text:
John King (1 May 1652, St Columb Major, Cornwall – 30 May 1732, Chelsea, London) was an English churchman, patron of the Church of Pertenhall in Bedfordshire.

The son of John King of Manaccan, Cornwall, he matriculated at Exeter College, Oxford, as a poor scholar on 7 July 1674. He graduated BA in 1678 and proceeded MA in 1681. He took the degree of Doctor in Divinity in 1698 at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, where his friend Sir William Dawes was master. He had the curacy of Bray in Berkshire, by his second wife he acquired the patronage of Pertenhall in Bedfordshire, and was instituted in that rectory in June 1690. In 1694 he exchanged to Chelsea. in 1731 he was collated to the prebend of Wighton in York Cathedral by Sir William Dawes, Archbishop.

King died at Church Lane, Chelsea, on 30 May 1732, and was buried in the chancel of Pertenhall church on 13 June; a large mural monument was erected to his memory. His wife died at Chelsea on 22 June 1727, aged sixty-one, and was also buried at Pertenhall. King was survived by three sons, among them the classical scholar and physician John King (1696–1728), and three daughters, one of whom, Eulalia, was married to John Martyn (1699–1768), the botanist and author of the Historia plantarum rariorum. The patronage of Pertenhall passed from the King to the Martyn family.

The family of Dr King bears the same arms with Robert King, the first Bishop of Oxford, of whom there is a curious full-length portrait in Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford: a lion rampant crowned and three croplets or, in a field sable with the motto "Atavis Regibus"

Some of his poems and other manuscripts are among the Sloane collection in the British Museum. Additionally a manuscript survives of King's occasional observations about the parish, recorded on and off between 1694 and 1732, which has been of valuable use to local historians.  Kept at the rectory until the late 19th century, it is now held by Kensington & Chelsea local studies and archives together with a typewritten transcript.

Works
 Sermon on the 30th of January, being the day on which that sacred martyr, King Charles I, was murdered.
 Sermon preached at the funeral of Sir Willoughby Chamberlain, Kt. who died at his house at Chelsea, December 6 and was interred at the parish church of St. James Garlick Hith, London, December 12, 1697
 Animadversions on a pamphlet, intituled : A letter of advice to the churches of the nonconformists in the English nation, 1701
 The case of John Atherton, Bishop of Waterford in Ireland, 1711
 Tolando-Pseudologo-Mastrix, or a Curry-comb for a lying Coxcomb. Being an answer to a late piece of Mr. Toland's, called Hypatia, 1721

References

John Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century: Comprising Biographical Memoirs of William Bowyer, 1812, p. 752.

Further reading
 Thomas Faulkner (1810), An historical and topographical description of Chelsea, and its environs, pp. 53-57
 Leonard W. Cowie (2004, revised 2009), "King, John (1652–1732)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

External links

1652 births
1732 deaths
People from St Columb Major
Writers from Cornwall
17th-century English Anglican priests
18th-century English Anglican priests
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
English male writers


text:
Венса́н Риндо́ (; род. 20 апреля 1966, Сен-Иасент, Квебек) — канадский хоккеист, вратарь. В настоящее время является тренером вратарей ХК «Салават Юлаев», выступающего в КХЛ.

Карьера
С 1983 года выступал в Главной юниорской лиге Квебека. С 1986 года выступал в системе клуба НХЛ «Монреаль Канадиенс», с которым подписал контракт в 1985 году: на протяжении двух сезонов играл за фарм-клуб «Монреаля» «Шербрук Канадиенс» (в НХЛ в составе «Монреаля» провёл лишь одну игру). В 1988 году был обменян в «Сент-Луис Блюз», в составе которых провёл 122 матча в регулярных чемпионатах НХЛ и 21 матч в плей-офф Кубка Стэнли за три сезона. В 1991 году был обменян в «Детройт Ред Уингз», где исполнял роль запасного вратаря, появившись лишь в 32 матчах за два с половиной сезона. В январе 1994 года был обменян в «Бостон Брюинз», в составе которых также был запасным вратарём, проведя 29 матчей за полтора сезона. Всего в НХЛ провёл 184 матча в регулярных чемпионатах и 25 игр в плей-офф Кубка Стэнли.

С 1995 года выступал в низших лигах Северной Америки, а также в Европе — в клубах Германии, Швейцарии, Великобритании. В январе 1999 года присоединился к тольяттинской «Ладе», став первым иностранным хоккеистом российской Суперлиги, имевшим опыт игры в НХЛ. В составе «Лады» провёл 12 матчей в сезоне 1998/1999 (5 матчей в регулярном чемпионате и ещё 7 — в плей-офф) и 17 матчей в сезоне 1999/2000 (16 матчей в регулярном чемпионате и 1 игру в плей-офф).

После окончания карьеры игрока работал тренером вратарей в различных клубах Канады, Германии и Швейцарии.

В 2021 году вошёл в тренерский штаб ХК «Салават Юлаев». Срок соглашения рассчитан на один год.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Венсан Риндо — статистика на сайте Глобал Спорт Консалтинг

 Биография на сайте hockeygoalies.org

Хоккеисты Канады
Хоккейные вратари
Хоккеисты НХЛ
Игроки «Драммондвилл Вольтижерс»
Игроки «Монреаль Канадиенс»
Игроки «Шербрук Канадиенс»
Игроки «Сент-Луис Блюз»
Игроки «Детройт Ред Уингз»
Игроки «Адирондак Ред Уингз»
Игроки «Бостон Брюинз»
Игроки «Провиденс Брюинз»
Игроки ХК «Риссерзее»
Игроки «Манитоба Мус»
Игроки ХК «Ревирлёвен Оберхаузен»
Игроки ХК «Лугано»
Игроки ХК «Эр Скоттиш Иглз»
Игроки ХК «Лада»
Игроки «Верден Джуниорс»

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ludvík Vítězslav Čelanský (* 17. Juli 1870 in Wien; † 27. Oktober 1931 in Prag) war ein tschechischer Dirigent und Komponist.

Čelanský studierte von 1892 bis 1894 am Prager Konservatorium und wirkte als Theaterkapellmeister in Pilsen (1895), Zagreb (1898) und am Nationaltheater in Prag (1899–1900). Dann war er Dirigent in Lemberg, Kiew und Paris, dirigierte 1918 bis 1919 die Tschechische Nationalphilharmonie und wirkte schließlich in Brünn. Alfred Einstein bezeichnete ihn als einen der besten tschechischen Dirigenten.

Čelanský komponierte die sinfonische Trilogie Adam-Noe-Mojžíš, eine Oper (Kamila), ein Te Deum und die sinfonische Dichtung Hymne an die Sonne. Stilistisch ist er der Spätromantik zuzuordnen.

Weblinks

 Čelanský, Ludvík Vítězslav, in: Český hudební slovník osob a institucí (tschechisch)

Dirigent
Komponist klassischer Musik (20. Jahrhundert)
Komponist (Oper)
Komponist (Tschechien)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Person (Königreich Böhmen)
Tscheche
Tschechoslowake
Geboren 1870
Gestorben 1931
Mann


text:
Jules Gressier, (24 June 1897, Roubaix (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) - 27 June 1960, Aix-les-Bains (Rhône-Alpes) was a French conductor, particularly associated with lyric repertoire and with operetta.

Life and career
In early 1926 Gressier conducted Le Barbier de Séville, Véronique and Miss Heylett in Toulouse with the orchestra of the Variétés and soloists Mathieu-Lutz, Foix and René Gerbert.

He conducted the local premieres of Chanson d'amour and Ciboulette in Toulouse in 1926-27, both with Andrée Verly in the title role.

Gressier was a member of the conducting staff at Nice Opera in the 1934 season.

He conducted the première of the three-act opérette Malvina by Hahn in March 1935, which he also conducted at the Opéra-Comique in 1950 Vieux Garçons ! by Louis Urgel in February 1931, and Un p'tit bout d'femme by René Mercier in 1936 all at the Théâtre de la Gaîté Lyrique in Paris, with which he was associated in the 1930s.

Gressier conducted most of a festival concert in honour of Gustave Charpentier in September 1937 at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris with excerpts from Le Couronnement de la Muse du Peuple and selections from Louise (act 3 of which was conducted by the composer).

A member of the music staff of French radio evacuated to Rennes already in September 1940, Gressier was the chief conductor of the 60-strong Orchestre lyrique de la Radiodiffusion nationale (French radio) from 1941 to 1951. He was made head of lyrical broadcasting in 1943 with the musical programming of French radio, which he continued until his death. Gressier himself conducted many opera and operetta broadcasts.

Gressier made his debut at the Paris Opéra-Comique in 1948 with Mignon, and conducted Rigoletto at the Opéra in September 1950.

He was noted for his sensitive and enlightened direction of operetta, especially Offenbach.

Recordings
Complete, or extended excerpts from operas were recorded by Gressier as follows, with record company labels and year given where available:

 Cendrillon (Jules Massenet) rec 25 December 1943
 Thaïs (Jules Massenet) 1944
 Faust (Charles Gounod) 1947
 Otello (Giuseppe Verdi) 1948
 Le Domino noir (Daniel François Esprit Auber) 1950
 La Fille de Madame Angot (Charles Lecocq) 1951, Pathé
 Monsieur Beaucaire (André Messager) 1951, Pathé
 La Belle Hélène (Jacques Offenbach) 1951, Pathé
 Les Cloches de Corneville (Robert Planquette) 1951, Pathé
 Phi-Phi (Henri Christiné) 1952,  Pathé
 Véronique (André Messager) 1952, Pathé
 Le Petit duc (Charles Lecocq) 1953, Pathé (with Liliane Berton (La Duchesse de Parthenay), Nadine Renaux (Le Duc de Parthenay), Willy Clément (Montlandry), René Hérent (Frimousse))
 Les Saltimbanques (Louis Ganne) 1953, Pathé (with Liliane Berton (Suzanne), Freda Betti (Marion), and Claude Devos (Paillasse))
 La Veuve Joyeuse (Franz Lehár) 1953, Pathé
 Orphée aux Enfers (Jacques Offenbach) 1953, Pathé
 Les P'tites Michu (André Messager) 1954, Pathé
 Le Tzarewitch (Johann Strauss) 1954
 Le Barbier de Séville (Gioacchino Rossini) 1954-55, Pathé
 Lakmé (Léo Delibes) 1955, Rodolphe
 Moineau (Louis Beydts) 1955
 Au soleil de Mexique (Maurice Yvain) 1955
 Hans le joueur de flûte (Louis Ganne) 1955, Gaieté Lyrique
 Madame Chrysanthème (André Messager) 1956
 Walzer aus Wien (Johann Strauss II) 1957, Pathé
 La Mascotte (Edmond Audran) 1958, Pathé (with Michel Dens, (Pippo), Duvaleix, (Laurent XVII), Claude Devos, (Fritellini))
 Monsieur Beaucaire (André Messager) 1958, Gaieté Lyrique (with Martha Angelici, Michel Dens)
 Rip (Robert Planquette) 1958, Pathé (with Michel Dens, (Rip), Claude Devos, (Jack) Julien Giovanetti, (Derrick))
 Les mousquetaires au couvent (Louis Varney) Pathé-Marconi, 1958 (with Michel Dens, (Narcisse de Brissac), Duvaleix (abbé Bridaine) ; Raymond Amade (Solanges))
 Mireille (Charles Gounod), 1959, Chant du Monde
 Isoline : ballet (André Messager)

References

External links
 Jules Gressier on data.bnf.fr

1897 births
French classical musicians
French male conductors (music)
1960 deaths
People from Roubaix
20th-century French conductors (music)
20th-century French male musicians


text:
Seán William McLoughlin, mer känd som Jacksepticeye (eller bara Jack), född den 7 februari 1990 i Offaly, är en irländsk spelkommentator verksam på Youtube, där hans kanal hört till de snabbast växande i Europa. Hans förfäder kom från Irland, Storbritannien, Spanien och Portugal.

När han var barn flyttade han närmare till sin mormor/farmor i skogen där han började med YouTube. Seán skapade sin kanal 2007, vid 17 års ålder men lade inte upp sin första video förrän 2012, som var en Solid Snake imitation. Innan han blev kändis på Youtube spelade han i ett band och var trummis.

När McLoughlin hade runt  prenumeranter fick han en shoutout av sin framtida vän Felix Kjellberg (Pewdiepie) och hans kanal började växa.

Den 7 maj 2016 nådde han 10 miljoner prenumeranter. Idag har han över 28 miljoner prenumeranter.

I Maj 2017 flyttade han till Brighton, England.

År 2022 öppnade han upp om sin destruktiva livsstil som ledde till psykisk ohälsa. Detta hyllades han för av följare och YouTube-kollegor eftersom det tidigare inte var vanligt att få en sådan inblick i hur internet underhållares liv kan se ut.

Källor

Externa länkar
 jacksepticeyes användarsida på Youtube

Irländare
Spelinriktade youtubare
Födda 1990
Levande personer
Män


text:
"Die Alive" este cel de-al doilea disc single lansat de cântăreața finlandeză Tarja Turunen de pe albumul My Winter Storm (2007).

Ordinea pieselor pe disc
Versiunea standard
 "Die Alive" (versiunea single) — 4:02
 "Die Alive" (versiunea alternativă) — 4:08
 "Lost Northern Star (Ambiance Sublow Mix)" — 04:56
 "Calling Grace (Full Version)" — 03:18

Discuri single din 2008
Discuri single de Tarja Turunen


text:
Bianchini è un cratere lunare di 37,59 km situato nella parte nord-occidentale della faccia visibile della Luna.

Il cratere è dedicato all'astronomo italiano Francesco Bianchini.

Crateri correlati
Alcuni crateri minori situati in prossimità di Bianchini sono convenzionalmente identificati, sulle mappe lunari, attraverso una lettera associata al nome.

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Bianchini
Caratteristiche esogeologiche lunari con crateri correlati


text:
Tom Ormsby Jameson (4 April 1892 – 6 February 1965) was an Irish first-class cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm fast and leg spin bowler, he played just twice for the Ireland cricket team between 1926 and 1928 in first-class matches, but played 124 first-class matches in all, mainly for Hampshire and the MCC.

Biography

Born in County Dublin, Ireland in 1892, Jameson was educated at Harrow School, and played against Eton in the famous Fowler's match in 1910. He made his first-class debut for the MCC against Oxford University in June 1919, making his Hampshire debut the following month against Yorkshire. He played nine more County Championship matches that year, before playing for the South of England against a touring Australian Forces team. He married Joan Musgrave on 11 June 1920.

He played just one County Championship match for Hampshire in 1920, against Surrey in 1920 and also played two first-class matches for the Army, and one for the Combined Services. He played twice for Hampshire in 1921, also playing first-class cricket for the MCC and the Army, in addition to a match for the Combined Services against Australia before rounding out the year with his first Gentlemen v Players match.

His appearances for Hampshire continued to be sporadic throughout 1922, though he continued with first-class cricket for other sides, again playing for the Army, the MCC and the Combined Services, also playing for the Free Foresters and another Gentlemen v Players match. He played many more times for Hampshire in 1923, playing seven County Championship matches, also playing for them against Oxford University and Cambridge University. He again played matches for the MCC and the Army this year, including a match for the MCC against the West Indies.

He did not play at all for Hampshire in 1924, playing solely for the MCC, the Army and for a Combined Services, and that winter was selected for a team captained by Lionel Tennyson for a tour of South Africa. He played ten first-class matches on the tour, including three against the South African national side. His performance on this tour seemed to secure him a more regular place in the Hampshire side in 1925, playing thirteen County Championship matches that year, also playing another Gentlemen v Players match.

He was again selected for a touring side that winter, this time for the MCC side touring the West Indies. He played eleven first-class matches on the tour, including three against the West Indies side. However, he again played little for Hampshire the following summer, playing just three County Championship matches before playing his first match for his native Ireland, against Oxford University in June 1926. He scored 71 in the only Irish innings and took 4/140 when bowling.

He was again selected for an MCC tour that winter, this time to Argentina. He played four first-class matches against the Argentine national team, scoring 100 runs on the tour. He would not play first-class cricket again until May 1928 when he played for the MCC against the West Indies, followed by a County Championship match for Hampshire against Gloucestershire, a match for the MCC against Wales and a match for Ireland against the West Indies, which was his final match for Ireland. He played three more County Championship matches for Hampshire that year.

His career began to wind down in 1929, though he did play seven County Championship matches for Hampshire that year. He played once for the MCC that year, and twice for them in 1930. He played just twice for Hampshire that year, against Middlesex and Australia, and played his final game for Hampshire in 1932, also against Middlesex. He returned to first-class cricket five years later, playing six first-class matches in India for a team captained by Lionel Tennyson. He died in a Dublin Hospital in February 1965.

Statistics

In his two matches for Ireland, Jameson scored 121 runs at an average of 60.50, with a top score of 71 against Oxford University, his only half-century for Ireland. He took nine wickets at an average of 25.78. In all first-class cricket, he scored 4675 runs at an average of 26.56, scoring 5 centuries, with a top score of 133 for SB Joel's XI against Orange Free State. He took 252 wickets at an average of 24.03, taking five wickets in an innings eleven times and ten in a match twice, with best innings bowling figures of 7/92 for Hampshire against Lancashire. His highest score for Hampshire was 105 not out.

Other sports

Jameson was also a fine racquets player, winning the Army singles championship in 1922, 1923 and 1924 and the doubles championship in 1920, 1921 and 1922. He reached the final of the amateur singles championship in 1924 and won the amateur squash championship in 1922 and 1923.

References

1892 births
1965 deaths
Military personnel from County Dublin
Irish cricketers
Hampshire cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Free Foresters cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
People educated at Harrow School
People from Dún Laoghaire
Sportspeople from Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown
Sportspeople from Fingal
Rifle Brigade officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army cricketers
Combined Services cricketers
North v South cricketers
S. B. Joel's XI cricketers
L. H. Tennyson's XI cricket team


text:
Несимметри́чный диметилгидрази́н (НДМГ, 1,1-диметилгидрази́н, кодовое название «гепти́л») — химическое вещество, производное гидразина, компонент высококипящего (имеющего температуру кипения выше 0 °C) ракетного топлива. В качестве окислителя в паре с НДМГ часто применяется тетраоксид диазота (АТ), чистый или в смеси с азотной кислотой, известны случаи применения чистой кислоты и жидкого кислорода. Для улучшения свойств может использоваться в смеси с гидразином, известной как аэрозин.

Основные сведения
НДМГ — бесцветная или слегка желтоватая прозрачная жидкость с резким неприятным запахом, характерным для аминов (запах испорченной рыбы, схож с запахом аммиака, очень похож на запах шпрот), летучее вещество, температура кипения +63,1 °C.

Температура кристаллизации −57,78 °C, плотность 790 кг/м³. Хорошо смешивается с водой, этанолом, большинством нефтепродуктов и многими органическими растворителями. Гигроскопичен, поглощает влагу из воздуха, что приводит к снижению удельной тяги двигателей (100 м/с на каждые 0,5 % воды в составе смеси).

Самовоспламеняется при контакте с окислителями на основе азотной кислоты и тетраоксида диазота, что упрощает конструкцию и обеспечивает лёгкий запуск и возможность многократного включения ракетных двигателей.

Взаимодействие НДМГ и его водных растворов с азотной кислотой протекает бурно. Воспламенение происходит до 50%-й концентрации водного раствора. Растворы меньшей концентрации реагируют с образованием соли азотной кислоты. НДМГ термически стабилен до +350 °C. В интервале +350…+1000 °C продуктами разложения являются аммиак, амины, синильная кислота, водород, азот, метан, этан, смолистые и другие вещества.

Используется в качестве топлива ракет с окислителем тетраоксидом диазота (АТ):

К преимуществам пары НДМГ+АТ относятся:
 превосходит пару кислород + керосин и пару кислород + водород по плотности (1170 кг/м³ против 1070 кг/м³ и 285 кг/м³ соответственно), следовательно, требуются меньшие баки и конструкция оказывается компактнее
 самовоспламеняемость при контакте топливных компонентов, что упрощает конструкцию двигателей и повышает их надёжность
 ракета может быть заправлена топливом на долгий срок, что критично для ракет на боевом дежурстве или космических аппаратов в полёте

К недостаткам НДМГ+АТ относятся:
 токсичность,
 канцерогенность,
 вероятность взрыва НДМГ в присутствии окислителя,
 меньший удельный импульс, чем у кислородно-керосиновой пары,
 НДМГ заметно дороже керосина, что существенно для больших ракет.

Прочие свойства:
 бо́льшая взрывоопасность по сравнению с кислородно-керосиновой парой, но меньшая по сравнению с парой водород + кислород.

Применение
НДМГ применялся и применяется в жидкостных ракетных двигателях
 американских ракет-носителей (РН) «Дельта», «Тор-Аджена», «Титан» и космического корабля «Аполлон»;
 советских, российских и украинских РН «Протон», «Космос», «Циклон», «Рокот», «Днепр» и МБР «Р-16» (SS-7), «Р-36» (SS-9), «УР-100» (SS-11), «МР УР-100» (SS-17), «Р-36М» (SS-18), «УР-100Н» (SS-19);
 китайских РН семейства «Чанчжэн»;
 французских РН семейства «Ариан», «Вега»;
 индийских РН GSLV, PSLV;
 пилотируемых («Союз», «ТКС», «Орёл») и грузовых («Прогресс») космических кораблей;
 спутников, орбитальных («Мир», МКС) и межпланетных станций («Фобос-1», «Фобос-2», «Фобос-Грунт»).

История создания

В 1949 году Государственным институтом прикладной химии было получено авторское свидетельство на несимметричный диметилгидразин как эффективное пусковое ракетное топливо, обладающее рядом уникальных свойств по сравнению с горючим ТГ-02, в пять раз меньшим периодом задержки самовоспламенения, меньшей зависимостью от температуры и повышенной энергетической эффективностью (удельный импульс с АК на 10 единиц выше, чем у ТГ-02).

Пожароопасные свойства
Легковоспламеняющаяся жидкость. Температура вспышки −15 °C; температура самовоспламенения 249 °C; концентрационные пределы распространения пламени 2—95 % об.

Средства тушения: распылённая вода, воздушно-механическая пена, порошки.

Токсичность
НДМГ — высокотоксичное и летучее вещество. Например, его канцерогенные свойства используются в исследованиях для получения у крыс колоректальной карциномы. Гептил обладает сильным токсическим и мутагенным действием. Действие на организм человека: раздражение слизистых оболочек глаз, дыхательных путей и лёгких; сильное возбуждение центральной нервной системы; расстройство желудочно-кишечного тракта (тошнота, рвота), в больших концентрациях может наступить потеря сознания.

В споре Сергея Королёва с Валентином Глушко о принципах выбора топлива для ракет (что важнее — энергоэффективность или экологичность) Королёв называл гептил «чёртовой отравой».

Получение в промышленности
НДМГ получают из диметиламина, являющегося крупнотоннажным продуктом органического синтеза, в две стадии через N-нитрозодиметиламин:

N-нитрозодиметиламин  тоже является высокотоксичным и канцерогенным веществом.

Хранение
Гидразинные горючие отличаются низкой химической стабильностью в контакте с атмосферой, однако практически не вызывают коррозии конструкционных материалов в паровой и жидкой фазах. Для хранения НДМГ используют резервуары из низкоуглеродистых сталей, установленные наземно или заглублённо. Так же, как и тетраоксид диазота, НДМГ хранят под давлением азота в насыщенном состоянии.

На воздухе НДМГ взаимодействует с кислородом, при этом образуются 1,1,4,4-тетраметилтетразен, аммиак, диазометан, полиметилены, смолистые вещества основного характера. Наиболее опасные продукты таких реакций — канцерогены и мутагены (СН3)2NNО и СН2N2.

Транспортирование
Транспортирование НДМГ осуществляют в основном железнодорожным, водным и автотранспортом. Авиационные перевозки НДМГ запрещены.

Гидразинные горючие транспортируют в железнодорожных и автомобильных цистернах вместимостью 40—60 м³, изготовленных из малоуглеродистых сталей. Для исключения контакта горючего с атмосферой в железнодорожных и автомобильных цистернах поддерживается избыточное давление азота 100—150 кПа.

Переработка и нейтрализация
Нейтрализация проливов возможна посредством абсорбции шунгитом.

НДМГ можно нейтрализовать путём каталитического гидрирования с образованием (CН3)2NН и NН3. Загрязнённые им воды можно очищать каталитическим окислением перекисью водорода.

Накопленные в военных целях запасы 1,1-диметилгидразина можно использовать в качестве сырья для получения полиуретанов, ПАВ, ингибиторов коррозии, биологически активных веществ, химфармпрепаратов, удобрений с микроэлементами.

См. также
 Метилгидразин — ракетное топливо со схожими свойствами
 Гидразин — ракетное топливо
 Аэрозин — ракетное топливо, смесь гептила с гидразином
  — симметричный диметилгидразин
  — экспериментальное нетоксичное ракетное топливо

Комментарии

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

 Греков А. П., Веселов В. Я. Гидразин космический
 Максименко О. О. Победа шунгита над гептилом
 Мотылев С. Водный гиацинт в гептиловом болоте

Гидразины
Ракетное топливо
Соединения азота по алфавиту
Мутагены


text:
Christopher John Wilson (2 December 1956 – 16 January 2019) was an Australian blues musician who sang and played harmonica, saxophone and guitar. He performed as part of the Sole Twisters, Harem Scarem and Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls, and fronted his band Crown of Thorns. Wilson's solo albums are Landlocked (June 1992), The Long Weekend (March 1998), Spiderman (2000), King for a Day (July 2002), Flying Fish (2012) and the self titled Chris Wilson (2018).

In March 1996, Wilson collaborated with Johnny Diesel in a blues project, Wilson Diesel, which issued an album, Short Cool Ones, composed mostly of "soul and R&B standards". It peaked at No. 18 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Outside of his music career Wilson taught English at various secondary schools in Melbourne for about 20 years.

On 24 July 2018, Wilson's management announced that he had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and was unlikely to perform again. A fundraising concert at the Corner Hotel was announced and quickly sold out. Fellow musician and friend Suzannah Espie set up a GoFundMe page which raised over AU$100,000 in just a few days before ceasing to accept further donations.

In 2020, Wilson was inducted into the Music Victoria Hall of Fame.

Life and career

1956–1987: Early years and collaborations
Christopher John Wilson was born in 1956. He grew up in Alphington, an inner-Melbourne suburb. He completed his tertiary studies, and worked as an English teacher at various Melbourne secondary schools for "some 20 years".

In 1984, Wilson joined Sole Twisters; the R&B band included Brian Horne, Barry Palmer, his brother Craig Palmer, Jeff Pickard, and Nigel Sweeney. His early influences were Australian blues groups, Chain and Carson.

In September 1985, Wilson, on harmonica and saxophone, and Barry Palmer on lead guitar, joined a neo-Blues group, Harem Scarem, alongside Peter Jones on drums, Charles Marshall on guitar, Christopher Marshall on lead vocals and Glen Sheldon on bass guitar. This line-up recorded their debut studio album, Pilgrim's Progress for Au Go Go Records, which was released in December 1986.

While a member of Harem Scarem, Wilson provided harmonica on Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls' debut album, Gossip (September 1986). By May 1987 Wilson had left Harem Scarem, he joined Kelly's 45-date tour of North America promoting Gossip. Wilson acknowledged Kelly for extending his repertoire beyond harmonica, "I was asked on as a sax player too and I didn't play all that much sax when [Kelly] asked. But he had that faith in me that I'd get my act together." During that year Wilson also guested on the Hunters & Collectors' album What's a Few Men? (November 1987), on Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls' next album, Under the Sun (December), and played with hard rockers X.

1987–1991: Crown of Thorns and The Pub Dogs
In 1987, Wilson formed his own band, Crown of Thorns, with Barry Palmer and Chris Rodgers on double bass, bass guitar and fiddle Stuart Coupe of The Canberra Times described the group's sound as "a diverse amalgam, recalling everything from Tim Buckley to Captain Beefheart and American blues". While Wilson felt his group was not only a blues band as "there's elements of country and straight rock 'n' roll". Their debut release was a six-track extended play, Gnawing on the Bones of Elvis, which was produced by the band and appeared in April 1988. Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, noted it was "sparsely recorded ... [which] mixed one side of electric blues including Willie Dixon's 'Bring It on Home', and one side of acoustic folk tunes".

Crown of Thorns released a studio album, Carnival (February 1989), using a line up of Wilson, Palmer and Rodgers, joined by Justin Brady on violin, Barbara Waters on guitar, vocals and mandolin (ex-Hollowmen) and former bandmate Jones on drums. The album was produced by Wilson and Waters with Chris Thompson. McFarlane described it as a "more fully realised work than the debut. [It] mixed blues, country and folk with a great deal of verve and authority". It contained Wilson's composition "The Ballad of Slim Boy Fat", which was a "highlight" of the album with its "spectacular blues/gospel" style. In 1990 the group released another studio album, Babylon, with Wilson, Rodgers and Waters joined by Ashley Davies on drums (ex-White Cross).

Late in 1990 he formed a briefly existing group, The Pub Dogs, with Wilson on harmonica and lead vocals, Barry Palmer on electric and acoustic guitars, Graham Lee on pedal steel guitar and backing vocals (ex-The Triffids); and Marko Halstead on acoustic guitar, mandolin and backing vocals (of The Blackeyed Susans). They issued a live EP, Scatter's Liver: Pub Dogs Live on the Wireless in the next year on Shock Records, which had been recorded at radio station Triple J's studios in Melbourne on 22 October 1990.

In August 1991 Wilson provided lead vocals for the debut solo album by Robin Casinader (ex-the Wreckery), All This Will Be Yours.

1992–1995: Chris Wilson Band and solo releases
During 1992 Wilson formed the Chris Wilson Band and released an EP, The Big One, in May and a studio album, Landlocked, in June. The line-up were Wilson and Rodgers with Jen Anderson on violin (The Black Sorrows), Rebecca Barnard on backing vocals (ex-Stephen Cummings Band), Peter Luscombe on drums (The Black Sorrows), and Shane O'Mara on guitars (Stephen Cummings Band). Los Angeles Times reviewer, Mike Boehm, felt that on the album "he sometimes becomes bogged down with self-conscious attempts at poetic imagery, and that high-voltage vocal style can seem strident".

In June 1992, Wilson and Crown of Thorns performed a combined tour promoting recent material. Laurie White caught their gig at Tilley's which "a privileged few will remember for an age (if only I'd taken a Walkman like one lucky bootlegger)" with Wilson described as "a huge writhing gospel cyber punk, [who] sings and plays harp with such venom and power it's impossible to ignore him against melancholy songs (reminiscent of Archie Roach at his most tearful). The change in gear is exhilarating if not frightening". Wilson followed with another EP, Alimony Blues, in October; it had a cover version of Booker T. Jones' "Born Under a Bad Sign", which McFarlane declared had Wilson's vocals "backed by [O'Mara's] blistering guitar work, [and] was one of the finest renditions ever committed to record".

In March 1993, Wilson and fellow Australian singer-songwriters Barnard, Kelly, Archie Roach, Deborah Conway and David Bridie each performed a set at a Hollywood concert, The Melbourne Shuffle. Boehm described Wilson as "a big, denim-clad slab of a man with a shaven head and the look of a street tough or a stevedore. In contrast to such reserved performers as Kelly ... he had a taste for the monumental. His big, rangy, high-impact voice supported his flair for the dramatic flourish and the grand gesture". As a performer Wilson showed "a dry, laconic wit between songs, [he] was a fervent, let-it-all-out wailer when he began to sing".

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1993, Wilson was nominated for ARIA Award for Best Male Artist and Breakthrough Artist – Album for Landlocked. In June 1993 Wilson, Charlie Owen, and three former members of The Triffids: David McComb, Robert McComb and Graham Lee guested on Acuff's Rose's debut studio album, Never Comin' Down.

On 20 May 1994 Wilson's performance at the Continental Hotel in Prahran was recorded for Live at the Continental, which was released in October. The album provided Wilson with another nomination for Best Male Artist at the ARIA Music Awards of 1995. Wilson toured extensively and played at many festivals, both in Australia and overseas, and shared stages with Bob Dylan, and with Johnny Diesel. He provided backing vocals on the Merril Bainbridge song "Under the Water" for her album The Garden (1995).

1996–2012: Continued success
In March 1996, Wilson Diesel released a collaborative album, Short Cool Ones, on Mushroom Records, with Wilson on lead vocals and harmonica, and Diesel on lead vocals and lead guitar. Short Cool Ones peaked at No. 18 on the ARIA Albums Chart. McFarlane described it as including "15 soul and R&B standards ... and a sole original, 'Other Man'". "Other Man" was written by Diesel (aka Mark Lizotte). Other performers were Dean Addison on bass guitar, Angus Diggs on drums, and Rob Woolf on keyboards and backing vocals. Paul Petran of Radio National's Live on Stage felt Short Cool Ones was "one of the most successful blues albums in Australian history".

Wilson's next solo album, The Long Weekend, was released in March 1998 as a 2× CD set. McFarlane noted the album had "22 excellent tracks, [it] drew on blues, gospel and country elements". In May Wilson supported Kelly at the Metro in Melbourne where Wilson was "crashing through a slightly hollow mix with a bunch of the good stuff, picking the eyes out of his recent Long Weekend thing, and throwing in some older selections – the 'best done by Elvis' Mystery Train being a big blow, as is the pump action 'Shoot Out at Seven Eleven', while the big ballady 'Too Many Hearts' again is a glory and must be a single, surely".

At the ARIA Music Awards of 1998 Wilson received another nomination as Best Male Artist, for The Long Weekend. In November he appeared at the Mushroom 25 Concert both as a solo artist and in Wilson Diesel. In January 1999 Wilson was a support act for Elvis Costello on an Australian tour.

By 2000, Wilson had formed Chris Wilson and the Spidermen with Rodgers, Shannon Bourne on guitar, and Dave Folley on drums. Wilson issued a solo album, Spiderman, which was recorded at Studio 335, Southbank with Wilson, O'Mara and Thompson co-producing; O'Mara also guested on two tracks. Rhythms Magazines readers' poll rated Spiderman as the Best Australian Blues Album of 2000. Melbourne Blues Rock website's Tim Slingsby reviewed the album in September 2011 and noted it was "a mix of covers and originals. ... [The covers] are given a real personal touch one could easily think Wilson and gang had crafted the songs themselves". Slingsby felt the "production allows both the guitar and harmonica to stand out on tracks, trade off licks, and then fall back to accompany the other instruments. Overall the album has a strong dynamic range with slower, sultry songs inserted amongst the more lively tracks without dropping off in feel".

During May 2002 Wilson recorded his next album at two studios in Melbourne with Kerryn Tolhurst producing.  King for a Day, which was released in July 2002. Along with Bourne, Folley and Rodgers, the album featured Tolhurst (guest guitars, piano, mandolin and tipple), Cyndi Boste (guest lead vocals), Sarah Carroll (guest lead vocals) and Skip Sail (guest banjo).

In March 2003 Richard Sharman of I-94 Bar website reviewed Chris Wilson and The Spidermen's gig at the Bridge Hotel in Sydney, and found that Wilson's "voice was magnificent ranging from soft tenderness to a bellowing roar that raised shivers at the back of my neck. His voice sounded better than ever and his harp playing was superb – this boy can play!"

2013–present: Later years and death
On 26 October 2013, Wilson Diesel reunited to perform the entire Short Cool Ones album at the Sydney Blues & Roots Festival.

On 30 October 2019, Chris Wilson was inducted into the Blues Music Victoria Inc Hall of Fame as the 2019 Peoples Choice, Victorian Blues Legend.

In 2020, Wilson was inducted into the Music Victoria Awards' Hall of Fame.

Personal life and death
Wilson and his wife Sarah had two sons. He died 16 January 2019, having been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in 2018.

Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Singles

Awards and nominations

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music.

|-
| rowspan="2" | ARIA Music Awards of 1993
| rowspan="2" | Landlocked
| ARIA Award for Best Male Artist
|
|-
| ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist – Album
|
|-
| ARIA Music Awards of 1995
| Live at the Continental
| ARIA Award for Best Male Artist
|
|-
| ARIA Music Awards of 1998
| The Long Weekend
| ARIA Award for Best Male Artist
|
|-

Blues Music Victoria Inc
On 30 October 2019, Wilson was inducted into the Blues Music Victoria Inc Hall of Fame as the 2019 Peoples Choice, Victorian Blues Legend

|-
| Blues Music Victoria Inc of 2020
| himself
| Hall of Fame inductee (Peoples Choice, Victorian Blues Legend)
|
|}

Music Victoria Awards
The Music Victoria Awards is an annual awards ceremony celebrating Victorian music. In 2020, Wilson was inducted into its Hall of Fame.

|-
| Music Victoria Awards of 2013
| Box of Blues (with Geoff Achison )
| Best Blues Albums
|
|-
| Music Victoria Awards of 2020
| himself
| Hall of Fame inductee
|
|}

References

General
  Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.
Specific

External links
 Portrait of Chris Wilson by Jacquelin Mitelman, 1997. Held at National Library of Australia

1956 births
2019 deaths
Australian songwriters
Blues rock musicians
Harmonica blues musicians
20th-century Australian musicians
21st-century Australian musicians
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Deaths from cancer in Victoria (Australia)
Musicians from Geelong
People from Alphington, Victoria
Australian harmonica players


text:
Colonel General Vitéz Gusztáv Jány (born Gusztáv Hautzinger; 21 October 1883 in Rajka, Kingdom of Hungary; died 26 November 1947 in Budapest, Hungary) was a Hungarian officer during World War II who commanded the Hungarian Second Army at the Battle of Stalingrad. After the war, he was found guilty of war crimes and executed by firing squad. He was posthumously exonerated in 1993 by the Supreme Court of Hungary.

Awards
 Hungarian Gold Medal of Bravery
 Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class
 Iron Cross (1939) 1st Class
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (March 31, 1943)

Notes

References

1883 births
1947 deaths
Burials at Farkasréti Cemetery
People from Győr-Moson-Sopron County
Hungarian generals
Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I
Hungarian military personnel of World War II
Hungarian soldiers
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Executed Hungarian people
People executed by Hungary by firing squad
People executed for war crimes


text:
Live Rare Remix Box is een compilatie- en verzameldoos van de Red Hot Chili Peppers. De box bevat 3 CDs, welke respectievelijk Live, Rare en Remix heten. De nummers op deze box zijn allen nummers van B-kanten van al uitgebrachte CD's.

Nummers
Live:
"Give It Away" (live) – 3:43
"Nobody Weird Like Me" (live) – 5:03
"Suck My Kiss" (live) – 3:45
"I Could Have Lied" (live) – 4:33

Rare:
"Soul to Squeeze" – 4:50
"Fela's Cock" – 5:10
"Sikamikanico" – 3:25
"Search and Destroy" – 3:34

Remix:
"Give It Away" (12" mix) – 6:02
"Give It Away" (Rasta mix) – 6:47
"If You Have to Ask" (The Disco Krisco Mix) – 7:32
"If You Have to Ask" (Scott & Garth Mix) – 7:12
"If You Have to Ask" (The Friday Night Fever Blister Mix) – 6:34

Muziekalbum van Red Hot Chili Peppers
Muziekalbum uit 1994


text:
The Lund–Hoel House is a historic house museum in Canby, Minnesota, United States.  The residence and an adjacent carriage house were built in 1891 for John G. Lund (1868–1908), an influential land speculator, banker, and politician.  Lund had the house extensively enlarged and remodeled in 1900.  The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the John G. Lund House in 1978 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and exploration/settlement.  It was nominated for its association with Lund—who was instrumental in the settlement of Yellow Medicine County, established several banks in the region, and served as mayor of Canby—and as a fine example of Queen Anne architecture.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota

References

External links

1891 establishments in Minnesota
Historic house museums in Minnesota
Houses completed in 1900
Houses in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Museums in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Yellow Medicine County, Minnesota
Queen Anne architecture in Minnesota


text:
Сара Десен () е американска писателка на бестселъри в жанра юношески любовен роман.

Биография и творчество
Сара Елизабет Десен е родена на 6 юни 1970 г. в Еванстън, Илинойс, САЩ. Двамата ѝ родители са професори – баща ѝ преподава Шекспир и майка ѝ преподава класиците. Има един брат. Израства в Северна Каролина. Когато е 8-9 годишна получава пишеща машина и започва да пише свои истории. През 1988 г. завършва гимназия в Чапъл Хил. В гимназията има много широк кръг приятели, а отношенията с тях вдъхновяват в бъдеще произведенията ѝ.

Учи временно в колежа в Грийнсбъро, Северна Каролина, след което през 1993 г. се дипломира с отличие с бакалавърска степен по английски език и творческо писане в Университета на Северна Каролина в Чапъл Хил. След дипломирането си работи като сервитьорка в ресторанта "Flying Burrito" и да пише в свободното си време.

През 1996 г. е издаден първият ѝ роман "That Summer" (Това лято), а през 1998 г. романът ѝ "Someone Like You" (Някой като теб). Те стават бестселъри и печелят редица награди. През 2003 г. двата романа са екранизирани във филма "Уроци по любов" с участието на Манди Мур, Трент Форд и Дилън Бейкър.

От 1997 г. преподава творческо писане в Университета на Северна Каролина.

Омъжва се за Джей Ърл Маркс на 10 юни 2000 г. Имат дъщеря – Саша Клементайн.

Повечето от романите на писателката описват промяната в личността на млади хора, които са преживели някаква трагедия или загуба. Темите ѝ включват проблемите на изолацията на юношите, емоционална дистанция между членовете на семейството, и прогресивната промяна в личността на героите.

Произведенията на писателката често са в списъците на бестселърите. Те са издадени в над 7 милиона екземпляра по света.

Сара Десен живее със семейството си в Чапъл Хил, Северна Каролина.

Произведения

Самостоятелни романи
 That Summer (1996)
 Someone Like You (1998)
 Keeping the Moon (1999) – издаден и като "Last Chance"
 Dreamland (2000)
 This Lullaby (2002)
 The Truth about Forever (2004)Истината за завинаги, изд.: Егмонт България, София (2014), прев. Мартин Янков
 Just Listen (2006)Слушай, изд.: Егмонт България, София (2014), прев. Гергана Йоханова
 Lock and Key (2008)
 Along for the Ride (2009)Заедно на път, изд.: Егмонт България, София (2014), прев. Красимира Абаджиева
 What Happened to Goodbye (2011)
 The Moon and More (2013)
 Saint Anything (2015)

Новели
 Infinity (2010)

Сборници
 How to Deal (2002)
 Sarah Dessen Keepsake Box (2010)

Екранизации
 Уроци по любов, Now to deal – по романите "Някой като теб" и "Това лято"

Източници

  Биография и библиография във "Fantasticfiction"
  Библиография в "Goodreads"
  Биография в официалния сайт
  Информация в "High Beam"
  Биография и библиография в сайта на Университета на Северна Каролина

Външни препратки
  на Сара Десен

  Сара Десен в "RTbookreviews"

Американски писателки
Американски автори на любовни романи
Родени в Еванстън


text:
Noria Shiraishi (白石のりあ ou 白石紀亜) (Saitama, 12 de setembro de 1981), é uma cantora japonesa.  Fez parte da J-pop girlband BeForU, sendo um dos membros originais, permanecendo de 2000 a 2007. Shiraishi possui uma lista de músicas para vídeo-games.

Noria é famosa no Japão por compor trilhas de jogos de dance music como Dance Dance Revolutions. Outros exemplos são as músicas CANDY e SYLVIA DRIVE, entre outras. Possui o tipo sanguineo O, seu perfil na banda era de garotinha meiga e fofa e sua voz era a mais doce do grupo.

Lançou um single para o Riyu Kosaka / Noria Setbox, intitulado LOVE②くらっち (LOVE LOVE Clutch). Ela e sua companheira de banda, Risa Sotohana, anunciaram sua saída do BeForU em 30 De Dezembro de 2007. Ao todo, ela lançou 3 álbuns, 6 singles e 2 DVDs com o BeForU; e agora permanece na gravadora Avex Trax, onde pretende seguir carreira solo.

Trabalho Solo
 [2006.10.18] LOVE②くらっち (LOVE LOVE Clutch) (MAJOR SINGLE)
 [2002.08.22] beatmaniaIIDX 7th style (Glorious Days)
 [2002.08.22] pop'n music 8 AC (LOVE^2 Sugar)
 [2003.02.05] pop'n music 9 AC (☆shining☆) (as Riyu & Noria))
 [2003.03.26] DanceDanceRevolution EXTREME (TEARS (as EK))
 [2003.09.18] beatmaniaIIDX 9th style (Silvia Drive)
 [2004.05.19] beatmaniaIIDX 10th style (BABY LOVE)
 [2006.08.10] beatmaniaIIDX 13 DistorteD (Melody Life)
 [2006.10.27] pop'n music 14 FEVER! AC (Let's go out!)
 [2007.06.29] beatmaniaIIDX 14 GOLD (Recollection (from beatmania IIDX HAPPY SKY CS)).

Ligações externas
 Página oficial

Cantores do Japão
Pessoas do período Showa
Pessoas do período Heisei


text:
Successus Gröbner ( – 12. listopadu 1776 Kroměříž), též Graebner nebo Grebner byl františkán a teolog působící v českých zemích. V 50. letech 18. století přednášel filozofii teologii řádovým klerikům a nedávno vysvěcený kněžím na klášterních studiích františkánů. V roce 1751 přednášel filozofii v kroměřížském františkánském klášteře, kdy pod jeho vedením obhájili své teze řeholní bratři Andělín Schmidt (†1784) a Peregrín Walburger (†1758) a poté Rajmund Seidler (†1789)

V roce 1752 učil bratr Successus morální teologii snad v pražském konventu u P. Marie Sněžné. Jím předkládané přednášky si spolu s moralistickými lekcemi dalších františkánských lektorů Anakléta Bürgermeistera a Jáchyma Lantzingera tehdy zapsal student Adolf Kraus († 1769). Roku 1755 zase přednášel kontroverzistickou teologii na studiích řádu u sv. Máří Magdaleny v Brně. Dovídáme se to z tištěných tezí, které Gröbner roku 1755 v Brně presidoval a obhájili je řádoví klerici Vavřinec Stangel († 1791) a Damasus Hoor († 1804). Po získání zkušeností v teologii byl Gröbner, jako ostatně většina františkánských lektorů 18. století, převeden do vedení české františkánské provincie. Nejprve jej řádná kapitula v září 1762 v Praze jmenovala provinčním sekretářem. Na další řádné kapitule o tři roky později v Olomouci byl jakožto vysloužilý lektor (emeritus) jmenován členem provinčního definitoria (definitorem), jímž byl v letech 1765–1768. Dále jej potkáváme v letech 1768 až 1769 jako kvardiána olomouckého kláštera u sv. Bernardina. Někdy v této době byl rovněž jmenován habituálním (doživotním) provinčním definitorem. Františkán Successus Gröbner zemřel v Kroměříži 12. listopadu 1776.

Reference

Františkáni
Františkáni v českých zemích
Čeští teologové
Narození v 18. století
Úmrtí 12. listopadu
Úmrtí v roce 1776
Muži


text:
Allobates paleovarzensis  è un anfibio anuro appartenente alla famiglia degli Aromobatidi.

Etimologia
L'epiteto specifico si riferisce all'habitat in cui si trova la specie. La várzea è una foresta inondata dalle acque del bacino del Rio delle Amazzoni. Le foreste paleovarzee sono antiche pianure alluvionali del fiume e dei suoi affluenti che non sono più soggetti a inondazione stagionale.

Descrizione

Biologia

Distribuzione e habitat
Si trova nel dipartimento di Amazonas in Colombia e nello stato di Amazonas in Brasile.

Tassonomia

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
Allobates paleovarzensis su amphibiaweb.org

Aromobatidae
Fauna sudamericana


text:
Sheraton Stockholm Hotel is a hotel at the intersection between Vasagatan and Tegelbacken in central Stockholm, Sweden, designed by AOS Arkitekter and opened in 1971. The hotel has 465 rooms making it one of the largest hotels in Sweden. The building is considered to have a high cultural historical value, even though the interior was thoroughly renovated in 2007. The hotel was the first Sheraton hotel in Continental Europe.

History

Sheraton was built at the Snäckan city block during the redevelopment of Norrmalm which greatly changed the Stockholm City Centre and the area around Tegelbacken. The block had previously hosted the Nya Banken bank between 1912 and 1920. The Kronprinsens stall building was located in the middle of Tegelbacken south of the current site of Sheraton. This building hosted the café Tysta Mari which gave its name to the pedestrian walkway Tysta Marigången going around the city block. Construction of the new hotel was a part of the total redevelopment of Tegelbacken from 1959 to 1971.

Building

The building was designed by AOS Arkitekter and built from 1969 to 1971. The hotel has nine floors and a rooftop floor, and has a reddish-brown facade of glassed chamotte facing Vasagatan and Tegelbacken, and a brown facade facing Herkulesgatan. The facade on the inner yard is white and there is a portal originally belonging to the Wrede Palace at the inner yard. The facade plates are  and  in size and were made by the company Ifö Sanitär in Bromölla.

The interior of the building was thoroughly renovated in 2007, including discontinuing the classic piano bar, expanding the conference rooms and renovating the hotel rooms.

Cultural historical classification
In spring 2007 the buildings in Norrmalm built between 1960 and 1989 were thoroughly inventoried by the Stockholm City Museum. The buildings were classified in four categories by their cultural historical value. Sheraton was one of the fourteen buildings which got a blue marker, meaning that "the building was deemed to have an obviously high cultural historical value".

See also
 Sheraton Hotels and Resorts

References

External links

 Official site

Hotels in Stockholm
Companies established in 1971


text:
A super-maximum security (supermax) or administrative maximum (ADX) prison is a "control-unit" prison, or a unit within prisons, which represents the most secure level of custody in the prison systems of certain countries.

The objective is to provide long-term, segregated housing for inmates classified as the highest security risks in the prison system and those who pose an extremely serious threat to both national and global security.

Characteristics and practices

According to the National Institute of Corrections, an agency of the United States government, "a supermax is a stand-alone unit or part of another facility and is designated for violent or disruptive incarcerated individuals. It typically involves up to 23-hour-per-day, single-cell confinement for an indefinite period of time. Those incarcerated in supermax housing have minimal contact with staff and other inmates," a definition confirmed by a majority of prison wardens.

In 2001, academics Leena Kurki and Norval Morris wrote that there was no universal, agreed upon definition for "supermax" and that prisons are classified inconsistently. They identified four general features of supermax prisons:

 Long-term: once transferred to a supermax prison, incarcerated individuals tend to stay there for several years or indefinitely.
 Powerful administration: supermax administrators and correctional officers have ample authority to punish and manage incarcerated individuals, without outside review or prisoner grievance systems.
 Solitary confinement: supermax prisons rely heavily on intensive (and long-term) solitary confinement, which is used to isolate and punish prisoners as well as to protect them from themselves and each other. Communication with outsiders is minimal to none.
 Very limited activities: few opportunities are provided for recreation, education, substance abuse programs, or other activities generally considered healthy and rehabilitative at other prisons.

Those who are in a supermax prison are placed not as a punishment of their crimes but by their previous history when incarcerated or based on reliable evidence of an impending disruption, such as a gang leader or the leader of a radical movement. These decisions are made as administrative protection measures and the prisoners in a supermax are deemed by correctional workers as a threat to the safety and security of the institution itself.

The amount of programming for those in prison varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Certain jurisdictions provide entertainment for their incarcerated population in the form of television, educational and self-help programs. Others provide instructors who speak through the cell door to individuals who are incarcerated. Some jurisdictions provide no programming to its incarcerated population. In a supermax, incarcerated people are generally allowed out of their cells for only one hour a day (one-and-a-half hours in California state prisons). Exercise is done in indoor spaces or small, secure, outdoor spaces, usually alone or in a pair and always watched by correctional officers. Group exercise is offered only to those who are in transition programs.

Prisoners receive their meals through ports in the doors of their cells.

People in these prisons are under constant surveillance, usually with closed-circuit television cameras. Cell doors are usually opaque, while the cells may be windowless. Furnishings are plain, with poured concrete or metal furniture. Cell walls, and sometimes plumbing, may be soundproofed to prevent communication between people.

Supermax and Security Housing Unit (SHU) prisons are controversial. One criticism is that the living conditions in such facilities violate the United States Constitution, specifically, the Eighth Amendment's proscription against "cruel and unusual" punishments. A 2011 New York Bar association comprehensive study suggested that supermax prisons constitute "torture under international law" and "cruel and unusual punishment under the U.S. Constitution". In 2012, a federal class action suit against the Federal Bureau of Prisons and officials who run ADX Florence SHU (Bacote v. Federal Bureau of Prisons, Civil Action 1:12-cv-01570) alleged chronic abuse, failure to properly diagnose prisoners, and neglect of prisoners who are seriously mentally ill.

History

Australia
An early form of supermax-style prison unit appeared in Australia in 1975, when "Katingal" was built inside the Long Bay Correctional Centre in Sydney. Dubbed the "electronic zoo" by inmates, Katingal was a super-maximum security prison block with 40 prison cells having electronically operated doors, surveillance cameras, and no windows. It was closed down two years later over human rights concerns. Since then, some maximum-security prisons have gone to full lockdown as well, while others have been built and dedicated to the supermax standard. In September 2001, the Australian state of New South Wales opened a facility in the Goulburn Correctional Centre to the supermax standard. While its condition is an improvement over that of Katingal of the 1970s, this new facility is nonetheless designed on the same principle of sensory deprivation. It has been set up for 'AA' prisoners who have been deemed a risk to public safety and the instruments of government and civil order or are believed to be beyond rehabilitation. Corrections Victoria in the state of Victoria also operates the Acacia and Melaleuca  units at Barwon Prison which serve to hold the prisoners requiring the highest security in that state including Melbourne Gangland figures such as Tony Mokbel, and Carl Williams, who was murdered in the Acacia unit in 2010.

Brazil
In 1985, the state government of São Paulo created an annex to a psychiatric penitentiary hospital meant to house the most violent inmates of the region and established the Penitentiary of Rehabilitation Center of Taubaté, also known as Piranhão. Previously, high-risk inmates were housed at a prison on Anchieta Island; however, that closed down after a bloody massacre. At Taubaté, inmates spent 23 hours of a day in solitary confinement and spent 30 minutes a day with a small group of seven to ten inmates. Ill-treatment of inmates occurred on a daily basis, causing major psychological impairment.

Throughout the 1990s, and the early-2000s, Brazil faced major challenges with gang structures within its prisons. The gang Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) gained notoriety in the prison system and had new members joining within the prisons. Riots were a common occurrence and the gang culture became uncontrollable, leading authorities to pass the controversial Regime Disciplinar Diferenciado (RDD), a culture founded from disciplinary punishment.

Germany
Stammheim Prison, in Stuttgart, Germany, opened as a supermax-style prison in 1964, with an additional wing built in 1975 to house members of the far-left militant Red Army Faction. At the time, it was considered one of the most secure prisons in the world.

United Kingdom
His Majesty's Prison Service in England and Wales has had a long history in controlling prisoners that are high-risk. Prisoners are categorized into four main classifications (A, B, C, D) with A being "highly dangerous" with a high risk of escaping to category D in which inmates "can be reasonably trusted in open conditions."

The British government formed the Control Review Committee in 1984 to allow for regulating long-term disruptive prisoners. The committee proposed special units (called CRC units) which were formally introduced in 1989 to control for highly-disruptive prisoners to be successfully reintegrated. Yet a series of escapes, riots, and investigations by authorities saw the units come to a close in 1998. They were replaced by Close Supervision Centres (CSC). It was reported to hold 60 of the most dangerous men in the UK in 2015.

United States

The United States Penitentiary Alcatraz Island, opened in 1934, has been considered a prototype and early standard for a supermax prison. A push for supermax prisons began in 1983, after two correctional officers, Merle Clutts and Robert Hoffman, were stabbed to death by inmates at Federal Penitentiary in Marion, Illinois. Norman Carlson, the director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, argued for a new type of prison to isolate uncontrollable inmates who "show absolutely no concern for human life". USP Marion became the first "supermax" prison where inmates were isolated for 23 hours in their cells. By 1999, the United States contained at least 57 supermax facilities, spread across 30–34 states.

In recent years a number of U.S. states have downgraded their supermax prisons,  as has been done with Wallens Ridge State Prison, a former supermax prison in Big Stone Gap, Virginia. Other supermax prisons that have gained notoriety for their harsh conditions and attendant litigation by inmates and advocates are the former Boscobel (in Wisconsin), now named the Wisconsin Secure Program Facility, Red Onion State Prison (in western Virginia, the twin to Wallens Ridge State Prison), Tamms (in Illinois), and the Ohio State Penitentiary. Placement policies at the Ohio facility were the subject of a U.S. Supreme Court case (Wilkinson v. Austin) in 2005 where the Court decided that there had to be some, but only very limited, due process involved in supermax placement.

There is only one supermax prison remaining in the U.S. federal prison system, ADX Florence in Florence, Colorado.  It houses numerous inmates who have a history of violent behavior in other prisons, with the goal of moving them from solitary confinement (up to 23 hours a day) to a less restrictive prison within three years.

However, it is best known for housing several inmates who have been deemed either too dangerous, too high-profile or too great a national security risk for even a maximum-security prison. They include several prisoners convicted of domestic and international terrorism, such as Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, who perpetrated the Oklahoma City Bombing; Richard Reid and Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, who separately attempted to detonate explosives on a commercial airplane flight; and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, convicted for the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing. Other notable inmates include Robert Hanssen, convicted of espionage for the Soviet Union and Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman, the head of the Mexican Sinaloa Cartel and the world's most powerful drug lord, convicted in 2019.

However, many states now have created supermax prisons, either as stand-alone facilities or as secure units within lower-security prisons. State supermax prisons include Pelican Bay in California and Tamms in Illinois. In 2006, USP Marion, the original model for the modern supermax prison, was downgraded to a medium-security prison. The California State Prison, Corcoran (COR) is a hybrid model, incorporating a supermax partition, housing or having housed high-security prisoners such as Charles Manson.

Cost-benefit analysis of supermax prisons
There is no set definition of a supermax prison; however, the United States Department of Justice and the National Institute of Corrections do agree on their purpose: "these units have basically the same function: to provide long-term, segregated housing for inmates classified as the highest security risks in a state's prison system."

Costs of operating a supermax prison
Building a supermax prison, or even retrofitting an existing prison, is expensive. Construction of ADX Florence cost $60 million when it opened in 1994.

Compared to a maximum security facility, supermax prisons cost about three times more on average. The 1999 average annual cost for inmates at Colorado State Penitentiary, a supermax facility, was $32,383, compared with the annual inmate cost of $18,549 at the Colorado Correctional Center, a maximum-security prison (less than twice as expensive). The increased cost is due to the technology needed to further maintain a supermax: high-security doors, fortified walls, and sophisticated electronic systems, and because more people must be hired to maintain the buildings and facilities.

Prisons with supermax facilities

North America

Canada
 Special Handling Unit (Sainte-Anne-des-Plaines, Quebec) – Houses Canada's most dangerous and violent inmates

Mexico
 Penal del Altiplano – Almoloya de Juarez, State of Mexico. Full Supermax and the only facility of this kind in Mexico.

United States

 Most of these facilities only contain supermax wings or sections, with other parts of the facility under lesser security measures.

 Alabama
 Holman Correctional Facility – Atmore, Alabama
 Arizona
 ASPC-Eyman, SMU I – Florence, Arizona
 ASPC-Eyman, Browning Unit (Previously SMU II) – Florence, Arizona
 United States Penitentiary – Tucson, Arizona
 Arkansas
 Varner Supermax – Lincoln County, Arkansas
 California
 United States Penitentiary – Atwater, California
 Pelican Bay State Prison – Crescent City, California
 United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island – San Francisco, California (Closed 21 March 1963)
 California Correctional Institution – Tehachapi, California
 High Desert State Prison – Susanville, California
 Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility – San Ysidro, California
 Colorado
 Centennial Correctional Facility – Cañon City, Colorado
 Colorado State Penitentiary – Cañon City, Colorado
 United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility (USP Florence ADMAX) – Florence, Colorado
 Connecticut
 Northern Correctional Institution – Somers, Connecticut
 Florida
 United States Penitentiary – Coleman, Florida
 Florida State Prison – Raiford, Florida
 Georgia
 United States Penitentiary – Atlanta, Georgia
 Idaho
 Idaho Maximum Security Institution – Boise, Idaho
 Illinois
 Tamms Correctional Center – Tamms, Illinois (Closed January 2013)
 Menard Correctional Center – Chester, Illinois
 United States Penitentiary – Thomson, Illinois
 Indiana
 Wabash Valley Correctional Facility, SHU – Carlisle, Indiana
 Westville Correctional Facility, WCU – Westville, Indiana
 United States Penitentiary – Terre Haute, Indiana
 Kansas
 United States Disciplinary Barracks – Fort Leavenworth, Kansas (military prison)
 United States Penitentiary – Leavenworth, Kansas (being downgraded to medium security)
 Kentucky
 Kentucky State Penitentiary – Eddyville, Kentucky (the only prison in Kentucky housing supermax units)
 Louisiana
 Louisiana State Penitentiary – West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana
 United States Penitentiary – Pollock, Louisiana
 Maine
 Maine State Prison – Warren, Maine
 Maryland
 Chesapeake Detention Facility – Baltimore, Maryland
 North Branch Correctional Institution – Cumberland, Maryland (final housing unit began operation in summer of 2008)
 Massachusetts
 Souza-Baranowski Correctional Center – Lancaster, Massachusetts
 Massachusetts Correctional Institution – Cedar Junction – Walpole, Massachusetts
 Minnesota
 Minnesota Correctional Facility Oak Park Heights – Oak Park Heights, Minnesota (Although Oak Park Heights is classified as a Supermax, the majority of inmates are not housed in solitary confinement)
 Mississippi
 Mississippi State Penitentiary – Sunflower County, Mississippi (Unit 32)
 Missouri
 Jefferson City Correctional Center – Jefferson City, Missouri
 Potosi Correctional Center – Mineral Point, Missouri
 Southeast Correctional Center – Charleston, Missouri
 South Central Correctional Center – Licking, Missouri
 Chillicothe Correctional Center – Chillicothe, Missouri
 New Hampshire
 New Hampshire State Prison for Men – Concord, New Hampshire
 New Jersey
 New Jersey State Prison – Trenton, New Jersey
 East Jersey State Prison – Woodbridge, New Jersey
 Northern State Prison – Newark, New Jersey
 Essex County Correctional Facility – Newark, New Jersey
 New Mexico
 Penitentiary of New Mexico – unincorporated Santa Fe County, New Mexico – Uses the Bureau Classification System – Level 6 being Supermax
 New York
 Attica Correctional Facility – Attica, New York
 Five Points Correctional Facility – Romulus, New York
 Sing Sing Correctional Facility – Ossining, New York
 Southport Correctional Facility – (disciplinary supermax prison with only solitary confinement), Pine City, New York
 Upstate Correctional Facility – Malone, New York
 North Carolina
 Polk Correctional Institution – Butner, North Carolina
 Ohio
 Ohio State Penitentiary – Youngstown, Ohio
 Oklahoma
 Oklahoma State Penitentiary – McAlester, Oklahoma
 Oregon
 Oregon State Penitentiary  – Salem, Oregon
 Pennsylvania
 United States Penitentiary – Allenwood, Pennsylvania
 United States Penitentiary – Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
 State Correctional Institution – Greene – Waynesburg, Pennsylvania
 State Correctional Institution – Phoenix – Skippack Township, Pennsylvania
 South Carolina
 Kirkland Correctional Institution – Columbia, South Carolina
 Tennessee
 Riverbend Maximum Security Institution – Nashville, Tennessee
 Texas
United States Penitentiary – Jefferson County, Texas
 Estelle High Security Unit – W.J. Estelle Unit – Walker County, Texas
 Allan B. Polunsky Unit (formerly Terrell Unit) – West Livingston, Texas<ref>Ward, Mike. "Death row inmates free guard, meet with activists." Austin American-Statesman. 23 February 2000. "A prison guard held hostage by two execution-bound killers inside Texas'``super maxdeath row[...]" and "Tuesday deep inside the maximum-security Terrell Unit just outside[...]"</ref>
Gib Lewis Unit High Security Expansion Cellblock "super seg" — Woodville, Texas
 Utah
 Utah State Correctional Facility – Salt Lake City, Utah
 Virginia
 Wallens Ridge State Prison – Big Stone Gap, Virginia
 Red Onion State Prison – Wise County, Virginia
 United States Penitentiary, Lee - Jonesville, Virginia - Lee County
 Washington
 Washington State Penitentiary – Walla Walla, Washington
 West Virginia
 Mt. Olive Correctional Complex – Fayette County, West Virginia
 Wisconsin
 Wisconsin Secure Program Facility – Boscobel, Wisconsin

 South America

 Brazil

In Brazil, the "regime disciplinar diferenciado" (differentiated disciplinary regime), known by the acronym RDD, and strongly based on the Supermax standard, was created primarily to handle inmates who are considered capable of continuing to run their crime syndicate or to order criminal actions from within the prison system, when confined in normal maximum security prisons that allow contact with other inmates. Since its inception, the following prisons were prepared for the housing of RDD inmates:

 Presidente Bernardes Provisional Readaptation Center (Presidente Bernardes, São Paulo, Brazil) – inspired by the supermax standards, although prisoners can only stay there for a maximum of 2 years. Is a part of the prison system of the Brazilian State of São Paulo.
 Catanduvas Federal Penitentiary (Catanduvas, Paraná, Brazil) – also based on the supermax standards. It is the first federal prison in Brazil, designed to receive prisoners deemed too dangerous to be kept in the states' prison systems (in Brazil, ordinarily, both convicts sentenced by States' courts or by the Federal Judiciary fulfill their prison terms in state-run prisons; the Federal Prison System was created to handle only the most dangerous prisoners in Brazil, such as major drug lords, convicted either by the Federal Judiciary or by the judiciary of a state).
 Campo Grande Federal Penitentiary (Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil) – the second of two Brazilian Federal prisons based on the supermax specifications.

 Colombia

 Penitenciaría de Cómbita (Colombia) – follows supermax specifications, hosts terrorists and drug lords.
 Establecimiento Penitenciario de Alta y Mediana Seguridad de Girón EPAMSGIRON.

 Europe

Leopoldov Prison – (Leopoldov, Slovakia) a 17th-century fortress built against Ottoman Turks that was converted into a high-security prison
Portlaoise Prison (Portlaoise, Ireland) – One of the most secure prisons in Europe, protected full time by members of the Irish Defence Forces. Held many convicted IRA prisoners.
 Nieuw Vosseveld – Dutch High Security prison in Vught
 Stammheim Prison – German High Security Prison, partly purpose-built to keep Red Army Faction terrorists in the 1970s and 1980s.
 Politigårdens Fængsel – (Copenhagen – Denmark) There are 25 maximum security cells located in the prison of the central police station of Copenhagen
 The State Prison of East Jutland – (Horsens – Denmark) – High Security Prison. Holds many of Denmark's most dangerous criminals.
 Penal colony № 6 Federal Penitentiary Service – Sol-Iletsk – Russia – correctional facility in Sol-Iletsk, Orenburg Oblast, Russia.
 Kumla Prison, Hall Prison, and Saltvik Prison – Sweden – All three prisons have a similar security unit called Fenix, which can house 24 inmates.

 Italy

 Sassari District Prison "Giovanni Bacchiddu" at Bancali, Sardinia. The only Italian prison specially designed and built as a Supermax, housing about 90 super-high security criminals all subject to the provisions of the Article 41-bis prison regime, detained in self-contained sections, each with 4 cells, a small courtyard and a video-conference room where they can be interrogated and undergo trials without leaving the prison. This specially-designed supermax has been built to replace the old maximum-security prison of the Asinara island, the so-called "Italian Alcatraz", that was closed in 2002.
 Another 10 Italian prisons have Supermax sections housing 41-bis inmates, besides the ordinary detention facilities, as follows:
 L'Aquila District Prison – The largest Supermax section in Italy, housing over 150 inmates. Contains a section for female prisoners.
 Cuneo District Prison – About 90 inmates.
 Novara District Prison – About 90 inmates.
 Parma District Prison – About 70 inmates.
 Rebibbia District Prison, Rome – About 60 inmates - also contains a section for female prisoners.
 Secondigliano District Prison "Pasquale Mandato", Naples – About 24 inmates.
 Spoleto Detention Structure – About 80 inmates.
 Terni District Prison – About 24 inmates.
 Tolmezzo District Prison – About 24 inmates.
 Viterbo District Prison "Mammagialla" – About 50 inmates.
 Another Supermax section was closed down during 2018.
 Ascoli Piceno District Prison at Marino del Tronto.

 United Kingdom
 Belmarsh – London, England, United Kingdom –  many of the terrorists of the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot are imprisoned there.
 Frankland – Durham, England, United Kingdom – High Security Prison with a special unit for prisoners suffering from Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorders.
 Full Sutton – York, England, United Kingdom – High Security Prison.
 Long Lartin – Worcestershire, England, United Kingdom – High Security Prison.
 Maghaberry – Lisburn, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom – High Security Prison
 Manchester – Strangeways, Manchester, England, United Kingdom – High Security Prison with a special unit for prisoners suffering from Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorders.
 Prison Shotts – Shotts, Scotland, United Kingdom – High Security Prison. Holds some of the UK's most dangerous and violent criminals.
 Whitemoor – March, Cambridgeshire, England, United Kingdom – houses up to 500 of the most dangerous criminals in the UK. It has a unit known as the 'Close Supervision Centre' which is referred to as a "Prison inside a Prison". It has a special unit for prisoners with Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorders.
 Wakefield – Wakefield, England, United Kingdom – High Security Prison with a 'Close Supervision Centre'. It is nicknamed "The Monster Mansion" due to the many high-profile convicted murderers incarcerated there.
 Woodhill – Milton Keynes, England, United Kingdom – High Security Prison with a specialist 'Close Supervision Centre'.

 Africa

 C Max (Pretoria, South Africa) – for violent and disruptive prisoners.
 Scorpion Prison (Cairo, Egypt) – Supermax prison located inside the Tora Prison complex.

 Asia

 Gyeongbuk Northern the Second Correctional Center (Prison), Cheongsong, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea
 KEMTA, Taiping, Perak Malaysia
 Al Hayer Prison (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
 Bilibid Prison (Manila, Philippines) – Large maximum security prison with around 17,000–20,000 convicted prisoners.
 Nusa Kambangan Correctional Facility, Central Java, Indonesia – Supermax prison built during the Dutch era, now under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Law and Human Rights
 Black Dolphin – Russian maximum-security prison for convicts sentenced to life imprisonment.
 White Swan – Russian maximum-security prison for convicts sentenced to life imprisonment.
 Al-Muwaqqar II Correctional and Rehabilitation Center is a super-maximum security prison with 240 cells in Jordan, see also Correction centers in Jordan. It is designed to hold incorrigibly violent inmates in separate isolation cells.
 Khao Bin Central Prison, Ratchaburi, Thailand – Supermax facility being opened in the first half of 2014.

 Australia

 Goulburn Correctional CentreFull Supermax prison, the highest level of security in Australia75-bed centre, (Goulburn, New South Wales).
 Casuarina PrisonSpecial Handling Unit (SHU) (Perth, Western Australia)
 Risdon Prison Complex8 cell Tamar Unit (Risdon Vale, Tasmania)
 His Majesty's Prison BarwonBarwon Supermax (Lara, Victoria)
 Port Phillip Prison Charlotte unit (Truganina, Victoria)
 Brisbane Correctional Centre18-cell Maximum Security Unit (Brisbane, Queensland)
 Alexander Maconochie Centre12-cell Supermax Section (Hume, Australian Capital Territory)
 Yatala Labour PrisonG Division (Northfield, South Australia)
 Alice Springs Correctional Centre12-cell Supermax Unit (Alice Springs, Northern Territory)

 See also

 List of prisons
 Penology
 Panopticon
 Solitary confinement
 Incarceration in the United States (security levels)
 Article 41-bis prison regime the Italian high security treatment for Mafiosi and terrorists
 Prisoner security categories in the United Kingdom
 F-type Prisons (Turkey)
 Black Dolphin Prison

Notes

 References

 External links
 California's Security Housing Units
 Recording Carceral Landscapes: Security Housing Unit
 Supermax lockup for spammer Rizler
 The Resistable (sic) Rise and Predictable Fall of the U.S. Supermax by Stephen F. Eisenman, Monthly Review'', November 2009

Law enforcement terminology


text:
Альбе́рто Мора́виа (; 28 ноября 1907, Рим — 26 сентября 1990, там же) — итальянский писатель, новеллист и журналист.

Биография и общественная деятельность

Ранние годы
Сын итальянского архитектора и художника еврейского происхождения Карло Пинкерле (уроженца Венеции) и Терезы Иджинии де Марсанич (уроженки Анконы с далматинскими корнями). Его настоящей фамилией была Пинкерле, а взятый позднее псевдоним Моравиа — фамилия его еврейской бабушки по отцовской линии. Альберто был вторым ребёнком в семье после старшей сестры Адрианы, в 1909 году родилась младшая сестра Элена, а в 1914 году младший брат Моравиа — Гастоне. По словам самого Альберто, «детство было обыкновенным, хотя и одиноким».

В девятилетнем возрасте будущий писатель заболевает костным туберкулёзом, от которого ему удалось излечиться лишь к 17 годам. Болезнь оказала очень сильное влияние на становление личности Моравиа. Пять лет он вынужден провести в постели в различных горных санаториях Италии, Австрии и Германии. В «Краткой автобиографии», написанной для книги Оресте дель Буоно, Моравиа скажет: «Болезнь была важнейшим фактом моей жизни». В период болезни Альберто много читает, особенно его привлекают классики семнадцатого и восемнадцатого веков (Гольдони, Шекспир, Мольер и др.), изучает иностранные языки (к моменту выписки из санатория Кортина д'Ампеццо Моравиа знал французский и немецкий) и, самое главное, начинает свою писательскую деятельность.

Творческая деятельнось
После выписки живёт в маленьком городке Брессаноне, в котором и начинает работу над своим первым романом «Равнодушные» («Gli indifferenti»), который увидит свет лишь в 1929 году и будет иметь большой успех. Этот год будет отмечен в Европе и Америке экономическим кризисом. Моравиа утверждал, что в тот момент, когда он вступал в литературу, политика его совершенно не интересовала. Его влекло только желание отразить правду. Поэтому он знакомится с современными итальянскими писателями, близкими ему по духу (Коррадо Альваро, Массимо Бонтемпелли), работает в журнале «XX век» («XX Novecento»), где напечатает свою новеллу «Уставшая куртизанка» («Cortigiana stanca»).

Официальные власти фашистской Италии восприняли роман «Равнодушные» очень негативно. Знаменитые критики того времени тоже были не в восторге, поэтому к концу 30-х годов о нем стали говорить как о случайном авторе, выплеснувшем всего себя в первый роман. Не выдержав давления со стороны общества и боясь преследования со стороны властей, Альберто начинает путешествовать, публикуя свои заметки в газете La Stampa. Впоследствии Моравиа напишет:

Он побывал в Греции, Китае. В 1933 году стал одним из основателей журнала «Характеры» («Caratteri»). В 1935—1936 гг. он живет в США, где, по приглашению Джузеппе Преццолини, руководит культурным центром «Итальянский дом» при Колумбийском университете. Здесь Моравиа читает лекции о творчестве крупнейших итальянских авторов И. Ньево, А. Мандзони, Дж. Верга. Во Франции Моравиа знакомится с антифашистской эмиграцией. Она вызвала в нем двойственное чувство, и это отразилось в парижских сценах романа «Конформист» («Il conformista», 1951), в 1970 году экранизированного Бернардо Бертолуччи. Проведя еще некоторое время в Мексике, писатель возвращается в Италию и в 1937 году выпускает сборник новелл «Обман» («L'imbroglio»), с которого начнётся его длительное сотрудничество с издательством «Бомпьяни». В конце 30-х годов Моравиа уже не стал бы утверждать, что политика его не интересует. Но опубликовать откровенное антифашистское произведение в Италии практически невозможно. Но тем не менее Моравиа это удалось. В 1941 году он издал роман «Маскарад» («La mascherata», 1941). Однако это произведение уже при втором издании изымается властями, и Альберто не может больше писать под своим настоящим именем, и он берет себе псевдоним — Псевдо (Pseudo), таким образом подписываясь под статьями в журнале «Перспективы», которым руководит Курцио Малапарте.

В 1941 Моравиа женится на Эльзе Моранте, с которой знаком с 1936 года. Эльза тоже была писателем, правда гораздо менее значительным, нежели её муж. Самым знаменитым её произведением станет роман «История» («La storia», 1974). Вместе с женой Альберто долгое время живёт на острове Капри, где пишет роман «Агостино» («Agostino», 1944). Его антиправительственные статьи в газете «Иль Пополо ди Рома» («Il Popolo di Roma») резко критикуются в обществе. В последние годы фашизма писатель вынужден скрываться, так как его имя фигурирует в списках полиции.

После высадки союзников в сентябре 1943 года Моравиа вместе с женой скрываются в городке Фонди, в Чочарии, и на основе увиденного там и пережитого Моравиа напишет один из самых известных своих романов «Чочара» («La ciociara», 1957). В 1944 году, во время немецкой оккупации, выходят рассказы из сборника «Эпидемия» («L'epidemia») и эссе «Надежда, или Христианство и коммунизм» («La Speranza, ovvero Cristianesimo e Comunismo»). После освобождения Италии он возвращается в Рим и начинает активно работать как на литературном, так и на журналистском поприще. В частности, для газеты «Коррьере делла сера» Моравиа будет писать до последних дней жизни.

В послевоенные годы его литературное творчество переживает расцвет, к его произведениям часто обращается кинематограф. После выхода романа «Римлянка» («La romana», 1947) выходят повести «Неподчинение» («La disubbidienza», 1948), «Супружеская любовь и другие рассказы» («L'amore coniugale e altri racconti», 1949) и роман «Конформист» («Il conformista», 1951). Книги Моравиа переводят за рубежом, на основе его произведений снимают фильмы.

В 1952 году за сборник «Рассказы» («I racconti») ему была присуждена самая престижная литературная премия Италии «La Strega», хотя Ватикан включает все его произведения в «Индекс запрещенных книг». Годом позже Моравиа становится одним из основателей журнала «Новые аргументы» («Nuovi argomenti»), на страницах которого будут публиковаться Жан-Поль Сартр, Элио Витторини, Итало Кальвино и др.

В 1954 году выходят сборник «Римские рассказы» («I racconti romani») и роман «Презрение» («Il disprezzo»). В первой половине 50-х Моравиа пишет многочисленные предисловия к произведениям итальянских авторов, а в 1957 году начинает сотрудничать с журналом «Эспрессо», в котором будет вести рубрику о кино. В это же время писатель все больше интересуется театром и пишет пьесы «Маскарад» и «Беатриче Ченчи». В 1958 году, впервые посетив Советский Союз, выпускает эссе «Месяц в СССР» («Un mese in URSS»).

После выхода в 1959 году сборника «Новые римские рассказы» («Nuovi racconti romani»), а в 1960 году романа «Скука» («La noia», литературная премия Виареджо за 1961 год), литературная карьера писателя находится на вершине славы, а сам Моравиа признан ведущей фигурой литературных кругов Рима. Теперь его мнение считается одним из самых авторитетных в литературе.

В апреле 1962 года Моравиа расстается с Эльзой Моранте; его новой спутницей становится молодая писательница Дача Мараини. В этом же году выходят эссе «Мысль об Индии» («Un'idea dell'India») и первый из задуманных трех сборник рассказов «Робот» («L'automa»). В 1967 году выйдет второй сборник «Вещь есть вещь» («Una cosa è una cosa»), а в 1970-м третий — «Рай» («Il paradiso»). В 1963 году в сборнике под заглавием «Человек как завершение и другие эссе» («L'uomo come fine e altri saggi») Моравиа объединяет очерки и эссе различной тематики, написанные с 1941 по начало 60-х годов. Вступив в полемику с неоавангардной «Группой 63», в 1965 году публикует свой экспериментальный «роман в романе» «Внимание» («L'attenzione»).

В конце 60-х годов выходят из печати и ставятся на сцене пьесы Моравиа «Бог Курт» («Il dio Kurt», 1968) и «Жизнь есть игра» («La vita è gioco», 1969). В 1971 году выходит отмеченный влиянием фрейдизма и ставший скандально известным роман «Я и он» («Io e lui»), а также критическое эссе «Поэзия и роман» («Poesia e romanzo»), а в 1972 году писатель отправляется в длительные поездки в Африку, результатом которых станет книга «Из какого ты племени?» («A quale tribù appartieni?», 1972).

В 1973 году выходит его новый сборник рассказов «Другая жизнь» («Un'altra vita»), а в 1976-м — еще один, под заглавием «М-да» («Boh»). В 1978 году опубликован его новый роман «Внутренняя жизнь» («La vita interiore»), ставший итогом семилетнего труда.

Последние годы жизни
В 1983 году выходит сборник рассказов «Вещь» («La cosa»), посвящённый Кармен Ллера, новой спутнице жизни Моравиа, испанке, почти на 47 лет моложе писателя. Он женится на ней в 1986 году, вызвав множество слухов и скандалов.

Во второй половине 80-х годов выходят два тома его «Собрания сочинений», охватывающих соответственно периоды с 1927 по 1947 гг. и с 1948 по 1968 гг.

В 1984 году он становится депутатом Европейского парламента, избранным как независимый кандидат от Итальянской коммунистической партии. В это время он работает над репортажами из Страсбурга для рубрики «Европейский дневник» газеты «Коррьере делла Сера».

В 1990 году, вместе с журналистом Аленом Элканном, Моравиа пишет всемирно известную автобиографию, озаглавленную «Жизнь Моравиа» («Vita di Moravia»).

Скончался в своей квартире в Риме 26 сентября 1990 года, похоронен на римском кладбище Кампо Верано.
Опубликованы посмертно сборники ранних рассказов «Ромильдо» («Romildo», 1993) и «Пропавшие рассказы» («Racconti dispersi», 2000).

Оценки и влияние на мировую литературу
Критическая оценка произведений Альберто Моравиа превратила его в одного из наиболее значимых представителей неореализма XX века, но этим направлением его творчество не исчерпывается. Ему близки некоторые положения марксизма, на основе которых он проводит свой критический анализ буржуазного общества, основыванного исключительно на власти и деньгах; в то же время в его творчестве заметно влияние фрейдизма.

Для всей итальянской литературы 60-х годов он стал своеобразным символом, точкой отсчёта в рассмотрении тех или иных вопросов; с его гражданской позицией было принято считаться. Для общества в целом он стал примером свободного творца, имеющим всегда своё, исключительное мнение. Моравиа никогда не отступал от собственных принципов, стараясь всегда придерживаться своей позиции, которая в то время зачастую была очень спорна. В какой-то мере именно своей «устойчивостью» он и получил признание во всех литературных (и не только) кругах.

Заслуга Моравиа не только в его общественной деятельности, но и в мастерстве письма. Его первый роман «Равнодушные» по праву считается одним из самых ярких произведений XX века. В центре всех творений Моравиа стоит человек, но в то же время он часто прибегает к абстракции, иногда даже к столь популярному в середине века абсурду. Его творчество всегда неординарное: он тяготеет и к критическому, социально-психологическому реализму, и к неореализму, и к сюрреализму, его занимает эссеистика, в которой, помимо фактических данных, отражено собственное восприятие мира. Короткие рассказы писателя отличаются насыщенностью описаний и в то же время глубоким смыслом, скрытым в общей фабуле произведения.

Библиография

Романы

 «» (Gli indifferenti) (1929)
 «» (Le ambizioni sbagliate) (1935)
 «» (La mascherata) (1941)
 «» (Agostino) (1943)
 «» (La romana) (1947)
 «Непокорность» (La disubbidienza) (1948)
 «» (Il conformista) (1951)
 «Презрение» (Il disprezzo) (1954)
 «» (La ciociara) (1957)
 «» (La noia) (1960)
 «» (L'attenzione) (1965)
 «Я и он» (Io e lui) (1971)
 «» (La vita interiore) (1978)
 «» (1934) (1982)
 «Подглядывающий» (L'uomo che guarda) (1985)
 «Путешествие в Рим» (Il viaggio a Roma) (1988)
 «» (La donna leopardo) (1991)

Сборники рассказов

 «Обман. Пять коротких новелл» (L'imbroglio) (1937)
 «Ленивые сны» (I sogni del pigro) (1940)
 «Несчастный любовник» (L'amante infelice) (1943)
 «Две Куртизанки и вечер Дон Жуана» (Due cortigiane e serata di Don Giovanni) (1945)
 «Супружеская любовь и другие рассказы» (L'amore coniugale e altri racconti) (1949)
 «» (Racconti romani) (1954)
 «Эпидемия. Сюрреалистические и сатирические рассказы» (L'epidemia. Racconti surrealisti e satirici) (1956)
 «Новые римские рассказы» (Nuovi racconti romani) (1959)
 «Робот. Рассказы» (L'automa. Racconti) (1962)
 «Уставшая куртизанка» (La cortigiana stanca) (1965)
 «Вещь есть вещь» (Una cosa è una cosa) (1967)
 «Рай» (Il paradiso) (1970)
 «Другая жизнь» (Un'altra vita) (1973)
 «М-да» (Boh) (1976)
 «Миллиард лет назад…» (Un miliardo di anni fa…) (1979)
 «» (Storie della preistoria) (1982)
 «Вещь и другие рассказы» (La cosa e altri racconti) (1983)
 «Муж, любовники и другие рассказы» (La villa del venerdì e altri racconti) (1990)
 «Красные церкви и другие рассказы» (Le chiese rosse e altri racconti) (1998)

Пьесы

 «Маскарад» (La mascherata) (1954)
 «Беатриче Ченчи» (Beatrice Cenci) (1955)
 «Мир он и есть мир» (Il mondo e' quello che e) (1966)
 «Интервью» (L'intervista) (1966)
 «» (Il dio Kurt) (1968)
 «Дань Джеймсу Джойсу» (Omaggio a James Joyce) (1968)
 «Жизнь — игра» (La vita è gioco) (1969)
 «Ремень» (La cintura) (1984)
 «Обернись, поговори со мной» (Voltati parlami) (1984)
 «Информация от ангела» (L'angelo dell'informazione) (1985)

Издания на русском языке

 Моравиа А. Римские рассказы: Пер. с итал. / Предисл. И. Г. Эренбурга; Ред. Е. И. Бабун. — М.: Издательство иностранной литературы, 1956. — 447 с.
 Моравиа А. Беатриче Ченчи: Трагедия в 3 д., с эпилогом / Пер. с итал. Г. Д. Богемского и Н. Медведева; Послесл. Н. Медведева. — М.: Искусство, 1957. — 151 с.
 Моравиа А. Чочара: Роман / Пер. с итал. Е. Бочарниковой; Предисл. И. Эренбурга. — М.: Издательство иностранной литературы, 1958. — 323 с.
 Моравиа А. Дом, в котором совершено преступление: рассказы: пер. с ит. / сост. Р. И. Хлодовский; предисл. С. Смирнова. — М.: Прогресс, 1964. — 373 с.
 Моравиа А. Предисловие // Лоллобриджида Д. Моя Италия: Фотоальбом / Фотогр. Джины Лоллобриджиды; Предисл. Альберто Моравиа. — М.: Планета, 1975. — IX, 152 с.
 Моравиа А. Равнодушные: Роман / Пер. с итал. Л. А. Вершинина; Вступ. статья З. И. Потаповой; Худож. В. Юрлов. — М.: Художественная литература, 1976. — 302 с. (Зарубежный роман XX века).
 Моравиа А. Римлянка; Презрение: роман; Рассказы: пер. с ит. / сост. Г. Д. Богемский; предисл. Р. И. Хлодовского. — М.: Прогресс, 1978. — 623 с.
 Моравиа А. Рай: Рассказы / Сост. и пер. с ит. А. Каллинг; Послесл. А. М. Доминик, Б. Джонсон. — Таллинн : Периодика, 1986. — 71 с.
 Моравиа А. Письма из Сахары / ред., авт. предисл. Л. Е. Куббель; пер. с итал. Л. А. Вершинина. — М.: Прогресс, 1987. — 216 с.
 Моравиа А. Конформист: Роман / Пер. с итал. Ю. Плоом. — Таллинн: , 1990. — 285 с. ISBN 5-450-01266-7
 Истории из предыстории: Сказки для взрослых : Пер. с итал. / Сост. и авт. предисл. Л. А. Вершинин; Рис. В. Смирнова. — М.: Радуга, 1990. — 510 с. ISBN 5-05-002565-6
 Моравиа А. Римлянка; Презрение: пер. с ит. / вступ. ст. Р. И. Хлодовского. — М.: Пресса, 1992. — 530 с. ISBN 5-253-00547-1
 Моравиа А. Скука : Роман / Пер. с итал. С. Бушуевой; Худож. С. Лемехов. — СПб.: Художественная литература: Санкт-Петербург. отд-ние, 1992. — 270 с. ISBN 5-280-01380-3
 Моравиа А. Я и Он / пер. с итал. Г. П. Киселёва. — М.: Республика, 1994. — 320 с.
 Моравиа А. Аморальные рассказы / пер. с итал. Г. Дозмаровой. — СПб.; М.: Лимбус Пресс, 2005. — 229 с. ISBN 5-8370-0117-4

Экранизации произведений

 «Провинциалка» (1953, реж. Марио Сольдати)
 «» (1954, реж. Луиджи Дзампа)
 «» (1954, реж. Алессандро Блазетти)
 «» (1955, реж. Джанни Франчолини)
 «Чочара» (1960, реж. Витторио де Сика)
 «» (1962, реж. Мауро Болоньини)
 «» (1963, реж. Дамиано Дамиани)
 «Презрение» (1963, реж. Жан-Люк Годар)
 «Вчера, сегодня, завтра» (1963, реж. Витторио Де Сика)
 «» (1964, реж. Франческо Мазелли)
 «» (1969, реж. )
 «Конформист» (1970, реж. Бернардо Бертолуччи)
 «» (1970, реж. Дачия Мараини)
 «» (1973, реж. )
 «» (1980, реж. ) — роман «»
 «» (1981, реж. Альдо Ладо)
 «» (1985, реж. )
 «» (1988, реж. )
 «Подглядывающий» (1993, реж. Тинто Брасс)
 «» (1998, реж. Седрик Кан) — роман «»

Примечания

Литература
 на русском языке

 Хлодовский Р. И. Реализм и антифашизм Альберто Моравиа // Моравиа А. Римлянка; Презрение: пер. с ит. / вступ. ст. Р. И. Хлодовского. — М.: Пресса, 1992. — С. 5—18. — 530 с. ISBN 5-253-00547-1
 на других языках
 A. Moravia: il narratore e i suoi testi. Roma, 1987;
 Ceccatty R. de. A. Moravia. [Mil.], 2010.
 Lauta G. La scrittura di Moravia. Mil., 2005;
 Mascaretti V. La speranza violenta: A. Moravia e il romanzo di formazione. Bologna, 2006;

Ссылки
 Сайт Фонда «Альберто Моравиа»
 Сайт «Введение в Моравиа»
 Основные моменты биографии и список произведений

Депутаты Европарламента от Италии
Коммунисты Италии
Писатели Италии XX века
Президенты Международного ПЕН-клуба
Лауреаты премии Виареджо
Лауреаты премии Стрега
Журналисты Италии
Похороненные на кладбище Кампо Верано


text:
De knotsorchis (Traunsteinera globosa) is een Europese terrestrische orchidee. Het is een zeldzame soort van kalkgraslanden in het middel- en hooggebergte.

De plant dankt zowel zijn wetenschappelijke naam als de Nederlandstalige aan de opvallende knots- tot kogelvormige bloeiwijze.

Naamgeving en etymologie
 basioniem: Orchis globosa  (1759)
 Nigritella globosa  (1830)
 Orchites globosa  (1866)
 Orchis halleri  (1769)

De soortaanduiding globosa stamt uit het Latijn en betekent "bolvormig", wat betrekking heeft op de vorm van de bloeiwijze.

Kenmerken

Plant
De knotsorchis is een slanke, tot 60 cm hoge plant. De geelgroene bloemstengel heeft verspreid over de stengel vier tot zes bladeren. De bloeiwijze is zeer dicht, met tientallen kleine bloemen in een aanvankelijk kegelvormige, later kogel- tot bolvormige aar.

Het zijn terrestrische, overblijvende planten (geofyten), die overwinteren met twee eivormige wortelknollen.

Bladeren
De bladeren zijn aan beide zijden lichtgroen, ongevlekt, smal lancetvormig. De onderste bladeren zijn tot 13 cm lang, naar boven toe nemen ze in lengte af. De schutblaadjes zijn vliezig, groen met paarse randen, en even lang als de vruchtbeginsels.

Bloemen
De talrijke kleine bloempjes zijn roze tot paars, zeer zelden wit, en donker gevlekt. De bloemdekbladen zijn ovaal van vorm, met een lange spatelvormige spits, en vormen een helm. De lip is drielobbig, lichter dan de rest van de bloem, en met opvallende donkerrode of purperen vlekken. Er is een dunne, gebogen spoor.

De bloeitijd is van juni tot augustus.

Habitat
De knotsorchis geeft de voorkeur aan neutrale tot kalkrijke, vochtige of droge bodems op zonnige plaatsen, zoals kalkgraslanden en alpenweiden. In middel- en hooggebergtes komt de soort voor op hoogtes van 1000 tot 2700 m.

Voorkomen
De soort is zeldzaam en komt plaatselijk voor in de gebergtes van Europa, onder meer in de Pyreneeën, het Centraal Massief, de Alpen, de Vogezen, de Karpaten en de Abruzzen. Het verspreidingsgebied loopt van Spanje tot voorbij de Balkan en van Polen tot in Italië.

Verwante en gelijkende soorten
Verwarring met de andere vertegenwoordiger van het geslacht, Traunsteinera sphaerica (die door sommige taxonomen als een ondersoort van Traunsteinera globosa wordt beschouwd) is praktisch onmogelijk, aangezien die steeds witte of crèmekleurige bloemen heeft.

Wel kan de knotsorchis door zijn bloeiwijze en habitat verward worden met hondskruid (Anacamptis pyramidalis) of met de roze-gekleurde soorten van de vanilleorchis (Nigritella). De eerste soort heeft echter nooit gestippelde bloemen, en de vanilleorchissen zijn veel kleiner (maximaal 20 cm).

Bedreiging en bescherming
De knotsorchis is beschermd in onder meer Frankrijk en Duitsland.

Bronnen
  (1998). Les Orchidées de France, Belgique et Luxembourg, Collection Parthenope, ISBN 2-9510379-1-0
  (1994). Guide des orchidées d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Proche-Orient, Delachaux et Niestlé, ISBN 2-603-01323-8

Externe links
 Tela Botanica: nomenclatuur en verspreiding in Frankrijk
 Alpenflora: Beschrijving en afbeeldingen

Orchideeënfamilie
knotsorchis