text:
Kevin Citlali Zamora (born June 2, 1975) is a Mexican Luchador or professional wrestler, better known under his ring name Chessman. He currently performs and works for Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA). Throughout his career, Chessman has been a part of several factions, such as The Black Family, Lucha Libre Latina (LLL), La Secta Cibernetica, La Secta del Mesías and Los Hell Brothers. Chessman has been associated with Cibernético and Charly Manson in one way or the other throughout most of his career, either teaming with them or wrestling against them.

Professional wrestling career
After training with Lucha Libre legend El Canek and the father of the Casas family Pepe Casas (father of Negro Casas, Heavy Metal and El Felino), Zamora made his debut on July 3, 1995 working as an enmascarado (the Mexican term for a masked wrestler) using the name M-357, which was inspired by the .357 Magnum revolver cartridge. In 1996, he renamed himself Magnum, which was again inspired by the same gun cartridge. In 1998, he completely changed his character and became Quinto Elemento (Spanish for "Fifth Element"). In 2000, he changed his character once again, this time working unmasked but instead with his face painted red and black, using the name Chessman and adopting a Goth-inspired look. The name came from famous criminal Caryl Chessman and the red face paint was supposed to symbolize the blood of his many victims.

The Black Family

In 2001, Chessman made his AAA debut as part of a new stable called the Black Family, alongside its leader Charly Manson, Ozz, Escoria and Cuervo. The Black Family soon became a part of Lucha Libre Latina (LLL), the Mexican version of the New World Order, a group led by Chessman's long time friend Cibernético. Even though they were part of a much larger group, the Black Family still worked as a unit, a stable within the stable.

The Black Family made their first major show appearance at Verano de Escandalo (2001) where they lost an elimination match to Los Vatos Locos (Espiritu, Nygma, Silver Cat and Picudo); also in the match were Los Vipers (Psicosis II, Histeria, Maniaco and Mosco de la Merced) and Los Exoticos. The team did not make another major show appearance until a year later when they unsuccessfully challenged Los Vatos Locos for the Mexican National Atómicos Championship at Verano de Escandalo (2002). That challenge was the first of many as the Black Family began chasing the Atómicos title and feuding with Los Vatos Locos. On April 19, 2002, Chessman teamed up with fellow LLL stable mate Electroshock to defeat the team of La Parka, Jr. and Mascara Sagrada to win the Mexican National Tag Team Championship. When Los Vatos Locos lost the titles to someone else in late 2002, the Black Family started to target the new champions Oscar Sevilla and Los Barrio Boys (Alan, Billy Boy and Decnnis). When Charly Manson returned to action he sided with Los Vipers instead of the Black Family, leading to a match at Guerra de Titanes 2002, where the Black Family defeated Manson, Histeria, Mosco de la Merced, and Psicosis II. On July 18, 2003, the Black Family won their first championship as a unit when they defeated Oscar Sevilla and Los Barrio Boys for the Atómicos title, but their run only lasted 31 days before Sevilla and Los Barrio Boys regained the titles. Chessman's run of bad luck continued as Octagón and La Parka won the Mexican National Tag Team titles from Chessman and Electroshock. The Black Family would wait over a year before they got another opportunity to hold the titles as they won them on August 20, 2004.

La Secta

In 2005, Cibernético formed a new group called La Secta Cibernetica that included his friends Charly Manson and Chessman and, through Chessman's membership, the Black Family was also invited to join this new super group. The group assisted Cibernético in his fight with La Parka (the AAA version), being unable to prevent him from being unmasked at Triplemania XII. Later in the year, Muerta Cibernetica was brought in to get revenge on La Parka. When Cibernético suffered a severe knee injury, Muerta Cibernetica took over the group and kicked Cibernético out. Chessman teamed up with Tiffany to win the AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship on September 16, 2003 from Chessman's former tag team partner Electroshock and Lady Apache. The team held the Mixed titles until Gran Apache and Faby Apache defeated them for the titles on August 1, 2004, after which Chessman stopped teaming with Tiffany. Muerta Cibernetica, like Cibernético two years later, was himself unmasked by La Parka at Triplemania XIV. After holding the Atómicos titles for 789 days, the Black Family lost to the Mexican Powers (Crazy Boy, Juventud Guerrera, Joe Líder and Psicosis II) on October 18, 2006. Not long after they lost the tag team titles Chessman turned face (called "Technicó" in Mexico) and sided with Cibernético and Charly Manson to form "Los Hell Brothers".

Los Hell Brothers

When Cibernetico returned to the ring after a long absence due to injuries, he formed the stable Los Hell Brothers along with longtime friends Cibernético and Charly Manson. The group quickly became the top technicós group due to their battles with La Secta del Mesías and Konnan's La Legión Extranjera (Foreign Legion). At Rey de Reyes (2007), Los Hell Brothers defeated Muerta Cibernetica, Scott Steiner and Kenzo Suzuki. At the annual Triplemania, Triplemania XV, Los Hell Brothers were once again successful in their fight against La Legión Extranjera as they defeated El Mesias, Sean Waltman, and Kenzo Suzuki in a Domo De La Muerte cage match. Because of their victory, Los Hell Brothers forced Kenzo Susuki to have his head shaved due to his loss. In August 2007, Chessman defeated Los Hell Brothers ally El Zorro to win the UWA World Light Heavyweight Championship. The title win was a first round match of a tournament to crown the first ever AAA Mega Champion. In the second round, Chessman defeated his teammate Cibernético and earned a spot in the finals. At Verano de Escandalo (2007), Chessman faced El Mesias in the finals but lost the match due to disqualification and thus also lost his UWA title. On that same show, El Zorro turned on Los Hell Brothers and joined La Legión after the team won the main event.

In December 2007, Cibernético was badly burned during a match and had to take several months off to recover. While Cibernético recovered, Chessman and Charly Manson kept wrestling La Legión but without as much success as they had initially due to a series of unfortunate incidents where Chessman would cause the team to lose by accident.<ref name="Chessmistake">{{cite web|url=http://superluchas.com/?p=1800|title=Resultados de AAA en Guanajuato (19-en-08)|access-date=February 23, 2009|publisher=SuperLucha.net|language=es|quote="Halloween venció a Chessman cuando Chessman por error tacléa a Charly Manson sobre una mesa y Halloween cubre (8'55)" }}</ref> In the spring of 2008, Charly Manson suffered a serious injury and was forced to take some time off just as Cibernético made his return to the ring and won the AAA Mega title. At Triplemania XVI, Chessman teamed up with La Parka and Silver King in a losing effort to the La Legión team of Bobby Lashley, Electroshock and Kenzo Suzuki. When Vampiro was brought in to take Manson's place, rumors of a break-up of Los Hell Brothers began circulating. The rumors seemed to be reinforced when Chessman won an elimination match to earn a shot at the AAA Mega title. At first, Cibernético congratulated his partner but seemed reluctant to actually set a date for Chessman's title match. The tension came to a head in September when Cibernético came to the ring to congratulate Chessman on a recent win; Manson came to the ring to try and mediate between the two but, when he could not pick sides, the Hell Brothers officially disbanded.

Turning rudo

With the split of Los Hell Brothers, Chessman became a "rudo" and the title match he earned was booked for Verano de Escandalo. On that night, Cibernético was able to retain the title but not without Chessman putting up a stiff fight. Chessman was granted another shot at the world title, this was in a match that also included El Zorro. The three men faced off at the Antonio Peña Memorial Show 2008 in a Street Fight where Cibernético won by pinning El Zorro.

In late 2008, Chessman made a move to seemingly unite with his former stable the Black Family, but double-crossed them instead. Chessman turned to the Psycho Circus and together they won the National Atómicos Titles from the Black Family. Chessman's third run with the Atómicos titles ended after just 16 days when AAA Commissioner Vampiro stripped Chessman and the Psycho Circus of the titles after they had attacked him the previous night. The feud with the Black Family continued into 2009 until Chessman segued into a feud with the new AAA World Champion El Mesias. The feud with El Mesias started during a television taping where Chessman and El Mesias faced off in a match; the match got so out of hand that Chessman ended up being thrown over the side of the balcony and through a stack of tables. The show went to commercial with Chessman looking seriously injured as he received medical treatment. The following week, another singles match between the two was scheduled but Chessman came out on crutches wearing a neck brace. Just as El Mesias thought Chessman was going to announce that he was too injured to wrestle, Chessman attacked him with a crutch revealing that the injury was nothing but a ruse to give Chessman an advantage. At Rey de Reyes (2009), Chessman challenged El Mesias for the AAA Mega title inside a Steel Cage but lost.

On March 12, 2010 Chessman competed for and won the 2010 Rey de Reyes tournament. In the first round, he outlasted La Parka, El Zorro and Octagón and in the finals, he defeated Hernandez and Marco Corleone to become the 2010 Rey de Reyes. In April 2011, Chessman joined forces with Silver King and Último Gladiador to form La Maniarquía, a subgroup within La Sociedad. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIX, La Maniarquía was defeated by Electroshock, Heavy Metal and Joe Líder in a Tables, Ladders and Chairs match. On September 16, Konnan rewarded Chessman by moving him back to La Legión Extranjera and naming him the group's new general. On October 9 at Héroes Inmortales, Chessman and Abyss defeated Extreme Tiger and Jack Evans in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match to win the AAA World Tag Team Championship. On August 5, 2012, at Triplemanía XX, Chessman teamed with Juventud Guerrera for one night to take part in a Parejas Suicidas steel cage match. However, both Chessman and Guerrera managed to escape the cage and avoid having to face each other in a Hair vs. Hair match. On October 7 at Héroes Inmortales, Chessman and Abyss lost the AAA World Tag Team Championship to Joe Líder and Vampiro, ending their reign at 364 days. On December 2 at Guerra de Titanes, Chessman won Vampiro's hair in a six-way steel cage Lucha de Apuestas, which also included Cibernético, Dr. Wagner, Jr., L.A. Park and El Hijo del Perro Aguayo.

On March 16, 2014, at Rey de Reyes, Chessman defeated Villano IV to win the vacant AAA Latin American Championship. On September 26, Chessman and Cibernético reformed Los Hell Brothers with new member Averno. In February 2015, Los Hell Brothers officially joined La Sociedad. On June 14, 2015, at Verano de Escándalo, Los Hell Brothers won the AAA World Trios Championship. On August 31, Chessman lost the Latin American Championship to Psycho Clown. After Cibernético left AAA, Los Hell Brothers were stripped of the Trios Championship on January 6, 2016. On January 22 at Guerra de Titanes, Chessman and Averno won the vacant AAA World Tag Team Championship. However, immediately afterwards, La Sociedad'' turned on the two. Chessman and Averno lost the AAA World Tag Team Championship to Angélico and Jack Evans on July 17, 2016. Chessman and Averno then paired up with Ricky Marvin to form a new trio named OGT, winning the AAA World Trios Championship on November 4. They lost the title to El Apache, Faby Apache and Mary Apache on March 5, 2017, when Marvin was defeated by Faby in a singles match.

Championships and accomplishments
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
AAA Latin American Championship (1 time)
AAA World Mixed Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tiffany
 AAA World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Abyss (1) and Averno (1)
AAA World Trios Championship (3 times) – with Averno and Cibernético (1), Averno and Ricky Marvin (1), and Averno and Super Fly (1)
Mexican National Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Electroshock
Mexican National Atómicos Championship (3 times) – with Ozz, Escoria and Cuervo (2) and Killer Clown, Psycho Clown and Zombie Clown (1)
Rey de Reyes (2010)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #133 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010
Other accomplishments
UWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Luchas de Apuestas record

Footnotes

References

External links
AAA profile

Living people
1975 births
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Professional wrestlers from the State of Mexico
People from Ciudad Nicolás Romero
20th-century professional wrestlers
21st-century professional wrestlers
AAA Latin American Champions
AAA World Trios Champions
AAA World Tag Team Champions
AAA World Mixed Tag Team Champions
Mexican National Atómicos Champions
Mexican National Tag Team Champions
UWA World Light Heavyweight Champions


text:
"Problema Seu" é uma canção do cantor e drag queen brasileiro Pabllo Vittar, lançada como carro-chefe de seu segundo álbum de estúdio Não Para Não (2018) em 15 de agosto de 2018 pela Sony Music Brasil.

"Problema Seu" está presente na trilha sonora da novela O Sétimo Guardião (2018) e apareceu na lista 50 canções estelares de Artistas LGBTQ que você talvez tenha perdido em 2018 da revista estadunidense Billboard.

Desempenho comercial
Antes de "Problema Seu" ser lançado na meia-noite do dia 15 de agosto, o single ficou nos trending topics globais do Twitter.

Pouco tempo após seu lançamento, a música alcançou o primeiro lugar no ranking do iTunes brasileiro e debutou em oitavo lugar na lista As 50 mais tocadas no Brasil da plataforma de streaming Spotify.

Apesar de não ter entrado em nenhuma parada da Billboard brasileira, o single apareceu na posição 37 no Top 50 Streaming da Pro-Música Brasil.

Divulgação
Para divulgar a faixa, Pabllo lançou a campanha Missão Problema Seu, inspirada em espionagem, que faz parte da temática do clipe, e trata-se de um jogo que leva o vencedor, com acompanhante, para o evento de lançamento do single, com direito a um pocket show exclusivo do cantor, no espaço de eventos da agência Mynd, em São Paulo.

Nos dias 23 e 24 de agosto de 2018, Pabllo participou da turnê Brava Tour da cantora argentina Lali, no Luna Park, em Buenos Aires. O local tem capacidade para mais de 9.000 pessoas. Pabllo cantou "Problema Seu" e "Caliente", sendo esta última a música que Lali lançou com participação de Pabllo para o álbum Brava (2018).

Pabllo cantou "Problema Seu" em vários programas de televisão, sendo eles: Altas Horas, Domingão do Faustão, Caldeirão do Huck, Encontro com Fátima Bernardes, SóTocaTop, Conversa com Bial e Programa da Eliana.

Vídeo musical

No vídeo musical, dirigido pelo duo Os Primos (João Monteiro e Fernando Moraes) e lançado em 15 de agosto de 2018 no YouTube, Pabllo encarna uma espiã que invade um museu (na realidade, um pequeno palacete no bairro paulistano do Ipiranga) para roubar um artefato precioso. "Eu me inspirei em Sr. & Sra. Smith, com Brad Pitt e Angelina Jolie, e no desenho Três Espiãs Demais", disse o artista. Vittar desce de rapel, briga com um pequeno exército de dublês e aparece em quatro figurinos diferentes. O tesouro oculto no museu é o segundo disco de Pabllo, Não Para Não, lançado em 4 de outubro de 2018.

O videoclipe de "Problema Seu" ficou em 17º lugar na lista de 30 clipes com maior audiência no TVZ em novembro de 2018.

Em julho de 2020, foram registradas mais de 97 milhões de visualizações presentes no videoclipe, tornando-o o quarto videoclipe mais visto de Vittar, até então.

Antecedentes
No dia 25 de julho de 2018, durante os ensaios da coreografia para o videoclipe, Vittar acabou se machucando ao acertar uma joelhada no próprio olho, levando a gravação do clipe a ser adiada.

Prêmios e indicações

Desempenho nas tabelas musicais

Vendas e certificações

Créditos da canção
Créditos adaptados do Tidal.

Pabllo Vittar - vocal
Arthur Marques - composição, produção
Rodrigo Gorky - composição, produção
Maffalda - composição, produção
Pablo Bispo - composição, produção
Zebu - composição, produção
Alice Caymmi - composição
Noize Men - composição, produção
Filip Nikolic - produção

Ligações externas

Singles de 2018
Canções de música pop
Singles lançados pela Sony Music Brasil
Canções em português
Canções gravadas por Pabllo Vittar

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Куйо () — географічний і історичний регіон на заході Аргентини, що складається з провінцій Мендоса, Сан-Хуан і Сан-Луїс. Регіон має спільну історію і культуру.

У Куйо переважає гірський рельєф з невеликою кількістю рослинності. Клімат посушливий.

Основою економіки є сільське господарство, особливо виноградарство. Куйо є найбільшим виноробним регіоном у Південній Америці за обсягами продукції і площею виноградників. Також місцевість має популярність серед туристів.

Округ Куйо було створено 1564 року у складі Генерал-капітанства Чилі. 1 серпня 1776 року округ Куйо увійшов до складу віце-королівства Ріо-де-ла-Плата, а 1782 року був перейменований на інтендантство Куйо. 1820 року регіон Куйо був поділений на три окремі провінції: Мендоса, Сан-Хуан і Сан-Луїс.

Посилання
 Історія Куйо
 Населення Куйо в колоніальні часи

Примітки

Історія Аргентини
Історія Чилі
Регіони Аргентини
Історичні області


text:
Serpocaulon loriciforme är en stensöteväxtart som först beskrevs av Eduard Rosenstock, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Alan Reid Smith. Serpocaulon loriciforme ingår i släktet Serpocaulon och familjen Polypodiaceae. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Kärlväxter
loriciforme


text:
Swetlana Walentinowna Gontscharenko (; * 28. Mai 1971 in Rostow am Don) ist eine ehemalige russische Sprinterin. Sie war vor allem im 200-Meter-Lauf und mit der russischen 4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel erfolgreich.

Leben
International trat sie zunächst im 400-Meter-Lauf in Erscheinung. 1994 gewann sie auf dieser Strecke bei den Halleneuropameisterschaften in Paris die Goldmedaille und bei den Europameisterschaften in Helsinki hinter der Französin Marie-José Pérec die Silbermedaille.

1995 holte sie mit dem Sieg bei den Hallenweltmeisterschaften in Barcelona die erste von zahlreichen internationalen Medaillen mit der russischen 4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel. Die nächste folgte bereits im selben Jahr mit dem zweiten Platz bei den Weltmeisterschaften in Göteborg.

Bei den Olympischen Spielen 1996 in Atlanta dagegen verpasste sie mit der Staffel den Einzug in das Finale. Im 400-Meter-Lauf erreichte sie die Halbfinalrunde. Bei den Hallenweltmeisterschaften 1997 in Paris siegte sie mit der Staffel in der damaligen Weltrekordzeit von 3:26,84 min und holte über 200 m die Bronzemedaille.

1998 wurde sie in Valencia Halleneuropameisterin über 200 Meter und belegte bei den Europameisterschaften in Budapest mit der Staffel den zweiten Rang. 1999 wurde sie bei den Hallenweltmeisterschaften in Maebashi hinter der Rumänin Ionela Târlea Zweite im 200-Meter-Lauf und gewann mit der Staffel in der damaligen Weltrekordzeit von 3:24.25 min die Goldmedaille. Ein weiterer Sieg mit der Staffel folgte im selben Jahr bei den Weltmeisterschaften in Sevilla.

Bei den Olympischen Spielen 2000 in Sydney belegte sie in der russischen 4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel gemeinsam mit Julija Sotnikowa, Olga Kotljarowa und Irina Priwalowa den dritten Rang. Da die siegreiche US-amerikanische Staffel später wegen Dopings ihrer Läuferin Marion Jones nachträglich disqualifiziert wurde, besteht die Möglichkeit, dass die russische Mannschaft in der Wertung noch um einen Rang aufrückt.

Bei den Hallenweltmeisterschaften 2004 in Budapest gewann Gontscharenko die Silbermedaille im 200-Meter-Lauf. Sie hatte das Ziel zwar ursprünglich nur als Dritte erreicht, profitierte aber von der nachträglichen Disqualifikation ihrer Landsfrau Anastassija Kapatschinskaja wegen Dopings. Außerdem wurde Gontscharenko zweimal Russische Meisterin, 1996 über 400 und 1997 über 200 Meter.

Swetlana Gontscharenko hatte bei einer Körpergröße von 1,76 m ein Wettkampfgewicht von 61 kg.

Bestleistungen
 100 m: 11,13 s, 5. Juli 1998, Linz
 200 m: 22,46 s, 27. Juli 1998, Thessaloniki
 400 m: 50,23 s, 23. Juli 2000, Tula

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1996
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2000
100-Meter-Läufer (Russland)
200-Meter-Läufer (Russland)
400-Meter-Läufer (Russland)
4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel-Läufer (Russland)
Olympiateilnehmer (Russland)
Russischer Meister (Leichtathletik)
Weltmeister (4-mal-400-Meter-Staffel)
Sportler (Rostow am Don)
Sowjetbürger
Russe
Geboren 1971
Frau


text:
Campaign for Socialism (CfS) is an autonomous pressure group of Scottish Labour Party members and supporters who campaign for left-wing policies and candidates within the party. In 2016, CfS agreed to a joint membership scheme with Momentum, a UK-wide grassroots movement supportive of Jeremy Corbyn and his leadership of the Labour Party.

History
CfS was originally established in 1994 to campaign against the removal of Clause IV from the Labour Party's constitution. By 2012, it was one of the only remaining ideological-based groupings in the party  but Gerry Hassan and Eric Shaw, writing that year, claimed that CfS "has few members, little organisational presence and has had a negligible influence on the direction of the party".

CfS played a key role in organising Neil Findlay and Katy Clark's leadership bid in the 2014 Scottish Labour leadership election. Though unsuccessful, CfS claims the campaign "built the foundations for Jeremy [Corbyn]'s campaign just a few months later" by "giving many new, young volunteers experience and a network of contacts across the country that would help quickly mobilise an effective campaign".

In 2016, Scottish Labour Young Socialists  founded in 2015  became CfS's official youth wing.

In 2017, five CfS members won seats on the Scottish Labour Party's national executive. They called for the then Scottish Labour leader, Kezia Dugdale, to pursue a socialist agenda and work more closely with Jeremy Corbyn's team.

CfS endorsed Richard Leonard to be the next leader of Scottish Labour following the resignation of Kezia Dugdale in August 2017. Leonard went on to win the leadership with 56.7% of the vote.

In the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election the CfS endorsed Monica Lennon to be the next leader of Scottish Labour following Richard Leonard's resignation in January 2021. She lost the election to Anas Sarwar, gaining 42.4% of the vote to his 57.6%.

Notable members of CfS include: former Convenor Elaine Smith MSP, current Convenor Neil Findlay MSP, former MP Hugh Gaffney (2017–2019), and Pauline Bryan.

References

External links

1994 establishments in Scotland
Democratic socialism
Social democracy
Organisations associated with the Labour Party (UK)
Political party factions in Scotland
Scottish Labour
Socialist organisations in the United Kingdom


text:
Jean Épivent est un homme politique français né le  à Pordic (Côtes-d'Armor) et décédé le  à Pordic.

Biographie

Agriculteur, il est président du comice agricole de Saint-Brieuc, vice-président de la Société d'agriculture des Côtes-du-Nord et adjoint au maire de Pordic. Il est député des Côtes-du-Nord de 1924 à 1928, siégeant au groupe l'Union républicaine démocratique. Il fut battu aux élections législatives de 1928.

Notes et références

Sources

Naissance dans les Côtes-du-Nord
Député des Côtes-du-Nord (Troisième République)
Naissance en août 1877
Décès en mai 1939
Décès dans les Côtes-du-Nord
Décès à 61 ans


text:
Operation Berlin was a raid conducted by the two German Scharnhorst-class battleships against Allied shipping in the North Atlantic between 22 January and 22 March 1941. It formed part of the Battle of the Atlantic during World War II. The  and  sailed from Germany, operated across the North Atlantic, sank or captured 22 Allied merchant vessels, and finished their mission by docking in occupied France. The British military sought to locate and attack the German battleships, but failed to damage them.

The operation was one of several made by German warships during late 1940 and early 1941. Its main goal was for the battleships to overwhelm the escort of one of the convoys transporting supplies to the United Kingdom and then sink large numbers of merchant ships. The British were expecting this given previous attacks, and assigned battleships of their own to escort convoys. This proved successful, with the German force having to abandon attacks against convoys on 8 February as well as 7 and 8 March. The Germans encountered and attacked large numbers of unescorted merchant ships on 22 February and 15–16 March.

By the end of the raid, the German battleships had roamed widely across the Atlantic, ranging from the waters off Greenland to the West African coast. The operation was considered successful by the German military, a view generally shared by historians. It was the last victory achieved by German warships against merchant shipping in the North Atlantic, with the sortie made by the battleship Bismarck in May 1941 ending in defeat. Both Scharnhorst-class battleships were damaged by air attacks while they were in France and returned to Germany in February 1942.

Background

Opposing plans
The  (German Navy) developed plans before the outbreak of World War II to attack Allied merchant shipping in the event of war. Under these plans, warships were to be used against shipping on the high seas and submarines and aircraft would attack shipping near the coasts of Allied countries. Surface raiders were to range widely, make surprise attacks and then move to other areas. They were to be supported by supply ships that would be pre-positioned before the start of operations. Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, the commander of the , was determined to include the fleet's battleships in these attacks. He believed that the Imperial German Navy's decision to not use its battleships aggressively during World War I was a mistake, and wanted to avoid repeating this perceived error. In order to conserve the 's small number of battleships and other major warships for as long as possible, the navy's plans specified that raiders would target merchant vessels and avoid combat with Allied warships.

The Royal Navy anticipated Germany's intentions, and adopted plans of its own to institute convoys to protect merchant shipping and deploy cruisers to detect attempts by German warships to break out into the Atlantic Ocean. These included initiating cruiser patrols of the waters between Greenland and Scotland through which German raiders would have to pass to enter the Atlantic following the outbreak of war. The Home Fleet, the main British battle force in the North Atlantic, was responsible for locating and intercepting German warships in the area. From 20 December 1940 it was commanded by Admiral John Tovey.

Both Scharnhorst-class battleships (sometimes designated battlecruisers)  and  were combat ready at the start of the war in September 1939. The roles envisioned for these battleships when they were designed in the early 1930s included raiding convoys. They were heavily armoured and faster than the Royal Navy's battlecruisers. Their main armament was nine  guns, which were inferior to the  guns that armed most British battleships. The Scharnhorst-class battleships were capable of sailing for  at . This was insufficient for lengthy raids, and meant that they needed to regularly refuel from supply ships.

German surface raids

The Scharnhorst-class battleships conducted their first raid in late November 1939. During this operation they sank the armed merchant cruiser  between Iceland and the Faroe Islands on 23 November. In April 1940 they took part in Operation Weserübung, the German invasion of Norway, where they formed the most powerful element of the battle group under Vice Admiral Günther Lütjens that provided a covering force to protect the rest of the German invasion fleet from counter-attacks by the Royal Navy. On 9 April they encountered the British battlecruiser  off the Lofoten Islands. Both German ships were damaged in the resulting battle, leading Lütjens to disengage and return to Germany. The battleships sortied again on 4 June to raid Allied shipping near Narvik in northern Norway in what was designated Operation Juno. On 8 June they sank the empty troop transport SS Orama as well as the British aircraft carrier  and its two escorting destroyers. A destroyer torpedoed Scharnhorst during this action, inflicting damage that took six months to repair. On 20 June Gneisenau took part in a sortie from the occupied Norwegian city of Trondheim. She was torpedoed that day by the submarine . The torpedo explosion caused large holes in her bow that required lengthy repairs in Germany.

Scharnhorsts repairs were largely completed by late November 1940, and Gneisenau reentered service in early December. The ships trained together in the Baltic Sea during December. After Scharnhorst completed the last element of its repairs, both battleships were assessed on 23 December as being ready for another raid.

In August 1940 the German leader Adolf Hitler ordered an intensification of the attacks on Allied shipping in the Atlantic. The  began dispatching its major warships that had survived the Norwegian campaign into the Atlantic in October. The heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer sailed during that month, and conducted a successful raid that lasted until March 1941. The heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper made an unsuccessful raid from Germany into the Atlantic during December that ended with her docking at Brest in occupied France. During this operation, Admiral Hipper attacked Convoy WS 5A on 25 December and damaged two transports before being driven off by escorting British cruisers. Six German merchant raiders also operated against Allied shipping in the South Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. The attack on Convoy WS 5A demonstrated that raiders posed a serious threat to shipping in the North Atlantic, and from early 1941 the British Admiralty assigned battleships to escort convoys that were bound for the United Kingdom whenever possible. Westbound convoys lacked this protection, and were dispersed in the middle of the Atlantic.

Raid

First attempt
The Scharnhorst-class battleships were selected for the next raid, which was designated Operation Berlin. Its goal was for the ships to break out into the Atlantic and operate together to attack Allied shipping. Their primary objective was to intercept one of the HX convoys that regularly sailed from Halifax in Canada to the United Kingdom. These convoys were a key element of the Allied supply line to the United Kingdom, and the Germans hoped that the battleships could overwhelm the convoy's escort and then sink large numbers of merchant ships. Raeder directed the battleships to end their raid by docking at Brest, which had been selected as the 's main base in October 1940. The orders issued for the operation forbade attacks on convoys escorted by forces of equal strength, such as British battleships. This was because the raid would need to be abandoned if Scharnhorst or Gneisenau was significantly damaged. Lütjens, who had been appointed the 's fleet commander in July 1940 and promoted to admiral in September that year, commanded the battle group.

Seven supply ships were dispatched into the Atlantic ahead of Operation Berlin to support the two raiders. The plans for the operation also called for Admiral Hipper to sortie from Brest and attack the convoy routes between Gibraltar, Sierra Leone and the United Kingdom. As well as inflicting further casualties, it was hoped that the cruiser would divert British forces away from Lütjens' area of operations.

At this time the German  signals intelligence service was providing raiders with general information about the locations of Allied ships. The service was generally unable to pass on actionable intelligence though, as it was unable to decrypt intercepted radio messages. Each raider embarked a  detachment that monitored Allied radio signals and used direction finding techniques to locate convoys and warships. The Germans had little intelligence on the dates on which Allied convoys sailed or the routes they took. This made it difficult for surface raiders to position themselves in the path of convoys.

Operation Berlin was launched on 28 December 1940. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau sailed from Kiel on that day, with Lütjens commanding the force from the latter ship. The raid had to be abandoned before the battleships entered the Atlantic when Gneisenau was damaged by a storm off Norway on 30 December. Lütjens initially took the ships into Korsfjord in Norway and planned to repair Gneisenau at Trondheim, but was ordered to return to Germany. Both ships reached Gotenhafen on 2 January. Gneisenau was transferred to Kiel to be repaired. The battleships received additional small calibre anti-aircraft guns during this period.

Breakout into the Atlantic

Scharnhorst and Gneisenau sailed again from Kiel at 4:00 am on 22 January 1941. They proceeded north and passed through the Great Belt island chain in German-controlled Denmark that morning. This exposed the battleships to Allied agents on the shore, but was necessary as the waterway was covered in ice  thick. The battle group reached Skagen on the northern tip of Denmark on the evening of 23 January where it was to meet up with a flotilla of torpedo boats that would escort it through minefields between Denmark and Norway. The torpedo boats were slow to leave port, and Lütjens' force did not resume its voyage until dawn on 25 January.

From intelligence obtained by traffic analysis of German radio signals, the British had concluded that major German warships were about to put to sea; Ultra intelligence obtained by breaking German codes did not provide any information on Operation Berlin as the British were unable to decrypt the  codes at this time. On 20 January the Admiralty warned the Home Fleet that another German raid was likely. Tovey immediately dispatched two heavy cruisers to reinforce the patrols between Allied-occupied Iceland and the Faroe Islands. On 23 January the British naval attaché in Sweden passed on a report from agents in Denmark that the German battleships had been sighted passing through the Great Belt. This intelligence was provided to Tovey during the evening of 25 January.

The main body of the Home Fleet departed its base at Scapa Flow at midnight on 25 January bound for a position  south of Iceland. It comprised the battleships  (Tovey's flagship) and , battlecruiser , eight cruisers and eleven destroyers. Air patrols of the waters between Iceland and the Faroes were also stepped up. Some of the Home Fleet's ships were detached to refuel on 27 January. The  had expected this deployment, and stationed eight submarines to the south of Iceland to attack the Home Fleet. Only one of these submarines sighted any British warships, and it was unable to reach a position from which they could be attacked.

The German battle group entered the North Sea on 26 January. Lütjens was inclined to refuel from the tanker Adria that had been positioned in the Arctic Ocean before attempting to enter the Atlantic. He decided to proceed directly to the south of Iceland though after receiving a weather forecast which predicted snow storms in that area; these conditions would hide the battleships from the British. Just before dawn on 28 January, the two German battleships detected the British cruiser  and another cruiser by radar to the south of Iceland. Naiads crew sighted two large vessels six minutes later. Lütjens lacked information about whether the rest of the Home Fleet was at sea, and decided to break off this attempt to enter the Atlantic. The battle group evaded the British by turning to the north-east and operating in the Norwegian Sea north of the Arctic circle. One of Gneisenaus two aircraft was dispatched to Trondheim in Norway on 28 January carrying a report on the events of the day and did not rejoin its ship. Tovey ordered his cruisers to search for the raiders and moved his battleships and battlecruiser to intercept them but contact was not regained. After concluding that Naiad may have not actually sighted German warships, Tovey sailed west to protect a convoy and returned to Scapa Flow on 30 January. Admiral Hipper departed Brest on 1 February to begin its raid.

After refuelling from Adria in the Arctic Ocean well to the north-east of Jan Mayen island, Lütjens attempted to enter the Atlantic through the Denmark Strait north of Iceland. The battleships passed through the straits undetected on the night of 3/4 February. They refuelled again from the supply ship Schlettstadt off southern Greenland on 5 and 6 February.

Initial Atlantic operations
From 6 February Lütjens searched for HX convoys. He was aware that two British battleships had been based in Canada to escort eastbound convoys, but believed that they would only cover the first part of the journey before returning to pick up another convoy. Accordingly, the German force operated to the east of what Lütjens believed was the limit of the battleship escorts. Convoy HX 106 was sighted at dawn on 8 February approximately  east of Halifax. Unbeknownst to the Germans, this convoy's escort included the old battleship .

The German battleships separated to attack the convoy, with Scharnhorst approaching it from the south and Gneisenau from the north-west. Scharnhorsts crew spotted Ramillies at 9:47 am, and reported this to the flagship. In accordance with his orders to avoid engagements with powerful enemy forces, Lütjens cancelled the attack. Before being instructed to break off, Scharnhorsts commanding officer, Captain Kurt-Caesar Hoffmann, brought his ship within  of the convoy in an attempt to draw Ramillies away so that Gneisenau could make a separate attack on the merchant vessels. This violated the order against engaging warships of equal strength, and Lütjens reprimanded Hoffmann by radio when the two battleships met that evening.

The British battleship's crew sighted one of the German ships from a long distance, and misidentified it as probably being an Admiral Hipper-class cruiser. Tovey judged that the ship was either Admiral Hipper or Admiral Scheer, and sailed with all available ships to intercept it if it returned to Germany or France. These ships were organised into three powerful forces from the evening of 9 February, and air patrols were also conducted. Force H, a powerful task force based in Gibraltar that was commanded by Vice Admiral James Somerville and included Renown and the aircraft carrier , was also ordered to protect convoys in the North Atlantic. It sailed from Gibraltar to do so on 12 February, and returned to that port on the 25th of the month.

On the morning of 9 February Navy Group West informed Lütjens that intercepted British radio messages indicated that his ships had been sighted the previous day. Lütjens judged that the British would now assign strong escorts to all convoys in the area, and decided to break off operations for several days in the hope that attacks by Admiral Hipper would divert British forces elsewhere. The German battle group returned to the waters off southern Greenland and remained there until 17 February. It endured a severe storm on 12 February which damaged many of Scharnhorsts gun turrets; it took three days to return them to service. Gneisenaus engines also became contaminated with sea water and needed to be repaired. The battleships refuelled from Schlettstadt and the tanker Esso Hamburg on 14 and 15 February. During this period, Admiral Hipper attacked an unescorted convoy on 12 February and sank seven ships. The cruiser then returned to Brest on 15 February. It was intended for Admiral Hipper to make another raid in support of Operation Berlin after loading more ammunition. This attack was cancelled after she damaged a propeller on a sunken barge in Brest's harbour and was unable to sail until a replacement was received from Kiel.

The German battle group returned to the route between Halifax and the United Kingdom on 17 February. Lütjens decided to operate between the 55th and 45th meridian west, which were to the west of where he had encountered HX 106, in the correct belief that Allied shipping there was not as well escorted. He hoped to find one of the regular HX convoys or a special convoy that the German naval attaché in Washington, D.C. had reported was expected to depart from Halifax on 15 February. A merchant ship sailing independently was sighted on 17 February but not attacked as Lütjens did not want to risk alerting any nearby convoys. Shortly after dawn on 22 February the German battleships encountered several ships sailing west from a recently dispersed convoy  east of Newfoundland. They sank five of the vessels totalling . A total of 187 survivors were rescued from these ships. The battleships jammed radio transmissions from the merchant vessels as they closed with them. However, one of the ships was able to transmit a sighting report after being attacked by an aircraft that had been launched from the battleships. The signal was received by a radio station at Cape Race in Newfoundland and was quickly passed on to the Admiralty. This was the first it knew about the battleships' presence in the western Atlantic. Lütjens judged that the Allies would now divert shipping from the area and search for his ships. Accordingly, he decided to transfer his operations to the eastern Atlantic and attack the SL convoys that travelled between Sierra Leone and the United Kingdom.

West Africa

From 22 February the German ships sailed south. They refuelled from the tankers Ermland and Fredric Breme between 26 and 28 February and then turned to the south-east. The ships searched for a SL convoy that Lütjens expected to encounter on 5 March, but without success. The admiral hoped to use the battleships' aircraft to aid the search, but two of the three were unserviceable and beyond repair and the other was mechanically unreliable. The next day the battle group rendezvoused with the German submarine U-124 off west Africa. The submarine's commander, Kapitänleutnant Georg-Wilhelm Schulz, provided Lütjens with information about the situation in the area.

On 7 March an aircraft from the battleship , which formed part of the escort for Convoy SL 67, spotted the German battleships about  north of the Cape Verde Islands. The battleships sighted the convoy later that day  to the north-east of the Cape Verdes, but Lütjens decided to not attack it after Malaya was identified. Lütjens alerted nearby German submarines to the convoy's location. A plan was developed which involved the submarines sinking Malaya and the battleships then attacking the merchant ships. Two submarines ambushed the convoy that night, and sank five ships. They did not damage Malaya, however. The German battleships searched for the convoy on 8 May, finding it at 1:30 pm. Lütjens attempted to attack at 5:30 pm, but broke off at high speed when Malaya was identified. The British were unable to pursue the faster German ships. Force H sortied from Gibraltar on 8 March and escorted Convoy SL 67 until mid-March.

Return to the North Atlantic

Following the encounter with SL 67, Lütjens decided to return to the convoy route between Halifax and the United Kingdom. While sailing north-west Scharnhorst sank the unescorted merchant vessel SS Marathon on 9 March. By this time both battleships were suffering from serious mechanical problems. Some of Gneisenaus auxiliary systems needed maintenance that was estimated to take four weeks to complete. Scharnhorst was in worse condition, as her boiler superheaters were defective and the pipes that moved steam around the engines had been damaged. The battleships refuelled and received provisions from the supply ships Ermland and Uckermark during 11 and 12 March. Lütjens retained both vessels with the battle group to extend the area it could search as it progressed north. Together, they were able to search for shipping along a  front.

Ships of the Home Fleet were sortied again in response to the presence of the German battleships in the Atlantic. The battleships  and Rodney were assigned to escort convoys leaving Halifax on 17 and 21 March. Tovey put to sea on Nelson which, accompanied by the cruiser  and two destroyers, took up a position south of Iceland to intercept any raiders that were attempting to return to Germany.

The German force encountered Allied merchant ships south of Cape Race on 15 and 16 March. During 15 March Gneisenau sank three tankers from Convoy HX 114. Three other tankers, the Bianca, San Casimiro and Polykarp, were captured and dispatched to German-occupied Europe under the control of prize crews. The next day the two battleships sank ten  merchant vessels from recently dispersed westbound convoys. Many of the Allied ships sent contact reports, and Rodney sighted Gneisenau while she was rescuing the survivors of one of the ships she had sunk on the evening of 16 March. Gneisenau managed to escape from the slower but better armed British battleship. Rodneys crew spotted Gneisenau but did not identify her. They learned the warship's identity that evening from survivors of a sunken ship. Meanwhile, Admiral Hipper departed Brest on 15 March to return to Germany via the North Atlantic and Denmark Strait.

The British altered their dispositions following the attacks on 15 and 16 March. The Admiralty did not have any information about Lütjens' intentions, and judged that his force would probably attempt to return to Germany via one of the routes off Iceland. King George V was dispatched from Halifax to patrol the area where the merchant ships had been sunk, but did not encounter the German battleships. Tovey strengthened the Home Fleet's cruiser patrols of the possible German return routes, and remained to the south of Iceland with much of his fleet. Force H was also ordered by the Admiralty to operate in the North Atlantic. The Royal Air Force's (RAF's) Coastal Command undertook intensive air patrols of the Denmark Strait and waters between Iceland and the Faroes between 17 and 20 March.

Voyage to France

Lütjens had received orders on 11 March to cease operations in the North Atlantic by 17 March to support Admiral Hipper and Admiral Scheers return to Germany. To provide this support, he was to make a diversion between the Azores and the Canary Islands. The German Naval Staff directed him to then return his ships to Brest in France so they could prepare to join a raid into the Atlantic that the battleship Bismarck and heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen were scheduled to make in April. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau refuelled again from Ermland and Uckermark on 18 March, and set course for France the next day.

At 5:30 pm on 20 March a reconnaissance aircraft flying from Ark Royal spotted the German battleships sailing north-east approximately  to the north-west of Cape Finisterre in Spain. The aircraft's radio was defective, which prevented its crew from immediately reporting this sighting. Lütjens turned to the north in an attempt to deceive the British aircrew about his course. This proved successful, as when the aircraft returned to the carrier its crew reported that the German ships were headed north and did not mention their course when first sighted. Somerville's ability to act on this report was further hindered by Ark Royals failure to immediately pass it on to him. The Bianca and San Casimiro were also located by Ark Royals aircraft on 20 March and were scuttled when Renown approached them.

After Ark Royal reported the sighting, the British sought to regain contact with the German battleships and track them. At this time the carrier was about  to the south-east of the Germans, which was too great a distance for it to be able to launch an immediate attack. Reconnaissance aircraft operating from Ark Royal searched for the battleships during the night of 20/21 March and the next morning, but were unable to find them again due to bad weather. Coastal Command reduced its patrols of the waters off Iceland and stepped up coverage of the approaches to the Bay of Biscay.

Tovey's force to the south of Iceland had by this time been reinforced by the battleship  and battlecruiser . On 21 March the Admiralty ordered him to proceed south at full speed. Several cruisers were also ordered to head south, a destroyer flotilla sailed from Plymouth and the RAF's Bomber Command established a force of 25 Vickers Wellington bombers that could be sent against the battleships. By this time the only way for the British ships to intercept Lütjens' force before they came under the protection of land-based German aircraft in France was for Ark Royals aircraft to damage one or both of them. This was made impossible by the mishandling of the sighting on 20 March and poor flying weather on that and the subsequent day.

The crew of a Coastal Command Lockheed Hudson detected the German battleships by radar when they were within  of the French coast on the evening of 21 March. By this time it was not possible for the British to attack them, and due to the evasive course Lütjens was taking the British were unable to anticipate which French port he was heading for. The torpedo boats Jaguar and Iltis escorted the battleships into Brest, where they anchored on 22 March. The captured tanker Polykarp docked at Bordeaux two days later. Allied seamen who had been captured from sunken ships were paraded through Brest before being sent to prisoner of war camps in Germany. Admiral Hipper reached Kiel on 28 March, and Admiral Scheer docked there two days later.

Aftermath

Assessments
Operation Berlin was the most successful of the  surface raiding missions throughout the war. Lütjens' force sank or captured 22 ships totalling . The Allied convoy routes across the North Atlantic were badly disrupted, which hindered the flow of supplies to the United Kingdom. By diverting the Home Fleet, the operation also allowed Admiral Hipper and Admiral Scheer to safely return to Germany.

The German Naval Staff and Raeder believed that the success of Operation Berlin and the other raids conducted by surface vessels during 1940 and early 1941 demonstrated that further such attacks remained viable. Raeder travelled to Brest on 23 March, and asked Lütjens to lead the next raid from the Bismarck. Several changes were made to surface raiding tactics based on lessons learned from Operation Berlin. The prohibition against engaging forces of equal strength was softened to allow battleships to engage escorting warships while their accompanying cruisers attacked the convoy. As the intelligence on convoy routes and timings had proven unreliable and Lütjens experienced difficulty searching for convoys, it was decided to station submarines at strategic locations to scout for Allied ships. Tactics that had proven successful, such as keeping the ships of the battle group together and using supply vessels to search for convoys, were retained.

The British were disappointed by their performance during early 1941. While assigning battleships to protect convoys had prevented disastrous losses, the German surface raiders had greatly disrupted the convoy system and not suffered any losses. A key lesson was the need to strengthen patrols of the seas to the north and south of Iceland to detect German raiders as they attempted to enter the Atlantic. This led to additional cruisers being assigned to the area.

Subsequent operations

Coastal Command aircraft located the two German battleships at Brest on 28 March after six days of intensive searches of French ports. Once the battleships were confirmed to be in port, the Home Fleet returned to its bases for a brief period and the Atlantic convoy system  returned to its normal routings. Due to the threat the force at Brest posed, the Home Fleet blockaded the port and provided powerful escorts to convoys. Submarines were stationed off Brest, and Coastal Command closely monitored it. The Home Fleet maintained three or four naval task forces at all times to intercept the German battleships if they left Brest. Force H was also reinforced and patrolled the routes used by north and southbound convoys. Command of the forces operating west of France alternated between Tovey and Somerville.

The RAF repeatedly made large attacks that targeted the German battleships at Brest. The first raid took place on the night of 30/31 March. On 6 April a British aircraft torpedoed Gneisenau. She was hit by four bombs during another raid on 10 April. It took until the end of 1941 for the damage inflicted by these attacks to be repaired. Scharnhorst required repairs to her boilers which rendered her unable to participate in Operation Rheinübung, the raid into the Atlantic undertaken by Bismarck and Prinz Eugen during May.

Lütjens led Operation Rheinübung from the battleship, and sank HMS Hood on 24 May. He was killed when Bismarck was destroyed by the Home Fleet on 27 May. Guided by Ultra intelligence, the British also sank seven of the eight supply ships that had been sent into the Atlantic to support Bismarck. Following this defeat Hitler forbade further battleship raids into the Atlantic. On 13 June RAF aircraft torpedoed the cruiser Lützow while she was trying to break out into the Atlantic. This was the last raid into the Atlantic that was attempted by the  heavy warships. As a result, Operation Berlin was the final success against Allied shipping achieved by German warships in the North Atlantic. Submarines formed the main element of the German anti-shipping campaign for the remainder of the war.

After the repairs to her boilers were completed, Scharnhorst was transferred to La Pallice on 21 July as it was further from the British bomber bases and believed to be at less risk of air attacks. She was hit by five bombs during an air raid on 24 July, and required repairs in Brest that were not completed until 15 January 1942. In line with a decision made by Hitler in September 1941 to concentrate the  surface warships in Norway, the Scharnhorst-class battleships were ordered to return to Germany via the English Channel. During the "Channel Dash" they and Prinz Eugen departed Brest under heavy air and naval escort on 11 February 1942. Both battleships were damaged by mines, but reached Germany.

While under repair at Kiel, Gneisenau was badly damaged by an air raid on the night of 26/27 February and never reentered service. Scharnhorst was deployed to Norway in 1943. As part of an attempted raid against an Allied Arctic convoy, she was sunk by the Home Fleet on 26 December 1943 during the Battle of the North Cape.

Historiography

Writing in 1954, the British official historian Stephen Roskill stated that Operation Berlin "had been skilfully planned, well co-ordinated with the movements of other raiders and successfully sustained by the supply ships sent out for that purpose" and that the Germans were correct to be pleased with its outcomes. He also noted that the operations conducted by German surface raiders in the North Atlantic between February and March 1941 was the only period in the war in which surface warships were able to "threaten the whole structure of our maritime control". In contrast, the British naval historian Richard Woodman judged in 2004 that Operation Berlin did not have significant strategic implications as Lütjens was unable to cripple Allied shipping in the North Atlantic and only attacked a single eastbound HX convoy. Angus Konstam noted in 2021 that the number of ships sunk by German surface raiders was dwarfed by those accounted for by submarines. He concluded that the strategy of sending surface raiders into the Atlantic was faulty as the resources required to build and crew these ships would have produced better results if they had been allocated to the submarine force.

Roskill attributed the British failure to intercept the raiders to bad luck. He judged that the Royal Navy's performance was superior to that in previous such operations, and demonstrated that it now posed a strong threat to surface raiders. Roskill also observed that assigning battleships to escort convoys "had certainly saved two of them from disaster". The historian Graham Rys-Jones reached a similar conclusion in 1999, noting that Lütjens' success in evading the British was "one of the less helpful lessons of Operation Berlin" as it convinced Raeder that Bismarck could safely operate in the North Atlantic.

Historians agree that Raeder's decision to send the two battleships to Brest was a mistake. Lisle A. Rose has noted that by doing so he "placed the big ships under the thumb of Royal Air Force bombers and divided the German battle fleet between the Channel and the Baltic at just the time that new construction cried out for a concentration of forces". Rose notes that this error led to Bismarck and Prinz Eugen lacking the support of the Scharnhorst-class battleships during their sortie in May 1941. Lars Hellwinkel has noted that Brest lacked the facilities to rapidly repair the battleships at the end of Operation Berlin, and the vulnerability of French ports to British air attack meant that none of the major warships based there would have been able to conduct any attacks after Bismarcks loss. Raeder acknowledged his error after the war, noting that the forces needed to adequately defend the battleships at Brest had not been available.

References

Citations

Works consulted

Conflicts in 1941
Berlin
Maritime incidents in 1941
Berlin
Berlin
January 1941 events
February 1941 events
March 1941 events


text:
Odznaka "W Służbie Penitencjarnej", do 1983 przyznawana pod nazwą odznaka Wzorowego Funkcjonariusza Służby Więziennej – polskie odznaczenie resortowe przeznaczone dla pracowników Służby Więziennej, nadawane w latach 1959–1997, a następnie zastąpione odznaką "Za zasługi w pracy penitencjarnej".

Okres 1960–1972
Odznaka Wzorowego Funkcjonariusza Służby Więziennej została ustanowiona 10 grudnia 1959, a nadana pierwszy raz 22 lipca 1960 i była przyznawana przez Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych z urzędu lub na wniosek Dyrektora Centralnego Zarządu Więziennictwa. Początkowo była odznaką jednostopniową. Wzór odznaki stanowiło nieforemne koło, na górze którego umieszczony był stylizowany orzeł. Dolną część odznaki otaczał wieniec z liści laurowych, na którym widniał napis "ZA WZOROWĄ SŁUŻBĘ". W wewnętrznej części koła, emaliowanego na czerwono, umieszczony był skrzyżowany miecz i znicz oraz umieszczone litery "SW".

Zasady nadawania
Odznaka była nadawana funkcjonariuszowi lub pracownikowi Służby Więziennej, który w okresie co najmniej pięcioletniej służby wykazał się dodatnimi wynikami w pracy oraz poprawną postawą moralno-polityczną.

Okres 1972–1977
Od 1972 roku wprowadzony zostaje trzystopniowy podział odznaki na: brązową, srebrną i złotą. Wzór odznaki stanowi foremny, od góry otwarty owal, koloru odpowiadającego stopniowi odznaki, z napisem "W SŁUŻBIE PENITENCJARNEJ". W centrum odznaki znajduje się skrzyżowany miecz z pochodnią, otoczony wieńcem laurowym. Górną część stanowi stylizowany orzeł piastowski, a u jego dołu umieszczone są rzymskie cyfry: X na odznace brązowej, XV na odznace srebrnej i XXV na odznace złotej. Część górną i dolną oddziela od siebie listewka w kolorze granatowym i czerwonym.

Zasady nadawania
Odznaka była zaszczytnym wyróżnieniem dla funkcjonariuszy i pracowników Służby Więziennej, nadawanym za dobre wyniki w pracy zawodowej oraz długoletnią nieprzerwaną i nienaganną służbę. Odznakę brązową można było otrzymać po dziesięciu, srebrną po piętnastu, a złotą po dwudziestu pięciu latach służby.

Okres 1977–1983
Od 1977 roku odznaka przyjmuje kształt okrągłego medalu o średnicy 32 mm, wykonanego z metalu odpowiadającego kolorem stopniowi odznaczenia. Na awersie od góry podtrzymane zostaje, dotychczas istniejące, oznaczenie minimalnej ilości lat wysługi, potrzebnej do przyznania danego stopnia odznaczenia. W środkowej części odznaczenia umieszczony jest symbol Służby Więziennej, a po okręgu odznaki biegnie napis "W SŁUŻBIE PENITENCJARNEJ". Na rewersie odznaczenia został umieszczony biegnący po okręgu napis "MINISTERSTWO SPRAWIEDLIWOŚCI", a w centrum odznaki napis "ZA WZOROWĄ SŁUŻBĘ", pod którym znajduje się dekoracyjny element w kształcie rombu. Odznakę zawieszano na wstążce koloru granatowego o szerokości 32 mm, z dwoma pionowymi paskami koloru białego szerokości 4 mm, dzielącymi wstążkę na 3 równe części. W zastępstwie odznaczenia dopuszczono noszenie na mundurze baretki odpowiedniego wzoru.

Zasady nadawania
Od 1977 roku odznakę przyznawano na tych samych zasadach, co w okresie poprzednim, jednak tylko funkcjonariuszom Służby Więziennej.

Okres 1983-1996
Nazwa odznaka "W Służbie Penitencjarnej" została wprowadzona wraz z reformą ustawy o Służbie Więziennej, która weszła w życie 26 listopada 1983, ale formalne zniesienie poprzednich przepisów dot. odznaki nastąpiło dopiero 29 sierpnia 1986.

Zasady nadawania
Nadanie odznaki "W Służbie Penitencjarnej" można było uzyskać po pięciu latach (brązowej), dziesięciu (srebrnej) i piętnastu (złotej) latach nieprzerwanej i nienagannej służby.

Kolejna reforma ustawy o Służbie Więziennej ustanowiła nową odznakę "Za zasługi w pracy penitencjarnej", utrzymując poprzednie odznaczenie w mocy momentu wydania nowych przepisów wykonawczych, które weszły w życie 12 września 1997.

Odznaczeni

Przypisy

Odznaczenia Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej
Polskie odznaczenia resortowe


text:
De Vieux Moulin is een watermolen op de Ruisseau du Hac, gelegen in de Belgische plaats Herve, aan Sur la Commune 14.

Deze bovenslagmolen fungeerde als korenmolen.

Het betreft een langgerekt gebouw uit 1756, deels in natuursteen, deels in baksteen. Het bovenslagrad werd vernield tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Boven het molenaarshuis is een gevelsteen met het opschrift: JHS 1756.

Het gebouw werd gerenoveerd. Tegenwoordig is er een kaasmakerij gehuisvest, de Fromagerie du Vieux Moulin.

Bouwwerk in Herve
Watermolen in Luik (provincie)


text:
Christian "Ditch" Davey es un actor australiano; principalmente conocido por haber interpretado a Evan Jones en Blue Heelers y a Nemestes en las series Spartacus: Vengeance y Spartacus: War of the Damned.

Biografía
Davey obtuvo el sobrenombre de "Ditch" luego de que  a su hermano menor se le dificultara decir su nombre Christian y comenzara a llamarlo "Ditch".

En abril del 2010 se casó con Sophia Dunn, la pareja le dio la bienvenida a su primer hijo juntos en el 2011. Ditch es padrastro de Eden Dunn hijo de una relación anterior de Sophia.

Carrera
En el 2001 se unió al elenco principal de la serie policíaca Blue Heelers donde interpretó al oficial de la policía Evan "Jonesy" Jones, hasta el final de la serie en el 2006. Ese mismo año Ditch se convirtió en el presentador del programa de televisión de la cadena 7, Police Files Unlocked.

En el 2007 apareció como invitado en la serie médica All Saints donde interpretó a Clay English, anteriormente había aparecido por primera vez en la serie en el 2001 donde dio vida a Shane Joseph en la serie "What Katie Did Next". Ese mismo año en junio participó en un partido de fútbol entre celebridades como apoyo a una campaña en contra del racismo en Queensland.

En el 2008 apareció por primera vez en la serie Sea Patrol donde interpretó al Capitán Jim Roth, posteriormente regresó a la serie en el 2011 interpretando de nuevo a Roth, sin embargo su personaje murió.

En el 2011 se unió al elenco principal de la película para la televisión Underbelly Files: Tell Them Lucifer Was Here donde interpretó al detective sargento Mick Ritchie.

En el 2012 apareció como personaje recurrente en la exitosa serie Spartacus: Vengeance donde interpretó a Nemetes, un germano capturado por los romanos que después de ser rescatado por Agron se une a Spartacus para derrotar a los romanos. Ese mismo año apareció en la película Crawlspace donde interpretó al soldado y jefe "Romeo".

En el 2013 se unió al elenco de la última temporada de "Spartacus" llamada Spartacus: War of the Damned, donde interpretó nuevamente al guerrero Nemestes hasta que el personaje fue asesinado por el romano Julius Caesar.

En abril del 2014 Ditch se unió al elenco principal de la nueva serie Black Box donde interpretó al brillante doctor neurocirujano Marc Bickman, hasta el final de la serie luego de que fuera cancelada al finalizar su primera temporada.

El 16 de septiembre de 2020 se unió al elenco de la popular serie australiana Home and Away donde da vida al doctor Christian Green, hasta ahora.

Filmografía

Series de Televisión

Películas

Presentador

Asistente

Teatro

Premios y nominaciones

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ditch Davey on TV.com

Actores de televisión de Australia
Nacidos en Melbourne


text:
Thomas Reif (* 13. August 1971) ist ein aus der DDR stammender ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler.

Laufbahn
Thomas Reif stand ab 1990 im Kader von Hansa Rostock (vier Spiele), mit dem er ein Jahr darauf den letzten Meistertitel der alten DDR-Oberliga gewann, die aufgrund der Deutschen Wiedervereinigung aufgelöst wurde. Im selben Jahr gelang auch der Gewinn des letztmals ausgespielten FDGB-Pokals, an dem er mit drei Einsätzen beteiligt war.

In der folgenden Spielzeit trat Reif mit Rostock in der Fußball-Bundesliga an, ohne jedoch zum Einsatz zu kommen. In der folgenden Saison in der Zweiten Liga kam er lediglich auf drei Spiele, woraufhin er den Verein verließ.

Reifs weitere Vereinslaufbahn spielte sich bei unterklassigen Vereinen aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ab. Ein Erfolg war die Meisterschaft der Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, die er 2002 mit der TSG Neustrelitz gewann.

Erfolge
 NOFV-Meister (1): 1990/91
 FDGB-Pokalsieger (1): 1990/91
 Landesmeister Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (1): 2002

Literatur
 Andreas Baingo: FC Hansa Rostock. Wir lieben Dich total! Sportverlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-328-00692-3, S. 143.

Weblinks
 Profil bei hansanews.de

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (BSV Brandenburg)
Fußballspieler (TSG Neustrelitz)
Fußballspieler (Hansa Rostock)
Fußballspieler (FC Mecklenburg Schwerin)
Fußballspieler (FC Anker Wismar)
Fußballspieler (SV Warnemünde)
Fußballspieler (DDR)
Deutscher
Geboren 1971
Mann


text:
Любаровка — деревня в Юргинском районе Кемеровской области России. Входит в состав Попереченского сельского поселения.

География
Деревня находится в северо-западной части области, на левом берегу реки Прямая, на расстоянии примерно 19 километров (по прямой) к югу от районного центра города Юрга. Абсолютная высота — 198 метров над уровнем моря.

История
Основана в 1909 году. По данным 1926 года имелось 118 хозяйств и проживало 597 человек (в основном — украинцы). В административном отношении деревня входила в состав Арлюкского сельсовета Болотнинского района Томского округа Сибирского края.

Население

 Половой состав
По данным Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года в гендерной структуре населения мужчины составляли 48,1 %, женщины — соответственно 51,9 %.

 Национальный состав
Согласно результатам переписи 2002 года, в национальной структуре населения русские составляли 87 % из 158 чел.

Улицы
Уличная сеть деревни состоит из двух улиц (ул. Набережная и ул. Украинская).

Примечания

Населённые пункты Юргинского района (Кемеровская область)


text:
Міхейлень () — комуна у повіті Ботошані.
 Міхейлень () — село у повіті Ботошані. Входить до складу комуни Міхейлень.
 Міхейлень () — комуна у повіті Харгіта.
 Міхейлень () — село у повіті Харгіта. Адміністративний центр комуни Міхейлень.
 Міхейлень () — комуна у повіті Сібіу.
 Міхейлень () — село у повіті Сібіу. Адміністративний центр комуни Міхейлень.
 Міхейлень () — село у повіті Хунедоара. Входить до складу комуни Бучеш.
 Міхейлень () — село у повіті Харгіта. Входить до складу комуни Шимонешть.

Міхайлень () — село у Бричанському районі.
 Міхейлень () — село у Ришканському районі.


text:
La guerre du Maghreb (1699–1702) est un conflit impliquant une coalition tunisienne, tripolitaine et marocaine, d'une part, et la régence d'Alger, d'autre part. C'est une étape supplémentaire dans l'affaiblissement de l'emprise ottomane déjà fragile sur le Maghreb ; les deux parties ayant totalement ignoré les appels du sultan ottoman à signer un traité de paix. Au niveau de la régence de Tunis, cette guerre induit la poursuite des luttes intestines entre  beys mouradides qui débouchent sur l'établissement du beylicat de Tunis, avec, à sa tête, une nouvelle dynastie : les Husseinites en 1705.

Contexte
Dès les années 1690, un changement de cap est opéré dans la politique étrangère de la régence d'Alger par le dey Hadj Chaabane qui détourne Alger des guerres de mer contre les Européens et cherche à fédérer tout le Maghreb sous son autorité. Il était spécifiquement intéressé à élargir ses frontières en agrandissant le Beylik de Mascara. Il voulait également annexer Tunis et en faire un quatrième gouvernorat de Beylik.

Pendant ce temps, la dynastie alaouite fraîchement montante cherchait également à étendre son contrôle, et s'intéressait surtout le Beylik de Mascara, un gouvernorat algérien à l'ouest du pays.

Déroulement

Invasion marocaine du Beylik de Mascara

Dans l'année hégirienne de 1111 (1699-1700), l'armée marocaine, principalement composée de la Garde noire, dirigée par le fils d'Ismail, Zidan, entra en Algérie. En tant que Bey de Mascara, Mustapha Bouchelaghem n'était à l'époque pas prêt à défendre son territoire, l'invasion fut rapide. Le premier engagement eut lieu à Tlemcen où l'armée marocaine assiégea la ville défendue par des Kouloughlis armés qui étaient les principaux habitants de la ville. Après sa chute, l'armée marocaine a continué et a même capturé Mascara, la capitale du Beylik où il a pillé le palais du Bey.

Campagne tunisienne sur Constantine

En 1699, des troupes tunisiennes renforcées par des troupes tripolitaines envahirent le Beylik de Constantine, en même temps que les marocains. Le Bey de Constantin à l'époque, Ali Khodja Bey était plus préparé que son homologue mascaran, bien qu'il ait échoué de manière décisive dans une bataille près de Constantine contre Murad III Bey et son commandant Ibrahim Sharif de Tunis. Bien que son objectif ne soit pas nécessairement clair, il a très probablement voulu incorporer la Kabylie et le Constantinois à la Tunisie d'une manière similaire à celle de la dynastie hafside.

Retraite marocaine
Après plusieurs raids contre lui, Zidan a choisi de se retirer des territoires algériens capturés, gardant son butin avec lui. Cette retraite a irrité son père qui l'a remplacé.

Contre-attaque algérienne

Bataille de Jouami' al-Ulama

Le 3 octobre 1700, les forces algériennes ont vaincu avec succès les armées de Murad lors de la bataille de Jouami 'al' Ulama près de Sétif. This defeat cause a rout, and Murad had to retreat back into Tunisian territories, abandoning all of his gains. Although he did lose, he attempted to raise another army in hopes of attacking Algeria again. He also sent his commander Ibrahim Sharif to Constantinople to recruit additional janissaries.

Bataille de Chelif

Ismail a dirigé une grande armée de jusqu'à  contre les armées du Dey d'Alger. la régence d'Alger a pu remporter une victoire sur les armées marocaines. Cela a conduit à un cessez-le-feu entre Alger et le Maroc, et a permis au Dey de se concentrer sur Tunis à la place.

Assassinat de Murad III et fin de la guerre
En 1702, Murad III lève une armée pour lancer une autre offensive en Algérie. Ibrahim Sharif est revenu de Constantinople avec une grande quantité de janissaires turcs qui ont plu à Mourad, bien qu'il ne l'ignore pas, Sharif avait des plans précis. Agissant sur les ordres secrets du sultan ottoman, le 2 juin, il assassina Mourad et tua toute sa famille, rétablit le contrôle ottoman sur le territoire et mettant fin à la dynastie des Mouradides. Il a signé un traité de paix avec les Algériens quelques semaines plus tard, mettant fin à la guerre par un statu quo ante bellum.

Conséquences
Bien que les guerres n'aient eu aucun effet à court terme autre que la destruction, leurs effets à long terme étaient plus importants. En 1705, à la suite directe de cette guerre, une autre guerre éclate entre Alger et Tunis, qui conduit à l'établissement de la dynastie Husainid.

Après que Hadj Mustapha ait perdu sa popularité à Alger à la suite de ces guerres, il a été tué en 1705, et après sa mort, le pays est tombé dans le chaos, car Deys était souvent tué dans les jours ou parfois les heures suivant son élection. Ce n'est qu'en 1710 qu'Alger est stabilisée par un nouveau Dey appelé Baba Ali Chaouch.

Celles-ci, ainsi que d'autres défaites militaires de la Tripolitaine, conduiraient à l'instabilité et à l'ascension de la dynastie Karamanli en 1711.

Notes et références

1699
1700
1701
1702
Bataille impliquant la régence d'Alger
Histoire militaire du Maroc
Bataille impliquant la régence de Tunis
Bataille de 1690
Bataille de 1700
Bataille de 1701
Bataille de 1702


text:
Stubbes Urlaub ist ein deutscher Fernsehfilm von Christa Mühl aus dem Jahr 1995. Es handelt sich um den dritten Filmbeitrag der ZDF-Kriminalfilmreihe Stubbe – Von Fall zu Fall mit Wolfgang Stumph in der Titelrolle.

Handlung
Kommissar Wilfried Stubbe macht nach dem stressigen Umzug mit seiner Familien seinen Jahresurlaub. Alle Familienmitglieder treffen rege Campingvorbereitungen und freuen sich auf die gemeinsame freie Zeit, nur Stubbes Sohn Fabian ist es wichtiger, seinem neuen Freund Tim zu helfen. Dieser ist von dem Waffenhändler und Zuhälter Richy Kaiser brutal zusammengeschlagen worden und die Polizei nimmt die Angelegenheit nicht so wichtig. Für sie ist es nur eine Prügelei unter eifersüchtigen Rivalen. Fabian Stubbe versucht deshalb seinem Freund auf eigene Faust zu helfen, schließlich ist er der Sohn eines erfolgreichen Kriminalkommissars. Unter dem Vorwand, zu Tante Charlottes Schutz bei ihr im Haus bleiben zu wollen, schließt er sich vom Familienurlaub aus und fährt nicht mit an die See. Dafür spioniert er Tims Peiniger nach und spannt ihm das Mädchen aus, weswegen Kaiser Tim zusammengeschlagen hatte. Dabei fällt er den Zivilbeamten auf, die gegen Fabians Erwartung Kaiser überwachen. Zimmermann hält es für seine Pflicht, seinen Kollegen Stubbe davon zu unterrichten, dass sich sein Sohn regelmäßig in der Stammkneipe von Kaiser aufhalten würde. Wilfried Stubbe ist damit klar, dass Fabian den Verbrecher auf eigene Faust zur Strecke bringen will, was sehr gefährlich werden kann. Daher unterbricht Wilfried seinen Urlaub  und reist umgehend nach Hamburg. Fabian ist davon wenig begeistert, dass sein Vater plötzlich bei ihm auftaucht und will die Angelegenheit lieber allein regeln. Dabei kommt er Kaiser gefährlich nah und muss sogar vor ihm fliehen. Sein Vater hat allerdings auch Kaisers Fährte aufgenommen und kommt seinem Sohn zu Hilfe. In einer Lagerhalle kommt es zu einer Schießerei, bei der Fabian leicht verletzt wird. Kaiser kann festgenommen werden und aufgrund von Waffenfunden in seinem Wagen, ist eine Verurteilung sicher.

Am nächsten Tag reist Wilfried zusammen mit Fabian zurück ans Meer und die ganze Familie genießt den Rest des Urlaubs nun doch gemeinsam. Von Fabians gefährlichem Abenteuer verraten die beiden den anderen aber nichts.

Hintergrund
Der Film wurde in Hamburg und Umgebung gedreht und am 16. Dezember 1995 um 20:15 Uhr im ZDF erstausgestrahlt. Er erschien unter dem Titel Stubbe – Von Fall zu Fall/Folge 1–10 mit neun weiteren Fällen auf DVD.

Kritik
Die Kritiker der Fernsehzeitschrift TV Spielfilm vergaben eine mittlere Wertung (Daumen zur Seite), sie fanden das Werk "bedächtig".

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Stubbes Urlaub
Filmtitel 1995
Deutscher Film
Fernsehfilm
Kriminalfilm


text:
This is a list of notable books written by writers hailing from or living in Uganda.

See also
 List of Ugandan writers

References

Kumusha
Uganda


text:
Catastrophic thinking has widely been recognized in the development and maintenance of hypochondriasis and anxiety disorders. This broadly accepted understanding has classified catastrophizing as a tendency to misinterpret and exaggerate situations that may be threatening. Pain is an undesirable sensory and emotional experience in response to potential or actual tissue damage.
A general consensus of pain catastrophizing involves an exaggerated negative perception to painful stimuli. The components of catastrophizing that are considered primary were long under debate until the development of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) by Michael J. L. Sullivan and Scott R. Bishop of Dalhousie University in 1995. The PCS is a 13 item scale, with each item rated on a 5-point scale: 0 (Not at all) to 4 (all the time). The PCS is broken into three subscales being magnification, rumination, and helplessness. The scale was developed as a self-report measurement tool that provided a valid index of catastrophizing in clinical and non-clinical populations.
The results of the initial development and validation studies indicated that the PCS is a reliable and valid measurement tool for catastrophizing. The high test-retest relationships concluded that individuals may possess enduring beliefs with regards to the threat value of painful stimuli.  It was also found that from a clinical perspective, the PCS may be useful in identifying individuals that may be more susceptible to high distress responses from aversive medical procedures such as chemotherapy or surgery.

Further psychometric evaluation
A secondary study was conducted by Augustine Osman of the University of Northern Iowa to replicate the findings found in the development and validation studies of Sullivan and Bishop. At the time of the study there was a great deal of interest in understanding the cognitive factors involving pain and an individual's response to persistent pain experiences. Before the development of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) there had been no other self-report measurement tool that focused primarily on catastrophizing. Other self-report measurement tools such as: the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ), the Pain-Related Self-Statements Scale (PRSS) and the Cognitive Coping Strategy Inventory (CCS) had subscales for assessing catastrophizing but failed to explore specific dimensions of catastrophizing. Osman conducted a series of experiments to replicate the findings of Sullivan and Bishop, as well as evaluated the validity of the PCS's ability to effectively differentiate between adult outpatient and nonclinical community samples using adult subjects.
The study that Osman conducted effectively replicated the findings of Sullivan and Bishop. The Study confirmed the ability of the PCS to isolate general catastrophizing characterized by the three primary related factors (rumination, magnification, and helplessness). The PCS was found to effectively differentiate between clinical and nonclinical samples, through verifying a clear distinction between overall and subscale scores of the PCS of the tested subjects. The findings of the study provided empirical support for the PCS in future studies.

As the Pain Catastrophizing Scale has been developed, the goal of studies has shifted to its usability as a universal scale. Through various studies the PCS was shown to be invariant (with most accuracy in the three oblique factor structure) across genders and both clinical and non-clinical groups. The gender focused study expressed that female subjects report more frequent experiences of pain, varied intensity with increased persistence, and lower pain tolerances and thresholds. With minimal modification (to address the subject of the catastrophizing) the PCS can also be applied to pain catastrophizing in a social context. The social aspects studied were parents of disabled children and spouses of individuals with chronic pain. Specifically it has been shown to determine illness related stress and depression issues that arise from parent's catastrophizing about their child's pain in regards to a disability or illness. Similarly with respect to pain catastrophizing between romantic partners, spouse catastrophizing about a partner's chronic pain was related to depressive and pain severity levels in both spouses.

Applications

Research of pain catastrophizing has found that catastrophic thinking can result in a more intense experience of pain. By this association, catastrophizing has led to over predictions of pain, increased use of health care and longer hospital stays.  The use of the PCS in clinical and nonclinical settings can provide a more specific tool for healthcare professionals to better care for their patients. A greater understanding of a person's experience of pain can allow for a better care regimen to be implemented helping reduce problems that have previously come from catastrophizing.

References

Pain
Pain scales


text:
Верхняя Водлица — деревня в Вытегорском районе Вологодской области.

Образована 6 июня 2001 года в результате объединения деревень Анхимовская, Горка, Евстифеевская и Тарасьевская.

Входит в состав Оштинского сельского поселения, с точки зрения административно-территориального деления — в Оштинский сельсовет.

Расположена на левом берегу реки Водлица. Расстояние до районного центра Вытегры по автодороге — 58 км, до центра муниципального образования села Ошта по прямой — 14 км. Ближайшие населённые пункты — Горный Ручей, Нижняя Водлица.

По переписи 2002 года население — 17 человек.

В деревне расположены памятники архитектуры дом Межина, церковь, жилой дом, мост, подпорная стенка вдоль берега реки Водлицы.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Верхняя Водлица в реестре населённых пунктов Вологодской области

Населённые пункты Вытегорского района


text:
Buddelundiella armata är en kräftdjursart som beskrevs av Filippo Silvestri 1897. Buddelundiella armata ingår i släktet Buddelundiella och familjen Buddelundiellidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Bildgalleri

Källor

Externa länkar

Gråsuggor och tånglöss
armata


text:
6877 Giada este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6877 Giada este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Colleverde de Vincenzo Silvano Casulli. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,32 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 6,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi


text:
Hemitriakis indroyonoi is een vissensoort uit de familie van de gladde haaien (Triakidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 2009 door White, Compagno & Dharmadi.

Gladde haaien
IUCN-status bedreigd


text:
Gerwasia is a genus of rust fungi in the family Phragmidiaceae. Species in the genus grow on Rubus and Rosa plants.

Species
Gerwasia clara
Gerwasia columbiensis
Gerwasia cundinamarcensis
Gerwasia epiphylla
Gerwasia holwayi
Gerwasia imperialis
Gerwasia jeffersii
Gerwasia lagerheimii
Gerwasia mayorii
Gerwasia peruviana
Gerwasia pittieriana
Gerwasia quitensis
Gerwasia rosae
Gerwasia rubi
Gerwasia rubi-urticifolii
Gerwasia standleyi
Gerwasia tayronensis
Gerwasia variabilis

References

External links

Pucciniales
Basidiomycota genera


text:
Il Campeonato de Portugal 1929 fu l'ottava edizione del Campeonato de Portugal, torneo antenato della Coppa di Portogallo. La competizione fu giocata dal 7 aprile al 16 giugno 1929. La squadra vincitrice fu per la seconda volta il Belenenses, trionfatore in finale contro i concittadini dell'.

Partecipanti
Algarve:
Aveiro: ,
Braga:
Coimbra:
Évora:
Lisbona: , , , , , ,
Madera:
Porto: , , , ,
Portalegre:
Santarém:
Setúbal: , , ,
Vila Real:
Viseu:

Primo Turno
Le partite furono giocate il 7 aprile 1929.

Ottavi di finale
Le partite si giocarono il 26 maggio 1929.

Quarti di finale
I quarti furono giocati il 2 giugno 1929.

Semifinali
Le semifinali si giocarono il 9 giugno 1929.

Finale

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Calcio nel 1929
1929


text:
Geografia
 Sorbon – comune francese da cui prende il nome la Sorbona e che diede i natali a Robert de Sorbon
 Sorbona (Sorbonne) – edificio storico di Parigi, sede universitaria
 Sorbonne – quartiere di Parigi
 Place de la Sorbonne – piazza di Parigi

Persone
 Robert de Sorbon – teologo francese, fondatore della Sorbona

Università
 Università Pantheon-Sorbona – università di Parigi (1971-)
 Università Sorbonne Nouvelle – università di Parigi (1971-)
 Università di Parigi-Sorbona – università di Parigi (1971-2017)
 Sorbonne Université – università di Parigi (2018-)
 Sorbonne Université Abu Dhabi – università di Abu Dhabi (2006-)

Altro
 Cluny-La Sorbonne – stazione lungo la linea 10 della metropolitana di Parigi


text:
Caio romulus is een vlinder uit de familie van de nachtpauwogen (Saturniidae).

De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door J. Peter Maassen in 1869.

Nachtpauwogen


text:
Brahim Boulami () (born April 20, 1972 in Safi) is a Moroccan athlete who set two world records in the 3,000 meter steeplechase, 7:55.28 and 7:53.17. The latter was overturned because he tested positive for the banned performance-enhancing drug EPO. Boulami was banned for two years in 2002 after the positive test. His time of 7:55.28 in the 3000 meter steeplechase from the  year before the positive test is currently the fourth fastest ever run.

His older brother Khalid Boulami is an Olympic bronze medalist.

See also
List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences

References

External links

Living people
1972 births
Moroccan male steeplechase runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Morocco
Doping cases in athletics
Moroccan sportspeople in doping cases
People from Safi, Morocco
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Morocco
Athletes (track and field) at the 1997 Mediterranean Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics
Universiade silver medalists for Morocco
Universiade bronze medalists for Morocco
Medalists at the 1995 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games
Goodwill Games gold medalists in athletics


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Жилче () је насеље у Северној Македонији, у северном делу државе. Жилче припада општини Јегуновце.

Географија
Насеље Жилче је смештено у северном делу Северне Македоније. Од најближег већег града, Тетова, насеље је удаљено 12 km источно.

Жилче се налази у доњем делу историјске области Полог. Насеље је положено на северном делу Полошког поља. Око насеља се пружа поље, а даље ка истоку се издиже Жеден планина. Вардар протиче источно од насеља. Надморска висина насеља је приближно 420 метара.

Клима у насељу је умерено континентална.

Историја Срба у месту
Подигли су мештани села Жилче код Тетова 1923. године сами о свом трошку православну цркву. Та црква је затим деценију трајала без звона. Мештанин печалбар Атанасије Ђорђевић је окупио своје пријатеље да би заједнички нашли решење у вези набавке звона. Одлучили су да се са молбом обрате канцеларији Његовог величанства краља Александра. Убрзо, трећег дана преко среског начелника Полошког јављен има је повољан исход. Краљ је определио 4000 динара за куповину њиховог звона. Новац је одмах преузео Ђорђевић и у ливници "Меркур" изливено је жилченско звоно. Ђорђевић је са пријатељима нашао повољан начин да транспортује звоно у своје село. Свечано освећење подигнутог звона уследило је новембра 1933. године.

Становништво
Жилче је према последњем попису из 2002. године имало 650 становника.

Претежно становништво у насељу су етнички Македонци (98%), а остало су махом Срби.

Већинска вероисповест је православље.

Референце

Види још
 Општина Јегуновце

Извори
 Попис у Македонији 2002. - Књига 10.

Спољашње везе

 www.opstinajegunovce.gov.mk Званична страница општине Јегуновце

Општина Јегуновце
Насељена места у Северној Македонији
Википројект географија/Насеља у Македонији


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Trypethelium neogalbineum är en lavart som beskrevs av R. C. Harris. Trypethelium neogalbineum ingår i släktet Trypethelium och familjen Trypetheliaceae.   Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Sporsäcksvampar
neogalbineum


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Ai Giochi della XVI Olimpiade di Melbourne 1956 sono stati assegnati 24 titoli nell'atletica leggera maschile.

I 20 km di marcia sostituiscono i 10000 metri. La marcia diventa sempre più una gara di resistenza.

Calendario

Si gareggia in un paese di lingua e cultura inglese perciò la domenica, giorno festivo, ci si riposa. Il calendario imita molto da vicino quello dei Giochi del 1948. Come a Londra:
Le gare iniziano di venerdì e terminano di sabato (giorno sportivo per eccellenza nel mondo anglosassone);
I tre turni degli 800 metri sono distribuiti su quattro giornate;
L'unico concorso che svolge un turno di qualificazione è l'Asta (a causa della lunghezza della competizione);
I concorsi si disputano fino a un giorno prima del Decathlon.
Novità rispetto alle edizioni precedenti:
I 1500 metri, gara che trae origine dal Miglio inglese, vengono collocati nella posizione di maggior prestigio, ovvero nell'ultima giornata. Diventerà uno standard;
I 5000 sono ulteriormente distanziati dai 10.000, dando così modo agli atleti di poter disputare entrambe le distanze.
A Melbourne i 20 km di marcia su strada sostituiscono la gara su pista. Logicamente, la competizione viene disputata in un turno unico. Gli organizzatori mantengono la sua collocazione nella seconda parte della settimana (diventerà uno standard).

Nuovi record
I tre record mondiali sono, per definizione, anche record olimpici.

Risultati delle gare

Statistiche
Dei 21 olimpionici vincitori di gare individuali ad Helsinki, solo sei hanno lasciato l'attività agonistica. Però due americani non si sono qualificati ai Trials. Inoltre Emil Zatopek, vincitore di tre ori, si presenta in Australia a difendere solo il titolo della Maratona e il marciatore Giuseppe Dordoni è passato dalla 50km alla nuova distanza dei 20km. Infine il campione dei 400 metri Rhoden, non è stato selezionato dalla propria nazionale, la Giamaica. Dei rimanenti nove campioni olimpici, solo tre riescono a riconfermarsi: Bob Richards, Adhemar da Silva e Parry O'Brien.
Sono sette i primatisti mondiali che vincono la loro gara a Melbourne, nelle seguenti specialità: 200 metri, 10.000 metri, 400 ostacoli, Salto in alto, Triplo, Peso e Martello.
Due atleti, Adhemar da Silva (Salto triplo) e Parry O'Brien (Getto del peso) sono gli unici che si presentano nella veste di campione in carica e di primatista mondiale. Entrambi vincono per la seconda volta il titolo.

Note

Bibliografia


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La famille  Ridolfi  est un noble famille florentine  dont la dynastie commence avec Ridolfo Ridolfi ()

Histoire

Dans la seconde moitié du   Ridolfo, dont ses descendants  tirent leur patronyme, arrive de Poppiano  pour exercer commerce à Florence et habiter, précisément dans le quartier San Frediano, en Oltrarno, et avec ses fils vers 1320. Ils sont enterrés dans l'église Santa Maria del Carmine.

En  1343 Niccolò di Cione Ridolfi est élu parmi les Prieurs de la Liberté. Sa famille, entre-temps, s'étant fait connaître, avait érigé ses premières demeures dans les gonfalone della Ferza, autour de l'église de San Felice in Piazza. Cette branche des Ridolfi se dit donc de la Piazza, pour se distinguer de ceux du Ponte (Ponte Vecchio), et des Ridolfi du Borgo (San Jacopo).

Armoiries

Une montagne d'or sur fond bleu traversé par une bande de pourpre sur le côté, dans le coin supérieur droit une couronne d'or avec des palmiers verts, cette couronne fut accordée par le roi Jacques de Majorque et des Pouilles à Lorenzo Ridolfi, quand il fut envoyé comme ambassadeur de la République Florentine à Naples en 1415.

Membres illustres
 Ridolfo Ridolfi (début du ), tête de la dynastie des Ridolfi
 Niccolò di Cione Ridolfi, élu en 1343 Priore di libertà
 Piero Ridolfi, époux (fin du ) de la Contessina de' Medici, fille de Laurent le Magnifique
 Antonio Ridolfi, qui participa au Conseil des Vingt chargé d'organiser la guerre contre la république de Volterra en 1471.
 Niccolò Ridolfi (né en 1501 à Florence), archevêque de Florence et cardinal
 Roberto Ridolfi (né en 1531 à Florence), conjuré de la destitution d'Élisabeth  d'Angleterre
 Niccolò Ridolfi (1578-1650), maître de l'ordre des Prêcheurs
 Bernardino Ridolfi, commandant en 1571 à la bataille de Lépante
 Cosimo Ridolfi (né en 1794 à Florence), agronome, économiste et homme d'État
 Luigi Ridolfi (né en 1896 à Florence), mécène, dirigeant sportif, héros décoré de la Grande Guerre
 Roberto Ridolfi (1899-1991 à Florence), écrivain, biographe, historien et philologue

Traces dans Florence
 Le palazzo di Cosimo Ridolfi

Articles connexes
 Les familles florentines

Notes et références

Grande famille du Moyen Âge
Famille noble italienne
Famille de Florence
Famille Ridolfi
Patronyme italien


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Guy Roach (né le  à Toronto, dans la province de l'Ontario au Canada) est un joueur professionnel canadien de hockey sur glace.

Carrière de joueur
Il commence sa carrière en 1939 avec les Orioles de Baltimore dans l'Eastern Hockey League.

Statistiques de carrière
Pour les significations des abréviations, voir statistiques du hockey sur glace.

|1939-1940 || Orioles de Baltimore || EHL ||- ||- ||- ||- ||- ||- ||- ||- ||- ||-
|-
|1940-1941 || Orioles de Baltimore || EHL ||- ||- ||- ||- ||- ||- ||- ||- ||- ||-
|-
|1945-1946 ||  || PCHL ||40 ||20 ||13 ||33 ||42 ||- ||- ||- ||- ||-
|-
|1946-1947 || Lions de Washington || EHL ||56 ||25 ||16 ||41 ||48 ||- ||- ||- ||- ||-
|-
|1947-1948 || Falcons de Fresno || PCHL ||66 ||23 ||16 ||39 ||88 ||- ||- ||- ||- ||-
|-
|1948-1949 || Falcons de Fresno || PCHL ||63 ||7 ||13 ||20 ||71 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2

Notes et références

Naissance en octobre 1919
Naissance à Toronto
Joueur canadien de hockey sur glace
Joueur des Orioles de Baltimore (EHL)
Joueur des Oaks d'Oakland
Joueur des Lions de Washington
Joueur des Falcons de Fresno
Défenseur de hockey sur glace


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Se llama ándito a una serie de aberturas situadas en el interior de una iglesia entre las grandes arcadas y las ventanas de la nave central. Se suele utilizar como sinónimo del triforio.

Cerrada esta galería por un lado con muros laterales o hastiales, por el otro se comunica con la nave central por medio de las citadas galerías. El ándito comúnmente está abovedado como las naves y con igual longitud y anchura que éstas y por esto se le da el nombre de nave superior aunque también es conocido como galería.

Empleado desde el siglo XI al XVI presenta variadas formas ya espaciado ya reducido o separado por simples columnitas.

En el exterior de un edificio
Un ándito es un corredor o galería que rodea totalmente o sólo en parte el exterior de un edificio, a través de aberturas abiertas cuando son necesarias, lo que le da un carácter principalmente defensivo.

Desde el ándito es fácil vigilar sin ser visto y se puede encontrar en edificios religiosos como en la mudéjar iglesia de San Pedro (Teruel), Aragón, España, como se puede ver en la imagen.

Referencias

Espacios arquitectónicos
Arquitectura religiosa
Defensas medievales


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Dubova (Plavișevița jusqu'en 1977, Dunatőlgyes en hongrois, ) est une commune roumaine du județ de Mehedinți, dans la région historique du Banat et dans la région de développement du Sud-Ouest.

Géographie
La commune de Dubova est située au sud-ouest du județ, dans la région historique du Banat, sur la rive gauche du Danube, adossée aux Monts Almăj (Munții Almăjului), face à la Serbie.

Le village de Dubova est situé dans les Portes de Fer, entre les défilés les plus étroits du fleuve.

La commune est à  au sud-ouest d'Orșova et à  à l'ouest de Drobeta Turnu-Severin, la préfecture du județ.

Elle est composée des trois villages suivants (population en 2002) :
 Baia Nouă (274) ;
 Dubova (499), siège de la municipalité ;
 Eibenthal (308).

Histoire
La commune appartenait au royaume de Hongrie jusqu'au démantèlement de l'Empire austro-hongrois après la Première Guerre mondiale en 1920 au Traité de Trianon. Elle a alors rejoint le royaume de Roumanie.

Dubova faisait partie de la Clisura Dunării, zone de la frontière militaire face à l'Empire ottoman et était peuplée de communautés roumaines, tchèques, serbes et allemandes.

En 1930, la commune comptait  Roumains et 916 Tchèques. La commune compte encore le plus important pourcentage de population tchèque du pays, notamment dans le village d'Eibenthal.

Religions
En 2002, 55,68 % de la population était de religion orthodoxe, 42,09 % étaient catholiques romains et 1,1 % catholiques grecs.

Démographie
En 2002, les Roumains représentaient 55,41 % de la population totale, les Tchèques 40,7 %, les Tsiganes 1,01 % et les Serbes 1,01 %. La commune comptait 483 ménages et 504 logements.

Économie
L'économie est basée sur l'agriculture, l'exploitation des forêts et le tourisme. Une mine d'anthracite est en exploitation à Eibenthal.

Lieux et monuments
 Rives du Danube, défilés des Portes de Fer, aux paysages grandioses et spectaculaires.
 Monastère Mraconia, au sud de Dubova, construit sur le bord du fleuve.
 Sculpture monumentale du roi Décébale (roi dace qui combattit les Romains lors de l'invasion de la Dacie) sur la montagne.
 Grotte Ponicova (Peștera Ponicova).
 Parc naturel des Portes de Fer (Parcul Natural Porțile de Fier).
 Réserves naturelles Cazanele Mari et Ciucarul Mare.

Liens externes
Carte du județ.
Informations sur la commune sur le site officiel du județ. (en roumain).
Galerie de photos sur le site naturel (en hongrois).
Diverses informations sur la commune (en roumain).

Notes et références

Commune dans le județ de Mehedinți