text:
Agnes Smedley (February 23, 1892 – May 6, 1950) was an American journalist, writer, and activist who supported the Indian Independence Movement and the Chinese Communist Revolution. Raised in a poverty-stricken miner's family in Missouri and Colorado, she dramatized the formation of her feminist and socialist consciousness in the autobiographical novel Daughter of Earth (1929).

As a college student during World War I, she organized support for the independence of India from the United Kingdom, receiving financial support from the government of Germany. After the war she went to Germany, where she met and worked with Indian nationalists. Between 1928 and 1941, she lived and worked in China, mainly as a journalist. During the first phase of the Chinese Civil War, she was based in Shanghai and published widely in support of the communist cause; later, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, she traveled with the Eighth Route Army and lived for a time in the communist base in Yan'an.

In addition to Daughter of Earth, Smedley's publications include four non-fiction books on China; reportage for newspapers in the United States, England, and Germany; and a biography of the Chinese communist general Zhu De. She is accused of being a spy for the Comintern, and working with such agents as Richard Sorge, who was among her lovers.

Background

Agnes Smedley was born in Osgood, Missouri, on Feb 23, 1892, the second of five children. In 1901, at the age of nine, she and her family moved to Trinidad, Colorado, where she witnessed many of the events in the 1903–04 coal miners' strike. Her father worked for several of the coal companies in Colorado and the family moved back and forth across southwestern Colorado. She finished eighth grade in Tercio at age 16. At the age of 17, Smedley took the county teacher's examination and taught in rural schools near her home for a semester. She returned home when her mother, Sarah, became ill. Sarah died in early 1910.

Later that year, with the help of an aunt, Smedley enrolled in a business school in Greeley, Colorado, after which she worked as a traveling salesperson. Suffering from physical and emotional stress in 1911, Smedley checked into a sanatorium.  A family friend in Arizona offered her a place to stay after she was discharged, and from 1911 to 1912 Smedley enrolled in Tempe Normal School. She published her first writings as editor and contributor to the school paper, Tempe Normal Student. At Tempe, she became friends with a woman named Thorberg Brundin and her brother Ernest Brundin. Both Brundins were members of the Socialist Party of America and gave Smedley her first exposure to socialist ideas. When the Brundins left Tempe for San Francisco, they invited Smedley to come stay with them, and in August 1912 Smedley married Ernest. The marriage did not last, however; by 1916, Smedley and her husband divorced and at the beginning of 1917, Smedley moved to New York City.

Smedley's sister-in-law, Thorberg Brundin, had herself recently returned to New York, and Smedley was able to stay with Brundin and her husband Robert Haberman in their Greenwich Village home for her first few months in New York.  During her stay with them, Smedley came to know a number of Brundin's acquaintances, including feminist Henrietta Rodman and birth control activist Margaret Sanger.

Career

Indian activism

During this same time, Smedley also became involved with a number of Bengali Indian revolutionaries working in the United States, including M. N. Roy and Shailendranath Ghosh.  Working to overthrow British rule in India, these revolutionaries saw World War I as an opportunity for their cause, and began to cooperate with Germany, which saw in the revolutionaries' activities an opportunity to distract Britain from the European battlefront. The cooperation between the revolutionaries and Germany became known as the Hindu–German Conspiracy, and the United States government soon took action against the Indians. Roy and Ghosh both moved to Mexico, and recruited Smedley to help coordinate the group's activities in the United States during their absence, including operating a front office for the group and publishing anti-allied propaganda. Most of these activities continued to be funded by Germany. Both American and British military intelligence soon became interested in Smedley's activities. To avoid surveillance, Smedley changed addresses frequently, moving ten times in the period from May 1917 to March 1918, according to biographer Ruth Price.

In March 1918, Smedley was finally arrested by the U.S. Naval Intelligence Bureau.  She was indicted for violations of the Espionage Act, first in New York and later in San Francisco. She was imprisoned for two months, and then released on bail through the efforts of friends such as Rodman. Smedley spent the next year and a half fighting the indictments; the New York indictment was dismissed in late 1918, and the government dropped the San Francisco charges in November 1919. Smedley continued working for the next year on behalf of the Indians who had been indicted in the Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial. She then moved to Germany, where she met an Indian communist, Virendranath Chattopadhyaya, whom she lived with for the next several years in Germany, involved with various left-wing causes. Apart from Chatto, she had also an affair with an Indian student from Oxford, Barkat Ali Mirza, who had been to Berlin in 1926. He wanted an Islamic marriage, which she refused.

In 1928, she finished her autobiographical novel Daughter of Earth. She then left Chattopadhyaya and moved to Shanghai, initially as a correspondent for a liberal German newspaper. Daughter of Earth was published in 1929 to general acclaim.

Years in China

In China, Smedley served as a correspondent for the Frankfurter Zeitung and the Manchester Guardian.  She covered many topics, including the Anti-Japanese War as a major war correspondent.  She was also in Xi'an during the Xi'an Incident of December 1936, and made broadcasts in English for the rebels.  She then reported on the Second Sino-Japanese War during the Second United Front.  She first travelled with the 8th Route Army in 1937 and then with the New Fourth Army in 1938–39, as well as visiting some units of the non-Communist Chinese army.

Smedley had a sexual relationship with Richard Sorge, a Soviet spymaster, while in Shanghai, and probably with Ozaki Hotsumi, a correspondent for the Asahi Shimbun. Later he translated Smedley's Daughter of Earth into Japanese. She introduced Sorge to Ozaki, who became Sorge's most important informant in Japan. Maj. Gen. Charles A. Willoughby, who served with Gen. Douglas MacArthur's chief of intelligence, claimed that Smedley was a member of the anti-Japanese Sorge spy ring.  After the war, Smedley threatened to sue Willoughby for making the accusation.  Ruth Price, author of the most recent and extensive biography of Smedley, writes that there is very strong evidence in former Soviet archives that Smedley was indeed a spy who engaged in espionage for the Comintern and on behalf of the Soviet Union. Soviet archives also make it clear that Smedley's connection to the Comintern ended in 1936.

In 1937 she applied for membership in the Chinese Communist Party but was rejected due to Party reservations about her lack of discipline and what it viewed as her excessive independence of mind.  Smedley was devastated by this rejection but remained passionately devoted to the Chinese communist cause.

Smedley left Yan'an in 1937; thereafter she organized medical supplies and continued writing. From 1938 to 1941, she visited both Communist and Kuomintang forces in the war zone.  It was during her stay with Communist forces in Yan'an, after the Long March, that she conducted extensive interviews with General Zhu De, the basis of her book on him. She was helped later with her book by the actress and writer Wang Ying who was living in the USA during the 1940s.

It is recorded that this is the longest tour of the Chinese war front conducted by any foreign correspondent, male or female.

Final years

She relocated to Washington, DC in 1941 to advocate for China and authored several works on China's revolution. In the mid 1940s she was an influential voice in support of the Chinese Communists on public forums and NBC radio.  Her 1944 book Battle Hymn of China (Knopf) was widely read and reviewed.  During the 1940s she lived at Yaddo, a writer's colony in upstate New York and lived at times with Edgar Snow.  In 1947 she was accused of espionage by General McArthur and followed by the FBI.  Feeling pressure, she left the U.S. in the autumn of 1949. She died in the UK in 1950 after surgery for an ulcer.

Her ashes were buried at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing in 1951.

Legacy

Smedley's final book, a biography of Zhu De, was incomplete at the time of her death. It was published in 1956.

Smedley is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor.

According to PBS, in her work as triple agent for Communists in China, India, and the Soviet Union, Smedley "was one of the most prolific female spies of the 20th century."

Bibliography

Main works

Daughter of Earth (1929)
Chinese Destinies: Sketches of Present-Day China (1933)
China's Red Army Marches (1934)
China Fights Back: An American Woman with the Eighth Route Army (1938)
Battle Hymn of China (1943, republished in 1984 as China Correspondent)
The Great Road: The Life and Times of Chu Teh (1956, published posthumously)

Miscellaneous

Stories of the Wounded: An Appeal for Orthopaedic Centres of the Chinese Red Cross (1941, pamphlet)
"After the Final Victory," published in Asia Magazine and included in Ernest Hemingway's edited collection Men at War
Portraits of Chinese Women in Revolution (1976, anthology, edited by Jan and Steve MacKinnon)

See also
 Jack Belden – fellow correspondent in China
 Xu Zhimo – Chinese poet with whom Smedley was romantically involved
 Anna Louise Strong – fellow supporter of Chinese communism

References and further reading
 Agnes Smedley, "Cell Mates," from Call Magazine (Sunday supplement to the New York Call) 15, 22, 29 February, 14 March 1920, reprinted in

 Willoughby, Charles Andrew (1952) Shanghai Conspiracy: The Sorge Spy Ring: Moscow, Shanghai, Tokyo, San Francisco, New York. E.P. Dutton and Co., New York (reprinted, Boston: Western Islands, 1965).

Notes

External links

Agnes Smedley from the Arizona State University Hayden Library archives
"Secrets, Lies, and Atomic Spies" from Nova
"A Passionate Warrior with No Compromise" from China Through A Lens
"From the Midwest to the Far East" by Jeffrey Wasserstorm from Global Journalist.
Agnes Smedley materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
Agnes Smedley and China's Red Army
Agnes Smedley in the Sino-Japanese War, and how she was persecuted in the McCarthy Era

1892 births
1950 deaths
Hindu–German Conspiracy
People from Sullivan County, Missouri
Writers from Missouri
American women journalists
American expatriates in China
American spies for the Soviet Union
Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery
20th-century American women
20th-century American people


text:
The 400 metres, or 400-meter dash, is a sprint event in track and field competitions. It has been featured in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1964 for women. On a standard outdoor running track, it is one lap around the track. Runners start in staggered positions and race in separate lanes for the entire course. In many countries, athletes previously competed in the 440-yard dash (402.336 m)—which is a quarter of a mile and was referred to as the 'quarter-mile'—instead of the 400 m (437.445 yards), though this distance is now obsolete.

Like other sprint disciplines, the 400 m involves the use of starting blocks. The runners take up position in the blocks on the 'ready' command, adopt a more efficient starting posture which isometrically preloads their muscles on the 'set' command, and stride forwards from the blocks upon hearing the starter's pistol. The blocks allow the runners to begin more powerfully and thereby contribute to their overall sprint speed capability. Maximum sprint speed capability is a significant contributing factor to success in the event, but athletes also require substantial speed endurance and the ability to cope well with high amounts of lactic acid to sustain a fast speed over a whole lap. While considered to be predominantly an anaerobic event, there is some aerobic involvement and the degree of aerobic training required for 400-metre athletes is open to debate.

The current men's world record is held by Wayde van Niekerk of South Africa, with a time of 43.03 seconds. Van Niekerk is also the Olympic record holder. Steven Gardiner is the reigning Olympic Champion. Michael Norman is the current world champion and the world indoor record holder with a time of 44.52 seconds. The current women's world record is held by Marita Koch, with a time of 47.60 seconds. Shaunae Miller-Uibo is the reigning women's Olympic champion and world champion. Femke Bol holds the world indoor record at 49.26 (2023). The men's T43 Paralympic world record of 45.07 seconds is held by Oscar Pistorius.

An Olympic double of 200 metres and 400 m was first achieved by Valerie Brisco-Hooks in 1984, and later by Marie-José Pérec of France and Michael Johnson from the United States on the same evening in 1996. Alberto Juantorena of Cuba at the 1976 Summer Olympics became the first and so far the only athlete to win both the 400 m and 800 m Olympic titles. Pérec became the first to defend the Olympic title in 1996, Johnson became the first and only man to do so in 2000. From 31 appearances in the Olympic Games, the men's gold medalist came from the US 19 times.

Continental records
Updated 22 December 2020.

All-time top 25

Men (outdoor)

Correct as of June 2022.

Women (outdoor)

Correct as of September 2022.

Annulled marks
Christine Mboma ran 48.54 in Bydgoszcz on 30 June 2021, but her performance was removed from the World Athletics database because of Testosterone regulations in women's athletics.
Aminatou Seyni ran 49.19 in Lausanne on 5 July 2019, but her performance was removed from the World Athletics database because of Testosterone regulations in women's athletics.
Yuliya Gushchina ran 49.28 in Cheboksary on 5 July 2012, but her time was annulled after she tested positive for turinabol—a banned steroid—in a 2016 retest of a sample taken from the 2011 World Championships.

Men (indoor)
Correct as of March 2023.

Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 45.08:
Michael Johnson also ran 44.66 (1996) and 44.97 (1995).
Randolph Ross also ran 44.83 (2022), 44.99 (2021).
Michael Norman also ran 45.00 (2018).
Fred Kerley also ran 45.02 (2017), 45.03 (2021).
Akeem Bloomfield also ran 45.02 (2018).
Kahmari Montgomery also ran 45.04 (2019).

Women (indoor)
Correct as of March 2023.

Notes
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 50.46:
Jarmila Kratochvílová also ran 49.64 (1981) and 49.69 (1983).
Femke Bol also ran 49.85 (2023), 49.96 (2023), 50.20 (2023) and 50.30 (2022).
Taťána Kocembová also ran 49.97 (1984).
Natalya Nazarova also ran 49.98 (2006).
Olesya Krasnomovets also ran 50.04 (12 March 2006).
Rhasidat Adeleke also ran 50.45 (4 February 2023, 11 March 2023).

Fastest relay splits

Men

Women

Most successful athletes
3 or more 400-metre victories at the Olympic Games and World Championships:

6 wins: Michael Johnson (USA) - Olympic Champion in 1996 and 2000, World Champion in 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999.
4 wins: Marie-Jose Perec (FRA) - Olympic Champion in 1992 and 1996, World Champion in 1991 and 1995.
3 wins: Cathy Freeman (AUS) - Olympic Champion in 2000, World Champion in 1997 and 1999.
3 wins: Jeremy Wariner (USA) - Olympic Champion in 2004, World Champion in 2005 and 2007.
3 wins: Christine Ohuruogu (GBR) - Olympic Champion in 2008, World Champion in 2007 and 2013.
3 wins: LaShawn Merritt (USA) - Olympic Champion in 2008, World Champion in 2009 and 2013.
3 wins: Wayde van Niekerk (RSA) - Olympic Champion in 2016, World Champion in 2015 and 2017.
3 wins: Shaunae Miller-Uibo (BAH) - Olympic Champion in 2016 and 2020, World Champion in 2022.

The Olympic champion has frequently won a second gold medal in the 4 × 400 metres relay. This has been accomplished 14 times by men; Charles Reidpath, Ray Barbuti, Bill Carr, George Rhoden, Charles Jenkins, Otis Davis, Mike Larrabee, Lee Evans, Viktor Markin, Alonzo Babers, Steve Lewis, Quincy Watts, Jeremy Wariner and LaShawn Merritt; and 4 times by women; Monika Zehrt, Valerie Brisco-Hooks, Olga Bryzgina and Sanya Richards-Ross. All but Rhoden, Markin, Zehrt and Bryzgina ran on American relay teams. Injured after his double in 1996, Johnson also accomplished the feat in 2000 only to have it disqualified when his teammate Antonio Pettigrew admitted to doping.

Olympic medalists

Men

Women

World Championships medalists

Men

Women

World Indoor Championships medalists

Men

Women

 Known as the World Indoor Games

Season's bests

Men

Women

Notes and references

External links

IAAF list of 400-metres records in XML
All-time Masters men's 400 m list
All-time Masters women's 400 m list

Events in track and field
Sprint (running)
Summer Olympic disciplines in athletics

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Dezső Gyarmati (23 October 1927 – 18 August 2013) was a Hungarian water polo player and three-time Olympic champion; he later became the coach of the Hungarian national water polo team. Widely regarded as a "legendary player", Gyarmati was the most decorated player in the history of the sport.

Early life and family
Dezső Gyarmati was born in Miskolc, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén.

He married Éva Székely, a swimmer who was the 1952 Olympic champion in the 200-metre breaststroke. Their daughter Andrea Gyarmati has competed as a backstroke and butterfly swimmer; she received two Olympic medals in 1972, and is a one-time world record holder for the 100 metres butterfly.

Player career
As a left-handed utility player, Gyarmati could play in all positions of the field. He was the most successful water polo player in the history of the Olympics. He participated in five different Summer Olympics, winning three gold medals with the Hungarian team at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, and the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. His team received silver medals at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, and bronze medals at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. Gyarmati became European Champion two times, in 1954 and in 1962. He is widely considered the greatest water polo player of all time.

Gyarmati played a total of 108 matches with the Hungary national team. He was among the fastest water polo players of his time, with a personal record of 58.5 seconds for 100 meters.

Gyarmati played in the famous Blood in the Water match between Hungary and the Soviet Union at the 1956 Olympics, which occurred weeks after the Soviet invasion of Hungary. FINA stated that while it is usually "remembered as the 'Blood bath of Melbourne' after the scenes of the dying minutes, it was team captain Gyarmati who opened the scoring and set up the other three goals Hungary netted while winning 4-0 en route to the title."

Coaching and administrative career

After his competitive years, Gyarmati began working as a water polo coach. He left Europe to coach the Colombian national team from 1970-1971.

Gyarmati then returned to Europe and, from 1972 to 1980, coached the Hungary men's national team. He led them again from 1985 to 1988. Under his coaching, the team gained gold medals at 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, a silver medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, and the bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, making him one of the most successful water polo coaches in Olympic history, and one of a few sportspeople who won Olympic medals in water polo as players and head coaches. They also won the inaugural editions of both the FINA World Championship (in 1973) and the FINA World Cup (in 1979), as well as the European Championship in 1974 and 1977. They were runners-up in the World Championship in 1975 and 1978.

In the 1980s Gyamarti coached Hungarian club teams to several medals in the national league.

Gyarmati served as a member of the board of the Hungarian Water Polo Federation. He also wrote several books about water polo, including a history of Hungarian water polo.

Political career
After the 1989 break-up of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc, Gyamarti entered politics. Benefitting from his achievements and name recognition, he was elected Member of Parliament from the National List of the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) in the 1990 Hungarian parliamentary election. He served as a member of the Committee on Municipality, Public Administration, Internal Security and Police.

He unsuccessfully ran for a parliamentary seat during the 1994 and 1998 parliamentary elections. In 2003, he was appointed as Chairman of the Sports Section of the Fidesz's Cultural Department.

Awards

In addition to his Olympic medals, he received other recognition of his achievements:

1976, Gyarmati was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame. He was awarded the title of Athlete of the Nation in 2004.
He received the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 1994.
In 2010, he received the Grand Cross (the highest civilian award for a non-head of state).

Death
Gyarmati died in Budapest on 18 August 2013 at the age of 85. In a statement, FINA said that they were "in mourning", calling him one of the best water polo players of all time. FINA described him thus: "The left-handed genius could play in all positions of the field. Known for his fearless approach in every game, he was able to decide the biggest clashes single-handedly."

FINA in their statement said that, despite a long illness and "broken" health, he had attended Hungary's last match before the 2013 World Championship and watched Hungary's victory in the Championship from his hospital bed.

See also
 Hungary men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
 List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
 List of players who have appeared in multiple men's Olympic water polo tournaments
 List of multiple Olympic medalists in one event
 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists in one event
 List of Olympic champions in men's water polo
 List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
 List of world champions in men's water polo
 List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
 Blood in the Water match

References

External links

1927 births
2013 deaths
Sportspeople from Miskolc
Hungarian male water polo players
Left-handed water polo players
Water polo utility players
Water polo players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Water polo players at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Hungary in water polo
Olympic silver medalists for Hungary in water polo
Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary in water polo
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Hungarian water polo coaches
Hungary men's national water polo team coaches
Water polo coaches at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Water polo coaches at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Water polo coaches at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1990–1994)


text:
Meliboeus substituens es una especie de escarabajo del género Meliboeus, familia Buprestidae. Fue descrita científicamente por Obenberger en 1919.

Referencias

substituens


text:
The Watford UTC is a 14–19 University Technical College (UTC) in Watford, England that opened in September 2014. The UTC specialises in Event Management, Hospitality and Computer Science.

The UTC's sponsors are the University of Hertfordshire, Hilton Worldwide (whose European base is in Watford), and Twin Technology who specialise in server provision and virtualisation.

History
It was visited by Ofsted in 2017 and declared a good school. In 2018 it failed to set a balanced budget and had its funding monitored by central government.

The school is tiny, and half empty. In 2021 it is planning to open a Key Stage 3 section, teaching eleven year olds.

The Department for Education has confirmed that The Watford UTC will close at the end of the 2022/2023 academic year.

Courses offered

References

External links

UTC
University Technical Colleges
University of Hertfordshire
Educational institutions established in 2014
2014 establishments in England
Secondary schools in Hertfordshire


text:
A galanolakton egy diterpenoid lakton. Megtalálható a természetben a gyömbérben (eredetileg ebből állították elő) és a galangálban. Acetonban oldódik, ezzel vonható ki a gyömbérből. Gátolja az 5-HT3 (szerotonin)receptort.

Források
 Ivan A.Ross: Medicinal Plants of the World

Jegyzetek

Fordítás

Dekalinok
Laktonok
Furánok
Terpének
Növényi biokémia


text:
Botryodiplodia gallae är en svampart som först beskrevs av Ludwig David von Schweinitz, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Petr. & Syd. 1926. Botryodiplodia gallae ingår i släktet Botryodiplodia, ordningen Diaporthales, klassen Sordariomycetes, divisionen sporsäcksvampar och riket svampar.   Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Sporsäcksvampar
gallae


text:
, also known as , is a lake in the municipality of Namsskogan in Trøndelag county, Norway.  The  lake lies about  west of the European route E6 highway and the river Namsen, about  north of the village of Namsskogan.

See also
 List of lakes in Norway

References

Lakes of Trøndelag
Namsskogan


text:
Der Ni'iinlii Njik (Fishing Branch) Territorial Park ist ein 5355,02 km² großer Provinzpark im Nordwesten des kanadischen Territorium Yukon. Der Park liegt etwa 250 km Luftlinie nördlich von Dawson im Zentrum des Porcupine Plateaus. Er ist der größte der Territorial Parks im Yukon.

Bei dem Park handelt es sich um ein Schutzgebiet der IUCN-Kategorie Ib (Wildnisgebiet).

Auf Grund seiner abgeschiedenen Lage und der nicht vorhandenen Anbindung an das öffentliche Straßennetz besuchen den Park nur wenige Besucher.

Anlage
Der Park liegt nördlich des Polarkreises und umschließt den Bear Cave Mountain sowie, östlich des Berges, das Ni'iinlii Njik Ecological Reserve. Im Südwesten grenzt das Ni'iinlii Njik Habitat Protection Area an den Park. Durchflossen wird der Park vom Fishing Branch, einem Quellfluss des Porcupine River.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website (engl.)

Einzelnachweise

Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Nordamerika
Territorial Park in Yukon
Schutzgebiet der IUCN-Kategorie Ib


text:
Saptha exanthista is a species of moth of the family Choreutidae. It is found in the rainforests of north-eastern Queensland as well as New Guinea and Indonesia.

Adults have dark brown wings, with white patches on the forewings and an orange patch on each hindwing.

References

External links

Australian Faunal Directory
Image at choreutidae.lifedesks.org

Choreutidae
Moths of Australia
Moths of Indonesia
Moths of New Guinea
Moths described in 1910


text:
Dynoides amblysinus is a species of isopod in the family Sphaeromatidae.

References

amblysinus


text:
«УНА Штрассен» () — люксембурзький футбольний клуб із міста Штрассен, заснований 1922 року.

Досягнення
  Дивізіон Пошани
  Бронзовий призер (2): 2013, 2015

  Перший дивізіон чемпіонату Люксембургу з футболу (третій рівень)
  Чемпіон (1): 2010/11

Відомі гравці
  Ерик Хоффманн
  Бен Паял
  Даніель Коллетте
  Донован Морі

Джерела
 Офіційний сайт клубу
 Сторінка клубу в соціальній мережі Facebook
 Профіль клубу на сайті transfermarkt.com
 Профіль клубу на сайті soccerway.com
 Профіль клубу на сайті futbol24.com
 Профіль клубу на сайті fifa.com

Футбольні клуби Люксембургу
Футбольні клуби, засновані 1922
1922 у люксембурзькому спорті
Люксембург (округ)
Штрассен


text:
Dubrowsky () is a 1959  Italian - Yugoslav historical drama film  directed by William Dieterle. It is based on the posthumously published 1841 novel Dubrovsky by Alexander Pushkin.

Plot
Russia in 1831: two families, the Dubrowskys and the Petrovichs, have been at loggerheads with each other ever since the nouveau riche Kirila Petrovich once deprived old Dubrowsky of large parts of his property. Dubrowsky's son Vladimir, called Wladja, does not want to submit to this fraud and fights for his rights with all means, especially since he accuses Petrovich of being complicit in his father's death. Eventually he puts himself at the head of other betrayed, especially peasants, who have also been harmed, and the generally disenfranchised.

The young Dubrowsky has to realize how much the people are starving and suffering under the bondage of serfdom and sets himself up as the avenger of the dispossessed by taking it from the rich and giving it to the poor, in the tradition of Robin Hood. In the fight against Petrovich's reign of terror of money, Vladja's love intervenes one day, because the beautiful Masha is, of all people, the daughter of his worst adversary, the landowner Kirila.

Cast
John Forsythe as Vladja Dubrowski
Rosanna Schiaffino as Masha Petrovieh
Paul Dahlke as Kirila Petrovich
William Dieterle as Kirila Petrowitsch
Nerio Bernardi as Governor Fürst Werejski
Guido Celano as Gerichtsvorsitzender
Giulio Donnini as Patnutic
Johanna Hofer as Maria Jegorowna
Bata Živojinović as Russian soldier

References

External links

1959 films
1950s adventure drama films
Yugoslav adventure drama films
Italian adventure drama films
West German films
1950s Italian-language films
1950s English-language films
English-language Italian films
English-language Yugoslav films
Films directed by William Dieterle
Films based on works by Aleksandr Pushkin
Films based on Russian novels
Films scored by Carlo Rustichelli
Films set in the 19th century
Films set in Russia
Remakes of Italian films
1959 drama films
1950s Italian films


text:
Hesperocyon — вимерлий рід псових, який був ендеміком Північної Америки, від південної Канади до Колорадо. Він з'явився в підепоху середини еоцену  42.5–31.0 Ma.

Hesperocyon був найранішим із псових, який еволюціонував після розколу Caniformia-Feliformia приблизно 42 мільйонів років тому.

Цей ранній пес завдовжки 80 сантиметрів більше нагадував віверу. Його тіло і хвіст були довгими і гнучкими, а кінцівки слабкими і короткими. Проте будова кісточок і розподіл зубів показали, що це був пес. Можливо, Hesperocyon був усеїдний — на відміну від гіперм'ясоїдних Borophaginae, які пізніше відокремилися від цієї лінії псових.

Примітки

Роди ссавців
Псові
Ссавці еоцену
Ссавці олігоцену


text:
Danquina (Damkina) é uma deusa suméria, esposa de Enqui (Ea).

Bibliografia

Mitologia suméria


text:
Список футбольных стадионов Венгрии включает в себя стадионы вместимостью свыше 10 000 человек.

Примечания

Венгрия
Футбольные стадионы


text:
Franklin Richards är en figur i superhjälteserien Fantastic Four. Han är son till Reed Richards (Mister Fantastic) och Susan Richards (Invisible Woman), medlemmar av Fantastic Four, och storebror till Valeria Richards. Franklin är en mutant.

Franklin syntes första gången i Fantastic Four Annual #6 i november 1968, och han skapades av Stan Lee och Jack Kirby; sitt namn fick han först 1970. 1985 blev han medlem i ett superhjältegäng i serien Power Pack.

Historia

Eftersom hans föräldrar fick sina superkrafter genom att ha blivit utsatta av kosmisk strålning som förändrat deras gener så föddes Franklin som en mutant. Redan innan han föddes råkade han ut för faror, då strålningen som Susan utsatts för gjorde det svårt för henne att föda barn. När Franklings födsel närmade sig så ökade en märklig form av energi i Susans kropp som hotade både hennes och hennes oföddes sons liv. För att rädda både sin hustru och sin son reste Reed Richards, Ben Grimm(The Thing) och Johnny Storm (The Human Torch) till Negativ Zonen i jakt på den Kosmiska kontrollstaven, det enda föremål som skulle kunna rädda Susan och Franklin. Jakten lyckades och Franklin föddes som ett frisk barn och blev döpt till Franklin Benjamin Richards, efter sin gudfar Ben Grimm och sin morfar Franklin Storm.

Till skillnad från de flesta mutanter som utvecklar sina krafter i tonåren så började Franklins krafter framträda redan när han bara var några år gammal. I vanliga fall skulle Franklins krafter utvecklas medan han växte upp och nå sin fulla potential då han blivit vuxen, men denna process förstördes av Annihilius. Annihilius kidnappade Franklin och använde en maskin för att släppa lös Franklins hela potential. Franklin var dock för ung och för oerfaren för att kunna hantera sina enorma krafter och Reed fruktade att Franklin skulle ödelägga hela planeten. Eftersom Reed inte kunde komma på någon annan lösning använde han en maskin för att placera Franklin i en koma, ur vilken han inte kunde använda sina psykiska krafter.

Några månader senare när roboten Ultron-7 attackerade Fantastic Four blev Franklin påverkad av den energi som roboten utstrålade. Energin väckte Franklin ur sin koma och frigjorde otroliga mängder psykisk energi som övervälvde och besegrade Ultron. Efter detta återställdes Franklins krafter till den nivå de skulle ha varit på om Annihilius inte hade blandat sig i.

Senare använde Franklin sina krafter för att göra sig själv vuxen. I sin vuxna form tog han namnet Avatar och han hade full kontroll över sina väldiga krafter. Men till sinnet var han fortfarande ett barn, och han insåg att han inte var mogen nog att hantera sina krafter, så därför förvandlade han sig tillbaka till ett barn igen. Dessutom upprättade han dämpare som skulle förhindra honom från att använda alla sina krafter till dess att han mognat klart.

Trots att hans krafter var dämpade blev han en medlem i superhjältegänget Power Pack och tog kodnamnet Tattletale. Han hjälpte laget genom att använda sina krafter för att förutspå framtiden. Hans tid med Power Pack blev dock inte så långvarig eftersom hans farfar, Nathaniel Richards, kidnappade honom och tog med honom till framtiden. I framtiden uppfostrade Nathaniel honom i flera år och tränade honom att använda sina krafter. Som tonåring återvände Franklin sedan till nutiden och kallade sig själv för Psi-Lord. När hans pappa blev kidnappad av Hyperstorm och Fantastic Four upplöstes så skapade Franklin sitt eget lag av superhjältar, kallat Fantastic Force.

Hyperstorm insåg att Psi-Lord var ett hot mot hans egen existens och reste genom tiden för att förhindra Nathaniel från att ta med Franklin till framtiden. På så vis upphörde Psi-Lord att existera och Franklin var åter ett barn igen. Strax efteråt blev han kidnappad igen, denna gång av entiteten Onslaught. Onslaught använde Franklins krafter för att försöka omforma verkligheten, men blev till slut besegrad genom att Fantastic Four och the Avengers offrade sig själva. Franklin blev befriad, men var nu föräldralös och togs om han om av Emma Frost och hennes Generation X.

Ovetandes för någon, till och med för Franklin, så hade hans föräldrar och de andra hjältarna som offrat sig i kampen mot Onslaught inte dött. Istället hade Franklin omedvetet använt sina krafter för att skicka dem till en annan värld, en kopia av Jorden som Franklin skapat och som han sedan bar runt på i form av en blå boll. Med hjälp av Ashema, en av the Celestials, fick Franklin veta vad han hade gjort och han fick även ett val, att rädda den värld han skapat eller den värld som han var född i. Franklin lyckades dock tillsammans med sina föräldrar övertyga Ashema att rädda båda världarna, och han återvände till den riktiga världen tillsammans med sina föräldrar och de andra hjältarna.

Återförenad med sina föräldrar flyttade Franklin in i Fantastic Fours nya högkvarter, Pir Fyra, och han fick en undvalp som han döpte till Puppy. Dessutom fick han en syster i form av den tidsresande Valeria Von Doom, som påstod att hon var den framtida dottern till Susan och Fantastic Fours eviga fiende Dr Doom. När den onde Abraxas framträdde och hotade att förgöra hela universum så togs Franklin och Valeria hand om av Roma, universums väktare. Hos Roma fick Franklin veta att Valeria var den lillasyster som han hade sänt iväg, eftersom hon annars skulle ha dött vid födseln. Tillsammans med Valeria stoppade de Abraxas genom att kombinera sina krafter och återskapa Galactus.

Abraxas blev besegrad, men Franklins krafter var utbrända och försvunna. Valeria var åter hans lillasyster, ännu ofödd. Franklin fick äntligen chansen att leva ett normalt liv. Efter att Valeria fötts kände Franklin sig ignorerad och oälskad, vilket ledde till att han omedvetet råkade släppa lös Modulus. Strax efteråt blev han kidnappad för tredje gången, den här gånge av Dr Doom, som sände honom till Helvetet. Han blev snabbt räddad därifrån, men tiden i Helvetet traumatiserade honom svårt. Men med hjälp av sin familj var han snart tillbaka till sitt vanliga jag igen.

Trots att Franklins krafter för alltid skulle vara försvunna har bevis nyligen uppkommit som tyder på motsatsen, då Franklin använde en leksakspistol för att skjuta Norman Osborn i armen.

Krafter

Franklin är en Omega-nivå mutant och besitter en rad otroliga krafter, krafter som han dock ännu inte har full kontroll över. Han har telepatiska krafter, väldiga telekinetiska krafter och till och med kraft att förändra själva verkligheten. Han är av många klassad som den mest kraftfulla mutanten i Marvels universum. Trots hans unga år är hans krafter redan i nivå med the Celestials. Franklins krafter inkluderar:

Verklighetsmanipulation: Förmågan att förändra själva verkligheten, att få en tanke att bli verklig. Franklin är med denna förmåga i det närmast omnipotent och trots att han är så ung kan han redan skapa fick-universum (ett universum som inte är lika stort som vårt eget), han kan alltså skapa hela världar med hjälp av sina krafter.

Telepati: Förmågan att läsa och styra andras tankar samt projektera sina egna tankar till andra. Franklin kan använda denna förmåga till att få folk att göra som han vill, se saker som egentligen inte finns. Han kan radera minnen hos människor och lägga till nya minnen. Han kan i princip kontrollera alla hjärnans funktioner, och hans förmåga begränsas inte av avstånd. Hans telepati är ännu outvecklad, men när han får full kontroll över den kommer den att vara i klass med Charles Xaviers krafter.

Telekinesi: Förmågan att kontrollera rörelsen hos materia och energi med hjälp av tanken. Franklin kan redan som barn använda denna kraft för att lyfta så mycket som 10 ton, dessutom kan han använda den för att lyfta sig själv och därmed flyga i otroliga hastigheter.

Framtidsdrömmar: Förmågan att se vad som ska hända i framtiden i sina drömmar. Franklin kan dock inte se saker som ska hända om de ligger längre än några dagar in i framtiden.

Övrigt

Av de två kraftfullaste verklighetsmanipulatörerna i Marvels universum är Franklin den starkaste, den andra är James Jaspers.
Det spekuleras ofta om att mänskligheten håller på att utvecklas till en övermänsklig ras, och att Franklin kan vara ett tidigt exempel på vad mänskligheten en dag kommer att vara.

Seriefigurer i Marvels universum
Fiktiva figurer från New York
Fiktiva mutanter
Seriefigurer introducerade 1968


text:
This list of rulers of Estonia starts with the ancient counties (maakond) and parishes (kihelkond) each headed by Seniores and Meliores (Elders) as noted by Henry of Livonia. The administrative jurisdiction of the parish and county elders was limited, the counties themselves remained autonomous until the Teutonic and Danish conquest of Estonia in the 13th century. Ending with the states and the rulers of states (starting from the time of the first successful Danish conquest in 1219) who either ruled or laid claims of sovereignty over some parts of the territory of present-day Estonia, as well as the leaders of the independent Republic of Estonia since 1918.

Ancient counties

Alempois
Title: Elder (-1224)

Harju
Title: Elder (-1224)

Järva
Title: Elder (-1224)

Jogentagana
Title: Elder (-1224)

Läänemaa
Title: Elder (-1224)

Mõhu
Title: Elder (-1224)

Nurmekund
Title: Elder (-1224)

Revala
Title: Elder (-1224)

Saaremaa
Title: Elder – It is probable that these men, whose names appear on a treaty with the Order of the Brethren of the Sword in 1251, were the chiefs of administrative units on Saaremaa, Muhu, and Sõrve. Their "signatures" were, in all likelihood, phonetically "Latinized" by the authors of the document.

Ylle
Culle
Enu
Muntelene
Tappete
Yalde
Melete
Cake

Sakala
Title: Elder (-1223)
 before 1211–21 September 1217 Lembitu
 21 September 1217 – ? Unnepeve
 Meeme

Ugandi
Title: Elder (-1224)

Vaiga
Title: Elder (-1224)

Virumaa
Title: Elder (-1224)
 Kyriavanus
 Tabelinus

Rulers of Estonia

Part of the Kingdom of Denmark

House of Estridsen

In 1346, Northern Estonia is sold to the Livonian Order. This Order was already ruling Southern Estonia since 1237.

Southern Estonia

Bishoprics of Livonia (Bishopric of Riga) and Estonia (Bishopric of Leal)

Livonian Order

 1237–1238 Hermann Balk (Balke)
 1238–1241 Dietrich von Grüningen
 1241–1244 Andreas von Velven (Felben)
 1244–1245 Heinrich von Heimburg
 1245–1247 Dietrich von Grüningen
 1247–1253 Andreas von Stirland
 1253–1254 Eberhard von Seine (Seyn)
 1254–1257 Anno von Sangershausen
 1257–1261 Burchard von Hornhausen
 1261 ....... Georg von Eichstadt
 1261–1263 Werner von Breithausen
 1263–1266 Konrad von Mandern (Manstadt)
 1266–1270 Otto von Lutterberg
 1271 ....... Andreas von Westphalen
 1271–1273 Walther von Nordeck (Nortecken)
 1273–1279 Ernst von Ratzeburg (Rassburg)
 1279–1280 Gerhard von Katzenelnbogen
 1280–1282 Konrad von Feuchtwangen
 1282 ....... Mangold von Sternberg (Manhold von Sternberg)
 1282–1288 Wilhelm von Nindorf (Wilken von Endorp, Willekin von Endorp)
 1288–1290 Konrad von Hazzigenstein (Konrad von Hattstein, Konrad von Herzogenstein)
 1290–1293 Halt von Hohembach (Balthasar Holte)
 1294–1295 Heinrich von Dinkelaghe (Heinrich II von Dumpshagen)
 1296–1298 Bruno
 1298–1305 Gottfried von Rogge
 1305–1306 Wennemar I
 1307–1322 Gerhard von Jork (Gerhard II von Jocke, Conrad von Jocke or Conrad von Jorke)
 1322–1324 Konrad Kesselhut (Konrad Ketelhoed, Johannes Ungenade)
 1324–1328 Reimar Hane
 1328–1340 Eberhard von Monheim
 1340–1345 Burchard von Dreileben
 1345–1346 Goswin von Herike

Northern and Southern Estonia (reunited)

Livonian Order

 1346–1359 Goswin von Herike
 1359–1364 Arnold von Vietinghof
 1364–1385 Wilhelm von Friemersheim (Vrymersheim, Vrimersheim)
 1385–1388 Robin von Eltz
 1388–1389 Johann von Ohle
 1389–1401 Wennemar von Bruggenei (Wennemar Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye, Wolmer von Brüggeney)
 1401–1413 Konrad von Vietinghof
 1413–1415 Dietrich Tork
 1415–1424 Siegfried Lander von Spanheim
 1424–1433 Cysse von Rutenberg (Zisse, Cisse von dem Rutenberg)
 1433–1435 Frank von Kersdorf
 1435–1437 Heinrich von Bockenvorde (Schüngel)
 1438–1450 Heinrich Vincke von Oberbergen (Overberg)
 1450–1469 Johann von Mengeden (Osthoff)
 1470–1471 Johann Wolthus von Herse
 1471–1483 Bernhard von der Borch
 1483–1494 Johann Freitag von Loringhoven
 1494–1535 Wolter von Plettenberg
 1535–1549 Hermann von Bruggenei (Hermann Hasenkamp von Brüggeneye)
 1549–1551 Johann von der Recke
 1551–1557 Heinrich von Galen
 1557–1559 Johann Wilhelm von Fürstenberg
 1559–1561 Gotthard Kettler

1247–1251 vacant
1251–1263 Unknown person
1263–1268 Alexander
1268–1288 Friedrich von Haseldorf
1289–1299 Bernhard I
1303–1312 Dietrich II Vyshusen
1312–1313 vacant
1313–1323 Nikolaus (acting)
1323–1341 Engelbert von Dolen
1341–1342 vacant
1342–1344 Wescelus
1344–1346 vacant
1346–1373 Johannes I Viffhusen
1373–1377 Heinrich I Velde
1377–1379 vacant
1379–1400 Dietrich III Damerow
1400–1400 vacant
1400–1410 Heinrich II Wrangel
1410–1411 vacant
1411–1413 Bernhard II Bülow
1413–1440 Dietrich IV Resler
1440–1442 vacant
1442–1459 Bartholomäus Savijerwe
1459–1468 Helmich von Mallinkrodt
1468–1468 vacant
1468–1473 Andreas Peper
1473–1473 vacant
1473–1485 Johannes II Bertkow
1485–1485 vacant
1485–1498 Dietrich V Hake
1498–1499 vacant
1499–1505 Johannes III von der Rope
1505–1513 Gerhard Schrove
1513–1514 vacant
1514–1514 Johannes IV Duesborg
1514–1518 Christian Bomhower
1518–1518 vacant
1518–1527 Johannes V Blankenfeld, Archbishop of Riga (1524–1527)
1527–1532 vacant
1532–1543 Johannes VII Bey
1543–1544 vacant
1544–1551 Jodokus von der Recke (Jost von der Recke)
1551–1554 vacant
1554–1558 Hermann II Wesel

In 1558, during the Livonian War, Dorpat ceased to exist.

1229–1234 vacant
1234–1260 Heinrich I
1260–1262 vacant
1262–1285? Herman I de Bekeshoevede
1285?–1290? vacant
1290?–1294 Heinrich II
1294–1297? vacant
1297?–1307? Konrad I
1307?–1310 vacant
1310–1321 Hartung (Garttungus)
1321–1322 vacant
1322–1337 Jakob
1337–1338 vacant
1338–1362 Hermann II Osenbrügge
1362–1363 vacant
1363–1374 Konrad II
1374–1381 Heinrich III
1381–1385 vacant
1385–1419 Winrich von Kniprode
1419–1420 vacant
1420–1423 Kaspar Schuwenflug
1423–1423 vacant
1423–1432 Christian Kuband
1432–1432 vacant
1432–1438 Johannes I Schutte
1438–1439 vacant
1439–1449 Ludolf Grove (acting)
1449–1449 Ludolf Grove (acting in Saaremaa (Ösel)); Johannes II Creul (in Läänemaa (Wiek); Bishop since 1939)
1449–1457 Ludolf Grove (in Saaremaa (Ösel)); Johannes II Creul (in Läänemaa (Wiek))
1457–1458 Ludolf Grove
1458–1458 vacant
1458–1463 Johannes Vatelkanne (acting)
1463–1468 Johannes Vatelkanne (acting); Jodokus Hoenstein (Bishop since 1460)
1468–1471 Jodokus Hoenstein
1471–1471 vacant
1471–1491 Peter Wedberg (Wetberch)
1491–1515 Johannes III Orgas
1515–1527 Johannes IV Kievel
1527–1527 vacant
1527–1530 Georg von Tiesenhausen
1530–1532 vacant
1532–1541 Reinhold von Buxhövden
1532–1534 Reinhold von Buxhövden (in Saaremaa (Ösel); Wilhelm (acting in Läänemaa (Wiek))
1534–1541 Reinhold von Buxhövden
1541–1542 vacant
1542–1559 Johannes V von Münchhausen
1559–1572 Magnus, Duke of Holstein
1572–1573 vacant

In 1573, Ösel-Wiek was annexed by Denmark.

Duchy of Estonia

Part of the Swedish Empire (1561–1721)

House of Vasa

|width=auto|Eric XIV (Erik XIV)  1561– 29 September 1568||||Tre Kronor (castle), 13 December 1533 son of Gustav I and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg||Karin Månsdotter||Died (Poisoned) while imprisoned in Örbyhus Castle, 26 February 1577. Aged 43, buried at Västerås Cathedral
|-
|width=auto|John III (Johan III) 30 September 1568 – 17 November 1592||||Stegeborg Castle, Östergötland, 20 December 1537 son of Gustav I and Margaret Leijonhufvud||Catherine Jagellonica (1562 – 1583),Gunilla Bielke (1585–1597)||Tre Kronor (castle), 17 November 1592, aged 54, buried at Uppsala Cathedral
|-
|width=auto|Sigmund (Sigismund) 17 November 1592 – 24 July 1599||||Gripsholm Castle, 20 June 1566, son of John III and Catherine Jagellonica of Poland.||Anna of Austria (1592–1598),Constance of Austria (1605–1631)||Warsaw, Poland, 30 April 1632, aged 65, buried at Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, Poland
|-
|width=auto|Charles IX (Karl IX)  22 March 1604 – 30 October 1611  also as regent Duke Charles, 1599–1604||||Tre Kronor (castle), 4 October 1550 son of Gustav I and Margaret Leijonhufvud||Maria of Palatinate-Simmern (1579–1589),Christina of Holstein-Gottorp (1592–1611)||Nyköping Castle, 30 October 1611, aged 61, buried at Strängnäs Cathedral
|-
|width=auto|Gustav II Adolph (Gustav II Adolf)  30 October 1611 – 6 November 1632||||Tre Kronor (castle), 9 December 1594, son of Charles IX and Christina of Holstein-Gottorp.||Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg||6 November 1632, in the Battle of Lützen, Electorate of Saxony, aged 37, buried in Riddarholmen Church
|-
|width=auto|Christina (Kristina) 6 November 1632 – 6 June 1654||||Stockholm, 8 December 1626, daughter of Gustavus Adolphus and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg||Unmarried||Rome, 19 April 1689, aged 62, buried at St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
|-
|}

House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch of the House of Wittelsbach

|Charles X Gustav (Karl X Gustav)  6 June 1654 – 13 February 1660||||Nyköping Castle, 8 November 1622, son of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg and Catharina of Sweden (daughter of Charles IX)||Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp||Gothenburg, 13 February 1660, aged 37, buried in Riddarholmen Church
|-
|Charles XI (Karl XI)  13 February 1660 – 5 April 1697||||Tre Kronor (castle), 24 November 1655 son of Charles X and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp||Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark||Tre Kronor (castle), 5 April 1697, aged 41, buried in Riddarholmen Church
|-
|Charles XII (Karl XII)  5 April 1697 – 30 November 1718||||Tre Kronor (castle), 17 June 1682 son of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder||Unmarried||Fredrikshald, Norway, 30 November 1718, aged 36, buried in Riddarholmen Church
|-
|Ulrica Eleanor (Ulrika Eleonora) 5 December 1718 – 29 February 1720||||Tre Kronor (castle), 23 January 1688 daughter of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder||Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel||Stockholm, 24 November 1741, aged 53, buried in Riddarholmen Church
|-
|}

House of Hesse

|width=auto|Frederick (Fredrik I av Hessen) 24 March 1720 – 10 September 1721||||Kassel, (in today's Germany), 23 April 1676 son of Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel and Princess Maria Amalia of Courland||Louise Dorothea of Prussia Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden||Stockholm, 25 March 1751, aged 74, buried in Riddarholmen Church
|-
|}

On 10 September 1721, Sweden ceded Estonia to the Tsardom of Russia, in the Treaty of Nystad.

Governors during Swedish rule
1561–1562
1562–1562 Henrik Klasson Horn
1562–1564 Svante Stensson Sture
1564–1565
1565–1568 Henrik Klasson Horn
1568–1570
1570–1572
1572–1574 Clas Åkesson Tott
1574–1575 Pontus de la Gardie
1576–1578
1576–1577 Nilsson Hans Eriksson Finne
1577–1580
1580–1581
1582–1583 Göran Boije af Gennäs (2nd time)
1583–1585 Pontus De la Gardie
1585–1588
1588–1588 Hans Wachtmeister
1588–1590 Gustaf Axelsson Banér
1590–1592
1592–1600 Göran Boije af Gennäs (3rd time)
1600–1601
1601–1602
1605–1608 Axel Nilsson Ryning
1611–1617 Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna
1617–1619 Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud
1619–1622 Jacob de la Gardie
1622–1626 Per Gustafsson Banér
1626–1628
1628–1642
1642–1646
1646–1653
1653–1655
1655–1656
1656–1674
1674–1681 Andreas Lennartson Torstensson
1681–1687 Robert Johannson Lichton
1687–1704 Axel Julius De la Gardie
1704–1706 Wolmar Anton von Schlippenbach
1706–1709 Niels Jonsson Stromberg af Clastorp
1709–1710 Carl Gustaf von Nieroth

Part of the Russian Empire (1721–1917)

House of Romanov

Governors during Russian rule
1710–1711 Rudolph Felix Bauer – General-Governor
1711–1719 Prince Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov – General-Governor
1719–1728 Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin – General-Governor
1728–1736 Friedrich Baron von Löwen
1736–1738 Sebastian Ernst von Manstein
1738–1740 Gustaf Otto Douglas
1740–1743 Woldemar von Löwendahl
1743–1753 Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck (1696–1775)
1753–1758 Prince Vladimir Petrovich Dolgorukiy
1758–1775 Peter August Friedrich von Holstein-Beck – General-Governor
1775–1792 Count George Browne – General-Governor
1783–1786 Georg Friedrich von Grotenhielm
1786–1797 Heinrich Johann Baron von Wrangell
1797–1808 Andreas von Langell
1808–1809 Peter Friedrich Georg von Oldenburg (1784–1812)
1809–1811 Vacant
1811–1816 Grand Duke Paul Friedrich August von Oldenburg (1783–1853)
1816–1819 Berend Baron Üxküll
1819–1832 Gotthard Wilhelm Baron Budberg von Bönninghausen
1832–1833  Otto Wilhelm von Essen
1833–1841 Paul Friedrich von Benckendorff
1842–1859 Johann Christoph Engelbrecht von Grünewaldt
1859–1868 Wilhelm Otto Cornelius Alexander Ulrich
1868–1870 Mikhail Nikolaiyevich Galkin-Vraskoy
1870–1875 Prince Mikhail Valentinovich Shakhovskoiy-Glebov-Strezhnev
1875–1885 Viktor Petrovich Polivanov
1885–1894 Prince Sergey Vladimirovich
1894–1902 Yefstafiy Nikolaiyevich Skalon
1902–1905 Aleksey Valerianovich Bellegarde
1905–1906 Nikolay Georgiyevich von Bünting
1906–1907 Pyotr Petrovich Bashilov
1907–1915 Izmail Vladimirovich Korostovetch
1915–1917 Pyotr Vladimirovich Veryovkin

Russian Provisional Government, 1917

Title: Chairman (1917)

Georgy Evgenyevich Lvov (15 March (2 March) – 21 July (8 July) 1917)

Title: Prime Minister (1917)

Alexander Kerensky (21 July (8 July) – 7 November (25 October) 1917)

Part of the German Empire (1917–1918)

House of Hohenzollern

The Russian Revolution of 1917
(independent de facto)

Title: Chairman of the Soviet Executive Committee of Estonia (Eestimaa Nõukogude Täitevkomitee esimees) (1917–18)

Jaan Anvelt (5 November (23 October) 1917 – 4 March 1918)

(independent de jure)

Title: Gouvernement Commissioner (Kubermangukomissar) (1917–18)

Jaan Poska (28 November (15 November) 1917 – 24 February 1918)

Republic of Estonia

Title: Prime Minister (Peaminister) (1919–1920)

Otto August Strandman (9 May – 18 November 1919)
Jaan Tõnisson (18 November 1919 – 28 July 1920)
Ado (Aadu) Birk (28 – 30 July 1920)
Jaan Tõnisson (30 July – 26 October 1920)
Ants Piip (26 October – 20 December 1920)

Title: Head of State (Riigivanem) (1920–34)

Ants Piip (20 December 1920 – 25 January 1921)
Konstantin Päts (25 January 1921 – 21 November 1922)
Juhan (Johann) Kukk (21 November 1922 – 2 August 1923)
Konstantin Päts (2 August 1923 – 26 March 1924)
Friedrich Karl Akel (26 March 1924 – 16 December 1924)
Jüri Jaakson (16 December 1924 – 15 December 1925)
Jaan Teemant (15 December 1925 – 9 December 1927)
Jaan Tõnisson (9 December 1927 – 4 December 1928)
August Rei (4 December 1928 – 9 July 1929)
Otto August Strandman (9 July 1929 – 12 February 1931)
Konstantin Päts (12 February 1931 – 19 February 1932)
Jaan Teemant (19 February 1932 – 19 July 1932)
Kaarel Eenpalu (19 July 1932 – 1 November 1932)
Konstantin Päts (1 November 1932 – 18 May 1933)
Jaan Tõnisson (18 May 1933 – 21 October 1933)
Konstantin Päts (21 October 1933 – 24 January 1934)

Title: Prime Minister acting Head of State (Peaminister Riigivanema ülesannetes) (1934–37)

Konstantin Päts (24 January 1934 – 3 September 1937)

Title: President-Regent (Riigihoidja) (1937–1938)

Konstantin Päts (3 September 1937 – 24 April 1938)

Title: President of the Republic (1938–40)

Konstantin Päts (24 April 1938 – 21 June 1940)
Johannes Vares (21 June – 21 July 1940 (Prime Minister acting as the President of Repuvblic, Soviet-installed collaborant)

Title: Prime Minister acting President (Peaminister Vabariigi Presidendi ülesandeis) (1940–92)

Jüri Uluots (21 June 1940 – 9 January 1945)
August Rei (9 January 1945 – 29 March 1963)
Aleksander Varma (Warma) (30 March 1963 – 23 December 1970)
Tõnis Kint (23 December 1970 – 1 March 1990)
Heinrich Mark (1 March 1990 – 15 September 1992)

Title: Acting Prime Minister (Peaministri asetäitja) (since 1944)

Otto Tief (18 September 1944 – 12 January 1944, since 10 October 1944 Soviet prisoner)
Johannes Sikkar
Aleksander Warma
Tõnis Kint
Heinrich Mark
Enno Penno

Title: Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (in the body of Soviet Union) (1990–91)

Arnold Rüütel (8 May 1990 – 20 August 1991)

Title: Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariigi Ülemnõukogu esimees) (1991–92)

Arnold Rüütel (20 August 1991 – 6 October 1992)

United Baltic Duchy
Title: Regent Councillor (1918)

Adolf Pilar von Pilchau (9–19 November 1918)

Commune of the Working People of Estonia
Title: Chairman of the Council of The Commune of the Working People of Estonia (Eesti Töörahva Komuuna Nõukogu esimees) (1918–19)

Jaan Anvelt (29 November 1918 – 5 June 1919)

Estonia during the Soviet occupation
Title: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Estonian SSR (Eesti NSV Ülemnõukogu Presiidiumi esimees) (1940–88)

Johannes Vares-Barbarus (21 July 1940 – 29 November 1946)
Nigol Andresen (1946–47)
Eduard Päll (1947–50)
August Jakobson (1950–58)
Johan Eichfeld (1958–61)
Aleksei Müürisepp (1961 – 7 October 1970)
Aleksander Ansberg (1970)
Artur Vader (22 December 1970 –  25 May 1978)
Meta Vannas (acting chairman; 1978)
Johannes Käbin (1978–83)
Arnold Rüütel (8 April 1983 – 8 May 1990)

Title: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia (1990–1992)

Arnold Rüütel (8 May 1990 – 6 October 1992)

Soviet Union
Title: Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union  (1940–91)

Joseph Stalin (1940–53)
Nikita Khrushchev (1953–64)
Leonid Brezhnev (1964–82)
Yuri Andropov (1982–84)
Konstantin Chernenko (1984–85)
Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–91)

Reichskommissariat Ostland
Title: Führer und Reichskanzler (1941–44)
Adolf Hitler (7 July 1941 – 24 November 1944)
Title: Generalkomissar für Estland (1941–44)
Karl-Siegmund Litzmann (5 December 1941 – 18 September 1944)
Title: Eesti Omavalitsuse juht (1941–45)
Hjalmar Mäe (15 September 1941 – 4 January 1945)

See also
History of Estonia
President of Estonia
List of Swedish monarchs
List of Russian monarchs
Lists of office-holders

References

Estonia history-related lists

Estonia
Lists of Estonian people


text:
Жовто́брюшка рудолоба (Eremomela turneri) — вид горобцеподібних птахів родини тамікових (Cisticolidae). Це рідкісний вид, що мешкає в регіоні Африканських Великих озер.

Опис
Довжина птаха становить 8-9 см. Верхня частина тіла сіра, на лобі руда пляма. Нижня частина тіла біла з чорним "комірцем" і сірими боками. У молодих птахів верхня частина тіла оливково-куоричнев, нижня частина тіла світла.

Підвиди
Виділяють два підвиди:
 E. t. kalindei Prigogine, 1958 — схід ДР Конго, південно-західна Уганда;
 E. t. turneri Van Someren, 1920 — західна Кенія.

Поширення і екологія
Рудолобі жовтобрюшки живуть в гірських і рівнинних тропічних лісах, зустрічаються на висоті від 470 до 1900 м над рівнем моря.

Збереження
МСОП класифікує стан збереження цього виду як близький до загрозливого. За оцінками дослідників, популяція рудолобих жовтобрюшок становить від 13 до 34 тисяч птахів. Їм загрожує знищення природного середовища. В Уганді птах не спостерігався з 1970-х років. Найбільша популяція рудолобих жовтобрюшок мешкає в лісі Південного Нанді, друга за чисельністю — в лісі Какамега.

Примітки

Тамікові
Птахи, описані 1920
Птахи Демократичної Республіки Конго
Птахи Кенії
Птахи Уганди


text:
Actinia cinerea is een zeeanemonensoort uit de familie Actiniidae. De anemoon komt uit het geslacht Actinia. Actinia cinerea werd in 1854 voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Gay.

Zeeanemonen


text:
Calavorno è una frazione del comune italiano di Coreglia Antelminelli, nella provincia di Lucca, in Toscana.

Il borgo è situato nei pressi del fiume Serchio.

Storia
Le origini del paese potrebbero risalire all'epoca romana; secondo la tradizione lo stesso toponimo sarebbe da ricondurre a un presunto patrizio di nome Vornius che abitava in questo.

In epoca altomedievale fece parte del feudo dei Ronaldinghi di Loppia, che qui possedevano un castello e un ospedale intitolato a san Leonardo e situato nei pressi del ponte; ciò è testimoniato da un atto del 1171 conservato all'Archivio arcivescovile di Lucca. L'ospedale rimase attivo fino al XIV secolo, quando andò incontro a un forte degrado che si concluse con il suo abbandono e il trasferimento dello stesso a Ghivizzano nel 1564.

Secondo l'annalista Tolomeo, nel 1187 il castello di Calavorno fu dato alle fiamme e distrutto dai Lucchesi come rappresaglia in seguito a una ribellione ordita insieme al popolo di Ghivizzano.

Finito sotto la giurisdizione di Lucca, entrò a fare parte della vicaria di Coreglia. Nel 1345 Calavorno fu teatro della battaglia tra l'esercito guidato dal conte Ettore da Panigo e da Filippo Gonzaga, e quello dei pisani. Il 12 maggio 1355, tramite diploma sottoscritto a Pisa, l'imperatore Carlo IV di Lussemburgo affidò la contea di Coreglia a Francesco Castracani degli Antelminelli, comprendente anche la comunità di Calavorno.

Perse le fortificazioni e l'ospedale, in età moderna il borgo iniziò a essere conosciuto come Capanne di Vitiana, riprendendo l'antica denominazione solo all'inizio del XX secolo in seguito al ripopolamento dovuto alla costruzione della strada provinciale e della stazione ferroviaria.

Monumenti e luoghi d'interesse

Architetture religiose

La chiesa parrocchiale di Calavorno è dedicata ai santi Leonardo e Silvestro ed è situata nei pressi del ponte sul fiume Serchio. Risulta menzionata come cappella al servizio dell'ospedale nel 1187, con la dedicazione a san Nicolai. Durante la visita pastorale del monsignore Matteo Trenta nel 1451, la chiesa è interdetta in quanto fortemente pericolante; lo stesso avvenne durante la visita di Alessandro Guidiccioni del 1559, a testimonianza dell'ormai stato di rovina del complesso ospedaliero, che venne infatti poco dopo trasferito a Ghivizzano. Ottenuta la dedicazione a san Leonardo, nel corso del XVII secolo la chiesa venne totalmente rinnovata, come testimoniato da un disegno di Giovanni Mazzarosa del 1666.

Nel 1935 la chiesa subì dei lavori di ampliamento con l'allungamento della navata che compromisero la facciata storica dell'edificio.

Architetture civili
Il ponte a due arcate di Calavorno, già documentato in epoca alto-medievale, fu ricostruito nel 1376 con i fondi delle comunità limitrofe di Coreglia, Ghivizzano, Gioviano, Lucignana, Tereglio e Vitiana, con l'approvazione del Consiglio generale di Lucca; si registrano altri lavori di rafforzamento e ristrutturazione nel 1557, nel 1657, nel 1690 e nel 1733. Distrutto dai tedeschi durante la seconda guerra mondiale, fu ricostruito provvisoriamente in ferro dagli americani e poi definitivamente abbattuto. Un nuovo ponte venne edificato poco distante dal luogo originario, nel punto dove sorge la chiesa parrocchiale.

Infrastrutture e trasporti

Calavorno è stata servita nel corso del XX secolo da una propria stazione ferroviaria, posizionata sulla ferrovia Lucca-Aulla. La stazione fu operativa a partire dal 1911, quando il 27 luglio di quell'anno venne inaugurato il tratto Bagni di Lucca-Castelnuovo di Garfagnana, e chiuse tra il 1999 e il 2003.

Note

Bibliografia

Voci correlate
 Operazione Wintergewitter (1944)

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Frazioni di Coreglia Antelminelli


text:
El águila volatinera (Terathopius ecaudatus) es una especie de ave accipitriforme de la familia Accipitridae, la única del género Terathopius. Está ampliamente distribuida por el África subsahariana. No se reconocen subespecies.

El águila volatinera recibe su nombre debido a sus excepcionales capacidades de vuelo y de maniobrar en el aire, superiores a las normales entre las rapaces que vuelan a cielo abierto. Sin embargo, no es un superpredador, ya que centra su atención en presas más pequeñas.

Tiene un aspecto inconfundible, debido a su aspecto romo y masivo, pero con un plumaje oscuro y su cabeza y garras adornadas con tonos rojos vivos en patas y cara, mientras que el cuerpo es de un profundo color pizarra de tono azulado; el reverso de las alas es de color gris plateado, similar al de las gaviotas. Estas adaptaciones permiten a la especie no ser distinguida desde el suelo, ya que el color plateado de su parte baja se confunde con el fondo del cielo, mientras que las partes oscuras protegen su cuerpo de los rayos solares. Por el contrario, los inmaduros son de un profundo color castaño, lo que en el pasado hizo creer que eran especies diferentes.

Pertenece a la subfamilia Circaetinae y está emparentada con la culebrera europea.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Accipitridae
Aves de África
Géneros monotípicos de aves
Taxones descritos por François Marie Daudin
Animales descritos en 1800


text:
Dánia a mexikói Mexikóvárosban megrendezett 1968. évi nyári olimpiai játékok egyik részt vevő nemzete volt. Az országot az olimpián 11 sportágban 64 sportoló képviselte, akik összesen 8 érmet szereztek.

Érmesek

Atlétika

Férfi

Női

Birkózás

Kötöttfogású

Evezés

Kajak-kenu

Férfi

Kerékpározás

Országúti kerékpározás

Pálya-kerékpározás
Sprintverseny

Időfutam

Tandem

Üldözőversenyek

Ökölvívás

Öttusa

Sportlövészet

Nyílt

Torna

Férfi

Női

* - egy másik versenyzővel azonos eredményt ért el

Úszás

Férfi

Női

* - egy másik versenyzővel azonos időt ért el

Vitorlázás

Nyílt

* - egy másik versenyzővel azonos eredményt ért el

Források

N1968
Dánia


text:
Chastonay ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Elsa de Chastonay (1918–2007), Schweizer Ärztin
 Paul de Chastonay (1870–1943), Schweizer Jesuit und Publizist


text:
India Allen, född 1 juni 1965 i Portsmouth, Virginia, är en amerikansk fotomodell och skådespelare. Hon utsågs till Playboys Playmate of the Month för december 1987 och till Playmate of the Year för 1988.

Externa länkar

 India Allen - Miss December 1987

Amerikanska fotomodeller
Playboy Playmates
Amerikanska skådespelare under 1900-talet
Skådespelare från Virginia
Personer från Portsmouth, Virginia
Födda 1965
Levande personer
Kvinnor


text:
Eurhadina fujina är en insektsart som beskrevs av Yang och Li 1991. Eurhadina fujina ingår i släktet Eurhadina och familjen dvärgstritar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Dvärgstritar
fujina


text:
Drugs.com és una enciclopèdia farmacèutica en línia que proporciona informació sobre medicaments per a consumidors i professionals sanitaris, principalment als EUA.

El lloc web de Drugs.com és propietat i operat pel Drugsite Trust, una organització privada administrada per dos farmacèutics neozelandesos, Karen Ann i Phillip James Thornton. El lloc conté una biblioteca d'informació que inclou contingut de Cerner Multum, Micromedex de Truven Health Analytics, Wolters Kluwer Health, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dels Estats Units, ADAM ., Stedmans, AHFS, Harvard Health Publications, Mayoclinic, North American Compendiums i Healthday.

Història
El domini Drugs.com va ser registrat originalment per Bonnie Neubeck el 1994. L'any 1999, durant el boom del puntcom, Eric MacIver va comprar una opció per comprar el domini a Neubeck. L'agost de 1999, MacIver va vendre el domini a la subhasta per 823.666 dòlars americans a Venture Frogs, una incubadora de startups dirigida per Tony Hsieh i Alfred Lin, coneguda per la seva participació a LinkExchange i posteriorment a Zappos.com. Venture Frogs va vendre el nom de domini drugs.com a un inversor privat el juny de 2001, permetent que Hsieh i Lin se centressin en Zappos.com.

El lloc web de Drugs.com es va llançar oficialment el setembre de 2001. El març de 2008 va anunciar la publicació de Mednotes  —una sol·licitud de registre de medicació personal en línia que es connectava a Google Health (el 24 de juny de 2011 Google va anunciar que es retirà Google Health l'1 de gener de 2012). Al maig de 2010, la FDA dels Estats Units va anunciar una col·laboració amb Drugs.com per distribuir les actualitzacions de salut del consumidor al lloc web i a la plataforma mòbil de Drugs.com.

Referències

Drogues
Llocs web de medicina


text:
IGR J17091-3624 (також IGR J17091) є подвійною зоряною системою з чорною дірою зоряної маси у 28000 світлових роках від Землі в напрямку сузір'я Скорпіона в Чумацькому Шляху.

Відкриття
IGR J17091 буда виявлена супутником Європейського космічного агентства INTEGRAL в квітні 2003 року.

Опис
IGR J17091 є подвійною системою, в якій зоря обертається навколо чорної діри зоряної маси (оцінюється у 3-10 мас Сонця.). Малий розмір чорної діри робить її кандидатом на найменшу відому чорну діру та є на межі мінімального розміру чорної діри зоряних мас для поточного віку Всесвіту.

Спостереження за допомогою рентгенівської обсерваторії «Чандра» в 2011 році виявили, що чорна діра утворює найшвидший з відомих зоряний вітер з акреційного диска (32,2 млн км на годину або 3 % від швидкості світла). Це в 10 разів швидше, ніж наступна виміряна швидкість зоряного вітру. За словами Ешлі Кінг з Університету штату Мічиган: «всупереч поширеній думці, що чорні діри затягують весь матеріал, який наближається до них, за нашими оцінками, до 95 % речовини акреційного диску навколо чорної діри IGR J17091 викидається вітром назовні».

IGR J17091 також виявляє особливі патерни рентгенівської змінності або «серцебиття» — маленькі, квазі-періодичні сплески, які повторюються на періодах від 5 до 70 секунд. Аналогічна змінність спостерігалася ще тільки в чорній дірі, GRS 1915+105, однак сплески IGR J17091 у 20 разів слабші.

Див. також
 Список чорних дір
 Мікро-чорна діра
 Випромінювання Гокінга

Примітки

Посилання
 NASA's Chandra Finds Fastest Winds From Stellar-Mass Black Hole  — Chandra.Harvard.edu
 NASA's RXTE Detects 'Heartbeat' of Smallest Black Hole Candidate  — NASA.gov, з анімацією

Чорні діри
Скорпіон (сузір'я)
Рентгенівські подвійні


text:
El  fue una designación no oficial dado a ciertos estadistas japoneses jubilados de prestigio, considerados como los "padres fundadores" del Japón moderno, y sirvieron como consejeros extraconstitucionales informales del Emperador, durante el Imperio de Japón (1868-1945).

La institución del genrō se originó con el consejo tradicional de mayores (Rōjū) establecido en el Shogunato Tokugawa (1603-1868); sin embargo, el término comenzó a nombrarse a partir de un periódico en 1892. El término era confundido ocasionalmente con el Genrōin (Cámara de Mayores), un cuerpo legislativo que existió entre 1875 y 1890; sin embargo, el genrō no se estableció o se disolvió de manera definitiva.

Los líderes que experimentaron la Restauración Meiji fueron escogidos por el Emperador Meiji con el nombre de , y actuaban como consejeros imperiales. Con la excepción de Saionji Kinmochi, todos los genrō provenían de familias samurái de mediana o baja categoría, cuatro cada uno de Satsuma y Chōshū, dos de los antiguos dominios que fueron decisivos en el derrocamiento del antiguo shogunato Tokugawa en la guerra Boshin de la Restauración Meiji de 1867 y 1868. Los genrō tenían el derecho de escoger y nominar a los Primeros Ministros ante el Emperador para su aprobación.

Los primeros siete genrō fueron antiguos miembros del Sangi (Consejo Imperial) que fue abolido en 1885. También son conocidos por algunos historiados como la oligarquía Meiji, a pesar de que no todos los oligarcas Meiji eran genrō.

La institución expiró en 1940, con la muerte del último genrō, Saionji Kinmochi.

Lista de genrō

 Itō Hirobumi (Chōshū)
 Kuroda Kiyotaka (Satsuma)
 Ōyama Iwao (Satsuma)
 Inoue Kaoru (Chōshū)
 Saigō Tsugumichi (Satsuma)
 Matsukata Masayoshi (Satsuma)
 Yamagata Aritomo (Chōshū)
 Katsura Tarō (Chōshū)
 Saionji Kinmochi (Kuge)

Referencias

 Gordon, Andrew (2003). A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511061-7.
 Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japanv. Belknap Press. ISBN 0-674-00991-6.
 Omura, Bunji (1937, reedición de 2004). The Last Genro: Prince Saionji, Japan's "Grand Old Man"''. Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7103-0917-1.

Política de Japón
Imperio de Japón
Palabras y frases en japonés
Términos históricos japoneses


text:
Kiki Bertens (* 10. Dezember 1991 in Wateringen) ist eine ehemalige niederländische Tennisspielerin.

Karriere
Bertens begann im Alter von sechs Jahren mit dem Tennissport.
Den ersten Sieg auf der WTA Tour sicherte sie sich am 28. April 2012 mit dem Gewinn des Turniers in Fès, bei dem sie als Qualifikantin an den Start gegangen war. Auf ihrem Weg zum Titel besiegte sie unter anderem die als Nummer 6 gesetzte Chanelle Scheepers sowie die an Position 5 gesetzte Simona Halep.

Bei den French Open stand sie 2014 erstmals im Achtelfinale eines Grand-Slam-Turniers; sie unterlag dort Andrea Petković knapp mit 6:1, 2:6 und 5:7.

Im Doppel feierte sie 2015 ihren ersten WTA-Titel, als sie an der Seite von Johanna Larsson das Turnier von Hobart gewann. Im selben Jahr gewann sie auch die Doppelkonkurrenz von Båstad.

Ihren zweiten WTA-Titel gewann sie 2016 beim Nürnberger Versicherungscup. Auch bei diesem Turnier musste sie erst die Qualifikation überstehen. Anschließend gewann sie auch noch die Doppelkonkurrenz; es war bereits ihr dritter Doppeltitel mit Johanna Larsson als Partnerin. Bei den French Open erreichte sie, unter anderem nach einem Auftaktsieg über Angelique Kerber, erstmals das Halbfinale eines Grand-Slam-Turniers. Dort unterlag sie Serena Williams in zwei Sätzen. Im Saisonverlauf sicherte sie sich mit Larsson außerdem die Doppeltitel in Linz und Luxemburg.

Beim Nürnberger Versicherungscup 2017 konnte sie ihren Vorjahrestitel im Einzel verteidigen; es war ihr dritter WTA-Einzeltitel. Sie ist die bislang einzige Spielerin, die dieses Turnier zweimal gewinnen konnte. Im Damendoppel gewann sie im selben Jahr mit Johanna Larsson auch das Turnier in Auckland; es war ihr sechster Doppeltitel auf der WTA Tour.

Seit 2011 spielte Bertens auch äußerst erfolgreich für die niederländische Fed-Cup-Mannschaft; von ihren 32 Partien hat sie 27 gewonnen (Einzelbilanz: 21:2).

In der deutschen Bundesliga spielte Kiki Bertens für den TC Blau-Weiss Bocholt, mit dem sie 2011 Vizemeisterin sowie 2012, 2013 und 2014 deutsche Mannschaftsmeisterin wurde. Seit der Saison 2016 spielt sie für den Bundesligaaufsteiger DTV Hannover.

Nach den olympischen Sommerspielen in Tokio 2021 beendete sie ihre Karriere.

Turniersiege

Einzel

Doppel

Turnierbilanz

Einzel

Doppel

Weblinks

 Website von Kiki Bertens (niederländisch)

Einzelnachweise

Billie-Jean-King-Cup-Spielerin (Niederlande)
Olympiateilnehmer (Niederlande)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2016
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2020
Niederländer
Geboren 1991
Frau


text:
2-га гвардійська мотострілецька Таманська ордену Жовтневої революції Червонопрапорна ордену Суворова дивізія ім. М. І. Калініна  — з'єднання мотострілецьких військ Радянської армії, що існувало у 1940—1992 роках.

Після розпаду СРСР дивізія увійшла до складу Збройних сил РФ як 2-га гвардійська мотострілецька дивізія.

Історія

Влітку 1940 року була створена 127-ма стрілецька дивізія у Харкові.

Дивізія воювала у складі Західного, Резервного, Брянського, Південно-Західного, Південного, Північно-Кавказького, Закавказького, 1-го Прибалтійського, 2-го Білоруського фронтів й у Окремій приморській армії.

Брала участь у Смоленській битві 1941 року, Орловсько-Брянській операції, оборонних боях при Курську й Тимі 1941 року, битві за Кавказ, Новоросійсько-Таманській, Керченсько-Ельтигенській десантній, Кримській, Білоруській, Прибалтійській й Східно-Пруській операціях.

Завершила війну 17 квітня 1945 року на Земландському півострові.

За прорив Блакитної лінії й наступ на Таманському півострові 9 жовтня 1943 року дивізія перейменована на 2-гу гвардійську стрілецьку Таманську Червонопрапорну ордену Суворова дивізію імені М. І. Калініна.

У грудні 1953 року дивізія переформована у 23-тю гвардійську механізовану дивізію.

23 березня 1957 року дивізія переформована у 23-тю гвардійську мотострілецьку дивізію.

17 листопада 1964 року дивізія перейменована на 2-гу гвардійську мотострілецьку дивізію.

1983 року зі складу дивізії виведений 404-й гвардійський мотострілецький полк й на його базі створена 27-ма гвардійська окрема мотострілецька бригада.

Після розпаду СРСР дивізія увійшла до складу Збройних сил РФ як 2-га гвардійська мотострілецька дивізія.

Склад

Командири
 Іван Волошин, генерал-майор — (1964—1965);
 Іван Теніщев, генерал-майор — (1965—1968);
 Юрій Хворостьянов, генерал-майор — (1968—1977)
 Генадій Лобачов, генерал-майор — (1977—1979);
 Владислав Полковніцин, генерал-майор — (1979—1982);
 Леонід Золотов, генерал-майор — (1982—1985);
 Олександр Марьїн, генерал-майор — (1985—1988);
 Валерій Марченков, генерал-майор — (1988—1992);

Примітки

Джерела

Мотострілецькі дивізії СРСР
Військові формування, розформовані 1992


text:
Среднее — село в Верховском районе Орловской области. Относится к Галичинскому сельскому поселению. На 2017 год в Среднем числится 8 улиц и 1 переулок

Основано в 1792 году кубанскими
 казаками. В 1869 году была построена каменная церковь Казанской иконы Божьей Матери на месте деревянной церкви Михаила Архангела.

В 1876 году в селе проживало 3600 человек. Во время Гражданской войны там шли сильные бои, церковь была разрушена.В 1919 году село было захвачено деникинцами. Также на сельском кладбище находится захоронение красноармейца, расстрелянного в 1919 году белагвардейцами. В 1930-е годы шла коллективизация.Во время которой пострадало ряд единоналичников и кулаков. В 1957 году произошла их реабилитация как свидетельствует сайт МЕМОРИАЛ. В годы Великой Отечественной войны шли сильные бои.На территорий села в общей могиле похоронен Герой Советского Союза.
В послевоенное время был создан искусственный пруд и плотина. Действовала школа и клуб, а также почта, библиотека, медпункт.

Население

Примечания

Населённые пункты Верховского района


text:
Muʻa (wallisianisch für "zuerst"; auch Mua) ist einer der drei Distrikte des Königreichs von Uvea im französischen Überseegebiet Wallis und Futuna im Pazifik. Er nimmt das südliche Drittel der Insel Uvea ein und grenzt im Norden an Hahake.

Geografie
Der nördliche Teil ist eher dünn besiedelt und von Wald bedeckt, während sich entlang der Südküste viele Siedlungen befinden. Muʻa ist Uveas Distrikt mit den meisten Dörfern, allerdings nicht mit den meisten Einwohnern. Im Nordwesten an der Grenze zu Hahake befindet sich der Lac Lalolalo ( Lalolalo-See). Die im Süden vorgelagerten Inseln Faloa, Nukuatea, Nukumoto, Fenua Foʻou, Motu o Tupa, Îlot St. Christophe, Nukuato und Nukufetau gehören auch zu Muʻa. Alle Inseln gehören zu den Wallis-Inseln.

Muʻa besteht aus zehn Dörfern mit eigenem Dorfvorsteher, denen ein Faipule als Verwalter des Distrikts vorsteht:

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Wallis und Futuna)
Uvea (Königreich)
Politik (Wallis und Futuna)


text:
Mantador es una ciudad ubicada en el condado de Richland en el estado estadounidense de Dakota del Norte. En el Censo de 2010 tenía una población de 64 habitantes y una densidad poblacional de 180,37 personas por km².

Geografía
Mantador se encuentra ubicada en las coordenadas . Según la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, Mantador tiene una superficie total de 0.35 km², de la cual 0.35 km² corresponden a tierra firme y (0 %) 0 km² es agua.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2010, había 64 personas residiendo en Mantador. La densidad de población era de 180,37 hab./km². De los 64 habitantes, Mantador estaba compuesto por el 92.19 % blancos, el 0 % eran afroamericanos, el 3.13 % eran amerindios, el 1.56 % eran asiáticos, el 0 % eran isleños del Pacífico, el 0 % eran de otras razas y el 3.13 % pertenecían a dos o más razas. Del total de la población el 0 % eran hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza.

Personalidades
 Heidi Heitkamp, política

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Ciudades de Dakota del Norte
Localidades del condado de Richland (Dakota del Norte)


text:
Memelichi de Arriba är en ort i Mexiko.   Den ligger i kommunen Ocampo och delstaten Chihuahua, i den nordvästra delen av landet,  km nordväst om huvudstaden Mexico City. Memelichi de Arriba ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Memelichi de Arriba är kuperad, och sluttar österut. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  km väster om Memelichi de Arriba. Runt Memelichi de Arriba är det mycket glesbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Calaveras,  km söder om Memelichi de Arriba. I omgivningarna runt Memelichi de Arriba växer huvudsakligen savannskog.

Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juni, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är januari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är juli, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är maj, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Referenser

Orter i Chihuahua


text:
Delta Centauri is een ster in het sterrenbeeld Centaur. De ster is een subreus en niet te zien vanuit de Benelux.

Externe link

Ster in Centaur
Type B-hoofdreeksster


text:
Shaik Khaja Hassan, im Volksmund unter seinem Pseudonym Devi Priya (15. August 1951 – 21. November 2020) bekannt, war ein Telugu-Dichter und Journalist, der für seine politische Satire bekannt war. Für seine Arbeit Gaali Rangu (deutsch: Farbe des Windes) erhielt er 2017 den Sahitya Akademi Award. Zu seinen berühmten Werken gehörten Adhyakshaa Mannichandi (deutsch: Verzeihung, Präsident), Gareebi Geetaalu (deutsch: Lieder der Armut) und Amma Chettu Chepa Chiluka (deutsch: Mutter, Baum, Fisch und Papagei).

Frühe Lebensjahre
Priya wurde am 15. August 1951 als Shaik Khaja Hassan in Tadikonda, Distrikt Guntur, im damaligen Bundesstaat Madras (heute im Bundesstaat Andhra Pradesh) in Indien geboren. Er studierte Telugu und englische Literatur am Andhra Christian College in Guntur.

Werdegang
Als Journalist war Priya für seine politische Satire bekannt, darunter ein laufendes Stück über aktuelle politische Ereignisse mit dem Titel Running Commentary in der Telugu-Zeitung Udayam. Später gab er den gleichen Kommentar zu lokalen Nachrichtensendern in Telugu-Sprache ab. Er war auch bekannt für seine satirischen Cartoons. Eine Sammlung seiner Zeitungsartikel wurde als Adhyakshaa Mannichandi (deutsch: Pardon me, President) veröffentlicht. Laut The Hindu gilt das Buch als eines der beliebtesten Bücher für Journalisten, Schriftsteller und Politiker in der Landessprache. Während seiner Karriere hatte er als Journalist bei den Telugu-Zeitungen Udayam, Andhra Prabha und Hyderabad Mirror sowie bei der englischen Zeitung The Hans India gearbeitet. In einer Erklärung der Regierung von Andhra Pradesh zu seinem Tod wurde er als einer der ersten und besten politischen Kommentatoren des Staates bezeichnet.

Hinsichtlich seiner Tätigkeiten als Dichter wurde festgestellt, dass er in seinen Gedichten eine feine Balance zwischen "direktem und dekorativem" Vers mitbringt. Für seine Gedichte schöpfte er aus der indischen Mythologie, einschließlich Epen. Zu seinen berühmten Werken gehörten Gareebi Geetaalu (Deutsch: Lieder der Armut) und Amma Chettu Chepa Chiluka (deutsch: Mutter, Baum, Fisch und Papagei). Er war auch Texter für Telugu-Filme, darunter das Lied Jambal Bhari Bhari für Maa Bhoomi (deutsch: Unser Land) und andere Filme, darunter Raguluthunna Bharatham (deutsch: Wütendes Indien) und Pallaki (Deutsch: Sänfte). Seine Vielseitigkeit in den Themen seiner Werke ließ ihn mit dem klassischen Telugu-Schriftsteller und Dichter Sri Sri vergleichen.

Er hatte auch einen englischsprachigen Dokumentarfilm in voller Länge, Music of a Battle, produziert, der auf dem Leben des Balladeers und Aktivisten Gaddar basiert.

Für seine Gedichtsammlung Gaali Rangu (deutsch: Farbe des Windes) wurde er 2017 mit dem Sahitya Akademi Award ausgezeichnet. Er erhielt auch einen UNICEF-Preis für sein Dokumentarfilm-Drehbuch zur Rettung des Mädchens.

Persönliches Leben
Priya war verheiratet und hatte einen Sohn und eine Tochter. Er starb im Alter von 69 Jahren am 21. November 2020 nach kurzer Krankheit im Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences in Hyderabad. Er litt an Diabetes und eines seiner Beine war zuvor nach einer Gangrän amputiert worden.

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Lyrik
Inder
Geboren 1951
Gestorben 2020
Mann


text:
240 је била преступна година.

Догађаји
 Википедија:Непознат датум — Пропаст Сабинијановог устанка против Гордијана III.

Дани сећања

240-е


text:
Hentrich, Petschnigg & Partner (HPP) är en arkitektbyrå i Tyskland med huvudkontor i Düsseldorf. Helmut Hentrich startade tillsammans med Hans Heuser Hentrich & Heuser 1935. Efter Heusers död 1953 började Hentrich arbete med Hubert Petschnigg. Hentrich, Petschnigg & Partner skapades 1959 då Hentrich, Petschnigg och ytterligare sex arkitekter gick samman i en gemensam arkitektbyrå.

Byrån specialiserade sig på förvaltningsbyggnader (offentliga byggnader och kontor) och blev en Tysklands ledande arkitektbyråer. Hentrich, Petschnigg & Partner har ritat flera kända kontorsbyggnader runt om i Tyskland. Under 1960- och 1970-talet gjorde skapade man huvudkontor för flera tyska storkoncerner, bland annat Bayer-Hochhaus, Unilever-Haus, Thyssen-Haus och Rank Xerox. Under senare år har man bl.a. skapat Veltins-Arena i Gelsenkirchen (2001).

De verk som skapades av Hentrich, Heuser och Petschnigg innan skapandet av HPP räknas in i Hentrich, Petschnigg & Partner, bland dem BASF-Hochhaus.

Byggnadsverk
Thyssen-Haus (Dreischeibenhaus) Düsseldorf 1957–1960
Bayer-Hochhaus Leverkusen 1960–1963
Unilever-Haus Hamburg 1961–1964
KHD Hochhaus, Köln 1961-1964
Palais Nesselrode - Hetjens Museum, Düsseldorf 1961-1967
WDR Westdeutscher Rundfunk, Köln 1962-1970
Europa-Center Berlin 1963-1964
Ruhr-Universität Bochum 1963-1972
Evangelische Bonhoeffer Kirche Düsseldorf 1964–1965
Oberfinanzdirektion Münster 1966
Verwaltungszentrum Procter & Gamble, Schwalbach/Taunus 1967-1970
Huvudkontor Rank Xerox Düsseldorf 1968–1970
Finnlandhaus, Hamburg
Standard Bank Center Johannesburg 1965–1970
Hauptverwaltung TÜV Rheinland e.V., Köln-Poll 1970-1974
Diamond Sorting Building, Kimberley, Rep.Südafrika 1971-74
RWI-Haus, Düsseldorf 1971-1974
Haus Hentrich Düsseldorf 1973–1974
Hauptverwaltung Rheinische Braunkohlenwerke, Köln 1973-1976
Tonhalle Düsseldorf 1973-1978
Marriott Riyadh Hotel, Saudi-Arabien 1977-1981
Innenministerium NRW, Düsseldorf 1977-1980
Trianon-Hochhaus - BfG Bank für Gemeinwirtschaft, Frankf.a.M. 1988-1993
Sheraton Hotel, Essen 1979-1981
Forum Hotel, Mecca, Saudi-Arabien 1980-1983
Handelsblatthaus, Düsseldorf 1980-1983
Olivandenhof, Köln 1987-1988
Stadtsparkasse Köln 1990–1992
Haus des Buches, Leipzig 1993-1996
Tabakmoschee "Yenidze", Dresden 1993-1996
Neven DuMont Haus, Köln 1994-1998
Eurotower, Frankfurt am Main 1994-1995
Veltins-Arena, Gelsenkirchen 1997-2001
Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus, Bundesmin. d. Finanzen, Berlin 1997-2000

Externa länkar
Hentrich, Petschnigg & Partner

Tyska företag
Hentrich
Företag bildade 1959
Tyska arkitekter under 2000-talet


text:
The Cook County, Illinois, general election was held on November 6, 2012.

Primaries were held March 20, 2012.

Elections were held for Clerk of the Circuit Court, Recorder of Deeds, State's Attorney, all three seats on the Board of Review, three seats on the Water Reclamation District Board, and judgeships on the Circuit Court of Cook County.

Election information
2012 was a presidential election year in the United States. The primaries and general elections for Cook County races coincided with those for federal races (President and House) and those for state elections.

Voter turnout
Voter turnout in Cook County during the primaries was 24.03%, with 644,701 ballots cast. Among these, 440,873 Democratic, 200,750 Republican, 112 Green, and 2,966 nonpartisan primary ballots were cast. The city of Chicago saw 24.46% turnout, its lowest turnout for a presidential primary on record (with the records dating back to 1942). Suburban Cook County saw 23.63% turnout.

The general election saw 70.59% turnout, with 2,030,563 ballots cast. Chicago saw 73.01% turnout and suburban Cook County saw 70.70% turnout.

Clerk of the Circuit Court

In the 2012 Clerk of the Circuit Court of Cook County election,  incumbent third-term Clerk Dorothy A. Brown, a Democrat, was reelected.

Primaries

Democratic

Republican
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Republican primary. The Republican Party ultimately nominated Diane S. Shapiro.

General election

Recorder of Deeds

In the 2012 Cook County Recorder of Deeds election,  incumbent Recorder of Deeds Eugene Moore, a Democrat, did not seek reelection. Moore had served as Recorder of Deeds since 1999. Karen Yarbrough was elected to succeed him.

Primaries

Democratic

Republican
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Republican primary. The Republican Party ultimately nominated Sherri Griffith.

General election

State's Attorney

In the 2012 Cook County State's Attorney election,  incumbent first-term State's Attorney Anita Alvarez, a Democrat, was reelected.

Only Democrats had held this office ever since Richard A. Devine unseated Republican Jack O'Malley in 1996.

Primaries

Democratic

Republican
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Republican primary. The Republican Party ultimately nominated Lori S. Yokoyama.

General election

Cook County Board of Review

In the 2012 Cook County Board of Review election,  all three seats, two Democratic-held and one Republican-held, were up for election. All incumbents won reelection.

The Cook County Board of Review has its three seats rotate the length of terms. In a staggered fashion (in which no two seats have coinciding two-year terms), the seats rotate between two consecutive four-year terms and a two-year term. This was the first year since 2002 that all three seats were coincidingly up for election.

As these were the first elections held following the 2010 United States Census, the seats faced redistricting before this election.

1st district

Incumbent first-term member Dan Patlak, a Republican first elected in 2010, was reelected. This election was to a four-year term.

Primaries

Democratic

Republican

General election

2nd district

Incumbent member Michael Cabonargi, a Democrat appointed in 2011 after Joseph Berrios resigned to assume office as Cook County Assessor, was reelected to a full term, running unopposed in both the Democratic primary and general election. This election was to a four-year term.

Primaries

Democratic

Republican
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Republican primary.

General election

3rd district

Incumbent second-term member Larry Rogers, Jr., a Democrat, was reelected, running unopposed in both the Democratic primary and general election. Rogers had last been reelected in 2008. This election was to a two-year term.

Primaries

Democratic

Republican
No candidates, ballot-certified or formal write-in, ran in the Republican primary.

General election

Water Reclamation District Board

In the 2012 Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago election, three of the nine seats on the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago board were up for election in an at-large election.

Incumbent Democrats Debra Shore and Patricia Horton sought reelection. Horton failed to garner renomination, thus losing reelection.

Shore won reelection. Joining Shore in winning the general election were Democrats Kari K. Steele and Patrick Daley Thompson.

Primaries

Democratic

Republican

General election

Judicial elections
12 judgeships on the Circuit Court of Cook County were up for partisan elections due to vacancies. 56 Circuit Court judgeships were up for retention elections.

23 subcircuit court judgeships were also up for partisan elections due to vacancies. Multiple subcircuit court judgeships were also up for retention elections.

Other elections
Coinciding with the primaries, elections were held to elect both the Democratic and Republican committeemen for the wards of Chicago.

See also

 2012 Illinois elections

References

Cook County
Cook County, Illinois elections
Cook County 2012
Cook County


text:
La Celle-Saint-Avant – miejscowość i gmina we Francji, w Regionie Centralnym, w departamencie Indre i Loara.

Według danych na rok 1990 gminę zamieszkiwało 1097 osób, a gęstość zaludnienia wynosiła 62 osoby/km² (wśród 1842 gmin Regionu Centralnego La Celle-Saint-Avant plasuje się na 357. miejscu pod względem liczby ludności, natomiast pod względem powierzchni na miejscu 759.).

Bibliografia

Celle-Saint-Avant


text:
Peter Stanley is a prominent Australian military historian, who specialises in the military-social experience of war in the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centuries. In a career spanning over three decades, Stanley has worked as an Historian and later Head of the Military History Section at the Australian War Memorial (1980–2007), Head of the Centre for Historical Research at the National Museum of Australia (2007–13) and, since 2013, as Research Professor at the University of New South Wales in the Australian Centre for the Study of Armed Conflict and Society. Starting in 1977—and as at 2019—Stanley has written (or co-written) 27 books and edited eight others, published two novels and co-authored a booklet, and composed at least 46 chapters in books and anthologies, 59 journal articles, seven encyclopaedia entries and numerous papers. In 2011, his book Bad Characters: Sex, Crime, Mutiny, Murder and the Australian Imperial Force (2010) was the joint winner of the Prime Minister's Prize for Australian History.

Books

Novels

Booklets

Edited books

Articles and chapters

Book chapters

Chapters in anthologies

Journal articles

Conference proceedings

Encyclopaedia entries

Popular history articles

References

Bibliographies of Australian writers
Bibliographies of history


text:
Раннє Середньовіччя  Епоха вікінгів  Золота доба ісламу  Реконкіста

Геополітична ситуація

Візантію очолює Василій II Болгаробійця. Малолітній Оттон III є формальним правителем Священній Римській імперії.
Королем Західного Франкського королівства став, принаймні формально, Гуго Капет.

Апеннінський півострів розділений між численними державами: північ належить Священній Римській імперії,  середню частину займає Папська область, на південь від Римської області  лежать невеликі незалежні герцогства, деякі області на півночі та на півдні належать Візантії, інші окупували сарацини. Південь Піренейського півострова займає займає Кордовський халіфат на чолі з Хішамом II. Північну частину півострова займають королівство Астурія і королівство Галісія та королівство Леон, де править Бермудо II.
Королівство Англія очолює Етельред Нерозумний.

У Київській Русі триває правління Володимира. У Польщі править Мешко I.  Перше Болгарське царство частково захоплене Візантією, в іншій частині править цар Самуїл. У Хорватії править король Степан Држислав.  Великим князем мадярів є Геза.

Аббасидський халіфат очолює ат-Таї, в Єгипті владу утримують Фатіміди, в Середній Азії — Саманіди, починається становлення держави Газневідів. У Китаї продовжується правління династії Сун. Значними державами Індії є Пала, Пратіхара, Чола. В Японії триває період Хей'ан.

Події
 Візантійський василевс Василій II Болгаробійця пішов війною на болгар.
 Продовжувалися сутички між королем Гуго Капетом та Карлом, герцогом Нижньої Лотарингії.
 У Франції шириться рух за божий Мир.

Народились

Померли

Примітки

Див. також
Список керівників держав 990 року
990-ті


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Ну́р ад-Ди́н Мухáммад II, также 'А'лá' Мухáммад (1148 — 1210) — исмаилитский-низаритский имам Аламутского периода, который правил дольше всех повелителей (Худаванд) Аламута. Он подтвердил политику своего отца, Хасана 'Ала-Зикрихи'с-Салама, который был зарезан через год после провозглашения киямата.

Биография

Имя и почётные звания
Известен как «А'ла ад-Дин» в некоторых рукописях «Калам-и-Пира» и некоторыми другими историками. В других рукописях «Калам-и-Пира» он упоминается как Зия ад-Дин. Рашид ад-Дин называет его Нур ад-Дином, но Ходжсон считает, что это сомнительно.

Происхождение
Известно, что Мухаммад II был плодовитым писателем, и развил доктрину своего отца о киямате. Нур ад-Дин Мухаммад II утверждал, что у его отца и у него самого была альтернативная генеалогия, которая отрицала происхождение от Мухаммада ибн Бузург-Умида, который был лишь кажущимся отцом, скорее настаивал на том, что его отец был «сыном потомка Низара, который тайно нашёл убежище в деревне близ Аламута».

Бернард Льюис пишет в своей книге, что:

Период Ала Мухаммада был более продолжительным, в течение которого не было войн между исмаилитами и соседними правителями. Вполне возможно, что Аббасиды и сельджуки находились в упадке и были неспособны атаковать исмаилитские замки.

Последовательность
Нур ад-Дин Мухаммед II родился в замке Аламут. Когда он стал лидером Аламута, он немедленно отомстил за смерть своего отца, казнив убийцу своего отца, Хасана ибн Намавара (который, по-видимому, не мог мириться с реформами и притязаниями Хасана 'Ала-Зикрихи'с-Салама и хотел восстановить шариат) и родственников последнего, став преемником своего отца в девятнадцать лет. Этот акт положил конец всем оставшимся членам династии Буидов.

Внешнее воздействие

Доктрина киямата, по-видимому, не соблюдалась внешними группами, и политически Льюис утверждает, что:

В этот период было больше взаимодействия с сирийской общиной низаритов и знаний о ней, которую возглавлял да'и Рашид ад-Дин Синан, известный как «Старец Горы» из источников крестоносцев.

Киямат аль-Кияма
Киямат был провозглашён на мероприятии 8 августа 1164 года Хасаном 'Ала-Зикрихи'с-Саламом. По этому случаю он собрал различных да'и из разных уголков мира. Киямат в некотором смысле завершает эпоху и знаменует начало новой. Насир ад-Дин Туси далее развил и согласовал доктрину киямата в своём «Раузат аль-Таслим» («Сад покорности»), где он настаивает на том, что киямат — это не просто единичное событие в конце времён, но это переходный период, когда открытая истина, или «хакика» (духовность и вечная истина религии), раскрывается.

Смерть
В 607 году/сентябре 1210 года Нур ад-Дин Мухаммад II умер, возможно, из-за отравления. Его преемником стал его сын Джалал ад-Дин Хасан III, который отверг политику своего отца, и приказал своим последователям следовать шариату.

Разногласия
Современные суннитские источники ничего не упоминают о киямате низаритов Аламутского периода, и некоторые историки утверждают, что этот период и знания о его событиях, по-видимому, оставались ограниченными, пока монголы не разрушили замок Аламут, и сунниты нашли там свои письмена (и написали об этом десятилетия спустя). Одним из основных средств, с помощью которых мы получаем информацию об их писаниях и истории, являются (предвзятые и неблагоприятные) истории Джувейни (Тарих-и Джахангушай-и Джувейни), Рашида ад-Дина (Джами ат-Таварих) и Кашани (Зубдат ат-таварих). Однако до нас дошёл один анонимный низаритский трактат под названием «Хафт Баб-и Баба Сайидна», датируемый временем Мухаммада II, который даёт нам некоторое представление о доктрине киямата этого периода. Однако даже этот источник не является современным документом, фиксирующим фактическое провозглашение киямата.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Исмаилиты
Низариты