text:
Jews, Money, Myth is an exhibition held at the Jewish Museum London in 2019. It was made in collaboration with the Pears Institute for the Study of Antisemitism.

The exhibition traces the ideas that Jewish people are unusually greedy and money-oriented to "the earliest days of Christianity." Curator Joanne Rosenthal explained that the goal was to "debunk a lot of the myths that still circulate today,... such as Jews exerting a kind of sinister influence on world events, Jews financing disastrous wars around the world for profit, Jews being naturally drawn to money making." The idea to create the exhibit came from the museum's director, Abigail Morris.

The exhibition opened at a time when antisemitism was resurgent. According to director Abigail Morris, "Not drawing attention to (antisemitism) won't make it go away." Reviewing the exhibition in The Spectator, Douglas Murray noted that, "hatred of Jews can come from everything. From their wealth and poverty, for integrating and not integrating," and called this a fact that is, "well demonstrated" by this exhibit.

The most notable painting in the exhibition, Rembrandt's 1629 painting, Judas Returning the Thirty Pieces of Silver, is on loan from a private collector. An image of medieval financier Isaac of Norwich at the top of a 1233 English tax document is said to be the world's oldest antisemitic caricature.

According to Sara Lipton, one of the historians who consulted on the exhibition, the medieval artistic convention of depicting Jews with hooked noses, dark skin, and scraggly or pointy beards originated in the 13th century as commissioned works of art depicting the sinfulness of greed. Howard Jacobson notes that even if the Church's motivation was to discourage sin rather than to promote Jew-hatred, it is "a hard distinction to maintain". The exhibit includes a few examples of Jew with a coin figurines, a modern custom of placing a picture or figurine showing a Jew holding a moneybag or coin at the entrance to a home or business as a magical charm to attract wealth that developed in Poland in the 1990s.

A film by Jeremy Deller was commissioned for the exhibition. Geller compiled recent footage of contemporary media personalities, politicians, and propagandists making antisemitic statements. Diana Muir Appelbaum describes the film as "an endless loop of clips of contemporary expressions of anti-Semitism emanating from various points on the political and religious spectrum across Europe and the United States."

References

2019 in art
2019 in Judaism
2019 in London
Art exhibitions in the United Kingdom
Museums and exhibits about antisemitism


text:
Лі-е-Мікс () — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Нова Аквітанія, департамент Ланди. Населення —  осіб (2011).

Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 610 км на південний захід від Парижа, 105 км на південний захід від Бордо, 65 км на захід від Мон-де-Марсана.

Демографія

Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):

Економіка

У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 717 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 1487,5 особи, медіана доходів виносила  євро на одного особоспоживача

Галерея зображень

Посилання

 Офіційний сайт Сайт мерії муніципалітету Лі-е-Мікс
 Туристичне бюро муніципалітету Лі-е-Мікс
 Лі-е-Мікс на сайті французького Національного інституту географії
 [ Розташування муніципалітету Лі-е-Мікс на мапі Франції та сусідні муніципалітети]

Див. також
 Список муніципалітетів департаменту Ланди

Примітки

Муніципалітети департаменту Ланди

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Dicranomyia huttoni är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Edwards 1923. Dicranomyia huttoni ingår i släktet Dicranomyia och familjen småharkrankar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Småharkrankar
huttoni


text:
Norgesmesterskapet i fotball for kvinner (dansk: Norgesmesterskabet i fodbold for kvinder) er Norges Fotballforbunds landsdækkende pokalturnering for kvindeklubhold. Turneringen er afviklet årligt siden 1978, og der kåres hver sæson en pokalmester.

LSK Kvinner FK er forsvarende mester, pr. 2019.

Den første pokalfinale blev spillet på Ullevaal Stadion, hvorefter den blev spillet på en af finaleholdenes hjemmebane frem til 1988. Siden er finalerne blev spillet på Bislett Stadion, Åråsen Stadion og Telenor Arena.

Liste over pokalfinaler

Eksterne henvisninger
 Hjemmeside hos Norges Fotballforbund
 Turneringen hos women.soccerway.com

Noter

Nationale pokalturneringer i fodbold
Etableret i 1981
Kvindefodbold i Norge


text:
La frontière entre le Bénin et le Nigeria sépare le Bénin à l'ouest et le Nigeria à l'est.

Elle est l'une des quatre frontières du Bénin (avec celle avec celle du Togo à l'ouest et celles du Burkina Faso et du Niger au nord) et l'une des quatre du Nigeria (avec celles du Niger au nord, du Tchad au nord-est et du Nigeria à l'est).

Longue de 773 km, elle débute sur la côte du golfe de Guinée, remonte vers le nord sur environ 300 km, puis oblique à l'est sur 35 km avec de prendre une direction nord-est. La rivière Beffa marque cette frontière sur sa partie centrale.

Officiellement, les conflits frontaliers ont été résolus en 2009 et la création d'une commission mixte bénino-nigériane de délimitation des frontières. Mais des incidents perdurent comme ceux d'août 2013 causés par des militaires nigérians à Malanville. Cette ville du nord du Bénin, bien que frontalière avec le Niger mais très proche du Nigeria, est un des principaux points de trafic entre le Nigeria et le Bénin, principalement d'hydrocarbures (kpayo). Elle est majoritairement peuplée par la communauté Yoruba, un des principaux peuples du Nigeria.

Notes et références

Nigeria
Benin


text:
Manbij (în , în , în adîgheiană Mumbuj, în siriacă ܡܒܘܓ) este un oraș din nord-estul Guvernoratului Alep din nordul Siriei, situat la circa 30 kilometri spre vest de fluviul Eufrat. Conform recensământului din 2004 al Biroului Central de Statistică din Siria, Manbij avea o populație de aproximativ  de locuitori. Populația Manbijului este diversificată din punct de vedere etnic, incluzând arabi, cerchezi și ceceni, iar mulți dintre ei practică sufismul Naqshbandiyya.

Etimologie
Orașul a fost menționat pe monede din antichitate înainte de cucerirea de către armatele lui Alexandru cel Mare, dar aceasta a înregistrat numele aramaic de Mnbg (însemnând "locul primăverii"). Asirienii denumeau orașul Nappigu (Nanpigi). Localitatea apare în textele grecești ca Bambyce, iar Plinius cel Tânăr consemna numele sirian al orașului ca Mabog (de asemenea Mabbog, Mabbogh). Fiind un centru de venerare al zeiței siriene Atargatis, Manbij a devenit cunoscut grecilor antici drept Ἱερόπολις (Hieropolis), "orașul templului", apoi ca Ἱεράπολις (Hierapolis), "orașul sfânt".

Note

Vezi și
 Lista orașelor din Siria

Legături externe

Orașe din Siria


text:
En construcció l'estructura és el conjunt dels elements resistents d'una edificació, capaços de suportar les forces i transmetre-les cap als punts on es recolzen per tal de fer-la resistent i estable. La construcció d'estructures està regida pels principis de l'estàtica i el seu disseny forma part de l'arquitectura i l'enginyeria.

Una estructura és un sistema d'elements rígids units per articulacions de tal manera que no quedi cap grau de llibertat que pugui moure cap d'ells respecte dels altres, com si ocorre en canvi als mecanismes.
Les estructures s'estudien mecànicament, per tal que no hi hagi moviment entre els elements i que puguin sostenir el pes del que aguanten. Inclou la resistència de materials i les possibles fractures per causes diverses, com ara la corrosió, incloent l'oxidació; possibles afeccions (com l'aluminosi); les deformacions, tensions, esforços i resistència front a cops, al pes o a la fatiga; una certa elasticitat front al vent; etc.

Els elements de les estructures ("esquelets") que sostenen els edificis es diuen bigues. Del disseny i càlcul d'estructures d'habitatges se n'encarreguen fonamentalment els arquitectes i els enginyers (mecànics, de materials, industrials). Les dades més importants són el pes que s'ha de sostenir, les dimensions de cada element, la seva geometria, les articulacions, la posició relativa entre cada element i el material amb el qual estan fets.

Vegeu també
 Flexió mecànica
 Monobuc
 Mur de càrrega

Referències

Mecànica
Construcció


text:
Michael Peter Malone (April 18, 1940 – December 21, 1999) was an American historian who served from 1991 to 1999 as the 10th president of Montana State University. One of Montana's preeminent historians and writers, he was named by both The Missoulian and the Great Falls Tribune newspapers as one of the 100 most influential Montanans of the 20th century. His Montana: A History of Two Centuries (co-written with Richard B. Roeder) was called the "definitive history of the state" by the Bozeman Daily Chronicle.

Early life
Malone was born on April 18, 1940, in Pomeroy, Washington, to John and Delores (Cheyne) Malone. His father was the son of a farmer who (with his brothers) owned several farms in Garfield, Walla Walla, and Whitman counties. The Malones were of Irish descent, and Michael was deeply proud of his heritage. His mother, Delores, was born in Zillah, Washington, and his parents married on November 14, 1936. Malone's father managed McKeirnan Hardware and Implement in Pomeroy, and attended Holy Rosary Catholic Church.

Michael was the Malone's only child. However, in 1954, the Malones' close friends, Jack and Kathryn Bowman, died in an automobile accident.  The Malones then raised the Bowmans' four children, Ray, Wynn, Kevin, and Jennie. Michael Malone considered them his half-siblings. As a teenager, he worked harvesting peas for the Green Giant vegetable company. Michael "had an especially close relationship with his father", and he had a significant influence on Michael. Michael Malone later said his father was the "finest man he ever knew". John Malone suffered from severe cardiac problems in the 1960s, which worried Michael a great deal. John Malone died in 1972, and Michael believed that he lost a great deal from losing his father at an early age.

Malone's mother married Ronald L. Chard of Pomeroy in 1974. She died at the age of 84 in May 1998, just 18 months before her son.

Malone enrolled at Gonzaga University in Spokane, Washington. His initially had a pre-law major, but changed his major to history during his sophomore year. "I just liked the subject," he said. "I thought it would be fun to make a career of doing for others what (historians) were doing for me." He graduated magna cum laude with a bachelor's degree. He then enrolled in the doctorate program in American studies at Washington State University in Pullman, Washington, graduating with a Ph.D. in 1966.

Academic career
Malone sought and won a teaching position at Texas A&M University for the 1966–1967 school year.

He left Texas A&M and took a position as an assistant history professor at Montana State University in the fall of 1967. He was promoted to associate professor in 1970 and professor in 1973. He was named head of the Department of History and Philosophy in 1976.  Three years later, he was appointed dean of graduate studies for the entire university. He was appointed director of the Burton K. Wheeler Center at MSU in 1987, and served in that position until 1990. He resigned as dean of graduate studies in 1988 after being named interim vice president for academic affairs. He was reappointed interim vice president twice more, in 1989 and 1990.

During his academic career at MSU, Malone wrote seven books. His 1989 book, The American West (co-authored with Richard W. Etulain) was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. By 1990, he was working on a biography of James J. Hill, the late 19th and early 20th century railroad executive whose Great Northern Railway played a critical role in the economic expansion of Montana.

He also traveled widely across Montana, lecturing in many of the state's small towns on Montana history. In 1972 and 1973, he and fellow MSU professor of history Richard Roeder traveled across the state to educate citizens about the newly created Montana Committee for the Humanities (now known as Humanities Montana), which greatly enhanced public participation in the agency's programs. He also lectured extensively throughout the West on a variety of topics in the history of the American West.

As dean of graduate studies, Malone was critical of what he perceived as the state's lack of foresight regarding higher education. He told the Los Angeles Times that the state legislature was unwilling to invest in academic disciplines that would help build the technology sector, and generally failed to invest in higher education as a whole. He also criticized the state for failing to teach business skills and entrepreneurship. "We're victims of the old mind-set, that any corporation heading for Montana must be bent on rape. Montana is the last of the Old West and we're in crisis and we're not doing the most obvious things that have to be done," he said. "We're trying to preserve a unique life style and trying to put our feet into the future at the same time. So far we really haven't come to terms with the conflict this creates."

In 1987, Malone pressed the United States Congress to make "tuition-remission" scholarships tax-exempt, so that more students would be encouraged to seek graduate education.

Montana State University presidency

Appointment
Montana State University president William Tietz announced his retirement at the end of 1990.

Malone was unanimously named MSU's acting president on January 1, 1991, at a salary of $86,000 per year. After a nationwide search, the board of regents of the Montana University System narrowed the list of finalists to three:  Malone; Dr. Harold Allen, vice president for graduate studies, research and economic development at the University of Toledo; and Dr. Rex Cottle, dean of the School of Business at the University of Mississippi (and later president of Lamar University in Texas). In March 1991, Malone was named MSU's 10th president.

Presidential achievements
Malone was the first MSU president to preside over the Billings, Great Falls, and Havre campuses. He subsequently appointed the first chancellors of the three major campuses in 1995:  Ron Sexton at Montana State University Billings, Will Weaver at Great Falls College Montana State University, and William Daehling at Montana State University–Northern. He also appointed the second chancellor at MSU-Northern, Michael Rao.

Malone's governance style was democratic and personal. Faculty, employee, and student leaders agreed that he sought input and consensus on decisions. Malone was personable and friendly to faculty, workers, and students alike. His willingness to talk one-on-one with clerical staff was "unusual", according to university registrar Chuck Nelson.

Malone's friendly style extended to his relationship with the state legislature as well. Tom Stump, MSU's vice president for finances, said Malone was personally quite popular with legislators and their staff. MSU's chief lobbyist, Cathy Conover, also noted that Malone sought to provide the legislature with the right information and an honest assessment, which earned him a great deal of personal respect.

During Malone's presidency, Montana State University witnessed "one of the greatest expansions in campus history", as a large number of new buildings were constructed. These included the $1 million Centennial Mall (1993), the $22 million Engineering and Physical Sciences Building (1997), the $10 million Bobcat Stadium renovation, the $13.5 million renovation of Brick Breeden Fieldhouse, the $12 million Agricultural Biosciences Building (1999), and the $7.5 million Renne Library renovation (1999).

The refurbishment of the two athletics buildings was especially important. Bruce Parker, MSU's associated athletics director, said funding for these projects was directly attributable to the president: "None of the athletics renovations would have happened without Mike Malone". The stadium renovation included new public-area seating, three tiers of skyboxes, and a camera deck to permit televising of games. Inside the stadium were a new second-floor banquet room, third-floor bar and concessions area, and handicapped-accessible seating, doors, restrooms, and other areas throughout the structure. Every skybox contained indoor seating for 12, outdoor seating for 12 (with overhead radiant heating elements), and blue-and-gold floor tiled wet bars, and cost $7,000 to construct. Two-thirds of the skyboxes had been rented by the time the renovations were complete.

In 1999, Malone fired Bobcats football head coach Cliff Hysell after eight losing seasons. Malone hired Mike Kramer, the winning coach at Eastern Washington University.

Research and enrollment were other areas where Malone achieved success. He pushed hard for faculty and the university to seek and win federal funding for scientific research. The success here was significant: Federal research funding grew from just $13 million in the late 1980s to more than $50 million in 1999. The undergraduate curriculum was revamped, and he pushed a program to "guarantee" that each student could graduate within four years. Under Malone's leadership, enrollment at Montana State University hit a historic high of 11,746 students in 1999. Consistent with his earlier focus on technology development and education, he also established the Burns Telecommunications Center.

Financial pressures were heavy during Malone's tenure. He reenergized and expanded alumni fund-raising programs and worked to have alumni become more active in campus life, and pushed the MSU Foundation to redouble its fund-raising efforts. But the state legislature kept funding for salaries stagnant. At the start of his presidency, faculty salaries were 25 percent lower than those at comparable universities. Clerical and administrative support staff represented by MEA-MFT struck for higher pay in 1992, and Malone lobbied the state legislature for higher clerical/administrative pay in 1998.

Scandals
Two minor scandals hit Montana State University during Malone's tenure: The College National Finals Rodeo declined to return to MSU, and two women's basketball coaches were fired for violating NCAA rules. Malone's consensus-building governance style was apparent in both cases, according to vice president for student affairs Allen Yarnell.

College National Finals Rodeo
From 1971 to 1996, the College National Finals Rodeo was held every year at the MSU campus in Bozeman. For years, the U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company had distributed free samples of Skoal and Copenhagen dipping tobacco to students at the event. The event moved away from MSU in 1997 after 1996 attendance fell 3,000 short of the 25,000-attendee goal.  During that year, Malone held meetings during which it was decided that, should the rodeo finals return, smokeless tobacco products could no longer be distributed on campus.  The consensus was that this was not a controversial issue. But in late August 1998, the National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association (NIRA) voted unanimously to not return to Bozeman due to the no-tobacco-handouts rule. MSU rodeo coach John Larick public voiced his opposition to Malone's decision, which he called "disgusting". The Bozeman Area Chamber of Commerce also expressed its unhappiness, as the event brought about $1.2 million a year to the local economy.

MSU and Bozeman business leaders attempted to compromise with the NIRA by offering to permit distribution of coupons for free or discounted tobacco products. Malone expressed his willingness to compromise, so long as tobacco was not distributed free. Despite local business opposition to the university's decision, Malone said he had received 20 positive and 13 negative comments from the public, and would stand firm. But on October 2, 1998, NIRA reaffirmed its decision not to return to Bozeman. The association said U.S. Smokeless Tobacco donated $200,000 in rodeo scholarships each year, and it would not alienate this sponsor. MSU vice president Glenn Lewis expressed his view that NIRA never seriously considered the coupon alternative.

Women's basketball
On October 31, 1999, Malone fired MSU women's basketball head coach Tracey Sheehan and assistant coach Jeff Malby. Complaints by student-athletes, athletics department personnel, students' doctors, and team trainers led to an NCAA investigation into charges that the two coaches were overworking their team. The NCAA found that athletes were required to engage in pre-season practice longer than the eight hours per week allowed by the NCAA. (In some cases, athletes were required to practice 16 hours a week or more.) Coaches demanded that athletes return to practice before injuries were fully healed, an excessive number of "overuse injuries" were occurring, and coaches disregarded the welfare of the athletes in their care. (NCAA rules forbid excessive practice that results in stress injuries or overuse injuries, and require coaches to follow doctors' advice when seeking to return an athlete to active status.) As many as 15 athletes on the Lady Bobcats team had overuse injuries such as stress fractures and tendonitis. The NCAA also found that the two coaches regularly exceeded the number of allowable hours for "athletically related activities" and failed to provide the mandatory "positive relationship between student athletes and coach...by engaging in activities which are [...] conducive to the welfare of student athletes".

The NCAA permitted Montana State to impose its own sanctions on the women's basketball program.

Criticisms
Although widely considered a successful president and very well-liked, Malone received criticism in several areas.

In 2009, MSU chief legislative lobbyist Cathy Conover said that relations with the state legislature had been somewhat poor under Malone (although she did not name him explicitly). She expressed her opinion that MSU officials talked too much about how little money they had, and criticized the legislature too much for not investing in higher education.  She believed that Malone's successor, Geoffrey Gamble, had a far more positive style that was "a sea change" and which led the Republican-dominated state legislature to rave about him.

Gamble himself implicitly criticized some of Malone's financial decisions. The football stadium renovations, he noted, had gone ahead even though MSU did not have the money in-hand to pay for them. That, he noted, was a common budgetary tactic at MSU. One of the first financial rules Gamble laid down when his presidency began was to pledge that the university would not initiate projects without having the money to complete them.

Others also questions Malone's financial priorities. Tuition doubled during his time in office, angering students. Some faculty criticized his willingness to construct new buildings while declining to pay for teaching equipment (copiers and projectors) and maintenance (such as fixing broken or defective thermostats). According to the Bozeman Daily Chronicle, Malone tried to respond to these criticisms by rescinding some budget cuts, and by creating a new faculty/student/worker budget committee to make recommendations about spending priorities.

Death
Malone was diagnosed with cardiomyopathy in 1995. According to physicians, his heart was damaged by an undetected viral infection some years earlier, and was greatly enlarged and weakened.

Michael P. Malone died at 1:15 a.m. at Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport. He had traveled to Washington State University, where officials were trying to recruit him for the open university presidency there. Malone, however, had expressed his desire to remain at MSU. He exited the airport parking lot in his own vehicle, and suffered sudden cardiac death after driving just a few yards. His vehicle struck a street light and came to a stop. Other passengers on the flight stopped and rendered first aid. The Belgrade Fire Department, Montana Highway Patrol, and a local ambulance crew all responded to the scene. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was administered, and paramedics attempted to defibrillate him with electric shocks. These efforts failed, and he was pronounced dead of a heart attack at 1:15 A.M.

His funeral was a private Catholic funeral Mass, and he was buried in the Catholic section of Sunset Hills Cemetery.

Other roles
Malone was active in history, professional, and other organizations throughout his life.

He was a member of the board of directors of the National Association of State Universities and Land-grant Colleges (now known as the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities), and was chair of its International Commission. He was also a board member of the Commission on Colleges of the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities and the Western Association of Graduate Schools.

In addition to his many roles at Montana State University, he also served on the board of directors of the Montana State University Foundation and the board of trustees of the Museum of the Rockies.

Malone served his profession in a wide range of ways.  he was a member of the board of directors of the Montana Historical Society, the executive council of the Western History Association, the Montana Committee for the Humanities, and the Montana Bicentennial Commission. He was also a member of the editorial board of Montana, The Magazine of Western History, Pacific Northwest Quarterly, and the Pacific Historical Review.

Legacy
Michael P. Malone was widely respected as a historian of Montana and the American West.  The Great Falls Tribune and The Missoulian, two large Montana newspapers, each named him one of the 100 most influential Montanans of the 20th century. He was regularly interviewed in print and on television on various history subjects, including a lengthy segment for the PBS documentary series, The Irish in America.

His popularity at MSU led to several awards and honors from the college. In 1999, the university established the Michael P. Malone Professor of History endowed chair in his honor. Nearly $50,000 was raised for the endowment in the first week after his death. Dr. Billy G. Smith was named the first Malone Professor of History in 2002. (The title is awarded for three years, and the incumbent may not seek an immediate second term.) In 1988, a bronze cast was made of the "Wankel Rex", a nearly-complete fossil skeleton of a Tyrannosaurus rex held by the Museum of the Rockies.  It was the first full-scale bronze skeleton of a dinosaur in the world, and was erected at the entrance of the museum.  It was named "Big Mike" in his honor in 2002. In 2010, MSU renamed the Centennial Mall the Michael Malone Centennial Mall to recognize his efforts which led to its construction. In 2011, Malone was named as one of Montana State's most important presidents—following in the footsteps of William Tietz—by MSU historians Jeffrey Safford, Pierce Mullen, and Robert Rydell in an interview with the Bozeman Daily Chronicle. Montana State University Archives and Special Collections holds the Michael P. Malone Papers, which consists of correspondence and research materials.

Other organizations have also honored Malone. In 2000, the National Association of State Universities and Land-grant Colleges established the Michael P. Malone International Leadership Award to recognize individuals who make outstanding contributions in international education. The same year, the Montana Ambassadors organization named its Educator of the Year award for Malone. In 2002, the Western History Association established the Michael P. Malone Award for the best published article, commentary, or essay on state, provincial, or territorial history in North America. Journalist Rick Allen won the first $500 Malone Award in 2002 for his article on the Montana Vigilantes.

Publications
At the time of his death, Malone had written nine books and 20 articles.

Among these were Montana: A History of Two Centuries, co-written with Richard B. Roeder. It was first published in 1976 and a revised edition (co-written with William L. Lang) issued in 1992. One Montana newspaper called it "the standard text on state history". Malone published The Battle for Butte in 1981. Lang, professor of history at Portland State University, called it "[o]ne of Malone's most important books" because it focused less on biography and parochially on Butte and analyzed the broader trends and pressures being exerted by emerging national corporations and economic consolidation. His last work was Montana Century, a richly photographed coffee table book public in October 1999.  It sold 13,000 copies in its first three months and by December 1999 was in its third printing. In 1989, Malone and co-author Richard W. Etulain finished The American West. It was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. When he died, Malone had a contract with Yale University Press to write a new book re-conceptualizing the history of the American West.

Malone had a reputation as an excellent scholar and writer. Retired MSU professor of history Jeffrey Safford noted that Malone tended to synthesize the work of others with his own research, and was much more interested in the exercise of power than mere "who" and "where". Journalist and author Timothy Egan, writing for the New York Times in 1993, argued that Malone avoided both the traditional cowboys-and-Indians view of the American West as well as the historical revisionism of "New West" historians. Malone argued for a return to source materials such as diaries and memoirs of the time, which neither treated settlers and Native Americans as if they were in a John Wayne movie nor made them out to be homogeneous outcasts. Original source materials, he argued, showed the West to be diverse and much more interesting than the more common depiction of white hard-scrabble farmers made it out to be. According to Lang, Malone's emphasis on national and global factors in the history of the American West was controversial. Yet, it also had a significant impact at larger, reputable university history departments at Yale and Harvard.

Malone did not stop practicing his profession once he became a university administrator.  Although he did not have as much time to conduct research and write as he was promoted, Safford characterized Malone's professional output as a university president as "absolutely extraordinary."

Published books
The Search for Paradigm in Western American History, 1930-2000 (in progress, 1999; unfinished)
Montana Century: 100 Years in Pictures and Words (1999); editor
Montana: A Contemporary Profile (1997)
James J. Hill: Empire Builder of the Northwest (1996)
The American West: A Twentieth Century History (1989) with Richard W. Etulain
 Historians and the American West (1983) with Rodman W. Paul
The Battle for Butte: Mining and Politics on the Northern Frontier (1981)
Montana: A History of Two Centuries (1976) with Richard B. Roeder (1st ed.); with Roeder and William L. Lang (2d ed.)
Montana As It Was, 1876: A Centennial Overview (1975) with Richard B. Roeder
C. Ben Ross and the New Deal in Idaho (1970); editorThe Montana Past: An Anthology'' (1969); editor with Richard B. Roeder

Personal life
Michael P. Michael married Kathleen Campbell on April 18, 1983. He already had two children, Molly and Thomas. He became a stepfather to Kathy's children Clint, Molly, and Wendy.

He was survived in death by his wife, Kathy; his two children and three stepchildren, his stepfather, and his four foster siblings.

References

External links
 Michael P. Malone Papers, 1962-2000. Collection 2442. Merrill G. Burlingame Special Collections.  Renne Library. Montana State University.

1940 births
1999 deaths
Presidents of Montana State University
People from Pomeroy, Washington
Gonzaga University alumni
Washington State University alumni
Historians of Montana
Historians of the American West
American people of Irish descent
Writers from Bozeman, Montana
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
Catholics from Washington (state)
Catholics from Montana
Historians from Washington (state)
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American academics


text:
Victoria é um povoado da ilha de Gozo em Malta. Possui uma população de 6 414 habitantes

Localidades de Malta
Concelhos locais de Malta


text:
Magnesiumstearaat is het magnesiumzout van stearinezuur. Als E572 is de verbinding in de Europese Unie toegestaan als additief in voedsel, medicijnen en cosmetica (babypoeders). In de voedingsindustrie wordt het met name toegepast in suikerwerk. Het wordt toegepast als antiklontermiddel en emulgator. Tevens is het belangrijk onderdeel van pillen als glansmiddel.

In zetpillen wordt het gebruikt als een viscositeitsverhogende stof. Hiermee beoogt men de sedimentatie van het geneesmiddel te beperken.

Verbinding van magnesium
Stearaat (zout)
Emulgator
Emulgator in voeding


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Quimper (, ;  ;  or ) is a commune and prefecture of the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Administration
Quimper is the prefecture (capital) of the Finistère department.

Geography
The city was built on the confluence of the Steir, Odet and Jet rivers. Route National 165, D785, D765 and D783 were constructed to intersect here,  northwest of Lorient,  west of Rennes, and  west-southwest of Paris.

Climate
Quimper has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Quimper is . The average annual rainfall is  with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in February, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Quimper was  on 30 June 1976; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 13 January 1987.

Etymology
The name Quimper comes from the Breton kemper, meaning "confluent".

History

Quimper is the ancient capital of Cornouaille, Brittany's most traditional region, and has a distinctive Breton Celtic character.  Its name is the Breton word kemper (cognate to Welsh cymer), meaning "confluence".  The town developed at the confluence of the rivers Le Steir and L'Odet. Shops and flags celebrate the region's Celtic heritage.

Quimper was originally settled during Roman times. By AD 495, the town had become a Bishopric. It subsequently became the capital of the counts of Cornouailles. In the eleventh century, it was united with the Duchy of Brittany.  During the War of the Breton Succession (1341–1364), the town suffered considerable ruin. In 1364, the duchy passed to the House of Montfort.

The town has a rustic atmosphere, with footbridges spanning the rivers that flow through it. The Church of Locmaria, a Romanesque structure, dates from the eleventh century.  The Cathedral of Saint-Corentin, with its Gothic-style façade, was constructed between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries.  It is the oldest Gothic structure in lower Brittany. Its two towers are ; its spires were added in the nineteenth century.  The fifteenth-century stained glass windows are exceptional. The cathedral is dedicated to Quimper's first bishop, Corentin.

To the cathedral's west are the pedestrianised streets of Vieux Quimper (Old Quimper), which have a wide array of crêperies, half-timbered houses, and shops.  Near the Episcopal palace, which now holds the Musée départemental Breton (devoted to regional history, archaeology, ethnology and economy) are the ruins of the town's fifteenth-century walls.  Nearby is the Musée des beaux-arts de Quimper.  The museum has a nineteenth-century façade and an entirely rebuilt interior.  It houses a collection of fourteenth to twenty-first century paintings that includes works by François Boucher, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Jean-Baptiste Oudry and Peter Paul Rubens, along with canvases by such Pont-Aven School painters as Émile Bernard, Maurice Denis, Georges Lacombe, Maxime Maufra and Paul Sérusier.

The town's best known product is Quimper faience, tin-glazed pottery. It has been made here since 1690, using bold provincial designs of Jean-Baptiste Bousquet. Quimper has a museum devoted to faience. The town's eating establishments boast some of the best crêpes and cider in Brittany.  The town has also been known for copper and bronze work, food items, galvanised ironware, hosiery, leather, paper and woollen goods.

Population

The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Quimper proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Quimper absorbed the former communes of Ergué-Armel, Kerfunteun and Penhars in 1959. Its inhabitants are called Quimpérois.

Breton language
The municipality launched a linguistic plan through Ya d'ar brezhoneg on 6 February 2008, to revive the teaching and use of Breton, the historic Celtic language of the region. In 2008, 4.61% of primary-school children attended bilingual schools.

Education
Quimper has several schools. These include two Diwan pre-schools, two Diwan primary schools and one Diwan collège (all specialise in use of Breton). In total, 287 students here attended a Diwan school in 2003–2004.

Winter Festival
Most French festivals are held in the summer season, but Quimper has a Winter Festival: Les Hivernautes. In the summer, you can also find concerts on street corners, with pipers and accordion players.

Local points of interest

 Quimper Cathedral. This cathedral has a remarkable bend in its middle.
 churches (Locmaria, Saint-Mathieu, Kerfeunteun, Ergue-Armel...)
 an old town centre with mediaeval fortifications and houses
 Musée des Beaux-Arts (near the cathedral)
 Festival de Cornouaille: traditional dance (last week of July)
 Faience museum
 Statue of Gradlon looking in the direction of Ys at Quimper Cathedral

Transport
Public transport in Quimper is provided by QUB. The network consists of seven urban bus routes and 16 suburban bus routes. During the summer months of July and August, an additional "beach" bus route is open to service.

The Gare de Quimper is the terminus of a TGV high-speed train line from Paris, which passes through Le Mans, Rennes and Vannes. Journey duration is approximately 3 hours 40 minutes. In addition, the following destinations are served by the TER Bretagne (the regional train network) :
 Quimper – Brest (1 hour 9 minutes)
 Quimper – Rennes (2 hours 15 minutes)

Quimper–Cornouaille Airport has flights to Paris and London City.

Personalities
Quimper was the birthplace of:

 Guillaume Hyacinthe Bougeant (1690–1743), Jesuit author
 Louis Billouart de Kervaségan, chevalier de Kerlérec (1704–1770), last French governor of Louisiana
 René Cardaliaguet (1875-2950), priest and writer
 Élie Catherine Fréron (1718–1776), critic and controversialist
 Franciscus Lé Livec de Trésurin (1726–1792), French Jesuit
 Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec (1734–1797), explorer, admiral, discoverer of the Kerguelen archipelago
 Rene-Marie Madec (1736–1784), adventurer, Nawab of India. See also René Madec
 Guillaume François Laennec (1748–1822), French physician
 René Laennec (1781–1826), physician, inventor of the stethoscope
 Max Jacob (1876–1944), poet, painter, writer and critic
 Corentin Louis Kervran (1901-1983), scientist
 Philippe Poupon (born 1954), sailor
 OBE Hélène Mansfield, Croesyceiliog Head Teacher
 William Stanger (born 1985), footballer
 Jean Failler, writer (The Adventures of Mary Lester)
 Jacques Villeglé (b. 1926), mixed-media artist
 Jean-Claude Andro (1937–2000), novelist
 Jessica Cérival (born 1982), athlete
 Jean-Michel Moal, accordionist of Red Cardell
 Dan Ar Braz (b. 1949), guitarist
 Charlie Le Gars (1989-), champion de bras de fer 2012, CBFRT Championnat de Bras de Fer des routiers tatoués médaille d'or 2012
 Anne Quemere (1966-), sailor and sportswoman

Twin towns – sister cities
Quimper is twinned with:

 Limerick, Ireland
 Remscheid, Germany
 Laurium, Greece
 Ourense, Spain
 Yantai, China
 Foggia, Italy

See also
 Ys
 Quimper faience
Communes of the Finistère department
François Bazin (sculptor)
List of works of the two Folgoët ateliers
"List of the works of Charles Cottet depicting scenes of Brittany"
Lionel Floch
Henri Alphonse Barnoin
 Henri Guinier

References

External links

 Official city council's website

Communes of Finistère
Prefectures in France


text:
Cocorăștii Grind – wieś w Rumunii, w okręgu Prahova, w gminie Cocorăștii Colț. W 2011 roku liczyła 788 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Wsie w okręgu Prahova


text:
Das Arbeitszeitkonto ist ein Instrument der Zeitbewirtschaftung. Arbeitszeitkonten dienen der Verteilung von Arbeitszeit auf Tage, Wochen oder Jahre. Hierbei wird die geleistete Arbeit (inklusive Urlaub, Krankheit, Überstunden etc.) der Beschäftigten mit der arbeitsvertraglich, tarifvertraglich oder betriebsüblich zu leistenden Arbeit abgeglichen und verrechnet. Aus positiven oder negativen Abweichungen werden Zeitguthaben bzw. Zeitschulden aufgebaut. Für den Abgleich ist eine zuverlässige und individuelle Messung der geleisteten Arbeit jedes Beschäftigten notwendig. Hierfür werden oft elektronische Zeiterfassungssysteme genutzt, eine papierbasierte (manuelle) Erfassung ist ebenfalls möglich.

Prinzip
Arbeitszeitkonten basieren auf dem Prinzip des Zeitausgleichs. Temporäre Mehrarbeit oder Minderarbeit wird erfasst und in einem definierten Zeitraum ausgeglichen. Der Zeitraum zum Ausgleich hängt von der Art des Kontos sowie von individuellen und betrieblichen Vereinbarungen ab. Über Betriebsvereinbarungen (oder im öffentlichen Dienst über Dienstvereinbarungen) können unter anderem Höchstgrenzen bei den Guthaben oder Zeitschulden festgelegt werden. Der flexible Zeitausgleich ermöglicht eine individuelle Verteilung von Arbeitszeit. Abweichungen von der Normalarbeitszeit werden reguliert und durch flexible Arbeitszeiten normalisiert. Die Dokumentation der geleisteten Arbeitszeit erfolgt beispielsweise durch Abstempeln in einem Zeiterfassungsterminal oder durch eigenständige Erfassung seitens des Beschäftigten.

Arten von Arbeitszeitkonten
Eine kategorische Unterscheidung von Arbeitszeitkonten erfolgt in Kurzzeit- und Langzeitkonten. In Betrieben finden sich häufig Mischformen und Verknüpfungen von Zeitkontenmodelle wieder, um den Beschäftigten je nach Arbeitsumfeld das passende Konto anbieten zu können.

Kurzzeitkonten
Bei Kurzzeitkonten stehen die wöchentlichen Arbeitsstunden im Fokus. Entsprechend dem definitorischen Planungshorizont sollen die Stunden innerhalb eines Jahres ausgeglichen werden. Ebenfalls möglich sind Ausgleichszeiträume von sechs oder drei Monaten.

Beispielhafte Kurzzeitkonten sind u. a.:

 Ampelkonto
 Gleitzeitkonto
 Überstundenkonto

Langzeitkonten
Langzeitkonten (auch Wertguthaben oder Zeitwertkonto) sind im Gegensatz zu Kurzzeitkonten auf die Lebensarbeitszeit ausgerichtet und haben einen Bezugsrahmen von über einem Jahr. Ziel der Langzeitkonten ist es, zusätzlich geleistete Arbeitszeit zu sammeln, um längere Auszeiten aus dem Beruf (z. B. Sabbatical, Frührente etc.) zu ermöglichen. Das Flexi II-Gesetz sieht vor, dass Langzeitkonten als monetäres Wertguthaben geführt werden.

Chancen und Risiken von Arbeitszeitkonten
Arbeitszeitkonten bieten sowohl den Beschäftigten als auch dem Unternehmen Chancen und Risiken. Durch Arbeitszeitkonten können Unternehmen die Arbeitszeit an den anfallenden Arbeitsumfang anpassen. Sie ermöglichen es somit, kurzfristige und saisonale Schwankungen der Nachfrage auszugleichen und die Planung des Personaleinsatzes variabel zu gestalten. Zudem können mittels Arbeitszeitkonten und der Anwendung weiterer Arbeitszeitmodelle Betriebs- bzw. Servicezeiten des Unternehmens ausgedehnt werden.

Sogenannte Leerlaufzeiten werden durch die Anordnung von Freizeit vermieden und die Fehlzeiten der Beschäftigten für kurze private Termine reduziert, da sie sich besser in den Arbeitsalltag integrieren lassen. Kostenrechnerisch ergibt sich zudem der Vorteil für die Unternehmen, dass für die mehr geleisteten Stunden keine Überstunden-Zuschläge anfallen, solange diese im Kurzzeitkonto angesammelt werden.

Weiterhin kann die Einführung von Arbeitskonten die Mitarbeitermotivation erhöhen, da Arbeitskonten eine individuelle Zeitverwendung ermöglichen kann. Arbeitnehmer bauen darüber hinaus in der Regel mehr Zeitguthaben als Zeitschulden auf, was einem zinslosen Kredit für den Arbeitgeber entspricht. Die Beschäftigten treten hier also in Vorleistung. Dies birgt aber zeitgleich die Gefahr, dass es zu einer ungesunden Anhäufung von Arbeitszeit kommt, da Überstunden die Regenerationszeiten verkürzen.

Für Arbeitgeber nachteilig ist zudem die Verpflichtung, nachzuhalten, dass die Beschäftigten ihre Arbeitszeiten im Arbeitszeitkonto erfassen. Für die Plus-Stundensalden sind im Sinne einer Insolvenzsicherung Rücklagen zu bilden. Für Arbeitnehmer bieten Kurzzeitkonten je nach Ausgestaltung eine individuelle, flexible, kurzfristige Einteilung von Arbeitszeit. Sie können zur besseren Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf beitragen,  um kurzzeitigen, privaten Verpflichtungen nachzugehen. Die systematische Dokumentation der Arbeitszeit ermöglicht zudem eine Vermeidung von unbezahlter, nicht erfasster Mehrarbeit.

Ob Arbeitnehmer mit dem jeweiligen Arbeitszeitkonto zufrieden sind, hängt häufig davon ab, wer über das Zeitguthaben verfügt. Beschäftigte, die selbst über ihr Guthaben verfügen können, sind zufriedener und schätzen sich selbst gesünder ein, als solche, die nicht über ihr Guthaben entscheiden können.  Durch flexibilisierte Arbeitszeiten verwischt die Grenze zwischen Freizeit und Arbeit, was einen umgekehrten Effekt auf die persönliche autonome Arbeitszeitgestaltung hat.

Für Arbeitnehmer nachteilig ist der Aspekt, dass durch die Führung der Überstunden im Arbeitszeitkonto keine Überstundenzuschläge gezahlt werden, da die Überstunden durch Freizeit ausgeglichen werden. Darüber hinaus muss der Beschäftigte die Anordnung von Mehr- oder Minderarbeit im Rahmen der betrieblich vereinbarten Grenzen akzeptieren. Dies kann gegebenenfalls zu Konflikten zwischen Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer führen. Bei Mehrarbeit geht der Beschäftigte in Vorleistung, ohne eine direkte Gegenleistung zu erhalten. Der Beschäftigte gibt seinem Unternehmen somit einen zinslosen Kredit.

Arbeitszeitkonten während der Großen Rezession 2008/2009
Während der Finanzkrise der Jahre 2008 und 2009 wurde deutlich, dass Kurzzeitkonten zur Beschäftigungssicherung beitragen können. Hier haben Arbeitszeitkonten einen großen Beitrag zur temporären Arbeitszeitverkürzung geleistet, indem sie in den ersten Wochen und Monaten zur Beschäftigtensicherung beitrugen. Trotz des drastischen Einbruchs des BIPs fiel die Beschäftigung kaum.

Verbreitung in Deutschland
Laut dem Arbeitszeitreport 2016 verfügen 61 % der Beschäftigten in Deutschland über ein Arbeitszeitkonto, 17 % haben keinen Zugang zu einem Arbeitszeitkonto. Bei 21 % findet keine Zeiterfassung statt (Stand 2015). 2011 hatten 54 % der Beschäftigten ein Arbeitszeitkonto, während 1999 der Anteil noch bei 35 % lag.

In größeren Betrieben werden häufiger Arbeitskonten angeboten als in Kleineren: So boten 2011 ca. 80 % der Betriebe mit mehr als 250 Beschäftigten Arbeitszeitkonten an, während der Anteil in Betrieben insgesamt bei 34 % lag.

Siehe auch
 Zeitwertkonto

Literatur

Weblinks
 tempora - Journal für moderne Arbeitszeiten zum Thema "Arbeitszeitkonten" Herausgeber Zeitbüro NRW (gefördert durch das Ministerium für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales NRW und den ESF) (PDF-Datei; 1,0 MB)
 "Arbeitszeitkonto mit Ampel - Arbeitszeitbox" Arbeitszeitbox.de – ein Projekt des IAW – Lehrstuhl und Institut für Arbeitswissenschaft der RWTH Aachen (gefördert durch "INQA – Initiative Neue Qualität der Arbeit")

Einzelnachweise

Arbeitszeit
Arbeitswissenschaft


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Óptična komunikácija je telekomunikacijska tehnika, kjer se za prenos informacije uporablja svetloba. Glavna prednost v primerjavi z ostalimi električnimi tehnikami je v izredno veliki razpoložljivi pasovni širini, kar pomeni, da se lahko s pomočjo svetlobnega signala prenese izredno veliko informacij. Optične komunikacije so najobetavnejša komunikacijska tehnologija, s katero je mogoče zadovoljiti potrebe po množičnih povezavah v sedanjosti in prihodnosti.

Optične komunikacije so interdisciplinarno področje, katerega glavne prvine so optika, elektromagnetika, elektromagnetna valovnja, fizika polprevodnikov in komunikacijska sistemska teorija.

V osnovi se optične komunikacije delijo na brezvrvične (prostozračne) in vrvične (po optičnem vlaknu).

Zgodovina

Sodobne optične komunikacije so začele leta 1960 z iznajdbo laserja. v 60-ih letih so sledile prve predstavitve optičnih vlaken, ki pa so za uporabo v komunikacijske namene imela preveliko slabljenje. Glavni promotor tehnologije optičnega vlakna je bil kitajsko-ameriški fizik Charles Kuen Kao, ki je za to leta 2009 tudi dobil Nobelovo nagrado za fiziko. Šele v 70-ih so pri podjetju Corning uspeli narediti vlakno, ki je imelo slabljenje pod 20 dB/km, predstavljen je bil tudi prvi polprevodniški laser. Pri Bellovih laboratorijih so leta 1973 razvili postopek izdelave optičnega vlakna z nanašanjem hlapov kemikalij, ki je omogočil masovno proizvodnjo optičnih vlaken, in se še vedno uporablja. Leta 1978 je bilo proizvedeno prvo enorodovno (angl. single mode) optično vlakno z nizkimi izgubami (~ 0,2 dB/km). V 80-ih so večja telekomunikacijska podjetja že začela z uporabo enorodovnih optičnih vlaken; običajno z uporabo razcepnika, ki je ločil signale valovne dolžine 1300 nm od signalov valovne dolžine 1550 nm. Prenosna zmogljivost optičnih zvez se je z uvajanjem novosti in izpopolnitev v obdobju po letu 1974 nenehno povečevala (po desetkrat na obdobje štirih let). Zaradi cene vlaken, stroškov polaganja in prostorskih zahtev, so se hitro pojavile zamisli o povečanju prenosa po optičnih vlaknih z uporabo več valovnih dolžin. Začela so se že tudi prva preskušanja prenosov po optičnih vlaknih z več valovnimi dolžinami v laboratorijih. Leta 1987 je bil razvit prvi optični vlakenski ojačevalnik s primesjo erbija (angl. erbium doped fiber amplifier - EDFA), ki je omogočil podaljšanje dosega optičnih komunikacij do 600 km in več.

V Sloveniji gre največja zasluga za uvedbo optičnih komunikacij profesorju Jožku Budinu, ki je na Fakulteti za elektrotehniko v Ljubljani že okoli leta 1980 vpeljal študijske vsebine s področja optičnih komunikacij, ter napisal učbenik Svetlovodi (leta 1985) in učbenik Optične komunikacije (leta 1993). Bil je tudi pobudnik rednih vsakoletnih strokovnih seminarjev optične komunikacije, ki so stekli leta 1993 in potekajo še sedaj.

Zgraditev integralnega sistema optičnih komunikacij, kot je načrtovana za dobo naslednjih dveh ali treh desetletij, bo razvoj optičnih komunikacij samo še pospešila. Optične komunikacije so in ostajajo za dolgo dobo najpomembnejša tehnologija za razvoj fiksnih telekomunikacijskih povezav v globalnih in lokalnih razmerjih.

Razvrstitev

Prostozračne (brezvrvične) optične komunikacije

Sistemi s prostozračno optiko ( - FSO) delujejo le, ko je omogočena neposredna vidljivost med oddajnikom in sprejemnikom. Primeri uporabe vključujejo komunikacije s pomočjo vidne svetlobe (angl. visible light communications - VCL), ki potekajo na srednjih dometih in IrDA (infrared data association), ki delujejo na zelo kratkih razdaljah in uporabljajo infrardeče svetlobne diode.

Vrvične optične komunikacije

Vrvične optične komunikacije uporabljajo optično vlakno, ki vodi svetlobo od oddajnika do sprejemnika. Ker ima stekleno optično vlakno iz kremenovega stekla najnižje slabljenje v bližnjem infrardečem področju, se za prenos informacije uporablja infrardeča svetloba. Standardno optično vlakno ima premer obloge 125 μm, premer jedra pa je različen glede na tip optičnega vlakna.

Enorodovna optična vlakna imajo premer jedra 10 μm ali manj. Mnogorodovna optična vlakna imajo premer jedra 50 μm ali 62,5 μm. Debelejše jedro mnogorodovnega vlakna omogoča svetlobi potovanje po več različnih poteh (imenovanih rodovi), kar ima za posledico mnogorodovno disperzijo in omejuje uporabo mnogorodovnega vlakna na krajše razdalje. Enorodovno vlakno imajo ožje jedro s čimer je doseženo, da se po vlaknu lahko širi le en rod svetlobe. Z uporabo enorodovnega optičnega vlakna je mogoče doseči dalje razdalje in višje prenosne hitrosti.

Sodobna vlakenska optična komunikacijska omrežja ne dolgih razdaljah uporabljajo tehniko valovnodolžinskega multipleksiranja (WDM), ki omogoča sočasen prenos več svetlobnih signalov, kateri so med seboj ločeni po valovni dolini (frekvenci). Z uporabo linijskih ojačevalnikov in več valovnih dolžin je mogoče po enorodovnem optičnem vlaknu prenašati po več Tbit/s.

Na kratkih razdaljah se tudi v Sloveniji uporablja optično vlakno za zagotavljanje širokopasovnega dostopa s pomočjo tehnologije FTTH. Optična dostopovna omrežja je mogoče izvesti s topologijo točka-točka ali točka-mnogo točk. V primeru toča-točka je vsakemu uporabniku namenjeno svoje vlakno ali par vlaken. V primeru točka-mnogo točk, pa si večje število uporabnikov (do 64) deli eno vlakno. Pri tem se uporabljajo različne tehnologije: GPON, NG-PON, WDM-PON, TDM-WDM PON.

V bodoče je v optičnih komunikacijah pričakovati novo tehniko multipleksiranja - prostorsko multipleksiranje, ki temelji na malorodovnih vlaknih ali mnogojedrnih vlaknih.

Sklici

Viri

Komunikacije
Telekomunikacije


text:
Mark Elliot Zuckerberg /ˈzʌkərbɜːrɡ/ (ur. 14 maja 1984 w White Plains) – amerykański przedsiębiorca, filantrop, główny twórca serwisu społecznościowego Facebook i obecny dyrektor generalny Meta Platforms (dawniej Facebook, Inc.); Człowiek Roku tygodnika Time w 2010 r.

W marcu 2008 roku Zuckerberg, plasując się na 785. miejscu rankingu "Forbesa" zestawiającego najbogatszych ludzi świata, został najmłodszym miliarderem świata (1,5 mld USD). W 2011 roku znalazł się na 15. miejscu rankingu "Forbesa" zestawiającego najbogatszych Amerykanów. Został również uznany trzecim człowiekiem w Dolinie Krzemowej (po Larym Ellisonie i Billu Gatesie). 19 maja 2012 ożenił się z Priscillą Chan, z którą ma dwie córki.

Życiorys
Zuckerberg urodził się w White Plains, w żydowsko-amerykańskiej rodzinie, a dorastał w Dobbs Ferry (hrabstwo Westchester w stanie Nowy Jork). Jego dziadkowie pochodzą z Niemiec, Austrii i Polski. Od strony ojca Edwarda, jego prababką była Mania (Minnie) Wiesenthal, urodzona w 1892 roku w Skale Podolskiej, która wyemigrowała do USA i 16 grudnia 1911 roku dotarła na Ellis Island.

Uczęszczał do prywatnej nowojorskiej szkoły Horace Mann School, która przygotowała go do dalszej nauki w szkole wyższej. W 2002 roku ukończył Phillips Exeter Academy w Exeter (hrabstwo Rockingham w stanie New Hampshire).

Zuckerberg studiował na Uniwersytecie Harvarda w Cambridge. Był członkiem bractwa Alpha Epsilon Pi. Na Harvardzie Zuckerberg kontynuował swoje wcześniejsze projekty, m.in.:
 Coursematch – projekt pozwalający studentom widzieć listę pozostałych studentów zapisanych na ten sam rok,
 Facemash.com – harvardzka strona typu rating site, która pozwalała na ocenę zamieszczonych na niej zdjęć użytkowników; istniała ona on-line jedynie cztery godziny zanim administracja uniwersytecka zablokowała Zuckerbergowi dostęp do Internetu.

Jako student Uniwersytetu Harvarda, 4 lutego 2004 roku stworzył wraz z grupą studentów serwis społecznościowy on-line TheFacebook (później: Facebook), w ramach którego zarejestrowani użytkownicy mogą odszukiwać i kontynuować znajomości oraz dzielić się wiadomościami i zdjęciami.

Latem 2017 roku zdementował pojawiające się plotki o tym, jakoby miał ubiegać się o urząd prezydenta USA w 2020 roku.

Dojrzewał w rodzinie judaistycznej, ale mimo to został ateistą. W grudniu 2016 roku zadeklarował, że obecnie religia jest dla niego bardzo ważna, lecz nie sprecyzował jaką konkretnie wiarę wyznaje.

Przypisy

Absolwenci Uniwersytetu Harvarda
Amerykańscy informatycy
Amerykańscy przedsiębiorcy
Pracownicy Meta Platforms
Amerykańscy miliarderzy
Ludzie roku tygodnika Time
Amerykanie pochodzenia żydowskiego
Ludzie urodzeni w White Plains (Nowy Jork)
Urodzeni w 1984


text:
Grove Municipal Airport  is a city-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the central business district of Grove, a city in Delaware County, Oklahoma, United States. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned GMJ by the FAA, but has no designation from the IATA.

Facilities and aircraft
Grove Municipal Airport covers an area of 123 acres (50 ha) at an elevation of 831 feet (253 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 18/36 with an asphalt surface measuring 5,200 by 75 feet (1,585 x 23 m).

For the 12-month period ending July 10, 2008, the airport had 22,820 aircraft operations, an average of 62 per day: 99.8% general aviation and 0.2% military. At that time there were 60 aircraft based at this airport: 85% single-engine, 13% multi-engine, and 2% helicopter.

References

External links
 Grove Municipal Airport
 Grove Municipal Airport (GMJ) at Oklahoma Aeronautics Commission
 Aerial image as of March 1995 from USGS The National Map

Airports in Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in Delaware County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Delaware County, Oklahoma


text:
Race the Sun may refer to:

 Race the Sun (film), a 1996 comedy-drama film
 Race the Sun (video game), a 2013 endless runner video game

See also
 Race to the Sun, a nickname of the Paris–Nice cycling stage race
 Race to the Sun (novel), by Rebecca Roanhorse (2020)


text:
Arthroleptis taeniatus es una especie de anfibios de la familia Arthroleptidae.
Habita en Camerún, República Centroafricana, la República Democrática del Congo, Guinea Ecuatorial, Gabón, posiblemente en Angola y posiblemente en República del Congo.
Sus hábitats naturales son bosques tropicales o subtropicales secos y a baja altitud y pantanos.
Está amenazada de extinción por la pérdida de su hábitat natural.

Referencias
 Amiet, J.-L., Fretey, T. & Burger, M. 2004.  Arthroleptis taeniatus.   2006 IUCN Red List de Threatened species.   Consultado el 20 de julio de 2007.

Enlaces externos

sylvatica
Taxones descritos por George Albert Boulenger
Animales descritos en 1906


text:
Heterocloeon frivolum är en dagsländeart som först beskrevs av Mcdunnough 1925.  Heterocloeon frivolum ingår i släktet Heterocloeon och familjen ådagsländor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Ådagsländor
frivolum


text:
La crisis financiera de Chipre de 2012-2013 es el deterioro que se empezó a advertir en los principales indicadores macroeconómicos de la República de Chipre (la parte sur de la isla, quedando fuera de su jurisdicción los territorios del norte bajo control de la llamada Chipre del Norte) a partir del año 2012, y cuyas consecuencias se han extendido en el tiempo hasta la actualidad, no sólo en el plano económico sino también en el político y el social. Esta crisis se enmarca dentro de la crisis de la deuda soberana europea y de la crisis económica de 2008 que afectó a todos los países del mundo, y en especial a los países desarrollados.

Causas
Entre 2008 y 2012, el desempleo se disparó, pasando del 4,2% a más del 12%; el PIB por habitante disminuyó y el país entró en recesión en 2009 y de nuevo tras 2010, alcanzando el 2,4% en el segundo trimestre de 2012.

Por su parte, en septiembre de 2011, la calificación crediticia de Chipre fue degradada por todas las agencias de calificación de crédito a raíz de la explosión de la Base Naval Evangelos Florakis en julio de 2011, que se produjo en un período de lento avance de las reformas fiscales y estructurales. Al mismo tiempo el rendimiento de sus bonos a largo plazo se elevó por encima del 12%. A pesar de su escasa población y su pequeña economía, Chipre tiene una gran cantidad de banca off-shore.

Inicio
Con un PIB nominal total de 19,5 mil millones de €, el país no pudo estabilizar sus bancos, que habían amasado 22 mil millones de € de deuda griega del sector privado y se vieron afectados de manera desproporcionada por las medidas tomadas por los acreedores, en relación con la crisis de la deuda soberana en Grecia.

A principios de junio de 2012, el entonces presidente del Banco Popular de Chipre, Michalis Sarris afirmó al diario Financial Times que el país se acercaba peligrosamente al rescate de la UE. Por su parte, a mediados del mismo mes, la prensa chipriota se hizo eco de rumores en la dirección de una petición formal por parte del Gobierno.

Rescate
El 25 de junio de 2012 el gobierno de Chipre, la tercera economía más pequeña de la eurozona, anunció que había tomado la decisión de solicitar la asistencia al fondo de rescate para su sector bancario ante la amenaza de un contagio desde la economía de Grecia. El día 26 el portavoz del gobierno de Chipre, Stefanos Stefanou, afirmó que su país había solicitado oficialmente ayuda financiera a la Unión Europea para sanear su sistema bancario. El 27 de junio el ministro de Economía de Chipre, Vassos Sharly, anunció la petición de asistencia financiera a sus socios de la eurozona y al Fondo Monetario Internacional, asumiendo el país a los pocos días la presidencia rotativa de la UE. Si bien inicialmente Chipre dijo que esperaba terminar las conversaciones sobre la ayuda financiera con sus homólogos de la Unión Europea rápidamente, a mediados de julio, Chipre anunció que esperaba cerrar en septiembre la asistencia financiera que estaba negociando con sus socios europeos.

Finalmente, el 22 de noviembre el Gobierno de Chipre acordó un rescate financiero con el Fondo Monetario Internacional y con la Unión Europea. El ministro de Finanzas, Vassos Shiarly, informó que el importe del rescate inicialmente previsto ascendería a 17.500 millones de euros. Vassos Shiarly fue sustituido como ministro de Economía por Michalis Sarris el 28 de febrero de 2013.

Corralito chipriota

Posteriormente, a partir del día 16 de marzo los bancos chipriotas entraron en una situación de corralito financiero (restricción de la libre disposición de dinero en efectivo), como consecuencia del hecho de que los ministros de Economía y Finanzas de la eurozona concretaran los detalles del rescate, que ascendería, después de muchas negociaciones, a 10.000 millones de euros. El gobierno chipriota negoció con Europa estas primeras condiciones, particularmente adversas, que se vieron parcialmente flexibilizadas. Sin embargo, la propuesta europea fue rechazada por el Parlamento chipriota, lo que llevó a prolongar el corralito (cuyo fin estaba previsto para el 20 de marzo) hasta el martes 26 de marzo y al anuncio por parte del Gobierno chipriota de la formación de una comisión encargada de elaborar la puesta en marcha de un plan alternativo de financiación.

El jueves 21 el Banco Popular de Chipre, el segundo más grande del país, limitó la retirada de capitales en sus cajeros a un máximo de 260 euros. Finalmente, el viernes 22 el Parlamento chipriota adoptó medidas para regular el control de capitales e instaurar restricciones para el movimiento capitales financieros. El vicepresidente de Asuntos Económicos de la Comisión Europea, Olli Rehn, afirmó ese mismo día la necesidad de controlar la actividad bancaria del país por ley, con el objetivo de "evitar todo movimiento de capital que debilite la estabilidad financiera de Chipre", frente a la anunciada apertura de los bancos prevista para el martes 26.

Dos días más tarde, el domingo 24, el Banco Popular redujo aún más el importe extraíble de los cajeros que seguían operativos, pasando de 260 euros a un máximo de 100 euros por operación. Posteriormente, el lunes 25, el Gobierno anunció que los bancos de Chipre reabrirían el martes 26, salvo el Banco Popular de Chipre (Laiki) y el Banco de Chipre, las dos entidades más afectadas, siendo postpuesta la reapertura normal de ambos bancos para el jueves 28 de marzo. El Banco Central de Chipre amplió dos días más el cierre de todas las entidades, hasta el jueves 28 de marzo. Por su parte, el mismo día previsto de apertura para las entidades pequeñas (todas menos el Banco Popular de Chipre y el Banco de Chipre) se anunciaron medidas destinadas al control de capitales.

El presidente del Banco de Chipre, Andreas Artemis, el mayor banco comercial del país, presentó su dimisión el día 26 de marzo, junto a otros cuatro miembros de la dirección. Ese mismo día una de las agencias de calificación de crédito, la agencia Fitch Ratings, calificó como en situación de bancarrota al Banco Popular y en quiebra limitada al Banco de Chipre, manteniendo la calificación del Hellenic Bank en B con perspectiva negativa. De cara a la anunciada apertura del jueves 28, un portavoz del Banco Central anunció que el Gobierno de Chipre limitaba a 300 euros la cantidad de dinero en efectivo disponible para los ciudadanos en bancos y cajeros, lo que, en la práctica suponía extender el corralito para los fondos en metálico.

Mantenimiento del rescate
El programa de ayudas a Chipre contempló primero la implicación de los depósitos chipriotas con menos de 100.000 euros. Posteriormente se afirmó que el rescate pactado no iba a ser suficiente, estimándose la necesidad real en unos 20.000 millones de euros.

El 29 de noviembre de 2013, siete meses después de acceder al programa de rescate financiero, Chipre recibió el primer voto de confianza a su gestión de la crisis económica, al revisar la agencia de calificación crediticia Standard & Poor's al alza la calificación de Chipre en una nota, de CCC+ a B-.

Véase también
 Crisis de la deuda soberana europea
 Economía de Chipre

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Economía de Chipre

Crisis económica y financiera de 2008
Chipre en 2012
Chipre en 2013


text:
Die Simpsons und die Philosophie: Schlauer werden mit der berühmtesten Fernsehfamilie der Welt, oft nur Die Simpsons und die Philosophie (Originaltitel The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'Oh! of Homer, 2001) ist ein Sachbuch, auf deutsch herausgegeben im Jahr 2007, von William Irwin, Mark T. Conrad und Aeon J. Skoble. Es behandelt philosophische Themen anhand von Beispielen aus der Zeichentrickserie Die Simpsons. Es wurde in der Originalsprache bis 2004 über 200.000-mal verkauft. Das Buch ist auch in andere Sprachen übersetzt: Les Simpson : les secrets de la plus célèbre famille d'Amérique (französisch, 2010); Simpsonlar ve felsefe (türkisch, 2003); Los Simpson y la filosofía (spanisch, 2009); Simpsonovi a filozofie : Homer myslitel (tschechisch, 2010).

Inhalt
In dem Buch erläutern die Autoren, die zum Zeitpunkt der Abfassung als Philosophiedozenten im amerikanischen Hochschulbetrieb tätig waren, in 18 Essays verschiedene philosophische Themen anhand von Beispielen aus der Zeichentrickserie. So wird z. B. die Philosophie Nietzsches mit dem Verhalten von Bart Simpson in Verbindung gebracht.

Inhaltsverzeichnis der englischen Ausgabe
 Teil 1: The characters
 Raja Halwani: Homer and Aristotle
 Aeon J. Skoble: Lisa and American anti-intellectualism
 Eric Bronson: Why Maggie matters: sounds of silence, East and West
 Gerald J. Erion, Joseph A. Zeccardi: Marge's moral motivation
 Mark T. Conard: Thus spake Bart: on Nietzsche and the virtues of being bad
 Teil 2 Simpsonian themes
 William Irwin, J.R. Lombardo: The Simpsons and allusion: "worst essay ever"
 Deborah Knight: Popular parody: The Simpsons meets the crime film
 Carl Matheson: The Simpsons, hyper-irony, and the meaning of life
 Dale E. Snow, James J. Snow: Simpsonian sexual politics
 Teil 3 I didn't do it: ethics and The Simpsons
 James Lawler: The moral world of the Simpson family: a Kantian perspective
 Paul A. Cantor: The Simpsons: atomistic politics and the nuclear family
 Jason Holt: Springfield hypocrisy
 Daniel Barwick: Enjoying the so-called "iced cream": Mr. Burns, satan, and happiness
 David Vessey: Hey-diddily-ho, neighboreenos: Ned Flanders and neighborly love
 Jennifer L. McMahon: The function of fiction: the heuristic value of Homer
 Teil 4 The Simpsons and the philosophers
 James M. Wallace: A (Karl, not Groucho) Marxist in Springfield
 David L.G. Arnold: "And the rest writes itself": Roland Barthes watches The Simpsons
 Kelly Dean Jolley: What Bart calls thinking

Ausgaben
 The Simpsons and Philosophy: The D'Oh! of Homer. Open Court, Chicago 2001, ISBN 0-8126-9433-3 (Eintrag bei WorldCat)
 Die Simpsons und die Philosophie. Schlauer werden mit der berühmtesten Fernsehfamilie der Welt. Aus dem Amerikan. von Nikolaus de Palézieux. Tropen, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-932170-97-3

Einzelnachweise

Philosophisches Werk
Literarisches Werk
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Englisch)
Die Simpsons


text:
Petropawlowskoje (russisch ) ist der Name folgender Dörfer und ländlicher Siedlungen in Russland:
 Petropawlowskoje (Region Altai), in der Region Altai
 Petropawlowskoje (Irkutsk), in der Oblast Irkutsk
 Petropawlowskoje (Jaroslawl), in der Oblast Jaroslawl
 Petropawlowskoje (Kaliningrad), in der Oblast Kaliningrad (bis 1913 Groß Schillehlischken, 1913–1938 Groß Schillehlen, 1938–1946 Großschollen, auch: Eggleningken, 1938–1946 Lindengarten, Kreis (Tilsit-)Ragnit, Ostpreußen)
 Petropawlowskoje (Kostroma), in der Oblast Kostroma
 Petropawlowskoje (Krasnodar), in der Region Krasnodar
 Petropawlowskoje (Kurgan), in der Oblast Kurgan
 Petropawlowskoje (Moskau), in der Oblast Moskau
 Petropawlowskoje (Sachalin), in der Oblast Sachalin
 Petropawlowskoje (Saratow), in der Oblast Saratow
 Petropawlowskoje (Stawropol), in der Region Stawropol
 Petropawlowskoje (Tula), in der Oblast Tula
 Petropawlowskoje (Twer), in der Oblast Twer
 Petropawlowskoje (Woronesch, Liski), im Rajon Liski, Oblast Woronesch
 Petropawlowskoje (Woronesch, Ostrogoschsk), im Rajon Ostrogoschsk, Oblast Woronesch
 Petropawlowskoje (Woronesch, Petropawlowka), Im Rajon Petropawlowka, Oblast Woronesch


text:
Zoster (gr. ζωστήρ) – rodzaj sznura lub pasa noszonego w starożytnej Grecji przez mężczyzn (a później przypuszczalnie także przez kobiety) od czasów archaicznych do hellenistycznych.

Określenie to pojawia się u Homera, gdzie odnosi się do nabijanych brązowymi płytkami skórzanych pasów wojowników. W dalszych wzmiankowanych przykładach z okresu późnoarchaicznego i wczesnoklasycznego zoster ma postać pasa lub odpowiednio splecionego materiału, które służą do przewiązywania męskiego ubioru, przede wszystkim krótszego chitonu. Jako pas szerszy, wykonany ze skóry, bywał umieszczany powyżej innego.

W epoce hellenistycznej nazywany był zone, a używano go do podwiązywania fałd w ubiorach zarówno męskich, jak i kobiecych.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Ubiory starożytnej Grecji
Pasy


text:
El Campionat d'Anglaterra de rugbi a 15 2021-2022 on els vigents campions són els Harlequins que defensen llur títol aconseguit la temporada passada, s'inicià el 17 de setembre del 2021 i s'acabarà el 18 de juny del 2022.

Resultats

Classificació

Fase final

Notes

Enllaços externs

 Lloc web oficial sobre Campionat d'Anglaterra de rugbi a 15 2021-2022

Competicions de rugbi XV
Rugbi A 15 2021-2022
Competicions de rugbi del 2021
Competicions de rugbi del 2022


text:
Ordet storstadsområde används för närvarande i svenskspråkiga Wikipedia med två  betydelser, dels (1) som beteckning på ett administrativt område som ligger direkt under centralregeringen, dels (2) som synonym till  stad på prefekturnivå eller stadsprefektur. Storstadsområden i den första  betydelsen av ordet ligger jämte provinser och autonoma regioner på den översta nivån av Kinas administrativa indelningar, medan storstadsområden i den andra betydelsen ligger på nivån under denna. Bara den första betydelsen är inarbetad, och avsikten är att ersätta ordet i dess andra betydelse med dess synonymer. Följande text behandlar endast ordets första betydelse.

I Kina och Taiwan är ett storstadsområde  en speciell typ av administrativ enhet direkt under centralregeringen. Trots sitt namn kan dessa, speciellt i Kina, omfatta stora delar landsbygd. Fyra områden i Folkrepubliken har status som storstadsområde, nämligen Peking, Shanghai, Chongqing och Tianjin. På Taiwan är Kaohsiung och Taipei direktstyrda storstadsområden, även om man officiellt också räknar med de tolv stadsområden som Republiken Kina hade på fastlandet.

Historik: Republiken Kina
Innan 1949 fanns i Republiken Kina 12 storstadsområden direkt under centralregeringen: Nanjing, Shanghai, Hankou, Anshan, Fushun, Shenyang, Benxi, Xi'an, Beiping (Beijing), Tianjin, Chongqing och Guangzhou. Dessa erkänns fortfarande formellt i Taiwan, tillsammans med Taipei (sedan 1967) och Kaohsiung (sedan 1979), två städer på Taiwan.

Historik: Folkrepubliken Kina
År 1950 upphöjdes Lüda till storstadsområde. 1952 återgick Nanjing till att vara en provinsstad. 1953 gjordes Changchun och Harbin till storstadsområden, men året därefter, 1954, återgick Shenyang, Lüda Anshan, Fushun, Benxi, Changchun, Harbin, Xi'an, Wuhan (Hankou), Guangzhou och Chongqing till att vara städer under sina respektive provinsregeringar. 1958 gjorde också Tianjin till stad provinsstad men återfick sin status som direktstyrd stad 1967. I mars 1997 blev Chongqing åter storstadsområde direkt under centralregeringen.

Kinas storstadsområden är i sin tur indelade i stadsområden (qu) och häraden (xian); i Chongqing också fyra autonoma häraden för minoritetsfolkgrupper (zizhixian).

Administrativa indelningar av länder i Asien

Taiwans geografi
WP:Projekt Kina

zh-min-nan:Ti̍t-hat-chhī
es:Municipio bajo jurisdicción central
zh-classical:直轄市
zh-yue:直轄市
zh:直辖市


text:
Ceuthauxus palmitonus är en mångfotingart som beskrevs av Chamberlin 1942. Ceuthauxus palmitonus ingår i släktet Ceuthauxus och familjen Rhachodesmidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Banddubbelfotingar
palmitonus


text:
"Imperfect" (titlu original: "Imperfection") este al doilea episod din al șaptelea sezon al serialului TV american științifico-fantastic Star Trek: Voyager și al 148-lea episod în total. A avut premiera la 11 octombrie 2000 pe canalul UPN.

Prezentare
Atunci când implantul său cortical se defectează, Seven of Nine are nevoie de un transplant care-i poate salva viața.

Rezumat

Actori ocazionali
 Manu Intiraymi - Icheb
 Marley S. McClean - Mezoti
 Kurt Wetherill - Azan
 Cody Wetherill - Rebi
 Debbie Grattan - Wysanti
 Michael McFall - Salvage Alien #1

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2000 în științifico-fantastic
 2000 în televiziune

Episoade din Star Trek: Voyager
Episoade de televiziune din 2000
2000 în științifico-fantastic


text:
Lenard-Effekt steht für zwei nach Philipp Lenard benannte Phänomene:

 die Ionisation von Gasen durch Ultraviolettstrahlung, siehe Ultraviolettstrahlung #Wechselwirkung
 die Trennung elektrischer Ladungen beim Zerstäuben von Flüssigkeiten, siehe Balloelektrizität


text:
Boo! A Madea Halloween (bra: O Halloween de Madea) é um filme de terror com comédia de 2016. , dirigido, escrito, estrelado e co-produzido por Tyler Perry .A idéia do filme se originou de um filme fictício do Halloween, mencionado no filme de Chris Rock lançado em 2014 chamado Top Five. É o oitavo filme da série Madea e o segundo a não ser adaptado de uma peça teatral (o primeiro sendo Madea's Witness Protection). O filme foi lançado em 21 de outubro de 2016 por Lionsgate, apesar de receber críticas negativas, arrecadou US $ 74,8 milhões contra um orçamento de US $ 20 milhões, tornando-o o terceiro filme da Madea com maior bilheteria.Uma sequência, Boo 2! A Madea Halloween ,foi lançado em 20 de outubro de 2017.

Sinopse
A saga de Madea (Tyler Perry), uma senhora de meia-idade pra lá de excêntrica, ganha ares épicos quando a vovó é a principal responsável por conter uma praga zumbi que assola a cidade durante o halloween.

Elenco

 Tyler Perry como Mabel "Madea" Simmons , Brian Simmons e Tio Joe Simmons
 Cassi Davis como Betty Ann "tia Bam" Murphy
 Patrice Lovely como Hattie Mae Love
 Diamante Branco como Tiffany Simmons
 Liza Koshy como Aday Walker
 Yousef Erakat como Jonathan
 Bella Thorne como Rain Mathison
 Lexy Panterra como Leah Devereaux
 Andre Hall como Quinton
 Brock O'Hurn como cavalo
 Kian Lawley como Bean Boy
 JC Caylen como Mikey
 Jimmy Tatro como Sean
 Tyga como Ele mesmo
 Mike Tornabene como Dino
 Andrew Rush como policial
 Bradley Martyn como Frat Boy # 9
 Mario Rodriguez como Frat Boy # 10

Produção
A produção do filme começou em meados de janeiro de 2016 em Atlanta; filmagem concluída dentro de seis dias. Em 4 de março de 2016, a Lionsgate lançou um teaser trailer do filme e em 14 de julho foi lançado o trailer oficial, além de um pôster parodiando Halloween (1978).

Recepção

Bilheteria
Faturou US $ 73,2 milhões na América do Norte e US $ 1,6 milhão em outros territórios, num total mundial de US $ 74,8 milhões, contra um orçamento de US $ 20 milhões. O filme foi lançado em 21 de outubro de 2016 ao lado de Ouija: Origin of Evil, Mantendo-se com os Jones e Jack Reacher: Never Go Back e era esperado arrecadar entre 15 e 17 milhões de dólares de 2.260 cinemas em seu primeiro fim de semana. O filme arrecadou US $ 9,4 milhões em seu primeiro dia (incluindo US $ 855.000 em visualizações de quinta-feira à noite) e US $ 27,6 milhões acima do esperado no fim de semana de estréia, terminando em primeiro lugar nas bilheterias e classificado como a quarta melhor estreia de um filme de Perry. No segundo final de semana, o filme faturou US $ 17,2 milhões (queda de apenas 39,6%) e, apesar de enfrentar a concorrência com o novato Inferno (US $ 14,9 milhões), permaneceu em primeiro lugar nas bilheterias.

Resposta crítica
No site de agregação de críticas o Rotten Tomatoes ,O filme tem uma classificação de aprovação de 19% com base em 42 críticas, com uma classificação média de 3,88 / 10. O consenso crítico do site diz: " Boo! Um Madea Halloween não ganhará a franquia de longa data de Tyler Perry muitos novos convertidos, mas com nove filmes e contando, dificilmente precisará". O Metacritic ,que atribui uma classificação normalizada, o filme tem uma pontuação de 30/100, com base em críticas de 14 críticos, indicando "críticas geralmente desfavoráveis". As audiências consultadas pelo CinemaScore deram ao filme uma nota média de "A" em uma escala de A + a F.

Tyler Perry foi indicado ao framboesa de ouro de 2016 nas categorias de pior diretor e pior atriz além de uma cena do filme ser indicado na categoria de Pior combinação de telas.

Sequência
Em maio de 2017, a Lionsgate anunciou que uma sequência intitulada Boo 2! Um Madea Halloween seria lançado em 20 de outubro de 2017.

Ligações externas
• Website oficial

Filmes de comédia de terror dos Estados Unidos
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2016
Filmes de comédia de terror da década de 2010
Filmes sobre o Halloween
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes_dirigidos_por_Tyler_Perry
Sequências de filmes


text:
IC 3077 ist eine spiralförmige Zwerggalaxie mit ausgedehnten Sternentstehungsgebieten vom Hubble-Typ Sdm im Sternbild Coma Berenices am Nordsternhimmel. Sie ist schätzungsweise 61 Millionen Lichtjahre von der Milchstraße entfernt und hat einen Durchmesser von etwa 15.000 Lj. Unter der Katalogbezeichnung VCC 170 als Mitglied des Virgo-Galaxienhaufens aufgeführt.

Im selben Himmelsareal befinden sich u. a. die Galaxien IC 3065, IC 3080, IC 3093, IC 3096.

Das Objekt wurde am 7. Mai 1904 von Royal Harwood Frost entdeckt.

Weblinks
 SIMBAD Astronomical Database

Einzelnachweise

Virgo-Galaxienhaufen
Spiralgalaxie
Zwerggalaxie


text:
Qulbəndə (azerbajdzjanska: Qülbəndə, Qülpəndə) är en ort i Azerbajdzjan.   Den ligger i distriktet Ağdaş Rayonu, i den centrala delen av landet,  km väster om huvudstaden Baku. Qulbəndə ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Qulbəndə är huvudsakligen platt, men åt nordost är den kuperad. Den högsta punkten i närheten är Surxayxan Dağı,  meter över havet,  km nordost om Qulbəndə. Runt Qulbəndə är det ganska tätbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer.. Närmaste större samhälle är Ağdaş,  km väster om Qulbəndə.

Trakten runt Qulbəndə består till största delen av jordbruksmark.  Ett kallt stäppklimat råder i trakten. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är juli, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är januari, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är maj, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är augusti, med  mm nederbörd.

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Orter i Ağdaş Rayonu


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Joseph Pennington may refer to:
 Joseph Pennington (diplomat), American diplomat
 Sir Joseph Pennington, 2nd Baronet, British landowner and politician
 Joe Pennington, American musician


text:
Screamworks: Love in Theory and practice — седьмой студийный альбом финской рок-группы HIM, выпущенный лейблом Sire Records. В Великобритании и Франции альбом был издан 8 февраля 2010 года, в США — 9 февраля, в Японии и Германии — 10 и 12 февраля соответственно. Все композиции и лирика были написаны вокалистом группы Вилле Вало. В преддверии выхода альбома 7 декабря 2009 года вышел сингл «Heartkiller».

Список композиций
Все тексты и музыка написаны Вилле Вало.

Международная версия

Baudelaire in Braille (Acoustic Bonus Disc)

Участники записи
 Вилле Вало — вокал, акустическая гитара
 Линде Линдстрём — гитара, акустическая гитара
 Миге Паананен — бас-гитара, бэк-вокал
 Эмерсон Бёртон (Янне Пууртинен) — клавишные, бэк-вокал
 Гас Липстик (Мика Карпинен) — ударные и перкуссия

Чарты

Примечания

Альбомы HIM
Альбомы 2010 года


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Hurricane Ginger was the second longest-lasting Atlantic hurricane on record. The eighth tropical cyclone and fifth hurricane of the 1971 Atlantic hurricane season, Ginger spent 27.25 days as a tropical cyclone, lasting from September 6 to October 3. Twenty of those days (September 11 – September 30), Ginger was classified as a hurricane. The storm formed northeast of the Bahamas, and for the first nine days of its duration tracked generally eastward or northeastward while gradually strengthening to peak winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). On September 14, Ginger slowed and turned to a general westward track, passing near Bermuda on September 23. There, the hurricane produced gusty winds and high waves, but no damage.

While over the western Atlantic Ocean, Ginger became the last target of Project Stormfury, which sought to weaken hurricanes by depositing silver iodide into tropical cyclone rainbands. Ginger ultimately struck North Carolina on September 30 as a minimal hurricane, lashing the coastline with gusty winds that caused power outages across the region. Heavy rainfall flooded towns and left severe crop damage, with 3 million bushels of corn and 1 million bushels of soybean lost. Damage in the state was estimated at $10 million (1971 US dollars, $  USD). Further north, moderate precipitation and winds spread through the Mid-Atlantic states, although no significant damage was reported outside North Carolina.

Ginger has the highest accumulated cyclone energy for a hurricane below major hurricane strength in the Atlantic basin, at 44.2.

Meteorological history

Hurricane Ginger originated in a cold-core upper-level low that persisted for several days in early September in the Western Atlantic Ocean. The upper-level low was located within a large, persistent area of convection from the Gulf of Mexico through the central Atlantic, which resembled the Intertropical Convergence Zone but at a higher latitude. The convective feature was influenced by an anticyclone located over northern South America, which was opposite of the typical flow for September. The anticyclone also led to the formation of Hurricane Fern, Tropical Storm Heidi, and two tropical depressions. By September 5, the low had descended to the surface as its thermal structure warmed, and the next day it developed into a tropical depression about 235 mi (375 km) northeast of the Bahamas.

After forming, the depression moved slowly southeastward for about 24  hours before turning to the northeast, slowly organizing in the process. On September 10, the depression turned eastward, and later that day intensified into Tropical Storm Ginger, the seventh named storm of the year in the Atlantic, about 325 mi (525 km) south of Bermuda. The storm quickly intensified, and within 24 hours reached winds of 75 mph (120 km/h), making it a hurricane. It turned to the northeast, passing well to the east of Bermuda. Late on September 13, Ginger attained its minimum barometric pressure of 959 mbar (28.32 inHg), and early the next day reached peak maximum sustained winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). After reaching a position about halfway between Bermuda and the Azores, the hurricane's eastward movement halted due to a building ridge to its north and east. It turned sharply southward before turning and beginning a westerly drift, during which Ginger weakened to minimal hurricane status.

For about six days, Ginger maintained minimal hurricane status. As it meandered over the central Atlantic Ocean, it maintained an unusually large eye, reaching 80 mi (130 km) in diameter. On September 18, Ginger turned to the south and slowly executed a tight counterclockwise loop within three days. By September 21, the hurricane was tracking south of due west, and the next day suddenly intensified to winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). Its westward track briefly posed a threat to Bermuda, although Ginger passed 115 mi (185 km) south of the island on September 23 while slowly weakening. On September 24, Ginger decelerated before beginning a turn to the southwest. By September 26, Ginger briefly weakened to minimal hurricane strength, although re-intensification resumed as the track turned to the west and northwest. Around that time, Ginger absorbed the smaller and weaker Tropical Storm Janice to its southeast.

For three days, beginning on September 26, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration deployed planes into the hurricane as part of Project Stormfury, the fourth hurricane to be a part of the weather control experiment. The plane dropped silver iodide into the center of the hurricane, although there was no effect due to Ginger's large eye and diffuse nature; this was the last seeding done by the project. By September 28, Ginger was moving northwestward toward North Carolina and was steadily intensifying. At around 06:00 UTC the next day, the hurricane reached a secondary peak intensity of 105 mph (165 km/h), which it maintained for about 18 hours. Afterward, Ginger slowly weakened, and late on September 30 it made landfall near Morehead City, North Carolina, with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). It quickly deteriorated over land, weakening first to a tropical storm and then to a tropical depression by late on October 1. Ginger turned to the north, entered southern Virginia, and later turned to the east. On October 3, it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while crossing Hampton Roads into the Atlantic Ocean. The remnants of Ginger continued east-southeastward until being absorbed by a cold front on October 5.

Preparations
The threat of the hurricane in Bermuda prompted the British Royal Navy to evacuate a ship, and also resulted in two cruise ships leaving early. The United States military also evacuated some planes and secured the units that remained. Officials closed all of the island's schools during Ginger's passage.

Before Ginger struck North Carolina, the American Red Cross set up 28 emergency shelters in six counties, where about 5,500 people stayed during the storm. The National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch from Wilmington, North Carolina, to Virginia Beach, Virginia, with gale warnings extending northward to Rehoboth Beach, Delaware. United States military officials evacuated planes and ships from the Norfolk, Virginia, region, in addition to flying planes down the coast to warn boaters of the approaching storm. Ferry services around the Outer Banks were canceled during the storm's passage, while the Coast Guard ordered the evacuation of workers in three lighthouses.

Impact

As the hurricane passed south of Bermuda on September 23, it produced heavy waves, as well as gale force winds for 17 hours. Naval Air Station Bermuda reported peak gusts of 75 mph (120 km/h). There was no reported damage, and the hurricane's passage failed to alleviate persistent drought conditions.

While Ginger was still in the vicinity of Bermuda, it produced high swells and riptides along the East Coast of the United States, prompting the issuing of small craft warnings from Florida to North Carolina. Wave heights reached  in Sebastian, Florida, and one person was killed in St. Augustine from drowning. There were also initial reports of two missing people in Neptune Beach, Florida, but they were not listed as casualties in the year-end hurricane summary.

As it moved ashore in North Carolina, Ginger produced a storm tide of around  along the Outer Banks and up to  in Pamlico Sound. The storm dropped heavy rainfall peaking at  in Bodie Island along the Outer Banks, making Ginger among the wettest tropical cyclones in the state. Rainfall from the storm extended southwestward into South Carolina, where precipitation reached  in Cheraw. In Atlantic Beach, North Carolina, wind gusts reached , the highest associated with Ginger in the United States. The hurricane had a large wind field upon moving ashore, affecting a large portion of North Carolina; one county official considered Ginger the largest storm in the region since 1936.

Strong winds from Ginger damaged store fronts and windows, and also downed power lines and trees. Morehead City, where the hurricane moved ashore, lost power and had debris strewn across the streets. The nearby cities of New Bern, Beaufort, and Atlantic Beach also lost power, and one company had 6,000 customers without power. Heavy rainfall caused the Neuse and Trent rivers to exceed their banks, resulting in flooding. Several oil tanks along the rivers broke open, creating dangerous boating conditions. Up to  of water from the Pungo River flooded most of the city of Belhaven, and similar flooding occurred in Washington, entering dozens of buildings and houses. Across the region, the combination of high winds, tides, and flooding closed several bridges and roads, including a portion of U.S. Highway 70. The winds also destroyed several mobile homes, although coastal damage was less than expected. During Ginger's passage, the Salvation Army and Red Cross provided more than 3,000 people with food assistance.

Further inland, the combination of strong winds and rains left heavy crop damage, destroying 3 million bushels of corn and another million bushels of soybeans; losses to the corn crop were mitigated due to about half of the crop having been harvested before the storm's arrival. Heavy damage was also reported to the peanut crop as well as to various fruits and vegetables. In some locations, up to 15% of the cotton crop was lost, particularly in the northeastern portion of the state. In 45 counties in the eastern portion of the state, farmers affected by the hurricane were eligible for loans from the Farmers Home Administration, following federal approval from United States President Richard Nixon. Governor Robert W. Scott requested federal disaster aid for 24 counties, which was denied. Damage in North Carolina was estimated at $10 million (1971 USD, $  USD), of which about $1 million (1971 USD, $  USD) was from coastal flooding. One death occurred in Washington when a vehicle accident was possibly caused by a wind gust; however, it was not conclusively linked to Ginger.

As the storm crossed into Virginia, it continued to produce heavy rainfall, including a total of  in Norfolk. Near the border between Virginia and North Carolina, the storm produced tides of up to  above normal. Gusty winds of over  downed a few trees, causing scattered power outages. Above-normal tides and waves caused moderate to heavy beach erosion in Virginia Beach. Further north, Ginger produced above-normal tides, light winds, and scattered rainfall along the Delmarva Peninsula and northward through New York.

Record longevity
Hurricane Ginger formed on September 6 and lasted until October 3, for a total of 27.25 days. Its duration surpassed that of Hurricane Inga in 1969, which was the previous record-holder, by three days. In 2003, it was discovered that the 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane lasted as a tropical cyclone longer than Ginger, although its duration as a tropical cyclone was not continuous. This made Ginger the second longest-lived of any Atlantic hurricane, but it remains the storm that lasted the most consecutive days as a tropical cyclone in the basin.

Ginger spent 20 days as a hurricane from September 11 to September 30, one of the longest durations on record at that intensity. In addition, Ginger co-existed with several other tropical cyclones, including on September 11 when there were four named storms at the same time, a rare occurrence; the others were Hurricane Edith, Hurricane Fern, and Tropical Storm Heidi.

See also

List of wettest tropical cyclones in North Carolina
List of North Carolina hurricanes
Tropical Storm Ginger (1967) – an earlier storm of the same name
1899 San Ciriaco hurricane - the longest-lived Atlantic hurricane on record

References

External links
Monthly Weather Review

Ginger
Ginger (1971)
Ginger
1971 natural disasters in the United States


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Veelerveen () is a linear village with a population of around 720 in the municipality of Westerwolde in the Netherlands.

History
In 1968, Veelerveen became part of Bellingwedde. And in 2018, part of Westerwolde.

Geography
Veelerveen is located in the centre of the municipality of Westerwolde in the east province of Groningen in the northeast of the Netherlands. It is situated in the region of Westerwolde.

In the northwest it is close to the village of Wedde, in the north to Vriescheloo, in the northeast to Bellingwolde, in the southeast to Bourtange, and in the southwest to Vlagtwedde.

The village is a linear settlement alongside the Ruiten-Aa-kanaal and B.L. Tijdenskanaal. The canals Mussel-Aa-kanaal, Ruiten-Aa-kanaal, and B.L. Tijdenskanaal come together at the village centre where the three-way bridge Noabers Badde connects the canal banks.

Veelerveen is an administrative neighbourhood () and has a total area of  of which  is land and  is water.

Demographics
In 2012, Veelerveen neighbourhood had a population of 590 and a population density of .

Attractions
Nieman's Mill (Gronings: Niemans Meuln) is a smock mill that was built in 1916. It has been listed as a national heritage site since 1972.

References

External links

  Veelerveen, website about the village

Populated places in Groningen (province)
Westerwolde (municipality)


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La  de la course cycliste, l'Amstel Gold Race a eu lieu le  et a été remportée par le Français Jean Stablinski.

La première édition est prévue pour le , jour de la fête nationale des Pays-Bas. Le plan initial est de commencer la course à Amsterdam, puis de se diriger à l'est du pays pour terminer la course à Maastricht, dans le sud-est du pays, sur un total de .

Cependant, de nombreux problèmes apparaissent. Krott et Vissers n'ont pas pris en compte les nombreux cours d'eau le long du parcours et ils ont mal calculé les détours nécessaires pour les franchir, ce qui rend la distance réelle beaucoup plus longue que . De nouvelles villes départ sont envisagées comme Utrecht, puis Rotterdam, tandis que l'arrivée est déplacée dans le petit village de Meerssen dans le Limbourg. Cependant, moins de trois semaines avant le début, les organisateurs réalisent qu'ils n'ont pas obtenu la permission de traverser le pont de Moerdijk, la seule façon de quitter Rotterdam au sud. Le parcours doit de nouveau être redessiné et le départ est déplacé plus au sud, à Breda. En plus de tout cela, les militants hippies de Provo ont déclaré les Pays-Bas comme un état d'anarchie en 1966. Les autorités craignent qu'une course organisée le jour de la célébration de la famille royale cause de possibles soulèvements.

Quatre jours avant la date prévue, Vissers et Krott abandonnent l'idée d'organiser la course et tiennent une conférence de presse, lorsque le ministère des routes néerlandaises à La Haye appelle pour dire que la course peut se tenir, à condition qu'elle n'ait plus jamais lieu lors du jour du Roi.

Le samedi , la course se déroule entre Breda et Meerssen, sans incidents graves. Trois coureurs de l'équipe Ford France sprintent pour la victoire. Le Néerlandais Jan Hugens subit un problème mécanique dans les derniers mètres et est battu par le Français Jean Stablinski qui s'adjuge la première édition. Tracée sur , il s'agit de la plus longue édition de l'histoire de la course. Sur les 120 coureurs au départ, 30 terminent la course. En dépit de son intention initiale, l'Amstel Gold Race n'a jamais commencé à Amsterdam, Rotterdam ou Utrecht, les trois plus grandes villes du pays.

Classement final

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Liens externes
 Site officiel
 Résultats

1966
Sport aux Pays-Bas en 1966
Cyclisme sur route en 1966
Sport en avril 1966