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Sir Richard Arthur Blackburn,  (26 July 1918 – 1 October 1987) was an Australian judge, prominent legal academic and military officer. He became a judge of three courts in Australia, and eventually became chief justice of the Australian Capital Territory. In the 1970s he decided one of Australia's earliest Aboriginal Land rights cases. His service to the Australian legal community is commemorated by the annual Sir Richard Blackburn Memorial lectures in Canberra.

Early years
Blackburn was born on 26 July 1918 in Mount Lofty, South Australia. He was the son of Brigadier Arthur Seaforth Blackburn  and Rose Ada Blackburn (née Kelly). His father was at that time a prominent legal practitioner in South Australia, and was later to serve as a Commissioner of the now defunct Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration. Blackburn was educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide and was an undergraduate at St Mark's College at the University of Adelaide. He graduated with First Class Honours in English Literature from the University of Adelaide. He won the John Howard Clark Prize as the candidate who was placed highest in the final examination. He was chosen as the Rhodes Scholar for South Australia in 1940, but did not take it up immediately because of the outbreak of the Second World War.

On 14 May 1940, during the Second World War, Blackburn enlisted in the Australian Army at Adelaide. He served with the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF) on active service in North Africa and Papua New Guinea until his discharge on 7 November 1945 as a captain in the 2/9th Division Cavalry Regiment.

Legal and academic life
At the end of the war, he took up his Rhodes Scholarship at Magdalen College, University of Oxford. He and another South Australian, the Honourable Justice Andrew Wells, became the first Dominion students to be awarded the Eldon Law Scholarship. As a result, he attended the University of Oxford in 1949 and graduated with a Bachelor of Civil Law. Blackburn was called to the Bar in the United Kingdom in Inner Temple in 1949.

Blackburn returned to Australia after his Oxford studies. He was admitted as a legal practitioner in South Australia in 1951. Between 1950 and 1957 he was the Bonython Professor of Law at the Adelaide University. He married his wife Bryony Helen Dutton Curkeet, the daughter of the late Henry Hampden Dutton and Emily Martin Dutton of Anlaby, Kapunda, South Australia, on 1 December 1951 at her brother's home at Anlaby. He became the Dean of the Faculty of Law in 1951 and served as Dean there until 1957. In 1957 he left full-time academic life to become a partner in the Adelaide law firm Finlaysons; however, he continued as a member of the Faculty until 1965. His daughter and son were born while he was teaching at the Adelaide University.

In 1957 he was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel and given command of the Adelaide University Regiment. In 1962 he was commissioned as a colonel and given command of the 1st Battalion, Royal South Australia Regiment. He served there until 1965. Blackburn was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) on 1 January 1965 in honour of his military service.

Judicial career
Richard Blackburn left academic life and was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory in 1966. During this time, he became President of the Arts Council of the Northern Territory. It was during his judicial life in the Northern Territory that he decided the first significant case concerning Aboriginal Land Rights in Australia. This was the case of Milirrpum v. Nabalco  in which important issues of aboriginal land rights were canvassed. In that case he held that the communal system in which Australian Aborigines had lived could be called a "government of law, and not of men", accepting that was a system of law predating British settlement. However, he ruled that the British common law did not recognise communal interests and in any event, those interests were extinguished by the assertion of British sovereignty over the land in question. The case led to the eventual introduction of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976.

In May 1971 he was appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory. In that same year, he was also appointed a judge of the Federal Court of Australia in 1977 on that court's establishment and served as a judge in that latter court until 1984. He was appointed chief judge of Supreme Court on 7 November 1977. He was appointed chief justice on 7 May 1982 when that position replaced the former position of chief judge.

He was the chairperson of the Law Reform Commission of the Australian Capital Territory from 1971 to 1976. In 1979, Blackburn authored a biographical entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography about his father. In keeping with Blackburn's nature of not seeking honours, he failed to note in the entry that he had himself gone on to become a distinguished judge.

He was Patron of the St John Council for Australian Capital Territory from 1981 to 1984. In 1981, he became a Commander of the Order of St John of Jerusalem in honour of his service.

He was knighted in the New Years Honours of 1983 for his services to the law. He became Chancellor of the Australian National University in 1984.

Retirement
Blackburn retired as Chief Justice due to ill health on 31 March 1985. At his retirement ceremony, Faulks J, speaking on behalf of the legal profession said:

In 1986 he was elected an Hononary Fellow of St Mark's College. Blackburn was also invited to give the first Harrison Memorial Lecture at the Royal Military College at Duntroon after the Officer Training School was moved from .

In May of that year, Blackburn was one of three former chief justices appointed by the Australian Government to be Parliamentary Commissioners in a Special Commission of Inquiry to investigate the conduct of Justice Lionel Murphy concerning allegations that Murphy had attempted to pervert the course of justice in the criminal proceeding involving solicitor Morgan Ryan. He was appointed notwithstanding his ill-health because of his skills and abilities. While the inquiry did not proceed to conclusion because of Murphy's own illness and subsequent death, the commissioners did make a report on what constituted misconduct for a judge under the Australian Constitution. Blackburn concluded:

Blackburn died on 1 October 1987. He was survived by his wife Bryony Helen Blackburn, who died in 2005, and children Charlotte Calder and Tom Blackburn .

Sir Richard Blackburn Lectures
In 1986, the Law Society of the Australian Capital Territory inaugurated the Sir Richard Blackburn Lecture in honour of Blackburn's services to the legal community. Blackburn himself gave the first lecture. Michael Black, former Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia, is the only person to have given the lecture twice, in 1994 and 2012, although the latter lecture made no reference to having done so previously.

1986 – Sir Richard Blackburn, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory: The Courts and the Community.
1987 – Sir Harry Gibbs, Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia: The Powers of the Police to Question and Search.
1988 – Michael Kirby, President of the Court of Appeal of New South Wales: The Politics of Law Reform.
1989 – Sir Anthony Mason, Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia: Administrative Review – the Experience of the First Twelve Years.
1990 – Sir Gerard Brennan, Justice of the High Court of Australia: Courts, Democracy and the Law.
1991 – Sir Zelman Cowen, former Governor-General of Australia: Crown and Representative in the Commonwealth.
1992 – Mary Gaudron, Justice of the High Court of Australia: Equal Rights and Anti-Discrimination Law.
1993 – Jeffrey Miles, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory: The State of the Judicature in the ACT.
1994 – Michael Black, Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia: Letting the Public Know – The Educative Role of the Courts.
1995 – Dame Roma Mitchell, Governor of South Australia: The External Affairs Power in relation to United Nations Conventions; its effect upon the Balance of Power between Commonwealth and States.
1996 – Paul Finn, Judge of the Federal Court of Australia: The Courts and the Vulnerable.
1997 – Deirdre O'Connor, President of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission: Access to Justice – Technicalities and the Tribunal System.
1998 – Robert French, Judge of the Federal Court of Australia: Courts Under the Constitution.
1999 – John Lehane, Judge of the Federal Court of Australia: Administrative Law – Aspects of Pre-Millennial Judicial Review.
2000 – John Gallop, Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory and the List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia: The Attorney-General – A Hybrid Character Who Needs to be Versatile.
2001 – Bettie McNee, President of the Administrative Review Council: Administrative Review – Observations and Reflections.
2002 – Alastair Nicholson, Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia: Children and Young People – The Law and Human Rights.
2003 – Diana Bryant, Chief Federal Magistrate of Australia: The Contribution of Children to the Jurisprudence of the Federal Magistrates Court and the Relevance of the 'Best Interests of the Child' principle in the Legal Work of the Federal Magistrates Court.
2004 – John Doyle, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia: Investing in the Judiciary.
2005 – Stephen Kenny, former lawyer for David Hicks, a Guantanamo Bay detainee: Hicks and the Geneva Convention, Hindmarsh and Native Title.
2006 – Terence Higgins, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory: Women in Law – Past Achievements and Future Directions.
2007 – Murray Wilcox, Judge of the Federal Court of Australia: The Rule of Law – Looking behind the icon. It was in this lecture that Wilcox described Australia as becoming an 'elected dictatorship' under the Howard government.
2008 – Ken Crispin, former Judge of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory: Law and Liberty.
2009 – Lex Lasry, Judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria: Unelected Judges – Out of touch with the Community?
2010 – Julian Burnside, human rights and refugee advocate: Injustice within the law – an update.
2011 – Virginia Bell, Justice of the High Court of Australia: Sentencing and judicial discretion.
2012 – Michael Black, former Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia: The Courts and the Community.
2013 – Lt Col Dan Mori, former US Military Judge: Reflections on the War on Terror.
2014 – Susan Kiefel, Justice of the High Court of Australia: The Individual Judge.
2015 – George Williams, Professor of Law at the University of New South Wales: The Legal Assault on Australian Democracy.
2016 – John Faulks, Deputy Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia: Brave New World.
2017 – Justin Gleeson, former Solicitor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia: Law, Morality and the Public Trust.
2018 – John Pascoe, Chief Justice of the Family Court of Australia: Sleepwalking through the minefield: commercial surrogacy and the global response.
2019 – Karen Fryar, former Magistrate of the Australian Capital Territory: Pro bono: For whose benefit?
2020 – No lecture

Published papers
"Law School Curricula in Retrospect" 9 Adelaide Law Review 43 (1983–1985)

Notes

References

Sources

1918 births
1987 deaths
Chief Justices of the Australian Capital Territory
Australian Book Review people
Australian Knights Bachelor
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Chancellors of the Australian National University
Judges of the Federal Court of Australia
Judges of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory
Judges of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory
20th-century Australian judges
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian colonels
Blackburn family


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Belus je sedmi studijski album norveškog soloprojekta Burzum. Prvi je studijski album snimljen nakon jedanaestogodišnje pauze u radu. Diskografska kuća Byelobog Productions objavila ga je 8. ožujka 2010. godine.

Pozadina
Nakon objave albuma Hliðskjálf Varg Vikernes više ništa nije objavljivao pod Burzumovim imenom. Nakon što se tijekom 1990-ih distancirao od black metala i nazvao ga "glazbom crnčuga", godine 2005. izjavio je da će albumi, ako ih nakon izlaska iz zatvora opet počne objavljivati, u stilskom smislu biti nalik starijim uradcima jer ne može stvarati glazbu koja ne zvuči "burzumski".

Belus je prvi album koji je Varg Vikernes snimio nakon što je u svibnju 2009. pušten na uvjetnu slobodu iz zatvora. Iako je izvorno osuđen na 21 godinu zatvora, ondje je proveo skoro 16. Prvotno ime albuma bilo je "The Return of Baldur", no u studenom 2009. Vikernes je to ime promijenio u Den hvite guden ("Bijeli bog" na norveškom). U prosincu 2009. izjavio je da je odlučio promijeniti naziv u Belus jer su mediji pretpostavili da prethodni naslov indicira rasističku poruku. Komentirao je da prethodno ime nije imalo veze ni s bojom kože ni s rasizmom, nego da je u pitanju samo uopćeno ime za nordijskog boga Baldra.

Vikernes je izjavio da je Belus najstarije poznato (indoeuropsko) ime za božanstvo koje ustaje iz mrtvih i koje je, među ostalim, utjelovljeno u nordijskom Baldru, grčkom Apolonu, galskom Belenusu i slavenskom Bjelobogu.

Među ostalim indoeuropskim teonimima u tekstovima pjesama pojavljuju se "Lukan" (ekvivalent bogu Lokiju), "Kaimadalthas" (ekvivalent bogovima Heimdallu i Hermodu, za koje Vikernes vjeruje da su u početku bili isti bog, Haimathellar) i "Kelio" (ekvivalent Helu, podzemnom svijetu).

Vikernes je izjavio da su ga u stvaranju albuma nadahnule bajke i mitovi, klasična i tradicionalna glazba, kao i sjećanja i priroda. Komentirao je da njegovi glazbeni korijeni nisu utemeljeni u rocku ili metalu, nego u klasičnoj glazbi, zvuku balalajke i podzemnom houseu. Izjavio je da mu se sviđa kad je glazba hipnotička, gotovo ritualna, zbog čega stvara repetitivne skladbe.

Uradak je, kao što je bio slučaj s njegovim prethodnicima, snimljen u Grieghallenu, točnije u studiju Eirika "Pyttena" Hundvina. Za razliku od prijašnjih albuma, Belus je snimljen u digitalnoj tehnici. Njegovi su producenti Pytten i Varg Vikernes, a miksali su ga Davide Pertolini i Vikernes. Masterirao ga je Tim Turan u studiju Turan Audio.

Nakon što je upitan o tome hoće li prodajom albuma otplatiti svoj dug norveškoj vladi zbog paljenja crkvi, Vikernes je izjavio da joj neće dati ni novčića od zarade. Byelobog Productions izjavio je da će se poslužiti zaradom kako bi pomogao žrtvama potresa na Haitiju.

Glazbeni stil i tekstovi
Uradak traje više od 50 minuta. U početku se sastojao od devet metal pjesama (kasnije ih se na uratku pojavilo samo šest) i ambijentalnog interludija i postludija. Nazivi skladbi "Besøk til Kelio", "Alvenes dans" i "Alvegavene" maknuti su s popisa pjesama jer je izvorni popis bio samo "radni popis pjesama". Tematika albuma jest istraživanje drevnih europskih mitova o Belusu: o njegovoj smrti, njegovu putovanju kroz podzemni svijet i njegovu povratku. Iako je modernu kulturu black metala opisao "bezukusnom, priprostom parodijom" rane norveške black metal scene, Vikernes nije promijenio glazbeni stil na Belusu; izjavio je da je nalik Hvis lyset tar ossu i Filosofemu. Međutim, komentirao je da je tijekom vremena "evoluirao" i da nema smisla reći da uradak pripada black metalu; za njega žanrovski pripada metalu općenito, a ako bi ga trebalo klasificirati, nazvao bi ga heavy metalom ili thrash metalom jer je pjesma "Sverddans" ukorijenjena u potonjem stilu. Na Belusu se pojavljuju dvije prerađene pjesme: Total Destruction, s neobjavljenog uratka grupe "Uruk-Hai" snimljenog između 1988. i 1989. (čiji su tekst i naziv promijenjeni kako bi se uklopili u tematiku albuma), koja je postala Sverddans, i Dauði Baldrs (koja se pojavljuje na istoimenu albumu kao ambijentalna skladba), koja je postala Belus' død. Tekstovi pjesama napisani su na norveškom jeziku i preneseni su na službeno Burzumovo mrežno mjesto.

U glazbenom smislu Belus nastavlja u stilu starijih Burzumovih albuma, a kao što je slučaj na svim ostalim uradcima, repetitivnost je glavni stilski element. Prisutan je grub zvuk, no produkcija je kvalitetnija i modernija u usporedbi sa starijim izdanjima, a prikazuje i utjecaje ambijentalne glazbe dvaju prethodnih albuma. Međutim, na uratku se ne služi klavijaturama, nego se "posve usredotočuje na ono što je činilo izvorni norveški black metal".

"Leukes renkespill (Introduksjon)" uvodna je instrumentalna skladba, no Vikernes je u knjižici albuma zabilježio četiri stiha: "Et tordønn kaster ned staven, / slår ormen i hodet med stein, / reiser med lyn ned i haven; / han finner i eiken en tein." ("Udar groma pogađa štap, /
Pogađajući crva kamenom u glavu, / Kroz vrt proputuje munja; / On pronalazi granu hrasta."). Leuke se odnosi na Lokija, kojeg Vikernes poistovjećuje s grčkim Hefestom i rimskim Vulkanom. Ime skladbe odnosi se na Lokijevu spletku, tijekom koje Baldra imelom pogodi njegov slijepi brat Höðr. Skladba se sastoji od zvukova čekića koji udara u nakovanj i nakon pola minute prelazi u prvu pravu pjesmu na albumu, "Belus' død".

"Belus' død" black metal je pjesma usporena tempa; određene je recenzente podsjetila na skladbu "Jesu død" s albuma Filosofem, no V.ic V.icious iz časopisa A-Blaze izjavio je da je u pitanju "zapravo metal inačica skladbe "Dauði Baldrs" s istoimenog ambijentalnog albuma". Tekst pjesme govori o čarobnjaku koji "u jesenjem miru" siječe drvo i vadi mu srce. Hrastovo lišće pada na zemlju, a čarobnjak doziva duhove i pjeva svoje čarolije.

Zbog duljine trajanja, sporijeg tempa, monotonosti i melankolične atmosfere "Glemselens elv" tipična je pjesma za Burzum. Vikernes ponavlja isti gitarski rif i gdjekad svira solodionice, a na istim dijelovima pjesme podjednako vrišti i "pjevuši". Naziv, koji u prijevodu glasi "Rijeka zaborava", odnosi se na Gjöll, rijeku na rubu podzemnog svijeta. Tekst prikazuje Baldrovo morski pogreb "dok Sunce i Mjesec umiru" i, "dok nestaje svjetlost ljeta, zima i jesen ponovno pobjeđuju" (aludira se na suncostaje, s kojima je povezana smrt Baldra, personifikacije Sunca). Baldra se naziva duhom hrasta kojeg se postavlja u čamac i šalje u podzemni svijet. Baldr najavljuje svoj dolazak kad oslabe zimski duhovi.

U agresivnijoj "Kaimadalthas' nedstigning", koja podsjeća na "Inn i slottet fra drømmen", Vikernes svira tradicionalnije rifove black metala, ali se služi i čistim vokalima. Ime Kaimadalthas odnosi se na Heimdalla. Tekst opisuje podzemni svijet. Između dionica s grubim vokalima Vikernes ponavlja rečenicu "Jeg reiser til mørkets dyp der alt er dødt" ("Putujem u najtamnije dubine, gdje sve je mrtvo"). Stih "Jeg reiser til Kelio" ("Putujem u Kelio") presnimljen je preko prethodnog stiha.

"Sverddans" je agresivna pjesma koja podsjeća na rani black metal, dok je još bio pod utjecajem death i thrash metala. Prema recenzentima mrežnog mjesta metal.de zvuči kao "thrash metal nadopuna prilično pankaste pjesme "War" s debitantskog albuma, s kojom se bori za titulu najgore Burzumove skladbe uopće". Za Burzum je u toj pjesmi neobična i pojava death growlova. Stihovi pjesme prenose poruku da će zimski duh umrijeti i iskrvariti u snijegu, ali i da će se ljeto vraća.

"Keliohesten" i "Morgenrøde" također su pjesme koje zvukom pripadaju tradicionalnom black metalu, ali polako se priklanjaju dark ambientu s početka albuma. Nakon što ljetni duh pobijedi zimskog, Baldr, duh hrasta, oslobođen je i vraća se; njegov povratak događa se kad i zimski suncostaj.

Omot albuma
Naslovnica uratka prenesena je na službeno Burzumovo mrežno mjesto prije same objave albuma. U pitanju je fotografija šume kroz koju prolaze sunčeve zrake. Fotografija je nastala u blizini Vikernesove kuće u Bøu. Vikernes je izjavio da su sva božanstva izvorno bila duhovi drveća i da drvo koje blokira pogled dobro pristaje uz koncept uratka. Uobičajeni oblik slova koji se pojavio na svim prethodnim Burzumovim uradcima (osim na dvama demouradcima iz 1991.) na Belusu je promijenjen. Vikernes je izjavio da je tome tako zato što ne želi da Burzum ima logotip kao ostale black metal grupe i zato što smatra da je Belus novi početak za Burzum.

Recenzije
Album je uglavnom dobio podijeljene kritike. Eduardo Rivadavia s mrežnog mjesta AllMusic Belusu je dao tri i pol zvjezdice od njih pet i izjavio da uradak "prlja namjerna niskokvalitetna produkcija koja još uvijek jedva pokušava prikriti sofisticirane glazbene temelje na kojima počivaju izvrsne pjesme", a pjesmu "Glemselens elv" izdvojio je kao najbolju. Metal Storm Belus je nazvao "razočaranjem". Iako je pohvalio instrumentaciju, kritizirao je promjenu Vikernesova vokalna stila; "Njegova su vučja zavijanja zamijenili prosječni, posve neupečatljivi vriskovi". Dao mu je 6,9 bodova od 10.

V.ic V.icious iz časopisa A-Blaze opisao ga je kao "najbolji Burzumov album dosad"; izjavio je da Hvis lyset tar oss i Filosofem "zbog ambijentalnih skladbi nisu bili holistički savršeni". Komentirao je i da bi album "mogao biti prekretnica u sceni koja je inače prezasićena hodanjem ukrug." Chris McDonald s mrežnog mjesta MetalReview.com dao mu je 7,5 od 10 bodova i izjavio da iako nije odličan, vrlo je dobar album, da je Vikernes, usprkos tome što dugo nije radio s Burzumom, prilično dobro replicirao atmosferu albuma Hvis lyset tar oss i Filosofem i tako stvorio album koji nesumnjivo zvuči kao Burzum. Travis iz Diabolical Conquesta Belus je nazvao dobrim povratničkim albumom i izjavio: "Belus predstavlja upravo ono što bi 'povratnički' album trebao biti u black metalu: ne plitak (ali uglavnom vrlo dobar) rock album kao Gorgorothov Quantos Possunt ad Satanitatem Trahunt i ne bolno banalan i suvišan kao Beheritov Engram, nego divlji, vizijski čist, opustošen i istovremeno prepoznatljiv i nov."

MetalGeorge iz časopisa Imhotep s druge je strane napisao da album nije trijumfalni povratak. Tvrdi da nedostaju zvukovi koji bacaju u trans s albuma Filosofem, da se Vikernes služi starim pjesmama kao nadahnućem i da im podaruje nov oblik kako mlađi obožavatelji ne bi zamijetili razliku. Komentirao je i da produkcija nije baš najbolja jer bubnjevi zvuče beživotno, a gitare neupečatljivo. Na koncu je izjavio da je očekivao više od Belusa i samog Vikernesa zbog njegova talenta za stvaranjem tipičnog black metal zvuka.

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Burzum
Varg Vikernes – vokali, gitara, bas-gitara, bubnjevi, produkcija, dizajn, miksanje

Ostalo osoblje
Pytten – produkcija
Adrian Wear – dizajn
Davide Bertolini – miksanje
Tim Turan – masteriranje

Ljestvice

Izvori

Albumi iz 2010.
Albumi projekta Burzum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Тимофей Иванович Тетерин, Тимоха Тетерин (умер в начале июня 1593 года) — русский дворянин, участник второго астраханского похода и Ливонской войны в качестве стрелецкого головы. По приказу царя Ивана Грозного был пострижен в монахи, позже бежал в Литву, там получил земли, впоследствии воевал против Русского царства. В 1577 году направил письмо боярину Михаилу Яковлевичу Морозову, царь написал ему своё послание.

Биография
Тимофей Тетерин принадлежал к старому, но незнатному дворянскому роду из-под Суздаля. Его дед и отец, Василий Борисович и Иван Васильевич Пух соответственно, служили великим князьям московским в качестве дьяков. Тимофей предпочёл этому военную службу. В 1549 году он участвовал в казанском походе в качестве сына боярского «у коня государева», в 1550 году стал одним из «тысячи лучших слуг». Участвовал ли Тетерин во взятии Казани в 1552 году, неизвестно (источники сообщают, что его дядя Селиван Васильевич погиб при штурме).

В 1555 году Тетерин командовал отрядом служилых татар в Соли Вычегодской. В 1556 году он стал стрелецким головой и сначала сражался со шведами под Выборгом, а позже отправился вниз по Волге вместе с Фёдором Писемским и Иваном Черемисиновым против астраханского хана Дервиш-Али, изменившего Москве. Русская армия заняла Астрахань и привела местных жителей к присяге Ивану IV, затем совершила несколько рейдов к Каспийскому морю. В итоге Дервиш-Али был окончательно разбит и уехал к Мекку, а Нижнее Поволжье вошло в состав Русского царства.

В начале 1558 года Тетерин участвовал во вторжении в Ливонию. Именно его командующие отправили в Москву к царю с сообщением об успехах: «Немецкую землю повоевали и выжгли и людей побили в многих местех и полону и богатства множество поимали». Под влиянием этих известий о слабости Ливонского ордена Иван IV принял решение о начале полномасштабной войны. В том же году Тетерин командовал стрельцами, захватившими Русские ворота Нарвы во время штурма, позже он привозил царю известия о взятии Нейшлосса и Дерпта. В последующие годы он продолжал воевать с ливонцами под началом Алексея Басманова и Андрея Курбского.

В 1563 году Тетерин оказался в опале. Царь хотел его казнить, но ограничился ссылкой в Антониев-Сийский монастырь, где Тетерина постригли в монахи под именем Тихона. Тот вскоре бежал в Литву, причём, по словам Генриха Штадена, явился к королю Сигизмунду II Августу в монашеской одежде. Царь, пришедший в ярость, приказал казнить ряд родственников Тетерина, а также стрелецкого командира Андрея Кошкарова, который, по-видимому, помог побегу товарища. Из Вольмара двое беглецов, Тетерин и Марк Сарыхозин, направили письмо боярину Михаилу Яковлевичу Морозову, юрьевскому воеводе, объявившему их изменниками. В этом послании они пишут о царском терроре, от которого не спасают заслуги и покорность, о царящем в Русском царстве бесправии. «И ты, господине, — пишут эмигранты воеводе, — убойся Бога, паче гонителя и не зови православных христиан, без правды мучимых и прогнанных, изменниками».

В последующие годы Тетерин участвовал в Ливонской войне на стороне Литвы. Наибольшую известность получил рейд на Изборск 1569 года, которым командовал князь Александр Полубинский: глубокой ночью одетые в чёрное Тетерин и Сарыхозин подъехали к крепости и, назвавшись опричниками, заставили стражу открыть ворота. В результате Изборск был взят.

Царь написал Тетерину послание.

Примечания

Литература

Участники Ливонской войны


text:
Le chlorure de phénylmagnésium est un composé chimique de formule . Cet halogénure organomagnésien, analogue chloré du bromure de phénylmagnésium, est un réactif de Grignard dérivé du benzène. Disponible sur le marché en solution dans le THF ou le 2-MeTHF, il est utilisé en synthèse organique — couplage de Kumada — pour introduire des groupes phényle (synthèse du tétraphénylétain ou de l'acétate de fentine par exemple) ou pour produire des dérivés du benzène.

Le chlorure de phénylmagnésium peut être produit en faisant réagir du chlorobenzène  avec du magnésium métallique dans l'éther diéthylique :

 + Mg → .

Il se présente sous la forme d'un liquide ambré très inflammable qui se décompose en benzène  et chlorure d'hydroxyde de magnésium HOMgCl. Il se décompose par chauffage pour produire du chlorure d'hydrogène HCl, du monoxyde de carbone CO et du dioxyde de carbone .

Notes et références

Chlorure
Organomagnésien


text:
Arrapha est une ville antique de la Mésopotamie, située à l'emplacement de la ville actuelle de Kirkouk, en Irak. Elle n'a de ce fait pu être fouillée, et n'est connue que par les sources textuelles.
Arrapha était un des anciens centres de la Haute Mésopotamie. Sise aux marges de la plaine, elle joue un rôle commercial d'intermédiaire avec le plateau iranien à l'est.

Au , la ville est le siège d'un petit État vassal du Mitanni. En 1235 av. J-C, la ville est l'objet de combats entre Babylone et l'Assyrie. Sous l'empire néo-assyrien, la ville est le siège d'une importante province. Elle est située en marge du cœur historique de l'empire. À ce titre, elle bénéficie d'un certain nombre de privilèges.

Notes et références

Ville de la Mésopotamie antique


text:
Die Bürgerdividende ist eine vorgeschlagene Politikmaßnahme, die auf dem georgistischen Prinzip basiert, dass die natürliche Welt das gemeinsame Eigentum aller Menschen ist. Sie beinhaltet, dass alle Bürger regelmäßige Zahlungen (Dividenden) aus Einnahmen erhalten, die durch die Vermietung oder die Besteuerung des Bodens und gesellschaftlicher Ressourcen (Commons) erzielt werden. In engeren Formen des Konzepts finanziert sich die Dividende ausschließlich aus konkreten natürlichen oder gesellschaftlichen Ressourcen z. B. Seigniorage oder Emissionsrechte.

Abgrenzung
Es gibt Überschneidungen mit dem Begriff der Sozialen Dividende. Unter einer Sozialen Dividende wird regelmäßig eine Dividende verstanden, die sich aus den Einnahmen staatlicher Beteiligungen an privaten Unternehmen oder den Gewinnen öffentlicher Unternehmen finanziert. Die Finanzierung einer Sozialen Dividende beruht somit nicht ausschließlich auf dem georgistischen Prinzip.

Beide Arten der Dividende unterscheiden von anderen Formen regelmäßiger individueller staatlicher Zahlungspauschalen an die Bevölkerung (Grundeinkommen), dass eine Dividende nicht garantiert ist, weder um das Einkommen der Bürger auf einem Niveau zu halten, das zur Deckung ihrer Grundbedürfnisse erforderlich ist, noch um ihr Einkommen auf einem politisch geforderten Mindestniveau zu halten.

Umsetzung und Vorschläge
Die schweizerische Vollgeld-Initiative schlug vor neues Geld als Bürgerdividende (direkte Auszahlung an die Bürgerinnen und Bürger) in Umlauf zu bringen.

Der US-amerikanische Entrepreneur Peter Barnes schlug in seinem 2001 erschienenen Buch "Who Owns the Sky?" vor, dass die US-Einnahmen aus CO2-Emissionen einem Trust zufließen sollten, der diese als Bürgerdividende an alle US-Bürger ausschütten würde.

Siehe auch

 Globale Rohstoffdividende
 CO2-Preis mit Klimadividende

Einzelnachweise

Wirtschaftspolitik


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L'équipe de République démocratique du Congo féminine de basket-ball est une sélection composée des meilleures joueuses de basket-ball de la République démocratique du Congo. Elle a porté de 1971  à 1997 le nom d'équipe du Zaïre de basket-ball féminin.

La sélection remporte à trois reprises le Championnat d'Afrique, en 1983, 1986 et 1994. Elle termine deuxième en 1981, 1984, 1990 et en 1997 et prend la troisième place en 2000.

Parcours en compétitions internationales

Effectif

Les joueuses suivantes participent à l'Afrobasket 2019.

Joueuses célèbres

 Zaina Kapepula
 Mwadi Mabika
 Bernadette Ngoyisa
 Ginette Mfutila Makiese
 Chanel Mokango
 Natacha Mambengya Teba

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Official website
 FIBA profile
 Africabasket – DR Congo Women National Team
 DR Congo Basketball Records at FIBA Archive

Basket-ball en république démocratique du Congo
RD Congo


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The John Macoun Marsh is a small wetland located on the property of the Beechwood Cemetery, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Maintained and protected by the Beechwood Cemetery, the teachers and students of St. Laurent Academy, a nearby private school, adopted the marsh as a research and conservation area for students. In 2004, the Educarium private school joined with the Jean Vanier Catholic School to continue the education work. To date, almost 1,400 species have been recorded by students there.

In 2006, the Macoun Marsh team won international recognition in the Volvo Adventure, an environmental award connected to the United Nations Environmental Program.

The marsh name honours Canadian naturalist John Macoun, and was chosen by the students of Educarium.

In 2009, the Macoun Marsh team built connections with international youth groups to create the Second International Youth Symposium for Biodiversity. This event brought youth from Barbados, Canada, Honduras, India, Japan, Mexico, and the United States together to share their biodiversity projects.  This event was held in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.  They also began work on a Youth Accord (first written in 2005 in Mexico) to present in Japan for the International Year of Biodiversity in 2010.

References

External links

Marshes of Ontario


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was an American sociologist, best known for his principled resistance to the Japanese American internment during World War II, and the court case which bears his name, Hirabayashi v. United States.

Early life
Hirabayashi was born in Seattle to a Christian family who was associated with the Mukyōkai Christian Movement. He graduated from Auburn Senior High School in Auburn, Washington, and in 1937 went to the University of Washington, where he received his degree. At the University he participated in the YMCA and became a religious pacifist.

Resistance to internment, discrimination and war

Although Hirabayashi had originally considered accepting internment, he ultimately became one of three to openly defy it. He joined the Quaker-run American Friends Service Committee. In 1942 he turned himself in to the FBI, and after being convicted for curfew violation was sentenced to 90 days in prison. He invited prosecution with the intention of challenging the legality of internment in the appellate courts. The ACLU initially denied support, which was instead provided by an independent committee organized by Washington State Senator Mary Farquharson. When Hirabayashi's case reached the U.S. Supreme Court the ACLU took an active part. One of his lawyers was the Philadelphia Quaker attorney Harold Evans. The Supreme Court unanimously ruled against him in Hirabayashi v. United States (1943), albeit with three Justices filing separate opinions that concurred with the Court's decision only with certain reservations.

Given wartime exigencies, officials would not transport him to prison or even pay his train fare, so he hitchhiked to the prison in Arizona where he had been ordered to serve his sentence. Once there, wardens stated they lacked the sufficient papers as he was two weeks late. They considered letting him just go home, but he feared this would look suspicious. After that they made the suggestion he could go out for dinner and a movie, which would give them time to find his papers. He agreed to this and, by the time he finished doing so, they had found the relevant paperwork.

Hirabayashi later spent a year in federal prison at McNeil Island Penitentiary for refusing induction into the armed forces, contending that a questionnaire sent to Japanese Americans demanding renunciation of allegiance to the emperor of Japan was racially discriminatory because other ethnic groups were not asked about adherence to foreign leaders.

Post-war career
After the war, he went on to earn B.A., M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in sociology from the University of Washington. He taught in Beirut, Lebanon and Cairo, Egypt, before settling at the University of Alberta in Canada in 1959, where he served as chair of the sociology department from 1970 until 1975 and continued to teach until his retirement in 1983. As a sociologist he did studies of Jordan and the Doukhobors in British Columbia, Egyptian village political awareness, Jordanian social change, and Asian-Americans. He was an active member of Canadian Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers). After retirement he was active on behalf of human rights.

Hirabayashi died on January 2, 2012, at age 93, in Edmonton, Alberta. He had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease 11 years earlier.

Conviction overturned
Soon after retiring, Hirabayashi received a call that would prove consequential. Peter Irons, a political science professor from the University of California, San Diego, had uncovered documents that clearly showed evidence of government misconduct in 1942—evidence that the government knew there was no military reason for the exclusion order but withheld that information from the United States Supreme Court. With this new information, Hirabayashi's case was reheard by the federal courts, and in 1987 the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit granted a writ of coram nobis which overturned his criminal conviction (Hirabayashi v. United States (1987)).

"It was quite a strong victory—so strong that the other side did not appeal," says Hirabayashi. "It was a vindication of all the effort people had put in for the rights of citizens during crisis periods."

"There was a time when I felt that the Constitution failed me," he explains. "But with the reversal in the courts and in public statements from the government, I feel that our country has proven that the Constitution is worth upholding. The U.S. government admitted it made a mistake. A country that can do that is a strong country. I have more faith and allegiance to the Constitution than I ever had before."

"I would also say that if you believe in something, if you think the Constitution is a good one, and if you think the Constitution protects you, you better make sure that the Constitution is actively operating... and uh, in other words "constant vigilance". Otherwise, it's a scrap of paper. We had the Constitution to protect us in 1942. It didn't because the will of the people weren't behind it."

In 1999, the Coronado National Forest in Arizona renamed the former Catalina Honor Camp in Hirabayashi's honor. The site, ten miles northeast of Tucson, where Hirabayashi had served out his sentence of hard labor in 1942, is now known as the Gordon Hirabayashi Recreation Site.

In 2008, the University of Washington awarded Hirabayashi and four hundred former students of Japanese ancestry who were evacuated from the school honorary degrees "nunc pro tunc" (retroactively). Although Hirabayashi did not attend the ceremony, when his name was called he received the loudest and longest ovation from the audience.

On May 24, 2011, the U.S. Acting Solicitor General, Neal Katyal delivered the keynote speech at the Department of Justice's Great Hall marking Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month. Developing comments he had posted officially on May 20, Katyal issued the Justice Department's first public confession of its 1942 ethics lapse. He cited the Hirabayashi and Korematsu cases as blots on the reputation of the Office of the Solicitor General – whom the Supreme Court explicitly considers as deserving of "special credence" when arguing cases – and as "an important reminder" of the need for absolute candor in arguing the United States government's position on every case.

Public honors

U.S.D.A. Forest Service memorial
In 1999, the former Catalina Federal Honor Camp near Tucson, Arizona, where Hirabayashi was sentenced to hard labor in the 1940s, was renamed the Gordon Hirabayashi Recreation Site. Located within the Coronado National Forest, the site offers a public campground.

A chapter in the fight for Constitutional rights spotlighted at Chicago's Asian Pacific events

The United States Immigration & Naturalization Service (USINS) Chicago District Office commemorated Asian Pacific Heritage month with back-to-back observances that presented a first-hand account of the injustices suffered by persons of Japanese ancestry during World War II.

Gordon Hirabayashi, who in 1942 challenged a curfew imposed on persons of Japanese descent, was the keynote speaker for a program on June 4 at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. The program was repeated the following day in the Ceremonial Courtroom of the US District Court for Northern District of Illinois, Dirksen Federal Building, located next door to the USINS Chicago District Office.

The U.S. Constitution is more than a mere piece of paper, Hirabayashi said. Attempts to violate the Constitution's ideals should be taken personally, and opposed firmly.

His personal fight to defend constitutional rights in the face of wartime hysteria was described in detail in a Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) documentary about his court case. The piece, entitled "A Personal Matter – Gordon Hirabayashi vs. United States", was screened at both programs.

Hirabayashi spoke of discrimination that confronted nearly all persons of Asian ancestry in the United States, in the decades leading up to World War II.

California State Legislature
On January 5, 2012, Assembly members Yamada and Furutani were granted unanimous consent in the California State Assembly to adjourn in memory of Gordon Hirabayashi.

Presidential Medal of Freedom

On April 27, 2012, President Barack Obama announced that Hirabayashi would receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his principled stand against Japanese-American internment. The President presented the award posthumously on May 29. It was accepted by his family, who traveled to Washington from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. On February 22, 2014, the medal was formally donated to the University of Washington Library Special Collections, which holds Hirabayashi's papers.

Stage play
In 2007, the Asian American theatre company East West Players gave the world premiere of a stage play based on Hirabayashi's true life story. The play was a one-man show and was titled Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi. East West Players described the play as follows: "During WWII in Seattle, University of Washington student Gordon Hirabayashi agonizes over U.S. government orders to forcibly remove and imprison all people of Japanese ancestry on the West Coast. As he fights to reconcile his country's betrayal with his Constitutional beliefs, Gordon journeys toward a greater understanding of America's triumphs and failures."

Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi was written by Jeanne Sakata, directed by Jessica Kubzansky, and starred actor Ryun Yu as Gordon Hirabayashi and multiple other roles. Performances were held at the East West Player's David Henry Hwang Theatre in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles, California. Previews were November 1–4, 2007. Opening night was on November 7, 2007 and the play closed on December 2, 2007. The Los Angeles Times gave it a mixed review: "Ryun Yu plays Hirabayashi... but even his fine-grained tour de force doesn't negate the suspicion that another structure, another style might make this material more exciting."

In 2008, playwright Jeanne Sakata adapted her full-length stage play into a shorter theatre-for-youth production, which would tour the schools. Whereas the original one-man show ran approximately 90 minutes, this new abridged version, aimed at students, was about half as long, coming in at about 45 minutes. The tour was produced by East West Players' Theatre For Youth program, directed again by Jessica Kubzansky, and starred actor Martin Yu, who had been the understudy in the original 2007 full-length production.

In 2010, East West Players' Theatre For Youth program produced another tour of Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi. There were a few revisions to the script, but the play remained approximately 45 minutes. However, there was a new director and cast, not connected to previous productions. It was directed by Leslie Ishii and starred actor Blake Kushi. This marked the first time a Japanese-American director as well as a Japanese-American actor were used. The show was well-received as indicated by the following review: "Kushi gave a one-man, tour-de-force performance that floored the audience..."

Southern California Edison was the major sponsor of this tour of Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi. The tour ran from February 12 to March 31, 2010. Shows were performed at elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools (and one city college) and also at community centers, churches, and public libraries. There were 35 performances in total. The tour visited the following California cities: Alhambra, Baldwin Park, East Rancho Dominguez, Fullerton, Gardena, Huntington Beach, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Monterey Park, North Hollywood, Norwalk, Pasadena, Redlands, Reseda, San Bernardino, San Fernando, Van Nuys, and West Covina.

In 2011, Ryun Yu reprised his performance of Dawn's Light: The Journey of Gordon Hirabayashi, but this time in Chicago, Illinois. Silk Road Theatre Project, in association with the Department of Cultural Affairs, City of Chicago and Millennium Park, presented the one-man show at the Jay Pritzker Pavilion in Millennium Park. There were three performances total on January 13–15, 2011. The production was directed by Jessica Kubzansky and produced by Jerry O'Boyle.

In 2012, the play was renamed by its author as Hold These Truths, and prepared by the Epic Theatre Ensemble of New York City for presentation off-Broadway in prototype productions in March. Starring Joel de la Fuente, it was on the Fall schedule to run from October 21 to November 18, 2012. People's Light and Theatre Company, in Malvern, Pennsylvania, staged the play in 2014 as part of its "Community Matters" series, with de la Fuente. In 2014, Ryun Yu performed the role for Seattle's ACT Theatre. Plays & Players Theatre, in Philadelphia, presented it in 2015 with actor Makoto Hirano. In 2016, Portland Center Stage presented Hold These Truths in the Ellen Bye Studio with Ryun Yu, who originated the role of Gordon Hirabayashi in the 2007 world premiere (under the title Dawn's Light) at East West Players in Los Angeles. Other productions were mounted in New York City and in Boston in December 2017, in San Diego in November 2019, and in San Francisco in 2021 at the San Francisco Playhouse.In 2022 People's Light in Malvern PA again presented
"Hold These Truths" starring Steven Eng (www.people'slight.org>hold-these-truths)

In May of 2022, the first Canadian production of Hold These Truths was staged in the Second Playing Space at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, directed by Melanie Dreyer-Lude and starring Kevin Takahide Lee as Hirabayashi.

See also
 List of civil rights leaders

References

External links

 History Link
 Gordon K. Hirabayashi papers, 1934–2012, hosted by Archives West
 University of Washington essay
 On the court case
 Short biography (pdf)
 Sociology papers
 Segal, Lewis. "Theater Review:  One man's losing battle against racism:  'Dawn's Light' addresses racism in times of war, but current events undercut its impact", Los Angeles Times, 9 November 2007. Retrieved on 30 April 2010.
 Chung, Philip W. "Gordon Hirabayashi's Story Sees the Light of Dawn", AsianWeek,  San Francisco, 3 November 2007. Retrieved on 30 April 2010.
 Gordon Hirabayashi Recreation Site History
 Materials relating to the case of Gordon K. Hirabayashi, 1943, The Bancroft Library

1918 births
2012 deaths
American expatriate academics
American expatriates in Canada
American human rights activists
American sociologists
Canadian Quakers
Converts to Quakerism
Japanese-American civil rights activists
Japanese-American internees
American people of Japanese descent
University of Washington alumni
Academic staff of the University of Alberta
American Quakers
Scientists from Seattle
American Christian pacifists
People from Auburn, Washington
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients


text:
Noel Ernest Jones (1919–1986) was an Australian World War II veteran and premiership winning rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s.

Playing career
Jones played five seasons for St George between 1940 and 1947 in a career interrupted by WWII.  He played as a  and  for St. George and made two Grand Final appearances - a win in the 1941 season and a loss in the 1946 decider to  Balmain in which he scored a try.

He joined the AIF in 1943, saw action as a Gunner and post-war rejoined the Dragons for two seasons.  He retired at the conclusion of the 1947 season.

Death
Jones died on 1 June 1986, aged 66.

Published sources
 Whiticker, Alan & Hudson, Glen (2006) The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players, Gavin Allen Publishing, Sydney
 Haddan, Steve (2007) The Finals - 100 Years of National Rugby League Finals, Steve Haddan Publishing, Brisbane

References

St. George Dragons players
Australian rugby league players
1919 births
1986 deaths
Rugby league centres
Rugby league players from Sydney
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Army soldiers


text:
Biografia

Viktor Zoller nacque a Ravensburg, nei pressi di Ulma. Prima di entrare nelle SS, di professione era un tecnico edile. Il 7 maggio 1933 si iscrisse nello NSDAP (tessera n° 3 287 569) e nelle SS (n° tessera 77 379). Venne subito inserito nel secondo battaglione SS-Totenkopfverbände, reggimento "Alta Baviera" (2° SS-Totenkopf-Standarte "Oberbayern"), di stanza al campo di concentramento di Dachau. Il 22 marzo 1941, venne nominato aiutante del comandante del campo di concentramento di Mauthausen, Franz Ziereis. Dal 2 maggio 1942 al 28 ottobre 1943 servì in diverse sub-unità delle Waffen-SS e prese parte a molti combattimenti sul fronte orientale. Tra il 22 novembre 1943 e 25 maggio 1944, Zoller fu aiutante del comandante di Auschwitz, Rudolf Höß. In seguito tornò al campo di Mauthausen, dove fino al 9 aprile 1945 comandò un battaglione di soldati. Fu anche un membro ufficiale del Progetto Lebensborn. Zoller ricevette, come riconoscimento dei suoi servigi, la Degen, la Spada d'Onore delle SS (SS-Ehrendegen).

A Mauthausen, diresse molte esecuzioni di massa tramite fucilazione e impiccagione. Inoltre condannò a morte molti prigionieri, oltre a infliggere terribili punizioni, che effettuava personalmente su di loro.
Arrestato dagli Alleati il 23 dicembre del 1945, venne condannato a morte il 13 maggio 1946, insieme ad altri imputati facenti parte dello staff di Mauthausen-Gusen dal tribunale militare americano, in uno dei processi di Dachau. Venne giustiziato tramite impiccagione nella prigione di Landsberg am Lech, nei pressi di Monaco, il 28 maggio 1947.


text:
Ha composto musiche per film e serie televisive, tra cui: Il delinquente del rock and roll, Le ali delle aquile e The Lieutenant.

Filmografia parziale

Cinema
Donne verso l'ignoto (Westward the Women), regia di William A. Wellman (1951)
La porta del mistero (Remains to be Seen), regia di Don Weis (1953)
L'assedio delle sette frecce (Escape from Fort Bravo), regia di John Sturges (1953)
Senza scampo (Rogue Cop), regia di Roy Rowland (1954)
Il fidanzato di tutte (The Tender Trap), regia di Charles Walters (1955)
Il ricatto più vile (Ransom!), regia di Alex Segal (1956)
Quegli anni selvaggi (These Wilder Years), regia di Roy Rowland (1956)
Le ali delle aquile (The Wing of Eagles), regia di John Ford (1957)
L'arma della gloria (Gun Glory), regia di Roy Rowland (1957)
Il delinquente del rock and roll (Jailhouse Rock), regia di Richard Thorpe (1957)
La legge del più forte (The Sheepman), regia di George Marshall (1958)
L'alto prezzo dell'amore (The High Cost of Loving), regia di José Ferrer (1958)
Il dominatore di Chicago (Party Girl), regia di Nicholas Ray (1958)
Il gioco dell'amore (The Mating Game), regia di George Marshall (1959)
Tutte le ragazze lo sanno (Ask Any Girl), regia di Charles Walters (1959)
Cominciò con un bacio (It Started with a Kiss), regia di George Marshall (1959)
Gazebo (The Gazebo), regia di George Marshall (1959)
I giovani cannibali (All the Fine Young Cannibals), regia di Michael Anderson (1960)
Testa o croce (The George Raft Story), regia di Joseph M. Newman (1961)
Pugno proibito (Kid Galahad), regia di Phil Karlson (1962)
Gli indomabili dell'Arizona (The Rounders), regia di Burt Kennedy (1965)
Fermi tutti, cominciamo daccapo! (Double Trouble), regia di Norman Taurog (1967)
Miliardario... ma bagnino (Clambake), regia di Arthur H. Nadel (1967)
L'ultimo colpo in canna (Day of the Evil Gun), regia di Jerry Thorpe (1968)
A tutto gas (Speedway), regia di Norman Taurog (1968)
Il dito più veloce del West (Support Your Local Sheriff!), regia di Burt Kennedy (1969)
Dingus, quello sporco individuo (Dirty Dingus Magee), regia di Burt Kennedy (1970)

Televisione
Bachelor Father - serie TV, 12 episodi (1958-1959)
The George Burns Show - serie TV, 3 episodi (1958-1959)
Ai confini della realtà (The Twilight Zone) - serie TV, 2 episodi (1960-1964)
Io e i miei tre figli (My Three Sons) - serie TV, 14 episodi (1961-1968)
The Lieutenant - serie TV, 26 episodi (1963-1964)
Per favore non mangiate le margherite (Please Don't Eat the Daisies) - serie TV, 58 episodi (1965-1967)
Tre nipoti e un maggiordomo (Family Affair) - serie TV, 5 episodi (1967-1968)
Giulia (Julia) - serie TV, 78 episodi (1968-1971)
Jimmy Stewart Show (The Jimmy Stewart Show) - serie TV, 24 episodi (1971-1972)
Kate Bliss and the Ticker Tape Kid - film TV, regia di Burt Kennedy (1978)
The Wild Wild West Revisited - film TV, regia di Burt Kennedy (1979)
More Wild Wild West - film TV, regia di Burt Kennedy (1980)

Note

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Compositori di musiche per film


text:
Timbiriche, colchón , cuadrito, cajas o puntitos, es un juego de lápiz y papel. Es un juego publicado por primera vez en 1889 por Édouard Lucas (con el nombre de pipopipette), que puede jugarse con diferentes niveles de profundidad, pudiendo llegar a un gran fuerte componente estratégico. Para tableros pequeños se conocen estrategias ganadoras.

Se juega sobre una hoja de papel, a modo de tablero, por dos o más jugadores; quizás hasta cuatro, dependiendo de las características del papel ya preparado como una matriz en forma de cuadriculado; o sea que se dibuja un punto por cada esquina de lo que será un cuadro. Los puntos en forma de cuadrícula deben ser, proporcional a la cantidad de participantes, suficientes que permita a todos jugar para hacerlo divertido, pues el objetivo es el de completar cuadritos, y así reclamar la mayor cantidad de estos posibles sobre el papel. Así que en cada jugada, de forma alternada, un jugador unirá dos puntos consecutivos horizontal o verticalmente; los cuadritos se van formando lado por lado, línea por línea, y las líneas diagonales no son permitidas en el juego.

Cuando un jugador forma con estas líneas un cuadrado, se anota este, escribiendo una inicial en el centro o marcándola con un color distintivo. Después de formar un cuadrado deberá dibujar una línea más, cerrando todos los cuadros que el tablero permita. El jugador que se haga con más cuadrados gana la partida.

Se puede jugar con cualquier tamaño de tablero, pero el más común y que más se ha estudiado es el de 5 por 5 puntos.

Es un juego de estructura matemática. Según la teoría de juegos puede clasificarse como un juego simétrico, secuencial, de suma cero de información perfecta.

En Estados Unidos se le conoce como «dots and boxes» (puntos y cuadros), en Argentina es conocido como «el juego de los cuadraditos», en España como «el juego de los cuadritos», y en Colombia se le conoce como «cuadrito» y es popularmente utilizado para matar el tiempo en el colegio. Una versión similar se juega en Ecuador y se le denomina «galleta». En Panamá es conocido como «pollito». En Guatemala se le conoce como «totito chino». En Chile es conocido como «el punto» o «los puntitos». En el Perú se le conoce como «cajas». En Uruguay se le conoce como «ceritos». Existe una variación en Bolivia la cual se juega en un tablero a manera de una cruz andina bastante compleja, dependiendo del número de jugadores y/o tiempo que se quiera jugar.

Referencias

 Tomás Blanco. PARA JUGAR COMO JUGÁBAMOS. 2003. ISBN 84-87339-44-1 Ed. John Wiley & sons.
 Davis, M.D. (1997). Introducción a la teoría de juegos. Alianza Editorial.

Enlaces externos
 Timbiriche — juego en línea para dos jugadores (HTML y JavaScript)

Juegos de lápiz y papel
Juegos matemáticos
Juegos de Colombia
Juegos tradicionales
Introducciones de 1889


text:
Een zwemvest of drijfhulpmiddel wordt vaak gebruikt bij watersporten als surfen, waterskiën, zeilen en kanovaren. In tegenstelling tot een reddingsvest is het slechts een drijfhulp en zal het een (bewusteloze) drenkeling niet vanzelf op de rug keren met het gezicht boven water. Behalve drijfhulp is een zwemvest ook een stootkussen bij aanvaringen en houdt het de lichaamswarmte vast.

De beweging van de gebruiker wordt door een zwemvest minder belemmerd dan door een reddingsvest. Een minder belemmerend, zelfopblazend reddingsvest is voor bovengenoemde sporten (afgezien van zeilen) geen optie, omdat het bij aanraking met water spontaan opblaast. Daarna moet een dergelijk vest van een hervulling worden voorzien. Voor een sport waarbij je vaak ook nat wordt zonder noodzakelijk gevaar is dit onpraktisch.

watersport


text:
Childhood blindness is an important contribution to the national prevalence of the disability of blindness. Blindness in children can be defined as a visual acuity of <3/60 in the eye with better vision of a child under 16 years of age.  This generally means that the child cannot see an object 10 feet (about 3 meters) away, that another child could see if it was 200 feet (about 60 meters) away.

Causes
There are many causes of blindness in children.  Blindness may be due to genetic mutations, birth defects, premature birth, nutritional deficiencies, infections, injuries, and other causes.  Severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), cataracts, Vitamin A deficiency, measles, conjunctivitis and refractive error are also causes.

Vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency is most common in developing countries where many kids experience malnourishment. This vitamin deficiency blinds hundreds of thousands of kids each year, and is a preventable cause of childhood blindness. Since vitamin A is required for rhodopsin, the photosensitive pigment in the retinol rods, its deficiency can lead to night blindness.

Measles

Since 2010, globally 85% of children have been vaccinated for measles significantly reducing the number of measles cases each year. Children who have a vitamin A deficiency and measles infection can develop corneal ulcerations and keratomalacia due to immunosuppression caused by the vitamin deficiency.

Newborn conjunctivitis

Newborn conjunctivitis is present at the time of birth and presents within the first 28 days of life as a severe conjunctival infection with purulent discharge. This increases the risk of corneal ulcerations and perforations that can lead to blindness. The common organisms that lead to this diagnosis include Neisseria gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis. Infected pregnant women and their partners should be treated to avoid infection of the newborn, and newborns presenting with conjunctivitis should be treated with hourly topical antibiotic drops (gentamicin).

Retinopathy of prematurity

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is classified by the abnormal growth of blood vessels in the retina, a process called retinal neovascularization. These blood vessels may bleed or grow in the wrong direction. Bleeding can lead to the formation of scar tissue which can cause blurred vision and vision loss. If the vessels grow too far in the wrong direction, they can pull the retina away from the back of the eye – this is called retinal detachment. Retinal detachment is a medical emergency that can cause permanent blindness and thus requires urgent intervention.

Babies who are born prematurely (formally defined as 37 weeks of gestational age or earlier) are at higher risk of developing retinopathy of prematurity. The earlier a preterm baby is born, the greater the baby's risk of developing ROP. Blood vessels in the eye typically finish development by the time of birth. Therefore, a baby who is born early is exposed to various stimuli (oxygen, lights, temperature, etc.) that may influence how the blood vessels of the eye develop. Additional risk factors for ROP include low birth weight (3 pounds or less) and giving the baby extra oxygen following birth. If preterm infants are experiencing other health problems like anemia, vitamin E deficiency, and/or breathing problems, they are at increased risk of developing ROP.

Mechanism

Childhood blindness has many causes. Leading causes include retinopathy of prematurity, vitamin A deficiency, infectious diseases (measles, newborn conjunctivitis), retinoblastoma, and congenital conditions (cataracts and glaucoma). Leber congenital amaurosis primarily affects the retina, and typically severe visual impairment begins in infancy. Mutations in Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein like-1 have been linked to Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA).

The most frequently affected parts of the eyes are:
 Whole globe (36%)
 Cornea (36%)
 Lens (11%)
 Retina (6%)
 Optic nerve (5%)
 Uvea (2%)

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of childhood blindness is done via methods to ascertain the degree of visual impairment in the affected child. Early detection is essential to provide early intervention to children. The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommend various screening methods starting in newborns and spanning throughout childhood in order to assess for childhood blindness and other ophthalmic disorders. Newborns are screened with the red reflex test performed by shining a light into the child's eyes. If a red reflex is not produced, further workups should be done to assess for congenital cataracts or retinoblastoma. From 6-12 months, children are screened at their well-child visits with the red reflex test, assessment of eye movement, and proper pupil dilation. From 1 year to 3 years of age, children often undergo a "photoscreening" test where a camera takes pictures of the child's eyes to assess for developmental abnormalities that may lead to amblyopia. Children ages 3 to 5 years of age will be assessed for proper eye alignment and visual acuity. Visual acuity is assessed with a Snellen chart with lines of letters that the child reads and helps determine visual acuity.

Prevention

Vitamin A Deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency is a leading cause of preventable childhood blindness, particularly in developing countries. Vitamin A deficiency is defined as a serum (blood) concentration of less than 0.70 µmol/L while a severe deficiency is defined as less than 0.35 µmol/L, per the Centers of Disease Control National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Vitamin A is supplied through the diet, and a deficiency often results from poor dietary intake of Vitamin A-rich foods. Low dietary levels of Vitamin A can be worsened by infections that cause inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, which prevent the body from fully absorbing Vitamin A available within digested food. Children in the United States have a recommended Vitamin A dietary allowance of at least 300 micrograms/day. Good sources of Vitamin A include vegetables, such as carrots, papaya, and pumpkin. Animal products, such as fish oils, as well as dairy products (milk, cheese, and yogurt) are also sources of Vitamin A.

Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a cause of childhood blindness that can occur around the time of birth. Generally, measures taken to avoid preterm birth are also effective at preventing ROP. Babies delivered preterm, defined at or before 37 weeks of gestation, have incomplete development of the blood vessels supplying the retina. At birth, increased exposure to oxygen from the environment and from medical interventions (such as a high flow nasal cannula) causes damage to retinal blood vessels and stunts their growth. Prevention of ROP in preterm babies involves careful monitoring of oxygen delivery to avoid excess exposure. Neonatal ocular exams can help detect ROP.

Treatment
Whether blindness is treatable depends upon the cause. Surgical intervention can be performed in cases of primary congenital glaucoma.  A 2020 review found no difference between combined trabeculotomy and trabeculectomy (CTT) and routine conventional trabeculotomy, or between viscotrabeculotomy and routine conventional trabeculotomy.  The review also found that the 360-degree circumferential trabeculotomy may show greater surgical success than conventional trabeculotomy but that further research with one year follow-up was needed.

Management
Braille is a universal way to learn how to read and write, for the blind. A refreshable braille display is an assistive learning device that can help such children in school. Schools for the blind are a form of management, however the limitations of using studies done in such schools has been recognized. Children that are enrolled presently usually developed blindness 5 or more years prior to enrollment, consequently not reflecting current possible causes. About 66% of children with visual impairment also have one other disability (comorbidity), be it, intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, or hearing loss. Eye care/screening for children within primary health care is important, as catching ocular disease issues can lead to better outcomes overall.

Epidemiology
Globally, the number children with blindness is approximately 1.4 million, representing 4% of the global blind population, and an additional 17.5 million are at risk of developing poor vision. Although this number is significantly lower than the number of blind adults, the estimated economic and social burden of blindness for children is much greater due to the increase in blind years. Childhood blindness is most prevalent among children with genetic ancestry from Africa and Asia, who represent 75% of the world's affected population. A 2014 review indicated that an estimated 238,500 children with bilateral blindness (rate 1.2/1,000) live in the Eastern Mediterranean region. There is also an increase in blindness outside of developing countries due to a lack of screening and prophylactic measures to treat causes of pediatric blindness.

Society and culture
VISION 2020 is a program launched by the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) and is supported by the WHO in 1999 that has made controlling blindness in children a high priority. In addition, the IAPB and WHO coordinate "World Sight Day" on the second Thursday of October each year. Starting in 2000, World Sight Day has become an opportunity to raise awareness of eye health and highlight the importance of increasing access to eye health services globally. It has also become a tool to influence governments around the world to allocate funds for blindness prevention programs and educational initiatives.

References

Further reading

External links

Blindness
Visual disturbances and blindness


text:
"Гроздовете на гнева" () е роман на Джон Стайнбек, публикуван през 1939 година. Печели наградата "Пулицър" за роман през 1940 г.

Действието на романа се развива по време на Великата депресия. Бедното семейство фермери-арендатори Джоуди е принудено да напусне дома си в Оклахома заради сушата и икономическите трудности. В практически безизходна ситуация, те заминават за Калифорния заедно с хиляди други такива семейства, надявайки се да намерят там средства за съществуване.

Гроздовете на гнева се изучава в много от учебните програми на училищата и колежите в САЩ. През 1940 г. излиза и филмова адаптация с участието на Хенри Фонда и режисирана от Джон Форд, Филмът печели два "Оскар"-а през 1941 г. – за режисура и за актриса в поддържаща роля.

В България книгата е издавана под името "Гневът на мравките", напр. изданието на "Народна култура" от 1960 г.

Вижте също
 100-те книги на 20 век според "Монд"
 Гроздовете на гнева (филм)

Външни препратки

Романи на Джон Стайнбек
Книги от 1939 година
Романи за Голямата депресия


text:
Lupiñén (en aragonés Lopiñén) es un municipio español de la provincia de Huesca, en la comunidad autónoma de Aragón. Está encuadrado en la comarca de la Hoya de Huesca.

Geografía

Núcleos de población
 Lupiñén (capital)
 Ortilla
 Montmesa
 Las Casas de Nuevo
 Castillo de Algás
 Castillo de Campiés
 Castillo de la Mezquita
 Castillo de Otura
 Castillo de Rosel
 Castillo de Turrillos

Historia
 1970–1980 se fusionan Lupiñén y Ortilla para formar el nuevo municipio de Lupiñén-Ortilla, con la capitalidad municipal en Lupiñén.

Administración y política

Últimos alcaldes de Lupiñén-Ortilla

Resultados electorales

Demografía

Monumentos

Monumentos religiosos
 Iglesia parroquial dedicada a San Martín
 Ermita de San Pedro de Verona
 Ermita de Ntra. Sra. de la Huerta

Monumentos civiles
 La caseta de los pobres
 El "lavadero" Municipal
 La fuente de los 8 caños

Cultura
 Asociación de Mujeres de Lupiñén
 Publicación Semestral: "El Mondongo"

Deportes
 En el embalse cercano de La Sotonera pueden realizarse diferentes deportes, como la vela y la pesca.
 Circuitos de Mountain-Bike por toda la comarca.

Fiestas
 Primer domingo de mayo, con romería a la ermita de San Pedro
 Día 15 de mayo en honor de San Isidro Labrador
 Día Pascua de Pentecostés: Fiesta pequeña
 Día 25 de agosto en honor de San Ginés (Fiesta grande)

Personas célebres nacidas en esta localidad
 Dr. Juan Antonio Costas
 Don Manuel Ruiz Urriés de Castilla y Pujadas, I conde de Ruiz de Castilla

Véase también

 Anexo:Municipios de la provincia de Huesca
 Anexo:Municipios aragonófonos de Aragón según el Anteproyecto de la Ley de Lenguas

Referencias

Bibliografía

 http://www.ine.es/
 UBIETO ARTETA, Antonio, Historia de Aragón. Los pueblos y los despoblados II, Zaragoza, Anúbar, 1985.

Enlaces externos

 Mapa de Situación

Localidades de la provincia de Huesca
Lupiñén-Ortilla


text:
Acris är ett släkte av groddjur som ingår i familjen lövgrodor.

Dessa lövgrodor förekommer i Nordamerika öster om Kordiljärerna från Kanada över USA till norra Mexiko (delstat Coahuila).

Arter enligt Catalogue of Life, utbredning enligt IUCN:

 Acris blanchardi, räknas ibland som population eller underart till Acris crepitans.
 Acris crepitans, från Ontario (Kanada) och delstaten New York till norra Florida, New Mexico och norra Mexiko.
 Acris gryllus, från Virginia över Tennessee till Louisiana och söderut till Florida.

Bildgalleri

Källor

Externa länkar

Lövgrodor
Acris


text:
Fuglebakken KFUM Århus er en dansk idrætsforening i Aarhus, hjemhørende i bydelen Hasle. Foreningen blev grundlagt i 2008, da klubberne KFUMs Boldklub Århus og Idrætsforeningen Hasle Fuglebakken fusionerede.

Klubbens bedste fodboldhold på spiller i -sæsonen i .

Referencer

Fodboldklubber under DBU Jylland
Aarhus
Etableret i 2008


text:
Петер Віттіг (; 11 серпня 1954, Бонн, Німеччина) — німецький дипломат. Надзвичайний і Повноважний посол ФРН в США (з 2014).

Життєпис
Народився у 1954 році в Бонні. Після школи вивчав історію, політологію та право в Боннському університеті, Кентський університет у Великій Британії і в Оксфордському університеті. У 1982 році він захистив дисертацію на тему "Англійська шлях до соціалізму: фабіанці і їх значення для лейбористської партії і британської політики". У період з 1979 по 1982 роки Віттіг був доцентом Фрайбурзького університету, і писав статті на тему історії ідей і зовнішньої політики.

У 1982 році Віттіг почав роботу на дипломатичній службі ФРН. Першим призначенням після дипломатичних курсів стало посольство ФРН в Іспанії, за цим була робота в постійному представництві Німеччини при ООН і робота особистим помічником міністра закордонних справ Німеччини Клауса Кінкеля.

У 1997 році Віттіг був відправлений послом в Ліван, а в 1999 - на Кіпр. У 2002 році він став заступником директора відділу для ГО міністерства закордонних справ, керівництво якого він пізніше взяв на себе. У 2006 році здійснив разом з міністром закордонних справ Франком Вальтером Штайнмайером візит до Лівану, з метою визначити політику по відношенню до ключових проблем цього регіону.

У 2009 очолив представництво Німеччини при ООН. У липні 2011 року і вересні 2012 головував в Раді Безпеки ООН. Велику увагу приділяв проблемам навколишнього середовища, прав людини і Близького Сходу.

Віттіг здобув популярність в 2009 році, коли за вказівкою уряду утримався при голосуванні в РБ ООН про введення безполітної зони в Лівії. Прийнята тоді в Раді Безпеки резолюція відкрила шлях до військової операції Заходу щодо Лівії.

У 2014 році був призначений послом в США, переїхав з Нью-Йорку до Вашингтону.

Див. також
 Постійні представники Німеччини при Організації Об'єднаних Націй

Примітки

Посилання

 Профіль на twitter.com

Німецькі дипломати
Посли Німеччини в США
Постійні представники Німеччини при ООН
Викладачі університету Фрайбурга


text:
Spello ist eine italienische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Perugia in Umbrien. Die Stadt ist Mitglied der Vereinigung I borghi più belli d'Italia (Die schönsten Orte Italiens).

Geografie
Spello liegt 6 km nordwestlich von Foligno und 33 km südöstlich der Regional- und Provinzhauptstadt Perugia am Fuße des Berges Monte Subasio in der klimatischen Einordnung italienischer Gemeinden in der Zone D, 2075 GR/G.

Der historische Ortskern besteht aus drei Stadtteilen: dem südlichen Quartier Porta Chiusa, dem zentralen Mezota und dem höher gelegenen Posterula (bzw. S. Martino).

Zu den Ortsteilen (frazioni) gehören Aquatino (204 Höhenmeter, ca. 100 Einwohner), Capitan Loreto (223 Höhenmeter, ca. 1000 Einwohner), Collepino (600 Höhenmeter, ca. 50 Einwohner), Crocefisso (208 Höhenmeter, ca. 60 Einwohner), Limiti (193 Höhenmeter, ca. 100 Einwohner), Ponte Chiona (227 Höhenmeter, ca. 200 Einwohner) und San Giovanni (636 Höhenmeter, ca. 15 Einwohner).

Die Nachbargemeinden sind Assisi, Bevagna, Cannara, Foligno und Valtopina.

Geschichte

Ursprünglich eine selbstständige umbrisch-etruskische Gemeinde, geriet die Siedlung im 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. unter römische Herrschaft und erhielt den Namen Hispellum. 89 v. Chr. wurde sie in ein Municipium umgewandelt. Während der Zeit der Triumvirate kurz vor Beginn der abendländischen Zeitrechnung erhielt Hispellum den Titel Colonia Julia, was mit der Verleihung des römischen Bürgerrechts an die Bewohner der Stadt verbunden war. Die Ortschaft gehörte nach der Verwaltungsreform des Augustus zur Regio Sexta der insgesamt elf Regionen Italiens. Augustus erweiterte den Besitz von Hispellum um große Ländereien, zu denen auch die südlich von Trevi gelegenen Quellbäder des alten umbrischen Gottes Clitumnus (heute Fonti del Clitumno) zählten. Unter Augustus errichtete man auch die Stadtmauer und mehrere Tore, die zum Teil bis heute erhalten sind.

Kaiser Konstantin stiftete der Stadt zu Ehren seines dynastischen Geschlechts einen Tempel für die Gens Flavia und benannte sie in urbs Flavia Constans um. Die gewachsene Bedeutung der Siedlung zeigt sich auch in einer weiteren Verordnung Konstantins aus dem Jahr 333 n. Chr.: die Verlegung der jährlichen Feierlichkeiten des fanum Voltumnae in die Stadt. Das fanum Voltumnae (Heiligtum der etrurischen Gottheit Voltumna) befand sich ursprünglich in Volsinii (vermutlich Orvieto), wo sich auch alljährlich die Mitglieder des etrurischen Städtebundes zu ihrer Bundesversammlung trafen.

Nach der Zeit der so genannten Barbareneinfälle im 6. Jahrhundert gelangte Spello in den Besitz des Langobarden-Herzogtums Spoleto, unter dessen Herrscher Faroald I. es zu einem bescheidenen wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Aufschwung kam. Im 12. Jahrhundert war Spello eine freie, eher ghibellinisch gesinnte Kommune – trotz der formalen Zugehörigkeit des langobardischen Herzogtums zum Kirchenstaat durch die "Pippinische Schenkung". Die Abtretung des ab 487 belegten Bischofssitzes nach Spoleto im Jahre 1130 trug dazu bei, den kirchlichen Einfluss auf städtische Belange gering zu halten. Das Titularbistum Hispellum geht auf diesen erloschenen Bischofssitz zurück.

1240 plünderte und brandschatzte das Heer Friedrichs II. bei seinem Feldzug gegen den Kirchenstaat die kleine Stadt, weil sie die Anerkennung der kaiserlichen Autorität verweigert hatte. Durch Kriege mit Assisi und Foligno geschwächt und wegen erbittert geführter interner Auseinandersetzungen zwischen städtischem Adel und Bürgertum zerrissen, schloss sich Spello dem mächtigeren Perugia an.

Doch die Siedlung blieb auch in den folgenden Jahrzehnten nicht unversehrt: 1529 wurde die Stadt geplündert, 1535 mussten die Mauern geschleift werden. Schließlich fiel Spello im Jahr 1583 vollständig an den Kirchenstaat.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

Stadtmauern und Befestigungsanlagen
 geschlossener Mauerring, wobei der erste mit insgesamt 2 km Länge aus der Zeit des römischen Kaisers Augustus stammt. Die Erweiterung mit dem Neubau der nördlichen Stadtmauern fand um 1360 statt.
 Teile der römischen Stadtmauern sind besonders gut im Bereich der Porta Urbica erhalten
 Rocca – bis auf einen Turm, einige Mauern und Substruktionen ist die Burg des Kardinals Albornoz zerstört

Stadttore
 Porta Urbica – einbogiges Stadttor aus römischer Zeit
 Porta Consolare – wichtigstes Tor der Stadt, stammt aus der Zeit der römischen Republik, im 16. Jahrhundert mit drei beim Amphitheater gefundenen Statuen versehen
 Porta Venere – antike Doppeltoranlage mit je drei Bögen und innerem Hof, äußeres Tor mit zwei zwölfeckigen Türmen auf quadratischem Grundriss (zum Teil rekonstruiert)
 Porta Fontevecchia
 Porta Montanara – mittelalterliches Tor am Nordende des Mauerrings
 Arco di Augusto – Sockelfragmente eines römischen Stadttores in der Via Giulia
 Arco dei Cappucini – Reste eines römischen Tores im Bereich der Rocca

Kirchen und Kapellen
 Cappella Tega – Kapelle aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, Fresken von Nicolò Alunno (umstritten, 1461)
 Santa Maria Maggiore – Kollegiatkirche, 1285 fertiggestellt und 1644 vergrößert; Cappella Baglioni mit Fresken von Pinturicchio (um 1500), in der Kirche Fresken von Perugino (1521), Kanzel von Simone da Campione (1545), Antonio de Gasparino, Bildhauer aus dem Luganertal, schuf von 1510 bis 1511 die Taufsteine
 S. Andrea – Kirche aus dem Jahr 1258; Altarbild von Pinturicchio (1508, Werkstatt)
 San Lorenzo – Kirche um 1120 erbaut, mehrfach umgestaltet, mit einem Marmortabernakel von Flaminio Vacca (1589 entstanden) und dem Werk Storie di S. Lorenzo von Niccolò Circignani (Il Pomarancio genannt, 1567 entstanden)
 Santa Maria di Vallegloria – Kirche und Monasterium mit Fassade in romanischen Formen (um 1320 von den Klarissen gegründet)
 San Martino – kleine romanische Kirche
 Oratorio di San Biagio – kleines Oratorium mit Fresken aus dem 15. und 16. Jahrhundert
 Convento di Cappuccini – Kapuzinerkloster; im Klosterhof romanische Fassade der Kirche S. Severino (1180)
 S. Ventura – Kapelle eines Pilgerhospitals, 13. Jahrhundert

Andere Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Palazzo Comunale (Vecchio) – um 1270 errichtet, später umgestaltet, im Hof und im Gebäude archäologische Fundstücke, Spolien und Wandmalereien
 Brunnen auf der Piazza Repubblica mit Wappen von Papst Julius III., um 1550 entstanden
 Pinacoteca Civica – städtische Kunstsammlung, vor allem mit Werken aus Mittelalter und Renaissance

Außerhalb von Spello
 Amphitheater – 1. Jahrhundert n. Chr., nur in Resten erhalten
 S. Claudio – romanische Kirche, Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts; Fresken
 S. Maria della Rotonda (auch Chiesa Tonda) – Zentralbau von 1517, Fresken, Substanz sehr vernachlässigt

L'infiorata
Am italienischen Fronleichnamswochenende findet das Fest L'infiorata di Spello statt. In der Nacht von Samstag auf Sonntag werden die Straßen mit extra für diesen Zweck entworfenen Blumen-Bildern geschmückt. Die Einwohner von Spello legen die ganze Nacht diese Kunstwerke aus Millionen von farbigen Blütenblättern, über die am nächsten Tag die Fronleichnamsprozession zur Kirche zieht.

Gemeindepartnerschaften
 : Alfonsine, seit 1974
 : Murça, seit 2012

Söhne und Töchter der Stadt
 Francesco Vettori (1693–1770),  Antiquar, Antikensammler und päpstlicher Museumskurator
 Giovanni Benedetti (1917–2017), römisch-katholischer Bischof von Foligno
 Giovanni Battistelli OFM (1933–2011), Franziskanerpater und von 1998 bis 2004 Kustos des Heiligen Landes

Literatur
 Touring Club Italiano: Umbria. Mailand 1999, ISBN 88-365-2542-3, S. 333–344.

Weblinks

 Website des Pro Loco in Spello
 Website der Associazione Le Infiorate di Spello

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Umbrien
Weinbauort in Italien
Ort am Franziskusweg


text:
Kritsanut Lertsattayathorn (auch Kritsanut Lertsattayatthorn; * 16. Dezember 1988) ist ein thailändischer Snookerspieler.

Karriere

Anfänge
Im Mai 2014 erreichte Kritsanut Lertsattayathorn das Viertelfinale der Asienmeisterschaft und unterlag dem Iraner Ehsan Heydarinezhad mit 2:5. Einen Monat später erreichte er bei der 6-Red-Snooker-Weltmeisterschaft der IBSF das Achtelfinale. Im September 2014 zog er bei der 6-Red World Championship, einem Einladungsturnier im Rahmen der Snooker Main Tour, ins Halbfinale ein. Nachdem er unter anderem Ryan Day, Mark Davis und John Higgins besiegt hatte, unterlag er dort dem späteren Turniersieger Stephen Maguire mit 2:7. Bei der Amateurweltmeisterschaft 2014 erreichte er ebenfalls das Halbfinale und verlor mit 5:7 gegen den späteren Weltmeister Yan Bingtao. Bei der Asienmeisterschaft 2015 schied er im Achtelfinale aus.

Bei den Südostasienspielen 2015 gewann er gemeinsam mit Ratchayothin Yotharuck die Silbermedaille im Doppel, nachdem sie das Finale gegen die Malaysier Moh Keen Hoo und Thor Chuan Leong verloren hatten. Bei der Amateurweltmeisterschaft 2015 schied Kritsanut Lertsattayathorn im Viertelfinale gegen den Waliser Ben Jones aus. Im April 2016 wurde er durch einen 6:2-Finalsieg gegen Mohammed Shehab Asienmeister und qualifizierte sich damit für die folgenden beiden Main-Tour-Spielzeiten.

Profisaisons
Nachdem er bei den ersten vier Turnieren seiner ersten Profisaison nicht angetreten war, erzielte er beim Shanghai Masters 2016 seinen ersten größeren Erfolg bei einem Weltranglistenturnier, als er erst in der dritten Qualifikationsrunde gegen Nigel Bond ausschied. Kurze Zeit später erreichte er bei der 6-Red World Championship 2016 die Runde der letzten 32 und unterlag seinem Landsmann Akani Songsermsawad mit 3:6. Die Qualifikation für die European Masters verlor er mit 2:4 gegen Allan Taylor. Bei den English Open, bei welchen keine Qualifikation existiert, siegte er in seinen beiden ersten Spielen mit 4:3 gegen Boonyarit Keattikun und mit 4:1 gegen Michael White. In der Runde der letzten 32 verlor er mit 3:4 gegen Ricky Walden. Beim International Championship verlor er in der Qualifikation mit 2:6 gegen den Weltmeister von 2005, Shaun Murphy. Seien nächsten Sieg fuhr er in Runde 1 der Northern Ireland Open ein, wo er mit 4:2 den Engländer Rory McLeod besiegte, anschließend verlor er knapp mit 3:4 gegen Ricky Walden. Beim UK Championship verlor er in der ersten Runde mit 2:6 gegen Michael Holt und bei den Scottish Open unterlag er, ebenfalls in der ersten Runde, Stuart Carrington mit 3:4. In der ersten Qualifikationsrunde für die German Masters unterlag er Mark Joyce mit 1:5. In der Qualifikation für die China Open unterlag er Michael White mit 4:5. In der ersten Qualifikationsrunde für die Snookerweltmeisterschaft unterlag er gegen den Schotten Stephen Maguire mit 7:10. Er beendete die Saison auf Weltranglistenplatz 116.

In der nächsten Saison bestritt er lediglich ein Spiel, er verlor in der Qualifikation für die World Open mit 2:5 gegen Mark Selby. Am Ende der Saison landete der auf Weltranglistenplatz 121, was nicht für eine Qualifikation für die nächste Saison reichte.

Erfolge

Finalteilnahmen

Weblinks
 Kritsanut Lertsattayathorn bei Worldsnooker

Einzelnachweise

Snookerspieler (Thailand)
Thailänder
Geboren 1988
Mann
Teilnehmer an den Südostasienspielen (Thailand)
Südostasienspielesieger (Billard)


text:
Gianfranco Miccichè (born 1 April 1954 in Palermo, Sicily) is an Italian politician.

Biography
Gianfranco Miccichè was born into a wealthy family of Palermo.

He was business executive at the IRFIS company for eleven years.

In 1984, thanks to the knowledge of Marcello Dell'Utri, he became executive of Publitalia '80, a company led by Silvio Berlusconi. In 1993, together with other men of Publitalia '80, he joined Forza Italia, of which he was appointed regional coordinator in Sicily.
In the 1994 general election he was elected for the first time in the Chamber of Deputies and served as Undersecretary at the Ministry of Transport and Navigation in the Berlusconi I Cabinet.

At the 1997 local elections he was candidate as mayor of Palermo for the Pole for Freedoms, but he was defeated by Leoluca Orlando.

In 2001 he served as Vice-Minister of Economy and Finance in the Berlusconi II Cabinet and in 2005 he was appointed Minister for Development and Territorial Cohesion in the Berlusconi III Cabinet.

In the 2006 Sicilian regional election he was elected in the Sicilian Regional Assembly, of which he was appointed President.

In the 2008 general election he was re-elected to the Chamber of Deputies. On 12 May 2008 the Council of Ministers appointed Miccichè as Undersecretary of State with responsibility for CIPE (Interministerial Committee for Economic Planning).

In 2010 he left The People of Freedom to found his own party, Force of the South, that in 2011 changed name into Great South.

At the 2012 Sicilian regional election he was candidate as President of the region and he gained the 15.41% of the votes, thus contributing to the defeat of the centre-right candidate Nello Musumeci and to the victory of the candidate of the centre-left Rosario Crocetta.

In the 2013 general election he was candidate for the Senate with his party Great South, but he was not elected. Subsequently, he was appointed as Undersecretary of State for Public Administration and Simplification in the Letta Cabinet but he resigned in August after that the Court of Cassation notified the condemnation of Berlusconi.

In November 2013 he joined the reborn Forza Italia.

In the 2014 European Parliament election he was candidate with Forza Italia, but he was not again elected, being the first of the unelected. He entered however in the European Parliament in 2018 when Salvo Pogliese is elected mayor of Catania, allowing Miccichè to take over his seat.

In the 2017 Sicilian regional election he was elected to the Sicilian Regional Assembly. On 16 December 2017 he has been elected President of the Assembly.

On 19 July 2018 he became an MEP to replace Salvo Pogliese, who resigned after being elected mayor of Catania. Despite the double mandate, he did not resign as an MEP, until the Court of Cassation declared him lapsed on 4 September 2018, due to incompatibility with his role as regional deputy. Innocenzo Leontini took his place in the European Parliament.

References

External links
 Gianfranco Miccichè's blog

1954 births
Living people
Deputies of Legislature XII of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XIII of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XIV of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XV of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XVI of Italy
Forza Italia politicians
The People of Freedom politicians
Forza Italia (2013) MEPs
Politicians from Palermo
Presidents of the Sicilian Regional Assembly
MEPs for Italy 2014–2019
Government ministers of Italy


text:
Hats Off may refer to:
 Hats Off (1927 film), a Laurel and Hardy film
 Hats Off (1936 film), directed by Boris Petroff
 Hats Off (2008 film), a documentary about Mimi Weddell
 Hats Off (Chet Baker album), a 1966 album by Chet Baker
 Hats Off (Roy Harper album), a 2001 album by Roy Harper
 Hats Off (EP), an EP by The Connells
 "Hats Off", a song by Alabama from the album Greatest Hits Vol. II
 "Hats Off", a song by Lil Baby and Lil Durk from the album The Voice of the Heroes
 "Hats Off", a song by Primus from the album Brown Album
 "Hats Off!", a song by Proud Mary from the album Love and Light


text:
L'aéroport Alcides-Fernández  est un aéroport situé à environ deux kilomètres au sud-est du centre d'Acandí dans le département de Chocó, en Colombie, une municipalité située sur la côte de la mer des Caraïbes à environ une vingtaine de kilomètres à vol d'oiseau de la frontière entre la Colombie et le Panama. Il est nommé en l'honneur de Alcides Fernández (1917-1995), prêtre clarétain, aux idées proches de celles de la théologie de la libération, ayant appris à piloter en Espagne et arrivé avec son monoplan dans la région au milieu des années 1950, utilisant ensuite souvent  ses compétences d'aviateur dans son action missionnaire et de soutien aux communautés rurales, fondant notamment, outre des villages, des aérodromes sommaires le long des rives du fleuve Atrato.

Histoire
L'aéroport est considéré par la population locale comme essentiel, pour relier leur région, excentrée et mal desservie par les transports au sol, au reste de la Colombie (et aussi au Panama voisin). Cependant, au début de l'année 2000, l'aéroport est fermé en raison d'une baisse de la fréquentation touristique d'Acandí. Mais la municipalité investit trente millions de pesos pour agrandir la piste et améliorer les installations du terminal. Des fonds gouvernementaux supérieurs sont versés pour rénover l'aéroport, dans le cadre du Plan Colombie. Le rétablissement du service commercial est inauguré en 2003, en présence d'officiels colombiens : le ministre des Transports  et le directeur de l'aviation civile . Autrefois fréquenté par les compagnies aériennes West Caribbean et , Alcides-Fernández est aujourd'hui seulement desservi, pour les vols réguliers et charters, par Aerolínea de Antioquia, le reliant à l' de Medellín.

Situation

Notes et références

Article connexe
 Liste des aéroports en Colombie

Aéroport en Colombie
Chocó


text:
Forest Park est une ville du Comté de Hamilton, dans l'État de l'Ohio. C'est une banlieue de Cincinnati. Lors du recensement de 2010, sa population s'élevait à . Sa superficie totale est de .

Histoire

Références

Lien externe
  Site officiel

City dans l'Ohio


text:
Chikila gaiduwani est une espèce de gymnophiones de la famille des Chikilidae.

Répartition
Cette espèce est endémique d'Inde. Elle se rencontre au Meghalaya et en Assam.

Publication originale
 Kamei, Gower, Wilkinson & Biju, 2013 : Systematics of the caecilian family Chikilidae (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) with the description of three new species of Chikila from northeast India. Zootaxa, , .

Liens externes

Notes et références

Chikilidae
Gymnophione (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Inde


text:
Ingo Naujoks is a German actor. He was born on 1 March 1962 in Bochum, West Germany.

He won the German Comedy Award for his performance in the TV series Bewegte Männer. He is also known for his performance in Rick And Olli.

He is also the actor who once portrayed Rufus, the human Grouch on Sesamstrasse, the German version of Sesame Street.

External links

1962 births
Living people
People from Bochum
German male film actors
German male television actors
20th-century German male actors
21st-century German male actors


text:
A Burning Bridges a Bon Jovi tizenharmadik stúdióalbuma.

Az album dalai

 A Teardrop to the Sea 5:08
 We Don't Run 3:18
 Saturday Night Gave Me Sunday Morning 3:24
 We All Fall Down 4:06
 Blind Love 4:49
 Who Would You Die For 3:56
 Fingerprints 5:59
 Life Is Beautiful 3:24
 I'm Your Man 3:45
 Burning Bridges 2:45

Bon Jovi-albumok
2015 nagylemezei


text:
Notiosciadium es un género monotípico  perteneciente a la familia  Apiaceae. Su única especie: Notiosciadium pampicola, es originaria de Argentina y Uruguay.

Taxonomía
Notiosciadium pampicola fue descrita por Carlos Luis Spegazzini y publicado en Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 11: 513. 1882.

Referencias

Flora de América del Sur continental

Bibliografía
 Zuloaga, F. O., O. N. Morrone, M. J. Belgrano, C. Marticorena & E. Marchesi. (eds.) 2008. Catálogo de las plantas vasculares del Cono Sur. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 107: 3 Vols., 3348 p.
Pyramidoptereae
Flora de Argentina
Plantas descritas en 1882
Plantas descritas por Spegazzini


text:
Shikokuconocephalopsis ishizuchiensis är en insektsart som först beskrevs av Tadao Kano och Kawakita 1987.  Shikokuconocephalopsis ishizuchiensis ingår i släktet Shikokuconocephalopsis och familjen vårtbitare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Vårtbitare
ishizuchiensis


text:
Yuan'an () – powiat w północno-wschodniej części prefektury miejskiej Yichang w prowincji Hubei w Chińskiej Republice Ludowej. Liczba mieszkańców powiatu w 2010 roku wynosiła 184532.

Przypisy

Powiaty w prowincji Hubei
Yichang


text:
Осмийванадий — бинарное неорганическое соединение
осмия и ванадия
с формулой OsV,
кристаллы.

Получение
 Сплавление стехиометрических количеств чистых веществ:

Физические свойства
Осмийванадий образует кристаллы
кубической сингонии,
пространственная группа I mm,
параметры ячейки a = 0,7845 нм, Z = 16,
структура типа вольфрама β-W
.

Соединение образуется по перитектической реакции при температуре 640 или 2040°C.

Имеет большую область гомогенности 50÷55 ат.% ванадия.

При температуре 5,15 К переходит в сверхпроводящее состояние.

Примечания

Сверхпроводники


text:
Nowy Świat – osada w Polsce położony w województwie wielkopolskim, w powiecie kościańskim, w gminie Śmigiel, na terenie Pojezierza Krzywińskiego.

Folwark Nowy Świat liczył pod koniec XIX wieku 1 domostwo i 16 mieszkańców. Administracyjnie podlegał Żegrowu. W latach 1975–1998 miejscowość należała administracyjnie do województwa leszczyńskiego.

Zobacz też
 Nowy Świat

Przypisy

Śmigiel (gmina)


text:
El meridià 131 a l'est de Greenwich és una línia de longitud que s'estén des del Pol Nord travessant l'Oceà Àrtic, Àsia, l'Oceà Índic, l'Oceà Antàrtic, Austràlia i l'Antàrtida fins al Pol Sud.

El meridià 131 a l'est forma un cercle màxim amb el meridià 49 a l'oest. Com tots els altres meridians, la seva longitud correspon a una semicircumferència terrestre, uns 20.003,932 km. Al nivell de l'Equador, és a una distància del meridià de Greenwich de 14.583 km.

De Pol a Pol
Començant en el Pol Nord i dirigint-se cap al Pol Sud, aquest meridià travessa:

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="135" | Coordenades
! scope="col" | País, territori o mar
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Oceà Àrtic
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign=top
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mar de Làptev
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign=top

|
! scope="row" |
| Sakhà Territori de Khabàrovsk — des de  Província de l'Amur — des de  Territori de Khabàrovsk — des de  Província de l'Amur — des de  Territori de Khabàrovsk — des de  Província de l'Amur — des de  Província Autònoma dels Hebreus — des de
|-valign=top
|
! scope="row" |
| Heilongjiang
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Territori de Primórie — per uns 6 km
|-valign=top
|
! scope="row" |
| Heilongjiang  Jilin — des de
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Territori de Primórie
|-valign=top
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mar del Japó
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | passa a l'est de l'illa d'Ulleungdo,  (a ) Passa a l'oest de l'illa de Mishima, Prefectura de Yamaguchi,  (a )
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Illa de Honshū, Prefectura de Yamaguchi (passa a través de l'estació de Chōfu a l'est de Shimonoseki)
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Estrets de Kanmon
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign=top
|
! scope="row" |
| Illa de Kyūshū— Prefectura de Fukuoka— Prefectura d'Ōita — des de — Prefectura de Kumamoto — des de — Prefectura d'Ōita — des de — Prefectura de Kumamoto — des de — Prefectura de Miyazaki — des de — Prefectura de Kagoshima — des de
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mar de la Xina Oriental
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Illa de Tanegashima, Prefectura de Kagoshima
|-valign=top
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Oceà Pacífic
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passa a l'oest de l'illa de Minami Daitō, Prefectura d'Okinawa,  (a ) Passa a l'oest de l'illa d'Oki Daitō, Prefectura d'Okinawa,  (a ) Passa a l'oest de l'illa de Tobi,  (a ) Passa a l'oest de les illes Asia,  (a ) Passa a l'oest de les illes Ayu,  (a )
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Illa de Waigeo
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Estret de Dampier
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Illes de Salawati i Nova Guinea
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mar de Ceram
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | passa a l'est de l'illa de Seram,  (a )
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mar de Banda
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Illa de Wuliaru
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mar de Banda
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Illa de Seira
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mar de Banda
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Illa de Selaru
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mar d'Arafura
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mar de Timor
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Territori del Nord — Illa de Melville
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Estret de Clarence
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign=top
|
! scope="row" |
| Territori del Nord Austràlia Meridional — des de
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Oceà Índic
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Les autoritats australianes consideren això com a part de l'Oceà Antàrtic
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Oceà Antàrtic
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" | Antàrtida
| Territori Antàrtic Australià, reclamat per
|-
|}

Referències

Vegeu també
 Meridià 130 a l'est
 Meridià 132 a l'est

Línies de longitud


text:
IC 1566 ist eine Elliptische Galaxie vom Hubble-Typ E/S0 im Sternbild Fische auf der Ekliptik. Sie ist schätzungsweise 540 Millionen Lichtjahre von der Milchstraße entfernt und hat einen Durchmesser von etwa 110.000 Lichtjahren.
Im selben Himmelsareal befinden sich u. a. die Galaxien IC 1565, IC 1568, IC 1569, IC 1570.

Das Objekt wurde am 24. November 1897 vom französischen Astronomen Stéphane Javelle entdeckt.

Weblinks
 SIMBAD Astronomical Database

Einzelnachweise