text:
Un serac (originalmente del francés de Suiza y de Saboya, sérac, un tipo de requesón) es un bloque grande de hielo fragmentado por importantes grietas en un glaciar, cuya rotura se debe al movimiento del hielo por zonas donde la pendiente se quiebra. Se producen seracs cuando el hielo glaciar se fractura al pasar encima de fuertes desniveles del terreno que le someten a tensiones que no le permiten mantener su elasticidad. Ocurre también en el caso de glaciares suspendidos, cuando la lengua glaciar alcanza un acantilado.

En estos puntos de fractura del glaciar, los seracs pueden acumularse hasta formar una cascada de hielo o «cascadas de seracs», como en el frente de un glaciar colgante o suspendido. Ejemplos de estos últimos se encuentran en la mayoría de los glaciares de los Alpes, en la cara noreste del Piz Roseg (3.937 m), la cara norte de la Dent d'Hérens (4.171 m) y la cara norte del Lyskamm (4.527 m).

Los seracs pueden alcanzar grandes dimensiones, y son peligrosos para los montañeros ya que suelen caer sin avisar. Incluso cuando están estabilizados, son un impedimento para caminar sobre el glaciar. Son un obstáculo muy conocido en muchas de las montañas más altas del mundo, en particular, en el Kanchenjunga. El colapso de un gran serac fue el responsable del desastre y muertes de la mayoría de los 11 escaladores en la segunda montaña más alta del mundo, K2, en agosto de 2008. En Suiza las caídas de seracs entre 1914 y 1983 han ocasionado 124 víctimas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Accidentes glaciares
Cuerpos de agua
Glaciares
Montañismo


text:
The 2020 Gran Piemonte was the 104th edition of the Gran Piemonte (known as Giro del Piemonte until 2009) single-day cycling race. It was held on 12 August, over a distance of 187 km, starting in Santo Stefano Belbo and ending in Barolo.

The race was won by George Bennett of .

Teams
Eighteen teams were invited to take part in the race. These included eleven UCI WorldTeams, six UCI ProTeams and the Italian national team.

National team
 Italy

Results

References

Gran Piemonte
2020 in Italian sport
Giro del Piemonte
2020 UCI ProSeries

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Carlos Riva Palacio (Toluca, Estado de México, 1892 — San José, Costa Rica, 16 de mayo de 1936) fue un político mexicano, Gobernador del Estado de México y  presidente del Partido Nacional Revolucionario de 1933 a 1934.

Se desempeñó como diputado federal y Secretario de Gobernación de México en el gabinete del presidente Emilio Portes Gil de 1929 a 1930 y nuevamente en el gabinete del presidente Pascual Ortiz Rubio de 1930 a 1931. Durante su gestión creó el Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación. Asimismo fungió como senador de la República y embajador en Chile y Costa Rica.

En 1934 publicó La Cuestión Agraria Mexicana.

Véase también
 Partido Nacional Revolucionario
 Partido Revolucionario Institucional
 Gobernantes del Estado de México

Bibliografía
 "Riva Palacio, Carlos": Enciclopedia de México, vol. 12. México: 2005.

Nacidos en Toluca de Lerdo
Gobernadores del Estado de México
Diplomáticos de México
Embajadores de México en Chile
Secretarios de Gobernación (México)
Gabinete de Emilio Portes Gil
Gabinete de Pascual Ortiz Rubio
Miembros del Partido Revolucionario Institucional
Presidentes del Partido Revolucionario Institucional
Senadores de la XXXV Legislatura de México
Senadores de la XXXVI Legislatura de México


text:
La gare de Geel  est une gare ferroviaire belge de la ligne 15, d'Anvers à Hasselt située sur la commune de Geel, dans la province d'Anvers en Région flamande.

C'est une gare de la Société nationale des chemins de fer belges (SNCB) desservie par des trains InterCity (IC), Suburbains (S33), d'Heure de pointe (P), Suburbains (S), Heure de pointe (P) et Touristiques (ICT) (durant les vacances d'été).

Situation ferroviaire

Histoire

Service des voyageurs

Accueil
Gare SNCB, elle dispose d'un bâtiment munis de guichets, accessibles tous les jours, et d'un automate pour la vente des billets. Un parking pour les voitures et plusieurs grands parkings à vélos se trouvent à proximité.

Les quais rehaussés sont pavés et accessibles par un tunnel sous voies.

Desserte
Geel est desservie par des trains InterCity (IC), Suburbains (S33), d'Heure de pointe (P) et Touristiques (ICT) de la SNCB circulant sur la ligne commerciale 15 : Anvers - Lierre - Mol - Hasselt (voir brochure SNCB de la ligne 15).

Semaine
La desserte est constituée :

 de trains  reliant Anvers-Central à Bourg-Léopold et Hasselt ou Hamont via Mol, toutes les heures (à Mol, ces trains sont divisés en deux, une partie repart vers Hasselt, l'autre vers Hamont) ;
 de trains de la ligne S33 du réseau S anversois circulant entre Anvers-Central et Mol (toutes les heures) ;
 de deux trains P de Mol ou Neerpelt à Bruxelles-Midi via Malines (le matin, dans l'autre sens en fin d'après-midi).

Week-end et fériés
La seule desserte régulière est constituée par les trains , circulant comme en semaine.

 Le dimanche, en fin d'après-midi, il existe deux trains P reliant Hamont ou Mol à Sint-Joris-Weert, près de Louvain. Ils ne circulent pas pendant les congés.

Vacances
Durant les vacances d'été, un train ICT relie, en semaine comme le week-end, Neerpelt à Blankenberge, le matin, et effectue le trajet inverse en fin d'après-midi. Il permet également d'atteindre Malines, Termonde, Gand et Bruges.

Intermodalité

Patrimoine ferroviaire
Construit par le Grand Central belge, le bâtiment de la gare, datant de 1878, est listé au patrimoine architectural de Flandre. Il est très proche de celui de Mol (démoli en 2010) et de Neerpelt (classé comme monument), tandis que celui de la gare d'Olen est de la même famille, mais plus petit.

Ce vaste bâtiment est dû à la compagnie du Grand Central Belge qui mit au point un modèle de gare standard. Au moins 15 de ces gares furent construites, notamment à Neerpelt, Hamont ou encore Jamioulx et Ham-sur-Heure.

Il s'agit d'un long bâtiment sans étage comprenant entre 8 et 26 travées selon les besoins (la gare de Geel en comporte 14) sous bâtière longitudinale qui se verra parfois gratifié d'un second étage de trois travées sous toiture à croupes servant de logement de fonction (c'est le cas à Geel, qui reçoit une partie à étage en 1901-1902).

Le pignon est recouvert de rampants de pierre et il existe des motifs en ferronnerie sur les crossettes et le pinacle ainsi qu'un oculus largement dimensionné et entouré de pierre surplombe un bandeau de pierre sous lequel se prolonge le fronton des parois longitudinales. Ce fronton est décoré d'une frise en briques munie d'arceaux et chaque travée des parois longitudinales est bordée par un lésène de brique aux motif de bande lombarde caractéristique du Grand Central Belge. Un cordon de pierre court au niveau des seuils des fenêtres du rez-de-chaussée. Les arcs bombés des ouvertures (qui étaient toutes des portes à l'origine sauf au niveau du logement de fonction qui se trouve à une extrémité) sont surmontés d'une clé en pierre et il existe des pilastres d'angle en brique à bossages de pierre.

Comme à Neerpelt, la façade est recouverte de peinture jaune et blanche avec un soubassement vert foncé.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de gares en Belgique
 ligne 15, d'Anvers à Hasselt

Liens externes

 Site SNCB : Fiches horaires (brochures de ligne)

gare
Gare dans la province d'Anvers
Gare mise en service en 1878


text:
John Henry Wise (1856 – 25 January 1942) was an English-born Australian politician.

He was born in Hull to stevedore John Wise and Jane Glendenning. On 10 May 1882 he married Mary Jane McLauchlan, with whom he had five children. In Australia he became a builder and an estate agent around the Nepean River district. From 1917 to 1934 he was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, representing the Nationalist and United Australia parties. Wise died in 1942 at Strathfield.

References

1856 births
1942 deaths
Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of New South Wales
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council


text:
Pjotr Pawlowitsch Kawerin ( / Pëtr Pavlovič Kaverin; * 9. September 1794 im Gouvernement Moskau; † 30. September 1855 in Radsiwilow im Gouvernement Wolhynien) war ein russischer Oberst, Freimaurer und Mitglied des Wohlfahrtsbundes. Letztere Vereinigung war eine im Januar 1818 gegründete Vorläuferin der Dekabristenbewegung.

Pjotrs Vater, der Senator und Geheime Rat Pawel Nikititsch Kawerin (1763–1853) aus dem Moskauer Adelsgeschlecht der Kawerins, war 1797 bis 1798 Oberpolizeimeister von Moskau sowie 1811 bis 1816 Zivilgouverneur von Kaluga und Smolensk. Die Mutter Anna Petrowna, geborene Korsakow, in den 1770er Jahren geboren und 1808 verstorben, war die außereheliche Tochter von Generalleutnant Alexander Wassiljewitsch Rimski-Korsakow (1729–1781).

Pjotr, seit 1805 den Jungen Moskauer Archivaren angehörig, wurde ab 1808 in der Pension für adlige Knaben, einer geschlossenen Lehranstalt an der Moskauer Universität, erzogen, studierte ab 1809 an ebenderselben Universität und 1810 bis 1812 in Göttingen. In den schwierigen Zeitläuften der folgenden Jahre leistete Pjotr Kawerin ab 15. Januar 1813 Kriegsdienst in der Russischen Landwehr. Kawerin, Adjutant eines Landwehrgenerals, wurde als Leutnant in das Olwiopoler Husarenregiment übernommen und brachte es dort unter Adam Johann Kasimir Graf von Bennigsen (1776–1816) bis zum Stabsrittmeister. Nach Kriegsende wurde Kawerin im Pawlowsker Leibgarderegiment Seiner Majestät Adjutant von General Toll. Am 17. März 1819 trat er in das 2. Suwalkener Husarenregiment als Major ein. Als Oberstleutnant quittierte Kawerin am 14. Februar 1823 krankheitshalber den Militärdienst.

Bereits in der Zeit bis 1821 hatte er sich dem oben erwähnten Wohlfahrtsbund zugewandt. Puschkin und Lermontow verewigten die Husarenstücke aus den Kriegszeiten ihres Freundes, des Ruheständlers Kawerin, in einigen ihrer Werke. Befreundet war der ermüdete Krieger auch mit Gribojedow, Wjasemski, Nikolai Turgenew und dem Freimaurer Wiktor Tepljakow, einem der Repräsentanten des Goldenen Zeitalters.

Am 11. September 1826 trat Kawerin wieder den russischen Streitkräften bei; kam diesmal als Major in das 1. Sankt Petersburger Ulanenregiment. Nach dem Wechsel in das Suwalkener 2. Kurländische Leibgarderegiment beteiligte er sich am Russisch-Türkischen Krieg und an der Niederschlagung des Novemberaufstandes. Am 5. Januar 1836 verließ Kawerin als Oberst die Russische Armee.

In finanzieller Notlage musste er das Kommando über die Grenzwache in Radsiwilow übernehmen. Dort blieb er mit seiner Ehefrau Jewdokija und seinem Vater. 1856 ließ die Witwe Jewdokija in Radsiwilow die Friedhofskirche Heiliger Paulus von Theben erbauen. Dort ruht Pjotr Kawerin neben seinem Vater.

Weblinks

 Eintrag bei hrono.ru (russisch)
 Eintrag bei dic.academic.ru (russisch)
 Eintrag bei Dekabristen 1825 (russisch)

Einzelnachweise

Oberst
Militärperson (Russisches Kaiserreich)
Person in den Koalitionskriegen (Russisches Kaiserreich)
Person im Novemberaufstand (Russland)
Freimaurer (Russland)
Freimaurer (19. Jahrhundert)
Adliger
Russe
Geboren 1794
Gestorben 1855
Mann


text:
Hulond Humphries (born 1939) is a part-time hog farmer  and former principal at Randolph County High School who caused a national controversy in 1994 and 1995 after he threatened to cancel the high school's prom due to fears about interracial dating. In 1997, he again drew national attention after he was elected superintendent of the Randolph County School District.

Personal life

Humphries has two children.

Background

Humphries became principal of Randolph County High School in 1969. Randolph County High School is located in Wedowee, Alabama and, in 1994, had a student body that was roughly 62 percent white and 38 percent black. In 1974, the Randolph County Board of Education was sued by the parents of two children who Humphries allegedly expelled from school without due process.

In 1989, the Randolph County School District was investigated by the US Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights based on allegations that Humphries disciplined black students more harshly than similarly situated white students and required segregation of buses from the high school to the vocational school.  OCR found against the District and required it to institute a very specific disciplinary code.

In 1994, Humphries began asking his students whether they planned to attend the prom "with somebody who is not of the same race". When several students answered yes, Humphries threatened to cancel the event, saying "How would that look at a prom, a bunch of mixed couples?". Humphries reportedly claimed that he was concerned that interracial dating would lead to violence. The junior class president, ReVonda Bowen, who has a black mother and a white father, reportedly asked Humphries what his order would require her to do. Humphries replied that ReVonda's parents had "made a mistake" by conceiving her. Humphries had long opposed interracial dating, as had some of his teachers; Humphries reportedly threatened to tell students' parents that they were dating interracially, as well as telling white girls that "no white boy would have them" after they had been with a black boy.

Following the incident, parents across the district organized demonstrations and boycotted classes. About one fifth of the school's students did not attend classes for several days. Two local "Freedom Schools", held in African-American church buildings, were organized by local civil rights groups as a temporary alternative. Eventually, Humphries was placed on paid leave by the local school board; he was also sued by the Southern Poverty Law Center on behalf of Bowen's parents. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference scheduled a demonstration in Wedowee, but this was canceled after Ku Klux Klan members from Georgia said that they would travel to Wedowee to stage a counterdemonstration. Threats were made against Bowen's family, and her home was guarded by FBI agents.

Some white parents in the district, however, approved of Humphries' views; as a result, he was reinstated as principal two weeks after the incident. Humphries rescheduled the prom, which did occur. Bowen showed up with her white boyfriend, Chris Brown. Most of the African-American students still refused to attend, however, and held their own prom at the local elementary school.  Incidentally, the elementary school was the school where the African-American students attended in Wedowee for years until Randolph County High School was integrated in the late 1960s.  Nine years later, Bowen would write a book about her experiences, No Mistakes, No More Tears.

Due to an arson fire which destroyed the school building in August 1994, Humphries was reassigned to the school district's central office. Humphries was one of the first to show up at the scene of the fire, and he reportedly shouted racial epithets at Bill Gill, a black cameraman who was filming the scene. Gill was beaten, but Humphries denied participating in his assault. Some black residents began staying indoors at night for fear of Ku Klux Klan retaliation, due to the fact that many white residents believed that blacks were responsible for the fire. A rally in support of Humphries was organized by the late white nationalist activist Richard Barrett and his Nationalist Movement.

A year after the incident, the local school district reached an agreement which barred Humphries from all school grounds in the district during class hours; the ban was to have been effective until July 1997. The agreement also promoted racial equality in general, and then-Assistant Attorney General Deval Patrick said that it removed "existing barriers to equality of educational opportunity." Some parents in the district felt that the agreement did not go far enough in punishing Humphries, however.

Election as Superintendent

In July 1997, Humphries was elected as superintendent of the Randolph County school district, narrowly winning the Democratic primary and running unopposed in the general election.

Stadium naming
The Randolph High School football stadium is named for Humphries.

See also

2009 Louisiana interracial marriage incident
Constance McMillen
Anti-miscegenation laws

References

1939 births
Living people
Farmers from Alabama
American school principals
Politics and race in the United States
People from Randolph County, Alabama
Alabama Democrats


text:
Berg est un village néerlandais dans la commune de Fauquemont-sur-Gueule, dans la province du Limbourg néerlandais. En 2008, Berg comptait  habitants.

Berg est situé le long de l'ancienne route de Maastricht à Fauquemont, au bord d'un plateau qui surplombe la Gueule.

Jusqu'au , Berg formait une commune indépendante avec Terblijt, au nom de Berg en Terblijt. Cette commune contenait également les localités de Geulhem et de Vilt.

Berg est le lieu de naissance du théologien Gerhard Casimir Ubaghs.

Fauquemont-sur-Gueule
Localité dans la province de Limbourg (Pays-Bas)


text:
Јунис Њутн Фут (17. јул 1819 – 30. септембар 1888.) је научница која је позната по научном раду у којем је описала могућност угљен-диоксида да упија топлоту и предложила могућност да би више овог гаса могло да повећа и температуру на Земљи.

Биографија
Рођена је 1819. у америчком селу Гошен, у држави Конектикат, у породици фармера Исака Њутна. Породица се врло брзо након рођења Јунис сели и мада даље живи на селу, девојчица добија прилику да похађа женску школу која је посебно подстицала ученице да се баве природним наукама, што је била реткост у 19. веку. Мада Јунис није формално могла да настави своје школовање и постане професионални истраживач, њено интересовање за науку се није гасило. Зато је у кућним условима извела експеримент који је њено име учинио значајним за историју науке, а нарочито изучавања климатских промена.

Допринос у развоју науке
За њено најважније откриће су јој била потребна два стаклена цилиндра које је пунила различитим гасовима и у њих ставља термометар. Цилиндре је излагала сунчевој светлости и посматрала шта се дешава с температуром. Тако је утврдила да се цилиндар с влажним ваздухом угреје брже од оног са сувим, а да се највише угреје онај испуњен угљен-диоксидом. Осим тога, цилиндру са угљен-диоксидом је било потребно и највише времена да се охлади.

Њен рад је 1856. године представљен на годишњем састанку Америчке асоцијације за унапређење науке. Међутим, рад није представила сама ауторка већ научник Џозеф Хенри. Наважније достигнуће овог рада био је њен закључак: када би порасла концентрација угљен-диоксида у атмосфери, то може да доведе до загревања планете, што је наука касније и потврдила.

Њен рад је од велике важности зато што директно објашњава ефекат стаклене баште, тј. повећање температуре на планети, а које је узроковано испуштањем огромне количине угљен-диоксида и других штетних гасова у атмосферу.

Референце

Рођени 1819.
Умрли 1888.
Амерички научници


text:
Пол То́мас Ве́слі (, ;  , Нью-Брансвік, Нью-Джерсі, США) — американський актор і продюсер. Відомий ролями Стефана Сальваторе у телесеріалі   «Щоденники вампіра».(2009—2017), та Едді Лонго/ Такер Рид у телесеріалі Розкажи мені казку (2018—2020)

Біографія
Пол Веслі (також Павел Василевські) народився у місті Нью-Брансвік (штат Нью-Джерсі, США) 23 липня 1982 року, виріс у Мальборо, Нью-Джерсі. Його батьки, Агнешка й Томас Василевські, вихідці з Польщі. Має старшу сестру Моніку й двох молодших — Джулію та Лію. Добре знає польську мову, проводив по чотири місяці щороку в Польщі до 16 років.

Відвідував Christian Brothers Academy в Лінкрофті і Marlboro High School. Під час навчання в старшій школі пройшов відбір на роль Макса Нікерсона в телесеріалі «Дороговказне світло». З огляду на щільний акторський графік перевівся до нової школи — Lakewood Prep School у Гавеллі (штат Нью-Йорк). 2000 року закінчив школу і вступив до Ратгерського університету, який через семестр кинув ради продовження акторської кар'єри.

2005 року Пол змінив прізвище на Веслі. Коли його питають, чому він змінив прізвище, він відказує:

2000 року за свою роботу в серіалі «Дороговказне світло» Пол удостоївся номінації молодіжної премії YoungStar Awards у категорії Найкращий молодий актор денних телесеріалів (Best Young Actor/Performance in a Daytime TV Series).

Кар'єра
Пол виконав невеликі ролі в таких серіалах як: «Дороговказне світло», «», «Таємниці Смолвіля», «Чужа сім'я», «», «Закон і порядок. Спеціальний корпус» та інші.

Тепер знімається в ролі Стефана Сальваторе в телесеріалі «Щоденники вампіра» за серією романів Лізи Джейн Сміт «Щоденники вампіра».
Є продюсером фільму «Curfew»(«Зараз або ніколи»,2012), що був номінований на премію «Оскар» (2013) у номінації Найкращий ігровий короткометражний фільм.
На цю тему Пол Веслі казав: «Я в процесі створення фільму з двома моїми неймовірно талановитими друзями, Шоном Крістенсеном і Деймоном Расселом. Він заснований на короткометражці, яку зрежисерував Шон, що завоювала безліч нагород по цілому світі. Ми робимо повнометражний фільм. Я виступаю як продюсер і висловлюю різні ідеї, а також, там у мене є роль.»

Особисте життя
Від 2011 року Пол Веслі одружений із актрисою й фотомоделлю Торрі ДеВітто.У липні 2013 року пара подала на розлучення після двох років шлюбу. У 2013—2017 роках зустрічався з акторкою та колегою по серіалу «Щоденники вампіра» Фібі Тонкін.

У лютому 2019 року стало відомо, що Пол Веслі одружений із Інес де Рамон.

Фільмографія

Нагороди і номінації

Виноски

Посилання

Кіноактори США
Уродженці Нью-Брансвіка
Поляки США
Актори, відомі під псевдонімами


text:
Saline Island is a small islet between Grenada and Carriacou (Grenadines), owned by the John family, of Harvey Vale, Carriacou. It is located next to Frigate Island.

Uninhabited islands of Grenada


text:
Во́лосово — деревня в Клинском районе Московской области России.

Относится к сельскому поселению Петровское, до муниципальной реформы 2006 года относилась к Нудольскому сельскому округу. Население —  чел. ().

Население

География
Расположена в юго-западной части района, примерно в 29 км к юго-западу от города Клина, в 2,5 км от автодороги, соединяющей  (Клин — Лотошино) и Московское большое кольцо , на правом берегу небольшой речки Землеройки бассейна Иваньковского водохранилища. Ближайшие населённые пункты — деревни Горицы и Кондратово.

Исторические сведения
В писцовой книге 1567 года упоминается как деревня Волославль. На карте Московской губернии  1860 года — Валосова.

В «Списке населённых мест» 1862 года Волосово — владельческая деревня 1-го стана Клинского уезда Московской губернии по левую сторону Волоколамского тракта, в 40 верстах от уездного города, при колодце, с 6 дворами и 46 жителями (22 мужчины, 24 женщины).

По данным на 1890 год входила в состав Спас-Нудольской волости Клинского уезда, число душ составляло 260 человек.

В 1913 году — 47 дворов.

По материалам Всесоюзной переписи населения 1926 года — центр Волосовского сельсовета Спас-Нудольской волости, проживало 220 жителей (103 мужчины, 117 женщин), насчитывалось 44 хозяйства.

С 1929 года — населённый пункт в составе Клинского района Московской области.

Примечания

Населённые пункты городского округа Клин
Населённые пункты Клинского уезда


text:
Konkurs drużynowy – jedna z konkurencji rozgrywanych w ramach skoków do wody, podczas mistrzostw świata w pływaniu w 2017. Zawody w tej konkurencji rozegrano 18 lipca, udział w nich brało 19 duetów.

Zwycięzcami konkurencji okazali się reprezentanci Francji Laura Marino i Matthieu Rosset. Drugą pozycję zajęli zawodnicy z Meksyku Viviana del Angel i Rommel Pacheco, trzecią zaś Amerykanie Krysta Palmer i David Dinsmore.

Wyniki

Bibliografia

Skoki do wody na Mistrzostwach Świata w Pływaniu 2017


text:
Giuseppe Castiglione (born 5 October 1963) is an Italian politician.

He is the son-in-law of the politician and journalist Giuseppe Firrarello.

Biography

He has been a member of the Management Committee of the USL 39 - Bronte (1984–89) and President of the USL Guarantors Committee 39.

He was a municipal councilor of Bronte from 1989 to 1992 for the Christian Democracy, and in 1996 he was elected to the Sicilian Regional Assembly with the United Christian Democrats, with 8,487 votes of preference. He served as regional Assessor for Industry of the Sicilian Region from 1996 to 2000, initially in the centre-right governments led by Provenzano (1996–98) and Drago (1998), later in the centre-left governments led by Capodicasa (1998-2000). In 1998 he joined the Union of Democrats for Europe; subsequently, in 2000, he joined Forza Italia.

On 24 June 2001, he was re-elected to the ARS on the Forza Italia list with 18,087 votes, the most voted candidate in that election. He was appointed Vice President of the Sicilian Region and regional Assessor for Agriculture in the Cuffaro government, until 2004.

He has been National Vice President of AICCRE (Italian Association of Municipalities and Regions of Europe) and member of the World Council of CGLU (United Cities and Local Governments)".

In 2004 he was elected MEP in the Italian Islands constituency and resigned from the ARS. He joined the European People's Party group and sat in the Commission for Agriculture and Rural Development, of the Commission on Civil Freedoms, Justice and Home Affairs and of the Delegation for relations with the Maghreb countries and the Arab Maghreb Union (including Libya); he was also substitute member of the Subcommittee on Human Rights and of the Delegation for relations with the People's Republic of China. In those years he was Forza Italia's spokesperson at the European Parliament and regional deputy coordinator of Forza Italia in Sicily.

In 2008 he was elected President of the Province of Catania. In April 2009 he was appointed regional coordinator of the PdL in Sicily, together with Domenico Nania. He was elected president of UPI (Union of Italian Provinces) on 11 December 2009. On 10 November 2010 he was elected President of the European association of provinces, or rather of the CEPLI (European Confederation of Local Intermediate Authorities) institute.

On 31 October 2012 he resigned as President of the Province of Catania to be able to stand as a candidate in the 2013 general elections, in which he was later elected to the Chamber of Deputies. With his resignation from the Presidency of the Province he also left the Presidency of UPI and CEPLI.

In May 2013 he was appointed Undersecretary of State to the Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies in the Letta government.

On 16 November 2013 he joined the New Centre-Right, led by Minister of Interior Angelino Alfano, of which he became regional coordinator for Sicily.

He was reconfirmed Undersecretary for agricultural policies also in the Renzi and Gentiloni governments.

Judicial proceedings

Investigated in 1998 for auction disruption as part of the investigation for bribes at the Garibaldi Hospital in Catania, in 1999 he was sentenced to ten months in prison (at first degree), together with his father-in-law and Senator of Forza Italia Giuseppe Firrarello, (definitively sentenced to two years' imprisonment for corruption and auction disruption in the same investigation). He was also accused of external involvement in a mafia association, an accusation from which he was acquitted during the same trial.

On 12 November 2004 Castiglione was acquitted on appeal of the accusation of disruption of the auction, because the fact did not exist.

The appeal sentence, although challenged by the Attorney General, was confirmed by the Supreme Court of Cassation Sect. I n. 1161 of 11/11/2005 which definitively acquitted him. For the Senator of Forza Italia Giuseppe Firrarello the Court of Cassation, on 25 February 2014, declared the annulment of the condemnation for disruption of the auction for having committed the crime prescribed in the period prior to the first degree sentence.

In June 2015 he was investigated together with 5 other people for auction disruption in the investigation of the Catania Public Prosecutor's Office on the contract for the management of the C.A.R.A. of Mineo.

On the 23rd of that same month, the Chamber discussed 3 motions presented by the opposition against Castiglione. Those of Left Ecology Freedom and Northern League committed  the government to invite Castiglione to resign as Undersecretary of State, while the one from the Five Star Movement committed the government to revoke his office. All three motions were rejected.

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
People from Bronte, Sicily
Christian Democracy (Italy) politicians
United Christian Democrats politicians
Union of Democrats for Europe politicians
Forza Italia politicians
The People of Freedom politicians
New Centre-Right politicians
Popular Alternative politicians
Forza Italia MEPs
MEPs for Italy 2004–2009
21st-century Italian politicians
Presidents of the Province of Catania


text:
Total Eclipse é uma banda de psytrance e Goa trance formada originalmente em 1992, na França. Suas músicas apareceram pela primeira vez em várias compilações em 1993, e em 1994 eles tiveram alguns singles com Dragonfly Records e TIP Records. Seu primeiro álbum "Delta Aquarids"  e o CD duplo "Violent Relaxation" foram lançadas em 1995 e 1996, respectivamente, ambos pela Blue Room Released.

Discografia
 Delta Aquarids (1995, Blue Room Released)
 Violent Relaxation (1996, Blue Room Released)
 Access Denied (1999, Blue Room Released)
 Violent Relaxation (2003, Avatar Records, Re-Release in Israel)
 Update Files (2004, Arcadia Music)

Ligações externas

Bandas de música eletrônica
Bandas da França
Bandas formadas em 1992


text:
Opole (851.5*; ) – wyżyna na zachodniej Ukrainie. Zachodnia część Wyżyny Podolskiej.

Opole jest najbardziej rozczłonkowaną i najwyższą - 350-400 m n.p.m. - częścią Wyżyny Podolskiej. Leży między rzekami Wereszyca na zachodzie i Złota Lipa na wschodzie oraz między Gołogórami na północy a Dniestrem na południu. Naturalna formacja roślinna - lasy bukowe i dębowe, obecnie przeważają uprawy rolne.

Geografia ukraińska dzieli Opole na następujące części:
 Opole Rohatyńskie (Рогатинське Опілля)
 Opole Naddniestrzańskie (Придністерське Опілля)
 Opole Chodorowskie (Ходорівське Опілля)
 Opole Lwowskie (Львівське Опілля)
 Opole Bursztyńskie (Бурштинське Опілля)
 Opole Halickie (Галицьке Опілля)

Opole jest także krainą etnograficzną o kulturze podobnej do kultur Pokucia i Podola.

Linki zewnętrzne

Wyżyny Ukrainy
Nizina Wschodnioeuropejska
Krainy historyczne Ukrainy


text:
Ста́рый Укырчело́н ( — «Корова-камень») — село в Джидинском районе Бурятии. Входит в сельское поселение «Оёрское».

География
Расположено в 27 км юго-западнее районного центра, села Петропавловка, в 4 км к югу от центра сельского поселения, села Оёр, на правом берегу реки Джиды, в 1 км западнее села Тохой, в 12 км от границы с Монголией.

Население

Экономика
Население занимается сельским хозяйством, имеет личные подсобные хозяйства.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Официальный сайт муниципального образования «Джидинский район»

Населённые пункты Джидинского района


text:
Michel Waldschmidt (born June 17, 1946 at Nancy, France) is a French mathematician, specializing in number theory, especially transcendental numbers.

Biography
Waldschmidt was educated at Lycée Henri Poincaré and the University of Nancy until 1968. In 1972 he defended his thesis, titled Indépendance algébrique de nombres transcendants (Algebraic independence of transcendental numbers) and directed by Jean Fresnel, the University of Bordeaux, where he was research associate of CNRS in 1971–2. He was then a lecturer at Paris-Sud 11 University in 1972–3, then a lecturer at the University of Paris VI (Pierre et Marie Curie), where he is Professor since 1973. Waldschmidt was also a visiting professor at places  including the École normale supérieure. He is a member of the .

Today, Michel Waldschmidt is an expert in the theory of transcendental numbers and diophantine approximations.

He was awarded the Albert Châtelet Prize in 1974, the CNRS Silver Medal in 1978, the Marquet Prize of Academy of Sciences in 1980 and the Special Award of the Hardy–Ramanujan Society  in 1986.

From 2001 to 2004 he was president of the Mathematical Society of France. He is a member of several mathematical societies, including the EMS, the AMS and Ramanujan Mathematical Society.

He is interested in exchange programs for researchers and students and was, from 2005 to 2009, Vice President CIMPA (International Centre for Pure and Applied Mathematics), formed in Nice for promote international cooperation. He participated in the coordination of cooperation in mathematics of France with many countries, including India and Middle East.

In 2021 he was awarded the Bertrand Russell Prize by the American Mathematical Society.

Selected publications
Diophantine approximation on linear algebraic groups. Springer, 2000
Nombres transcendants, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 402, 1974, Springer
Nombres transcendants et groupes algébriques, Astérisque, vol. 69/70, 1979, 2e tirage 1987
Transcendence Methods, Queens Papers in Pure and Applied Mathematics, 1979
With J.-M. Luck, P. Moussa, C. Itzykson  (eds.), From Number Theory to Physics, 1995

References

External links

 Homepage to Jussieu

  on frenchsciencetoday.org
 search on author Michel Waldschmidt from Google Scholar

French mathematicians
1946 births
Living people
Number theorists
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Nancy-Université alumni


text:
Giuseppe Mottola (ur. 20 kwietnia 1936 w Calvi, zm. 20 listopada 2007) – włoski polityk, poseł do Parlamentu Europejskiego III i IV kadencji.

Życiorys
Był dyrektorem we włoskiej izbie handlu oraz we włoskiej konfederacji związków rolniczych (Coldiretti). Był długoletnim działaczem i członkiem władz regionalnych Chrześcijańskiej Demokracji, zasiadał w radzie regionalnej, pełnił też funkcję asesora ds. rolnictwa.

W latach 1989–1994 (z ramienia chadecji) i 1998–1999 (z listy Włoskiej Partii Ludowej) sprawował mandat posła do Parlamentu Europejskiego III i IV kadencji.

Przypisy

Politycy Chrześcijańskiej Demokracji (Włochy)
Politycy Włoskiej Partii Ludowej
Włoscy posłowie do Parlamentu Europejskiego
Włoscy samorządowcy
Urodzeni w 1936
Zmarli w 2007


text:
Joseph Lewis Cunningham (1784–1843) or J. L. Cunningham worked as an auctioneer in Boston, Massachusetts, in the first half of the 19th century. Among the many lots he sold were birds, horses, real estate, furniture, sea captains' charts, telescopes, American and European artworks, fishing line, feathers, fabric, guns, musical instruments, fruit trees, flower seeds, printers' equipment, and books.

Biography

His business partners included John J. Linzee (Linzee & Cunningham, India Wharf) and Lemuel Blake (Blake & Cunningham, "respectable auctioneers and commission merchants").

In the early 1820s he conducted his auctioneering from nos. 2-3 Liberty Square; a fire in 1825 forced him to move. In 1826 he built Corinthian Hall, at the corner of Milk Street and Federal Street, and used "the first floor of the building for his extensive auction rooms." "Mr. J. L. Cunningham has erected a noble building... where formerly stood the mansion... of Judge Paine. It has a number of fine halls in the second and third stories, and on the lower floor, is a spacious and commodious auction room; adjoining which, on each street, are several neat and elegant shops. The halls will be much wanted, and Mr. Cunningham is entitled to some thanks for thus arranging his costly building to the public convenience and accommodation."

He married three times, in 1807 to Sarah Inman Linzee (1787-1820), in 1821 to Mary Ann Inman (d.1825), and in 1828 to Catherine Amory. He lived in Boston on Somerset Street (c. 1807) and Bedford Street (c. 1823). He attended Trinity Church.

He died in 1843, and was "buried in vault no.32 under old Trinity Church, Boston, afterwards removed to Mt. Auburn cemetery in Cambridge." A trade auction of "books, stereotype plates and stationery, formerly held by J.L. Cunningham" brought in an "amount... unusually large, between 80 and 100,000 dollars."

Auctions conducted by J.L Cunningham
 1815
 "Many thousand volumes of standard European and American publications," "the whole stock of books and stationery of the late firm of West & Blake"
 "Entire stock of Col. John Boyle, bookseller"
 1820
 Library of Jacob Abbot Cummings (Blake & Cunningham)
 1821
 "Collection of cabinet paintings... Many of them have adorned the galleries of the Duke of Buckingham, Marquis of Stafford, Cardinal Woolsey, Lord Fife, Henry Hope, &c." 164 works, including (copies of) Rembrandt's "Achilles;" Titian; Watteau's "Garden at Versailles;" Thomas Sully's "Taking of Major Andre" at Doggett's Repository of Arts  (Blake & Cunningham)

 1823
 "Furniture of a lady leaving the city," including "astral lamp - portable desk - an elegant urn"
 Furniture of "a gentleman removing from the city"
 "330 bales Russia feathers"
 "Family horse and chaise"
 1824
 "50 dozen 18-thread cod lines... 5 sacks first quality live geese feathers"
 "Stock of a rectifier of spirits"
 "Cider and porter bottles, China ware, Naples soap, and brushes"
 "Swedish iron"
 "Music types"
 "Paintings by some of the old masters, in handsome gilt frames, some of which were recently imported from London... Titian, Rubens, De Heem, Ruysdaal, Vanderveld, Brughel, Wouvermans;" also marble busts of Rubens and Raphael. At Doggett's Repository
 "Madras handkerchiefs, splendid patterns"
 "Canary birds, cages, &c."
 "Furniture for a grocery store, such as standing casks and kegs, scales and weights, lot of measures, tea canisters, counters and drawers, empty pipes and barrels, stone jars"
 "That valuable parcel of real estate, lately the property of Rebekah Parrott, deceased, situate at the corner of Liberty-square and Kilby"
 "4 cases of preserved insects"
 "Nautical instruments, charts, &c... of the late Capt. Charles S. Winship"
 "Parlor fenders"
 "A small, handsome, and well-broke poney, with an English-built gig"
 "Six oven stoves, new"
 "300 roles of French paper hangings... Also - a printing press"

 1825
 Art collection of "N. Delvaltooth;" including works by (or after) Claude Lorrain, Rembrandt, Watteau.
 "1 brass turning lathe; a small lot of seamen's clothing; 100 lbs. Bologna sausages; a few boxes of Spanish cigars, &c."
 "Shares in the South Boston Bridge Corporation... Shares in the Dorchester Turnpike Corporation" at Merchant's Hall
 "Cabinet stock... at the cabinet manufactory of the late Thomas Emmons"
 "Splendid collection of alabaster ornaments" at Concert Hall
 Furniture; "also - a pair of duelling pistols; ... ebony German flute; ... gold watch; ... 3 boxes French cordials" at "the Julien Auction Room, corner of Milk and Congress-streets"
 1826
 Furniture of the Tontine Coffee House, Washington St.
 "200 looking glasses"
 1829
 "600 double tulips, and 100 ranunculus roots, just received per Agnes, from London"
 1841
 "The celebrated Conway Medicines... recipes, medicines prepared and ready to be sent out"
 "Private library... of a gentleman deceased... A solar microscope"
 "Valuable cow and calf"
 "Elegant oil paintings... 64... original pictures and facsimile copies... from some of the most celebrated pictures in... the Louvre, the Hague and Amsterdam" at Harding's Gallery
 "That valuable estate, no.57 Mount Vernon Street," Beacon Hill
 1842
 "Collection of beautiful green-house plants - among them many fine varieties of roses, callas, verbenas, heliotropes, azalias"
 "French fruit trees, just imported... varieties of... apples, plums, apricots, cherries, peaches, and grape vines"
 "Dutch canary birds, chiefly good singers"
 "Parlor organs"
 "About 30 oil paintings, recently finished by C. Drew... views of well known places in America, chiefly in the neighborhood of Boston: among them several views of Boston Light, storm, shipwreck, several views of the coast of England, &c."

References

1784 births
1843 deaths
People from Boston
19th century in Boston
Financial District, Boston
Economic history of Boston
American auctioneers
19th-century American businesspeople


text:
CTJ peut faire référence à :
 la Conférence TransJurassienne, organisme de coopération transfrontalière franco-suisse ;
 Carrollton Regional Airport, en Géorgie, aux États-Unis, selon la liste des codes AITA des aéroports.

Code IATA des aéroports


text:
— посёлок в Японии, находящийся в уезде Камикита префектуры Аомори.

Географическое положение
Посёлок расположен на острове Хонсю в префектуре Аомори региона Тохоку. С ним граничат города Товада, Мисава и посёлки Тохоку, Оирасе, Гонохе.

Население
Население посёлка составляет , а плотность —  чел./км².

Символика
Деревом посёлка считается клён, цветком — цветок сакуры, птицей — полевой жаворонок.

Примечания

Ссылки

 Официальный сайт

Посёлки префектуры Аомори


text:
Attacus lorquinii is een vlinder uit de familie nachtpauwogen (Saturniidae), onderfamilie Saturniinae.

De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door C. & R. Felder in 1861.

Nachtpauwogen


text:
Alexander G. Hewit (born November 8, 1985) is a retired lacrosse goaltender. He led his high school to three New Jersey state championships and was one of the most sought after high school lacrosse players in the United States. He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men's lacrosse team from 2005 through 2008. He was recognized as a three-time United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA) All-American (first team once) and a three-time second team All-Ivy League performer. He was the 2006 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) goaltender of the year and 2008 Princeton co-captain. During his college career, Princeton lacrosse earned an Ivy League championship and two NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship invitations.

Background
Hewit is the son of Russell and Nan Hewit, and his siblings are Grant, Meghan and Rusty. Born  November 8, 1985, and raised in Chatham, New Jersey, Hewitt began playing lacrosse as a youth.  Both of his older brothers played and introduced him to the sport. Hewit started playing lacrosse in fourth grade in a local recreational league in his hometown. By sixth grade he was converted from an attackman to a goalie, but not until the coaches convinced his mother's that her concern for her son's safety were unwarranted. He met his middle school, high school and college teammate Dan Cocoziello taking an entrance exam for the Delbarton School in sixth grade.  On the seventh and eighth grade team and the freshman team at the Delbarton School he also played goalie.  In eighth grade, he made a New Jersey state eighth-grade all-star team along with Cocoziello that competed against all-stars from other states.  He made the varsity team as a sophomore and helped lead the team to a cumulative 63–4 record and three high school lacrosse state championships. He was an all-state and all-conference goalie who made the headmaster's list as a student. According to Inside Lacrosse, he was the fifth-best high school lacrosse recruit in the nation in 2003. Since his older brother Grant was at Princeton, the college was on his short list along with Johns Hopkins, Duke, Harvard and Dartmouth. Grant later became captain of the 2006 Tigers lacrosse team.

College career
Hewit played in six games for Princeton and started three as a freshman in 2005. He became the starting goalie late in his freshman year. He was first team USILA All-American Team selection in 2006, a second team selection in 2007 and an honorable mention selection in 2008. He was a 2006, 2007 & 2008 second team All-Ivy League selection.
Hewit was a mild-mannered goalie who never celebrated after making saves.  His goaltending style of taking away the high and tight shots altered the way opposing teams approached scoring. During the 2006 season, he held the three highest scoring teams in the country (Virginia, Hofstra and Cornell) to 20 goals, which was half of their combined average. He was given the Ensign C. Markland Kelly, Jr. Award in 2006 in recognition of being the best National Collegiate Athletic Association lacrosse goaltender. The 2006 team was Ivy League co-champion with Cornell. In 2007, he entered the season with a lower goals against average (6.45) than the NCAA Division I career record and was a preseason first team All-American according to Inside Lacrosse. He served as co-captain of the 2008 team.  After a 5–7 2005 year, Princeton qualified for the NCAA Division I Men's Lacrosse Championship in 2006 & 2007.

Professional career
Hewit took a job with Lehman Brothers after graduating from Princeton.  He was signed by New Jersey Pride for the 2008 MLL season, but he appeared in no games.

Notes

External links
Hewitt's MLL webpage
Hewitt's Princeton bio

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American lacrosse players
Delbarton School alumni
Lacrosse goaltenders
Major League Lacrosse players
New Jersey Pride players
Princeton Tigers men's lacrosse players
1985 births
Sportspeople from Morris County, New Jersey
Lacrosse players from New Jersey


text:
Железничка станица Врчин је једна од железничких станица на прузи Београд—Пожаревац. Налази се насељу Врчин у градској општини Гроцка у Београду. Пруга се наставља у једном смеру ка Липама и другом према Зуцету. Железничка станица Врчин се састоји из 4 колосека.

Види још
 Србија карго
 Србија воз
 Железнице Србије

Спољашње везе
 Ред вожње

Врчин
Саобраћај у Гроцкој


text:
Great Yarmouth Carmelite Friary in Norfolk, England, was founded in 1276 by the White Friars or Carmelites in the reign of Edward I and dedicated to St. Mary.

From 1430 to 1455, a John Tylney was prior. On 1 April 1509, the church and convent burnt down. In 1538 the friary was suppressed by Richard Yngworth, and in 1544 the land was granted to Thomas Denton and Robert Nottingham.

A 17th-century Grade II listed building now stands on the site at 6-12 George Street, Great Yarmouth.

See also

References

External links

http://www.localhistories.org/yarmouth.html

Monasteries in Norfolk
Great Yarmouth
1276 establishments in England
Christian monasteries established in the 13th century
1538 disestablishments in England
Carmelite monasteries in England


text:
Park Oliwski im. Adama Mickiewicza – zabytkowy park w gdańskiej dzielnicy Oliwa, nad Potokiem Oliwskim. Powierzchnia parku wynosi 11,3 ha.

Historia
Początkiem dzisiejszego parku był przyklasztorny ogród założony przez cystersów. Prawdopodobnie był położony po wschodniej stronie starej siedziby opatów z XV wieku, dalej do Zatoki Gdańskiej rozciągał się nadmorski las, który rozcinał Potok Oliwski. Po wzniesieniu przez opata Franciszka Zaleskiego pod koniec pierwszej połowy XVII wieku nowej siedziby opatów, ogród został poszerzony w kierunku południowo-zachodnim, stykając się ze starszym ogrodem klasztornym.

Nowego kształtu nabrał ogród z inicjatywy opata oliwskiego - Jacka Józefa Rybińskiego; jego wykonawcą został Kazimierz Dębiński z Kocka. Projekt był dziełem ogrodnika Hentschla, czerpiącego inspiracje z założeń ogrodowych André Le Nôtre. Powstała wtedy barokowa część parku, dziś nazywana częścią francuską. Przed frontem rezydencji opackiej (obecnie Oddział Sztuki Współczesnej Muzeum Narodowego w Gdańsku) utworzono parter kwiatowo-trawnikowy otwierający się w stronę dużego prostokątnego stawu usytuowanego prostopadle, wzdłuż osi wschodnio-zachodniej. Wzdłuż tej samej osi powstała Aleja Lipowa. Jej przedłużeniem na wschodnim końcu jest ujęty szpalerem drzew staw, który przez długie lata tworzył iluzję zwaną Książęcym Widokiem (optycznie staw łączył się z wodami odległej o kilka kilometrów Zatoki Gdańskiej. Obecnie morze zasłonięte jest przez drzewa). Powstały cieniste aleje zwane bindażami. Założenie przetrwało do dziś prawie w niezmienionym stanie.

Równolegle do stawu i Alei Lipowej powstał kolejny parter ogrodowy - Paradisium z pomnikiem Mickiewicza. Przy jednej z alejek tej części parku znalazły się Groty Szeptów.

W 1782, po śmierci opata Rybińskiego, król pruski zamianował opatem Karola Hohenzollern-Hechingen, który sprowadził do Oliwy Jana Jerzego Saltzmanna, syna nadwornego ogrodnika, twórcy królewskich ogrodów w Poczdamie. Saltzmann zgodnie z ówczesną modą starał się imitować naturę w oparciu o popularne w tych czasach wyobrażenia o chińskich ogrodach. W północnej części parku, dziś zwanej chińsko-angielską (lub angielską), stworzone zostały kręte ścieżki i zbiorniki wodne naśladujące dziką przyrodę oraz urządzenia parkowe (altany, pawilony, "świątynie", znane z zachowanego planu parku z 1792). Z tym okresem funkcjonowania wiązany jest fragment muru ogrodzenia, odkryty w trakcie prowadzenia nadzoru archeologicznego w styczniu 2016. Zachowały się dwa sztuczne pagórki po północnej stronie parku i kaskada na Potoku Oliwskim (najprawdopodobniej powstała w miejscu, istniejącego tutaj do XVI wieku, dawnego młyna).

Pewien wpływ na kształt oliwskiego parku mógł mieć miłośnik ogrodów biskup Ignacy Krasicki, który był częstym gościem zarówno opata Rybińskiego jak i Karola Hohenzollerna.

Po sekularyzacji klasztoru (1831) i śmierci ostatniego opata oliwskiego Józefa Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1836) park przeszedł na własność państwa pruskiego, a inspektorem parku (do 1881) został Gustaw Schöndorf. Pod jego zarządem park nabrał charakteru otwartego dla publiczności ogrodu dendrologiczno-krajobrazowego.

Kolejne zmiany w parku to dzieło inspektora Ericha Wocke, zarządzającego ogrodem w latach 1899-1929. W pobliżu starej oranżerii, w miejscu dawnego labiryntu, utworzył on około 1910 alpinarium i sprowadził do Oliwy szereg alpejskich roślin. Sama oranżeria została przebudowana w tym czasie w cieplarnię i niedużą palmiarnię, rozbudowywaną kilkukrotnie po II wojnie światowej.

Popularność oliwskiego parku wzrosła, gdy w 1925 Oliwa stała się siedzibą biskupa gdańskiego, a pocysterski kościół został podniesiony do rangi katedry oraz gdy w 1927 w Pałacu Opatów otworzono placówkę muzealną Staatliche Landesmuseum für Danziger Geschichte.

W 1945, pod koniec wojny park został w znacznym stopniu zdewastowany, ale został mu przywrócony niemal poprzedni stan. Został wpisany do rejestru ochrony zabytków przyrody województwa gdańskiego, a w 1971 do rejestru zabytków miasta Gdańska. 1 listopada 1946 powstała w parku Stacja Aklimatyzacji Roślin. W latach 1952-1956 założony został Ogród Botaniczny w Oliwie. Uchwałą Miejskiej Rady Narodowej z 16 listopada 1955 park w Oliwie otrzymał imię Adama Mickiewicza, a pomnik tego ostatniego miał w parku zostać ustawiony. Wiosną 1976 w parku znalazła swoje miejsce Galeria Współczesnej Rzeźby Gdańskiej. Ekspozycja powstała z inicjatywy gdańskich rzeźbiarzy i Muzeum Narodowego w Gdańsku.

Najmłodszymi częściami parku są: położony na południowo-zachodnim krańcu fragment pomiędzy ul. Opata Jacka Rybińskiego a budynkiem Gdańskiego Seminarium Duchownego - dawny ogród użytkowy cysterskiego konwentu; oraz 2-hektarowy obszar dawnego folwarku Saltzmanna z XVIII-XIX wieku wokół dworu, przejętego w 2001 na biura przez firmę Doraco, obsadzony m.in. grabami pospolitymi i kasztanowcami czerwonymi Briotti, bukszpanem, lawendą wąskolistną i tawulcem pogiętym. Obszar ten udostępniono 22 maja 2015.

Na obszarze parku znajduje się również Spichlerz Opacki (Oddział Etnografii Muzeum Narodowego w Gdańsku).

W maju 2016 rozpoczęła się przebudowa trzech kładek dla pieszych, która zakończyła się w lipcu tego samego roku.

We wrześniu 2017 rozpoczęła się budowa nowej rotundy Palmiarni.

W październiku 2021 poinformowano, że w listopadzie tegoż roku Palma znajdująca się w nowej rotundzie Palmiarni w Parku Oliwskim zostanie wycięta i zastąpiona innymi okazami roślin. Również w październiku tegoż roku Zarząd Dzielnicy Oliwa złożył zawiadomienie do prokuratury w sprawie obumarcia 180–letniego daktylowca w Parku Oliwskim; w listopadzie tegoż roku zawiadomienie w tej sprawie złożył również Pomorski Wojewódzki Konserwator Zabytków Igor Strzok. W grudniu 2021 daktylowca wycięto.

Podczas wichury w styczniu 2022 powalonych zostało w Parku kilkanaście drzew.

19 marca 2022 odbyło się uroczyste otwarcie Palmiarni. W wydarzeniu wzięli udział Prezydent Gdańska Aleksandra Dulkiewicz wraz z zastępcami Alanem Aleksandrowiczem i Piotrem Grzelakiem.

Zobacz też
 Archikatedra Oliwska
 Mozartiana
 Palmiarnia Parku Oliwskiego
 Pałac Opatów w Oliwie
 Spichlerz Opacki
 Jan Jerzy Saltzmann

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Linki zewnętrzne

 Zagłębiamy się w historię Parku Oliwskiego. Przeprowadzimy kwerendę archiwaliów

 Park Oliwski zamiera. Rozmowa z prof. Witoldem Burkiewiczem

Kompetentni inaczej w Dziale Zieleni

 Widok jak z dawnej pocztówki. Do Parku Oliwskiego wróci pomost.

Oliwski
Gdańsk
Oliwa (Gdańsk)


text:
Il Gran Premio di Superbike di Misano Adriatico 2016 è stata l'ottava prova su tredici del campionato mondiale Superbike 2016, è stato disputato il 18 e 19 giugno sul circuito di Misano e in gara 1 ha visto la vittoria di Jonathan Rea davanti a Tom Sykes e Michael van der Mark, lo stesso pilota si è ripetuto anche in gara 2, davanti a Tom Sykes e Davide Giugliano.

La vittoria nella gara valevole per il campionato mondiale Supersport 2016 è stata ottenuta da Kenan Sofuoğlu.

Risultati

Gara 1

Arrivati al traguardo

Ritirati

Gara 2

Arrivati al traguardo

Ritirati

Supersport

Arrivati al traguardo

Ritirati

Squalificato

Note

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Robert Crichton Foster  ( - ) fue un botánico estadounidense

Foster perteneció al equipo científico del herbario Asa Gray de 1940 a 1970, cuando se retira. Trabajó activamente en la flora de Bolivia.

Biografía
Nace en Springfield (Massachusetts), en 1904, y es educado en Harvard, recibe su A.B. en 1926 y su A.M. en 1927. Será docente de Historia en el "Connecticut College" de 1927 a 1932, y luego vuelve a Harvard a estudiar para un Ph.D. en Botánica. Estano allí, fue instructor de Biología en el "Radcliffe College", de 1934 a 1935. Completa su doctorado en 1936, y gana por oposición un puesto docente en Harvard, de 1936 a 1937. De 1937 a 1938, Foster es instructor de Botánica en la Universidad de Arizona. Foster retorna a Harvard en 1940 y desarrollará el resto de su carrera allí: asistente del "Gray Herbarium" de 1940 a 1947; curador de 1947 a 1954; botánico y bibliógrafo de 1954 hasta su jubilación en 1970. En esta última función fue responsable de organizar los "Índices de Tarejtas del Herbario Gray".

Tuvo sumo interés en la familia de Iridaceae y en la flora de Bolivia; publicando en "Contributions of the Gray Herbarium". No completó su proyectada "flora de Bolivia", pero llegó a publicar un catálogo de los helechos y fanerógamas de Bolivia como una "Contribución" en 1958. También publicó varias botas cortas sobre problemas histórico-bibliográficas de la Botánica.

Referencias
 Brummitt, RK; CE Powell. 1992. Authors of Plant Names. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-085-4

Enlaces externos

Botánicos de Estados Unidos
Curadores de Estados Unidos


text:
Die Niedere Gerichtsbarkeit beziehungsweise Niedergerichtsbarkeit ist ein Begriff aus dem mittelalterlichen Rechtswesen. Die niedere Gerichtsbarkeit (auch die Bezeichnungen patrimoniale Gerichtsbarkeit, Dorf-, Thing- oder Hubengericht werden verwendet) befasste sich in der Regel mit geringeren Delikten des Alltags, die mit Geldbußen oder leichteren Leibstrafen sühnbar waren. Dazu gehörten der Pranger sowie das Tragen des Lästersteins. Diese gehörten zu den Ehrenstrafen. Inhaber der niederen Gerichtsbarkeit waren zumeist Angehörige der Landstände, Adlige, geistliche Stifter oder die Räte der landesunmittelbaren Städte. Über die Untertanen auf seinen Kammergütern übten der Landesherr beziehungsweise seine Beamten die niedere Gerichtsbarkeit aus. Im späten Mittelalter war die Gerichtsbarkeit zu einem dinglichen Recht geworden, das dementsprechend auch verkauft oder verpfändet werden konnte.

Das Richteramt wurde entweder vom Gerichtsherren selbst ausgeübt oder delegiert. So gab es in den Dörfern Erbrichter oder Setzrichter, in Märkten Marktrichter und in den Städten Stadtrichter. Die jeweiligen Richter standen dem Schöffengericht vor, die bäuerliche oder städtische Gemeinde wirkte über die Schöffen an der Rechtsprechung mit. Die Einnahmen aus den Gerichtsgebühren und den Bußgeldern wurden zwischen Gerichtsherr und Richter geteilt. Bis weit ins 16. Jahrhundert hinein waren die Richter juristische Laien. Seit dieser Zeit setzte sich in den Städten langsam die Besetzung der Richterstellen mit an der Universität ausgebildeten Juristen durch.

Die Folter durfte nicht angewendet, schwere Leibstrafen und die Todesstrafe durften nicht verhängt werden. Die niedere Gerichtsbarkeit war ebenfalls für das Erbrecht, Grenzstreitigkeiten sowie die Registrierung und Überwachung von Verkäufen zuständig.

Schwere Leibstrafen und Todesurteile durften in der Regel nur durch Hochgerichte ausgesprochen werden, die in der Regel dem Landesherrn und nicht dem Grundherrn unterstanden. Freie Reichsstädte besaßen im Allgemeinen eine eigene niedere und hohe Gerichtsbarkeit (Blutgerichtsbarkeit).

Siehe auch
 Patrimonialgericht
 Mittlere Gerichtsbarkeit

Literatur
 Gerhard Theilacker: Friedensgerichtsbarkeit und Rechtspfleger: die Entwicklung der niederen Gerichtsbarkeit in Deutschland unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der im Lande Baden-Württemberg gemachten Erfahrungen. Dissertation an der Universität Tübingen, 1962. Veröffentlicht 1963.

Einzelnachweise

Strafrechtsgeschichte des Mittelalters
Gerichtsbarkeit


text:
Novos Baianos é um conjunto musical brasileiro originário da Bahia, ativo em seu auge entre os anos de 1969 e 1979, que se reuniram em 1997 e novamente em 2015.

Eles marcaram a música popular brasileira e até o rock brasileiro dos anos 70, utilizando-se de vários ritmos musicais brasileiros que vão de samba, bossa nova, frevo, baião, choro, afoxé e ijexá ao rock n' roll, influenciados pela contracultura e pela emergente Tropicália.

Contava, em sua formação original, com Moraes Moreira (compositor, vocal e violão), Baby do Brasil (vocal), Pepeu Gomes (guitarra), Paulinho Boca de Cantor (vocal), Jorginho Gomes (bateria e bandolim), Bola e Baxinho (percussão), Dadi (baixo) e Luiz Galvão (letras).

O grupo lançou oito trabalhos antológicos para MPB. O segundo disco do grupo, Acabou Chorare, que mescla guitarra elétrica, baixo e bateria com cavaquinho, chocalho, pandeiro e agogô, foi eleito pela revista Rolling Stone como o melhor disco da história da música brasileira, em outubro de 2007.

História

Formação e primeiros anos
A história do grupo começou em 1969, com o espetáculo "O Desembarque dos Bichos Depois do Dilúvio Universal", no Teatro Vila Velha, em Salvador, Bahia, onde pela primeira vez se apresentaram juntos Luiz Galvão, agrônomo formado, Paulinho Boca de Cantor, ex-crooner da "Orquestra Avanço", o popular nas noites de Salvador Moraes Moreira, a única não-baiana do grupo, a niteroiense Baby do Brasil, e Pepeu Gomes. Moraes Moreira foi apresentado a Tom Zé, que era amigo de Galvão. Baby Consuelo conheceu os dois (Moraes e Galvão) em um bar, enquanto passava as férias em Salvador. Mais tarde, Paulinho Boca de Cantor conheceu os três, e se uniu a eles. Dos membros que formariam o grupo mais tarde, apenas Pepeu Gomes era músico profissional e havia passado por diversas bandas anteriormente. Nas apresentações em palco e gravações, o grupo era inicialmente composto pelo um quarteto, acompanhado pelo grupo 'Os Leifs', mais tarde renomeado como A Cor do Som, do qual faziam parte o baixista Dadi, o baterista/percussionista Baxinho José Roberto Martins Macedo, o  guitarrista Pepeu Gomes e seu irmão baterista, Jorginho Gomes. Pepeu Gomes foi incorporado definitivamente ao grupo após seu casamento com a vocalista da banda, Baby Consuelo, e, ao lado de Moraes Moreira, atua como arranjador musical do grupo. Em 1969, se inscreveram para o V Festival de Música Popular Brasileira com a canção "De Vera". A origem do nome surgiu em decorrência de uma apresentação na Rede Record, quando, ainda sem nome definido para o grupo, o coordenador do festival, Marcos Antônio Riso gritou "Chama aí esses novos baianos!". Os Novos Baianos nunca se permitiram obedecer a gravadoras e empresários, tanto que, quando foram para São Paulo, se apresentaram em diversos programas de televisão, extrapolando o tempo previsto.

Auge

O primeiro empresário do grupo foi Marcos Lázaro, e foram contratados primeiramente pela gravadora RGE, onde lançaram um compacto simples, "De Vera"/"Colégio de Aplicação". No ano de 1970, lançaram o primeiro long play, intitulado É Ferro na Boneca, que, além de trazer as canções do compacto e uma grande mistura de gêneros, foi tema dos filmes "Caveira My Friend" e "Meteorango Kid". O número de cópias vendidas do disco não foi tão extensa.

Com a desclassificação de "Vera" do Festival da Record, Os Novos Baianos resolveram partir para o Rio de Janeiro. Lá, moravam todos juntos em quatro cômodos, o que resultou em um grande entrosamento entre os músicos. Em 1971, gravaram o segundo compacto simples, "Volta que o Mundo dá", e receberam a visita de João Gilberto, que viria a influenciá-los com o samba. Com a grande fusão de gêneros brasileiros, sugerida por João Gilberto e a guitarra de Pepeu Gomes, surgiu o mais consistente e lembrado disco do grupo, Acabou Chorare, pela Som Livre; o álbum foi considerado o melhor da música popular brasileira pela revista Rolling Stone em sua Lista dos 100 maiores discos da música brasileira.Em Vargem Grande, na época uma localidade de Jacarepaguá, alugaram um sítio apelidado de "Cantinho do Vovô".  Viviam de forma quase anárquica em pleno regime militar. Em uma nova gravadora, a Continental, lançam seu terceiro álbum de estúdio, Novos Baianos F.C., com inovações rítmicas e líricas. O disco ganhou um filme homônimo de Solano Ribeiro. Os Novos Baianos se mudam novamente, desta vez para uma fazenda em São Paulo, a convite de um executivo da Continental. Lá gravaram o quarto disco, Novos Baianos, mais conhecido por Alunte. O disco não vendeu tanto quanto os anteriores, o que levou a um desentendimento com a gravadora, e Moraes Moreira, principal compositor da banda resolveu partir para a carreira solo.

Declínio e fim
Desfalcados de Moraes Moreira, compositor principal ao lado de Galvão, o grupo faz de Pepeu Gomes o exemplo instrumental. O disco seguinte, Vamos pro Mundo, foi lançado ainda em 1974 pela Som Livre e tinha como foco as faixas instrumentais em choro, baião e samba. Em 1976, o grupo assina seu contrato mais longo, de dois anos com a gravadora Tapecar. O primeiro álbum na gravadora, Caia na Estrada e Perigas Ver, investiu no samba, rock e pandeiro e no cover "Brasileirinho" de Waldir Azevedo. Em 1977 lançara Praga de Baiano, já enfraquecidos pelo processo inicial das carreiras solo de Paulinho, Pepeu e Baby. O disco trazia o trio elétrico, frevo, e bastante música instrumental. Tornaram-se atração dos trios-elétricos, e Baby do Brasil foi a primeira cantora desse tipo de evento. O último trabalho, Farol da Barra, pela CBS, homenageia os compositores Ary Barroso e Dorival Caymmi, regravando "Isto Aqui O Que É?", e "Lá Vem a Baiana". O principal destaque do disco era a faixa-título, uma parceria entre Galvão e Caetano Veloso. No ano seguinte o grupo encerra suas atividades.

Reuniões posteriores
Em 1987, Baby, Pepeu e Paulinho se reuniram em uma apresentação única no Teatro Castro Alves. Em 1990, a reunião completa de Baby, Paulinho, Pepeu e Moraes Moreira aconteceu em um trio elétrico nas ruas de Salvador. Nesse mesmo ano, Pepeu e Moraes gravam um trabalho juntos. A banda também se reuniu em meados da década de 1990 para uma apresentação com Marisa Monte, que apoiou o retorno do grupo aos estúdios. Em 1997, o grupo reúne sua formação original e lançam o disco duplo: Infinito Circular.

Em 2009, durante o carnaval de Salvador, se reuniram novamente Paulinho, Baby e Pepeu para duas apresentações a bordo do trio elétrico intitulado "Os Novos Baianos" a banda percorreu o circuito do Campo Grande até a praça Castro Alves arrastando inúmeros fãs . O trio contou, ainda, com a participação das filhas de Baby o grupo "SNZ" e de seu filho Pedro Baby. Também em 2009 o grupo se apresentou na Virada Cultural, no palco localizado na Avenida São João em São Paulo. O show foi visto por um milhão de pessoas no Domingo (3/5). A apresentação contou com Baby do Brasil, Pepeu Gomes, Luis Galvão e Paulinho Boca de Cantor, da formação clássica. No dia 19 de dezembro de 2015 o grupo anuncia seu retorno apos 16 anos afastados dos palcos. A turnê "Acabou Chorare - Novos Baianos Se Encontram" terminou em 2018.

Integrantes

Atuais

 Baby do Brasil (desde 1969)
 Paulinho Boca de Cantor (desde 1969)
 Pepeu Gomes (desde 1969)
Jorginho Gomes (desde 1969)
Dadi Carvalho (desde 1969)

Anteriores

 Luiz Galvão (1969-1979; 1997-2022)
 Moraes Moreira (1969–1974; 1997–2020)
 Baxinho
 Odair Cabeça de Poeta
 Charles Negrita
 Bola Morais

Discografia

Álbuns de estúdio
 1970 – É Ferro na Boneca (RGE)
 1972 – Acabou Chorare (Som Livre)
 1973 – Novos Baianos F.C. (Continental)
 1974 – Novos Baianos (Continental)
 1974 – Vamos pro Mundo (Som Livre)
 1976 – Caia na Estrada e Perigas Ver (Tapecar)
 1977 – Praga de Baiano (Tapecar)
 1978 – Farol da Barra (CBS)

Álbuns ao vivo
 1997 – Infinito Circular (Globo Polydor)
 2017 – Acabou Chorare - Novos Baianos Se Encontram (Som Livre)

Compactos
 1969 – "Colégio de Aplicação" / "De Vera" (RGE)
 1970 – "Curto da Véu e Grinalda" / "Volta Que o Mundo Dá" (RGE)
 1971 – "Psiu" / "29 Beijos" / "Globo da Morte" / "Mini Planeta Íris" (Compacto duplo) (RGE)
 1971 – "Dê um Rolê" / "Você Me Dá um Disco?" / "Caminho de Pedro" / "Risque" (Compacto duplo) (Philips)
 1973 – "No Tcheco Tcheco" / "Boas Festas" (Continental)
 1973 – "A Minha Profundidade" / " O Prato e a Mesa" (Continental)
 1976 – "Ninguém Segura Este País" / "Ovo de Colombo" (Tapecar)
1979 – "Casei no Natal, Larguei no Reveillon" / "Pra Enlouquecer na Praça" / "Alibabá Alibabou" / "Apoteose do Trio para Dodô" (CBS)

Bibliografia

 GALVÃO, Luiz. Anos 70: Novos e Baianos. São Paulo: 34, 2006.
 MOREIRA, MORAES. A História dos Novos Baianos e outros versos. São Paulo: Língua Geral, 2010.
 MORAIS JUNIOR, Luis Carlos de. O Sol nasceu pra todos:a História Secreta do Samba. Rio de Janeiro: Litteris, 2011.

Ligações externas

Bandas formadas em 1969
Bandas extintas em 1979
Bandas da Bahia
Bandas de música popular brasileira
Bandas de rock do Brasil
Bandas de rock psicodélico

Artistas da Som Livre
Fundações no Brasil em 1969
Extinções no Brasil em 1979
Bandas reativadas em 1997
Bandas reativadas em 2015


text:
Issoria anna är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Blanchard 1852. Issoria anna ingår i släktet Issoria och familjen praktfjärilar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Praktfjärilar
anna


text:
Округ Хемпхил () је округ у америчкој савезној држави Тексас. По попису из 2010. године број становника је 3.807.

Демографија
Према попису становништва из 2010. у округу је живело 3.807 становника, што је 456 (13,6%) становника више него 2000. године.

Референце

Литература

Х


text:
Gottfried Christian Albert Schmierer, Rufname Albert Schmierer, (* 28. November 1899 in Esslingen am Neckar; † 14. Juli 1974 in Freudenstadt) war ein deutscher Apotheker und Pharmazierat. Von 1933 bis 1945 war er "Reichsapothekerführer".

Leben
Albert Schmierer, Sohn eines Lehrers, bestand 1917 in Tübingen sein Abitur und nahm als Kriegsfreiwilliger bis 1918 am Ersten Weltkrieg teil. Schmierer war danach zunächst Mitglied in einem Freikorps. Seine pharmazeutische Lehre begann er 1919 in Schwaigern, legte 1920 in Stuttgart sein Vorexamen ab, arbeitete knapp ein Jahr in Heilbronn und studierte von 1921 bis 1923 an der Universität Tübingen Pharmazie. Nach dem Staatsexamen 1923 war er anderthalb Jahre in der Hof-Apotheke in Stuttgart tätig und anschließend drei Semester Hilfsassistent bei Richard Harder am Botanischen Institut der TH Stuttgart.

Im Jahre 1926 ging Schmierer nach Heldburg und blieb dort als Apotheker fünf Jahre lang. Bereits 1929 wurde er Mitglied der NSDAP und der SA, kaufte 1930 die Löwen-Apotheke in Freudenstadt und erhielt 1933 seine Ernennung zum Kommissar für den Gau Baden und Württemberg sowie zum Kommissar des Württembergischen Apotheker-Wesens.

Nach der Gründung der "Standesgemeinschaft Deutscher Apotheker" im April 1933 wurde Schmierer zunächst Stellvertreter des Standesleiters Karl Heber und übernahm im September die Geschäfte der Standesleitung als  Standesführer (ab 1935 "Reichsapothekerführer"). Seine Apotheke wurde 1938 zum NS Musterbetrieb ernannt, 1940 beförderte man ihn zum Oberstabs-Apotheker und 1942 zum SA-Gruppenführer.

Albert Schmierer war ein überzeugter Nationalsozialist. Er gehörte zu den Ehrenmitgliedern der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Pharmazie. Während seiner Tätigkeit als Reichsapothekerführer hat er eine Vielzahl von Neuerungen und Veränderungen in die Deutsche Pharmazie eingeführt, die zum Teil das Dritte Reich überdauert haben. Bereits März 1933 bereitete er das 1. Pachtgesetz vor, welches 1935 als Reichsgesetz beschlossen wurde. 1936 schuf er das Reichsapotheker-Register und das Institut für Arzneimittelprüfung. Im Jahr 1937 gründete er eine Akademie für pharmazeutische Fortbildung, führte das Landhalbjahr für Pharmaziekandidaten ein und sorgte für die Einführung des gotischen A als Zeichen der Deutschen Apothekerschaft. Ferner wurde von ihm durchgesetzt, dass in den Apotheken die Inventur nur noch alle 3 Jahre zu machen sei. Ebenfalls 1937 begründete er das "Deutsche Apothekenmuseum" mit Sitz in München, dessen erster Pfleger Fritz Ferchl wurde. Für eine reichseinheitliche Festlegung des Tätigkeitsgebietes der Apotheken-Helferin setzte sich Schmierer 1940 ein.

Auf seine Initiative ging die seit dem 1. Januar 1937 geltende, reichseinheitliche Kennzeichnung von Apotheken mit dem roten gotischen "A" und der Man-Rune zurück. 1951 wurde die mittlerweile von vielen Apothekern übermalte Rune mit dem Symbol der Handelsgesellschaft Deutscher Apotheker (Hageda), einem Kelch mit einer Schlange ersetzt.

Zum Kriegsschluss diente Schmierer als Major an der Ostfront, geriet Mai 1945 in amerikanische Gefangenschaft, aus der man ihn 1947 entließ. Danach war Schmierer als Apotheker in Rattingen und Ruhrort tätig, wurde dann von einem Militärgericht für 18 Monate ins Zuchthaus geschickt, aus dem man ihn aber schon im Oktober 1948 entließ. Schmierer war darauf als Apotheker in Lennep tätig. Nach seiner Entnazifizierung arbeitete er ab 1950 wieder in seiner Apotheke in Freudenstadt.

Veröffentlichungen
 Nationalsozialismus. In: Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung 48 (1933), S. 1181.
 Staat und Stand. In: Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung 49 (1934), S. 698 f.
 An den Pranger. In: Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung 50 (1935), S. 1002.
 Rezeptur und Fertigfabrikate. In: Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung 54 (1939), S. 144 f.

Literatur
 Wolfgang-Hagen Hein, Holm-Dietmar Schwarz (Hrsg.): Deutsche Apotheker-Biographie, Ergänzungsband 1. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-8047-0882-X, S. #.
 Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. 2. Auflage, Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-10-039309-0, S.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Apotheker (20. Jahrhundert)
Medizin (Nationalsozialismus)
NSDAP-Mitglied
SA-Mitglied
Freikorps-Mitglied
Person (Freudenstadt)
Deutscher
Geboren 1899
Gestorben 1974
Mann


text:
The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (; ) was the government of Outer Mongolia between 1911 and 1919 and again from 1921 to 1924. By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongol nobles including Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren persuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence from Qing China. On 30 November 1911 the Mongols established the Temporary Government of Khalkha. On 29 December 1911 the Mongols declared their independence from the collapsing Qing dynasty following the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution. They installed as theocratic sovereign the 8th Bogd Gegeen, highest authority of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, who took the title Bogd Khan or "Holy Ruler". The Bogd Khaan was last khagan of the Mongols. This ushered in the period of "Theocratic Mongolia", and the realm of the Bogd Khan is usually known as the "Bogd Khanate".

Three historical currents were at work during this period. The first was the efforts of the Mongols to form an independent, theocratic state that included Inner Mongolia, Barga (also known as Hulunbuir), Upper Mongolia, Western Mongolia and Tannu Uriankhai ("pan-Mongolism"). The second was the Russian Empire's determination to achieve the twin goals of establishing its own preeminence in the country but at the same time ensuring Outer Mongolia's autonomy within the nascent Republic of China (ROC). The third was the ultimate success of the ROC in eliminating Outer Mongolian autonomy and establishing its full sovereignty over the region from 1919 to 1921.

Name

The Mongolian name used is generally "" (, State of Mongolia Elevated by the Many) or "Khaant uls" (, khagan country).

Mongolian Revolution of 1911

On 2 February 1913 the Bogd Khanate sent Mongolian cavalry forces to liberate Inner Mongolia from China. The Russian Empire refused to sell weapons to the Bogd Khanate, and Russian Tsar Nicholas II spoke of "Mongolian imperialism". The only country to recognize Mongolia as a legitimate state was Tibet, which also declared its independence from Qing China. Tibet and Mongolia later signed a friendship treaty and affirmed mutual recognition.

Government and society

At the time, the government was still composed of a feudal Khanate, which held its system in place largely with the power of agriculture, as most traditional pastoral societies of East Asia had been. The new Mongolian state was a fusion of very different elements: Western political institutions, Mongolian theocracy, and Qing imperial administrative and political traditions. 29 December was declared to be independence day and a national holiday. Urga (modern Ulan Bator), until then known to the Mongolians as the "Great Monastery" (Ikh khüree), was renamed "Capital Monastery" (Niislel khüree) to reflect its new role as the seat of government. A state name, "Great Mongolian State" (Ikh Mongol uls), and a state flag were adopted. A parliament (ulsyn khural) was created, comprising upper and lower houses.  A new Mongolian government was formed with five ministries: internal affairs, foreign affairs, finance, justice, and the army. Consequently, a national army was created.

The new state also reflected old ways; the Bogd Khaan adopted a reign title, "Elevated by the Many" (Olnoo örgogdsön), a style name used (it was believed) by the ancient kings of Tibet. He promoted the ruling princes and lamas by one grade, an act traditionally performed by newly installed Chinese emperors. Lay and religious princes were instructed to render their annual tribute, the "nine whites". By tradition the "nine whites" were eight white horses and one white camel. On this occasion, the "nine whites" consisted of 3,500 horses and 200 camels sent to the Bogd Khaan instead of the Qing Emperor as in the past. Again, the Bogd Khaan appropriated to himself the right to confer ranks and seals of office upon the Mongolian nobility.

The Bogd Khaan himself was the inevitable choice as leader of the state in view of his stature as the revered symbol of Buddhism in Mongolia. He was famed throughout the country for his special oracular and supernatural powers and as the Great Khan of Mongols. He established contacts with foreign powers, tried to assist development of economy (mainly agriculture and military issues), but his main goal was development of Buddhism in Mongolia.

The new state was theocratic, and its system suited Mongols, but it was not economically efficient as the leaders were inexperienced in such matters. The Qing dynasty had been careful to check the encroachment of religion into the secular arena; that restraint was now gone. State policy was directed by religious leaders, with relatively little participation by lay nobles. The parliament had only consultative powers; in any event, it did not meet until 1914. The Office of Religion and State, an extra-governmental body headed by a lama, played a role in directing political matters. The Ministry of Internal Affairs was vigilant in ensuring that senior ecclesiastics were treated with solemn deference by lay persons.

The head of the Bogd Khaan's Ecclesiastical Administration (Shav' yamen) endeavoured to transfer as many wealthy herdsmen as he could to the ecclesiastical estate (Ikh shav'''), resulting in the population bearing an increasingly heavy tax burden. Ten-thousand Buddha statuettes were purchased in 1912 as propitiatory offerings to restore the Bogd Khaan's eyesight.  A cast-iron statue of the Buddha, 84 feet tall, was brought from Dolonnor, and a temple was constructed to house the statue. D. Tsedev, pp. 49–50.  In 1914 the Ecclesiastical Administration ordered the government to defray the costs of a particular religious ceremony in the amount of 778,000 bricks of tea (the currency of the day), a gigantic sum.

Diplomatic maneuvering over Mongolia

The new government under Bogd Khan tried to seek international recognition, particularly from the Russian government. The Tsar however, rejected the Mongolian plea for recognition, due to a common Russian Imperial ambition at the time to take over the central Asian states, and Mongolia was planned for further expansion. Throughout the Bogd Khaan era, the positions of the governments of China and Russia were clear and consistent. China was adamant that Mongolia was, and must remain, an integral part of China. The (provisional) constitution of the new Chinese republic contained an uncompromising statement to this effect. A law dealing with the election of the Chinese National Assembly provided for delegates from Outer Mongolia. For their part, the Russian Imperial government accepted the principle that Mongolia must remain formally part of China; however, Russia was equally determined that Mongolia possess autonomous powers so substantial as to make it quasi-independent, so they recognised the autonomy of the region. Russian Empire could not act on the ambition due to internal struggles, which allowed Russia to claim that Mongolia was under her protection. Thus, in 1912 Russia concluded a secret convention with the Empire of Japan delineating their respective spheres of influence: South Manchuria and Inner Mongolia fell to the Japanese, North Manchuria and Outer Mongolia to the Russians. Bogd Khaan said to Yuan Shikai, the President of the Republic of China "I established our own state before you, Mongols and Chinese have different origins, our languages and scripts are different. You're not the Manchu's descendants, so how can you think China is the Manchu's successor?".

In spite of Chinese and Russian opposition, the Mongols were tireless in their efforts to attract international recognition of their independence. Diplomatic notes were sent to foreign consulates in Hailar; none responded. A delegation went to Saint Petersburg the purpose of which, among other things, was to contact European ambassadors expressing the desire for diplomatic relations. The Russians did not permit these contacts. A later delegation to Saint Petersburg sent notes to Western ambassadors announcing Mongolia's independence and formation of a pan-Mongolian state; again none responded. The Mongols attempted to send a delegation to Japan but the Japanese consul at Harbin prevented it from proceeding further.

While these efforts at obtaining international recognition continued, the Mongols and Russians were negotiating. At the end of 1912, Russia and the Mongols signed a treaty by which Russia acknowledged Mongol autonomy within the Republic of China; it also provided for Russian assistance in the training of a new Mongolian army and for Russian commercial privileges in Mongolia. Nevertheless, in the equivalent Mongolian version of the treaty, the terms designated independence were used. Both versions have the same value; so it was formally recognition of Mongolia as an independent state and its name Great Mongolian State. In 1913 Russia agreed to provide Mongolia with weapons and a loan of two million rubles. In 1913, Mongolia and Tibet signed a bilateral treaty, recognizing each other as independent states.

In November 1913, there was a Sino-Russian Declaration which recognised Mongolia as part of China but with internal autonomy; further, China agreed not to send troops or officials to Mongolia, or to permit colonization of the country; it was also to accept the "good offices" of Russia in Chinese-Mongolian affairs. There was to be a tripartite conference, in which Russia, China, and the "authorities" of Mongolia would participate. This declaration was not considered by Mongolia to be legitimate as the Mongolian government had not participated in the decision.

To reduce tensions, the Russians agreed to provide Mongolia with more weapons and a second loan, this time three million rubles.  There were other agreements between Russia and Mongolia in these early years concerning weapons, military instructors, telegraph, and railroad that were either concluded or nearly so by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.
In April 1914, the northern region of Tannu Uriankhai was formally accepted as a Russian protectorate.

 Kyakhta Agreement of 1915

A tripartite conference between the Russian Empire, Republic of China and the Bogd Khaan's government convened at Kyakhta in the autumn of 1914. The Mongolian representative, Prime Minister Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren, were determined to stretch autonomy into de facto independence, and to deny the Chinese anything more than vague, ineffectual suzerain powers.  The Chinese sought to minimize, if not to end, Mongolian autonomy.  The Russian position was somewhere in between. The result was the Kyakhta Treaty of June 1915, which recognised Mongolia's autonomy within the Chinese state. Nevertheless, Outer Mongolia remained effectively outside Chinese control and retained main features of the state according to international law of that time.

The Mongolians viewed the treaty as a disaster because it denied the recognition of a truly independent, all-Mongolian state.  China regarded the treaty in a similar fashion, consenting only because it was preoccupied with other international problems, especially Japan. The treaty did contain one significant feature which the Chinese were later to turn to their advantage; the right to appoint a high commissioner to Urga and deputy high commissioners to Uliastai, Khovd, and Kyakhta. This provided a senior political presence in Mongolia, which had been lacking.

Decline of Russian influence

In 1913, the Russian consulate in Urga began publishing a journal titled Shine tol' (the New Mirror), the purpose of which was to project a positive image of Russia. Its editor, a Buryat-born scholar and statesman Ts. Zhamtsarano, turned it into a platform for advocating political and social change. Lamas were incensed over the first issue, which denied that the world was flat; another issue severely criticized the Mongolian nobility for its exploitation of ordinary people. Medical and veterinary services, part of Russian-sponsored reforms, met resistance from the lamas as this had been their prerogative. Mongols regarded as annoying the efforts of the Russians to oversee use of the second loan (the Russians believed the first had been profligately spent) and to reform the state budgetary system. The Russian diplomat Alexander Miller, appointed in 1913, proved to be a poor choice as he had little respect for most Mongolian officials, whom he regarded as incompetent in the extreme. The chief Russian military instructor successfully organized a Mongolian military brigade. Soldiers from this brigade manifested themselves later on in combat against Chinese troops.

The outbreak of the World War I in 1914 required Russia to redirect its energies to Europe. By the middle of 1915, the Russian military position had deteriorated so badly that the Russian government had no choice but to neglect its Asian interests. China soon took advantage of the Russian distractions which increased dramatically following the Bolshevik revolution in 1917.

 Chinese attempts to reintegrate Mongolia

In December 1915, Yuan Shikai, the President of the Republic of China, sent gifts to the Bogd Khaan and his wife. In return, the Bogd Khaan dispatched a delegation of 30 persons to Beijing with gifts for Yuan: four white horses and two camels (his wife Ekh Dagina sent four black horses and two camels).  The delegation was received by Yuan Shikai himself, now proclaimed ruler of a restored Empire of China. The delegation met Yuan Shikai on 10 February 1916. In China this was interpreted in the context of the traditional tributary system, when all missions with gifts to Chinese rulers were considered as signs of submission. In this regard, Chinese sources stated that a year later, the Bogd Khaan agreed to participate in an investiture ceremony – a formal Qing ritual by which frontier nobles received the patent and seal of imperial appointment to office; Yuan awarded him China's highest decoration of merit; lesser but significant decorations were awarded to other senior Mongolian princes. Actually, after the conclusion of the Kyakhta agreement in 1914, Yuan Shikai sent a telegram to the Bogd Khaan informing him that he was bestowed a title of "Bogd Jevzundamba Khutuktu Khaan of Outer Mongolia" and would be provided with a golden seal and a golden diploma. The Bogd Khaan responded: "Since the title of Bogd Jevzundamba Khutuktu Khaan of Outer Mongolia was already bestowed by the Ikh Juntan, there was no need to bestow it again and that since there was no provision on the golden seal and golden diploma in the tripartite agreement, his government was not in a position to receive them". The Bogd Khaan had already been granted said golden seal, title and diploma by the Qing dynasty.

Revolution and civil war in Russia
The Bolshevik revolution in 1917 and the resultant outbreak of civil war in Russia provided new opportunities for China to move into Mongolia. The Bolsheviks established workers' councils in Siberia, a process essentially completed by the summer of 1918. The presence of the Bolsheviks so close to the Mongolian border unsettled both the Mongolians and the Chinese High Commissioner, Chen Yi.  Rumours were rife of Bolshevik troops preparing to invade Mongolia.  The Cossack consular guards at Urga, Uliastai, and Khovd, traditionally loyal to the Imperial House of Romanov, had mutinied and left.  The Russian communities in Mongolia were themselves becoming fractious, some openly supporting the new Bolshevik regime. The pretext was the penetration of the White Russian troops from Siberia. Chen Yi sent telegrams to Beijing requesting troops and, after several efforts, was able to persuade the Bogd Khaan's government to agree to the introduction of one battalion. By July 1918, the Soviet threat from Siberia had faded and the Mongolian foreign minister told Chen Yi that troops were no longer needed. Nevertheless, the Chinese battalion continued to move and in August arrived to Urga.

Anti-Bolshevik forces in Asia were fragmented into a number of regiments. One was led by the Supreme Commander of the Baikal Cossacks, Grigory Semyonov, who had assembled a detachment of Buryats and Inner Mongolian nationalists for the creation of a pan-Mongolian state. Semyonov and his allies made several unsuccessful efforts to encourage the Bogd Khaan's government to join it. The Khalkha people regarded themselves as the natural leaders of all Mongols and feared being submerged into a new political system that likely would be led by Buryats, whom the Khalkhas deeply mistrusted. When inducements failed, Semyonov threatened to invade Mongolia to force compliance.

The Bogd Khaanate was in a difficult position. On the one hand, it lacked the strength to repel a pan-Mongolist attack; on the other, they were profoundly disquieted by the thought of more Chinese troops in Mongolia. The first detachment of Chinese troops arrived to Urga in July 1919. Prince N.A Kudashev, the old Imperial Russian ambassador to Beijing, indicated a violation of the Kyakhta Agreement by China. This step in conflict with the Kyakhta agreement was considered by the Chinese as the first step toward Chinese sovereignty over Mongolia. In any event, the threatened pan-Mongolian invasion never materialized because of dissension between the Buryats and Inner Mongolians, and Semyonov's dream of a pan-Mongolian state died.

Abolition of Mongolian autonomy

On 4 August 1919, an assembly of princes took place in Urga to discuss Semyonov's invitation to join the pan-Mongolian movement; this was because Khalkhas were threatened by a pan-Mongolist group of one Mongolian and two Buryat regiments advancing from Dauria. While that military campaign failed, China continued to increase troop numbers in Mongolia. On 13 August 1919 Commissioner Chen Yi received a message from "representatives of the four aimags", requesting that China come to Mongolia's aid against Semyonov; it also expressed the desire of the Khalkha nobility to restore the previous Qing system. Among other things, they proposed that the five ministries of the Mongolian government be placed under the direct supervision of the Chinese high commission rather than the Bogd Khaan. According to an Associated Press dispatch, some Mongol chieftains signed a petition asking China to retake administration of Mongolia and end Outer Mongolia's autonomy.

Pressure from Chen Yi on Mongolian princes followed; representatives of the Bogd Khaan also participated in negotiations. Eventually, the princes agreed on a long list of principles, sixty-four points "On respecting of Outer Mongolia by the government of China and improvement of her position in future after self-abolishing of authonomy''". This document offered the replacement of the Mongolian government with Chinese officials, the introduction of Chinese garrisons and keeping of feudal titles. According to ambassador Kudashev, the majority of princes supported the abolition of autonomy. The Bogd Khaan sent a delegation to the President of China with a letter complaining that the plan to abolish autonomy was a contrivance of the High Commissioner alone and not the wish of the people of Mongolia. On 28 October 1919, the Chinese National Assembly approved the articles. President Xu Shichang sent a conciliatory letter to the Bogd Khaan, pledging respect for Mongolian feelings and reverence for the Jebtsundamba Khututktu and the Buddhist faith.

A few months earlier the Chinese government had appointed as new Northwest Frontier Commissioner Xu Shuzheng, an influential warlord and prominent member of the pro-Japanese Anhui clique in the Chinese National Assembly. Xu had a vision for Mongolia very different from that reflected in the Sixty-four points. It presented a vast plan for reconstruction. Arriving with a military escort in Urga on 29 October, he informed the Mongolians that the Sixty-four points would need to be renegotiated. He submitted a much tougher set of conditions, the "Eight Articles," calling for the express declaration of Chinese sovereignty over Mongolia, an increase in Mongolia's population (presumably through Chinese colonization), and the promotion of commerce, industry, and agriculture. The Mongols resisted, prompting Xu to threaten to deport the Bogd Khaan to China if he did not immediately agree to the conditions. To emphasize the point, Xu placed troops in front of the Bogd Khaan's palace. The Japanese were the ones who ordered these pro-Japanese Chinese warlords to occupy Mongolia to halt a possibly revolutionary spillover from the Russian revolutionaries into Mongolia and Northern China. After the Chinese completed the occupation, the Japanese then abandoned them and left them on their own.

The Eight Articles were placed before the Mongolian Parliament on 15 November. The upper house accepted the Articles; the lower house did not, with some members calling for armed resistance, if necessary. The Buddhist monks resisted most of all, but the nobles of the upper house prevailed. A petition to end autonomy, signed by the ministers and deputy ministers of the Bogd Khaan's government, was presented to Xu. The Bogd Khaan refused to affix his seal until compelled by the fact that new Prime Minister Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj, installed by order of Xu Shuzheng, and conservative forces were accepting the Chinese demands. The office of the high commission was abolished, and Chen Yi was recalled. Xu's success was broadly celebrated in China. 1 January and the following days were declared holidays and all governmental institutions in Beijing and in the provinces were closed.

Xu Shuzheng returned to Mongolia in December for the Bogd Khaan's "investiture", which took place on 1 January 1920. It was an elaborate ceremony:  Chinese soldiers lined both sides of the road to the palace; the portrait of the President of China was borne on a palanquin, followed by the national flag of China and a marching band of cymbals and drums. Mongols were obliged to prostrate themselves before these emblems of Chinese sovereignty. That night herdsmen and lamas gathered outside the palace and angrily tore down the flags of the Chinese Republic hanging from the gate.

Xu moved immediately to implement the Eight Articles. The doors of the former Mongolian ministries were locked, and Chinese sentries posted in front.  A new government of eight departments was formed. The Mongolian army was demobilized, its arsenal seized, and both lay and religious officials banned from using the words "Mongolian state" (Mongol uls) in their official correspondence.

The Tusiyetu Khan Aimak's Prince Darchin Ch'in Wang was a supporter of Chinese rule while his younger brother Tsewang was a supporter of Ungern-Sternberg.

Conclusion

The late Qing government had embarked on a grand plan, the "New Policies", aimed at greater integration of Mongolia with the rest of China and opened Han colonization and agricultural settlement. Many Mongols considered this act as a violation of the old agreements when they recognized authority of the Manchu dynasty, particularly the preservation of traditional social order on Mongol lands, and thus began to seek independence. The collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, conducted under the nationalistic catchwords of the Han Chinese, led to the formation of the Republic of China; later the initial concept was called "Five Races Under One Union". The newly founded Chinese state laid claim to all imperial territory, including Mongolia. Mongolian officials were clear that their subordination was to the Qing monarch and thus owed no allegiance to the new Chinese republic. While some Inner Mongols showed willingness to join the Republic of China, Outer Mongols, together with part of Inner Mongolia, declared independence from China. The Outer Mongols were helped by the White Russian troops of Baron R.F. von Ungern-Sternberg incursions following the Russian Revolution of 1917. The abolition of Mongolian autonomy by Xu Shuzheng in 1919 reawakened the Mongolian national independence movement. Two small resistance groups formed, later to become the Mongolian People's Party (renamed the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party), which sought independence and Soviet cooperation.

It was proposed that Zhang Zuolin's domain (the Chinese "Three Eastern Provinces") take Outer Mongolia under its administration by the Bogda Khan and Bodo in 1922 after pro-Soviet Mongolian Communists seized control of Outer Mongolia.

See also
Mongolia under Qing rule
Occupation of Mongolia
Mongolian Revolution of 1921
Mongolian People's Republic

Notes

References

Mongol states
1910s in Mongolia
1920s in Mongolia
Former countries in Central Asia
Former theocracies
Former monarchies
Former monarchies of Asia
Former unrecognized countries
Former countries in Chinese history
History of Mongolia
1910s establishments in Mongolia
20th-century disestablishments in Mongolia
1911 establishments in Asia
1924 disestablishments in Asia
20th century in Mongolia
Former countries of the interwar period
States and territories disestablished in 1924
States and territories established in 1911


text:
Joe Creek is an unincorporated community in Hughes County, in the U.S. state of South Dakota.

History
A post office called Joe Creek was established in 1919, and remained in operation until 1954. The community took its name from Joe Creek. Joe Creek had a population of 5 in 1940.

References

Unincorporated communities in Hughes County, South Dakota
Unincorporated communities in South Dakota


text:
Best of Me är en låt framförd av Efraim Leo i Melodifestivalen 2021. Låten som deltog i den fjärde deltävlingen, gick vidare till andra chansen, där han åkte ut i duell med Klara Hammarström.

Låten är skriven av artisten själv, Amanda Björkegren, Cornelia Jakobs och Herman Gardarfve.

Källor

Melodifestivalbidrag 2021


text:
This is a list of lists of spacecraft.

 List of crewed spacecraft
 List of Solar System probes
 List of active Solar System probes
 List of lunar probes
 List of Mars landers
 List of Mars orbiters
 List of space telescopes
 List of X-ray space telescopes
 List of proposed space observatories
 List of cargo spacecraft
 List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters
 List of heaviest spacecraft
 List of spacecraft called Sputnik
 List of spacecraft powered by non-rechargeable batteries
 List of spacecraft with electric propulsion
 List of spaceplanes
 List of upper stages
 List of spacecraft deployed from the International Space Station

See also
 Lists of astronomical objects
 Lists of telescopes
 List of government space agencies
 Lists of astronauts
 Lists of space scientists

External references
 List of All Spacecraft Ever Launched, accessed 02/10/2019
 Space Missions and Space Craft, accessed 02/10/2019
 26 Types of Spacecraft, accessed 02/10/2019