallstrappan är uppdelad i 5 steg:

Minimera mängden avfall. Genom styrmedel av olika slag skall mängden avfall minimeras. Styrmedlen skall utformas så att producenter använder så effektiva produceringsmetoder som möjligt. Dessutom skall konsumtionsmönster förändras.
Återanvändning. Allt avfall skall i så hög grad som möjligt återanvändas. Detta är en hanteringsform som idag främst sköts av ideella verksamheter, vilka samlar in brukbara objekt. Återvinningscentraler med återanvändningssystem börjar dock alltmer bli vanligt i Sverige.
Återvinning. Då råvaror kan återvinnas sparas stora resurser. Exempelvis kan pappers- och ståltillverkning börja i pappersbruk eller stålverk istället för skogen eller gruvan. Här kommer dessutom det så kallade producentansvaret in i bilden som också är ett styrmedel för att producenter själva får ansvara för sitt avfall. Idag är det lagstiftat för fyra avfallsslag: returpapper, däck, förpackningar och bilar.
Energiutvinning. Brännbart avfall är en resurs för energiutvinning i fjärrvärmeverk och elproducerande kombikraftverk där det kan användas för att alstra värme och el.
Deponering. I sista hand är det fråga om deponering på en soptipp, alltså det sämsta alternativet. Det gäller avfall som inte kan användas som en resurs.

I miljöbalken beskrivs närmare hur ansvar fördelas och hur olika avfallsslag skall hanteras.

Innovationsprogrammet RE:Source har tagit fram en modell kallad Materialhjulet. Modellen fokuserar på materialens funktion och på hur de används och har kallats för en utmanare av avfallstrappan.

Källor

Avfallshantering
Europeiska unionens miljöpolitik
Konsumtion


text:
Jméno a příjmení Jan Jeřábek má více nositelů:

 Jan Jeřábek (fotbalista) – český fotbalista (* 1984)
 Jan Jeřábek (psychoterapeut) – český grafolog (* 1962)
 Jan Jeřábek (pilot) – stihač 313. stíhací perutě RAF (1919–1942)
 Jan Jeřábek (politik) – politik (1831–1894)
 Jan Jeřábek (starosta)
 Jan Jeřábek z Mořkova – český šlechtic (???–1603)


text:
Biografia

Figlio di Ugo Maret, medico a Digione, fu avvocato al parlamento di Borgogna e successivamente, affascinato dalla Rivoluzione, seguì a Parigi i dibattiti dell'Assemblea costituente, sui quali pubblicò un riassunto con il nome Bollettino dell'assemblea, inserito ne Le Moniteur Universel. Giacobino della prima ora, fu uno dei fondatori del Club dei Foglianti e protetto dall'allora ministro degli esteri Lebrun-Tondu, fu inviato in missione a Londra e nel luglio del 1793 a Napoli. Tuttavia, nell'attraversare l'Italia per raggiungere la sua nuova sede diplomatica, fu preso prigioniero dagli austriaci presso Novate Mezzola insieme a Charles-Louis Huguet de Sémonville. Dopo un periodo di dura cattività, i due furono liberati, nel 1795, in cambio di Maria Teresa Carlotta di Francia, figlia di Luigi XVI. Nominato negoziatore con l'Inghilterra a Lilla, fu poi messo da parte fino al ritorno del Bonaparte dalla Campagna d'Egitto.

Nel 1803 fu eletto all'Accademia di Francia ove occupò il dodicesimo seggio succedendo a Gianfrancesco di Saint-Lambert.

Nominato segretario di Stato sotto il consolato, Napoleone lo fece conte dell'Impero il 3 maggio 1809, puoi duca di Bassano il 15 agosto dello stesso anno. Nel 1811 fu chiamato a sostituire lo Champagny, duca di Cadore, già fedelissimo di Talleyrand, come ministro degli Affari esteri, carica che ricoprì fino al 1813.

Nel 1816 fu escluso dall'accademia lasciando il posto a Giuseppe Enrico Gioacchino Lainé, ma nel 1829, dopo la riammissione di altri due accademici precedentemente esclusi, gli fu proposto di richiederne nuovamente l'ammissione ma egli rifiutò.
Il 19 novembre 1831 fu creato Pari di Francia nell'infornata di trentasei pari a vita destinati a permettere alla Camera l'abolizione dell'ereditarietà del titolo.
Nel 1832 fu eletto membro dell'Accademia delle Scienze Morali e politiche. Nel 1834 fu per pochi giorni presidente del consiglio dei ministri sotto la Monarchia di Luglio.

Matrimonio
Sposò, il 21 maggio 1801 a Digione, Maria Maddalena Lejeas (26 marzo 1780-21 marzo 1827), figlia di Martin Lejéas-Carpentier e dama di compagnia delle imperatrici Giuseppina e Maria Luisa. Ebbero quattro figli:

 Napoléon Maret (1803-1898);
 Eugène, conte (o marchese) di Bassano (1806-1867), sposò Caroline d'Aiguillon, non ebbero figli;
 Marie Louise (23 agosto 1810-10 febbraio 1845), sposò Ernest Lejéas, ebbero figli;
 Hortense Eugénie Claire (1812-15 dicembre 1882), sposò Francis Baring, III barone Ashburton, ebbero figli.

Onorificenze

Onorificenze straniere

Note

Bibliografia
 J. Tulard - J. F. Fayard - A.Fierro, Histoire e Dictionaire de la Revolution française, Paris, Éditions Robert Laffont, 1998, ISBN 2-221-08850-6

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Personalità del Primo Impero francese
Gran croce della Legion d'onore
Membri dell'Académie française
Personalità della Monarchia di luglio
Personalità della Restaurazione francese
Sepolti nel cimitero di Père-Lachaise


text:
Thomas (the Tank Engine) & Friends is a children's television series about the engines and other characters working on the railways of the Island of Sodor, and is based on The Railway Series books written by the Reverend W. Awdry.

This article lists and details episodes from the third series of the show, which was first broadcast in the UK between 25 February and 14 July 1992, and in the United States as part of Shining Time Station in November 1991 (shortly after being released direct-to-video in the UK). In 1993, the last ten episodes were released in the United States on Shining Time Station. This series was narrated by Michael Angelis for UK audiences, while George Carlin narrated the episodes for US audiences.

Some episodes in this series have one title: the original from the American titles are shown underneath.

In the US, this season was aired from 18 November 1991 to 7 June 1993 on Shining Time Station.

On episodes 1–16, the UK narration uses a different take on the TV broadcast compared to the original VHS releases.

Production

Filming
Series 3 was produced by The Britt Allcroft Company in association with Japanese television station Fuji Television. It was divided into two parts, one part having 16 episodes and the other having ten. The series was filmed and produced in 1991. 16 episodes were released direct-to-video on November 11, 1991 in the UK, and aired in the United States from November 18 to December 27, 1991 as part of Shining Time Station. They remained unaired in the UK until February 25, 1992, when the full series aired there. The last ten episodes aired on Shining Time Station in 1993. It was made at a cost of £1,300,000.
Before production of series 3, Clearwater Features closed down, with The Britt Allcroft Company becoming the sole producer. Producer Robert D. Cardona left before series 3, and Britt Allcroft took his place as co-producer alongside David Mitton.

Stories
The series was a combination of episodes derived from The Railway Series, stories in the Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends magazines (written by Andrew Brenner, the show's head writer from 2013 to 2018) (uncredited), and a couple of original stories by Allcroft and Mitton. One of the primary reasons for diverging from the original books was that many of the stories not yet used featured large numbers of new characters, which would be expensive to produce. Another was that the producers wanted more stories about Thomas, the nominal main character. Awdry complained that the new stories would be unrealistic (see Henry the Green Engine for more details).

Episodes

Characters

Introduced
 Oliver ("Escape!")
 Mavis ("Mavis")
 The Chinese Dragon ("Thomas, Percy & the Dragon")
 Bulgy ("Bulgy")
 Farmer Trotter ("Bulgy") (not named)
 Flying Scotsman ("Tender Engines") (tenders only; does not speak)
 Toad ("Escape!") (does not speak)
 City of Truro ("Gordon & the Famous Visitor") (not named; does not speak)

Recurring cast

 Thomas
 Edward
 Henry
 Gordon
 James
 Percy
 Toby
 Duck
 Donald and Douglas
 Bill and Ben
 Diesel
 BoCo
 Annie and Clarabel
 Troublesome Trucks
 Terence
 Bertie
 Trevor
 Harold
 The Fat Controller
 Stephen Hatt
 Mrs. Kyndley
 Jen Cole
 The Vicar of Wellsworth
 Lady Hatt (not named)
 Henrietta (does not speak)
 Bridget Hatt (cameo)

Notes

References

1991 British television seasons
1992 British television seasons
Thomas & Friends seasons


text:
La cinamato metilecgonina es un alcaloide tropánico presente en la planta de coca. Su nombre más común, cinamoilcocaína, refleja su estrecha similitud estructural con la cocaína. Se dice que es farmacológicamente inactiva. Sin embargo, algunos estudios financiados por las agencias antidrogas implican que podría ser biológicamente activa cuando se fuma. La cinamato metilecgonina puede dimerizar a ácido truxílico produciendo truxilina.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Alcaloides
Cinamatos
Ésteres metílicos
Ésteres de carboxilatos


text:
Antonio Quistelli (23 August 1949 – 11 May 1998) was an Italian wrestler. He competed in the men's Greco-Roman 48 kg at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1949 births
1998 deaths
Italian male sport wrestlers
Olympic wrestlers of Italy
Wrestlers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Bari
20th-century Italian people


text:
Fernandes / Burny est un fabricant japonais de guitares et d'accessoires pour guitares.

Historique
Fernandes est né avec l'établissement de Saito Musical Instrument Corporation dans le quartier Bunkyo Ku de Tokyo en 1969. Se concentrant dans un premier temps sur la vente et la distribution de guitares de flamenco, la société est devenue l'un des plus gros distributeurs de guitares de tout le pays.

En 1972, la société change de nom, devenant Fernandes Corporation et commence à commercialiser des guitares sous son propre label. L'année suivante, ils déménagent pour Toshima-Ku. La société commence à produire des clones de Fender, tandis que les répliques de Gibson sont fabriquées sous le label Burny. La particularité de Fernandes, c'est qu'ils commencent directement à produire des modèles haut de gamme sans fabriquer de guitares « économiques » pour les petits budgets. Ceci contribue grandement à leur réputation.

En 1974, des amplificateurs sont également ajoutés au catalogue et en 1976, la marque installe ses quartiers à Shinjuku, où elle se trouve encore aujourd'hui.

L'année suivante, une branche est également créée à Osaka. Fernandes ne peut pas rester hors de la compétition pour les meilleures répliques et en 1981, leur réponse est la gamme des « revival  series ». La plupart des instruments sont fabriqués à l'usine Fujigen gakki, mais également brièvement chez Tokai entre fin 1970 et le début des années 1980.

En 1982, Fernandes produit son propre système de trémolo sous licence Floyd Rose qui contribue beaucoup au développement du heavy metal et en 1984, une succursale est créée aux États-Unis « FGI inc. », suivie en 1994 de « Fernandes guitars USA ».

Puis 1985 voit la création d'une école de guitare.

En 1987, Fernandes reprend la distribution de la marque HIWATT, célèbre pour ses amplis à lampes.

Aujourd'hui, la marque est dans les mains des plus grands ; Steve Hackett, Robert Fripp, Steve Jones des Sex Pistols joue également sur Burny, hide, Robert Trujillo, Ken Kitamura, etc. et de Billie Joe Armstrong de Green Day

Modèles

Les premières Les Paul Burny portent la mention Les Paul sur la tête. Elles apparaissent en 1973, avec la firebird dans le premier catalogue. Elles sont numérotées FLG- suivi d'un numéro qui indique à la fois le prix en yens et la qualité du modèle. La gamme va des FLG-60 à la FLG-240.

Les premiers modèles ont des micros GOTOH type PAF pour les modèles « économiques » tandis que les modèles prestigieux ont des Seymour Duncan 59. Beaucoup de ces modèles ont un fret binding.

En 1982/1983, l'appellation change et les Les Paul deviennent les RLG- : RLG 150, RLG 120, RLG 90, RLG 50, RLG 60, les micros sont des L8001 ou L8002 pour le haut du panier et des L8000 pour les modèles moins chers.

À partir de 1985, les modèles haut de gamme sont équipés de micros VH-1 fabriqués par GOTOH, ces micros ont un petit autocollant sur le contour plastique qui les identifie. Les modèles plus économiques ont des micros VH-2 ou VH-4

Production et numéros de série

La grande frayeur des fabricants de répliques japonais dans les années 1980 est le procès intenté par Gibson. La marque a déjà menacé Ibanez et multiplie les pressions, au contraire du groupe Fender qui a fait sien l'adage  ().

Afin que l'« adversaire » ait le moins d'informations possible à sa disposition en cas de mise à l'amende ou de demande de dédommagement par un tribunal, Fernandes n'a quasiment jamais recours à la numérotation de ses guitares. Seuls les premiers modèles et ceux fabriqués à l'usine Tokai fin 1970 comporteront un numéro de série.

 Les mécaniques et le chevalet des Burny et Fernandes sont toujours de chez Gotoh, les micros sont des L8000, L8001 et L8002 (humbuckers) ou L9000 (p-90) jusqu'en 1985, puis ils sont remplacés par les VH1, VH2 et VH4, fabriqués spécialement pour Fernandes par Gotoh.
 La désignation des modèles se fait en général avec deux lettres suivies d'un chiffre indiquant le prix du modèle et donc sa qualité : RLG-XX = Les paul, RLC-XX = Les Paul custom, RSG-XX = SG, FTS-XX = strat, TE-XX = tele, etc.

Lien externe
  Site officiel

Fabricant de guitares


text:
Cp6linux (ЦП6 Линукс) је линукс дистрибуција на српском језику, заснована на Убунту, а развијена на Електротехничком факултету Универзитета у Београду, уз финансирање Владе Републике Србије.

Прва верзија ЦП6 Линукса је представљена у Привредној комори Србије 2008. године.

Садржај
ЦП6 Линукс је слободан оперативни систем, и може се преузети на званичном сајту.
Све поруке и менији су написани на српском језику, тако да корисницима за коришћење овог оперативног система није потребно знање енглеског језика.

Уз ЦП6 Линукс долазе и слободни софтвери за различите намене:
 OpenOffice.org;
 Мозила фајерфокс (Mozilla Firefox);
 Мозила тандерберд (Mozilla Thunderbird);
програми за покретање мултимедијалних садржаја (филмова, музике, слика), као и рачунарске игре.

Варијанте
 cp6Linux 2008-Едиција за кућне кориснике
 cp6Linux 2008-Едиција за ученике и студенте
 cp6Linux 2008-Едиција за пословне кориснике
 cp6Linux 2009-Бета издање

Системски захтеви за инсталацију
 Процесор 32 бита, са брзином радног такта од 700 Mhz;
 Радна меморија 384 Mb;
 4 Gb меморије на хард диску;
 Графичка картица која може да ради на резолуцији 1024x768.

Спољашње везе
 Званичан сајт (cp6linux.org)
 Кориснички приручник

Извори

Линукс
Линукс дистрибуције на српском језику


text:
The Adventures of Aggie is a black-and-white sitcom starring Joan Shawlee that was made by ME Films and broadcast on ITV.

It lasted for one series of twenty-six episodes. Also being aimed at the American market, it was broadcast in the US from December 1957 under the name Aggie. It was written by Martin Stern and Ernest Borneman.

Three episodes of the television show were released as a TV movie entitled Born for Trouble.

Several episodes were directed by John Guillermin.

Cast
Joan Shawlee - Aasgard Agnette Anderson

Plot
Aggie Anderson was an American working in London as a fashion buyer for an international company. Her job required her to travel often, and when abroad she often got into various troubles and accidents. These situations were often dangerous, and would involve spies and criminals.

Guest Cast
Many of the actors who made guest appearances in episodes would later gain a higher profile, these include Patrick Allen,  Stephen Boyd, Dick Emery, Edward Mulhare, Christopher Lee, Patrick McGoohan, John Schlesinger and Anthony Valentine.

References

External links

1956 British television series debuts
1957 British television series endings
1950s British sitcoms
ITV sitcoms