text:
Der Kanonensong ist ein Lied aus dem ersten Akt der im Jahre 1928 uraufgeführten Dreigroschenoper. Der Text stammt von Bertolt Brecht, die Musik komponierte Kurt Weill. Uraufgeführt wurde der Song am 31. August 1928 im Berliner Theater am Schiffbauerdamm und ist seitdem in zahlreichen Versionen auch heute noch Bestandteil des klassischen modernen Konzertrepertoires. Kurt Weill veröffentlichte das überaus erfolgreiche Lied 1928 auch als Instrumentalstück in seiner Kleinen Dreigroschenmusik für Blasmusikensemble, Schlagzeug, Banjo und Klavier, einer Suite, die aus den bekannten Songs der Dreigroschenoper besteht. In der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus waren die Oper, die Verfilmung und die Musik Kurt Weills verboten.

Textgeschichte

Der Text der drei Strophen erschien zuerst 1926 in der Taschenpostille, der Vorläuferin von Bertolt Brechts Hauspostille, unter dem Titel Lied der drei Soldaten; dort fehlte noch der Refrain. Brecht übernahm ihn kaum verändert in die Hauspostille selbst. Auch der Text des Refrains lag bereits vor der Dreigroschenoper vor, und zwar schon unter dem Titel Kanonensong (ohne Strophen), er ist im Songverzeichnis zur Berliner Erstaufführung von Mann ist Mann 1927 abgedruckt. Die Personennamen im Text passte Brecht jeweils an die Figuren der Theaterstücke an. Eine Vorstudie des Stücks hat Brecht mit einigen Notenkürzeln versehen, die Weill aber offenkundig nicht aufgegriffen hat.

Musikalischer Aufbau
Für den Kanonensong hat Kurt Weill in Klavierauszug und Partitur  der Dreigroschenoper Foxtrott-Tempo angegeben, in der Einzelausgabe für Klavier und Gesang Charleston-Tempo. Der Charleston war ein in den 1920er Jahren weit verbreiteter populärer Modetanz. Als Metronomwert gibt Weill im ersten Fall (Foxtrott)  = 92 an, es sind also 92 halbe Noten in der Minute zu spielen, ein recht schnelles Tempo, im zweiten Fall (Charleston)  = 88, also geringfügig langsamer. Das Stück ist im 4/4-Takt notiert und dauert etwa zweieinhalb Minuten. Im Kanonensong gibt es keine durchgehende eindeutige Tonart, dafür aber unvollständige Akkorde, teilweise ohne Intervalle wie Quinte oder Terz.

Text und Interpretationen
Bertolt Brechts Text besteht aus drei Strophen, nach denen jeweils der Refrain, Soldaten wohnen auf den Kanonen..., gesungen wird. Geschrieben ist er für zwei Stimmen, Macheath genannt Mackie Messer und Tiger Brown als oberster Polizeichef von London, zwei Figuren aus der Dreigroschenoper, die den Song abwechselnd und im Duett darbieten.

Angeregt wurde Brecht von Rudyard Kiplings Ballade Screw-Guns, benannt nach dem Gebirgsgeschütz der britisch-indischen Truppen im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert. Kiplings Gedicht ist aus der Sicht eines Soldaten der Besatzung verfasst. Tabakrauch, Morgennebel und Kameraderie mit stark indischem Akzent machen die atmosphärisch dichte Beschreibung aus.

In dem Lied Brechts erinnern sich die beiden Gegenspieler an ihre gemeinsame Militärzeit. In den Aufführungen in Berlin sangen Harald Paulsen in der Rolle des Macheath und Kurt Gerron als Polizeichef Tiger Brown den Kanonensong.

In zahlreichen Instrumentierungen und Arrangements wird der Kanonensong seit 1928 gespielt. In der Uraufführung 1928 und den weiteren Aufführungen bis 1933 intonierte ihn das Ensemble von Lewis Ruth unter der Leitung von Theo Mackeben; er brachte den bejubelten Durchbruch der Dreigroschenoper beim Publikum. Schon bald spielten Tanz- und Jazzensembles wie die Jazz Symphonians von Paul Godwin das erfolgreiche Stück nach, oder in neuerer Zeit unter anderem die Berliner Philharmoniker, das Ensemble Modern und die London Sinfonietta.

Zwischen 1946 und 1948 schrieb Brecht neue Texte für einige Songs der Dreigroschenoper, so 1946 einen neuen Kanonensong, den er hektographiert aus dem US-amerikanischen Exil nach Deutschland schickte. In der Ausgabe der Songs aus der Dreigroschenoper 1949 waren beide Texte hintereinander abgedruckt, im Druck der Stücke 1955 ging Brecht auf die Fassung des Erstdrucks der Dreigroschenoper von 1931 zurück. Der neue Kanonensong verortet das Geschehen im Dritten Reich und im Zweiten Weltkrieg und blickt auf den beginnenden Kalten Krieg.

Weblinks
 Liedtext

Einzelnachweise

Theaterlied
Werk von Bertolt Brecht
Lied von Kurt Weill
Lied 1928


text:
Calligrapha rhoda är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Frederick Knab 1909. Calligrapha rhoda ingår i släktet Calligrapha och familjen bladbaggar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Bladbaggar
rhoda

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Station JR Namba (JR難波駅, JR Namba-eki) is een spoorwegstation in de wijk Naniwa-ku in Osaka, Japan. Het wordt aangedaan door de Yamatoji-lijn.Naast dit station zijn er nog twee andere stations met de naam 'Namba': Osaka Namba en Namba, die beide ten oosten van het JR-station liggen. Het station heeft 4 sporen.

Lijnen

JR West

Geschiedenis
Het station werd in 1889 geopend als station Minatomachi aan de voormalige Osaka-spoorlijn en in 1900 aan de Kansai-lijn. In 1989 werd het station 100 meter naar het zuidwesten verplaatst en in 1994 kreeg het de naam JR Namba.

Stationsindeling
Het station is via wandelgangen en winkelcentra verbonden met de stations Namba en Osaka Namba.

Overig openbaar vervoer
Bussen 29, 52, 50, 71, 84, 85, 103, 103A en 108.

Stationsomgeving
Het station bevindt zich aan de westkant van de buurt Namba.
 Minato River Place
 FM Osaka
 Hoofdkantoor van de Sankei Shimbun (krant)
 Osaka City Air Terminal
 Namba Marui
 Sunkus
 7-Eleven
 Lawson
 Max Valu (supermarkt)

JR Namba
Bouwwerk in Osaka


text:
Regno
L'inizio del suo regno fu caratterizzato da un incendio, forse provocato da un terremoto, che distrusse il Palazzo Reale e gran parte della città, per cui si dovettero ricostruire gli archivi cittadini.

Durante il regno mantenne una politica di vassallaggio nei confronti degli egiziani.

Note

Re di Ugarit


text:
Marcilhac-sur-Célé är en kommun i departementet Lot i regionen Occitanien i södra Frankrike. Kommunen ligger i kantonen Cajarc som tillhör arrondissementet Figeac. År  hade Marcilhac-sur-Célé  invånare.

Befolkningsutveckling
Antalet invånare i kommunen Marcilhac-sur-Célé

Se även
 Lista över kommuner i departementet Lot

Källor

Kommuner i Lot


text:
L'histoire navale de la Chine remonte à des milliers d'années et des archives existent depuis la fin de la Période des Printemps et Automne (722  - 481 ) sur l'ancienne marine chinoise et les différents types de navires utilisés à la guerre. La Chine était la première puissance maritime dans les années 1405–1433, lorsque les constructeurs de navires chinois ont commencé à construire d'énormes navires de haute mer. De nos jours, les gouvernements chinois et taïwanais actuels continuent de maintenir des marines permanentes avec respectivement la marine populaire de libération et la marine de la république de Chine.

Histoire

Premiers efforts maritimes côtiers

Ce serait grâce au légendaire Xu Fu à la recherche du mythique Fusang, ou à la création de la Route de la soie maritime depuis le  à partir du Xian de Hepu, que les anciennes cartes navales chinoises furent réalisées.

Bien que de nombreuses batailles navales aient eu lieu avant le , comme la grande bataille de le Falaise rouge entre les Trois royaumes en 208, c'est pendant la dynastie Song (960-1279) en 1132 que les Chinois établirent une marine permanente. À son apogée, à la fin du , il y avait 20 escadrons de quelque 52 000 marins, avec le quartier général de l'amiral à Dinghai, tandis que la base principale restait plus proche du Shanghai moderne à cette époque. L'établissement de la marine permanente pendant la période Song est né de la nécessité de se défendre contre les Jurchens, qui avaient envahi la moitié nord de la Chine, et d'escorter les flottes de marchands pénétrant dans le Pacifique Sud-Est et l'océan Indien lors de longues missions commerciales à l'étranger vers les contrées hindoues, islamiques et est-africaines du monde. Toutefois, considérant que la Chine était un pays menacé depuis longtemps par des tribus nomades basées sur la terre telles que les Xiongnu, les Göktürks, les Mongols, etc., la marine était toujours considérée comme un complément plutôt que comme une importante force militaire. Aux , le système de canaux et l'économie interne de la Chine étaient suffisamment développés pour rendre inutile la flotte du Pacifique, qui a été sabordée lorsque les confucianistes conservateurs ont pris le pouvoir devant la cour et ont entamé une politique d'introspection. Après la première et la seconde guerres de l'opium, qui ont secoué les généraux de la dynastie Qing, le gouvernement a accordé une plus grande importance à la marine.

Lorsque la flotte britannique rencontra les Chinois lors de la première guerre de l'opium, leurs officiers notèrent l'apparition de bateaux à roues à aubes dans la flotte chinoise, qu'ils ont alors pris pour une copie du modèle occidental. En réalité, les bateaux à roues à aubes ont été développés indépendamment par les Chinois aux  (un siècle seulement après leur première mention dans les sources romaines (voir Bateau à roues à aubes )) bien que cette méthode de propulsion ait été abandonnée pendant de nombreux siècles et récemment réintroduite avant la guerre. De nombreuses autres innovations étaient présentes au Moyen Âge dans les navires chinois qui n'avaient pas encore été adoptées par les mondes occidental et islamique, dont certaines ont été documentées par Marco Polo, mais qui ne sont entrées dans d'autres marines qu'au , lorsque les Britanniques les ont incorporées à la conception de leurs navires. Par exemple, des coques chinoises médiévales ont été scindées en sections de cloisonnées, de sorte qu'une rupture de la coque n'inondait qu'une fraction du navire et ne le coulait pas nécessairement (voir Inondabilité du navire). Cela a été décrit dans le livre de Zhu Yu, auteur de la marine de la dynastie Song, dans le "Pingzhou Ketan" de 1119. Outre les innovations décrites dans le livre de Zhu, de nombreuses autres améliorations ont été apportées à la technologie nautique à l'époque médiévale Song. Celles-ci comprenaient des traverses reliant les côtes des navires pour les renforcer, des gouvernails pouvant être relevés ou abaissés pour permettre aux navires de se déplacer dans plus grande diversité de profondeurs d'eau, des ancres avec des dents disposées de manière circulaire plutôt que dans une direction, "ce qui les rend plus fiables". Les jonques avaient également leurs voiles étalées sur des poteaux en bois afin que l'équipage puisse les relever et les abaisser avec des cordes depuis le pont, comme des stores de fenêtre, sans avoir à grimper, attacher ou dénouer diverses cordes à chaque fois que le navire a besoin de tourner ou de régler sa vitesse.

Une bataille navale importante fut la bataille du lac Poyang du 30 août au 4 octobre de l'année 1363 de notre ère, une bataille qui cimenta le succès de Zhu Yuanzhang dans la fondation de la dynastie Ming. Cependant, la flotte chinoise a énormément régressé après qu'au début du  ses fonctions militaires, tributaires et exploratoires aient été jugées trop onéreuses et qu'elle devienne principalement une force de police sur des routes comme le Grand Canal. Des navires comme les mastodontes de la "flotte de trésors" de Zheng He, qui a plusieurs fois éclipsé les plus grands navires portugais de l'époque, ont été abandonnés et la jonque est devenue le navire prédominant en Chine jusqu'à la renaissance navale.

Littérature

Littérature ancienne

L'un des plus anciens livres chinois connus sur les questions navales est le Yuejueshu (Archives perdues de l'État de Yue) datant de 52 , attribué à l'érudit de la dynastie des Han, Yuan Kang. De nombreux passages du livre de Yuan Kang ont été réécrits et publiés dans le Taiping Yulan de Li Fang, compilé en 983. Les passages conservés du livre de Yuan Kang ont été réédités dans le Yuanjian Leihan (Miroir de l'infini, un trésor classé), édité et compilé par Zhang Ying en 1701 durant la dynastie Qing.

Le livre de Yuan Kang énumère diverses embarcations utilisées pour la guerre, notamment celle utilisée principalement pour éperonner les trirèmes gréco-romaines. Ces « classes » de navires sont la grande aile (da yi), la petite aile (xiao yi), l'attaquant éventreur (tu wei), le navire-château (lou chuan) et le navire-passerelle (qiao chuan). Celles-ci ont été répertoriées dans le Yuejueshu comme un dialogue écrit entre le roi Helü de Wu (514 à 496 ) et Wu Zixu (526 à 484 ). Ce dernier y déclarait :

Les navires à éperons sont attestés dans d'autres documents chinois, notamment dans le dictionnaire Shi Ming de Liu Xi, vers 100 . Les Chinois utilisèrent également un grand crochet en fer relié à un espar pour épingler les navires en retraite, comme décrit dans le livre de Mozi, compilé au  . Cela a été discuté dans un dialogue entre Mozi et Lu Ban en 445  (lorsque Lu a voyagé à l'État de Chu de l'État de Lu), disant que le crochet et l'espar standardisé sur tous les navires de guerre Chu a été donné comme la raison pour laquelle la marine de Yue a perdu une bataille contre Chu.

La rébellion de Gongsun Shu contre la dynastie des Han rétablie, dans la province du Sichuan durant l'année 33 de notre ère, a été rapportée dans le livre des Han postérieurs, compilé par Fan Ye au . Gongsun avait envoyé une force navale de vingt à trente mille soldats le long du fleuve Yangtsé pour attaquer la position du commandant Han Cen Peng. Après que Cen Peng eut vaincu plusieurs officiers de Gongsun, Gongsun fit construire un long ponton flottant sur le Yangtsé, doté de points fortifiés, protégés en amont par un barrage, et a érigé des forts sur la rive du fleuve pour tirer des projectiles à distance. Cen Peng a été incapable de percer cette barrière et ce barrage de projectiles avant de doter sa marine de navires château, de navires d'assaut à rames et d'« attaquants en collision » utilisés pour éperonner une flotte de plusieurs milliers de navires et réprimer la rébellion de Gongsun.

Le concept du « navire-château » décrit par Yuan Kang a continué à être utilisé dans les batailles navales chinoises après la période Han. Face à la marine de la dynastie Chen sur le fleuve Yangtsé, l'empereur Wen de Sui (581–604) employa une force navale énorme de milliers de navires et de 518 000 soldats stationnés le long du Yangtsé (du Sichuan à l'océan Pacifique). Le plus grand de ces navires avait cinq ponts superposés, pouvait contenir 800 passagers, et chaque navire était équipé de six bômes de 50 pieds (environ 15 mètres) utilisées pour se balancer et endommager les navires ennemis, avec la possibilité de les bloquer.

Types de navire de l'époque Tang
Durant la dynastie chinoise des Tang (618–907 ), des combats navals célèbres ont eu lieu, tels que la victoire des Tang-Silla sur le royaume coréen de Baekje et les forces japonaises Yamato lors de la bataille de Baekgang en 663. La littérature de la dynastie Tang sur la guerre navale et la conception des navires est devenue alors plus nuancée et complexe. Dans son Taipai Yinjing (Règles de la planète blanche et sombre de la guerre) de 759 , Li Quan donna des descriptions de plusieurs types de navires de guerre de son époque (remarque: les navires à plusieurs ponts sont appelés navires à tour ci-dessous). Bien entendu, les bateaux à roues à aubes innovés par le prince des Tang, Li Gao, plus d'une décennie plus tard, en 784 , ne sont évidemment pas représentés ici, même si eux conserveraient une place importante dans la marine chinoise. Les engins à roue à aubes constituaient, avec les bombes à poudre noire, un atout important dans les succès navals de la dernière dynastie Song, notamment dans la bataille de Caishi en 1161 , lors des guerres Jin – Song.

Swoopers couverts
Attaquants couverts (Meng Chong, 艨艟) ; ce sont des navires qui ont le dos couvert (blindés) avec une couverture de peau de rhinocéros. Les deux côtés du navire ont des rames; à l' avant et à l'arrière, ainsi qu'à bâbord et à tribord, il y a des ouvertures pour les arbalètes et des trous pour les lances. Les ennemis ne peuvent pas embarquer (sur ces navires), et les flèches ou les pierres ne peuvent l'endommager. Cette disposition n'est pas adoptée pour les grands navires car une vitesse et une mobilité supérieures sont préférables, afin de pouvoir soudainement plonger sur l'ennemi non préparé. Ainsi, ces attaquants couverts ne sont pas des navires de combat (au sens ordinaire).

Jonques de Combat
Jonque de combat (Zhan xian); les jonques de combat ont des remparts et des demi-remparts au-dessus du bord de la coque, les orifices pour les rames en dessous. À cinq pieds du bord du pont (à bâbord et à tribord) se trouve un rouf surmonté de remparts. Cela double l'espace disponible pour le combat. Il n'y a pas de couverture ou de toit sur le dessus (du navire). Les fanions dentelés flottent depuis des bâtons à de nombreux endroits à bord, et il y a des gongs et des tambours ; ainsi, ces (jonques de combat) sont de (réels) navires de combat (au sens ordinaire).

Barques volantes
Barques volantes (Zou ge); un autre type de navire de combat. Ils ont une double rangée de remparts sur le pont et ils transportent plus de marins (rameurs) et moins de soldats , mais ces derniers sont choisis parmi les meilleurs et les plus courageux. Ces navires se bousculent comme sur des vagues et peuvent attaquer un ennemi à l'improviste. Ils sont très utiles pour les urgences et le devoir urgent.

Bateaux de patrouille
Les bateaux de patrouille (Yu ting) sont de petits navires utilisés pour la collecte de renseignements. Ils n'ont pas de remparts au-dessus de la coque, mais à bâbord et à tribord, il y a une dame de nage tous les quatre pieds, dont le nombre total varie en fonction de la taille du bateau. Que ce soit pour avancer, s'arrêter ou revenir, ou pour faire évoluer la formation, la vitesse (de ces bateaux) est comme voler. Mais ils sont pour la reconnaissance, ils ne combattent pas les bateaux / navires.

Faucons de Mer
Faucons de mer (Hai hu); ces navires ont des proues basses et des hautes proues, les parties avant (de la coque) étant petites et les parties arrière larges, comme la forme de l'oiseau hu (lorsqu'il flotte sur l'eau). Au-dessous du niveau du pont, à bâbord et à tribord, il y a des "planches flottantes" (fou ban) en forme de ailes de l'oiseau hu. Ceux-ci aident les navires (faucon de mer), de sorte que même lorsque le vent et les vagues apparaissent dans la fureur, ils ne sont pas (entraînés) latéralement, ni ne se retournent. Les peaux de bœuf crues le recouvrent et protègent les parties supérieures des deux côtés du navire, comme si elles se trouvaient sur un mur d'enceinte [note de bas de page: protection contre les projectiles incendiaires ]. Il y a des fanions en dents de scie, des gongs et des tambours, comme sur les navires de combat.

Évènements navals par époque

Royaumes combattants
 Guerres entre Yue et Chu

Dynastie Qin
 Xu Fu
 Tu Sui (屠 睢) conquit Baiyue

La dynastie Han
 111 , les délégués de l'empereur Wu de Han explorèrent l'Asie du Sud-Est et l'Inde depuis le golfe du Tonkin pour prendre contact avec des États d'Asie centrale, la Route de le soie maritime.
 Rébellion de Gongsun Shu
 Bataille de Jiangxia
 Bataille des falaises rouges
 Bataille de Ruxu (217)

Trois Royaumes
 Bataille de Dongkou
 Bataille de Jiangling (223)
 Bataille de Ruxu (222-223)

Dynastie Sui
 Guerres Koguryo-Sui

Dynastie Tang
 Bataille de Baekgang

Dynastie Song
 Bataille de Caishi
 Bataille de Tangdao
 Bataille de Xiangyang
 Bataille de Yamen

Dynastie Yuan
 Troisième bataille de Bạch Đằng
 Première bataille de la baie de Hakata
 Bataille de Kōan
 Expédition Java

Dynastie Ming

 Bataille du lac Poyang
 Voyages au trésor Ming dirigés par Zheng He
 Wokou
 Jiajing Wokou Raids
 Guerre d'Imjin
 Bataille de Noryang
 Première bataille de Tamao
 Deuxième bataille de Tamao
 Bataille de Penghu (1624)
 Bataille de la baie de Liaoluo
 Siège de Fort Zeelandia

Dynastie Qing
La marine impériale chinoise moderne a été créée en 1875 à la suite d'une incursion japonaise à Taiwan qui a révélé la vulnérabilité de la marine chinoise prémoderne existante. De nombreux navires modernes équipés d'armes à feu Krupp, d'électricité, de pistolets Gatling, de torpilles et d'autres armes modernes ont été acquis par les dynasties Qing aux puissances occidentales. Ils étaient dirigés par des officiers chinois formés à l'ouest.

 Zheng Chengong
 Bataille de Penghu
 Flotte Beiyang
 Flotte Nanyang
 Flotte Fujian
 Flotte du Guangdong
 Première et deuxième guerres de l'opium
 Guerre sino-française
 Bataille de Foochow
 Bataille de Shipu
 Première guerre sino-japonaise
 Bataille de la rivière Yalu (1894)
 Bataille de Weihaiwei

République de Chine
 Marine de la République de Chine
 Deuxième guerre sino-japonaise
 Bataille de Wuhan
 Opération de débarquement sur l'île de Hainan
 Première crise du détroit de Taiwan
 Deuxième crise du détroit de Taiwan
 Troisième crise du détroit de Taiwan

République Populaire de Chine
 Marine de l'Armée de libération du peuple
 Première crise du détroit de Taiwan
 Deuxième crise du détroit de Taiwan
 Bataille des iles Paracels
 Troisième crise du détroit de Taiwan
 Escarmouche de l'île Spratly (1988)

Galerie de navires de guerre chinois

Bibliographie en français
 prof. Xi Long-fei, Histoire des navires dans la Chine ancienne (version bilingue, traduction du chinois de Christian A. Fardel), Saint-Malo, éditions Ancre de Marine, 2019

Voir également
 Histoire militaire de la Chine avant 1911
 Histoire militaire de la Chine après 1911: PLA, ROCA
 Histoire des canaux en Chine
 Histoire et technologie de la dynastie Song
 Exploration chinoise
 Marine impériale chinoise
 Les marins en Chine Ming

Références

Citations

Sources
 Cole, Bernard D. The Great Wall at Sea: China's Navy in the Twenty-First Century (2nd ed., 2010)
 Fisher, Richard. China's Military Modernization: Building for Regional and Global Reach (2010) excerpt and text search
 Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). East Asia: A Social, Cultural, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. .
 Graff, David Andrew and Robin Higham (2002). A Military History of China. Boulder: Westview Press.
 Lo, Jung-Pang. The Emergence of China as a Sea Power During the Late Sung and Early Yuan Periods. in: 'Far Eastern Quarterly', 4/1955.
 Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.

 Yoshihara, Toshi, and James R. Holmes, eds. Red Star over the Pacific: China's Rise and the Challenge to U.S. Maritime Strategy (2010) excerpt and text search
 Dewan, Sandeep "China's Maritime Ambitions and the PLA Navy" Vij Books,

 Zurndorfer, Harriet. "Oceans of history, seas of change: recent revisionist writing in western languages about China and East Asian maritime history during the period 1500–1630." International Journal of Asian Studies 13.1 (2016): 61-94.

Liens externes
 中国 海军 史 会
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070403091924/http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/china.htm
 http://www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/chinese_navy.htm
 Musée chinois des navires de guerre en ligne

Histoire militaire de la Chine


text:
Cleveland Township is a township in Barton County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 42.

Geography
Cleveland Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Bethel.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Barton County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


text:
Hozelec este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Poprad din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 791 de locuitori. Se învecinează cu comuna Švábovce.

Istoric
Localitatea Hozelec este atestată documentar din 1243.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia


text:
Степа́нов () — хутір у Матвієво-Курганському районі Ростовської області Росії. Входить до складу Алексєєвського сільського поселення.

Географія
Географічні координати: 47°38' пн. ш. 38°49' сх. д. Часовий пояс — UTC+4.

Відстань до районного центру, селища Матвієв Курган, становить 8 км. Поблизу хутора протікає річка Міус.

Урбаноніми
 вулиці — Лугова, Річкова, Степова.

Населення
За даними перепису населення 2010 року на території хутора проживало 154 особи. Частка чоловіків у населенні складала 50% або 77 осіб, жінок — 50% або 77 осіб.

Примітки

Посилання
 Прогноз погоди в селі
 Степанов на wikimapia.org

Населені пункти Матвієво-Курганського району
Хутори Ростовської області


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Lilla Ledharun är ö i Finland. Den ligger i Skärgårdshavet och i kommunen Kimitoön i den ekonomiska regionen  Åboland i landskapet Egentliga Finland, i den sydvästra delen av landet. Ön ligger omkring 65 kilometer söder om Åbo och omkring 130 kilometer väster om Helsingfors.

Öns area är  hektar och dess största längd är 170 meter i öst-västlig riktning. Närmaste större samhälle är Hangö,  km öster om Lilla Ledharun.

Lilla Ledharun har fått sitt namn av den farled till Hangö som passerar norr om Hitis och vidare västerut mot Vänö och Borstö. Farleden har använts i flera hundra år och finns beskriven i Kung Valdemars segelled. Här öster om Hitis passerar farleden mellan Ledharun i norr och Lilla Ledharun i söder.

Källor

Öar i Hitis
Öar i Skärgårdshavet


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Aurora Fuster Gallardo (Málaga 1884-1907), fue una autora teatral española, concretamente de Andalucía.

Biografía
Carente de formación e instrucción alguna, quedan notas de su carácter inconformista y rebelde que la llevaron a más de un altercado con los empresarios teatrales, pues era "una autora independiente y poco dada al trato social".

Su vida personal estuvo marcada por la tragedia, pues casada con el escritor José Antonio de Torres, contrajo segundas nupcias con el también escritor teatral José Crousielles, con quien viajó a América en 1907. Ese mismo año fue asesinada por su marido, quien a su vez acabó suicidándose.

Obra
 Querer y deber en 1897. Se conoce que con 13 años se dedicó al teatro, cuando publicó su primera obra.
 Antes mártir que traidor. Animada y apadrinada por el abogado y escritor local Narciso Díaz de Escovar, más tarde se presentó Aurora Fuster ante el empresario teatral José Cepillo para que le representase su nuevo drama, quien opinaba así de la escritora: «Esta niña tiene intuición artística. Ésta llegará.»
 Aurora. Poco tiempo después, Aurora Fuster presentó a Narciso Díaz de Escovar otro drama, quien recordaría así a la joven promesa: «Aún me parece ver a la bella joven, leyendo su drama y despertando entusiasmos. Me parece ver aquellos ojos y ondulante reflejando sus impresiones...».
 El cornetín de órdenes. Su última obra es un juguete cómico estrenado en Málaga con gran éxito en 1898.

Escritores de Málaga
Dramaturgos de España del siglo XIX
Dramaturgos de España del siglo XX
Dramaturgos de Andalucía
Víctimas mortales de la violencia de género
Españolas del siglo XIX
Españolas del siglo XX
Dramaturgas de España
Nacidos en Málaga


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Pampus () is an artificial island and late 19th-century sea fort located in the IJmeer near Amsterdam. Pampus now belongs to the municipality of Gooise Meren and is open to visitors.

Together with the artillery battery on the lighthouse island near Durgerdam and the battery at the Diemer seawall, Pampus protected the entrance to IJ Bay and the harbour of Amsterdam. Pampus was part of the Defence Line of Amsterdam (Dutch: Stelling van Amsterdam). In 1996, UNESCO designated the entire Defence Line with its 42 forts a World Heritage Site.

Construction
The fort is on a man-made island situated on what was the Pampus shallows or sandbank in the then Zuiderzee. There is a well-known Dutch expression "laying for Pampus" used to describe people that are lying down knocked out.
It stems from the time ships had to wait for high tide at Pampus before they could enter the harbour of Amsterdam.

Work commenced in 1887 and creating the island and fort required the sinking of 3,800 piles and the importation of 45 thousand cubic metres of sand. It took the Dutch eight years and ƒ 800,000 (€ 8,559,172) to construct the fort.

The fort is built of bricks and concrete. The fort has an oval shape and the main building has three floors. On the ground floor were the troops' quarters, kitchen, laundry, two coal-fired steam engines of 20 hp, two dynamos, telegraph, first aid station, and magazines. Most classrooms were located on the south side of the fort. An eight-metre dry moat surrounds the building. Tunnels on the north and south connect the ground floor of the building to the counterscarp. The counterscarp is made of concrete and contained a gaol, the forge, and several supply rooms. On top of the counterscarp there is a parapet to provide close-in defence. A large glacis surrounds the whole fort.

History
The fort was commissioned in 1895. It was armed with four Krupp  L35 (35 calibers long) guns deployed in two hydraulically operated cupolas of two guns each. Electric lifts brought shells and cartridges up from the magazines on the ground floor. These guns fired a shell of  for a range of up to . Each gun had a crew of an NCO and six gunners, who could get off one shot every six minutes. (For a picture of a similar and still extant cupola with twin Krupp guns see Fort Copacabana.)

Pampus was one of only four forts in the Defence Line armed with large caliber guns. (The other three forts were the forts near IJmuiden, Velsen, and Spijkerboor.) Pampus also had two positions for 57mm (2.2") quick-firing guns for close-in defence. The counterscarp held four M90 Gardner machine guns on garrison mounts for the defence of the moat.

Pampus had facilities for a permanent garrison of 200 men, but the only time it achieved that strength was during the First World War. In 1926 the fort received emplacements for three anti-aircraft guns. The fort never saw action and the completion in 1932 of the Afsluitdijk cut the IJsselmeer off from the open sea. At this point Pampus lost its strategic role and on 15 July 1933 the military abandoned it, after having removed the anti-aircraft guns.

During World War II, the German occupation forces removed the Krupp guns, cupolas, and other metal to use for scrap steel. Between 1941 and 1943 they used the fort for target practice, before installing some 88mm (3.5") anti-aircraft guns. The German dive bombers used  concrete bombs for their practice. These contained a glass tube filled with chemicals. The tube broke on impact, releasing coloured smoke to mark the impact point.

In the bitter winter of 1944, the people of Amsterdam walked across the ice to salvage the wood in the fort to burn for warmth. After the German surrender, the authorities used the island for the disposal of unexploded ordnance. Ammunition that no longer could be defused was detonated.

There were some plans in 1951 to site an anti-aircraft battery there, but on 9 October 1952 the fort was declared surplus and was transferred to the civilian authorities for disposal. Then in June 1985, the government scouted the fort with an eye to restoring the island and make it accessible to the public. Plans were drafted in the next year and the Pampus Foundation (Stichting Pampus) was established to bring these plans to fruition. The Foundation bought the fort in 1990, and in 1992 the fort received a caretaker. Since then the fort has been occupied continuously.

There is still one gun at Pampus, an  from a German minesweeper that was wrecked during storm in 1917 north of the island of Terschelling. Many years after the vessel's loss, dredging fortuitously recovered the gun, which ended up being donated to the Pampus Foundation. The gun was installed at the harbour of Pampus on 4 February 2003.

Current status
In 2007, the fortress was partially restored. It is open to the public from April to October, Tuesday to Sunday; €17.50 admission includes both fort and round-trip ferry from Muiden. The island is roughly three kilometres from the coast and the Muiden ferry takes around 20 minutes to get there. There are also direct ferries from Amsterdam, and one can reach the fort by private vessel.

Named after the island
 In 1946, a British ship named Empire Lily was allocated to the Dutch government, which renamed her Pampus.
 Aviation radio beacon PAM (Pampus) VOR

External links

 Official website
 Fort aan het Pampus

Artificial islands of the Netherlands
Forts in the Netherlands
Geography of Gooise Meren
Islands of North Holland
Rijksmonuments in North Holland
Tourist attractions in North Holland
Sea forts
Stelling van Amsterdam


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— феодальное княжество (хан) в Японии периода Эдо (1590—1610, 1682—1693, 1709—1871). Ёсии-хан располагался в провинции Кодзукэ (современная префектура Гумма) на острове Хонсю.

История
В 1590 году Токугава Иэясу получил во владение регион Канто. Он пожаловал одному из своих генералов, Сугануме Садатоси, домен Ёсии в провинции Кодзукэ с доходом 20 000 коку риса. Ему наследовал его приёмный сын, Окудайра Тадамаса (1580—1614) в 1602 году. Матерью Тадамасы была старшая дочь Токугава Иэясу. В 1610 году Суганума Тадамаса был переведен в Кано-хан в провинции Мино. Княжество Ёсии перешло под прямое управление наместников сёгуната Токугава.

В 1682 году Хотта Масаясу, хатамото сёгуната Токугава, получил 10 000 коку риса и получил должность владетельного даймё. Ёсии-хан был восстановлен и передан во владение Хотте Масаясу. В 1693 году последний был переведен в домен Миягава в провинции Оми, где его потомки управляли до Реставрации Мэйдзи. Ёсии-хан вторично перешел под прямое управление сёгуната.

В 1709 году хатамото Мацудайра Нобукиё получил во владение княжество Ёсии с доходом в 10 000 коку риса. Нобукиё был внуком кугэ Такацукаса Нобухира, чья сестра была женой сёгуна Токугава Иэмицу. Он отправился в Эдо с одним слугой, но был награждён поместьями и слугами, и в конце концов женился на дочери Токугава Ёринобу и принял имя Мацудайра. Потомки Мацудайры Нобукиё управляли Ёсии-ханом до конца периода Эдо.

В период Бакумацу последний даймё Мацудайра Нобунори изменил свою фамилию на Ёсии Нобунори и в феврале 1868 года присоединился к новому правительству Мэйдзи.

В июле 1871 года В 1871 году после административно-политической реформы Ёсии-хан был ликвидирован. Территория княжества была включена в состав префектуры Ивахана, которая позднее стала частью префектуры Гумма.

Список даймё Ёсии-хана

Источники
 Papinot, E (1910). Historical and Geographic Dictionary of Japan. Tuttle (reprint) 1972.

Ссылки
 Список трехсот ханов периода Эдо

Ханы Японии


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La Iglesia de Santa María Salomé (Igrexa de Santa María Salomé) es un templo católico originalmente construido en el siglo  en Santiago de Compostela, España. Se dice que es la única iglesia parroquial dedicada a Santa Salomé, madre de Santiago el Mayor.

Descripción
La iglesia fue originalmente construida bajo el impulso del obispo Diego Gelmírez (primer tercio del ). De esa época existen aún algunos vestigios, como el pórtico románico, en cuya decoración destaca una imagen de la Adoración de los pastores. Del periodo gótico destacan principalmente dos capillas situadas junto a la nave principal. La primera de estas capillas, está dedicada a la Virgen María. Según el investigador Caamaño, sus fundadores y patrocinadores fueron Lope de Losada y Teresa Gómez Mosquera — hay registros del acuerdo entre Doña Teresa y Sadornín Fernández sobre ciertos detalles sobre la capilla, datados el 2 de mayo de 1578. La capilla contigua es de la misma época y, como la de Nuestra Señora, es de planta rectangular y bóveda alzada sobre ménsulas, con cinco llaves y el mismo tipo de arco de acceso. Ligeramente posterior, el alpendre fue construido a inicios del . El atrio tiene un arco gótico al frente y arcos de medio punto en los lados.

Además de la profusión de detalles propios de la devoción mariana, los estudiosos citan también como elemento interesante en la iglesia la torre barroca, finalizada en el . A causa de sus trazos vigorosos, en el decir de Ramón Otero Pedrayo, la Iglesia de Santa María Salomé fue «comparada a una moza garrida y piadosa en un paseo de damas aristocráticas.»

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Arquitectura románica en España
Iglesias de Santiago de Compostela


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Nicholas Kont of Orahovica (, ; *? - † before 16 April 1367) was a Croato-Hungarian nobleman, very powerful and influential in the royal court of king Louis the Angevin, serving as Count palatine. He was the forefather and founder of the Iločki noble family ().

Life and career

Nicholas was a descendant of a noble family originating from the area of Dubica district in medieval Lower Slavonia. His father was Lawrence (Lőrinc) the Tót, who served as Master of the Treasury and Ban of Slavonia. He had two brothers, Bartholomew (Bertalan) and Leukus (Lökös), both of them functioned as Master of Cup-bearers.

Having served in the king Louis' army during military campaigns on the present-day Italian soil, he got the nickname Kont (from Italian: conte = count). The adjective Orahovički was attributed to his name since his father Lovro /Lawrence/ gained the Orahovica estate, including large Ružica Castle. He was born at the beginning of the 14th century and had two brothers, Bartol /Bartholomew/ and Leukus, who performed important functions at the royal court as well (cup-bearer, chief retainer), but did not managed to achieve his glory.

In the middle of the 14th century Nicholas became one of the leading magnates of the king and was given the new titles and properties. In the period between 1343 and 1367 he was the knight of Udvar, royal cup-bearer (1345–1351), Voivode of Transylvania (1351-1356) and finally Count Palatine (1356–1367). In the meantime he served as Ispán of several counties in Croatia and Hungary (Sopron, Varaždin, Vas, Szolnok, Sáros etc.).

In his military career he distinguished himself especially in some battles in Italy. In the 1347-1348-war he commanded, together with John Garai (uncle of Nicholas I Garai), the military unit that conquered L'Aquila, and in 1350, during the siege of Aversa, he became commander-in-chief of king's forces, after Stephen Lackfi had been removed. He commanded the Louis' army during the campaign against medieval Banate of Bosnia (ruled by future king Tvrtko I Kotromanić) in 1363, and against Bulgaria in 1365. Although formally Kotromanić was Louis' vassal, the latter undertook military action because of Bosnian heretics. The campaign was unsuccessful.

When the Ilok branch of the Hungarian noble family Csák died out in 1364, the king gave the Ilok fief to Nicholas and his nephew Ladislaus, the son of Leukus. So the Orahovica family transferred its seat in 1365 to Ilok and soon after that Nicholas's descendants started to call themselves Iločki/Újlaki.

He married Klara Zsámboki, daughter of Kont's predecessor, Palatine Nicholas Zsámboki (or Gilétfi). When Nicholas Kont died in 1367, he was succeeded by his two sons, Nicholas II (†1397) and Bartholomew II (†1393), who however did not reach the power and glory of their father. His only daughter Catherine was the wife of Frank Szécsényi.

Castles

See also

 Orahovica
 Ilok
 House of Ilok
 Nicholas of Ilok
 Ladislaus of Ilok
 Louis the Angevin

References

External links
 Nicholas Kont – the founder-ancestor of the Iločki family
 Ružica Castle – one of the Kont's estates
 Nikola Kont – a king Louis's warrior who earned Ilok Castle (in Croatian)

1367 deaths
14th-century Croatian people
14th-century Hungarian people
Medieval Croatian nobility
History of Slavonia
Medieval Hungarian nobility
Palatines of Hungary
Syrmia
Voivodes of Transylvania
Year of birth unknown
Nicholas
14th-century Croatian nobility
14th-century Croatian military personnel
Masters of the cupbearers


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Кетрін Райтман (; нар. 28 квітня 1981 ) - американо-канадська акторка, режисерка та письменниця. Найбільш відома як творець, виконавчий продюсер, письменник і виконавиця головної ролі в комедійному серіалі CBC «Мами, що працюють»  .

Ранні роки
Райтман народилася 1981 року в Лос-Анджелесі, Каліфорнія (США) , в сім'ї франко-канадської акторки Женев'єв Робер та словацько-канадського режисера Айвана Райтмана. Її батько походив із єврейської сім'ї, а мати звернулася до іудаїзму . У Кетрін є сестра Керолайн та брат Джейсон, який став режисером. Вона відвідувала Cate School і вивчала акторську майстерність в університеті Південної Каліфорнії .

Кар'єра
У січні 2011 року Райтман запустила YouTube-шоу Breakin' It Down з Кетрін Райтман , яке проіснувало до липня 2013 року.

Райтман знялася в телесеріалі The Real Wedding Crashers, заснованому на популярному фільмі " Непрохані гості". Також знялася у фільмах « Трошки вагітна» (2007) та « Люблю тебе, чувак» (2009). А актори, крім того, були ролі уеріалах « У Філадельфії завжди сонячно», «Як я зустрів вашу маму », «Темніють», «Косяки» та інших.

У 2016 році Райтман разом зі своїм чоловіком заснувала компанію Wolf & Rabbit Entertainment ULC для створення ситкому «Мами, що працюють». Це серіал отримав п'ять номінацій на канадську премію Canadian Screen Awards у 2017 році  .

Особисте життя
Райтман одружена з Філіпом Штернбергом, у шлюбі народилося двоє дітей  .

Примітки

Посилання

Випускники Університету Південної Каліфорнії
Американські кіноакторки
Режисери США
Персоналії за алфавітом
Акторки озвучування США
Американські телеакторки
Акторки за алфавітом
Уродженці Лос-Анджелеса
Народились 1981
Народились 28 квітня


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El teatro Ciudad de Marbella es un teatro de propiedad municipal situado, como su nombre indica, en la ciudad de Marbella, en la provincia de Málaga, España.

Fue inaugurado en julio de 2001 y desde entonces mantiene una programación estable de teatro, música, danza, flamenco, ópera, etc. Tiene un aforo de 480 personas.

Entre otros festivales, el teatro Ciudad de Marbella acoge anualmente el Festival Internacional de Ópera de Marbella.

Referencias
 Ayuntamiento de Marbella

Ciudad de Marbella
Ciudad de Marbella
Cultura de Marbella
Arquitectura en Andalucía en el siglo XXI
Arquitectura de España de 2001


text:
The 2014 European Parliament election in France for the election of the 8th delegation from France to the European Parliament took place on 24 May 2014 in the overseas territories of France, and on 25 May 2014 in metropolitan France. The number of seats allocated to France increased to 74, compared to 72 in the 2009 election, as a result of the 2013 reapportionment of seats in the European Parliament.

The members of the European Parliament for France, 2014–2019 were elected.

Previous (2009—2014) MEPs by European Political Group

Opinion polls

Results

by electoral division

References

France
Europe
European Parliament elections in France


text:
The Profumo affair was a major scandal in twentieth-century British politics. John Profumo, the Secretary of State for War in Harold Macmillan's Conservative government, had an extramarital affair with 19-year-old model Christine Keeler beginning in 1961. Profumo denied the affair in a statement to the House of Commons, but weeks later a police investigation exposed the truth, proving that he had lied in his statement. The scandal severely damaged the credibility of Macmillan's government, and Macmillan resigned as Prime Minister in October 1963, citing ill health. Ultimately, the fallout contributed to the Conservative government's defeat by the Labour Party in the 1964 general election.

When the Profumo affair was first revealed, public interest was heightened by reports that Keeler may have been simultaneously involved with Captain Yevgeny Ivanov, a Soviet naval attaché, thereby creating a possible national security risk. Keeler knew both Profumo and Ivanov through her friendship with Stephen Ward, an osteopath and socialite who had taken her under his wing. The exposure of the affair generated rumours of other sex scandals and drew official attention to the activities of Ward, who was charged with a series of immorality offences. Perceiving himself as a scapegoat for the misdeeds of others, Ward took a fatal overdose during the final stages of his trial, which found him guilty of living off the immoral earnings of Keeler and her friend Mandy Rice-Davies.

An inquiry into the Profumo affair by a senior judge, Lord Denning, assisted by a senior civil servant, T. A. Critchley, concluded that there had been no breaches of security arising from the Ivanov connection, although Denning's report was later described as superficial and unsatisfactory. Profumo subsequently worked as a volunteer at Toynbee Hall, an East London charitable trust. By 1975 he had been officially rehabilitated, although he did not return to public life. He died, honoured and respected, in 2006. By contrast, Keeler found it difficult to escape the negative image attached to her by press, law, and parliament throughout the scandal. In various, sometimes contradictory, accounts, she challenged Denning's conclusions relating to security issues. Ward's conviction has been described by analysts as an act of establishment revenge, rather than serving justice. In the 2010s the Criminal Cases Review Commission reviewed his case, but ultimately decided against referring it to the Court of Appeal. Dramatizations of the Profumo affair have been shown on stage and screen.

Background

Government and press
In the early 1960s, the British news media were dominated by several high-profile spying stories: the breaking of the Portland Spy Ring in 1961, the capture and sentencing of George Blake in the same year and, in 1962, the case of John Vassall, a homosexual Admiralty clerk who had been blackmailed into spying by the Soviet Union. Vassall was subsequently sentenced to eighteen years in prison. After suggestions in the press that Vassall had been shielded by his political masters, the responsible minister, Thomas Galbraith, resigned from the government pending inquiries. Galbraith was later exonerated by the Vassall Tribunal, after which judge Lord Radcliffe sent two newspaper journalists to prison for refusing to reveal their sources for sensational and uncorroborated stories about Vassall's private life. The imprisonment severely damaged relations between the press and the Conservative government of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan; columnist Paul Johnson of the New Statesman warned: "[A]ny Tory minister or MP ... who gets involved in a scandal during the next year or so must expect—I regret to say—the full treatment".

John Profumo
John Profumo was born in 1915 and was of Italian descent. He first entered Parliament in 1940 as the Conservative member for Kettering while serving with the Northamptonshire Yeomanry, and combined his political and military duties through the Second World War. Profumo lost his seat in the 1945 general election but was elected again in 1950 for Stratford-on-Avon. From 1951 he held junior ministerial office in successive Conservative administrations.

In 1960, Macmillan promoted Profumo to Secretary of State for War, a senior post outside the Cabinet. After his marriage in 1954 to Valerie Hobson, one of Britain's leading film actresses, Profumo may have conducted casual affairs, using late-night parliamentary sittings as his cover. His tenure as war minister coincided with a period of transition in the armed forces, involving the end of conscription and the development of a wholly professional army. Profumo's performance was watched with a critical eye by his opposition counterpart George Wigg, a former regular soldier.

Christine Keeler, Mandy Rice-Davies, and Lord Astor

Christine Keeler, born in Uxbridge in 1942, left school at age 15 with no qualifications and took a series of short-lived jobs in shops, offices and cafés. She aspired to be a model, and at age 16 had a photograph published in Tit-Bits magazine. In August 1959, Keeler found work as a topless showgirl at Murray's Cabaret Club in Beak Street, Soho. This long-established club attracted a distinguished clientele who, Keeler wrote, "could look but could not touch".

Shortly after starting at Murray's, Keeler was introduced to a client, the society osteopath Stephen Ward. Captivated by Ward's charm, she agreed to move into his flat, in a relationship she has described as "like brother and sister"—affectionate but not sexual. Keeler left Ward after a few months to become the mistress of the property dealer Peter Rachman, and later shared lodgings with Mandy Rice-Davies, a fellow Murray's dancer two and a half years her junior. The two girls left Murray's and attempted without success to pursue careers as freelance models. Keeler also lived for short periods with various boyfriends, but regularly returned to Ward, who had acquired a house in Wimpole Mews, Marylebone. There she met many of Ward's friends, among them Lord Astor, a long-time patient who was also a political ally of Profumo. She often spent weekends at a riverside cottage that Ward rented on Astor's country estate, Cliveden, in Buckinghamshire.

Stephen Ward and Yevgeny Ivanov
Stephen Ward, born in Hertfordshire in 1912, qualified as an osteopath in the United States. After the Second World War he began practising in Cavendish Square, London, where he rapidly established a good reputation and attracted many distinguished patients. These connections, together with his personal charm, brought him considerable social success. In his spare time Ward attended art classes at the Slade school, and developed a profitable sideline in portrait sketches. In 1960 he was commissioned by The Illustrated London News to provide a series of portraits of national and international figures. These included members of the Royal Family, among them Prince Philip and Princess Margaret.

Ward hoped to visit the Soviet Union to draw portraits of Russian leaders. To help him, one of his patients, the Daily Telegraph editor Sir Colin Coote, arranged an introduction to Captain Yevgeny Ivanov (anglicised as "Eugene"), listed as a naval attaché at the Soviet Embassy. British Intelligence (MI5) knew from the double agent Oleg Penkovsky that Ivanov was an intelligence officer in the Soviet GRU. Ward and Ivanov became firm friends. Ivanov frequently visited Ward at Wimpole Mews, where he met Keeler and Rice-Davies, and sometimes joined Ward's weekend parties at Cliveden.

MI5 considered Ivanov a potential defector and sought Ward's help to this end, providing him with a case officer known as "Woods". Ward was later used by the Foreign Office as a backchannel, through Ivanov, to the Soviet Union, and was involved in unofficial diplomacy during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Ward's closeness to Ivanov raised concerns about his loyalty; according to Lord Denning's September 1963 report, Ivanov often asked Ward questions about British foreign policy, and Ward did his best to provide answers.

Origins

Cliveden, July 1961

During the weekend of 8–9 July 1961, Keeler was among several guests of Ward at the Spring Cottage at Cliveden. That same weekend, at the main house, Profumo and his wife Valerie were among the large gathering from the worlds of politics and the arts which Astor was hosting in honour of Pakistani President Ayub Khan. On the Saturday evening, Ward's and Astor's parties mingled at the Cliveden swimming pool, which Ward and his guests had permission to use. Keeler, who had been swimming naked, was introduced to Profumo while trying to cover herself with a skimpy towel. She was, Profumo informed his son many years later, "a very pretty girl and very sweet". Keeler did not initially know who Profumo was, but was impressed that he was the husband of a famous film star and was prepared to have "a bit of fun" with him.

The next afternoon the two parties reconvened at the pool and were joined by Ivanov, who had arrived that morning. There followed what Lord Denning described as "a light-hearted and frolicsome bathing party, where everyone was in bathing costumes and nothing indecent took place at all". Profumo was greatly attracted to Keeler, and promised to be in touch with her. Ward asked Ivanov to accompany Keeler back to London where, according to Keeler, they had sex. Some commentators doubt this—Keeler was generally outspoken about her sexual relationships yet said nothing openly about sex with Ivanov until she informed a newspaper eighteen months later.

On 12 July 1961, Ward reported on the weekend's events to MI5. He told Woods that Ivanov and Profumo had met and that the latter had shown considerable interest in Keeler. Ward also stated that he had been asked by Ivanov for information about the future arming of West Germany with nuclear weapons. This request for military information did not greatly disturb MI5, who expected a GRU officer to ask such questions. Profumo's interest in Keeler was an unwelcome complication in MI5's plans to use her in a honey trap operation against Ivanov, to help secure his defection. Woods therefore referred the issue to MI5's director-general, Sir Roger Hollis.

Affair
A few days after the Cliveden weekend, Profumo contacted Keeler. The affair that ensued was brief; some commentators have suggested that it ended after a few weeks, while others believe that it continued, with decreasing fervour, until December 1961. The relationship was characterised by Keeler as an unromantic relationship without expectations, a "screw of convenience", although she also states that Profumo hoped for a longer-term commitment and that he offered to set her up in a flat. More than twenty years later, Profumo described Keeler in conversation with his son as someone who "seem[ed] to like sexual intercourse", but who was "completely uneducated", with no conversation beyond make-up, hair and gramophone records.

The couple usually met at Wimpole Mews, when Ward was absent, although once, when Hobson was away, Profumo took Keeler to his home at Chester Terrace in Regent's Park. On one occasion he borrowed a Bentley from his ministerial colleague John Hare and took Keeler for a drive around London, and another time the couple had a drink with Viscount Ward, the former Secretary of State for Air. During their time together, Profumo gave Keeler a few small presents, and once, a sum of £20 as a gift for her mother. Keeler maintains that although Ward asked her to obtain information from Profumo about the deployment of nuclear weapons, she did not do so. Profumo was equally adamant that no such discussions took place.

On 9 August, Profumo was interviewed informally by Sir Norman Brook, the Cabinet Secretary, who had been advised by Hollis of Profumo's involvement with Ward's group. Brook warned the minister of the dangers of being entangled with Ward, since MI5 were at this stage unsure of his dependability. It is possible that Brook asked Profumo to help MI5 in its efforts to secure Ivanov's defection—a request which Profumo declined. Although Brook did not indicate knowledge of the relationship with Keeler, Profumo may have suspected that he knew. That same day, Profumo wrote Keeler a letter, beginning "Darling ...", cancelling an assignation they had made for the following day. Some commentators have assumed that this letter ended the association; Keeler insisted that the affair ended later, after her persistent refusals to stop living with Ward.

Developing scandal

Gordon and Edgecombe

In October 1961 Keeler accompanied Ward to Notting Hill, then a run-down district of London replete with West Indian music clubs and cannabis dealers. At the Rio Café they encountered Aloysius "Lucky" Gordon, a Jamaican jazz singer with a history of violence and petty crime. Gordon and Keeler embarked on an affair which, in her own accounts, was marked by equal measures of violence and tenderness on his part. Gordon became very possessive, jealous of Keeler's other social contacts. He began confronting her friends, and often telephoned her at unsocial hours. In November Keeler left Wimpole Mews and moved to a flat in Dolphin Square, overlooking the Thames at Pimlico, where she entertained friends. When Gordon continued to harass Keeler he was arrested by the police and charged with assault. Keeler later agreed to drop the charge.

In July 1962 the first inklings of a possible Profumo-Keeler-Ivanov triangle had been hinted, in coded terms, in the gossip column of the society magazine Queen. Under the heading, "Sentences I'd like to hear the end of" appeared the wording: "... called in MI5 because every time the chauffeur-driven Zils drew up at her front door, out of her back door into a chauffeur-driven Humber slipped..." Keeler was then in New York City with Rice-Davies, in an abortive attempt to launch their modelling careers there. On her return, to counter Gordon's threats, Keeler formed a relationship with Johnny Edgecombe, an ex-merchant seaman from Antigua, with whom she lived for a while in Brentford, just west of London. Edgecombe became similarly possessive himself after he and Gordon clashed violently on 27 October 1962, when Edgecombe slashed his rival with a knife. Keeler broke up with Edgecombe shortly afterwards because of his domineering behaviour.

On 14 December 1962 Keeler and Rice-Davies were together at 17 Wimpole Mews when Edgecombe arrived, demanding to see Keeler. When he was not allowed in, he fired several shots at the front door. Shortly afterwards, Edgecombe was arrested and charged with attempted murder and other offences. In brief press accounts, Keeler was described as "a free-lance model" and "Miss Marilyn Davies" as "an actress". In the wake of the incident, Keeler began to talk indiscreetly about Ward, Profumo, Ivanov and the Edgecombe shooting. Among those to whom she told her story was John Lewis, a former Labour MP whom she had met by chance in a night club. Lewis, a long-standing enemy of Ward, passed the information to Wigg, his one-time parliamentary colleague, who began his own investigation.

Mounting pressures
On 22 January 1963 the Soviet government, sensing a possible scandal, recalled Ivanov. Aware of increasing public interest, Keeler attempted to sell her story to the national newspapers. The Radcliffe tribunal's ongoing inquiry into press behaviour during the Vassall case was making newspapers nervous, and only two showed interest in Keeler's story: the Sunday Pictorial and the News of the World. As the latter would not join an auction, Keeler accepted the Pictorials offer of a £200 down payment and a further £800 when the story was published. The Pictorial retained a copy of the "Darling" letter. Meanwhile, the News of the World alerted Ward and Astor—whose names had been mentioned by Keeler—and they in turn informed Profumo. When Profumo's lawyers tried to persuade Keeler not to publish, the compensation she demanded was so large that they considered charges of extortion. Ward informed the Pictorial that Keeler's story was largely false and threatened to sue if it was printed, whereupon the paper withdrew its offer, although Keeler kept the £200.

Keeler then gave details of her affair with Profumo to a police officer, who did not pass on this information to MI5 or the legal authorities. By this time, many of Profumo's political colleagues had heard rumours of his entanglement, and of the existence of a potentially incriminating letter. Nevertheless, his denials were accepted by the government's principal law officers and the Conservative Chief Whip, although with some private scepticism. Macmillan, mindful of the injustice done to Galbraith on the basis of rumours, was determined to support his minister and took no action.

Edgecombe's trial began on 14 March but Keeler, one of the Crown's key witnesses, was missing. She had, without informing the court, gone to Spain, although at this stage her whereabouts were unknown. Her unexplained absence caused a press sensation. Every newspaper knew the rumours linking Keeler with Profumo, but refrained from reporting any direct connection; in the wake of the Radcliffe inquiry they were, in Wigg's later words, "willing to wound but afraid to strike". They could only hint, by front-page juxtapositions of stories and photographs, that Profumo might be connected to Keeler's disappearance. Despite Keeler's absence the judge proceeded with the case; Edgecombe was found guilty on a lesser charge of possessing a firearm with intent to endanger life, and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment. A few days after the trial, on 21 March, the satirical magazine Private Eye printed the most detailed summary so far of the rumours, with the main characters lightly disguised: "Mr James Montesi", "Miss Gaye Funloving", "Dr Spook" and "Vladimir Bolokhov".

Personal statement
The newly elected leader of the opposition Labour Party, Harold Wilson, was initially advised by his colleagues to have nothing to do with Wigg's private dossier on the Profumo rumours. On 21 March, with the press furore over the "missing witness" at its height, the party changed its stance. During a House of Commons debate, Wigg used parliamentary privilege to ask the Home Secretary to categorically deny the truth of rumours connecting "a minister" to Keeler, Rice-Davies and the Edgecombe shooting. He did not name Profumo, who was not in the House. Later in the debate Barbara Castle, the Labour MP for Blackburn, referred to the "missing witness" and hinted at a possible perversion of justice. The Home Secretary, Henry Brooke, refused to comment, adding that Wigg and Castle should "seek other means of making these insinuations if they are prepared to substantiate them".

At the conclusion of the debate, the government's law officers and Chief Whip agreed that Profumo should assert his innocence in a personal statement to the House. Such statements are, by long-standing tradition, made on the particular honour of the member and are accepted by the House without question. In the early hours of 22 March Profumo and his lawyers met with ministers and together agreed an appropriate wording. Later that morning Profumo made his statement to a crowded House. He acknowledged friendships with Keeler and Ward, the former of whom, he said, he had last seen in December 1961. He had met "a Mr Ivanov" twice, also in 1961. He stated: "There was no impropriety whatsoever in my acquaintanceship with Miss Keeler", and added: "I shall not hesitate to issue writs for libel and slander if scandalous allegations are made or repeated outside the House." That afternoon, Profumo was photographed at Sandown Park Racecourse in the company of the Queen Mother.

While the matter was officially considered closed, many individual MPs had doubts, although none openly expressed disbelief at this stage. Wigg later said that he left the House that morning "with black rage in my heart because I knew what the facts were. I knew the truth." Most newspapers were editorially non-committal; only The Guardian, under the headline "Mr Profumo clears the air", stated openly that the statement should be taken at its face value. Within a few days press attention was distracted by the re-emergence of Keeler in Madrid. She expressed astonishment at the fuss her absence had caused, adding that her friendship with Profumo and his wife was entirely innocent and that she had many friends in important positions. Keeler claimed that she had not deliberately missed the Edgecombe trial but had been confused about the date. She was required to forfeit her recognizance of £40, but no other action was taken against her.

Exposure

Investigation and resignation
Shortly after Profumo's Commons statement, Ward appeared on Independent Television News, where he endorsed Profumo's version and dismissed all rumours and insinuations as "baseless". Ward's own activities had become a matter of official concern, and on 1 April 1963 the Metropolitan Police began to investigate his affairs. They interviewed 140 of Ward's friends, associates and patients, maintained a 24-hour watch on his home, and tapped his telephone—this last action requiring direct authorisation from Brooke. Among those who gave statements was Keeler, who contradicted her earlier assurances and confirmed her sexual relationship with Profumo, providing corroborative details of the interior of the Chester Terrace house. The police put pressure on reluctant witnesses; Rice-Davies was remanded to Holloway Prison for a driving licence offence and held there for eight days until she agreed to testify against Ward. Meanwhile, Profumo was awarded costs and £50 damages against the British distributors of an Italian magazine that had printed a story hinting at his guilt. He donated the proceeds to an army charity.
This did not deter Private Eye from including "Sextus Profano" in their parody of Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

On 18 April 1963 Keeler was attacked at the home of a friend. She accused Gordon, who was arrested and held. According to Knightley and Kennedy's account, the police offered to drop the charges if Gordon would testify against Ward, but he refused. The effects of the police inquiry were proving ruinous to Ward, whose practice was collapsing rapidly. On 7 May he met Macmillan's private secretary, Timothy Bligh, to ask that the police inquiry into his affairs be halted. He added that he had been covering for Profumo, whose Commons statement was substantially false. Bligh took notes but failed to take action. On 19 May Ward wrote to Brooke, with essentially the same request as that to Bligh, only to be told that the Home Secretary had no power to interfere with the police inquiry. Ward then gave details to the press, but no paper would print the story. He also wrote to Wilson, who showed the letter to Macmillan. Although privately disdainful of Wilson's motives, after discussions with Hollis the prime minister was sufficiently concerned about Ward's general activities to ask the Lord Chancellor, Lord Dilhorne, to inquire into possible security breaches.

On 31 May 1963 at the start of the parliamentary Whitsun recess, Profumo and his wife flew to Venice for a short holiday. At their hotel they received a message asking Profumo to return as soon as possible. Believing that his bluff had been called, Profumo then told his wife the truth, and they decided to return immediately. They found that Macmillan was on holiday in Scotland. On Tuesday 4 June, Profumo confessed the truth to Bligh, confirming that he had lied, resigned from the government, and applied for the office of steward of the Chiltern Hundreds in order to give up his House of Commons seat. Bligh informed Macmillan of these events by telephone. The resignation was announced on 5 June, when the formal exchange of letters between Profumo and Macmillan was published. The Times called Profumo's lies "a great tragedy for the probity of public life in Britain"; while the Daily Mirror hinted that not all the truth had been told and referred to "skeletons in many cupboards".

Retribution
Gordon's trial for the attack on Keeler began on the day Profumo's resignation was made public. He maintained that his innocence would be established by two witnesses who, the police told the court, could not be found. On 7 June, principally on the evidence of Keeler, Gordon was found guilty and sentenced to three years' imprisonment. The following day, Ward was arrested and charged with immorality offences.

On 9 June, freed from Profumo's libel threats, the News of the World published "The Confessions of Christine", an account which helped to fashion the public image of Ward as a sexual predator and probable tool of the Soviets. The Sunday Mirror (formerly the Sunday Pictorial) printed Profumo's "Darling" letter.
{{Quote box|width=250px|bgcolor=#E0E6F8|align=left|quote="I myself feel that the time will come very soon when my right hon. Friend [the prime minister] ought to make way for a much younger colleague. I feel that that ought to happen ... perhaps some of the words of Browning might be appropriate in his poem on "The Lost Leader", in which he wrote: Let him never come back to us!  There would be doubt, hesitation and pain.  Forced praise on our part—the glimmer of twilight,Never glad confident morning again!"|salign = left |source= Nigel Birch,  House of Commons, 17 June 1963 }}
In advance of the House of Commons debate on Profumo's resignation, due 17 June, David Watt in The Spectator defined Macmillan's position as "an intolerable dilemma from which he can only escape by being proved either ludicrously naïve or incompetent or deceitful—or all three". Meanwhile, the press speculated about possible Cabinet resignations, and several ministers felt it necessary to demonstrate their loyalty to the prime minister. In a BBC interview on 13 June Lord Hailsham, holder of several ministerial offices, denounced Profumo in a manner which, according to The Observer, "had to be seen to be believed". Hailsham said that "a great party is not to be brought down because of a squalid affair between a woman of easy virtue and a proven liar".

In the debate, Wilson concentrated almost exclusively on the extent to which Macmillan and his colleagues had been dilatory in not identifying a clear security risk arising from Profumo's association with Ward and his circle. Macmillan responded that he should not be held culpable for believing a colleague who had repeatedly asserted his innocence. He mentioned the false allegations against Galbraith, and the failure of the security services to share their detailed information with him. In the general debate the sexual aspects of the scandal were fully discussed; Nigel Birch, the Conservative MP for West Flintshire, referred to Keeler as a "professional prostitute" and asked rhetorically: "What are whores about?" Keeler was otherwise branded a "tart" and a "poor little slut". Ward was vilified throughout as a likely Soviet agent; one Conservative referred to "the treason of Dr Ward". Most Conservatives, whatever their reservations, were supportive of Macmillan, with only Birch suggesting that he should consider retirement. In the subsequent vote on the government's handling of the affair, 27 Conservatives abstained, reducing the government's majority to 69. Most newspapers considered the extent of the defection significant, and several forecast that Macmillan would soon resign.Irving et al, pp. 175–76

After the parliamentary debate, newspapers published further sensational stories, hinting at widespread immorality within Britain's governing class. A story emanating from Rice-Davies concerned a naked masked man, who acted as a waiter at sex parties; rumours suggested that he was a cabinet minister, or possibly a member of the Royal Family. Malcolm Muggeridge in the Sunday Mirror wrote of "The Slow, Sure Death of the Upper Classes". On 21 June Macmillan instructed Lord Denning, the Master of the Rolls, to investigate and report on the growing range of rumours. Ward's committal proceedings began a week later, at Marylebone magistrates' court, where the Crown's evidence was fully reported in the press. Ward was committed for trial on charges of "living off the earnings of prostitution" and "procuration of girl under twenty-one", and released on bail.

With the Ward case now sub judice, the press pursued related stories. The People reported that Scotland Yard had begun an inquiry, in parallel with Denning's, into "homosexual practices as well as sexual laxity" among civil servants, military officers and MPs. On 24 June the Daily Mirror, under a banner heading "Prince Philip and the Profumo Scandal", dismissed what it termed the "foul rumour" that the prince had been involved in the affair, without disclosing the nature of the rumour.Davenport-Hines, p. 344

Ward's trial began at the Old Bailey on 28 July. He was charged with living off the earnings of Keeler, Rice-Davies and two other prostitutes, and with procuring women under 21 to have sex with other persons. The thrust of the prosecution's case related to Keeler and Rice-Davies, and turned on whether the small contributions to household expenses or loan repayments they had given to Ward while living with him amounted to his living off their prostitution. Ward's approximate income at the time, from his practice and from his portraiture, had been around £5,500 a year, a substantial sum at that time. In his speeches and examination of witnesses, the prosecuting counsel Mervyn Griffith-Jones portrayed Ward as representing "the very depths of lechery and depravity". The judge, Sir Archie Marshall, was equally hostile, drawing particular attention to the fact that none of Ward's supposed society friends had been prepared to speak up for him. Towards the end of the trial, news came that Gordon's conviction for assault had been overturned; Marshall did not disclose to the jury that Gordon's witnesses had turned up and testified that Keeler, a key prosecution witness against Ward, had given false evidence at Gordon's trial.

After listening to Marshall's damning summing-up, on the evening of 30 July Ward took an overdose of sleeping tablets and was taken to hospital. On the next day, he was found guilty in absentia on the charges relating to Keeler and Rice-Davies, and acquitted on the other counts. Sentence was postponed until Ward was fit to appear, but on 3 August he died without regaining consciousness. On 9 August, a coroner's jury ruled Ward's death as suicide by barbiturate poisoning, though some biographers consider the possibility that he was murdered.

Aftermath
Lord Denning's report was awaited with great anticipation by the public. Published on 26 September 1963, it concluded that there had been no security leaks in the Profumo affair and that the security services and government ministers had acted appropriately. Profumo had been guilty of an "indiscretion", but no one could doubt his loyalty. Denning also found no evidence to link members of the government with associated scandals such as the "man in the mask". He laid most of the blame for the affair on Ward, an "utterly immoral" man whose diplomatic activities were "misconceived and misdirected". Although The Spectator considered that the report marked the end of the affair, many commentators were disappointed with its content. Young found many questions unanswered and some of the reasoning defective, while Davenport-Hines, writing long after the event, condemns the report as disgraceful, slipshod and prurient.

After the Denning Report, in defiance of general expectations that he would resign shortly, Macmillan announced his intention to stay on. On the eve of the Conservative Party's annual conference in October 1963 he fell ill; his condition was less serious than he imagined and his life was not in danger but, convinced he had cancer, he resigned abruptly. Macmillan's successor as prime minister was Lord Home, who renounced his peerage and served as Sir Alec Douglas-Home. In the October 1964 general election the Conservative Party was narrowly defeated, and Wilson became prime minister. A later commentator opined that the Profumo affair had destroyed the old, aristocratic Conservative Party: "It wouldn't be too much to say that the Profumo scandal was the necessary prelude to the new Toryism, based on meritocracy, which would eventually emerge under Margaret Thatcher". The Economist suggested that the scandal had effected a fundamental and permanent change in relations between politicians and press. Davenport-Hines posits a longer-term consequence of the affair—the gradual ending of traditional notions of deference: "Authority, however disinterested, well-qualified and experienced, was [after June 1963] increasingly greeted with suspicion rather than trust".

After expressing his "deep remorse" to the prime minister, to his constituents and to the Conservative Party, Profumo disappeared from public view. In April 1964 he began working as a volunteer at the Toynbee Hall settlement, a charitable organisation based in Spitalfields which supports the most deprived residents in the East End of London. Profumo continued his association with the settlement for the remainder of his life, at first in a menial capacity, then as administrator, fund-raiser, council member, chairman and finally president. Profumo's charitable work was recognised when he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1975. He was later described by Thatcher as a national hero, and was a guest at her 80th birthday celebrations in 2005. His marriage to Valerie Hobson lasted until her death on 13 November 1998, aged 81; Profumo died, aged 91, on 9 March 2006.

In December 1963 Keeler pleaded guilty to committing perjury at Gordon's June trial, and she was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, of which she served six months. After two brief marriages in 1965–66 to James Levermore and in 1971–72 to Anthony Platt that produced a child each, the eldest of whom was largely raised by Keeler's mother, Keeler largely lived alone from the mid-1990s until her death. Most of the considerable amount of money that she made from newspaper stories was dissipated by legal fees; during the 1970s, she said, "I was not living, I was surviving". Keeler published several inconsistent accounts of her life, in which Ward has been variously represented as a "gentleman", her truest love, a Soviet spy, and a traitor ranking alongside the Cambridge Five. Keeler also claimed that Profumo impregnated her and that she subsequently underwent a painful abortion.Keeler, pp. 123 and 134 Keeler died on 4 December 2017, aged 75.

Rice-Davies enjoyed a more successful post-scandal career as a nightclub owner, businesswoman, minor actress and novelist. She was married three times, in what she described as her "slow descent into respectability". Of adverse press publicity she observed: "Like royalty, I simply do not complain". Rice-Davies died on 18 December 2014, aged 70.

Ward's role on behalf of MI5 was confirmed in 1982, when The Sunday Times located his former contact "Woods". Although Denning always asserted that Ward's trial and conviction were fair and proper, most commentators believe that it was deeply flawed—an "historical injustice" according to Davenport-Hines, who argues that the trial was an act of political revenge. One High Court judge said privately that he would have stopped the trial before it reached the jury. The human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson has campaigned for the case to be reopened on several grounds, including the premature scheduling of the trial, lack of evidence to support the main charges, and various misdirections by the trial judge in his summing-up. The Criminal Cases Review Commission, which has the power to investigate suspected miscarriages of justice, reviewed Ward's case starting in early 2014, but in 2017 decided not to refer it to the Court of Appeal after failing to find the original transcript of the judge's summing-up.

After his recall in January 1963, Ivanov disappeared for several decades. In 1992 his memoirs, The Naked Spy, were serialised in The Sunday Times. When this account was challenged by Profumo's lawyers, the publishers removed offending material. In August 2015 The Independent newspaper published a preview of a forthcoming history of Soviet intelligence activities, by Jonathan Haslam. This book suggests that the relationship between Ivanov and Profumo was closer than the latter admitted, alleging that Ivanov visited Profumo's home and that such was the slackness of security arrangements that he was able to photograph sensitive documents left lying about in the minister's study.

Keeler describes a 1993 meeting with Ivanov in Moscow; she also records that he died the following year, aged 68. Astor was deeply upset at finding himself under police investigation, and by the social ostracism that followed the Ward trial. After his death in 1966, Cliveden was sold. It became first the property of Stanford University and later a luxury hotel. Rachman, who had first come to public notice as a sometime-boyfriend of both Keeler and Rice-Davies, was revealed as an unscrupulous slum landlord; the word "Rachmanism" entered English dictionaries as the standard term for landlords who exploit or intimidate their tenants.

In popular culture

There have been several dramatised versions of the Profumo affair. The 1989 film  Scandal featured Ian McKellen as Profumo and John Hurt as Ward. It was favourably reviewed, but the revival of interest in the affair upset the Profumo family. The focus of Hugh Whitemore's play A Letter of Resignation, first staged at the Comedy Theatre in October 1997, was Macmillan's reactions to Profumo's resignation letter, which he received while on holiday in Scotland. The piloe episode of the ITV series Endeavour makes reference to the scandal and uses similar elements in its plot. Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Stephen Ward opened at London's Aldwych Theatre on 3 December 2013. Among generally favourable reviews, the Daily Telegraph''s critic recommended the production as "sharp, funny – and, at times, genuinely touching". Robertson records that the script is "remarkably faithful to the facts". In his song, "We Didn't Start the Fire", Billy Joel refers to the scandal with the line "British politician sex". Scottish folk musician Al Stewart also refers to the scandal in his song "Post World War II Blues"  on the album Past Present Future.

See also
 Chris Pincher scandal

Notes and references
Commentary notes

Citations

Sources

 Originally published as Cmnd. 2152 by Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1963

External links
1963 Denning Report – Parliament & the 1960s UK Parliament Living Heritage

Espionage scandals and incidents
Political sex scandals in the United Kingdom
Conservative Party (UK) scandals
Soviet Union–United Kingdom relations
1963 in the United Kingdom
1963 in international relations
1963 in British politics


text:
Johanna Näf, née le  à Stans, est une peintre, sculpteure et photographe suisse.

Biographie

Näf a grandi à Stans. Après une formation musicale de 1972 à 1974 à Zoug, elle fréquente l'école F + F de design expérimental à Zurich de 1979 à 1982 et effectue un stage dans un atelier de sculpteur. Après plusieurs expositions en Suisse centrale elle dirige, en 1992, le projet d'exposition Weg der Frau - ein Dialog à Zoug.

Näf s'intéresse particulièrement à l'art dans l'architecture, à l'art public (conception de fontaines, etc.) et aux photogrammes. En 1999 et 2018, elle reçoit la bourse de studio du canton de Zoug à Berlin. En 2003, elle fait un séjour en studio à la Stadtmühle Willisau. En 2007, elle passe six mois dans l'atelier artistique de la Conférence des villes suisses pour les affaires culturelles (KSK) à Varanasi (en Inde) d'où surgit son livre Impressions of India (2008).

Sa fontaine Lotosteich (en face du bâtiment St. Oswaldgasse 13/15 à Zoug) se trouve dans l'inventaire de l'art public de la ville de Zoug.

Publications

 Lauter verwundbare Jahre. Wallimann, Alpnach 1998, .
 Lichtberührungen: Fotogramme 1996–2000. Text: Sibylle Omlin. Alpnach: Martin Wallimann, 2000, .
 Johanna Näf: Transparente Räume. Uster: Villa am Aabach, 2003. Texte von Yvonne Höfliger und Sibylle Omlin.
 Suzanne Kappeler: «Lichtspuren». In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 28. Januar 2003, S. 40.
 mit Sibylle Omlin: Landstrich mit Figuren. Wallimann, Alpnach 2004, .
 Norbert Lehmann: Die Kunstsammlung des Kantons Schwyz. Malerei und Plastik bis 2004. Mit einer Einleitung von Markus Riek. Schwyz: Kulturkommission Kanton Schwyz, 2006 (= Schwyzer Hefte 87)
 Indische Impressionen (= Impressions of India). 2008, .
 Raum Skulptur Landschaft. 2014, .

Références

Liens externes

 Johanna Näf sur le site du Kuratorium für Kulturförderung des Kantons Solothurn

Peintre suisse du XXe siècle
Peintre suisse du XXIe siècle
Naissance en juin 1944
Naissance à Stans
Femme peintre suisse


text:
Collado del Mirón is a municipality located in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2006 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 56 inhabitants.

References

Municipalities in the Province of Ávila


text:
Jamie Gauthier is an American Democratic politician and member of the Philadelphia City Council. In 2019, she was elected to represent the Third District, which covers much of West Philadelphia and Southwest Philadelphia.

Early life and career
Gauthier was born in the Kingsessing neighborhood of Philadelphia. Her father, Leon Williams, ran for District Attorney of Philadelphia twice as an independent candidate. She received her undergraduate degree in Accounting from Temple University and her Masters in City Planning from the University of Pennsylvania.

Gauthier founded Mommy Grads, an organization dedicated to helping single mothers raise children while attending college. She worked as a program officer with the Local Initiatives Support Corporation before serving as executive director of the Sustainable Business Network of Greater Philadelphia from 2013 to 2017. In 2017, she became executive director of the Fairmount Park Conservancy.

Philadelphia City Council
In January 2019, Gauthier announced she would challenge longtime incumbent Jannie Blackwell in the Democratic primary for Philadelphia City Council in the Third District, which covers much of West Philadelphia and Southwest Philadelphia. Blackwell had represented the district since 1992, when she succeeded her husband Lucien Blackwell, who previously held the seat for 17 years. Gauthier defeated Blackwell by 56%-44% in the May 2019 primary, in what was called "a huge upset over one of the biggest political dynasties in Philly politics." Gauthier faced no opposition in the general election.

See also
List of members of Philadelphia City Council since 1952

References

Living people
Philadelphia City Council members
African-American city council members in Pennsylvania
African-American women in politics
Pennsylvania Democrats
Women city councillors in Pennsylvania
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women


text:
Order Cryptomonadales
Order Goniomonadales

Kryptomonaderne (eller kryptofytterne) er en gruppe alger, hvoraf de fleste har grønkorn. De er almindelige i ferskvand, men træffes også i miljøer med salt- eller brakvand. Hver celle er ca. 10-50 μm lang med en flad form, der afsluttes foran og bagtil med en fordybning eller lomme. Ved kanten af lommen findes typisk to uens lange flageller.

Nogle af dem kan have mixotrofi.

 Cryptomonadales
 Goniomonadales

Karakteristika
Kryptomonader er kendetegnet ved, at de har nogle karakteristiske, såkaldte extrusomer (ejectisomer eller ejectosomer), der består af to forbundne, spiralsnoede bånd, der holdes spændt. Hvis cellerne bliver udsat for mekanisk, kemisk eller lysstress, udløses de og driver cellen frem i en zig-zag bane bort fra forstyrrelsen. Store ejectisomer, der er synlige under lysmikroskop, sidder i nærheden af lommen, mens de mindre findes underneden periplasten, den cellevæg, som er typisk for cryptofytterne.

Klassificering
Oprindeligt blev cryptomonaderne betragtet som nære slægtninge til dinoflagellaterne på grund af deres (tilsyneladende) ensartede pigmentering. Senere har botanikere behandlet dem som en særlig afdeling, Cryptophyta, mens zoologer har opfattet dem som hjemmehørende i flagellatordenen Cryptomonadida. Der er solide beviser for, at kryptomonadernes grønkorn er beslægtede med heterokonternes og haptofytternes, og de tre grupper samles ofte som Chromista. For tiden diskuteres det, om de skal høre til hos riget Chromalveolata og danne gruppen hacrobia sammen med haptofytterne.

Noter

Botanik


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Resende  es un municipio brasileño situado al sur del estado de Río de Janeiro. Está atravesado por el río Paraíba do Sul que da nombre a la región donde se sitúa: Valle de Paraiba. En el municipio están situadas grandes fábricas como Volkswagen o Peugeot son parte del polo de la industria mecánica y también están las Industrias Nucleares de Brasil, que son responsables del enriquecimiento de Uranio.

Su extensión es de 1.094,507 km² y cuenta con una población de 124.316 habitantes (estimaciones 2016).

Historia
La ciudad fue fundada a mediados del siglo XVIII y al principio se llamaba Nossa Senhora da Conceição do Campo Alegre da Paraíba Nova (Nuestra Señora del Campo Alegre de Nueva Paraíba). Los primeros habitantes, los indios Puris, lo llamaron Timburibá. El 29 de septiembre de 1801 pasó a llamarse Resende, después del acto del 13° vice-regente de Brasil y el 2° Conde de Resende, general José Luís de Castro. La Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN) (Academia Militar Black Needles, llamada así por la formación rocosa local) se encuentra en Resende. El desarrollo fue rápido debido a la proximidad de dos metrópolis y al estado de Minas Gerais.

Referencias

Localidades de Río de Janeiro


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Chronologie de la bande dessinée :

1954 en bande dessinée - 1955 en bande dessinée - 1956 en bande dessinée

Évènements
 début de l'année : Aux États-Unis, apposition du sceau du Comics Code Authority sur les couvertures de la plupart des comics publiés à l'époque.
 Le 10 mars débute la publication du journal Line, sous-titré Le journal des chics filles par Le Lombard en Belgique et Dargaud en France.
 avril : Publication chez EC Comics de Master Race de Bernie Krigstein et d'Al Feldstein, première évocation de la Shoah dans la bande dessinée américaine.
 septembre : Premier numéro du petit format Kiwi publiée par les Éditions Lug.
 Création du personnage Ric Hochet par Tibet (dessin) et A.-P. Duchâteau (scénario).

Nouveaux albums
Voir aussi : Albums de bande dessinée sortis en 1955

Franco-belge

Comics

Mangas

Naissances
 8 janvier : Ken Steacy
 15 février : Françoise Mouly
 27 février : Jean-François Biard
 14 mars : Stephen Bissette
 25 mars : Jean-Luc Hiettre
 5 avril : Akira Toriyama
 25 avril : Yves Swolfs, scénariste et dessinateur belge (Durango, Dampierre, Le Prince de la nuit, Black Hills 1890, Vlad)
 28 avril : Michel Crespin
 2 mai : Alain Dodier et Jerry Scott, auteur de comic strips
 3 juin : Roger Widenlocher
 15 juin : Brent Anderson, dessinateur de comics
 27 juin : Jean-Charles Kraehn, dessinateur et scénariste français (Les Aigles décapitées, Bout d'homme, Gil St André, Le Triangle Secret I.N.R.I, Tramp)
 14 juillet : Patrick Claeys
 29 juillet : Dave Stevens
 2 août : Jano
 3 août : Charlie Schlingo, dessinateur et scénariste français (Gaspation, Havanies primesautières, Josette de Rechange)
 10 août : Eddie Campbell, auteur écossais de comics ()
 2 septembre : Jean Barbaud
 28 novembre : François Boucq, dessinateur et scénariste français (Cornet d'humour, Les pionniers de l'aventure humaine, La vie, la mort et tout le bazar, Point de fuite pour les braves)
 12 décembre : Jacques Ferrandez
 18 décembre : André Geerts
 Naissances de Louis Alloing, Élie Klimos

Décès
23 septembre : Katharine P. Rice, autrice de comic strips.

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .

Notes et références

BD
Chronologie de la bande dessinée


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Siomki [] es un pueblo ubicado en el distrito administrativo de Gmina Wola Krzysztoporska, dentro del Distrito de Piotrków, Voivodato de Łódź, en Polonia central. Se encuentra aproximadamente a 3 kilómetro al este de Wola Krzysztoporska, a 8 kilómetros al suroeste de Piotrków Trybunalski, y a 50 kilómetros al sur de la capital regional Łódź.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Voivodato de Łódź


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Clivina sagittaria is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1892.

References

sagittaria
Beetles described in 1892


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Duarte Pinto de Carvalho de Freitas do Amaral CvGDM • ComC • GCIH (Guimarães, Oliveira do Castelo, 13 de Maio de 1909 — Lisboa, Prazeres, 16 de Julho de 1979) foi um engenheiro e político português.

Família
Filho de Duarte do Amaral Pinto de Freitas e de sua mulher Ana Mendes Ribeiro de Oliveira, ambos naturais de Guimarães, oriundo de uma família fidalga vimaranense, os (Pinto de Carvalho) de Freitas do Amaral. Nasceu a 13 de maio de 1909, no Largo Franco Castelo Branco - atualmente denominado Largo da Misericórdia -, na freguesia de Oliveira do Castelo, em Guimarães.

Biografia
Estudou no Liceu Nacional Martins Sarmento e licenciou-se em Engenharia Civil, pela Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto.

Iniciou a sua carreira profissional no Ministério das Finanças, onde foi Secretário do Ministro das Finanças (depois Presidente do Conselho), António de Oliveira Salazar. Entre os cargos que exerceu, contam-se os de Delegado do Governo junto da Rádio Renascença, durante a Segunda Grande Guerra, Presidente da Comissão Reguladora dos Produtos Químicos e Farmacêuticos, Vice-Presidente do Conselho de Administração da Sacor (em representação do Estado), Membro dos Conselhos Superiores da Indústria e dos Combustíveis e Presidente do Conselho Fiscal da Companhia Nacional de Navegação.

Na política foi Presidente da Comissão Concelhia de Guimarães da União Nacional e, de seguida, Deputado da Nação, eleito pelo Círculo de Braga. Durante esse período foi um dos impulsionadores de um plano de melhoramentos na cidade e no concelho de Guimarães, além de diversas obras em monumentos e edifícios públicos: o restauro da Igreja de São Domingos, da Colegiada de Nossa Senhora da Oliveira, do Mosteiro de São Torcato e do Paço dos Duques de Bragança.

Foi homenageado com a Medalha de Ouro da Cidade de Guimarães, e distinguido como Comendador da Ordem Militar de Cristo a 18 de Julho de 1960, Grã-Cruz da Ordem do Infante D. Henrique, Grande-Oficial da Ordem de Rio Branco do Brasil, Oficial da Ordem do Cruzeiro do Sul do Brasil e Comendador da Ordem de São Gregório Magno da Santa Sé. Foi Cavaleiro de Graça e Devoção da Ordem Soberana e Militar de Malta.

Casamento e descendência
Casou em Lisboa, na 3.ª Conservatória do Registo Civil, a 11 de Dezembro de 1936 com Maria Filomena de Campos Trocado (Póvoa de Varzim, Póvoa de Varzim, 8 de Julho de 1913 - ?), filha de Josué Francisco Trocado e de sua mulher Maria Alves de Campos, sobrinha-neta do 1.º Barão da Póvoa de Varzim, ambos naturais da Póvoa de Varzim e foi pai de quatro filhos:
 Duarte Pinto de Freitas do Amaral (Guimarães, 29 de Outubro de 1937 - 6 de Agosto de 19?)
 Pedro Pinto de Freitas do Amaral (Guimarães, 14 de Outubro de 1938 - Casa da Eira, 7 de Outubro de 19?)
 Diogo Freitas do Amaral (Póvoa de Varzim, Póvoa de Varzim, 21 de Julho de 1941 - Cascais, 3 de Outubro de 2019), professor e político
 João Pinto de Freitas do Amaral (Lisboa, 30 de Maio de 1948 - Lisboa, São Domingos de Benfica, 21 de Março de 1995)

Morte
Morreu em Lisboa, na freguesia dos Prazeres, a 16 de julho de 1979.

Fontes
 "Costados", D. Gonçalo de Mesquita da Silveira de Vasconcelos e Sousa, Livraria Esquina, 1.ª Edição, Porto, 1997, N.º 55

Família Freitas do Amaral
Naturais de Guimarães
Alumni da Universidade do Porto
Engenheiros civis de Portugal
Empresários de Portugal
Deputados da Assembleia Nacional de Portugal
Comendadores da Ordem Militar de Cristo
Grã-Cruzes da Ordem do Infante D. Henrique
Cavaleiros da Ordem Soberana e Militar de Malta


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1-je Gniezdiłowo, także Pierwoje Gniezdiłowo () – wieś (ros. село, trb. sieło) w zachodniej Rosji, w sielsowiecie sołdatskim rejonu fatieżskiego w obwodzie kurskim.

Geografia
Miejscowość położona jest nad Rudą (główny dopływ Usoży w dorzeczu Swapy), 18 km od centrum administracyjnego sielsowietu (Sołdatskoje), 23 km na południowy zachód od centrum administracyjnego rejonu (Fatież), 48 km na północny zachód od Kurska, 22 km od drogi magistralnej (federalnego znaczenia) M2 «Krym» (część trasy europejskiej E105).

We wsi znajdują się 72 posesje.

 Klimat
Miejscowość, jak i cały rejon, znajduje się w strefie klimatu kontynentalnego z łagodnym ciepłym latem i równomiernie rozłożonymi opadami rocznymi (Dfb w klasyfikacji klimatów Köppena).

Demografia
W 2010 r. wieś zamieszkiwało 49 osób.

Przypisy

Wsie w obwodzie kurskim
Miejscowości w rejonie fatieżskim


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Moshe Aviv Tower (), is a  skyscraper located in the demarcated area of the Diamond Exchange District (Israel Diamond Exchange) on Jabotinsky Road (No. 7) in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel. The 68-story building is commonly known as City Gate (), its original name. It is the second tallest building in Israel, following Tel Aviv's  Azrieli Sarona Tower.

Background
The building was designed by architects Amnon Niv and Amnon Schwartz. It was named after Moshe Aviv, the owner of the construction company, who died in an accident in October 2001, before its completion.

Construction
The design for City Gate was inspired by the famous Westend Tower in Frankfurt. Construction on the tower began in 1998 and was completed in 2003 when the tower became occupied. The construction period was extremely short, achieving a sequence of five stories per month with only one shift of 40 workers. The rate of concrete placement per month was  and on a typical floor there are 42 windows. Total cost of construction was US$133 million. The tower has a total of  of space. The building appeared in a TV advertisement for the Mifal HaPayis national lottery before it was completed, in December 2002. When completed it is the most expensive single building in Israel.

There is now an approved plan for a similar tower of the same height, the Elite Tower, across Jabotinsky Road, on the current site of the Elite Factory.

Use
The Moshe Aviv Tower is a multi-use structure. The top 11 floors consist of  of residential space divided among 98 apartments.  Below that, the bulk of the tower contains  of office space. Separate lobbies and elevators serve the residential and office sections.  of commercial space occupies the lower floors. There is a synagogue on the third floor for residents, office tenants and visitors. The rooftop of the cylinder part serves as an emergency helipad. The tower also boasts an exclusive fitness club and swimming pool situated on the tower's carpark annex roof.

On September 27, 2004, as part of the annual global City in Pink lighting campaign for breast cancer, the building was lit completely in bright pink light.

Gallery

See also
List of skyscrapers in Israel
List of tallest buildings in the world
Architecture in Israel

References

External links

Skyscraper office buildings in Israel
Commercial buildings completed in 2003
Buildings and structures in Ramat Gan
Residential skyscrapers in Israel