text:
Carnaval de Belo Horizonte é uma festa popular realizada anualmente na capital de Minas Gerais. É composto por desfiles de escolas de samba, blocos de rua em diversos bairros da cidade, bailes fechados, e concursos musicais.

História

A primeira festa de Carnaval em Belo Horizonte aconteceu em 1897, antes mesmo da inauguração da cidade. A folia na capital mineira ficou mais organizada nos anos seguintes, com a criação de grandes sociedades carnavalescas, a exemplo do que era feito no Rio de Janeiro. O primeiro grupo de carnaval de Belo Horizonte chamava-se Club Demônios de Luneta, de 1899. Nos anos seguintes, também ficaram famosos os corsos carnavalescos. Nos anos 50 e 60, os jornais concorrentes Estado de Minas e Folha de Minas promoviam desfiles para disputar quem fazia a melhor festa. O carnaval foi muito popular até os anos 1990. Depois de quase 20 anos de ostracismo, a festa ressurgiu em 2009, com blocos carnavalescos em protesto contra o prefeito Marcio Lacerda. A festa foi crescendo a cada ano apenas com a iniciativa popular.

Características próprias

Escolas de samba e blocos caricatos

O evento é realizado tradicionalmente, desde 1959. Entre 1992 e 2003 não houve desfile. Retornou em 2004, se fortalecendo a cada ano. Em 2011 o desfile passou a ser realizado no Boulevard Arrudas, entre os Viadutos de Santa Tereza e Floresta, na Região Centro-Sul da capital. Até então, o desfile era realizado na Via 240, na Região Norte da cidade. as ligas que controlam o carnaval Belohorizontino são: LIAC (Liga Independente das Agremiações Carnavalescas), Samba Dez e ACBC (Associação Cultural dos Blocos Caricatos). sendo que em 2005, houve um racha de dirigentes descontentes com os rumos do carnaval da capital mineira e decidiram fundar a Samba Dez, que junto com a LIAC. organiza os desfiles das escolas de samba e a ACBC, organiza os blocos caricatos, tradição do carnaval Belohorizontino. em 2007, não teve uma campeã do carnaval e sim uma campeã por quesito julgado, como:harmonia, bateria, mestre sala e porta bandeira, alegorias, samba e enredo, fazendo a premiação de uma forma diferente. no ano de 2013, o desfile dos blocos carnavalescos teve um crescimento, levando uma multidão as ruas de BH.

Bailes
No começo da década de 1980, o Clube Atlético Mineiro realizava no Ginásio do Mineirinho o Baile do Galo, que já teve participação da apresentadora Xuxa Meneghel.

Bandas e serestas carnavalescas
A tradição das bandas carnavalescas em Belo Horizonte vem desde o primeiro carnaval, em 1897, quando homens vestidos de mulher desfilaram atrás de carroças fantasiadas, da Praça da Liberdade até a Avenida Afonso Pena.

Em 2012, a marchinha "Na coxinha da madrasta", criada pelo compositor Flávio Henrique Alves, inspirado em polêmica envolvendo o vereador Léo Burguês, foi a vencedora do Concurso de Marchinhas Mestre Jonas e virou o hit da Banda Mole. A marchinha teve um grande sucesso e ganhou repercussão nacional. e realizada pelo SESC de Minas Gerais, a seresta e uma parceria com a Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte e Belotur, na Praça Duque de Caxias, em Santa Teresa.

Blocos de rua
Belo Horizonte acompanhou um renascimento do carnaval com a criação de pequenos blocos de rua a partir de 2009. O então prefeito Marcio Lacerda impôs uma série de restrições a eventos nas ruas, mesmo de menor porte, sem autorização da prefeitura, Foi criado o Bloco da Praia da Estação, como crítica bem humorada às proibições. Vários outros blocos foram surgindo nos anos seguintes, em geral levantando bandeias de diversidade cultural e apropriação do espaço público. O movimento que começou como contestação, foi tomando força a cada ano batendo recordes de público.

Uma das características dos blocos de rua em Belo Horizonte é justamente o tom político e a amplitude de estilos culturais e musicais. Há blocos com as tradicionais marchinhas, mas também blocos de rock, música baiana, sertanejo, afoxé, hare krishna, coco, forró, LGBT e até mesmo jazz. Em 2017, foram quase 400 blocos cadastrados na prefeitura.

Os principais blocos de rua de Belo Horizonte são o Alô Abacaxi, Chama o Síndico, Tchanzinho Zona Norte, Então Brilha, Bloco Afro Angola Janga, Alcova Libertina, Pena de Pavão de Krishna, Peixoto, Samba Queixinho, Batuque Coletivo, Asa de Banana, Beiço do Wando, Baianas Ozadas, Tico Tico Serra Copo, Filhos de Tcha Tcha, Juventude Bronzeada, Tamborins Tantãs, Garotas Solteiras, MamánaVaca, Manjericão, Bloco da Proibida, Us Beethoven, Pisa na Fulô, dentre vários outros.

Eleição da Corte Real Momesca
Em uma das maiores festas do samba mineiro, onde a comissão julgadora escolhe o Rei Momo, a Rainha e a Princesa do Carnaval de Belo Horizonte.

Em 2011, Júlio Millan foi eleito pela quarta vez o Rei Momo do carnaval de Belo Horizonte. A rainha foi a personal trainer Graziele Lizania do Carmo. Érika Januza da Trindade recebeu o título de princesa.

Em 2012, Rafael Eduardo, 22 anos e 67 quilos, foi o primeiro Rei Momo magro de Belo Horizonte. Ele se destacou pela simpatia e por sambar muito bem. A rainha foi a Dançarina Renata Black. Yaralis Teles recebeu o título de princesa.

Ligações externas

Carnaval de Belo Horizonte
1897 em Minas Gerais


text:
A Fantasia em dó maior, opus 15, D.760 denominada Wanderer é uma fantasia para piano em quatro movimentos composta por Franz Schubert em novembro de 1822.

Esta fantasia é considerada como a composição de Schubert para piano mais exigente tecnicamente, e uma das poucas a exigir virtuosismo. Schubert disse mesmo « Das Zeug soll der Teufel spielen » (« O diabo devia tocar isto »), fazendo referência à sua própria incapacidade de executar o final de forma correcta.

História

A obra foi composta na sequência de uma encomenda de um virtuoso vienense, Emmanuel von Liebenberg de Zsittin.
Publicada em fevereiro de 1823 com o nome « Fantaisie pour le Pianoforte » pelas edições Cappi & Diabelli, a menção Wanderer foi adicionada no final do século XIX: o tema do Adagio é semelhante ao tema do lied Der Wanderer (D. 493) que Schubert escrevera em 1816.
É uma das raras obras de Schubert feitas por encomenda. É ainda a única fantasia de Schubert editada durante o seu tempo de vida.

Estrutura

Os quatro movimentos encadeiam-se por fermatas e executam-se em pouco mais de vinte minutos :

 Allegro con fuoco ma non troppo, 4/4, dó maior, 188 compassos (cerca de 6 minutos e 25 segundos)
 Adagio, 2/2, dó sustenido menor, 56 compassos (cerca de 6 minutos e 35 segundos)
 Presto, 3/4, lá bemol maior, 353 compassos (cerca de 4 minutos e 50 segundos)
 Allegro, 4/4, dó maior, 123 compassos (cerca de 4 minutos)

O tema recorrente e o ritmo em mudança formam uma fantasia, e a divisão em quatro movimentos tradicionais (Allegro, Adagio, Presto e Finale) lembra a forma sonata. Os quatro movimentos são construídos em volta do tema do Adagio.

A fórmula rítmica usada ao longo da obra (uma longa, duas breves) tem por base a do coral da morte, do lied La Jeune Fille et la Mort, escrito em 1817.

Primeiro movimento

Segundo movimento
O tema e as variações que se seguem desenvolvem o lied Der Wanderer. As quatro variações alternam ré♭ maior e dó♯ menor: as alternâncias interligam-se e dão a impressão de aumentar a velocidade sem mudar o tempo (isto é característico das obras de Beethoven).

Terceiro movimento
Repete os motivos do primeiro movimento e imita o contexto melódico, o ritmo e a dinâmica mas num ritmo a três tempos.

Quarto movimento
É a parte virtuosa da fantasia. O Allegro final começa por uma fuga que não dura senão 33 compassos. Certas variações são como citações directas das obras de Beethoven, em particular da sua sonata 32. A tonalidade em dó maior é conservada em todo o movimento, excepto quando há algumas modulações de que retornam à tonalidade original.

Variações sobre o lied Der Wanderer

Schubert reutilizou o acompanhamento do segundo compasso do seu lied Der Wanderer (a parte em dó sustenido menor correspondente aos versos Die Sonne dünkt ... Ich bin ein Fremdling überall.) como motivo de base para todos os temas da fantasia D.760. O Adagio começa por uma versão enriquecida deste:

Transcrições de Franz Liszt

Franz Liszt fez várias transcrições desta obra:
 uma para piano e orquestra, que aumentou a dificuldade técnica da parte de piano do arranjo, S.366 (1851) ;
 uma para dois pianos, S.653 (1859) ;
 uma para piano solista que tem algumas modificações, estando reescrito completamente o último movimento, S.565a (1868).

Il a pris cette fantaisie comme modèle pour sa Sonate en si mineur.

Notas e referências

Anexos

Ligações externas
  Interprétations no site Piano Society

Bibliografia
  Brigitte Massin, Franz Schubert - Fayard, 1993, , p. 975
  Alfred Einstein, Schubert, portrait d'un musicien - Gallimard, 1997, , p. 105, p. 268

Wanderer
Wanderer
Composições de 1822
Composições em dó maior

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Integralne części wsi w Polsce
 Wg TERYT jest ich 14
 Kątek – część wsi Rossosz w woj. lubelskim, w pow. bialskim, w gminie Rossosz
 Kątek – część wsi Komodzianka w woj. lubelskim, w pow. biłgorajski, w gminie Frampol
 Kątek – część wsi Husynne w woj. lubelskim, w pow. chełmskim, w gminie Dorohusk
 Kątek – część wsi Ruda-Huta w woj. lubelskim, w pow. chełmskim, w gminie Ruda-Huta
 Kątek – część wsi Drohiczany w woj. lubelskim, w pow. hrubieszowskim, w gminie Uchanie
 Kątek – część wsi Typin w woj. lubelskim, w pow. tomaszowskim, w gminie Tomaszów Lubelski
 Kątek – część wsi Zamłynie w woj. lubelskim, w pow. tomaszowskim, w gminie Tyszowce
 Kątek – część wsi Mszanna w woj. lubelskim, w pow. włodawskim, w gminie Wola Uhruska
 Kątek – część wsi Bondyrz w woj. lubelskim, w pow. zamojskim, w gminie Adamów
 Kątek – część wsi Komarów-Osada w woj. lubelskim, w pow. zamojskim, w gminie Komarów-Osada
 Kątek – część wsi Deszkowice Pierwsze w woj. lubelskim, w pow. zamojskim, w gminie Sułów
 Kątek – część wsi Dzierzby Włościańskie w woj. mazowieckim, w pow. sokołowskim, w gminie Jabłonna Lacka
 Kątek – część wsi Bokiny w woj. podlaskim, w pow. białostockim, w gminie Łapy
 Kątek – część wsi Ogrodniki w woj. podlaskim, w pow. hajnowskim, w gminie Narew


text:
The 1977 Coupe de France Final was a football match held at Parc des Princes, Paris on June 18, 1977, that saw AS Saint-Étienne defeat Stade de Reims 2–1 thanks to goals by Dominique Bathenay and Alain Merchadier.

Match details

See also
Coupe de France 1976-77

External links
Coupe de France results at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
Report on French federation site

Coupe
1977
Coupe De France Final 1977
Coupe De France Final 1977
Coupe de France Final
Coupe de France Final


text:
«Пьер — сотру́дник мили́ции» () — советская грузинская чёрно-белая лирическая комедия режиссёра Давида Рондели. Премьера фильма состоялась в 1965 году в Тбилиси, по другим данным — 18 июля 1966 г. в Москве.

Сюжет
Пьер Челидзе, лучший барабанщик города, возвращается из армии и поступает на службу в милицию. Над ним смеются друзья, осуждают родственники, бросает возлюбленная Тина, но Пьер непреклонен и с честью выполняет первое порученное ему дело.

В ролях
 Имеда Кахиани — Пьер Челидзе
 Давид Абашидзе — Тенгиз
 Лали Месхи — Нани
 Сесилия Такайшвили — Лиза
 Динара Жоржолиани — Тина
 Александр Жоржолиани — старик
 В. Мегрелишвили — прохожий
 Бухути Закариадзе — мужчина
 Ипполит Хвичия — милиционер
 К. Амаглобели — Табагуа
 Малхаз Горгиладзе — Резо
 Леван Шенгелия — толстяк
 Вахтанг Нинуа — охранник
 И. Маркаров — Чупа
 Абессалом Лория — парикмахер
 Мераб Тавадзе — Анзори
 Акакий Кванталиани — профессор
 Карло Саканделидзе — Карло

Съёмочная группа
 Режиссёр-постановщик: Давид Рондели
 Сценарист: Леван Челидзе
 Операторы: Абесалом Майсурадзе, Юрий Феднев
 Композитор: Нугзар Вацадзе
 Художник-постановщик: Кахабер (Кахи) Хуцишвили
 Монтажёр: Лариса Дигмелова
 Художник по костюмам: Шота Гоголашвили
 Звукорежиссёры: Г. Берияшвили, Давит Ломидзе
 Дирижёр: Газиз Дугашев

Примечания

Ссылки

Фильмы СССР 1965 года
Фильмы студии «Грузия-фильм»
Чёрно-белые фильмы СССР
Кинокомедии СССР
Кинокомедии 1965 года


text:
Lluís Mounbatten, príncep de Battenberg, comte i vescomte Mountbatten de Birmània, baró Romsey, KG, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, DSO, PC (Windsor, 25 de juny de 1900 - Mullaghmore, comtat de Sligo, Irlanda, 27 d'agost de 1979) fou un militar i aristòcrata anglès. Malgrat la poca importància dels títols que ostentà al llarg de la seva vida, exercí una influència enorme a les corts de Londres, Estocolm i Atenes al llarg de les dècades de 1950, 1960 i 1970.

Biografia
Nascut a Fragmore House al recinte del castell de Windsor el dia 25 de juny de l'any 1900, Lluís era fill de la princesa Victòria de Hessen-Darmstadt i del príncep Lluís de Battenberg. Alhora era net del gran duc Lluís IV de Hessen-Darmstadt i de la princesa Alícia del Regne Unit per part de mare, mentre que per part de pare ho era del príncep Alexandre de Hessen-Darmstadt i de la comtessa polonesa Júlia von Hauke. Tot i que Lluís era besnet de la reina Victòria I del Regne Unit, el matrimoni morganàtic dels seus avis paterns feu que els Battenberg gaudissin d'un limitadíssim prestigi entre els cercles de la reialesa. El mateix títol de Battenberg, acompanyat del migrat tractament d'altesa sereníssima, provenia d'una compensació a Júlia von Hauke i als seus descendents per no haver pogut optar al títol de prínceps de Hessen-Darmstadt.

Educat en el si de la cort britànica, aviat el seu futur fou encaminat a la Marina. El seu pare, el príncep Lluís de Battenberg ja era almirall de la marina britànica. Tot i així, amb la Primera Guerra Mundial moltes de les aspiracions dels Battenberg quedaren truncades. D'una banda, pel seu origen alemany eren mal vistos a la cort de Buckingham, fins al punt que el recel arribà a fer renunciar el príncep Lluís als seus càrrecs a la marina britànica. I de l'altra, l'any 1917 la família Battenberg fou obligada a abandonar el cognom Battenberg i el títol de prínceps per passar a denominar-se Mountbatten i a ostentar el títol de marquesos de Milford-Haven. Aquesta política, també aplicada a la família Teck (parents de la reina Maria de Teck, esposa del rei Jordi V del Regne Unit), s'emmarcà dins d'una onada antigermànica viscuda al Regne Unit durant la Gran Guerra.

Durant aquesta Guerra Lluís, convertir en simple lord, serví a la Marina Britànica i pocs anys després acompanyà al príncep Eduard del Regne Unit a un llarg tour per l'Índia. La profunda amistat establerta entre lord Lluís Mountbatten i el llavors príncep de Gal·les únicament trontollà arran de la crisi que suposà l'abdicació reial de 1936 i el fet que lord Mountbatten es posicionés en contra del rei Eduard VIII del Regne Unit i de la duquessa de Windsor.

Segona Guerra Mundial
A l'inici de la Segona Guerra Mundial, lord Mountbatten comandà la 5a Flotilla de Destructors de la Royal Navy, encapçalada per l'HMS Kelly. Destacà com un intrèpid i valerós oficial que guanyà gradualment molt de prestigi com a militar. Al maig de 1940 comandà un comboi que evacuà tropes britàniques que havien participat en la Campanya de Namsos (Noruega). El 1940 inventà el Rosa Mountbatten, un pigment de camuflatge naval. El seu vaixell va resultar enfonsat al maig de 1941 durant la Batalla de Creta.

Mountbatten era un dels preferits de Winston Churchill (si bé després de 1948 Churchill ja no li parlà mai més, atès que estava notablement enfadat amb el darrer paper de Mountbatten en el procés d'independència de l'Índia i del Pakistan. El 27 d'octubre de 1941 substituí Roger Keyes com a Cap d'Operacions Especials. Comandà el desastrós raid de Dieppe el 19 d'agost de 1942 (que alguns comandants aliats, entre ells el Mariscal Montgomery van qualificar com un error des de l'inici).

A finals de 1942 presentà la proposta Habbakuk. Posteriorment fou traslladat junt amb el seu nebot, el príncep Felip de Grècia, al teatre d'operacions del Pacífic. A l'octubre de 1943, Churchill el nomenà Comandant Suprem Aliat pel Teatre del Sud-est Asiàtic, càrrec que ocuparia fins que la Comandància del Sud-est Asiàtic (South East Asia Command -SEAC) es dissolgué el 1946. Durant aquest període es produí la reconquesta de Birmània als japonesos a càrrec del General William Slim.

La seva tasca amb el General Stilwell i amb el Generalíssim xinès Chiang Kai-shek, líder de les Forces Nacionalistes Xineses va ser tan talentosa com la del General Eisenhower amb Winston Churchill i el Mariscal Montgomery.

El darrer Virrei
El seu coneixement de la regió i dels seus líders i la confiança del primer ministre laborista, Clement Attlee, feu que l'any 1946 fos nomenat últim Virrei de l'Índia. Durant el seu curt virregnat, la seva funció fou la de garantir una etapa cap a la independència tranquil·la en què es garantís la partició de la colònia en dos estats, l'Índia i el Pakistan, sense que les mans del Regne Unit es veiessin afectades per la inestabilitat que ja amenaçava el país. Mountbatten, des de la seva pròpia posició de príncep, podia entendre i s'arribà a guanyar els prínceps indis que tenien, en realitat, l'autèntic control sobre el país. Mountbatten fou prou hàbil per establir un lligam recíproc de confiança entre ell i els prínceps indis i alhora guanyar-se el suport de les noves classes dirigents del país.

L'any 1948 el Regne Unit abandonava l'Índia, després de més d'un segle de domini absolut del país que arribà a considerar la joia de la Corona i per la qual els reis anglesos aconseguiren el títol d'emperadors de l'Índia des de 1877. Tot i que molt s'ha discutit sobre el paper de Mountbatten i la seva falta de valentia a l'hora d'afrontar a fons el problema real de la partició, sí que se li reconeix el fet d'haver aconseguit una sintonia total amb els prínceps indis i d'haver deslliurat el Regne Unit d'un importantíssim problema.

Carrera després de l'Índia
Retornat a Londres l'any 1948, se li concedí els títol de comte Mountbatten de Birmània i de baró Romsey, que afegí al vescomtat que ja posseïa des de 1946. Actualment els títols estan en possessió de la seva filla primogènita.

Després de l'Índia, va servir a la Flota de la Mediterrània i a l'Almirallat britànic. Va ser Primer Lord del Mar, un càrrec del qual se sentí molt orgullós, car aprofità per netejar el greuge que havia rebut el seu pare (el Príncep Lluís de Battenberg) quan va veure's obligat a dimitir com a Primer Lord del Mar el 1914 després de ser acusat falsament de simpaties pro-alemanyes.

Vida familiar
A partir del seu retorn i encara essent a l'Índia lluità i feu costat al seu nebot preferit, el príncep Felip de Grècia, per tal que es convertís en espòs de la reina Elisabet II del Regne Unit. Mountbatten, la princesa Marina de Grècia i la marquesa de Milford-Haven saberen guiar a Felip per tal d'aconseguir el seu objectiu de convertir-se en príncep consort. L'any 1948 assistí a Londres al casament de la parella, ocupant un lloc més que preferencial en el protocol.

A partir de l'arribada a Londres, Mountbatten exercí una enorme influència sobre la reina i la Cort, i esdevingué mentor del príncep de Gal·les, educant-lo tal com és tradició a la casa reial grega dins de la línia pedagògica de Kurt Hahn. També exercí una severa influència sobre la cort d'Estocolm on era reina la seva germana, Lluïsa Mountbatten. Esdevingué un assidu de les festes de la reialesa i alhora es convertí en un brillant organitzador de festes a les quals assistia la plana major de la reialesa a la seva impressionant finca de Broadlands. Mountbatten fou la persona a la qual acudiren les reines Frederica de Hannover i Victòria Eugènia de Battenberg per tal que el protocol posés de costat el rei Joan Carles I d'Espanya i la princesa Sofia de Grècia al casament del duc de Kent on es consolidà el nuviatge entre els dos.

L'any 1922, Lord Lluís havia contret matrimoni amb la multimilionària Lady Edwina Ashley. El matrimoni esdevingué tempestuós i tots dos reconegueren haver mantingut nombroses relacions extramatrimonials, sobretot durant la dècada de 1930. Malgrat tot, el matrimoni continuà junt fins a la mort de lady Edwina l'any 1960 a Borneo per causes desconegudes. Llegendària fou la relació mantinguda entre lady Edwina i el líder indi Jawaharlal Nehru.

La parella tingué dues filles:

 Patrícia Mountbatten, nascuda a Londres el 1924. Es casà el 1947 amb el lord Brabourne, John Knatchbull.

 Pamela Mountbatten, nascuda a Barcelona el 1929. Es casà amb David Nightingale Hicks el 1960.

Lord Mountbatten morí com a conseqüència d'un artefacte col·locat per l'IRA al vaixell on viatjava per la badia de Donegal, en revenja pels fets del Diumenge Sagnant. En aquest atemptat també morí un seu net, lord Nicolau Knatchbull; la seva consogra, la baronessa viuda de Brabourne, i un noi de Belfast. L'atemptat commocionà el país i afectà enormement la família reial britànica, que tenia una enorme amistat amb els Mountbatten. A més a més, a l'atemptat també resultaren ferits lady Patrícia Mountbatten i el seu marit, i un altre dels seus fills. Els terroristes, aquell cop, van ser durament atacats a Irlanda

Condecoracions
  Cavaller Company del Molt Noble Orde de la Lligacama (3-12-1946)
 Membre del Consell Privat de Sa Majestat (1947)
  Gran Creu de Cavaller de l'Orde del Bany (9-6-1955)
  Orde del Mèrit (15-7-1965)
  Gran Comandant de l'Orde de l'Estrella de l'Índia (24-3-1947)
  Cavaller Gran Comandant de l'Orde de l'Imperi Indi (24-3-1947)
  Gran Creu de Cavaller del Reial Orde Victorià (1937)
  Orde del Servei Distingit (1-1-1941)
  Cavaller del Venerable Orde de Sant Joan de Jerusalem (18-6-1940)
  2 Mencions als Despatxos (9-8-1940; 21-3-1941)
  Medalla Britànica de la Guerra 1914-20
  Medalla de la Victòria 1914-1918
  Estrella de 1939-45
  Estrella de l'Atlàntic
  Estrella d'Àfrica
  Estrella de Birmània
  Estrella d'Itàlia
  Medalla de la Defensa
  Medalla de la Guerra 1939-1945
  Medalla Naval del Servei General
  Medalla de la Coronació del Rei Jordi V 1911
  Medalla del Jubileu de Plata del Rei Jordi V 1935
  Medalla de la Coronació del Rei Jordi VI 1937
  Medalla de la Coronació de la Reina Elisabet II 1953
  Medalla del Jubileu de Plata de la Reina Elisabet II 1977
  Medalla de la Independència de l'Índia
  Gran Creu de l'Orde d'Isabel la Catòlica (Espanya) (1922)
  Oficial de l'orde del Nil (Egipte) (1922)
  Gran Creu de l'Orde de la Corona de Romania (1924)
  Gran Creu de l'orde de l'Estrella de Romania (1937)
  Creu de Guerra (28-4-1942)
  Cap Comandant de la Legió del Mèrit (Estats Units) (1943)
  Gran Cordó Especial del Núvol i la Bandera (Xina) (10-4-1945)
  Medalla del Servei Distingit a l'Exèrcit (Estats Units) (9-10-1945)
  Medalla de la Campanya Asiàticopacífica (Estats Units)
  Gran Creu de la Legió d'Honor (França) (1946)
  Creu de Guerra (França) (1946)
  Gran Creu de la Molt Refulgent Estrella de Nepal (1946)
  Orde de l'Elefant Blanc (Siam) (1946)
  Gran Creu de l'Orde de Jordi I (Grècia) (5-11-1946)
  Gran Creu de l'Orde del Lleó Neerlandès (Països Baixos) (13-1-1948)
  Gran Creu de l'Orde Militar d'Aviz (Portugal) (1951)
  Cavaller de l'orde del Serafí (Suècia) (1952)
 Agga Maha Thiri Thudhamma (Birmania) (1956)
  Gran Creu de l'orde de Dannebrog (Dinamarca) (1962)
 Gran Creu de l'Orde del Segell de Salomó (Etiòpia) (1965)

Historial militar
  Guardiamarina (15/07/1916)
  Sotstinent (1918)
  Tinent (15/04/1920)
  Tinent Comandant (15/04/1928)
  Tinent Comandant (15/04/1928)
  Comandant (31/12/1932)
  Capità (30/06/1937)
  Comodor 1a classe (1941)
  Contraalmirall (02/01/1946)
  Vicealmirall (en funcions: 18/03/1942-04/10/1943; definitiu: 22/06/1949)
  Almirall (en funcions: 04/10/1943-05/1946 & 1952-1953; definitiu: 27/01/1953
  Almirall de la Flota (22/10/1956; retirat 1956)

Virreis
Primers Lords del Mar
Prínceps de Battenberg
Casa de Battenberg
Militars anglesos
Almiralls de la Flota de la Royal Navy
Militars britànics de la Segona Guerra Mundial
Membres del Consell Privat del Regne Unit
Cavallers de la Lligacama
Gran Creu de Cavaller de l'Orde del Bany
Companys de l'Orde del Servei Distingit
Receptors de la Medalla al Servei Distingit
Cap Comandant de la Legió del Mèrit
Gran Creu de la Legió d'Honor
Receptors de la Creu de Guerra (França)
Reial Orde Victorià
Comtes britànics
Víctimes d'atemptat
Gran Creu de l'orde del Lleó Neerlandès
Gran Creu de l'orde d'Isabel la Catòlica
Alumnes del Christ's College
Membres de la Royal Society
Membres de l'Orde del Mèrit
Comandants de l'Orde del Bany
Companys de l'orde del Bany
Cavallers d'Avís
Morts a la República d'Irlanda
Persones de Berkshire
Ministres de Marina
Comtes anglesos
Polítics anglesos
Morts el 1979


text:
De Bibliotheek van Lodewijk van Gruuthuse was een van de rijkste verzamelingen handschriften die in de 15e eeuw in Brugge en in de Bourgondische Nederlanden tot stand kwam.

Een rijke verzameling
Lodewijk van Brugge, heer van Gruuthuse, (1422-1492) was een van de voornaamste raadgevers en hovelingen bij achtereenvolgens Filips de Goede, Karel de Stoute en Maria van Bourgondië. Op het einde van zijn leven viel hij in ongenade bij Maximiliaan van Oostenrijk. Door het gedurende verschillende generaties aan de familie verleende alleenrecht tot het heffen van taksen op de gruut (grondstof voor bier) was Gruuthuse aanzienlijk gefortuneerd.

Naast de hertogen zelf, was hij een van de belangrijkste verzamelaars van rijkelijk versierde handschriften. Hij vond hierin medebelangstellenden (soms concurrenten) in abt Rafaël de Mercatellis, hertog Anton van Bourgondië ('de Grote Bastaard') en Filips van Kleef, heer van Ravenstein.

Lodewijk erfde waarschijnlijk boeken van zijn ouders, maar hij kocht ook oudere werken aan. Het ging om juridische werken in het Latijn, hoofse romans in hun 13de-eeuwse versie, waaronder verhalen van de Graal, van Lancelot en van koning Arthur. Daarnaast uiteraard ook religieuze werken. Vooral ook geschiedkundige werken.

De bibliotheek werd echter vooral belangrijk door de boeken in handschrift die Gruuthuse bij de Brugse scriptoria bestelde of die hij elders in Europa kocht. Hier ging zijn belangstelling in de eerste plaats weer naar de geschiedenis en vervolgens naar religieuze werken. Ook voor ridderromans had hij een voorliefde. Wat vooral belangrijk was hierbij, was de illustraties die werden aangebracht. De ateliers in Brugge waren specialisten in het produceren van rijke miniaturen, die in de meeste gevallen ook werden versierd met het wapenschild en de wapenspreuk 'Plus est en vous' van Gruuthuse. Een aantal van die werken behoorde tot de topgamma van de luxeproducten in hun tijd. Een merkwaardig boek was Le livre des tournois, met een tekst van koning René van Anjou, opgeluisterd door prachtige tekeningen die herinnerden aan toernooien in Brugge gehouden.

Gruuthuse was daarnaast ook geïnteresseerd in de opkomende drukkunst. Hij had hierover contacten met William Caxton en Colard Mansion.

De latere geschiedenis
Na de dood van Lodewijk kwam de bibliotheek in handen van zijn zoon Jan V van Brugge, die zich in dienst had gesteld van koning Lodewijk XII van Frankrijk. Op niet nader bekende manier en tijdstip werd deze koning de eigenaar van een groot deel van de verzameling, om te beginnen van de meest waardevolle exemplaren. De verzameling bleef in het bezit van de Franse kroon en werd na de Franse Revolutie ondergebracht in de Bibliothèque Nationale, waar ze zich nog steeds bevindt en regelmatig aan geleerde studies wordt onderworpen. Ze bestaat in totaal uit ongeveer 120 werken van uiteenlopende inhoud en rijkdom van opmaak.

Het beroemde Gruuthuse-handschrift kwam, langs onbekende wegen, in het bezit van de familie van Caloen op het kasteel Ten Berge in Koolkerke bij Brugge en werd in 2007 eigendom van de Koninklijke Bibliotheek in Den Haag. Vier andere handschriften uit de Gruuthusebibliotheek, kwamen terecht bij de Koninklijke Bibliotheek in Brussel en één bij een verzamelaar in Kortrijk.

Vijf handschriften kwamen terecht in Franse bibliotheken: drie in Parijs (Bibliothèque Mazarine, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève en École des Beaux-Arts), één in Rennes en één in Besançon.

Tien handschriften vonden nog een verder gelegen bewaarplek: één in de Staatsbibliotheek in Berlijn, vijf in Engeland, één in Italië, twee in Zwitserland en twee in de Verenigde Staten (Cambridge, Massachusetts)

Literatuur
 Joseph B. VAN PRAET, Recherches sur Louis de Bruges, Seigneur de la Gruthuyse, Parijs, 1831
 C. LEMAIRE en A. DE SCHRIJVER, De bibliotheek van Lodewijk van Gruuthuse, in: Vlaamse kunst op perkament, Brugge, 1981.
 M. P. J. MARTENS (ed.), Lodewijk van Gruuthuse, Maecenas en Europees diplomaat, Brugge 1992. ISBN 90-74377-03-3
 A. VAN DEN ABEELE, Zes eeuwen Gruuthusehandschrift en zijn mogelijke eigenaars, in: Biekorf, 2008, blz 47-66 en 199-214
 Antoon VIAENE, De librije van Lodewijk van Gruuthuse, in: West-Vlaanderen, jrg. 6 (1957), nr. 1, blz. 7-9.

Bibliotheek in Brugge


text:
Biografia
È nata a Kujbyšev, oggi denominata Samara, nella Repubblica Socialista Federativa Sovietica Russa.

A livello giovanile ha gareggiato per l'Unione Sovietica ai Europei giovanili di Anversa 1991 vincendo l'oro nei 100 metri dorso e oro nei 200 morso dorso, precedendo su entrambe le distanze la tedesca Cathleen Stolze, la sua avversaria più forte dell'epoca.

Agli Leeds 1992 ha rappresentato la Russia e si è aggiudicata l'oro nei 100 metri dorso, battendo nuovamente Cathleen Stolze, e l'argento nei 200 metri dorso, dove è stata preceduta dalla tedesca.

Ha vinto una medaglia di bronzo alle Olimpiadi di  nella staffetta 4x100 metri misti della .

Dopo la squalifica per doping del 1996, ha ripreso a gareggiare sotto la bandiera della Spagna, dopo avere acquisito la cittadinanza per il matrimonio con il suo allenatore, lo spagnolo Francisco Medina.

Alle Olimpiadi di  ha vinto un'altra medaglia di bronzo, questa volta nei 100 m dorso.

Dopo il ritiro dall'attività agonistica è divenuta allenatrice del Club di Nuoto di Torremolinos di Malaga.

Palmarès
Giochi olimpici
: bronzo nella 4x100m misti.
: bronzo nei 100m dorso

Mondiali
Roma 1994: argento nei 100m dorso e bronzo nella 4x100m misti.
Barcellona 2003: oro nei 50m dorso.

Europei
Sheffield 1993: argento nei 100m dorso e nella 4x100m misti, bronzo nei 200m dorso e nella 4x200m sl.
Vienna 1995: bronzo nei 100m dorso.
Istanbul 1999: argento nei 50m dorso e nei 100m dorso.
Helsinki 2000: oro nei 50m dorso, nei 100m dorso e nei 200m dorso.
Berlino 2002: oro nei 50m dorso e argento nei 200m dorso.
Madrid 2004: argento nei 50m dorso e bronzo nei 100m dorso.
Eindhoven 2008: argento nei 50m dorso e bronzo nei 100m dorso.

Europei in vasca corta
Espoo 1992: argento nei 50m dorso.
Gateshead 1993: argento nei 50m dorso.
Lisbona 1999: oro nei 100m dorso, argento nei 50m dorso e nei 200m dorso.
Valencia 2000: argento nei 50m dorso e nei 200m dorso e bronzo nei 100m dorso.

Giochi del Mediterraneo
Tunisi 2001: oro nei 100m dorso, nei 200m dorso, nella 4x100m sl e nella 4x100m misti.

Europei giovanili
Anversa 1991: oro nei 100m dorso e oro nei 200 m dorso.
Leeds 1992: oro nei 100m dorso e argento nei 200m dorso.

Collegamenti esterni

Casi di doping nel nuoto
Allenatori di nuoto


text:
Eutomolasma orbiculatum is a species of symmetrical sessile barnacle in the family Pachylasmatidae.

References

External links

Sessilia

Crustaceans described in 2000


text:
Emma (Hemma) (bef. 950 – 1005/06) was a Bohemian duchess consort as the second wife of Boleslaus II of Bohemia.

Her origins are uncertain. Historian Gelasius Dobner (1719–90) thought she was a princess of Burgundy, and this theory has been recently respected. The latest research of historians and numismatists, however, indicate that she was of Italian-Burgundian origin and have identified her with Emma of Italy, widow of King Lothair of France (d. 986). She became the second wife of Boleslaus II about the year 989 and died either in 1005 or 1006. It was traditionally supposed by Czech historians that Emma was the mother of Boleslaus' younger sons Oldřich and Jaromír and that the mother of the oldest son, Boleslaus III of Bohemia, was Adiva, the first wife of Boleslaus II.

Afraid of Boleslaus III, Emma chose to go into exile at the court of Bavaria in 1001 together with Dukes of Bohemia Oldřich and Jaromir. The brothers sought military backing from the German King Henry II, definitively placing Bohemia within the jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire.

In 1004, Jaromír occupied Prague with a German army and made himself duke. Emma came back to Bohemia, likely living in the town of Mělník, where she died.

Evidencing her existence are Bohemian denar coins with the inscription EMMA REGINA ("Queen Emma", not Duchess).

References
Jan Kilián and Luboš Polanský (eds.): Emma regina – Civitas Melnic, Mělník-Praha, 2008, .

Duchesses of Bohemia
10th-century Bohemian women
11th-century Bohemian women
11th-century Bohemian people
10th-century Bohemian people
Year of birth unknown
10th-century births
1000s deaths
Year of death uncertain


text:
Rudi Högner ( - ) est un designer allemand.

Professeur de la chaire de conception technique de l' Institut für Maschinenelemente und Maschinenkonstruktion de l'Université Technique de Dresde (Technische Universität Dreden)

Rudi Hogner a conçu du mobilier :
 chaise rembourrée (1950)

Rudi Högner a également conçu les faces de pièces est-allemances dans les années cinquante :
 1, 5, 10 et 50 pfennig
 1 et 2 Mark

Liens externes

  Rudi Högner sur le site de la TUD

Artiste graveur en numismatique
Culture allemande
Récipiendaire de l'ordre du mérite patriotique en argent
Naissance en avril 1907
Naissance en Saxe
Naissance dans le royaume de Saxe
Décès en février 1995
Décès à Dresde
Décès à 87 ans


text:
Poul Erik Bæk (born 11 August 1940) is a Danish equestrian. He competed in two events at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

References

External links

1940 births
Living people
Danish male equestrians
Olympic equestrians of Denmark
Equestrians at the 1960 Summer Olympics


text:
Der Siwerskyj Donez (, , meist nur Donez genannt) ist ein rechter, 1053 km langer Nebenfluss des Don im Südwesten Russlands und im Osten der Ukraine (Osteuropa). Sein Einzugsgebiet umfasst 98.900 km².

Name des Flusses

Der Fluss wurde nach dem Volksstamm der Sewerjanen (russisch ) benannt.

Der Fluss hat mehrere "inoffizielle" Namen und Bezeichnungen: Im Russischen wird er auch als Kleiner Don () bezeichnet. Gelegentlich wird die sprachlich und geographisch falsche deutsche Übersetzung "Nördlicher Donez" benutzt, um den Fluss vom Don abzugrenzen. Meist wird aber die Kurzform Donez benutzt.

Verlauf
Vom Flusslauf des Siwerskyj Donez liegen 950 km in der Ukraine. Er entspringt rund 100 km nördlich von Belgorod und mündet wenig südlich von Ust-Donezki. Quellgebiet und Mündung liegen beide in Russland.

Der Siwerskyj Donez entsteht im Süden des Hochlandes der Mittelrussischen Platte unweit der Oblast Kursk. Im Verlauf vor Belgorod hat er nur ein sehr geringes Gefälle. In der Ukraine angekommen, mündet der Fluss in den 86 km² großen Petschenihy-Stausee, aus dem die Stadt Charkiw Trinkwasser bezieht. Danach fließt er in östlicher Richtung nördlich des Donezrückens an mehreren ukrainischen Städten, darunter Lyssytschansk und Sjewjerodonezk, vorbei, bevor er wieder russisches Gebiet erreicht und auf einem etwa 30 Kilometer langen Abschnitt die russisch-ukrainische Grenze bildet. Als zumeist wenig Wasser führender, sogenannter "Steppenfluss" mündet der Siwerskyj Donez in den Don, der sich selbst nur rund 150 km weiter talabwärts in das Asowsche Meer ergießt.

Hydrologie
Der Fluss führt meistens Regen- und Schmelzwasser. Den höchsten Wasserstand erreicht er zwischen Februar und April. Im Jahresmittel fließen 159 m³/s Wasser ab. Etwa 315 km seines Flusslaufs sind schiffbar, doch ist er von Dezember bis Mitte März zugefroren.

Umgebung und Zuflüsse
Am rechten (südlichen) Ufer seines Mittellaufes liegt das Donezbecken, ein großes Steinkohlerevier und bedeutendes Industriegebiet. Wichtige Nebenflüsse sind Oskol, Ajdar, Derkul und Kalitwa.

Umweltbelastung

In den teils schon vor dem Russisch-Ukrainischen Krieg heruntergewirtschafteten Kohlebergwerken im Donezbecken wurde während des Krieges kaum mehr die selbst für aufgelassene Bergwerke erforderliche Wasserhaltung aufrechterhalten. Neben der Gefährdung des Trinkwassers durch die üblichen Bergwerksabwässer existierte bei Jenakijewe zusätzlich eine Kaverne, die am 16. September 1979 durch eine Nuklearexplosion erzeugt und von 1979 bis 2002 während des Weiterbetriebs der Mine und danach bis 2018 trocken gehalten wurde. Mit der Überflutung dieser Kammer nach dem Abschalten der Pumpen durch die Regierung der Volksrepublik Donezk bildete sich radioaktiv kontaminiertes Wasser.

Historische Ereignisse
Während des Russischen Überfalls auf die Ukraine im Jahr 2022 versuchten im Mai 2022 etwa 1000 russische Soldaten mit ihren Fahrzeugen, den Fluss in Richtung der umkämpften Stadt Lyman zu überqueren. Die 17. Panzerbrigade der ukrainischen Armee hatte diese Truppenbewegung jedoch mit Hilfe von Drohnen entdeckt und konnte die Überquerung verhindern. Bei einem Artillerieangriff auf eine schwimmende Pontonbrücke bei Luhansk zerstörten die Ukrainer mindestens 50 russische Panzer und gepanzerte Fahrzeuge, darunter mindestens sieben Kampfpanzer der Typen T-72 und T-80, 17 gepanzerte Truppentransporter, sieben amphibische Truppentransporter sowie fünf weitere Spezialfahrzeuge.

Zwischen Donezk/Luhansk und Charkiw liegende Gebiete wurden später von Russland besetzt, dessen Truppen im April und Mai 2022 kleinere Geländegewinne erzielten.

Bilder

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fluss in der Ukraine
Fluss in der Oblast Charkiw
Fluss in der Oblast Donezk
Fluss in der Oblast Luhansk
Grenzfluss


text:
Erelieva (ca. 440 - ca. 500) was de moeder van de Ostrogotische koning Theodorik de Grote. Ze wordt meestal beschreven als de concubine van Theodorik's vader, Theodemir, hoewel de historicus Thomas Hodgkin opmerkt dat dit weinig afbreuk deed aan haar positie bij het hof. Aan veel Germaanse hoven uit die tijd had men een minder strikte opvatting ten opzichte van de huwelijkstrouw dan die in latere eeuwen gebruikelijk zou worden, evenals dat enige eeuwen later nog gewoon was bij de Noormannen.

Erelieva was Katholiek, en gedoopt met de naam Eusebia. Ze heeft waarschijnlijk op volwassen leeftijd het arianisme voor dit geloof ingeruild. Het lijkt erop dat Ereliava het Katholieke geloof nogal serieus nam, zoals blijkt uit haar correspondentie met paus Gelasius en opmerkingen over haar in Ennodius's Panegyricus van Theodorik.

Gotisch persoon
Persoon in de 5e eeuw


text:
Sir Peter Courtney Quennell  (9 March 1905 – 27 October 1993) was an English biographer, literary historian, editor, essayist, poet, and critic. He wrote extensively on social history.

Life
Born in Bickley, Kent, the son of architect C. H. B. Quennell and Marjorie Quennell, he was educated at Berkhamsted Grammar School and at Balliol College, Oxford.  While still at school some of his poems were selected by Richard Hughes for the anthology Public School Verse, which brought him to the attention of writers such as Edith Sitwell.

In 1922 he published his first book, Masques and Poems. This was followed by many other volumes, particularly his Four Portraits of 1945 (studies of Boswell, Gibbon, Sterne, and Wilkes), books on London and works on Baudelaire (1929), Byron (1934–35), Pope (1949), Ruskin (1949), Hogarth (1955), Shakespeare (1963), Proust (1971) and Samuel Johnson (1972).

He first practised journalism in London. In 1930 he taught at the University of Tokyo. In 1944–51, he was editor of The Cornhill Magazine and from 1951 to 1979 founder-editor of History Today.

Quennell published two volumes of autobiography, The Marble Foot (1976) and Wanton Chase (1980).

He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and was knighted in the 1992 New Year Honours.

He married five times, and had two children, a daughter Sarah from his third marriage and Alexander from his fifth. He died in London.

Quennell's first cousin – daughter of his father's brother Walter – was Joan Quennell, a Conservative MP.

Works
Masques & Poems (1922)
Oxford Poetry (1924), editor with Harold Acton
Poems (1926)
Inscription on a Fountainhead (1929), poetry pamphlet
Baudelaire And The Symbolists: Five Essays (1929)
Memoirs of the Comte de Gramont (1930), with Anthony Hamilton
The Phoenix Kind (1931), novel
A Superficial Journey Through Tokyo and Peking (1932), travel memoir
A Letter to Mrs. Virginia Woolf (Hogarth Press 1932)
Aspects of Seventeenth Century Verse (1933), editor
Byron (1934)
Byron: the Years of Fame (1935)
Somerset (1936), Shell Guide with C. H. B. Quennell
The Private Letters of Princess Lieven to Prince Metternich 1820–1826 (1937), editor
Victorian Panorama: a survey of life & fashion from contemporary photographs (1937)
Sympathy (1938), stories
To Lord Byron: Feminine Profiles – based upon unpublished letters 1807–1824 (1939) with George Paston
Caroline of England: An Augustan Portrait (1940)
Brown the Bear: Who scared the villagers out of their wits (circa 1940), translator Katharine Busvine
Byron In Italy (1941)
Four Portraits: Studies of the Eighteenth Century – James Boswell, Edward Gibbon, Laurence Sterne, John Wilkes (1945)
Time Exposure (1946) with Cecil Beaton
John Ruskin: The Portrait of a Prophet (1949)
The Pleasures Of Pope (1949)
Mayhew's London (1949)
My Heart Laid Bare and Other Prose Writings by Charles Baudelaire (1950), editor, translator Norman Cameron
Byron: A Self-Portrait – Letters and Diaries 1798–1824 (2 Volumes) (1950), editor
London's Underworld by Henry Mayhew (1951), editor
Mayhew's Characters (1951)The Singular Preference (1952)Spring In Sicily (1952), travel bookSelected writings of John Ruskin (1952), editorDiversions of History (1954)Hogarth's Progress (1955)Selected Verse and Prose Works Including Letters and Extracts from Lord Byron's Journal and Diaries, 1959The Past We Share. An Illustrated History of the British and American Peoples (1960), with Alan HodgeThe Sign of the Fish (1960)Byronic Thoughts: Maxims Reflections Portraits From the Prose and Verse of Lord Byron (1961)Selected Essays of Henry de Montherlant (1961), editor, John Weightman translatorThe Prodigal Rake – memoirs of William Hickey (1962), editorEdward Lear in Southern Italy: Journals of a Landscape Painter in southern Calabria and the Kingdom of Naples (1964), introductionAlexander Pope: The education of genius 1688–1728 (1968)Henry de Montherlant, with translator Terence KilmartinThe Girls, A Tetralogy of Novels : The Girls, Pity for Women, The Hippograf & The LepersThe Colosseum – a History of Rome from the Time of Nero (1971)Shakespeare, a biography (1963)The Journal of Thomas Moore (1964) editorWho's Who in Shakespeare (1971)Casanova in London (1971), essaysMarcel Proust, 1871–1922: A Centennial Volume (1971)Samuel Johnson – his friends and enemies (1973)Romantic England Writing And Painting 1717–1851 (1970)A History of English Literature (1973)The Marble Foot: An Autobiography, 1905–1938 (1977)The Day Before Yesterday (1978)Vladimir Nabokov: a Tribute (1979) editorCustoms and characters: Contemporary portraits (1982)Wanton Chase: An Autobiography from 1939 (1980)Genius in the Drawing Room (UK)/Affairs of the Mind: the Salon in Europe and America (1980), editorA Lonely Business: A Self-Portrait of James Pope-Hennessy (1981) editorThe Selected Essays of Cyril Connolly (1984) editorThe Last Edwardians: An Illustrated History of Violet Trefusis and Alice Keppel (1985) with John Phillips and Lorna SageAn Illustrated Companion to World Literature (1986) editor, original Tore ZetterholmThe Pursuit of Happiness (1988)

See also
Duncan Fallowell, 20th Century Characters'', ch. Feline: the Quennells on Primrose Hill, (London, Vintage books, 1994)

Notes

External links

1905 births
1993 deaths
English autobiographers
English biographers
English editors
English historians
English literary critics
People educated at Berkhamsted School
People from Bickley
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
20th-century English poets
English male poets
20th-century English male writers
English male non-fiction writers
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo


text:
El tord cacau (Turdus fumigatus) és un ocell de la família dels túrdids (Turdidae).

Hàbitat i distribució
Habita els boscos de ribera, sabanes i boscos oberts a les Antilles Menors, a Saint Vincent i Grenada i a Sud-amèrica, des de l'est de Colòmbia, oest, nord i est de Veneçuela, Trinitat i la Guaiana cap al sud fins l'est de Bolívia i Amazònia i est del Brasil.

Referències

Turdus


text:
Cyclopina vachoni is een eenoogkreeftjessoort uit de familie van de Cyclopinidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1939 door Nicholls.

Cyclopinidae


text:
Bourréac es una población y comuna francesa, en la región de Mediodía-Pirineos, departamento de Altos Pirineos, en el distrito de Argelès-Gazost y cantón de Lourdes-Est.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 INSEE

Localidades de Altos Pirineos


text:
Multiple coagulation factor deficiency protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCFD2 gene. Mutations in MCFD2 cause the combined deficiency of factor V and factor VIII (F5F8D), a recessive bleeding disorder. MCFD2 and ERGIC-53 (or LMAN1) form a protein complex and serve as a cargo receptor to transport FV and FVIII from the ER to the Golgi body. Mutations in LMAN1 gene (encoding ERGIC-53 or LMAN1) also cause F5F8D.

References

Further reading


text:
Lisa McClain, née Iovannisci le  est une femme politique américaine de l'état du Michigan.

Membre du Parti républicain, elle est élue de la Chambre des représentants des États-Unis pour le  district congressionnel du Michigan en .

Jeunesse et carrière
McClain est née et a grandi à  et est diplômée de la  en 1984. Elle fréquente ensuite le  et obtient son baccalauréat ès arts de l'Université Northwood.

McClain travaille chez American Express pendant 11 ans avant de rejoindre le groupe Hantz.

Chambre des représentants des États-Unis
Après que le député sortant Paul Mitchell ait choisi de ne pas se présenter à sa réélection, McClain annonce sa candidature pour le  district congressionnel du Michigan pour les élections de 2020. Elle bat  lors de la primaire républicaine du  puis Kimberly Bizon, la candidate démocrate, aux élections générales du . McClain est soutenue par le président Donald Trump.

Vie privée
McClain et son mari, Mike, ont trois enfants et vivent à Romeo, Michigan. McClain a recueilli plus d'un million de dollars pour le traitement de la sclérose en plaques. Elle est une fervente catholique romaine.

Notes et références

Naissance en avril 1966
Naissance dans le comté d'Ingham
Représentante des États-Unis
Représentant des États-Unis pour le Michigan
Femme politique du Michigan
Personnalité du Parti républicain au Michigan


text:
Arduino Mini je v informatice název malého jednodeskového počítače z otevřené platformy Arduino, který je založen na mikrokontrolerech ATmega od firmy Atmel.
Je asi nejmenší oficiální verzí Arduina a je navržen tak, aby ušetřil co nejvíce místa. Kvůli tomu nemá USB port. K programování je proto potřeba použít externí USB převodník. Běží na procesoru ATmega328 s taktem 16 MHz. Díky tomu, jak je malý, ho můžeme použít například v dálkových ovladačích, pro ovládání klávesnice ke vstupním dveřím nebo například k chytrému osvětlení podle denního světla.

Technické informace

Jednočipové mikropočítače


text:
Diadegma alpicola är en stekelart som först beskrevs av Smits van Burgst 1914.  Diadegma alpicola ingår i släktet Diadegma och familjen brokparasitsteklar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Brokparasitsteklar
alpicola


text:
Unpredictable is the second solo studio album by American rapper Mystikal. It was released on November 11, 1997 via No Limit/Jive Records, making it his first album for the label. Production was handled by Beats By The Pound, DJ Daryl, Rick Rock, Studio Ton and The Legendary Traxster, with Master P serving as executive producer. It features guest appearances from Master P, Silkk the Shocker, O'Dell, B-Legit, E-40, Fiend, Mac, Mia X, and Snoop Dogg, who made his first appearance on a No Limit Records album, however he had not yet signed with the label and is credited as still being signed to Death Row Records in the album's liner notes.

The album was a huge success, peaking at number three on the Billboard 200 and topped the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and spawning two the singles "Ain't No Limit" and "The Man Right Chea". It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on April 24, 1998.

Track listing

Sample credits
Track 4 contains a portion of the composition "Sir Nose D'voidoffunk" written by George Clinton, Bernie Worrell and Bootsy Collins
Track 6 contains a portion of the composition "Out on a Limb" written by Mary Christine Brockert
Track 9 contains a sample from "Who Got The Clout" written by Mia Young, Michael Tyler and Odell Vickers Jr.
Track 15 contains samples from "The Champ" written by Harry Palmer and performed by The Mohawks, "It's Yours" written by Rick Rubin as recorded by T La Rock, "Ain't No Half-Steppin'" written by Antonio Hardy and Marlon Williams

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

See also
List of number-one R&B albums of 1997 (U.S.)

References

External links

1997 albums
Mystikal albums
Jive Records albums
No Limit Records albums
Albums produced by Rick Rock
Albums produced by Studio Ton
Gangsta rap albums by American artists
Albums produced by The Legendary Traxster


text:
NGC 5001 (również PGC 45631 lub UGC 8243) – galaktyka spiralna z poprzeczką (SB?), znajdująca się w gwiazdozbiorze Wielkiej Niedźwiedzicy. Odkrył ją John Herschel 1 maja 1831 roku.

Zobacz też
 Lista obiektów NGC

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

5001
Galaktyki spiralne z poprzeczką
Gwiazdozbiór Wielkiej Niedźwiedzicy
Obiekty astronomiczne odkryte w 1831


text:
Vincenzo Auricchio (* 1. Mai 1916 in San Giuseppe Vesuviano; † 12. Juli 1970 in Lecco) war ein italienischer Automobil- und Motorbootrennfahrer sowie Industrieller.

Werdegang
Vincenzo Auricchio entstammte der süditalienischen Unternehmerfamilie Auricchio, die das gleichnamige Molkereiunternehmen betrieb. Die Gennaro Auricchio S.p.A. stellt unter anderem bis heute den berühmten Käse Provolone her. Sie wurde in Neapel gegründet und zog in den 1930er-Jahren nach Cremona in Norditalien um. Vincenzo Auricchio, bei Neapel geboren, hatte zusammen mit seiner Frau seinen Lebensmittelpunkt nach dem Umzug der Firma ebenfalls in Cremona.

Auricchio begann seine Motorsportlaufbahn nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg und trat in die Fußstapfen seines Onkels Gennaro Auricchio, der in den 1920er- und 1930er-Jahren u. a. auf Alfa-Romeo-Rennwagen aktiv war. Schnell bewies er sein Talent: 1947 nahm er auf einem Stanguellini S1100 an der Italienischen Sportwagen-Meisterschaft teil und errang dabei mehrere zweite Plätze sowie den Gesamtsieg beim Rennen Circuito di Pescara (vormals Coppa Acerbo). In Pescara setzte er sich dabei gegen stärkere Sportwagen wie den Ferrari 159 S von Franco Cortese und den Maserati von Felice Bonetto durch.

Bis Mitte der 1950er-Jahre startete Auricchio auf verschiedenen Fahrzeugen wie einem Maserati A6GCS, einem Cisitalia Abarth 204A, einem Ferrari 166 MM sowie einem Fiat 8V und nahm u. a. regelmäßig an der Mille Miglia teil. Seine beste Platzierung beim 1000-Meilen-Rennen von Brescia nach Rom und zurück erreichte er 1949 mit Rang vier auf einem Fiat 1100 S Berlinetta zusammen mit Piero Bozzini.

Ende 1957 beendete Vincenzo Auricchio seine Rennsportlaufbahn, nachdem Straßenrennen in Italien infolge der Tragödie von Guidizzolo während der Mille Miglia 1957, bei der der Fahrer Alfonso de Portago und sein Beifahrer Edmond Nelson sowie neun Zuschauer ums Leben kamen, verboten wurden.

Jahre später wandte sich Auricchio dem Motorbootsport zu und nahm für das Team Motonautica Cremonese an europäischen und italienischen Meisterschaften teil. Am 12. Juli 1970 verunglückte er während des Rennens L'Ora di Lecco, einem Lauf zur Motorboot-Europameisterschaft der auf dem östlichen Teil des Comer Sees stattfand, schwer. Die Wetterbedingungen an diesem Tag waren schwierig: es war düster, starker Wind herrschte und ein Regen zog auf. Beim Wenden an einer Boje etwa in der Mitte des Rennens verlor Auricchio die Kontrolle über sein Abbate-Boot, das in die Luft flog und sich überschlug. Der Pilot wurde ins Wasser geschleudert und nach der Bergung schwer verletzt ins Krankenhaus von Lecco gebracht, wo er etwa eine Stunde nach seiner Einlieferung schweren Kopf- und Beinverletzungen erlag.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Rennfahrer (Italien)
Deutscher
Geboren 1916
Gestorben 1970
Mann


text:
El halconcito africano (Polihierax semitorquatus), es una especie de ave falconiforme de la familia Falconidae nativa de África oriental y meridional. Es el ave rapaz más pequeña del continente.

Descripción
Es un ave pequeña con una longitud de unos 20 cm. La parte inferior de su cuerpo y la cabeza son de color blanco, mientras que la parte superior es de color gris. Las hembras tienen la espalda marrón. La cola y las plumas de vuelo son de color negro y blanco a rayas. El vuelo es bajo y ondulante.
Por el tamaño el patrón y el hábito de posarse en posición vertical sobre una rama expuesta o copas de los árboles, esta especie se asemeja a algunos alcaudones.

Distribución y hábitat
Su hábitat natural  son las zonas semiáridas con poca vegetación y árboles dispersos. En el este de África esta especie se encuentra en el sur de Etiopía, Somalia, Kenia, Uganda y el noreste, norte y centro de Tanzania. En el sur de África su rango va desde el sur de Angola, Namibia, el suroeste Botsuana, hasta el norte de Sudáfrica. La gama de esta especie se estima en 2,7 millones de km², y la población total se estima entre 100 000 y 1 millón de aves.

Comportamiento
Se alimenta de insectos, pequeños reptiles y mamíferos, a veces incluso de pequeños pájaros atrapados en vuelo.
En el este de África la especie vive en los nidos de pájaros tejedores (Dinemellia dinemelli), incluso si los nidos están todavía en uso. En  el sur de África vive junto al tejedor republicano (Philetairus socius). Aunque es un ave de presa rara vez agrede a sus anfitriones.

Subespecies
Esta ave tiene dos subespecies reconocidas:
Polihierax semitorquatus castanonotus  (Heuglin, 1860)
Polihierax semitorquatus semitorquatus (A. Smith, 1836)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 BirdLife Especies, Ficha técnica.

Aves de África
semitorquatus
Animales descritos en 1836


text:
Анатолій Вікторович Шостак ( 3 липня 1947 року в м. Козелець Чернігівської області) — український науковець, освітянин-новатор, кандидат соціологічних наук, доцент кафедри технічного сервісу та інженерного менеджменту ім. М. П. Момотенка, професор із спеціальності «Соціологія управління» Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України, член-кореспондент академії наук вищої освіти України, відмінник освіти України (2000), відмінник інженерної служби України (2004), заслужений науково-педагогічний працівник НУБіП України, заслужений працівник освіти України (2016).

Життєпис
Анатолій Вікторович Шостак народився  3 липня 1947 року на Чернігівщині, в містечку Козелець у родині робітників. Після закінчення школи працював бетонником у Козелецькому «Міжколгоспбуді». Три роки служив у армії, а в 1969 р. став студентом Ніжинського технікуму механізації сільського господарства. Працював інженером-технологом у райоб'єднанні «Сільгосптехніка», згодом був обраний депутатом районної ради. У 1981 р. із відзнакою закінчив Українську сільськогосподарську академію за спеціальністю «Інженер-педагог». Відтоді Анатолій Шостак працює на кафедрі технічного сервісу та інженерного менеджменту імені М. П. Момотенка НУБіП України.

Професійна діяльність
1965-1966 - робочий Козелецького «Міжколгоспбуду»

1966-1969 - служба в Радянській армії, ракетні війська стратегічного призначення (РВСП), гвардії сержант

1972-1976 -  інженер-технолог у Козелецькому районному об'єднанні «Сільгосптехніка»

1981-1988 - вихователь кращого студентського гуртожитку № 8 (на громадських засадах)

1983-1986 - працював у Кустанайській області Казахстану

1993 - доцент кафедри технічного сервісу та інженерного менеджменту ім. М. П. Момотенка технічного навчально-наукового інституту Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України (НУБіП)

1999-2004 - очолював рейтингову комісію університету як розробник унікальної методики оцінювання діяльності науково-педагогічних працівників і структурних підрозділів

2006 - стажування у всесвітньовідомій фірмі Bosch Rexroth AG (Німеччина, м. Ельхінген)

2012 - присвоєно вчене звання професор.

Звання та нагороди
 2000 - нагороджений нагрудним знаком МОН України «Відмінник освіти України»

 2004 - Відмінник інженерної служби України

 2003 - нагороджений Почесною грамотою Кабінету Міністрів України

 2004 - нагороджений трудовою відзнакою «Знак Пошани»

 2005 - Заслужений науково-педагогічний працівник НУБіП України

 2010  - визнаний "Кращим освітянином України 2010 року", лауреатом відзнаки «Залиш мені в спадщину думку найвищу»

 2011 - Член-кореспондент Академії наук вищої освіти України

 2012 - Почесне звання Заслужений працівник науки і освіти (Росія)

 2012 - Почесний доктор наук Doctor of Science, Honoris CAUSA

 2012 - нагороджений дипломами Всеукраїнської програми «Національні лідери України»

 2012 - нагороджений Срібною медаллю ім. В. І. Вернадського за видатні успіхи в галузі гуманітарних та природничих наук

 2013 - нагороджений Золотою медаллю «За новаторську роботу в галузі вищої освіти»

 2013-2014 - найпрестижніші ордени ЄС LABORE ET SCIENTIA — «Працею і знаннями» та PRIMUS INTER PARES — «Перший серед рівних» (Німеччина, м. Мюнхен) (Протокол №12/29.05.2013)

 2013 - нагороджений нагрудним знаком «Профспілкова відзнака»

 2013 - нагороджений медаллю Святого Володимира АН ВО України

 2013 - нагороджений Золотою медаллю Gold medal European Quality «Європейська якість» (Протокол № 31/07.06.2013)

 2014 - нагороджений Золотою медаллю ім. Макса Вебера Medal of Maximilian Weber (Мюнхен) за визнаний світовою спільнотою вклад у соціологічну науку і освіту

 2015 - нагороджений Орденом святих Кирила і Мефодія

 2016 - присвоєно почесне звання Заслужений працівник освіти України

 2017 - нагороджений дипломом Di Merito (За Заслуги) та  Європейською  Золотою медаллю, дипломатичним паспортом Європалати (м. Брюссель, Бельгія).

Наукова, громадська та навчально-методична робота
Анатолій Вікторович Шостак очолює найбільшу в університеті профспілкову організацію Технічного ННІ, за що отримав найвищу нагороду ФПУ — нагрудний знак «Профспілкова відзнака». Є головою правління Товариства аграрних інженерів НУБіП України Української асоціації аграрних інженерів. Член ради Заслужених учених НУБіП України. Автор понад 300 наукових праць  українською, російською, англійською та німецькою мовами. Під його науковим керівництвом успішно захистилося понад 500 бакалаврів, спеціалістів, магістрів та слухачів педагогічного факультету. Наукові роботи вченого відзначені медалями, дипломами та сертифікатами багатьох міжнародних виставок.

Наукові інтереси: інформаційні технології в освіті; професійна освіта.

Джерела
1. Шостак Анатолій Вікторович

2. Науковці України - еліта держави

3. Книга педагогічної слави

4. Анатолий Шостак

5. Анатолій Шостак. Нелегкий шлях до суспільного визнання

6. Шостак Анатолий Викторович

7. Ювіляри України. Шостак Анатолій Вікторович

Примітки


text:
Benjamin Plim Bellamy (1782–1847) was an English actor.

Early life
He was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth, Shropshire on 27 September 1782, son of William and Ann Bellamy. He married  Elizabeth Walker at Scarborough, North Yorkshire on 12 October 1806.

Acting career
For some 30 years was a favourite actor on the Norwich Theatre Circuit.

Controversy in Ipswich
In 1810 the Suffolk Chronicle hired a corrosive new critic, up to which time the Norwich Company had been used to receiving a favourable press. For the summer season 1810 the 'Ipswich Theatre' was showing She Stoops to Conquer and the Chronicle reported 'The performance possessed all the worst defects of a provincial exhibition' and actor Frederick Vining was rapped for his 'schoolboy recitation' with the managers accused of having dredged up a miserable orchestra. Worse followed when the Chronicle sent the reporter to every following show and the reviews became more critical. After an uneasy truce Bellamy, who was playing Polonius in Hamlet in 1813, when the Chronicle reported 'We never saw a viler Polonius than Bellamy's' to which he replied with a pamphlet A Plain Letter to the Dramatic Censor of The Suffolk Chronicle (Ipswich 1814). By this time relations between the Company and the newspaper had further deteriorated. The critic was identified as Thomas Harral and after an uproar at the play The Maid of the Mill, Harral, on leaving the theatre, was attacked in Tankard [Tacket] Street, Ipswich by Vining and his friends, when his coat was ripped from his back and he narrowly escaped a ducking. His critical spleen unsettled some of the actors and in May 1815 Vining left for Covent Garden and Bellamy followed shortly afterwards but returned as manager of the Norwich circuit three years later.

Later activity
In 1819 Bellamy took over the editorship of the Bury Herald but in 1823 he resumed his original career at Bath where in 1827 he became manager of the Theatre but he resigned soon afterwards on becoming lessee of the Bath Assembly Rooms. He lived on Beacon Hill, Walcot. He died at Bath on 30 September 1847, aged 65. He is buried in Bath Abbey Cemetery, where the monument to him has Grade II listed status. The epitaph describes him as "Distinguished for tenderness of heart variety of talents extensive attainments and perfect probity as a companion he was generally welcome while his firmness of character rendered him inestimable as a friend".

References

1782 births
1847 deaths
19th-century English male actors
English male stage actors


text:
Hazel Creek is a tributary stream of the Little Tennessee River in the southwestern Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina.  The creek's bottomlands were home to several pioneer Appalachian communities and logging towns before its incorporation into the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.  Hazel Creek is now a back country campsite and historical area.

Geography

Hazel Creek flows southwest from its source near the summit of Silers Bald to its mouth along the Fontana impoundment of the Little Tennessee River, a journey of roughly .  The creek drains the area between Welch Ridge to the east and Jenkins Trail Ridge to the west.  Both Welch and Jenkins, which run perpendicular to the crest of the Smokies, reach elevations of over  for considerable stretches.  Two smaller ridges— the Pinnacle and Locust Ridge— parallel Hazel's northern banks, dividing the creek's valley from its upper watershed.  Hazel Creek is one of three major watersheds in the southwestern Smokies, the others being Eagle Creek (on the other side of Jenkins Trail Ridge to the west) and Forney Creek (on the other side of Welch Ridge to the east).  These three watersheds comprise the remote, roadless northern banks of Fontana Lake known locally as the North Shore.

From its source near the Silers Bald Shelter, Hazel Creek drops  in just under  before steadying at its confluence with Proctor Creek.   from its source, the creek absorbs Walkers Creek and five smaller streams as it winds its way between two steep knobs known as High Rocks (to the south) and Raven Den (to the north).  At the southwestern base of Locust Ridge, the creek absorbs Bone Valley Creek and Sugar Fork before turning sharply to the south and winding its way around the southern base of the Pinnacle.  Just before reaching Proctor, the creek turns north and south again at a bend known as "the Horseshoe."  At Proctor, Hazel Creek absorbs Shehan Branch before emptying into its Fontana Lake embayment.  Northwest of Proctor, Shehan Branch slices a narrow valley known as Possum Hollow.

There are no public roads leading into the Hazel Creek valley.  Fontana Village, which provides ferry access to the Hazel Creek Trail, is approximately  west of the mouth of Hazel Creek on the other side of Fontana Lake.  Along North Carolina State Route 28, Bryson City is just over  east of Fontana.  Along U.S. Route 129, Maryville, Tennessee is just over  northwest of Fontana.  Fontana is  east of the state line at Deals Gap.  Hazel Creek is located entirely within Swain County, North Carolina.

Hazel Creek communities

Between 1830 and 1944, several small towns and townships developed along the banks of Hazel Creek.  The most prominent of these included:

Proctor — located at the confluence of Shehan Branch and Hazel Creek, between what is now Campsite 86 and the ruins of the Ritter Mill.  Named after Hazel Creek's first settlers, Moses and Patience Proctor.

Cable Branch — located downstream from Proctor at the confluence of Hazel Creek and Cable Branch (now part of Hazel's embayment along Fontana).  Cable Branch was named after Samuel Cable, who settled along the stream around 1835.  The Fontana Marina's low-water Hazel Creek ferry rendezvous is located near the mouth of Cable Branch.

Medlin — located at the confluence of Hazel Creek and Sugar Fork, centered around what is now Campsite 84.  Named after Marion Medlin, who settled in the vicinity in the 1860s.

Bone Valley — located at the confluence of Bone Valley Creek and Hazel Creek, in the vicinity of what is now Campsite 83.  Named after the many bones left over from a cattle herd that froze to death in the valley, probably around 1888.

Ritter — located at the original confluence of Hazel Creek and the Little Tennessee River, now submerged under Fontana Lake.  Named after the Ritter Lumber Company, which used the town as a railroad hub in the early 1900s.

Other important North Shore communities included Bushnell at the confluence of the Tuckasegee River and Little Tennessee River, Wayside at the mouth of Calhoun Creek, and Fontana at the mouth of Eagle Creek.

History

The Cherokee were the first known permanent inhabitants of the Hazel Creek valley, although the valley was much more sparsely-populated than the Overhill settlements further down the Little Tennessee valley.  A small Cherokee village is known to have existed at the confluence of Sugar Fork and Hazel Creek, and at the time of the arrival of the first settlers, there were Cherokee families living in Possum Hollow.  According to local lore, an unmarked Cherokee grave is located near Proctor.

A well-worn Cherokee trail connected Hazel Creek to Cades Cove on the Tennessee side of the Smokies.  The trail followed Shehan Branch, crossed the Pinnacle, and ascended Eagle Creek to Ekaneetlee Gap, a col just east of Gregory Bald at the crest, and descended into the cove.  From Cades Cove, the trail proceeded to Tuckaleechee Cove and the Overhill settlements.  Other less-used trails connected Hazel to Forney Creek on the other side of Welch Ridge to the east and the Tuckasegee River area around modern-day Bryson City.

Early settlement, 1829-1860

Moses Proctor (1794–1864) and his wife Patience Rustin Proctor were the first known permanent settlers in the Hazel Creek area.  The Proctors, who had briefly settled in Cades Cove, crossed the crest at Ekaneetlee Gap in 1829 and built a cabin on a hill in Possum Hollow.  The cabin was located at what is now Proctor Cemetery.  The Proctors were always on good terms with the Cherokee, who lived further up the hollow.

In 1835, Samuel Cable (c. 1795-1887) and his wife Elizabeth settled just downstream from the Proctors at the mouth of Cable Branch (named after them).  This area is now part of the Hazel Creek embayment.  Samuel's brother, Peter, was a prominent figure in the early history of Cades Cove, and his nephew, John P. Cable, built the large gristmill that still stands near the Cades Cove Visitor Center.  Both Cable and Proctor probably wanted to take advantage of an old cattle road that ran from the North Shore area to the Parsons Turnpike.  The Turnpike connected Deal's Gap and Chilhowee, thus giving access to markets in Blount County and Knoxville.

Hazel Creek remained sparsely populated until the American Civil War.  Joseph Welch, who married the Proctors' daughter Catherine, settled on a small farm near his in-laws.  In the 1850s, Josiah and Sarah Bradshaw established a small farm in the Proctor area.  Shortly after arriving, the Bradshaws built Hazel Creek's first gristmill.  The creek was given its name around this time, probably referring to the hazelnut bushes that lined its banks.

The Civil War, 1861-1865

Although only a handful of families had settled on Hazel Creek by the 1860s, the Civil War still had a major impact on the valley's history.  Like most of the North Carolina side of the Smokies, the small population of Hazel Creek supported the Confederacy.  This put them at odds with their cousins on the Tennessee side of the mountains in Cades Cove who were staunchly pro-Union.  Union supporters fleeing Confederate North Carolina often fled to Cades Cove via Hazel Creek and Ekaneetlee Gap.  Bushwhackers and vigilantes in Cades Cove and Hazel Creek launched raids against one another, usually to steal livestock and crops.

Two sons of Moses and Patience Proctor were killed fighting for the Confederate cause.  A third son survived the war, but barely made it home.  The community of Bone Valley was largely settled by Confederate veterans, 6 of whom are buried in Bone Valley Cemetery, above Campsite 83.

Mining and early logging, 1889–1901

After the war, Hazel Creek drew a minor influx of settlers.  Hezekiah and Polly Jones settled just downstream from Proctor, where their son would later establish a general store.  Jesse Craten "Crate" Hall settled at the mouth of Bone Valley Creek in 1877, where he built a cabin.  In 1892, Hall built a second cabin for his growing family which still stands at the end of the Bone Valley Trail.  The family of Reverend Joshua Calhoun arrived in 1886 and established themselves just up the creek from Bone Valley.  Marion Medlin settled at the confluence of Sugar Fork and Hazel Creek in 1880.  In 1887, Medlin established a post office in his store, thus giving his name to the settlement there.

In 1883, Jacob Fonslow Hall was visiting his brother Jesse when he discovered a copper vein on Little Fork Ridge, a few miles above the mouth of Sugar Fork.  The Halls passed on the vein's location to Mark Bryson, a local prospector, who in turn notified New York entrepreneur W. S. Adams.  In 1889, after inspecting the vein for himself, Adams immediately set up a mining camp on Little Fork, widened the trail from Sugar Fork to the mouth of Hazel Creek into a wagon road, and made plans to bring in a smelter.  However, in 1901 a New Orleans land speculator named George Westfeldt sued Adams, claiming he actually owned the land on which mine was located.  The legal quandary shut down the mine.  After a 27-year legal battle, Adams was declared the rightful owner of the mine, although both he and Westfeldt were dead by the time the decision was handed down.

In 1892, a logging firm known as Taylor and Crate (some sources claim it was Johnson and Harris) sent its agent Jack Coburn to buy up timber rights along Hazel Creek.  Lacking a railroad, Taylor and Crate used a series of splash dams to move logs in controlled floods downstream to the Little Tennessee, where they would then be floated to the Tennessee River and eventually to a sawmill in Chattanooga.  Taylor and Crate never managed to turn a profit, however, and left the valley in 1898.

Horace Kephart, 1904–1907

In 1904, Horace Kephart, a librarian from St. Louis, arrived in Hazel Creek with plans to study the wilderness areas of the Southern Appalachian highlands.  Kephart moved into a cabin at the old Adams mining camp just above Sugar Fork, about two miles (3 km) from Medlin.  Kephart gave the following description of Medlin:

Medlin itself comprised two little stores built of rough planks and bearing no signs, a corn mill, and four dwellings.   away was the log schoolhouse, which, once or twice a month, served also as a church. Scattered about the settlement were seven tiny tub mills for grinding corn..."

Kephart's book Our Southern Highlanders (published in 1913) was the first widely read study of Southern Appalachian culture.  The fourth chapter of the book, "A Bear Hunt In the Smokies," recounts a typical bear-hunting excursion to the crest of the Smokies.  Three members of the hunting party— Granville Calhoun, "Little John" Cable, and "Doc" Jones— were children of early Hazel Creek pioneers.  The hunting party stayed at a herding shack built by Jesse "Crate" Hall along the crest near Chestnut Bald.  Kephart was fascinated by the crest of the Western Smokies, which in the early 1900s was a giant grassy bald.

Although Our Southern Highlanders gives invaluable descriptions of several aspects of life in the Smokies in the early 1900s, the book has been criticized for focusing too much on the more sensational facets of mountain life, such as moonshining and those families living in extreme poverty. And while Kephart claimed he received positive feedback from the mountain people, former Hazel Creek resident Duane Oliver recalled that the book angered many of the creek's residents for the stereotypical way in which it portrayed them.

The Ritter Lumber Company, 1907–1927

In 1902, the W. M. Ritter Lumber Company began making plans for a massive lumbering operation along Hazel Creek.  Ritter convinced Southern Railway to extend the railroad from Bushnell to the mouth of Hazel Creek, where Ritter built the hub that bore his name.  From this hub, Ritter constructed a logging railroad extending  up the Hazel Creek valley to the mouth of Proctor Creek.  The train, operated by Ritter's subsidiary Smoky Mountain Railway, offered passenger service to Proctor and Medlin.

With railroad access, Ritter managed to construct a large sawmill just east of Proctor.  Proctor itself nearly doubled in size, with a population of over 1,000 by 1920.  The Proctor mill included a planing mill for making furniture and drying kilns for flooring.  The company started on the south side of the creek and worked its way up to the Hazel Cascades, just below the creek's source.  The company's highest camp was at Buckeye Gap on the crest of the Smokies, near the source of Proctor Creek (traces of this camp remain along the Appalachian Trail). After cutting the ridges and coves along Hazel's south banks, Ritter turned around and proceeded back down along the creek's north bank, stripping bare cove after cove along the way.

By 1928, when Ritter ceased operations, the company had cut  of lumber in the Hazel Creek watershed. Although Ritter brought jobs and cash to the inhabitants of Hazel Creek, the company's destructive logging practices led to long-term environmental damage to the forest and creek itself.

Grace Lumpkin, early 1920s
Socialist writer Grace Lumpkin (1892–1980) lived at Hazel Creek for a brief time in the early 1920s.  The Hazel Creek community would become the inspiration for the fictitious community of Swain's Crossing in Lumpkin's 1932 novel, To Make My Bread.  Although fictional, Swain's Crossing includes a place called "Possum Hollow," a "Siler's Cove" (obviously influenced by Silers Bald), and a large mountain known as "Thunderhead" (Thunderhead Mountain crowns the crest of the Smokies between Hazel Creek and Cades Cove).  Lumpkin also rehashes the story of an entire herd of cattle freezing to death, similar to the legend behind the naming of Bone Valley.

Grace Lumpkin, Horace Kephart, and Hazel Creek in the mid-1920s are featured in Walt Larimore's 2012 novels Hazel Creek and Sugar Fork.

The national park and Fontana Dam, 1927–present

In the early 1900s, entrepreneur R. E. Woods decided to establish a railroad hub at the mouth of Eagle Creek for his Montvale Lumber Company, which was logging the upper reaches of Eagle Creek.  Woods' sister-in-law suggested the name Fontana, which is the Italian word for fountain.

In the 1930s, the Aluminum Company of America, which operated a large plant north of Maryville, bought up  above the town of Fontana as part of a plan to build a large dam to provide power to its plants.  The operation moved along slowly until the outbreak of World War II, when the demand for aluminum skyrocketed.  ALCOA turned its  over to the Tennessee Valley Authority, which quickly completed the dam in 1944.  That year, the TVA bought out the remaining North Shore settlements, including those along Hazel Creek.  As most of the land along the creek had little financial value, TVA could only offer prices that most of Hazel's residents found absurdly low.  Those that refused to sell, however, were forced out via condemnation suits.  The last families left Hazel Creek in November 1944, before the rising lake waters inundated the only major road out.  The land was turned over to the recently created Great Smoky Mountains National Park shortly thereafter, effectively extending the park boundary to the shores of Fontana Lake.  The Civilian Conservation Corps, which had been operating a camp at Proctor since the late 1930s, repaired bridges, tore down buildings, and improved trails along the creek's watershed.

The North Shore Road
With the inundation of the only highway along the northern banks of Fontana Lake, the Hazel Creek, Forney Creek, and Eagle Creek valleys were suddenly isolated.  Prior to the creation of the dam, those who owned land that was taken by the TVA were promised that there would be a road built to access to above water cemeteries and homesites, as well as to stimulate economic development in the region.  These promises resulted in a 1943 agreement which was signed by the TVA, Department of Interior, Swain County, and the State of North Carolina which stipulated that the road be constructed "if and when monies are appropriated".  This new road would be built along the North Shore, connecting Bryson City with US-129 just beyond Fontana Dam.  Between 1948 and 1970, the Department of the Interior (via the National Park Service) built  of this road just outside Bryson City.  Due primarily to staunch opposition from environmental groups, however, the project stalled.  The unfinished  stretch was nicknamed "the Road to Nowhere" by locals.

In 2000, Congress (largely at the behest of North Carolina Senator Jesse Helms and North Carolina Congressman Charles H. Taylor) appropriated 16 million dollars for the completion of the North Shore Road.  In an Environmental Impact Statement released in 2007, however, the Park Service concluded that the proposed road would be in violation of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park's General Management Plan, and recommended one of the proposed alternatives, a $52 million settlement to Swain County. Swain County commissioners voted to accept the settlement on February 5, 2010, accepting a new agreement which terminated the 1943 agreement. The Department of Interior transferred the remaining funds, $12.8 million, from the 2000 appropriation to an account managed by the North Carolina Treasury Department, which pays out interest payments to Swain County on an annual basis. The remainder of the $52 million, $38.2 million, has yet to be paid by the Department of Interior to Swain County, despite $4 million being included on a prioritized project list for the National Park Service in the 2012 Consolidated Appropriations Act.

After several years of meeting with Department of Interior officials, Swain County commissioners agreed in 2016 to bring a lawsuit against the Department for failure to pay the additional funds. The 2010 agreement contains a stipulation that will terminate the agreement automatically on December 31, 2020 regardless of how much of the $52 million has been paid.

Hazel Creek today

The Hazel Creek area remains one of the most remote regions of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, due largely to the fact that the North Shore Road was never completed.  The Fontana Village Marina provides ferry access (via pontoon boat) to both Eagle Creek and Hazel Creek.  As of 2009, the ferry ride to Hazel Creek costs $50 per person and takes about 20 minutes.

Hazel Creek can also be accessed via a  hike from Fontana Dam or a  hike from Cades Cove.  Five back country campsites are located along Hazel Creek between the creek's confluence with Shehan Branch and its confluence with Walker's Creek.  Backcountry Campsite 86 is located at what was once Proctor.  Campsite 84 was once the town of Medlin, and before that a small Cherokee settlement.  Campsite 83 was once the Bone Valley settlement.

Historical sites in the Hazel Creek area
 Calhoun House, built by George Higdon and purchased by Granville Calhoun in 1928. After 1944, park rangers used the Calhoun House as a bunkhouse, giving it the name "Hazel Creek Hilton."  The house is located at the Hazel Creek trailhead, near Campsite 86.

 Hall Cabin, built in 1892 by Jesse "Crate" Hall and his wife Tabitha Dills Hall, located at the end of the Bone Valley Trail.  This cabin, made of poplar logs, is the most remote historical structure in the Great Smokies, being a  hike from the ferry rendezvous.  In the 1920s, the cabin was used by the Kress family as part of a hunting lodge.  In 1976, the cabin was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.  This "Hall Cabin" should not be confused with the "Hall Cabin" mentioned often by Kephart, which was a herder's shack atop the crest of the Smokies near Chestnut Bald (although both were built by Crate Hall).
 The Ritter Mill Site consists of the ruins of the R.M. Ritter Lumber Company's saw mill, mill pond (now empty), and drying kilns, built around 1910.  An unmarked manway leads from the Hazel Creek Trail to the sawmill site, where the walls of the sawmill still stand.  The manway continues uphill to the site of "the Clubhouse," which was a lodge used by Ritter executives and dignitaries.  The mill is located about  east of the Calhoun House.
 The Adams-Westfeldt Mine Site, located along Little Fork of Sugar Fork, about two miles (3 km) above Campsite 84 (Medlin).  Author Horace Kephart lived in a cabin at the mining site from 1904-1907.
 Proctor Cemetery, located on a hill about  east of the Calhoun House in Possum Hollow.  The cemetery is also the site of the cabin (no longer standing) of Moses and Patience Proctor, who were the first Euro-American settlers in the area in 1829.
 Bone Valley Cemetery, located on a hill northwest of the junction of the Bone Valley Trail and Hazel Creek Trail.  Several members of the Hall, Laney, and Cook families are buried here.  The Bone Valley Baptist Church, built by Joshua Calhoun around 1880, was also located at the trail junction.

See also
Fontana Dam
Little Tennessee River

References

External links
Great Smoky Mountains National Park — official site
Fontana Village Marina — provides ferry access to the Hazel Creek Trail
The North Shore Road Environmental Impact State Website — information regarding the North Shore Road Project
Horace Kephart: Revealing an Enigma — writer who lived in the Hazel Creek area 1904-1907
Hazel Creek: Life and Death of an Iconic Mountain Community 4/15/2017 book by Daniel S. Pierce

Communities of the Great Smoky Mountains
Rivers of Swain County, North Carolina
Appalachian culture in North Carolina
Rivers of North Carolina


text:
Rossomyrmex minuchae  — вид средних по размеру муравьёв-рабовладельцев из подсемейства Formicinae (Formicidae).

Распространение
Испания.

Описание
Размеры рабочих около 5—6 мм. Окраска коричнево-чёрная.
Рабовладельцы, использующие в качестве рабов муравьёв из рода Proformica.
Вид был описан по рабочим и самкам в 1981 году, а самцы впервые были описаны в 1995 году.

Красная книга
Эти муравьи включены в «Красный список угрожаемых видов» () международной Красной книги Всемирного союза охраны природы (The World Conservation Union, IUCN) в статусе Vulnerable D2 (таксоны в уязвимости или под угрозой исчезновения).

См. также
 Formica

Примечания

Литература
 Marikovsky, P. I. (1974). «The biology of the ant Rossomyrmex proformicarum K. W. Arnoldi (1928).» Insect. Soc. 21: 301—308.
 Tinaut Ranera, J. A. (1981 («1980»)). «Rossomyrmex minuchae nov. sp. (Hym. Formicidae) encontrada en Sierra Nevada, España.» Bol. Asoc. Esp. Entomol. 4: 195—203.
 Tinaut, A. and F. Ruano (1998). «Implications phylogenetiques du mechanisme de recrutement chez Rossomyrmex minuchae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae).» Actes Coll. Insect. Soc. 11: 125—132.

Ссылки

Rossomyrmex
Насекомые Европы
Эндемики Испании
Животные, описанные в 1981 году


text:
Валенти́н Фавсти́н де Бе́ррио-Очо́а и Ари́сти (; ) — католический святой, мученик, миссионер, член монашеского ордена доминиканцев, епископ апостольского викариата Центрального Тонкина.

Биография
Валентин Фаустино де Беррио-Очоа и Аристи родился в бедной семье 14 февраля 1827 года в городе Элоррио, Испания. С раннего детства прислуживал в церкви у доминиканцев и мечтал стать монахом. Помогая отцу в столярном деле, Валентин Фаустино изучал латинский язык у монахов. В возрасте 18 лет поступил в семинарию в Логроньо. 14 июня 1851 года был рукоположён в священника, после чего в течение двух лет работал в семинарии. 12 ноября 1853 года Валентин Фаустино вступил в монашеский орден доминиканцев. Через некоторое время его отправили на миссию в Манилу. 17 июня 1857 года прибыл в Манилу и оттуда вскоре отбыл во Вьетнам.

Во время гонений на христиан во Вьетнаме Валентин Фаустино де Беррио-Очоа и Аристи скрывался у местных христиан. Епископ апостольского викариата Центрального Тонкина Хосе Мельхор Гарсия-Сампедро-Суарес, опасаясь своего ареста, назначил Валентина Фаустино де Баррио-Очоа и Аристи своим преемником. 28 декабря 1857 года Святой Престол назначил Валентина Фаустино де Баррио-Очоа и Аристи титулярным епископом Центурии и вспомогательным епископом апостольского викариата Центрального Тонкина. 27 июня 1858 года состоялось рукоположение Валентина Фаустино де Баррио-Очоа и Аристи в епископа, которое совершил в подпольных условиях епископ Хосе Мельхор Гарсия-Сампедро-Суарес. На мессе рукоположения сослужил священник Мануэль Игнасио Рианьо.

28 июля 1858 года после мученической смерти епископа Хосе Мельхора Гарсия-Сампедро-Суареса Фаустино де Баррио-Очоа и Аристи был назначен Святым Престолом епископом апостольского викариата Центрального Тонкина.

25 октября 1861 года Фаустино де Баррио-Очоа и Аристи был арестован. 1 ноября 1861 года он был казнён вместе с епископом апостольского викариата Восточного Тонкина Херонимо Хермосилья и священником Педро Хосе Альмато-и-Рибера Ауросом.

Прославление
29 мая 1906 года папа Пий X причислил Валентина Фаустино де Беррио-Очоа и Аристи к лику блаженных и 19 июня 1988 года папа Иоанн Павел II причислил его к лику святых в составе группы 117 вьетнамских мучеников.

День памяти в католической церкви — 24 ноября.

См. также
 Список святых, канонизированных папой римским Иоанном Павлом II

Примечания

Ссылки
 Индекс святых
 Информация
 Биография

Святые доминиканцы
Католические святые
Католические святые Вьетнама
Святые Испании
Христианские святые XIX века
Католические миссионеры
Святые Баскских земель
Беатифицированные Пием X
Канонизированные Иоанном Павлом II
Канонизированные в XX веке
Доминиканцы Испании


text:
Glat lakrids (Glycyrrhiza glabra) er en buskagtig staude med opret, stiv vækst. Planten bruges – i form af de tørrede rødder – som smagsgiver og ingrediens i slimløsende medicintyper og i slik.

Beskrivelse
Glat lakrids er en flerårig, urteagtig plante med en forgrenet, buskagtig vækst. Stænglerne er glatte og runde i tværsnit. Bladene er spredtstillede og uligefinnede med helrandede småblade. Begge bladsider er glatte, og mens oversiden er lysegrøn, er undersiden mere blågrøn. Blomstringen sker i juni-september, hvor man kan se de lyslilla ærteblomster sidde i korte, slanke aks fra bladhjørnerne. Frugterne er bælge med nogle få frø.

Rodsystemet består af en kraftig, dybtgående pælerod med grove, forveddede siderødder.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 1 x 1 m (100 x 100 cm/år).

Hjemsted
Glat lakrids er naturligt udbredt i Nordafrika, Mellemøsten, Kaukasus, Centralasien, Sibirien, Østasien, på det indiske subkontinent og i Øst- og Sydeuropa. Den er knyttet til lysåbne, varme voksesteder med en humusrig, fugtig jordbund. Den findes således i engsamfund langs floderne i Spanien og Portugal.

Spanske skove, der er domineret af purpurpil og sortpoppel, vokser på næringsrig jord langs vandløbene, og her findes glat lakrids sammen med bl.a. abild, aftenstjerne, kongebregne, nældetræ, blå skælrod, dunet steffensurt, Epipactis hispanica (en art af Hullæbe), hjertebladet fliglæbe, kirkegårdsbregne, knoldet kulsukker, kæmpestar, plettet arum, rundbladet slangerod, smalbladet ask, småbladet elm, stinkiris, sølvpoppel, vild pære, Vinca difformis (en art af singrøn) og vorterod.

Anvendelse
De tørrede rødder bruges enten direkte eller via en udvindingsproces til medicinske formål eller som smagsgiver i slik, kager og madvarer (se Lakridsrod).

Indholdsstoffer
Hele planten dufter og smager af lakrids, og det skyldes et indhold af kalium- og calciumsalte af glycyrrhicinsyre. Disse glykosider har en sødekraft, der er 50 gange så kraftig som rørsukker. Desuden indeholder planten en lang række andre stoffer, herunder mere flygtige aromastoffer som anethol og geraniol.

Se også
 Lakrids
 Lakridsrod

Note

Nytteplanter fra Europa
Nytteplanter fra Asien


text:
Aznar Galíndez I (also Asnar) (died 839) was a Basque Count of Aragon and Conflent from 809 and Cerdanya and Urgell from 820. Aznar has been confused with Aznar Sánchez, Duke of Gascony, and some authorities have even considered the two like-named contemporaries to be one and the same person.

Aznar succeeded Aureolus as count of the valley of the River Aragón on the latter's death in 809. Some sources indicate him as count of Jaca, which was probably the seat of his authority within the valley. He was installed by king Louis the Pious (a son of emperor Charlemagne), and remained a Frankish vassal. In 820, he was overthrown by his son-in-law García the Bad, supported by Íñigo Arista's Navarrese forces.

He took refuge in the Vasconia that remained suzerain to the Franks, and was appointed count in Urgell and Cerdanya.

He had four children:
Matrona, who married García the Bad, but was repudiated when he overthrew her father
Eilona, named as daughter of count Aznar Galíndez in an 862 charter of her nephew, Guntislo
Centullo, murdered by his brother-in-law García the Bad
Galindo Aznárez I, later Count of Aragon

Sources
Collins, Roger. The Basques. Blackwell Publishing: London, 1990.
Higounet, Charles. Bordeaux pendant le haut moyen age. Bordeaux, 1963.
Lewis, Archibald R. The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050. University of Texas Press: Austin, 1965.

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Counts of Aragon
Counts of Cerdanya
Counts of Urgell
839 deaths
Year of birth unknown
9th-century rulers in Europe