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Högerpopulism eller radikal högerpopulism är en politisk ideologi och strategi som motsätter sig existerande politiska konsensus med ett starkt visat motstånd mot vad de menar är etablissemanget. Kännetecknande för högerpopulism är dess argumentationsstrategi (se välfärdschauvinism); ett högerpopulistiskt parti anspelar på ett tänkt "gap" mellan makthavare och en majoritet av folket, och är allmänt skeptiskt till den representativa demokratin.

Den radikala formen av högerpopulismen ifrågasätter traditionella demokratiuppfattningar och dess värderingar om jämlikhet och pluralism. I många fall ifrågasätts hela det rådande politiska systemet och den representativa demokratin. Officiellt uttrycker de flesta radikala högerpopulistiska organisationer och partier stöd för den etablerade demokratiprincipen, men understryker samtidigt att det nuvarande systemet är genomsyrat av en korrumperad och byråkratisk elit, varför det inte är frågan om en riktig demokrati.

Det förekommer att meningsmotståndare använder högerpopulism som ett pejorativ för vissa idéer och ståndpunkter. Användarna av ordet anser att idéerna och förslagen i första hand är framlagda för att låta bra och bli populära, inte för att de faktiskt skulle vara genomförbara eller lyckade på lång sikt. Såväl högerpopulistiska som vänsterpopulistiska partier brukar i västvärlden undvika termen när de beskriver sig själva.

Högerpopulismen
I Europa var det vanligt att de radikala högerpopulistiska partierna från 1970-talet fram till slutet på 1990-talet kombinerade laissez-faire liberalism och antielitism. Från slutet av 1990-talet fram till idag har dock partierna allt mer börjat inta ett försvar av välfärdsstaten i kombination med starkt socialkonservativa och nationalkonservativa värderingar och mer uttalad främlingsfientlighet och rasism. Antietablissemangsstrategin och välfärdschauvinismen är dock lika centrala som tidigare.

På 1990-talet började högerpopulitiska partier etablera sig i lagstiftande församlingar i demokratiska stater, däribland Kanada, Norge, Frankrike, Israel, Ryssland, Rumänien, Chile, Sverige, Danmark med flera. De ingick i regeringar i bland annat Schweiz, Österrike, Nederländerna, Nya Zeeland och Italien. Även högerextrema rörelser i USA har studerats och benämns vanligtvis som radikal höger i amerikansk kontext, men rörelserna är teman på samma fenomen. Högerpopulismen skiljer sig från den historiska/traditionella högern, vilken har sett bevarandet av samhället, status quo, som det viktiga.

Att klassificera högerpopulismen som en enhetlig politisk familj har visat sig svårt, men det finns vissa grundläggande gemensamma drag mellan rörelserna och partierna, som dock kan skilja sig åt vad gäller ideologi, organisation och ledarskap. De tillhör inte heller några internationella sammanslutningar som traditionella partier gör. Gemensamt är dock att de är mer högerorienterade än andra politiska partier på höger-vänster-skalan.

Högerpopulismen beskrivs olika i vetenskaplig litteratur. Pippa Norris har noterat att det i standardverk används olika typologier och etiketter för att kategorisera och beskriva rörelserna och partierna. I beskrivningen av fenomenet används benämningarna "extremhöger", "nya högern", "främlingsfientlighet", "nynazism" eller "nyfascism", "antietablissemangism", "nationalpopulister", "auktoritarianism", "ultranationalism", "nyliberalism", "libertarianism" och så vidare.

Begreppsinnebörd
Deltermen populism tvetydig. Kännetecknande för populism som ideologi är ett starkt visat motstånd mot makten eller etablissemanget. Även den argumentationsstrategi som populister tillämpar, det vill säga vilka argument som används som grund och hur de framförs, anses vara avgörande för vad som klassas som populism (se till exempel välfärdschauvinism). Populistiska argument bygger ofta på enkla lösningar på svåra politiska problem genom en ideologi som vill ge tillbaka makten till folket. Populism delar upp samhället i två läger, folket och eliten, och ställer dessa grupper mot varandra. Utgångspunkten är att eliten motarbetar folkets vilja. Populister utmålar sig själva ofta felaktigt som den enda eller den äkta representanten för folket

Tvetydigheten visar sig i att vissa menar att populism hotar demokratin medan andra menar att den är en väckarklocka för demokratin. De senare menar att demokratiska makthavare passerat en gräns när de förstärker ojämlikheter istället för motarbetar dem. De vill inte ha mindre demokrati, utan snarare mer demokrati.

Deltermen höger syftar ofta på exkluderande nationalism och nationalistiskt motstånd mot invandring. Med nationalism avses att staten ska utgöra en nation som huvudsakligen består av en mer eller mindre föreställd ursprungsbefolkning och/eller en mer eller mindre föreställd ursprungskultur. Högerpopulism består av flera olika typer som förordar olika slags politik och appellerar därför till olika väljargrupper. Motstånd mot invandring är ofta en gemensam nämnare, vilket dock ska skiljas från rasism.

Ibland används beteckningen för att beskriva grupper som företräder en ekonomisk politik som ligger mellan höger och vänster, så kallad mittenpolitik, men är mer traditionellt höger i betydelsen konservativa i sociala frågor som brott och straff. Ett exempel på det senare är Sverigedemokraterna. En alternativ eller kompletterande beteckning för sådana partier är nationalkonservativa eftersom de förenar konservatism med nationalism, där nationalismen bland annat yttrar sig genom att invandrare utmålas som ett hot mot nationen och den egna kulturen.

Radikal högerpopulism ifrågasätter den traditionella demokratiuppfattningen och dess värderingar om jämlikhet och pluralism. I de fall hela det rådande politiska systemet och den representativa demokratin utmanas betecknas det idag i Europa som högerextremism. Officiellt uttrycker de flesta radikala högerpopulistiska organisationer och partier stöd för den etablerade demokratiprincipen, men understryker samtidigt att det nuvarande systemet är genomsyrat av en korrumperad och byråkratisk elit, varför kritik mot den demokratiska ordningen anses befogad.

Forskning om högerpopulism
Anders Widfeldt, forskare specialiserad på politiska partier, populism och högerextremism, menar att ett högerpopulistiskt parti anspelar på ett tänkt "gap" mellan makthavare och en majoritet av folket, och är allmänt skeptiskt till den representativa demokratin. Widfeldt menar vidare att det inte är åsikterna som sådana som gör ett parti populistiskt utan att det avgörande är hur de framförs och vilka argument de bygger på

Andra forskare har pekat på att skiljelinjen idag i Europa mellan populism och extremism går vid om man är för eller emot demokrati.

En vetenskaplig studie publicerad 2021 av hur termen populism används i europeiska länder visade att termen används som ett pejorativ och för tillskriva meningsmotståndare oönskade idéer och ståndpunkter i syfte att illegitimera dem. Användarna av ordet anser att idéerna och förslagen i första hand är framlagda för att låta bra och bli populära, inte för att de faktiskt skulle vara genomförbara eller lyckade på lång sikt. Såväl högerpopulistiska som vänsterpopulistiska partier brukar i västvärlden undvika termen när de beskriver sig själva.

Högerpopulism hos högerextrema partier

Den tyska statsvetaren Klaus von Beyme beskriver tre historiska faser i utvecklingen av högerextremistiska partier i Västeuropa efter andra världskriget:

 1945 till mitten av femtiotalet: Högerextremistiska partier var marginaliserade, i stället för att ha någon politisk betydelse var deras främsta mål att överleva. Högerextremistisk politik var misskrediterade av nazism och politisk isolerade.
 Mitten av femtiotalet till sjuttiotalet: Den så kallade "Populist Protest Phase" (översättning: Populistiska protest fasen) dök upp med sporadiska valframgångar. Egenskaper hos högerextremistiska partier i denna fas var en karismatisk ledare och en djup motvilja mot det politiska etablissemanget, "vi" mot "dem", "dem" är politiker och byråkrater.
 Åttiotalet: valframgångar för högerextremistiska partier konsolideras, medan de upptäckte invandring som ett huvudmål.

Anders Widfeldt hävdar att det finns en fjärde fas, som han kallar legitimacy phase. Fasen börjar kring år 2000 och kännetecknas av det följande:

 högerextremistiska partier vinnar politisk legitimitet genom formell eller informell medverkan i regeringen (FPÖ i Österrike, Lijst Pim Fortuyn i Nederländerna).
 Högerextremistiska ämnen läggs på den politiska dagordningen och tas över av andra partier.
 Welfare chauvinism  (Välfärdschauvinism).
 Kritik mot invandringen är fortfarande en central ideologisk del, men högerextremistiska partier alltmer fokuserar på kritik mot islam och de påstådda farorna med islamisering av europeiska länder.

Högerpopulistiska partier i olika länder
Den italienska statsvetare i komparativ politik Piero Ignazi har delat in högerpopulistiska partier (vilka han benämner högerextrema partier) i två kategorier: Traditionella högerpartier som utvecklats ur den historiska högern och postindustriella partier som har utvecklas oberoende av den historiska högern. I den första kategorin återfinns partier såsom italienska Movimento Sociale Italiano, Fiamma Tricolore, Lega Nord, tyska Tysklands Nationaldemokratiska Parti, Tyska Folkunionen, nederländska Centerpartiet, brittiska British National Party och belgiska Vlaams Blok. I den andra kategorin återfinns partier såsom franska Front National, tyska Die Republikaner, nederländska Centrum Democraten, belgiska Front National, österrikiska Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, danska Fremskridtspartiet, norska Fremskrittspartiet och svenska Ny demokrati. För svensk del har Ny demokrati upphört som parti i Sveriges riksdag, men sedan 2010 representeras högerpopulismen av Sverigedemokraterna i Sveriges riksdag och i Finland har Sannfinländarna tilldelats mandat efter senaste riksdagsvalet. I den engelsktalande världen återfinns även brittiska UK Independence Party, Reform Party of Canada, australianska One Nation, och New Zealand First.

Belgien
Högerpopulistiska partiet Vlaams Belang bildades 1979 för att verka för ett självständigt Flandern. Partiet var från början främst ett flamländskt regionalt nationalistiskt parti som verkade för flamländska intressen. Efter 90-talet ändrade partiet sin framtoning och förde en mer invandringsfientlig, EU-fientlig och islamfientlig politik. Vlaams Belang menar att invandringen till Belgien hotar den belgiska kulturen samt den belgiska identiteten. Partiet gick tidigare under namnet Vlaams Blok, men år 2004 ansåg Belgiens högsta domslut att partiet var rasistiskt. Partiet upplöstets och man bytte partinamn till Vlaams Belang. Innehållet i politiken förändrades inte, utan man förde samma gamla islam-, EU-, invandringsfientliga politik.

I parlamentsvalet 2010 fick partiet 7,8 procent av rösterna och blev sjunde största partiet i parlamentet med tolv mandat.

Cypern
På Cypern grundades Nationella folkfronten (Εθνικό Λαϊκό Μέτωπο, ELAM) runt en politisk plattform att försvara den cypriotiska identiteten, att motverka fortsatt europeisk integration, invandring och situationen som råder sedan Turkiets invasion av ön.

Danmark
I början av 1970-talet fanns Europas starkaste högerpopulistiska parti i Danmark, Fremskridtspartiet. I 1973 års parlamentsval fick partiet nästan 16 procent av rösterna på en nyliberal politisk agenda. Under åren därefter dalade stödet för partiet som kom att ersättas av Dansk folkeparti på 1990-talet. Dansk folkeparti kom att bli en viktig samarbetspartner för den liberalkonservativa koalitionsregeringen på 2000-talet. Partiet betonar etnisk nationalism på ett sätt som aldrig Fremskridtspartiet gjorde, och är mer positiv till välfärdsstaten och statlig intervention i ekonomins funktionssätt.

Finland
År 2011 fick det nationalistiska och högerpopulistiska partiet Sannfinländarna en stor framgång i riksdagsvalet i Finland. Partiet blev Finlands tredje riksdagsparti, då det mer än fyrdubblade sitt väljarstöd.

Tyskland

Tyska Die Republikaner fanns representerade i Europaparlamentet 1983 och i början av 2000-talet förlorade partiet stöd till det högerextrema Tysklands Nationaldemokratiska Parti (NPD), som 2005 erhöll 1,6 procent av rösterna i tyska förbundsvalet (med regionala resultat på upp till 9 procentenheter). År 2005 grundades i Köln det högerpopulistiska Protyska folkrörelsen (Pro-NRW) som driver kampanjer mot islamsk extremism.

Italien
I Italien är det ledande radikala högerpopulistiska partiet Lega Nord. Partiet är federalistiskt och regionalistiskt och grundades 1991 som ett paraply för flera regionala partier i de norra och centrala delarna av Italien. De flesta av dessa regionala partier uppstod under 1980-talet och under perioden utökat sitt röstetal.

Lega Nord nådde regeringsmakten 1994 genom en allians med Silvio Berlusconi. I valet som föregick alliansen hade partiet fått 8,4 procent av rösterna. Efter motsättningar som innebar att Lega Nord bröt samarbetet återkom partiet i samarbete med Berlusconis koalition år 2000. Trots att stödet minskat för partiet i senare val hade Lega Nord mellan 2001 och 2006 flera betydande ministerposter, såsom Justitieminister, arbetsmarknads- och socialminister, samt ministeriet för Institutionella reformer och decentralisering. År 2008 drev Lega Nord valkampanj i koalition med Frihetens folk och Rörelsen för autonomi, och erhöll 8,3 procent av rösterna. Partiet erhöll 60 ledamöter och 26 senatorer.

Lega Nord förespråkar att Italien ska bli en federal stat där regionerna för ökad autonomi, i synnerhet de nordliga regionerna. Partiet har även förespråkat en utbrytning av de nordliga regionerna, som partiet kallar Padanien. Lega Nord vill se striktare lagar för att motverka Islams expansion i Europa, och är emot Turkiets anslutning till Europeiska unionen. Partiet betonar vikten av kamp mot illegal invandring.

I 2009 års europaparlamentsval samarbetade Lega Nord med Gruppen Frihet och demokrati i Europa (EFD), med andra europeiska högerpartier

Nederländerna

1982 vann högerpopulismen en liten representation i Generalstaternas andra kammare genom att Centerpartiet erhöll ett mandat av kammarens 150 platser. Under 1990-talet bildades Centrumdemokraterna som en utbrytning ur Centerpartiet. Partiet var något mer framgångsrikt även om partiet var i all betydelse marginaliserat. Inte förrän 2002 gjorde högerpopulismen genombrott i Nederländerna i och med att Pim Fortuyns lista erhöll 26 mandat, och bildade regering tillsammans med konservativa Folkpartiet för Frihet och Demokrati (VVD) och Kristdemokratisk appell (CDA). Framgången var dock kortlivad och koalitionsregeringen bröt samman 2003. Därefter gick det brant utför för partiet tills det att partiet upplöstes.

Sedan 2006 finns det högerpopulistiska Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) i Generalstaternas andra kammare. Efter de allmänna valen 2010 vann partiet 24 mandat och inledde ett samarbete med högerregeringen (VVD och CDA) som satt i minoritet. PPV är ett EU-skeptiskt parti och spelade en betydande roll i att förändra den nederländska regeringens hållning i frågan om Europeisk integration. I Europaparlamentsvalet 2009 erhöll partiet 4 av 25 mandat. Partiets program kretsar främst kring en stark kritik av Islam, men har i och med att partiet växt också utvidgats till att ta ställning i andra politikområden.

Norge

Det norska partiet Fremskrittspartiet betraktas vanligtvis som ett högerpopulistiskt parti. Från 2001 till 2005 accepterade partiet Kjell Magne Bondeviks center-höger-regering i minoritetsställning. I stortingssvalen 1997, 2005 och 2009 blev partiet det näst största partiet i Norge. I stortingsvalet 2013 fick partiet 16,3 procent av rösterna, och därmed blev de landets tredje största parti efter Arbeiderpartiet och Høyre. Efter stortingsvalet 2013 som slutade i en borgerlig valseger, så hamnade Fremskrittspartiet för första gången i en norsk regering då man bildade regering med konservativa Høyre. Minoritetsregeringen där H och FrP ingår är dock beroende av Kristelig Folkeparti och Venstre (Norge) för att få igenom sina förslag i Stortinget. FrP erhöll sju ministerposter i regeringen. Fremskrittspartiet har invandringen som en av sina hjärtefrågor. Partiet anser att invandringen till Norge har varit alldeles för stor, och de vill begränsa invandringen till Norge till endast ett tusental. FrP är ett EU-fientligt parti som inte vill att Norge ska gå med i EU. Andra frågor som FrP driver är att minska inkomstskatterna samt vägavgifterna.

Schweiz

I det allmänna valet till det federala parlamentet i Schweiz 2007 nådde Schweiziska folkpartiet sitt bästa resultat någonsin. Partiet har endera definierats som högerextremt, endera som radikalt högerpopulistiskt som återspeglar det spektrum av ideologier som finns presenterat hos partiets medlemskår. I sin högerextrema flygel finns extremister såsom Ulrich Schlüer och Pascal Junod som leder en Neue Rechte-studiegrupp (Nya högern) och har blivit sammankopplade med förintelseförnekande och nynazism. Det organ som finns inom Neue Rechte är primärt den tyska tidningen Junge Freiheit.I Schweiz erhöll radikala högerpopulistiska partier mer än 10 procentenheter i valet 1991. Sedan 1991 har partierna (Schweizer Demokraten och Freiheits-Partei der Schweiz) underlag absorberats av Schweiziska folkpartiet, som genom en aggressiv högerorienterad, populistisk kampanj nådde 29 procentenheter av rösterna i 2007 års allmänna val. Det var den högsta procenttilldelning ett enskilt parti någon gång fått i ett parlamentariskt val i Schweiz historia.

Sverige

Under perioden, från slutet av 1980-talet och början av 1990-talet, öppnades ett fönster för en främlingsfientlig agendasättning till följd av politiseringen av invandrings- och flyktingfrågorna efter en lång tid av agonism (som bröts av att den socialdemokratiska regeringen ville införa en striktare politik på området i slutet av 1980-talet). Den politiska kartan ritades om även på det ekonomiska området under denna tid i och med att Socialdemokraterna förändrade den ekonomiska politiken i en mer högerorienterad, marknadsliberal riktning. Partiet genomförde avregleringar, privatiseringar och förändringar av skattesystemet. Med dessa förändringar skedde förskjutningar i den politiska diskursen och nya arenor öppnades upp socioekonomiskt som sociokulturellt. Genom den högervind som blåste vid tiden – understödd av näringslivets organisationer och den nyliberala tankesmedjan Timbro – skapades en grogrund och ett utrymme för ett nyliberalt politiskt parti på högerkanten, Ny Demokrati.

1991 kom det första högerpopulistiska partiet i svensk modern valhistoria in i Sveriges riksdag. Partiet var Ny demokrati, grundat av Ian Wachtmeister och Bert Karlsson. Partiet nådde 6,73 procentenheter av rösterna i riksdagsvalet 1991. Ny Demokratis huvudsakliga profilfrågor var sänkta skatter, kraftigt bantad offentlig sektor samt en mer restriktiv flyktingpolitik, lag och ordning, reduktion av riksdagen till 151 ledamöter samt maktdelning med ett direktvalt statsministerämbete. Partiet krävde kraftigt minskad invandring och med tiden övergick retoriken i främlingsfientliga övertoner och välfärdschauvinism. Partiet krävde också att Sverige borde anslutas till dåvarande EG vilket förblir ett nästan unikt drag för populistiska partier i Europa. I valet 1994 förlorade Ny demokrati sin riksdagsrepresentation och återhämtade sig aldrig efter förlusten.

Bildandet av Ny Demokrati 1991 föregicks av Sverigedemokraterna, (SD), 1988. Som sprungen ur diverse nationalistiska och rasistiska organisationer – främst av aktiva inom den rasistiska kampanjorganisationen Bevara Sverige Svenskt – hade Sverigedemokraterna, till skillnad från Ny Demokrati, en grund i sociala rörelser som med det förändrade samhällsklimatet kunde växa. Det svenska samhället hade förändrats och präglas vid tiden av mångkulturalism; en förändring som burits upp av ett brett politiskt konsensus bland Sveriges etablerade politiska partier. Ny Demokratis inval i riksdagen innebar att den politiska diskursen kvalitativt förändrades på ett sådant sätt att ökat utrymme för främlingsfientlighet och kritik mot invandringspolitiken blev en etablerad diskurs i Sverige. Kulturgeografen Katarina Mattsson beskriver hur idéerna om det svenska och svenskheten i början av 1990-talet fick förnyad sprängkraft mot bakgrund av ett alltmer heterogent samhälle och oron för den svenska nationella identiteten som uppstått i dess kölvatten.

Samtidigt som Ny Demokrati försvann i riksdagsvalet 1994, i och med den ekonomiska högervindens dramatiska avmattning, fortsatte Sverigedemokraterna att utvecklas och gå fram i valen. 2001 splittrades partiet och det högerextrema partiet Nationaldemokraterna bildades. Efter att Jimmie Åkesson, 2005, övertog partiledarskapet för Sverigedemokraterna förändrade partiet sin framtoning och började nå framgång i opinionen. Mellan riksdagsvalen 2002 och 2006 mer än fördubblade partiet sitt röstetal från 1,4 procent av valmanskårens avlagda röster till 2,9 procent. I 2010 års riksdagsval nådde Sverigedemokraterna över riksdagsspärren och fick 5,7 procent.

Framträdande profilfrågor för Sverigedemokraterna är en restriktiv flykting- och invandringspolitik, bekämpning av brottslighet samt motstånd till överstatlighet i EU. Partiet tar avstånd från såväl mångkulturalism som rasism. Partiet har av bland annat sociologen Jens Rydgren beskrivits som främlingsfientligt och högerpopulistiskt.

USA

I boken Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right anför Leonard J. Moore att ett populistiskt motstånd mot allt starkare politiska, ekonomiska och kulturella eliter har hjälpt till att forma konservativa och högerrörelser i USA sedan 1920-talet. Tea party-rörelsen, från 2009, har blivit karaktäriserad av Rasmussen och Schoen som en högerpopulistisk systemkritisk rörelse. De menar att USA är mitt uppe i en populistisk revolt som kommer från höger och att de presenterar sig Tea party-rörelsen. New York Times har rapporterat om att Tea party-rörelsen har blivit en plattform för den konservativa missnöjespopulismen.

Se även
 Argumentum ad populum
 Demagogi
 Elitism
 Opportunism
 Paternalism
 Pöbel
 Popularer
 Postfaktisk politik
 Pragmatism
 Trasproletariat
 Välfärdssamhälle
 Välfärdschauvinism
 Vänsterpopulism

Referenser

Notförteckning

Litteraturförteckning
 Bengtsson, Håkan (red.) (2009). Högerpopulismen: en antologi om Sverigedemokraterna. Stockholm: Premiss.
 Berlet, Chip and Matthew N. Lyons. 2000. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. New York: Guilford Press. ,
 Betz, Hans-Georg. Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994
 Betz, Hans-Georg and Immerfall, Stefan. The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998 ,
 Demker, Marie, Svåsand, Lars (red.) (2005). Demker & Svåsand, s. 9-38, Lindström, s. 79-102, Svåsand & Wörlund, s. 253-278. Partiernas århundrade: Fempartimodellens uppgång och fall i Norge och Sverige. Stockholm: Santérus.
 Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Ignazi, Piero. "The extreme right: defining the object and assessing the causes". In Martin Schain, Aristide R. Zolberg, Patrick Hossay (Eds.), Shadows over Europe: the development and impact of the extreme right in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

 Kamali, Masoud (2009). Radical discrimination: institutional patterns and politics. London: Routledge.
 Kaplan, Jeffrey and Weinberg, Leonard. The emergence of a Euro-American radical right.  NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998
 Kiiskinen, Jenny, Saveljeff, Sigrid (2010). Att dansa i otakt med väljarna: Socialdemokraternas och moderaternas strategiska bemötanden av Sverigedemokraterna. Malmö: Prinfo grafiskt center.
 Lodenius, Lena, Wingborg, Mats (2009): Slaget om svenskheten: ta debatten med Sverigedemokraterna. Stockholm: Premiss.

 Norris, Pippa, "The Right in Elections" Paper in APSA Panel 36-15 at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, 2004, Chicago.
 Norris, Pippa. Radical right: voters and parties in the electoral market. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
 de los Reyes, Paulina, Kamali, Masoud (red.) (SOU 2005:41). Mattsson, s. 139-158. Bortom vi och dom: Teoretiska reflektioner om makt, integration och strukturell diskriminering. Stockholm: Fritzes offentliga publikationer.

 Ware, Alan. Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Politiska termer
Högerpopulism
Wikipedia:Projekt neutralitet


text:
Микел Артета (на испански: Mikel Arteta Amatriain), роден на 26 март 1982 г. в град Сан Себастиан, Гипускоа, Испания) е бивш испански футболист. През 2020 г. Артета става мениджър на ФК Арсенал.

Кариера
Артета започва професионалната си кариера в юношеския отбор на ФК Барселона през 1999 г., но поради ограниченото време, в коего играе, е даден под наем във френския Пари Сен Жермен през 2001 г . След два сезона в Париж подписва за шотландския Рейнджърс, с които в дебютния си сезон печели купата на Висшата лига и Купата на лигата. След кратко завръщане в Испания, за да играе за Реал Сосиедад, Артета се присъединява към Евертън под наем за остатъка от сезон 2004/2005. Впоследствие подписва с клуба за постоянно и прекарва там шест години. На 31 август 2011 г. подписва с лондонския отбор Арсенал, където печели два пъти ФА къп и служи като капитан от 2014 г. до пенсионирането си през 2016 г.

Испански футболисти
Испански треньори по футбол
Футболисти на Реал Сосиедад
Футболисти на ПСЖ
Футболисти на ФК Рейнджърс
Футболисти на ФК Евертън
Футболисти на Арсенал

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Brechtje Kat (Westzaan, 1982) is een Nederlandse actrice.

Biografie
Brechtje Kat volgde na haar middelbare school een theateropleiding in Amsterdam en studeerde daarna verder als zangeres aan het Conservatorium in Alkmaar. Brechtje behaalde in 2009 haar diploma aan het Herman Teirlinck Instituut in Antwerpen afdeling Kleinkunst.
Naast haar theaterwerk is ze ook zangeres. Ze treedt op door het hele land met haar debuutvoorstelling "Vaarland!" in 2012.

Sinds het voorjaar 2014 speelt Brechtje in de gevangenisserie Celblok H als bewaker. Het eerste seizoen bestond uit 10 afleveringen waarin Brechtje Kat alle afleveringen te zien is als 'Linda Muller'. Na de goede kijkcijfers besluit SBS nog 3 seizoenen van Celblok H uit te zenden waarin het personage 'Linda Muller' in alle afleveringen, 36 stuks totaal, te zien is.

Filmografie
 Celblok H (televisieserie, 2014-2017)

Nederlands acteur


text:
The Sangamon Mass Transit District (SMTD) is a regional mass transit district that mostly serves Springfield, Illinois along with a few neighboring communities. It is governed by a seven-member board of trustees, who are all appointed by the Sangamon County Board of Supervisors. In , the system had a ridership of , or about  per weekday as of .

Routes

The Sangamon Mass Transit District operates 17 regular routes during the day, 5 routes at night, 4 limited-service suburban routes and 9 supplemental routes which serve schools. On weekdays between 6 a.m. and 5:30 p.m., most routes run every half-hour. Eleven of the day routes begin at the downtown transfer center, at 11th and Washington Streets, with buses leaving downtown at the top and bottom of the hour. Five routes begin at a secondary transfer center on Junction Circle, on the southwest side, where most of the area's growth and new development has taken place in recent decades. These routes leave Junction Circle at 15 and 45 minutes past the hour. One special route carries passengers between both locations. The limited-service suburban routes make two trips per weekday, at rush hours, between Springfield and some nearby towns. On weeknights between 6 and 10 p.m., buses leave downtown once an hour, at the top of the hour. The last buses of the night return to downtown at 11 p.m. Supplemental routes run only once per day. No service is offered on Sundays, nor on New Year's Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, or Christmas.

Daytime routes
Route 0    Transfer Center Express – Downtown to Junction Circle
Route 1    Downtown to North 5th St. / Sand Hill Rd. - serves Illinois State Fairgrounds
Route 2    Downtown to North 9th St. / Piper Rd. / Northgate subdivision
Route 3    Downtown to Clear Lake Ave. / Midwest Technical Institute / Grandview
Route 4    Downtown to West Lawrence Ave. / West Jefferson St.
Route 5    Downtown to Memorial Medical Center / St. John's Hospital / North Grand Ave.
Route 6    Junction Circle to Clear Lake Ave.
Route 7    Downtown to West Washington St. / White Oaks Mall
Route 8    Downtown to South Grand Ave. / South MacArthur Blvd. - serves Leland Grove and Jerome
Route 9    Downtown to Martin Luther King Dr. / East Cook St.
Route 10   Downtown to South 11th St. / Stevenson Dr. - serves the Laketown neighborhood
Route 11   Downtown to University of Illinois Springfield and Lincoln Land Community College
Route 12   Downtown to South 6th St. / Southern View / Memorial Medical Center and St. John's Hospital
Route 13   Junction Circle to White Oaks Mall and other shopping centers on the southwest side
Route 14   Junction Circle to Southern View and Toronto Rd.
Route 15   Junction Circle to University of Illinois Springfield via Southern View
Route 16   Junction Circle to West Wabash Ave.

Limited-service suburban routes
 Route 410   Chatham
 Route 420   Rochester
 Route 430   Sherman
 Route 440   Spaulding and Riverton

Evening Routes
Route 901 North Side
Route 902 Southeast Side
Route 903 West Side via West Washington
Route 905 UIS / LLCC
Route 15 UIS to Chatham Hills

Supplemental routes
Route 202 Ash and Greentree to Laketown/Southern View
Route 204 Lewis and Adams to downtown
Route 208 11th and North Grand to downtown
Route 210 Lewis and Adams to Amos / Golf / Brentwood
Route 212 Ash and Greentree to downtown
Route 214 11th and North Grand to Bruns Lane
Route 215 Laketown/Southern View to Ash and Greentree
Route 217 Clearlake to 11th and North Grand
Route 220 Lewis and Adams to East Cook / Martin Luther King Jr. Drive

Cash fare, transfers and passes
Regular bus fare is $1.25 for anyone age five or over. Fare for the suburban routes is $1 if boarding outside Springfield. Up to two children under the age of four are permitted on the buses free of charge with an adult.  More than two children under this age will cost an additional 60 cents.  For senior citizens, disabled persons, or Medicare card holders, fare is 60 cents with proof of such status.  Senior citizens and disabled persons enrolled in the Benefit Access program can procure a photo ID that enables them to ride without paying a fare. Transfers between connecting buses are free and available upon request of the driver when fare is initially paid.

Bus passes are available at area businesses including all Walgreens stores in the city, public, private, and parochial schools, Lincoln Library, and the SMTD home office at 928 S. 9th Street.

Three different kinds of passes are available, and are color-coded for easy identification.

Regular Discount Pass (Yellow) 20 Rides/$20.00
Senior Citizen Pass   (Peach)  20 Rides/$12.00
Disabled Person Pass  (Blue)   20 Rides/$12.00

Buses

The routes are covered with 53 buses (15 fueled with Compressed natural gas, 34 fueled with diesel) and 22 paratransit vans. All buses are equipped with bike racks.
As of July 1, 2018, the buses are
Four 2008 Gillig (Diesel) buses
Ten 2011 Gillig (Diesel) buses
Five 2013 Gillig (Diesel) 30' buses
Seven 2013 New Flyer Industries Compressed natural gas buses
Seven 2014 Gillig (Diesel) buses
Two 2017 New Flyer Industries (Diesel) buses
Eight 2018 New Flyer Industries Compressed natural gas buses
Nine 2018 New Flyer Industries (Diesel) buses

Paratransit

The SMTD operates a paratransit service named Access Sangamon for disabled people who are unable to use the regular buses. Service is available at the same times that the regular buses are operating.

Funding and employees

In 2017, the employee headcount was 143, of whom 116 were members of labor unions and 27 were administrative personnel.  The annual budget was $7.2 million.

Only 9% of the SMTD's 2017 operating budget was met through fares paid by riders.  An additional 1% was earned through other private-sector-style income streams, such as income from placards and billboards on the buses, and the remaining 90% consisted of federal, state, and local public-sector subsidies.

Recent developments

On January 1, 2017, SMTD changed its operating name from Springfield Mass Transit District to Sangamon Mass Transit District. The limited-service suburban routes were added on September 17, 2018.

In 2019, the city opened a new transfer center on the east edge of downtown, and at the same time, completely overhauled its routes. The redesigned routes cover a larger geographical area than before, bringing service with reach of up to 10,000 additional area residents. Construction of the Springfield-Sangamon Transportation Center at the downtown transfer center began in 2021, and improvements are under construction to an adjacent railroad. When complete, the new facility is expected to become part of the Chicago Hub Network, Illinois' new high-speed rail system, with stops by trains and possibly intercity buses. Presently, Amtrak trains run on another railroad about half a mile west of the new transfer center.

Fixed Route Ridership

The ridership statistics shown here are of fixed route services only and do not include demand response.

References

External links

 Sangamon Mass Transit District homepage

Bus transportation in Illinois
Districts of Illinois
Springfield, Illinois
Transit agencies in Illinois


text:
This is a list of types of sandstone that have been or are used economically as natural stone for building and other commercial or artistic purposes.

Trans-regional
(across state borders)
Cornbrash Sandstone: North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony
Elbe Sandstone: Germany (Saxony) and the Czech Republic
Red Main Sandstone: Hesse, Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria
Wealden Sandstone: Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia

Australia

 Hawkesbury Sandstone: Sydney Basin,  Gosford

Belgium
 Balegem Sandstone: Balegem in Oosterzele
 Ledian Sandstone: Lede
 Gobertange Sandstone: Gobertange in Jodoigne

Canada
 Nepean Sandstone: Ottawa, Ontario
 Paskapoo Sandstone: Calgary, Alberta

Czech Republic
 Božanov Sandstone: near Božanov
 Niedergrund Sandstone: near Dolní Žleb
 Libná Sandstone: near Libná
 Zdoňov Sandstone: near Zdoňov
 Mšené Sandstone; near Mšené-lázně
 Podhorní Sandstone: near Podhorní Újezd
 Těšínský Sandstone: near Řeka

Denmark
 Nexø Sandstone (also Neksö Sandstone): near Nexø on Bornholm

Estonia
 Devonian Sandstone at Suur Taevaskoda, Põlva County

France
 Avessac: near Redon
 Belleau: near Château-Thierry
 Bigarré des Vosges: in the Vosges
 Blavozy: near Puy-en-Velay
 Champenay: near Saint-Dié
 Erquy: near Saint-Brieuc
 Fontainebleau: near Fontainebleau
 Frain: in the Vosges
 La Rhune: near Bayonne
 : near Rodez
 Najac: near Villefranche-de-Rouergue
 Omonville: near Omonville-la-Rogue
 Rothbach: in the Vosges

Germany

Bavaria

Abtswind Sandstone: on the Friedrichsberg near Abtswind
Burgpreppach Sandstone: Burgpreppach
Gnodstadt Sandstone: Gnodstadt near Ochsenfurt
Ihrlerstein Green Sandstone: Ihrlerstein near Kelheim
Sand Sandstone: Sand am Main
Trebgast Sandstone: Trebgast
Worzeldorf Sandstone: Worzeldorf near Nuremberg

Baden-Württemberg
Dettenhausen Sandstone: was formerly quarried in the Schönbuch
Donzdorf Sandstone: near Donzdorf
Freudenstädt Sandstone: near Freudenstadt
Heilbronn Sandstone: near Heilbronn
Lossburg Sandstone: Lossburg
Maulbronn Sandstone: near Maulbronn
Nöttingen Sandstone: near Nöttingen
Neckar Valley Sandstone: Mosbach near Heidelberg
Pfrondorf Sandstone: Pfrondorf
Pliezhausen Sandstone: near Pliezhausen
Weil Sandstone: Weiler near Sinsheim

Hessen
Cornberg Sandstone: near Cornberg
Friedewald Sandstone: near Friedewald
Odenwald Sandstone: near Beerfelden

Lower Saxony
Bentheim and Gildehaus Sandstone: Bad Bentheim
Deister Sandstone: Völksen
Hils Sandstone: Lutter am Barenberge
Nesselberg Sandstone: Altenhagen I
Obernkirchen Sandstone: Obernkirchen
Osterwald Sandstone: Osterwald
Piesberg Sandstone: Osnabrück
Süntel Sandstone: Pötzen
Velpk Sandstone: Velpke
Weser Sandstone: Bad Karlshafen and Arholzen

North Rhine –Westphalia

Anröchte Stone: Anröchte
Baumberge Sandstone: Baumberge
Ibbenbüren Sandstone: Ibbenbüren
Liedberg Sandstone: Liedberg
Osning Sandstone: Teutoburg Forest
Porta Sandstone: Porta Westfalica
Planicosta Sandstone: Lemgo
Rüthen Sandstone: Rüthen in the Sauerland
Ruhr Sandstone: Ruhrtal from Fröndenberg to Mülheim
Teutoburg Forest Sandstone: Teutoburg Forest
Werl Green Sandstone: Werl

Rheinland-Pfalz
Kordel Sandstone Kordel
Leistadt Sandstone: Leistadt
Neustadt-Haardt Sandstone: Neustadt an der Weinstraße
Schweinstal Sandstone: Schopp
Udelfangen Sandstone: Udelfangen
Flonheim Sandstone: Flonheim
Obersulzbach Sandstone: Obersulzbach

Saarland
Britten Sandstone: near Britten

Saxony

Elbe sandstones:
Cotta Sandstone: Cotta near Pirna
Grillenburg Sandstone: Grillenburg in the Tharandt Forest
Niederschöna Sandstone: Niederschöna near Freiberg by the Tharandt Forest
Posta Sandstone: Lohmen near Pirna
Reinhardtsdorf Sandstone: Reinhardtsdorf-Schöna near Pirna
Wehlen Sandstone: Stadt Wehlen near Pirna

Saxony-Anhalt
Nebra Sandstone: Nebra
Siebigerode Sandstone: Siebigerode
Ummendorf Sandstone: Ummendorf

Thuringia
Fambach Sandstone: near Schmalkalden
Nebra Sandstone: Nebra
Seeberg Sandstone: Seeberg near Gotha
Tambach Sandstone: near Tambach-Dietharz
Themar Sandstone: Themar

Hungary
Hárshegy Sandstone Formation: near Budapest

India
Chunar stone: near Chunar
Pink Sandstone: from Rajasathan
Jodhpur Sandstone
Kandla Grey Sandstone: Bijoliya, Rajasthan.

Israel/Palestine
 Kurkar

Italy
Pietra di Gorgoglione: near Matera
Pietra Dorata: near Manciano
Santafiora: Grosseto

Lesotho
White City Sandstone, near Maseru

Pakistan

 Khewra Sandstone: from Khewra Salt Mine, Punjab
 Yellow Sandstone: near Jhimpir, Karachi, Sindh
 Mango Sandstone: from Balochistan
 Teak Wood Sandstone: near Karachi, Sindh
 Buff/Grey Sandstone
 Sunset Sung Sandstone
 Imperial Red Sandstone

Poland
Silesian Sandstone, in Lower Silesia

Spain
 Ronda Sandstone: Ronda,  Málaga
Villamayor Sandstone: Villamayor, Salamanca

Sweden
 Burgsvik sandstone
 Gotland sandstone

Switzerland
Bäch Sandstone: by the Lake Zürich
Bern Sandstone: quarry sites near Bern in Ostermundigen, Krauchthal and by the Gurten
Bollingen Sandstone (also Buchberg Sandstone, Uznaberg Sandstone, Bollinger-Lehholz Sandstone and Güntliweid Sandstone): Rapperswil-Jona by the Upper Lake Zürich
Grès à cailloux roulés: near Avenches
Grès de Attalens: near Vevey
Grès de Bulle: near Echarlens
Grès de Corbières: near Echarlens
Grès de Vaulruz: near Vaulruz
Rorschach Sandstone: Rorschach
St. Margreth Sandstone: St. Margrethen
Teufen Sandstone: near Teufen

South Africa

 Ermelo Sandstone, Mpumalanga province, near der Farm de Roodepoort
 Matatiele Sandstone, KwaZulu-Natal province, near Matatiele
 Naboomspruit (also Golden Dawn or Golden Stone) Limpopo province, around Warmbaths
 Nieuwoudtville Sandstone, Northern Cape province, near Nieuwoudtville
 Oudtshoorn Sandstone, Western Cape province, near Oudtshoorn
 Sandalwood (also Picturestone), Northern Cape province, near Vioolsdrif
 Steenpan (also Flatpan or Klippan), Free State province, near Wolvehoek
 Table Mountain Sandstone Western Cape province, various quarry sites
 numerous types, some without trade names, from the Karoo Supergroup in many quarries near Graaff-Reinet, Cradock, Queenstown, Aliwal North, Burgersdorp and Sterkstroom

United Kingdom
 Old Red Sandstone
 New Red Sandstone
 Locharbriggs Sandstone
 Craigleith Sandstone

England
 Bargate stone: from Surrey
 Horsham Stone: from Sussex
 Millstone Grit: from Northern England
 Yorkstone: from Yorkshire

Wales
 Pennant stone: from South Wales and Bristol area

United States

 Aquia Creek Sandstone: in Virginia
 Bayfield group: in northern Wisconsin
 Coconino Sandstone: in the Colorado Plateau
 Crab Orchard Sandstone: Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee
 Cutler Formation: in the Colorado Plateau
 Dakota Sandstone: in the Rocky Mountains and Great Plains
 Entrada Sandstone: in the Colorado Plateau
 Freda sandstone: in northern Michigan
 Guyandotte sandstone: in West Virginia
 Jacobsville sandstone: in northern Michigan
 Jordan Formation in the upper Midwest
 Medina sandstone extensive quarries in Western New York Monument Valley: Utah-Arizona state line
 Navajo Sandstone: in the Colorado Plateau
 Ohio Sandstone:
 Berea Grit in Northeast Ohio, originally used for grindstones, later used to build the Federal Reserve Bank of New York
 Ohio bluestone, also found in Northeast Ohio in certain streambeds and used as dimension stone
 Pennsylvania Bluestone in northeast Pennsylvania and adjoining parts of New Jersey and New York
 Stockton Sandstone: in western New Jersey along the Delaware River
 Potsdam Sandstone: in upstate New York
 Tapeats Sandstone: in Arizona (famously found in the Grand Canyon)
 Wingate Sandstone: in the Colorado Plateau
 Aqua Creek Sandstone'': used to build the Whitehouse

See also

List of decorative stones
List of types of limestone
List of types of marble

References

Sandstone
Sandstone
.Sandstone
Sandstone
Sandstone


text:
Platyderus is een geslacht van kevers uit de familie van de loopkevers (Carabidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van het geslacht is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1827 door Stephens.

Soorten
Het geslacht Platyderus omvat de volgende soorten:
 Platyderus akkus Jedlicka, 1963
 Platyderus algesiranus Dieck, 1870
 Platyderus alhamillensis Cobos, 1961
 Platyderus alticola Wollaston, 1864
 Platyderus anandi Schmidt, 2009
 Platyderus anatolicus Jedlicka, 1963
 Platyderus aragonicus Jeanne, 1985
 Platyderus asturiensis Jedlicka, 1958
 Platyderus atticus Apfelbeck, 1904
 Platyderus balearicus Jeanne, 1970
 Platyderus barrosi Jeanne, 1996
 Platyderus barsevskisi Anichtchenko, 2010
 Platyderus berlovorum Anichtchenko, 2005
 Platyderus beseanus Jeanne, 1970
 Platyderus bolivari Anichtchenko, 2011
 Platyderus breuili Jeannel, 1921
 Platyderus calathoides Dejean, 1828
 Platyderus canaliculatus Chaudoir, 1843
 Platyderus caucasicus Kryzhanovskij, 1968
 Platyderus chodjaii Morvan, 1974
 Platyderus coiffaiti Jeanne, 1996
 Platyderus corcyreus Breit, 1914
 Platyderus crypticola Jeanne, 1996
 Platyderus cyprius Piochard de la Brulerie, 1876
 Platyderus cyrtensis Reiche, 1872
 Platyderus dalmatinus L. Miller, 1881
 Platyderus davatchii Morvan, 1970
 Platyderus dejeani Jeanne, 1996
 Platyderus depressus Audinet-Serville, 1821
 Platyderus dertosensis Lagar Mascaro, 1964
 Platyderus elegans Bedel, 1900
 Platyderus ellipticus Bedel, 1902
 Platyderus emblema Marseul, 1869
 Platyderus espanoli Mateu, 1952
 Platyderus ferrantei Reitter, 1909
 Platyderus filicornis Bedel, 1902
 Platyderus formenterae Jeanne, 1988
 Platyderus foveipennis Casale, 1988
 Platyderus gallaecus Jeanne, 1970
 Platyderus gazureki Anichtchenko, 2011
 Platyderus graecus Reiche & Saulcy, 1855
 Platyderus grandiceps Piochard de la Brulerie, 1876
 Platyderus gregarius Reiche, 1862
 Platyderus haberhaueri Heyden, 1889
 Platyderus incertans Mateu, 1952
 Platyderus insignitus Bedel, 1902
 Platyderus itziarae Anichtchenko, 2005
 Platyderus jeannei Zaballos, 1990
 Platyderus jedlickai Maran, 1935
 Platyderus juncoi Jeanne, 1996
 Platyderus lanecrottensis Israelson, 1990
 Platyderus languidus Reiche & Saulcy, 1855
 Platyderus ledouxi Morvan, 1974
 Platyderus lencinai Anichtchenko, 2011
 Platyderus leonensis Jeanne, 1996
 Platyderus lombardii Straneo, 1959
 Platyderus lusitanicus Dejean, 1828
 Platyderus magrinii Degiovanni, 2005
 Platyderus majoricus Jeanne, 1988
 Platyderus marianicus Ruiz-Tapiador & Anichtchenko, 2007
 Platyderus mateui Anichtchenko, 2005
 Platyderus migelangeli Anichtchenko, 2005
 Platyderus minutus Reiche & Saulcy, 1855
 Platyderus moncayensis Jeanne, 1985
 Platyderus montanellus Graells, 1851
 Platyderus namrun Jedlicka, 1963
 Platyderus neapolitanus Reiche, 1855
 Platyderus notatus Coquerel, 1859
 Platyderus ortunoi Arribas, 1992
 Platyderus otini Antoine, 1941
 Platyderus portalegrae Vuillefroy, 1868
 Platyderus preciosae Campos & Novoa, 2005
 Platyderus punctiger Reiche & Saulcy, 1855
 Platyderus pyrenaeus Tempere, 1947
 Platyderus quadricollis Chaudoir, 1866
 Platyderus radjabii Morvan, 1975
 Platyderus reticulatus Chaudoir, 1842
 Platyderus robustoides Jeanne, 1996
 Platyderus robustus Mateu, 1952
 Platyderus rotundatus Chaudoir, 1866
 Platyderus rufus Duftschmid, 1812
 Platyderus saezi Vuillefroy, 1868
 Platyderus sagrensis Anichtchenko, 2005
 Platyderus salmantinus Jeanne, 1996
 Platyderus schrammi Anichtchenko, 2012
 Platyderus schuberti Jedlicka, 1963
 Platyderus skoupyi Jeanne, 1996
 Platyderus solissimus Antoine, 1939
 Platyderus speleus Cobos, 1961
 Platyderus subcrenatus Chaudoir, 1866
 Platyderus tadzhikistanus Kryzhanovskij, 1968
 Platyderus taghizadehi Morvan, 1974
 Platyderus talyschensis Reitter, 1887
 Platyderus testaceus Rambur, 1838
 Platyderus toribioi Anichtchenko, 2005
 Platyderus torressalai Jeanne, 1996
 Platyderus troglodytes Schaufuss, 1863
 Platyderus umbratus Menetries, 1832
 Platyderus valencianus Anichtchenko, 2005
 Platyderus varians Schaufuss, 1862
 Platyderus vignai Gueorguiev, 2009
 Platyderus vuillefroyi Dieck, 1870
 Platyderus weiratheri Maran, 1940
 Platyderus zaballosi Anichtchenko, 2011
 Platyderus zagrosensis Morvan, 1975


text:
Champion, parfois appelé Champion U.S.A, est une entreprise américaine spécialisée dans les chaussures, les vêtements et le matériel de sport. Fondée en 1919, son siège social est situé à Winston-Salem en Caroline du Nord. Avant son acquisition par Sara Lee, le siège social de l'entreprise était basé à Rochester.

La marque de vêtement Champion a eu de nombreuses collaborations avec les marques emblématiques du streetwear et de la culture skate, tel que Supreme, A Bathing Ape (Bape), Vetements, Stüssy ou encore Off-White.

La marque, ayant pris une nouvelle ampleur depuis ces dernières années, s'est donc intégrée au sportswear et streetwear et laisse de plus en plus son côté sportif et athlétique derrière elle.

Histoire

L'entreprise est créée par les frères Feinbloom en 1919. L'entreprise commence par équiper des équipes sportives universitaires, et en premier lieu celle du Michigan. Ce n'est que dans les années 1950 que le logo actuel est créé.

Sponsoring
Les principaux contrats de fourniture d'équipements concernent en premier lieu des équipes de Football américain (NFL) : Bears de Chicago, Bengals de Cincinnati, Bills de Buffalo, Jets de New York et Saints de la Nouvelle-Orléans. Mais Champion équipa toutes les équipes de la NBA (basket-ball) dans les années 1990 ou des équipes de football tel l'équipe du pays de Galles de football (2008-2010), Parme AC (1999-2004) ou Wigan Athletic (2008-2009).
Champion équipe également de nombreuses équipes universitaires américaines.

La marque automobile française Peugeot sort en décembre 1997 une série spéciale de la gamme Peugeot 306 dite la Peugeot 306 "Champion USA" en collaboration avec Champion.

Liens externes
  Champion

Notes et références

Entreprise ayant son siège en Caroline du Nord
Entreprise fondée en 1919
Équipementier sportif ayant son siège aux États-Unis
Fabricant de chaussures
Marque de vêtements de sport


text:
Кодзиро Мацуката (яп. 松方 幸次郎) (17 января 1865 — 24 июня 1950) — японский бизнесмен и собиратель предметов искусства.

Родился в Сацуме (в настоящее время префектура Кагосима) в 1865 году, образование получил в США, стал секретарем премьер-министра Японии во время администрации его отца — Мацуката Масаёси между 1891 и 1892.

Бизнесмен
Шозо Кавасаки — глава и основатель компании Кавасаки выбрал Кодзиро Мацуката своим преемником, и в 1896 он был назначен первым президентом Kawasaki Dockyard Co., Ltd. Мацуката занимал это положение на протяжении 32 лет до 1928.

Расширяя бизнес в направлении производства подвижного состава, самолето- и судостроении, и первым в Японии введя восьмичасовой рабочий день, а также предприняв ряд других мер, он сделал Кавасаки ведущей индустриальной компанией в Японии.

Собиратель предметов искусства
Кодзиро Мацуката был также известен как коллекционер. Он верил, что будущее Японии зависит от того, насколько она сможет европеизироваться. Мацуката мечтал создать музей в Токио, где каждый желающий мог бы познакомится с западной культурой и искусством.

Он много путешествовал по Европе и инвестировал своё состояние в тысячи европейских шедевров живописи, скульптуры и другие произведения изобразительного искусства. Мацуката известен как хороший друг  Клода Монэ.

Но финансовые проблемы, настигшие его в 1927, помешали воплощению этих грандиозных замыслов, ему пришлось продать значительную часть своей коллекции. Оставшаяся часть коллекции была размещена на складах в Лондоне и Париже. В 1939 году склад в Лондоне и все хранившиеся там картины сгорают дотла. Все, что осталось от некогда богатейшей коллекции — это предметы хранившееся в Париже. Во время Второй мировой войны французское правительство предъявило права на коллекцию, и картины были возвращены в Японию только в 1959 году согласно сан-францисскому мирному соглашению.

Всего переданная Японии коллекция насчитывала 370 работ, включая 196 предметов живописи и 63 скульптур, включая одну из копий скульптуры Мыслитель Огюста Родена, которая в настоящее время установлена перед Национальным музеем западного искусства в г. Токио. И хотя большинство предметов коллекции были переданы Японии, 14 ценных картин Моне, Ван Гога и других художников были удержаны для заполнения пробела во Французской национальной коллекции.

Мацуката хотел создать базу для появления музея европейского искусства, и, хотя эта цель не была достигнута при его жизни, созданный в 1959 году Национальный музей западного искусства в Токио был основан вокруг его частной коллекции.

Кроме того, в начале 20-го века Мацуката Кодзиро начал коллекционировать со всего мира японские гравюры Укиё-э. Мацуката собрал 1925 гравюр за рубежом и, как полагают, был первым в Японии коллекционером укиё-э. В настоящее время, около 8000 укиё-э из коллекции Мацуката, размещены в Национальном музее современного искусства в Токио.

Источники

Коллекционеры Японии
Предприниматели Японии
Персоналии по алфавиту


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Aytekin is a Turkish masculine given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:

Given name
Aytekin Kotil (1934–1992), Turkish politician
Aytekin Mindan (born 1981), Turkish swimmer
Aytekin Viduşlu (born 1978), Turkish footballer

Surname
Deniz Aytekin (born 1978), German football referee of Turkish descent

Turkish-language surnames
Turkish masculine given names


text:
Gregório Tifernate (1413/1414 - entre 1462 a 1469) (em latim: Gregorius Typhernates, sinonímia: Gregorio da Tiferno, Lilius Gregorius Tiphernas, Gregorius Publius Tiphernas) foi humanista, helenista, primeiro professor de Grego da Universidade de Paris, filólogo, editor e teólogo italiano. Foi também tradutor de Aristóteles, Teofrasto e Dião Crisóstomo. Durante muito tempo residiu em Constantinopla.  Seu filho Lelio Tifernate, foi também seu aluno, tendo sido um dos maiores divulgadores do helenismo.

Biografia
Nascido na cidade de Tiferno Tiberino fez os seus primeiros estudos ainda em Perúgia.  Em 1439, em Florença, foi um dos grandes colaboradores de Gemisto Pletão (1355-1452), em Mistra, no Peloponeso.  Deu aulas em várias cidades italianas, onde em Nápoles o jovem Giovanni Pontano (1429-1503) foi seu aluno em 1447.

Estudou o grego clássico como aluno de Manuel Crisolaras, tendo-se tornado o primeiro professor de Grego na França, na Universidade de Paris.  Parece ter permanecido pouco tempo nessa universidade, porém, aparentemente foi bom o bastante para treinar vários alunos que deram continuidade ao seu trabalho.

Além de tradutor do grego, foi também poeta latino, do qual temos uma coletânea de versos resistiu ao poder do tempo, e foi publicada no Deliciae poetarum italorum.

Dentre esses trabalhos podemos incluir obras de Aristóteles, Teofrasto, Dion Crisóstomo, e pseudo-Timaeus Locrus, além da Geografia de Estrabão, muitos dos quais permaneceram em manuscrito.  Aliás, esta última obra é mencionada por Erasmo na Adagia II iv 7.

Lutas e conquistas
Após a morte do papa Nicolau V (24 de março de 1455), o seu sucessor Calixto III teve pouco interesse pela cultura grega.  Então ele partiu para Milão, onde Francesco Filelfo lhe faz uma recomendação a um amigo seu, grego de nascimento, chamado Thomas Le Franc († outubro 1456), natural de Coron, na Moreia, e que havia sido o primeiro protophysicus (médico) de Carlos VII, rei da França, depois de 1450.  Mas, quando Gregório chegou a França, Thomas Le Franc veio a falecer.  O humanista vegeta algum tempo em Paris, sem nenhum apoio, porém, consegue propor ao reitor da Universidade a introdução do ensino de grego, disciplina que até então não constava no currículo da universidade.  O reitor interessou-se pela proposta, e em 19 de Janeiro de 1457, Gregório conquistou o direito de ensinar na universidade aulas de grego pela manhã, um curso de retórica latina no período da tarde, recebendo o pagamento de 100 escudos por ano, sem o direito de exigir nenhum centavo de seus alunos.

O seu filho Lélio Tifernate também se tornou humanista e helenista, estagiou durante algum tempo em Constantinopla, e traduziu para o latim as obras de Fílon de Alexandria

Obras
 Em 1449, em Roma, foi encarregado pelo papa Nicolau V a traduzir as obras Ética a Eudemo e Ética a Nicômaco de Aristóteles.
 De Roma, durante algum tempo esteve em Milão, na corte de Francesco Sforza, onde traduziu as duas últimas partes da Geografia de Estrabão (a África e a Ásia), aproveitando-se de uma interrupção do trabalho de Guarino de Verona, que anteriormente havia traduzido a Europa da mesma obra.

 Physica Theophrasti e greco in latinam ab Gregorio Tifernio - Tradução da Física de Teofrasto para o latim.

 Traduziu para o latim a obra De Regno (Discurso sobre o Reino) de Dion Crisóstomos

Referências

 Louis Delaruelle, «Une vie d'humaniste au XVe siècle: Gregorio Tifernas», Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire publiés par l'École française de Rome 19 (1), 1899, p. 10-33.
 Giacomo Mancini, «Gregorio Tifernate», Archivio storico italiano 81, 1923, p. 65-112.

Links Externos
 CERL Thesaurus
 Sir Richard C. Jebb, Cambridge Modern History, Capítulo XVI, Renascimento clássico, p. 575, 1903
 Treccani
 Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, Volume 46
 Publio Gregorio Tifernate
 National Library of Australia
 Historische Bestände

Veja também
 Bartolomeo Facio
 Anexo:Lista de humanistas do Renascimento
 Aristóteles
 Teofrasto
 Dion Crisóstomos
 Gemisto Pletão
 Manuel Crisolaras
 Giovanni Pontano
 Estrabão
 Erasmo de Rotterdam
 Francesco Filelfo

Helenistas
Humanistas da Itália
Filólogos da Itália
Tradutores da Itália


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Kralupy nad Vltavou (Duits: Kralup an der Moldau) is een Tsjechische stad in de regio Midden-Bohemen, en maakt deel uit van het district Mělník.
Kralupy nad Vltavou telt 18.150 inwoners en ligt ongeveer 20 kilometer ten noordwesten van Praag aan de oever van de Moldau.

Geschiedenis
De eerste schriftelijke vermelding van Kralupy stamt uit het jaar 1253. In dat jaar bevestigde Wenceslaus I dat het dorp in eigendom zou komen van de Orde van het Kruis met de Rode Ster. De Orde bouwde in het dorp een molen en een vesting. Tegelijkertijd kwam de Orde in de schulden te zitten en werd zij genoodzaakt het dorp te verkopen aan het Aartsbisdom Praag. In 1377 kocht de Orde het dorp terug.

In het jaar 1407 werd het dorp weer verkocht, ditmaal aan Johann von Weilburg. In 1421 werd deze echter alweer verjaagd door de Hussieten en Kralupy werd eigendom van de burgers van Praag. Acht jaar later kreeg Johann von Katschitz het dorp in eigendom en na de Hussitische Oorlogen werd de Orde van het Kruis met de Rode Ster weer eigenaar.

In 1619 legden opstandigen beslag op het gebied rond Kralupy, maar na de Slag op de Witte Berg kwam het toch weer in handen van de Orde. Tot het jaar 1848 zouden de Kruisridders eigenaar blijven van Kralupy en omliggende gebieden, waaronder Dolany. Al met al was Kralupy meer dan zes eeuwen lang, met enkele onderbrekingen, eigendom geweest van de Orde.

Kralupy bleef in de geschiedenis grotendeels vrij van oorlogsschade. Wel werd het dorp meerdere malen getroffen door zware overstromingen. Vooral in de jaren 1784, 1845 en 1890 waren de gevolgen rampzalig. In de tweede helft van de 19e eeuw werden de stadsmuren aangelegd en in 1851 was het dorp aangesloten aan de spoorlijn tussen Praag en Dresden.

De goede infrastructuur, de spoorlijn en de scheepvaart over de Moldau, zorgden voor het opkomen van de industrie. In 1854 werd een scheepsbouwbedrijf opgericht, in 1857 een chemisch bedrijf en in 1867 werd een stoommolen geopend. Aan het einde van de jaren 60 kwamen daar twee suikerfabrieken bij en in 1872 een bierbrouwerij.

In 1864, toen de bevolking inmiddels de 2.000 gepasseerd was, kreeg Kralupy een stadswapen. Bij de eeuwwisseling woonden al 4.722 mensen in het dorp en twee jaar later, in 1902, kreeg Kralupy nad Vltavou stadsrechten.

Door de Eerste Wereldoorlog werd de stad nauwelijks beschadigd. Bij de Tweede Wereldoorlog kwamen veel inwoners van de stad om het leven. Tijdens het bombardement op een chemische fabriek op 22 maart 1945 vonden 150 mensen de dood en meer dan 1.000 huizen werden vernietigd of beschadigd.

Vanaf het jaar 1912 was Kralupy nad Vltavou hoofdstad van een district (okres) geweest. Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog behoorde de stad korte deel tot het district waar Roudnice nad Labem de hoofdstad van was, maar na de oorlog werd de oude situatie hersteld. Sinds 1960 is Kralupy geen districtshoofdstad meer, nu hoort de stad bij okres Mělník.

Partnersteden
  Banyuls-sur-Mer (Frankrijk)
  Hennigsdorf (Duitsland)
  Ikast (Denemarken)
  Komárno (Slowakije)

Gemeente in Mělník


text:
Mid-Columbia Medical Center (MCMC) is a hospital complex in The Dalles, Oregon. In June 1992, Mid-Columbia Medical Center became the first hospital in the world to implement the Planetree concept of patient-centered care facility wide and in 2007 the hospital was recognised as a "Designated Patient-Centered Hospital", one of five such hospitals in the country. The Mid-Columbia Medical Center Heliport is located one mile northwest of The Dalles in Wasco County, Oregon.

History
The original hospital in The Dalles was started in 1901 by pioneer doctors, Dr. Belle Cooper Rinehart and Dr. Mary Powell Johnson in the Rinehart family home. Dr. Belle was the widow of a physician and mother of four young boys when she had her mother move in to care for her children and she began studying medicine. She graduated from medical school in 1897 and set up her practice near the location of The Dalles Clinic building on East 7th Street. Belle Cooper Rinehart Ferguson gave high praise to her mother, "…whose encouragement, intelligence and ability imparted strength and determination." Two of Belle's sons became physicians.

In 1903, Dr. Belle Cooper Rinehart married Dr. Elmer Ferguson. They expanded their home and enlarged the hospital, which came to be known as The Dalles Hospital. Dr. John Reuter became their partner in their practice and hospital. Other hospital expansions occurred in 1912 and 1937. They had an approximate 20-bed capacity. When World War II caused a shortage of nurses, The Dalles General Hospital opened a nursing school. Doctors served as nursing instructors until the school closed in 1951.

Donations from local citizens, businesses, physicians and hospital staff helped pay for a new hospital in 1959 on 19th Street. The new hospital was described as one of the most modern hospitals in the country with its electric beds, electric doctor registry (light board), the still to purify tap water in the central supply, and the latest in mercury vapor illumination in the parking lot. The hospital building included the kitchen, laundry, maintenance and supplies on the 1st floor, administration, emergency, pharmacy, lab, x-ray, and maternity on 2nd floor, medical patients on 4th and surgical patients on 3rd floor. The mental hold locked room was located on 4A where the Sleep Center Monitoring/Scoring Room is located.

In 1979, twenty years after opening, the hospital expanded by  to accommodate more patients with more beds and other improvements. The hospital began offering on-site child care and child development services in 1982. In 1983, Ancillary service departments are remodeled and the hospital changes its name to Mid-Columbia Medical Center (MCMC) to more accurately reflect its emergence as a regional resource for comprehensive healthcare. The organization restructures into an independent parent corporation and several corporate entities, which include the hospital, home health and other programs. Also in 1983, the Mid-Columbia Health Foundation is established.

MCMC agreed to become the first hospital to adopt the Planetree model of patient-centered care facility-wide in 1989. The transformation involved a near-complete architectural makeover, a massive training program involving the entire hospital staff and many other significant changes designed to "personalize, humanize and demystify" the hospital experience for patients. In 1990, Dr. Bill Hamilton and Dr. Hal Sessions performed the first laparoscopic gall bladder surgeries in the Columbia River Gorge at MCMC. Patients took home a VHS tape of their surgery. In 1992, MCMC's remodel is complete, transforming the traditional hospital into a comfortable "center of healing" and ushering in the Planetree era.

The hospital was sued by 12 women after sexual abuse by Dr. Fredrick Field was revealed in May 2011. MCMC settled most of the cases and lost a $2.4 million judgment over the abuse.

In 2013 it was reported by an anonymous social worker in Hood River, Oregon, that the primary reason for the majority of bankruptcies filed in the Mid-Columbia area were medical bills incurred at MCMC. It was alleged that MCMC's collections and billing department was primarily to blame for patients being unable to successfully pay off their medical bills. Overcharging for basic services has also been alleged; most unbiased references online comparing normal costs of medical services compared to MCMC clearly indicated that MCMC charges more for their services than other regional facilities.

Hospital rating data
The HealthGrades website contains the clinical quality data for Mid-Columbia Medical Center, as of 2018. For this rating section clinical quality rating data, patient safety ratings and patient experience ratings are presented.

For inpatient conditions and procedures, there are three possible ratings: worse than expected, as expected, better than expected.  For this hospital the data for this category is:
Worse than expected - 4
As expected - 11
Better than expected - 0

For patient safety ratings the same three possible ratings are used. For this hospital they are"
Worse than expected - 4
As expected - 7
Better than expected - 0

Percentage of patients rating this hospital as a 9 or 10 - 65%
Percentage of patients who on average rank hospitals as a 9 or 10 - 69%

References

External links
Mid-Columbia Medical Center

Hospital buildings completed in 1959
Hospitals in Oregon
Buildings and structures in The Dalles, Oregon
1901 establishments in Oregon


text:
The Yugoslav order of battle before the invasion of Yugoslavia includes a listing (or order of battle) of all operational formations of the Royal Yugoslav Army (, VKJ), Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force (, VVKJ) and Royal Yugoslav Navy (, KJRM) immediately prior to the World War II invasion of that country in April 1941.

The VKJ consisted of 33 divisions and a significant number of smaller formations, but due to tentative and incomplete mobilisation, only seven divisions and four smaller formations are known to have been at close to fighting strength and in their planned deployment locations when the German-led Axis assault commenced on 6 April 1941. The Yugoslav defence plan involved placing the bulk of its land forces close to its borders, with very limited strategic reserves in depth. Almost all of the divisions that had been effectively mobilised were concentrated in the 3rd Army Group deployed in the east of the country along the Romanian and Bulgarian borders between the Iron Gates and the Greek border. Most of the heavy weapons and armoured vehicles available to the VKJ were obsolete, most formations were heavily reliant on animal-powered transport, and the VKJ had only 50 tanks that could engage front line German tanks on an equal basis.

By 6 April 1941, the VVKJ had been almost completely mobilised, and consisted of four air brigades with more than 423 aircraft of Yugoslav, German, Italian, French, Czech and British design, including 107 modern fighter aircraft, and 100 modern medium bombers. Other than a small number of locally made Rogožarski IK-3 fighters, almost all the modern aircraft available to the VVKJ were of German, Italian or British design for which limited spares and munitions were available.

The KJRM consisted of a flotilla of river monitors based on the Danube and a small fleet based in several ports along the Adriatic coast. The blue-water navy centred on a flotilla leader, three smaller destroyers, four obsolescent submarines and a gunboat, supplemented by minelayers and torpedo boats. Some of the smaller vessels in the Yugoslav fleet had been inherited from the defeated Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I and were obsolete.

Royal Yugoslav Army

At the time of the invasion, the Royal Yugoslav Army (, VKJ) consisted of 29 infantry divisions, three horse cavalry divisions, and a divisional-sized mountain detachment. There were also a significant number of independent infantry, cavalry, mountain, and combined arms brigades, infantry and cavalry regiments and fortress troops, as well as 17 border guard battalions. The Commander-in-chief of the VKJ was the 17-year-old King Peter II, and the Chief of the General Staff was the Prime Minister, Armijski đeneral Dušan Simović. The Yugoslav defence plan positioned almost all land forces close to its borders, with very limited strategic reserves in depth. The VKJ was heavily reliant on animal-powered transport, mainly oxen, and had only 50 relatively modern Renault R35 tanks that could fight German tanks on an equal footing, although these were only just being formed into a unit at the time of the invasion. The VKJ was organised into the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Army Groups, the independent 5th and 6th Armies and the Coastal Defence Command. The General Headquarters of the VKJ maintained command over five infantry divisions and a large number of smaller infantry, engineer and artillery units, as well as the only operational tank battalion. Each Army Group and independent Army was supported by an air reconnaissance group attached from the Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force  (VVKJ). As mobilisation had been tentative and partial, many divisions were still in the process of mobilisation on 6 April 1941. The VKJ order of battle on 6 April 1941 is detailed below as provided by Niehorster.

1st Army Group

The 1st Army Group was commanded by Armijski đeneral Milorad Petrović. It consisted of the 4th Army of Armijski đeneral Petar Nedeljković, responsible for the Yugoslav-Hungarian border and deployed behind the Drava between Varaždin and Slatina, and the 7th Army of Divizijski đeneral (Major General) Dušan Trifunović, which was responsible for the defence of the northwestern border with Italy and the Third Reich.

4th Army support units included one motorised heavy artillery regiment, one artillery regiment, a motorised anti-aircraft battalion, six border guard battalions, and the 4th Air Reconnaissance Group comprising eighteen Breguet 19s was attached from the VVKJ and was based at Velika Gorica just south of Zagreb. The 7th Army was supported by one artillery regiment and the 6th Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of sixteen Breguet 19s based at Brežice, northwest of Zagreb.

2nd Army Group

The 2nd Army Group was commanded by Armijski đeneral Milutin Nedić, and consisted of Armijski đeneral Milan Rađenković's 1st Army, responsible for the area between the Danube and the Tisza, and the 2nd Army of Armijski đeneral Dragoslav Miljković, responsible for the border from Slatina to the Danube. There was no Army Group reserve, but the 2nd Army was to constitute a reserve consisting of the 10th Infantry Division Bosanska deployed south of Brod.

The 1st Army was supported by one artillery regiment, one anti-aircraft battalion, and the 1st Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of fifteen Breguet 19s based at Ruma, just west of Sremska Mitrovica. 2nd Army support units comprised one artillery regiment, one anti-aircraft battalion, one border guard battalion, and the 3rd Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of sixteen Breguet 19s based at Staro Topolje just east of Brod.

3rd Army Group

The 3rd Army Group was commanded by Armijski đeneral Milan Nedić. It consisted of Armijski đeneral Ilija Brašić's 3rd Army, responsible for the border with Albania between Lake Ohrid to Lake Skadar, and the 3rd Territorial Army of Armijski đeneral Jovan Naumović, which was responsible for the eastern sector of the Greek border and a sector along the Bulgarian border.  The Army Group reserve consisted of the 22nd Infantry Division Ibarska, deployed around Skopje.

3rd Army support units included one artillery regiment, one anti-aircraft battalion, eight border guard battalions, and the 5th Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of fourteen Breguet 19s based at Tetovo west of Skopje. The 3rd Territorial Army was supported by one motorised heavy artillery regiment.

5th Independent Army

The 5th Independent Army was commanded by Armijski đeneral Vladimir Cukavac, and had responsibility for the Romanian and Bulgarian borders between the Iron Gates and the Greek border.

The support units of the 5th Independent Army were two motorised heavy artillery regiments, an anti-aircraft battalion, two border guard battalions, and the 2nd Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of sixteen Breguet 19s based at Šarlince south of Niš.

6th Independent Army

The 6th Independent Army was commanded by Armijski đeneral Dimitrije Živković, and was originally intended to form the strategic reserve for the VKJ. It was deployed around Belgrade and in the Banat region east of the Tisza. It held two infantry divisions in reserve in the lower Morava valley.

The 6th Independent Army was supported by an anti-aircraft battalion and the 7th Air Reconnaissance Group consisting of eighteen Breguet 19s based at Smederevska Palanka.

Coastal Defence Command
Coastal Defence Command was commanded by Armijski đeneral Živko Stanisaviljević, and was responsible for the defence of the Adriatic coast from the Bay of Kotor to Gospić.

Coastal Defence Command was supported by a heavy artillery regiment and an anti-aircraft battalion, and a coastal reconnaissance squadron of four aircraft based near Mostar.

General Headquarters Direct Command
General Headquarters of the VKJ maintained direct command of five infantry divisions, four independent infantry regiments, two motorised engineer regiments and one tank battalion. A further tank battalion was being formed at the time of the invasion. It also had at its disposal two motorised heavy artillery regiments, fifteen artillery battalions, two anti-aircraft battalions and five independent anti-aircraft companies.

Major equipment

In April 1941, a significant amount of obsolete equipment was in service with the VKJ, much of which was of World War I vintage. For example, of the 7,000 artillery pieces, less than 60 per cent were relatively modern, and only 50 of the tanks on hand were of comparable quality to front line German tanks. The army inventory included the following major items of equipment:

Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force

By April 1941, due to the difficulties Yugoslavia had faced in sourcing aircraft, the Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force (, VVKJ) was equipped with 11 different types of operational aircraft, 14 types of training aircraft, and five types of auxiliary aircraft. These aircraft used 22 different engines, four different machine guns and two models of aircraft cannon. This made the training, supply and maintenance of the VVKJ quite problematic. The VVKJ was organised into a headquarters, four air brigades and one naval brigade. Its order of battle on 6 April 1941 is detailed below as provided by Shores, Cull and Malizia, the most detailed work available on the subject.

Air Force Headquarters
The VVKJ was commanded by Brigadni General (Brigadier) Borivoje Mirković, from his headquarters at Lješnica, and had two air groups and one independent squadron under its direct command. Niehorster includes the VVKJ transport group and the air training school as under the direct command of Army Air Force Headquarters, and they have been shown here for completeness.

1st Fighter Brigade
The 1st Fighter Brigade was commanded by Pukovnik (Colonel) Dragutin Rupčić, whose headquarters was at Zemun. It consisted of the 2nd and 6th Fighter Regiments and a liaison squadron.

2nd Mixed Air Brigade
The 2nd Mixed Air Brigade was commanded by Pukovnik Jakov Đorđević, whose headquarters was at Nova Topola. It consisted of the 4th Fighter Regiment, the 8th Bomber Regiment, and a liaison squadron.

3rd Mixed Air Brigade
The 3rd Mixed Air Brigade was commanded by Pukovnik Nikola Obuljen, whose headquarters was at Stubol. It consisted of the 3rd Bomber Regiment, 5th Fighter Regiment, and a liaison squadron.

4th Bomber Brigade
The 4th Bomber Brigade was commanded by Pukovnik Petar Vukčević, whose headquarters was at Ljubić. It consisted of the 1st and 7th Bomber Regiments and a liaison squadron.

Aircraft types
The Royal Yugoslav Army Air Force inventory in April 1941 included more than 423 aircraft of Yugoslav, German, Italian, French, Czech and British design, in addition to 20 largely civilian transport aircraft which had been pressed into military service. Of these, 107 of the fighter aircraft were of modern design, the remainder were not capable of meeting front line Axis aircraft on close to equal terms, and were therefore considered obsolete. Some bomber and reconnaissance aircraft were also considered obsolete for the same reason.

Between 6 and 17 April 1941, the VVKJ took receipt of additional aircraft, including eight Hawker Hurricane Mk Is, six Dornier Do 17Ks, four Bristol Blenheim Mk Is, two Icarus IK-2s, one Messerschmitt Bf 109E-3 and one Rogožarski IK-3.

Royal Yugoslav Navy

The Royal Yugoslav Navy (, KJRM) was small, with its largest ships being an obsolete former German light cruiser (used as a gunnery training ship), one flotilla leader, and three smaller Beograd-class destroyers. The Chief of the Naval Staff was Rear-Admiral M.L. Polić, and the personnel of the KJRM comprised about 611 officers and 8,562 men. The KJRM was organised into Riverine and Lake Forces, the Maritime Air Force, Naval Coastal Command, three torpedo divisions, the Submarine Division, and a grouping of miscellaneous and training vessels.

Riverine and Lake Forces
The Riverine and Lake Forces of the KJRM were headquartered on the Danube river in Novi Sad, and were organised into the River Flotilla and three Lake Detachments. Each division of the River Flotilla except the Monitor Division included one or more mobilised customs motorboats.

The Lake Ohrid Detachment was based at Ohrid and consisted of two river gunboats, Graničar and Stražar, and one or more mobilised customs motorboats. The Lake Prespa Detachment was based at Asamati, and it is unclear where the Lake Skadar Detachment was based. Both of the latter detachments consisted of one or more mobilised customs motorboats.

Maritime Air Force
The Maritime Air Force was headquartered at Kaštel Lukšić near Split, and consisted of three Hydroplane Commands each of regimental strength.

Naval Coastal Command
The Naval Coastal Command of the KJRM was organised into three sectors along the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia.

Torpedo Divisions
The 1st Torpedo Division consisted of the flotilla leader Dubrovnik and two of the three Beograd-class destroyers, and was based at Kotor. The remaining Beograd-class destroyer, Ljubljana, was under repair at Šibenik at the time of the invasion. The 2nd and 3rd Torpedo Division consisted of torpedo boats, and were both based at Šibenik.

Submarine Division
The Submarine Division was based in Kotor, and consisted of the submarine tender Hvar and four ageing submarines of British or French manufacture.

Miscellaneous vessels
The KJRM included several miscellaneous vessels that were not allocated to a particular division. They included the gunnery training ship Dalmacija, the gunboat Beli Orao and the converted seaplane tender/minelayer Zmaj.

See also
 Hawker Hurricane in Yugoslav service
 List of ships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy

Notes

Footnotes

References

Books and journals

Papers

Websites

World War II orders of battle
Balkans campaign (World War II)
Military of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia


text:
Leiothrix barreirensis är en gräsväxtart som beskrevs av Silveira. Leiothrix barreirensis ingår i släktet Leiothrix och familjen Eriocaulaceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Gräsordningen
barreirensis


text:
Philocoprella arvernica är en tvåvingeart som först beskrevs av Richards 1929.  Philocoprella arvernica ingår i släktet Philocoprella och familjen hoppflugor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Hoppflugor
arvernica


text:
12-часовой бег — один из видов сверхмарафона, в котором каждый участник старается пробежать в течение 12 часов как можно большее расстояние.

Соревнования обычно проводятся по кольцевой трассе длиной от 1 до 2 км; иногда — по стандартной 200 или 400-метровой дорожке стадиона. Некоторые пробеги проходят по пересечённой местности (легкоатлетическая категория «кроссы»), другие — на тротуаре в городском парке (категория «бег по шоссе»), третьи — в горах (горный бег). Лучшие бегуны часто пробегают 100 км и более (до 100 миль = 161 км), в зависимости от условий. Некоторые участники имеют команду помощников, другие размещают всё необходимое у стартовой зоны, с хорошим доступом на каждом круге.

Рекорды

См. также
 Часовой бег
 Суточный бег
 Многосуточные и многодневные (этапные) пробеги

Примечания

Ссылки
 201608 WBP WABP overall.pdf

Сверхмарафон


text:
The 2021–22 season is CSKA Sofia's 73rd season in the Parva Liga (the top flight of Bulgarian football) and their sixth consecutive participation after their administrative relegation in the third division due to mounting financial troubles. In addition to the domestic league, CSKA Sofia participates in this season's edition of the Bulgarian Cup and UEFA Europa Conference League. This article shows player statistics and all matches (official and friendly) that the club will play during the 2021–22 season.

Players

Squad information

Transfers

In

Out

Pre-season and friendlies

Pre-season

On-season (autumn)

Mid-season

On-season (spring)

Competitions

Overview

Parva Liga

Regular stage

League table

Results summary

Results by round

Results

Championship round

League table

Results summary

Results by round

Results

Bulgarian Cup

Bulgarian Supercup

UEFA Europa Conference League

Second qualifying round

Third qualifying round

Play-off round

Group stage

Statistics

Appearances and goals

|-
|colspan="14"|Players who appeared for CSKA Sofia that left during the season:
|-

|}

Goalscorers

Disciplinary record
Includes all competitive matches. Players listed below made at least one appearance for CSKA first squad during the season.

See also
PFC CSKA Sofia

Notes

References

External links
CSKA Official Site

PFC CSKA Sofia seasons
CSKA Sofia
CSKA Sofia


text:
Rhinacanthus es un género de plantas fanerógamas perteneciente a la familia Acanthaceae. El género tiene 37 especies de plantas herbáceas descritas y de estas, solo 3 aceptadas.

Taxonomía
El género fue descrito por  Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck y publicado en Plantae Asiaticae Rariores 3: 76, 108. 1832. La especie tipo es: Rhinacanthus communis Nees. = Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz

Especies aceptadas

Rhinacanthus gracilis Klotzsch
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz
Rhinacanthus virens (Nees) Milne-Redh.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Imágenes en Google

Justicieae


text:
Saint Paul Central High School is the oldest continuously operating high school in the state of Minnesota, United States. Founded in 1866 in downtown Saint Paul, Central has educated many leaders in business, government, literature, arts, sciences, and education throughout the state of Minnesota and the United States.

It is also one of the biggest high schools in the state and, as of 2011, the second-largest in the city of Saint Paul, after Harding Senior High School on the east side of the city. It is also a national Blue Ribbon School.

History
Central High School has been situated in four locations, beginning with the first building in 1866.

1866 (third floor of Franklin School Building)
Central High School was founded in 1866 in response to student requests. Before 1866, there were no educational opportunities in Saint Paul beyond grade school. About a dozen students wished to continue their schooling so, in 1866, two rooms were set aside for the "High School" on the third floor of the Franklin School building, located at Broadway and Tenth Streets in downtown Saint Paul. Some people thought that the school was a waste of space. Eugene Foster (known as the "Father of the High School") was the principal, and Mrs. H.M. Haynes was the lone teacher. The first graduating class of the Saint Paul High School was in 1870, and consisted of two students: Fannie Haynes (the daughter of the teacher), and A. P. Warren. The first 2 diplomas were hand printed on sheepskin. Gradually, the classes enrolled in the Franklin Building became too large for the two little rooms to accommodate them.

1872 (Lindeke Building, 7th and Jackson, second floor)
In 1872, the Saint Paul High School moved to the Lindeke Building at 7th and Jackson streets where it occupied the second floor. That year, graduation exercises were held in the Saint Paul Civic Opera House where they were held until it was destroyed by a fire in 1899. Then the commencement exercises were held in the People's Church until the completion of the Saint Paul Auditorium. In 1872, the
graduating class consisted of 12 students: five boys and seven girls.

In 1873, the graduating class of 12 students originated the custom of presenting each senior with a souvenir appropriate to his/her character. For several years, a prize was offered for the best essay: a Webster's Unabridged Dictionary and a holder for it. The President of the Board of Education also presented a prize to the one having the highest standing in the class, usually a fine set of Shakespeare's works.

1883/1888 (10th and Minnesota)

A new building opened in 1883 at 10th and Minnesota streets. The building was the first high school built in Saint Paul. In 1888, a 14-room annex was added for laboratories, but there was no money for an astronomical observatory. The Debate society decided to put on plays to make up the money to pay for it. Soon, Central was known as the only high school in the United States to have a fixed telescope with a lens ground and polished by the great telescope maker Alvan Clark (1804–1887), whose company built some of the largest and best telescopes in the world, including the telescope for the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. Mechanics Arts High School, then known as Manual Training High School, was first housed in the basement of Central. The school was renamed Central High School in 1888.

Soon the building on 10th and Minnesota Street became too small, and the corner of Marshall and Lexington Avenues was chosen as the new site.

1912 (Marshall and Lexington)

A new school, designed by Clarence H. Johnston Sr., was built in 1912 on the corner of Marshall Avenue and Lexington Parkway, and was attempted to be renamed Lexington High School; alumni, however, wanted to keep the moniker Central High School. A compromise was reached when the Minuteman was adopted as a logo and mascot. In other words, the name of the school was retained, but for those who wanted the school to be named "Lexington," its logo and mascot were named after the colonial militia men of 1775 at Lexington, Massachusetts, who fought against the British in the first skirmishes of the War of Independence, and were required to be ready at a minute's notice. The adjacent stadium was built in the early 1940s by the WPA (Works Progress Administration), as denoted by a plaque on the brick facade of the stands. It was renamed James Griffin Stadium in 1998.

1912 Marshall/Lexington building construction:

Working name – West End High School
Proposed name – Lexington High School
Final name – Central High School

Architect -   Clarence H. Johnston Sr. - prominent Saint Paul architect, studied architecture in Saint Paul as well as MIT, and the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, travelled Europe and Asia. Also designed houses for Summit Ave, buildings for the University of Minn, many others.

Architectural Artist – JC Trott (employed by the architect)
Style – Collegiate Gothic
Land purchased – 1909
Designed – 1909–1910
Building Permit Issued – May 31, 1910
Builder – C. Ash Company
Construction started – 1910
Ready for occupancy – 1911 (old school dropped from City Directory)
Cornerstone laid – April, 1912 (building completed)
Flagpole installed – 1914

New gymnasium – 1924 (added to the west side of the school, replacing the old one in the top floor of the middle section; see 1925 yearbook, history of Johnston's career, and spps history document)

Stadium – 1940/1943 depending on the source (building permits or spps).
Cost for 1909–1943 – $650,000 (not counting maintenance, heating, etc.)

1970s and 80s (Marshall and Lexington)

Rebuilding and modernization took place in the 1970s and 80s. Led by Ellerbe Architects in 1979, the "castle" exterior was removed or overlaid with cement, a pool and other athletic facilities were added, and the interior was gutted and rebuilt. The building now uses only the structural frame of the previous building. This resulted in a joke amongst students that it was designed by a prison architect because of the school's rather utilitarian exterior, metal gates, and few windows on ground level. Larry Millett, a local architecture critic described the building as, "The nadir of modern school architecture in Saint Paul, a building so resolutely grim and uninviting that it suggests that education can only be viewed as a form of incarceration." Until 2006 a barbed wire fence extended around Griffin Stadium and portions of the school facing Interstate 94 and Lexington contributing to the joke. In August 2013 the fence was replaced with new black vinyl fencing funded by the Lexington-Hamline Community Council, the St Paul School District ISD 625 and a Saint Paul Neighborhood Star grant.  A parent-led effort to improve the appearance, function, and sustainability of the building, "Transforming Central," was initiated in 2011.

Academics
Central offers many higher-level classes. It has offered the International Baccalaureate program since 1988. Central has the second largest IB program in the state of Minnesota. Students may also take Advanced Placement classes and their subsequent tests. Central was the only high school in Minnesota to be honored by the Siemens Foundation in their 2007-08 Siemens Awards for Advanced Placement. Central received the award for "its commitment to students and leadership in AP participation and performance". In 1970 Central began to offer the Quest program, the first gifted and talented program approved by Saint Paul Public Schools. This humanities based program was started in order to offer in-depth topics in the humanities that were not available in normal classes. The program continues to challenge students to think independently and to learn from each other and from the teacher in a discussion-based approach towards learning. Over 15 Quest classes are currently offered including classes on world culture, film documentary, ancient civilizations, the Harlem Renaissance and Shakespeare literature. Central has participated in the University of Minnesota's College in the Schools program since 1994.  As of 2018, Central High School was the only public high school in Minnesota to offer Russian as a foreign language. It also offers the only French Immersion program in the Saint Paul Public School District. In addition to Russian, Central has the only Latin language program in the Saint Paul Public Schools District as well.

Arts

Central offers music classes including Concert Band, Varsity Band, Orchestra, Central Chamber Singers, Mixed Choir, Tenor Bass Choir, and Soprano Alto Choir.  Co-Curricular opportunities include Orchestra, Chamber Orchestra, Jazz Band, student led choirs such Minnesingers, Meistersingers, and North Star Singers, as well as the Music Listening Contest.  Central performing ensembles have traveled in recent years to Washington, DC, San Diego, New Orleans, New York City, San Francisco, Chicago, and Nashville.  The Central Concert Band and Orchestra were selected to perform at the 2007 MMEA Mid Winter Clinic.  The Central Concert Choir performed at the ACDA-MN 2006 Fall Convention and the Central Singers were selected to perform at the 2007 Choral Arts Finale at Orchestra Hall.  The Central Orchestra performed at Orchestra Hall in January 2007, opening for the Minnesota Orchestra, as part of the Music-Up-Close series.  The Central IB Music program offers instruction in music theory, history, composition, and solo-performance.

Central was also known for its BlackBox Theater Program with the advance acting troupe known as Central Touring Theatre (CTT). CTT was founded 30 years ago as a safe space for youth to explore artistic expression as a powerful and meaningful force in the world. Theater company members came from a variety of racial, ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. St. Paul Central High School's Central Touring Theater (CTT) has created original social justice theater and the  juniors and seniors became the teachers to the audience as they used theater to present important issues that resonate in their lives, including racism, sexism, depression, abuse and more. CTT's last production was during the 2014-2015 school year as the founder and leader of the program Jan Mandell retired with over 30 years teaching theatre in Saint Paul Public Schools. CTT predecessors that are keeping the legacy going are Washburn Touring Theatre at Washburn High School in Minneapolis under the direction of Crystal Spring and Global Arts Plus Upper Campus under the direction of Eliza Rasheed.

Athletics
Central has produced a long line of talented athletes, the most notable being Major League Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Dave Winfield. More recently, Central's athletics programs displayed their dominance when they won the 2008 St. Paul City Conference in every fall athletics category. Other sports includes volleyball, tennis, badminton, etc.

Girls basketball

In the 2006–2007 season, the Central high school girls basketball team set a state record for most victories in a single season, going 32–0 en route to the class AAAA state championship. During their perfect season, Central was considered by some to be the best team in the history of Minnesota High School girls basketball. Central beat their opponents by an average of 44 points per game, averaged 86 PPG and had all five starters average more than 10 PPG. In addition, the 2006–2007 girls basketball team served as grand marshals for the 2007 Rondo Days parade.

Overall, Central has won four state titles in girls basketball: 1976, 1979, 2007, and 2008.

Boys baseball
In the 2022 baseball season, the Central high school varsity boys baseball team ended their season in First within the Saint Paul conference. Not only did they place first, the team completely swept the competition, being the first to do so in at least 15 years.

Girls Volleyball
Central high school has also produced many D1 athletes.

Extracurricular activities
Central High School has a plethora of extracurricular activities including National Honors Society, math team, Debate, Ski club and more.

Math team
Central's math team has also been highly successful. In 2007, led by Nick Arnosti, who did not miss a single point in the regular season, the math team was undefeated and won the state championship, scoring a state record number of points at the tournament.

Debate
Central High School is home to a nationally recognized policy debate program. The current program was founded by 2007 graduates Molly Schnell and Maureen O'Brien in 2004, the program has since grown to a roster size of 14 in the 2006–2007 season under the leadership of coach Dan Allen. The team qualified juniors Ben Quam and Ilias Karim, who is the brother of Central High School alum Jawed Karim, to the quarterfinals of the Minnesota State High School League Policy Debate Quarterfinals as the fourth seeded team before they were eliminated by Edina High School's seniors Doug Gschneidner and Logan Chin. In 2008, the team consisting of Ilias Karim and Ben Quam faced Highland Park High School at the final round of the Minnesota state debate tournament. In 2010, the team of Laura Johnson and Steve Quam reached the quarter-finals of the Tournament of Champions (debate) and Johnson was the 9th place speaker. Laura Johnson was also the second place speaker at the National Forensic League tournament that year. In 2012, the team of Hannah Nesser and Imanol Avendano reached the semi-finals of the National Urban Debate League tournament. In 2013, Ayaan Natala became the first African-American to reach the final round of the Minnesota State High School League tournament. The school has trophies from debate tournaments going back to the early 20th Century.

Central High School has also improved its Mock Trial team dramatically in recent years. Under the coaching of Stacey Sorensen and Prof. Peter Knapp, the Mock Trial team, captained by Elizabeth "Liz" Lee and PaFoua Hang, reached the state competition for the first time in 2007 as regional champions, and again in 2008 captained by Charlie Armitz and Sarah Ludwig.

Notable alumni

 Neal R. Amundson, head of the University of Minnesota's chemical engineering department, 1949-1974; known as the "father of modern chemical engineering"
 Martin Apple (1956), molecular biologist and president of the Council of Scientific Society Presidents
 Jeanne Arth, former U.S Open Doubles champion and Wimbledon Doubles champion
 Rita Bell, singer and actress
 Micah Boyd, 2008 Summer Olympics crew rower
 Melvin Carter, current mayor of Saint Paul
 Joshua Cain, co-founder and lead guitarist of American pop punk band Motion City Soundtrack
 Elijah Campbell, American football player.
 Midge Decter, editor and author
 Thomas M. Disch, science fiction writer and poet
 John Drew, Minnesota state legislator and businessman
 Colton Dunn, actor and comedian
 Amelia Earhart, aviation pioneer and women's rights advocate, attended briefly before moving to Chicago
 Dave Frishberg, jazz musician and author of "I'm Just a Bill"
 Michael J. George, Minnesota state legislator
 Leigh Kamman, jazz musician and radio host
 Jawed Karim, co-founder of YouTube
 Jeff Loots, gridiron football player
 Harvey Mackay, Chairman of MackayMitchell Envelope and New York Times Best Selling Author of Swim With The Sharks
 Joe Mande, actor and comedian
 E.D.I. Mean, born Malcolm Greenidge, member of rap group Outlawz
 Frederick Joseph Miller, Minnesota state senator and lawyer
 Gordon Parks, photographer, filmmaker, and writer.
 Stacy Robinson, National Football League wide receiver with the New York Giants who has two Super Bowl championships
 John Roethlisberger, three time Olympic gymnast
 Dua Saleh, poet and rapper
 T. Denny Sanford (grad. 1954), banker and ranked #117 on Forbes list of richest Americans
 Charlie Sanders, actor and comedian
 Susie Scanlan, bronze-medal winning fencer at the 2012 Olympics
 Charles M. Schulz, author of the Peanuts comic strip
 Richard M. Schulze, founder of Best Buy
 Max Shulman, a 20th-century American writer and humorist best known for his television and short story character Dobie Gillis
 Don Simensen, American football player
 DJ Skee, DJ, radio personality, producer, and television host
 Danez Smith, poet
 Nick Swardson, actor and stand-up comedian
 Jon Wiener, historian and political commentator
 Stokley Williams, American singer, record producer, and percussionist
 Dave Winfield, Baseball Hall of Fame left fielder

Records
Records of Central High School are available for research use.  They consist of historical data, programs, invitations, and handbooks, pupil lists, subject files, scrapbooks and photographs, documenting a wide variety of school activities and events, and correspondence and newspaper clippings about former pupil Amelia Earhart.

References

External links

Educational institutions established in 1866
High schools in Saint Paul, Minnesota
International Baccalaureate schools in Minnesota
Public high schools in Minnesota
1866 establishments in Minnesota


text:
Элк-Сити (, ) — название нескольких населённых пунктов в США:

Населённые пункты США
 Элк-Сити — статистически обособленная местность в Айдахо.
  — город в Канзасе.
  — город в Оклахоме.

См. также
 Элк () — город в Польше.

 Элк-Айленд (Лосиный остров) — национальный парк в Альберте, Канада.
 Элк-Лейк (Лосиное озеро) — топонимы Канады и США.
 Элк-Маунтин (Лосиная гора) — городок в Вайоминге, США.
 Элк-Крик (Лосиный ручей) — топонимы США.
 Элк-Ривер (Лосиная река) — топонимы Канады и США.
  — музыкальная арт-поп-группа из Нью-Йорка, существующая с 1997 года.