text:
Список абсолютных чемпионов мира по боксу () — абсолютным чемпионом мира становится боксёр, обладающий титулами чемпиона мира по всем значимым версиям боксёрских организаций.

История
До середины 1960-х годов практически все чемпионы мира были «Абсолютными». В то время этот термин практически не использовался, первое упоминание о нём датировано 1970-м годом. Две основные боксёрские организации — Всемирный боксёрский совет и Всемирная боксёрская ассоциация — признавали единого чемпиона мира, который, соответственно являлся «Абсолютным». Начиная с 1960-х годов стали появляться чемпионы, которые обладали одним из этих титулов. Обе организации начали вести собственные рейтинги боксёров и проводить объединительные бои. Международная боксёрская федерация вошла в список ведущих боксёрских организаций в 1984 году, таким образом, чтобы стать «Абсолютным» чемпионом мира нужно было завоевать и этот титул. Последней на данный момент организацией, которую признали одной из основных, является Всемирная боксёрская организация — это случилось в 2007 году.

Основные боксёрские организации
 Атлетическая комиссия штата Нью-Йорк () — основана в 1920 году. Организовывала чемпионские бои до середины 1970-х годов, после чего стала частью WBC.
 Всемирная боксёрская ассоциация (WBA) (ранее NBA), основана в 1921 году.
 Всемирный боксёрский совет (WBC), основан в 1963 году.
 Международная боксёрская федерация (IBF), основана в 1983 году.
 Всемирная боксерская организация (WBO), основана в 1988 году.

Критерии
 1920—1963, боксёр обладавший титулами по версиям NYSAC и NBA (WBA).
 1963—1983, боксёр обладавший титулами по версиям WBA и WBC.
 1983—2007, боксёр обладавший титулами по версиям WBA, WBC и IBF .
 с 2007 года, боксёр обладавший титулами по версиям WBA, WBC, IBF и WBO.

Список чемпионов

Тяжёлая весовая категория (свыше 90,892 кг)

Начиная с Мохаммеда Али начали использоваться современные организации

Первая тяжёлая весовая категория (до 90,892 кг)

Полутяжёлая весовая категория (до 79,378 кг)

Вторая средняя весовая категория (до 76,203 кг)

Средняя весовая категория (до 72,574 кг)

Первая средняя весовая категория (до 69,85 кг)

Полусредняя весовая категория (до 66,678 кг)

Первая полусредняя весовая категория (до 63,503 кг)

Лёгкая весовая категория (до 61,235 кг)

Вторая полулёгкая весовая категория (до 58,967 кг)

Полулёгкая весовая категория (до 57,153 кг)

Легчайшая весовая категория (до 53,525 кг)

Вторая наилегчайшая весовая категория (до 52,163 кг)

Наилегчайшая весовая категория (до 50,802 кг)

Примечания

Абсолютные


text:
Patronymes
Desrousseaux est un patronyme, porté par les personnes suivantes :
 Alexandre Desrousseaux (1820-1892), goguettier, poète, chansonnier et compositeur français.
 Alexandre Desrousseaux est un acteur ayant joué dans le film Papa ou Maman
 Alexandre-Marie Desrousseaux (1861-1955), professeur et militant socialiste français.
 Édouard-Auguste Desrousseaux (1833-1887), homme politique français.
 Fernand Desrousseaux (1885-1956), footballeur français.
 Henri Laurent-Desrousseaux  (1862-1906), peintre français.
 Hervé Desrousseaux (1957-), footballeur français.
 Jean-Marc Desrousseaux (1956-), footballeur français.
 Joseph-Auguste Desrousseaux (1753-1838), homme politique français.
 Louis Auguste Joseph Desrousseaux, botaniste
 Marcel Desrousseaux (1907-?), footballeur français.
 Stéphane Desrousseaux (1979-2015), numismate français

Voir aussi
 Famille Desrousseaux de Medrano et de Vandières

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Timandra nelsoni är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Louis Beethoven Prout 1918. Timandra nelsoni ingår i släktet Timandra och familjen mätare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Mätare
nelsoni


text:
Dieser Artikel listet Erfolge und Fahrer des Radsportteams Sindicato de Empleados Públicos de San Juan in der Saison 2016 auf.

Erfolge in der UCI America Tour

Nationale Straßen-Radsportmeister

Abgänge – Zugänge

Mannschaft

Weblinks

Radsportteam 2016


text:
Le Kingdom 5KR est le nom actuel d'un yacht de 85,6 m de long, propriété depuis 1991 du prince saoudien Al-Walid.

Il a été construit par le chantier naval italien Benetti sous la direction de l'architecte naval britannique Jon Bannenberg, qui fit également office de designer extérieur, et eut comme designer intérieur l'italien Luigi Sturchio. Sa coque est en acier et sa superstructure en aluminium.

Le yacht sous l'ère Khashoggi
La construction du yacht a été lancée en 1980 par l'homme d'affaires saoudien Adnan Khashoggi qui le baptise Nabila, le prénom de sa fille.

Au moment de sa construction, il était le yacht privé le plus long du monde. Le navire avait cinq ponts, une discothèque, un cinéma avec douze sièges et deux lits doubles, onze suites somptueuses, un héliport sur le pont supérieur (avec les deux cheminées du yacht de chaque côté mais très inclinées vers l'extérieur pour éviter les pales), une petite piscine mais avec courant d'eau pour nager sur place et deux canots Riva. Ce yacht a figuré dans le film de James Bond Jamais plus jamais sorti en 1983. Il est visible à l'année dans le port d'Antibes, au bout du quai des milliardaires.

Une chanson du groupe britannique Queen sortie en 1989 sur l'album The Miracle est intitulée Kashoggi's Ship en référence au bateau du prince Kashoggi.

Les autres propriétaires
Adnan Khasoggi le vendit à la suite de problèmes financiers au sultan de Bruneï en 1988 qui le revendit à Donald Trump pour une somme de 29 millions de dollars américains. Trump fit des travaux et le rebaptisa Trump Princess. Il eut lui aussi des problèmes financiers et le revendit pour 20 millions US$ au prince saoudien Al-Walid.

Le yacht sous l'ère de prince Al Walid ben Talal : Kingdom 5KR
Le Kingdom 5 KR est depuis 1991 le yacht privé du prince saoudien Al Walid ben Talal qui l'a réaménagé en 1993.

Son nom s'explique ainsi :
 Kingdom : le nom de la société du prince (Kingdom Holding Company) ;
 5 : le chiffre fétiche du prince ;
 KR : les initiales du fils et de la fille du prince.

Le Kingdom 5KR fait  de large, a un tirant d'eau de  et une capacité de  litres de carburant. Sa puissance est fournie par deux moteurs dont l'ensemble fait . Sa vitesse maximale est de 20 nœuds. Le bateau est conçu pour un équipage de 48 membres mais en embarque seulement 31.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Yacht
 Liste des plus grands yachts
 Liste des constructeurs de yachts

Liens externes
 Lien vers un article sur le prince saoudien Al Walid Ben Talal

Yacht
Nom de bateau
Bateau lancé en 1980
Navire construit en Italie


text:
Virguloides es un género de foraminífero bentónico de la familia Fursenkoinidae, de la superfamilia Fursenkoinoidea, del suborden Buliminina y del orden Buliminida. Su especie tipo es Virguloides wellmani. Su rango cronoestratigráfico abarca el Oligoceno inferior.

Discusión
Clasificaciones previas incluían Virguloides en el suborden Rotaliina del orden Rotaliida.

Clasificación
Virguloides incluye a las siguientes especies:

 Virguloides wellmani

Bibliografía

Géneros de Rotaliida
Géneros de Buliminida
Géneros de foraminíferos bentónicos


text:
Долматово — деревня в Кимрском районе Тверской области. Входит в состав Центрального сельского поселения.

География
Находится в юго-восточной части Тверской области на расстоянии приблизительно 7 км на северо-запад по прямой от районного центра города Кимры в левобережной части района.

История
Известна была с 1780-х годов, когда в ней был 1 крестьянский двор и один господский, принадлежала она М.Ф Пивовой. В 1859 году здесь (деревня Корчевского уезда Тверской губернии) было учтено 9 дворов, в 1887 — 13.

Население
Численность населения: 11 человек (1780-е годы), 73 (1859 год), 94 (1887), 8 (русские 100 %) в 2002 году, 0 в 2010.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Кимрского района


text:
Marcus Cornelius Washington (born October 17, 1977) is a former American football linebacker. After completing his college career with Auburn he was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the second round of the 2000 NFL Draft. He was later signed by the Washington Redskins in 2004, and played there for five seasons.

Early years
Washington attended Auburn High School in Auburn, Alabama, where he lettered in both basketball and football.

College career
As a senior at Auburn University, Marcus Washington played defensive end and posted seven sacks and 52 tackles.

Professional career

Indianapolis Colts
He was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts with the 28th pick in the second round (59th overall) of the 2000 NFL Draft.  After four seasons as a linebacker with the Colts, they were unable to make him an offer because of the expected cost of re-signing Peyton Manning.

Washington Redskins
The Washington Redskins signed Washington on March 5, 2004. During his five-year tenure with the Redskins he made the Pro Bowl in 2004 and was named an alternate in 2005 and 2006.

Washington was released by the Redskins on February 20, 2009.

Coaching
He was the Defensive Line Coach for the University of San Diego football team in 2016. In that season, the Toreros ranked the #1 ranked scoring defense in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), averaging only 12.1 points allowed per game in the regular season.

NFL statistics

References
Bryant, Howard (January 1, 2006). "Washington Is Monumental". The Washington Post, p. E01.

1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Auburn, Alabama
Players of American football from Alabama
African-American players of American football
American football outside linebackers
Auburn High School (Alabama) alumni
Auburn Tigers football players
Indianapolis Colts players
Washington Redskins players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Ed Block Courage Award recipients


text:
Die folgenden Personen waren Bischöfe bzw. Fürstbischöfe des Bistums Ermland in Preußen. Dem letzten deutschen Bischof, Maximilian Kaller, wurde 1945 vom Papst die Jurisdiktion entzogen.

Das Bistum wurde 1992 zum Erzbistum Ermland (Warmia) erhoben:

 Deutscher Orden

 Königlich Preußen

 Preußen

 Regenten in der Diözese Ermland

 Polen

Quellen
 Ernst Friedrich Mooyer: Onomastikon chronographikon hierarchiae germanicae. Verzeichnisse der deutschen Bischöfe seit dem Jahr 800 nach Chr. Geb. Minden 1854, S. 37–38 ().

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ermland

Christentum in der Woiwodschaft Ermland-Masuren
Ermland


text:
Tangeh-ye Yek (, also Romanized as Tangeh Yek; also known as Bahār Tangeh (Persian: بهارتنگه), Tangeh, Tang Yek, Tingeh, and Tongeh) is a village in Bahmanshir-e Jonubi Rural District, in the Central District of Abadan County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,726, in 505 families.

References

Populated places in Abadan County


text:
L'année 1368 est une année bissextile qui commence un samedi.

Événements

Asie
 23 janvier : Zhu Yuanzhang est proclamé empereur de Chine par son armée sous le nom de Hongwu et fonde la dynastie des Ming avec Nankin pour capitale.
 29 mars : Chōkei devient empereur du Japon à la mort de Go-Murakami.
 14 septembre : maître de toute la Chine méridionale, Hongwu marche triomphalement sur Pékin. La dynastie mongole Yuan est renversée et est remplacée par la dynastie chinoise Ming (1368-1644).
 Le grand khan Toghan Tèmur s'enfuit de Pékin. Il mourra pendant sa retraite le . Les Mongols, divisés, sont chassés du pays.
 Hongwu gouverne avec l'aide d'un Grand Conseil de cinq ou six membres et d'une administration recrutée par concours et étroitement surveillée.

 Le Tibet reprend son indépendance après la chute de la dynastie Yuan. Des monastères rivaux s'efforcent de s'emparer du pouvoir détenu par les lamas qui occupaient les fonctions de vice-rois.

Europe
 13 janvier : Venceslas, fils de l'empereur Charles IV achète la Basse-Lusace qui est rattachée à la Bohême.
 Avril : synode de Constantinople. Canonisation de Grégoire Palamas.
 2 mai : prise de Copenhague par la Hanse en guerre contre Valdemar IV de Danemark.
 30 juin : Charles V de France décide de reprendre la guerre contre les Anglais à l'appel du comte Jean  d'Armagnac et du sire d'Albret.
 27 août : l'empereur Charles IV signe la paix avec les Visconti de Milan.
 Octobre : l'empereur  Charles IV établit un vicaire d'empire à Pise, Lucques et Sienne.
  : couronnement à Rome par le pape Urbain V d'Élisabeth de Poméranie, épouse de l'empereur Charles IV.
 20 novembre : traité d'alliance contre l'Angleterre signé à Tolède entre les ambassadeur du roi de France et Henri de Trastamare.
 21 novembre : Olgierd de Lituanie, allié à , qui a reçu le titre de grand-prince, bat les forces de Dimitri IV de Russie. Il ravage les environs de Moscou, mais ne parvient pas à prendre la ville.
 3 décembre : Jean de Dormans, évêque de Beauvais, est nommé cardinal par le pape Urbain V.

 Fribourg-en-Brisgau passe aux Habsbourg.

Naissances en 1368

Décès en 1368

Notes et références

Liens externes


text:
Alexei Nikolayevich Mishin (; born 8 March 1941) is a Russian figure skating coach and former pair skater. With partner Tamara Moskvina, he is the 1969 World silver medalist and Soviet national champion.

Mishin is based in Saint Petersburg at Yubileyny Sports Palace. His former students include Olympic champions Alexei Urmanov, Alexei Yagudin, and Evgeni Plushenko. Mishin also runs summer seminars. Among the skaters who have attended those are Stéphane Lambiel and Sarah Meier. He has authored several books on the biomechanics of figure skating.

Early years
Born in Sevastopol, Mishin spent his childhood in Tbilisi and later moved to Leningrad with his family. He was interested in mechanics from an early age. He started skating relatively late, at age 15, after his parents brought him to the rink. His father skated with him to get him interested in the activity. Mishin was first coached by Nina Lepninskaya, a pupil of Nikolai Panin, and later by Maya Belenkaya.

Competitive career
Mishin competed in singles within the Soviet Union and won the bronze medal at the 1964 Soviet Championships. In 1966, he took up pair skating as an experiment, teaming up with his first and only partner, Tamara Moskvina. They were coached by Igor Moskvin. Together they won the 1969 Soviet Championships, defeating both the two-time Olympic champions Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov, and the future champions Irina Rodnina and Alexei Ulanov. They went on to win silver at the 1969 World Championships. At the European Championships, they won silver in 1968 and bronze in 1969. Moskvina took time off to have a baby and they decided to retire to concentrate on their coaching careers, with Mishin focusing on coaching singles while Moskvina focused on pairs. Mishin was 28 when he retired from competition and he said he was glad to start coaching when he was young.

He later stated:

Coaching career
Mishin graduated from university with a degree in mechanics and his dissertation focused on the mechanical base of figure skating technique. He started with coaching junior ladies to success at national and international competitions, but later switched to men's singles. He rapidly became a well-known coach, due to his training methods that made the skaters learn jumps very quickly. In addition, he has authored several books on the biomechanics of figure skating and jumps which have been published in Russia, Germany, China, Japan and several other countries.

Mishin prefers to work with men's single skaters. The most successful students are Alexei Urmanov the 1994 Winter Olympics champion, Alexei Yagudin the 2002 Winter Olympics сhampion, a four-time World Champion (1998, 1999, 2000, 2002), and Evgeni Plushenko the 2006 Winter Olympics champion, 2014 Winter Olympics gold medalist, two-time Olympic silver medalist, and three-time World champion. Plushenko came to Mishin without his parents when he was eleven years old. Then Mishin became Plushenko's father figure, both on and off the ice. Since that time, they have been working together for nearly twenty years.

Plushenko later described Mishin as "Professor Higgins", a character from George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion:

His current male students include Evgeni Semenenko, Mikhail Kolyada, Gleb Lutfullin and Andrei Lazukin.

On the subject of female students, Mishin said in 2009, "better one man of average talent than two super-talented ladies" because "compared with women, men are more sporty and talented and able to learn artistic elements faster" but women are "delicate material":

Nevertheless, one of his current students is ladies' single skater Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, the 2021 World Silver Medalist, the 2015 World champion, the 2015 European champion, the 2014–15 Grand Prix Final champion and the 2013 Russian national champion. On the junior level, she is the 2012 Youth Olympics champion, 2011 World Junior silver medalist, and 2010–11 JGP Final silver medalist.

His current female students also include: Sofia Samodurova, Anastasiia Guliakova and Maria Dmitrieva.

His notable former students include: Yuri Ovchinnikov, Vitali Egorov, Anna Antonova, Tatiana Oleneva, Oleg Tataurov, Ruslan Novoseltsev, Elena Sokolova, Ksenia Doronina, Tatiana Basova, Andrei Lutai, Sergei Dobrin, Katarina Gerboldt, Artur Gachinski, Maria Stavitskaya, Artur Dmitriev Jr., Petr Gumennik, Elizaveta Nugumanova, Alisa Fedichkina, Alexander Petrov etc.

Mishin is a professor at the Lesgaft School of Sports Science and Physical Education and gives seminars all over the world. He is taking part in the development of a figure skating device which measures the number of revolutions in jumps when attached to the skater's body. According to Mishin, this device has already been patented.

Mishin is based at Saint Petersburg's Yubileyny Sports Palace for most of the season but has annual summer training camps in various locations, such as Jaca (Spain), Tartu (Estonia), Courchevel (France) and Pinzolo (Italy). Additionally, Alexei is surrounded by many talented choreographers such as Lori Nichol, David Wilson, Jeffrey Buttle, Emanuel Sandhu or Benoit Richaud.

Personal life
Mishin is married to Tatiana Mishina (née Oleneva), a former figure skater. They coach together and separately. They have two sons, Andrei Alexeevich Mishin, born in 1977, and Nikolai Alexeevich Mishin, born in 1983.

Competitive highlights

Pairs with Tamara Moskvina

Men's singles

Orders and rewards
Order of Friendship of Peoples (1994)
Meritorious Worker of Physical Education of Russian Federation (2002)
Honoured Master of Sports of the USSR
Honoured Coach of Sports of the USSR
Honoured Coach of Sports of Russian Federation
Commendation of the President of Russia (2002)
Honorary title "Best in Saint Petersburg's Sports" (2006)

Publications

References

External links

Official website of Alexey Mishin

Navigation

1941 births
Living people
Russian figure skating coaches
Russian male pair skaters
Soviet male pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters of the Soviet Union
Figure skaters at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Figure skating choreographers
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Sevastopol
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Recipients of the Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" II class
Merited Coaches of the Soviet Union
Figure skaters from Saint Petersburg
Honoured Coaches of Russia
Soviet figure skating coaches
Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health alumni
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Universiade bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Competitors at the 1966 Winter Universiade


text:
Anton Wilhelm Florentin von Zuccalmaglio (12 April 1803 – 23 March 1869)  was a German dialectologist, folklorist, folk-song collector, poet, and composer. Born in Waldbröl, he was one of six children born to politician and jurist Jakob Salentin von Zuccalmaglio and Clara Deycks. His brother Vinzenz Jakob von Zuccalmaglio was a successful writer and poet. The Von Zuccalmaglio family traced its ancestry to Italians who had settled in the Catholic Rhineland region of Germany in centuries past.

The song "Kein schöner Land in dieser Zeit" (No more beautiful country in this time [these times]) was published by him as titled Abendlied (Evening Song) in 1840. It was one of many in a collection of Volkslieder (folk songs), but in fact Anton Wilhelm von Zuccalmaglio himself is the author of "Kein schöner Land". One of those words is confusing even to some German native speakers, as "schöner" is here a shortened form of "kein schöneres Land ...", ′not one land/country (being) more beautiful ...′. The song continues to be found in almost every collection of traditional German songs.

He died at Haus Nachrodt near Altena.

References

1803 births
1869 deaths
German male composers
Dialectologists
German folklorists
German male poets
19th-century German composers
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
German male non-fiction writers
19th-century German male musicians


text:
Chamaedorea dammeriana är en enhjärtbladig växtart som beskrevs av Karl Ewald Maximilian Burret. Chamaedorea dammeriana ingår i släktet Chamaedorea och familjen Arecaceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

dammeriana


text:
Pyrsopsyche pyrrhias är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Sergius G. Kiriakoff 1968. Pyrsopsyche pyrrhias ingår i släktet Pyrsopsyche och familjen tandspinnare. Inga underarter finns listade.

Källor

Tandspinnare
pyrrhias


text:
Kajuský průsmyk je horský průsmyk v nadmořské výšce 1 425 metrů v Kaskádovém pohoří v americkém státě Washington. Nachází se zhruba 50 kilometrů východně od města Enumclaw a obsahuje křižovatku mezi státními silnicemi Washington State Route 410 a Washington State Route 123.

Průsmyk poskytuje státní silnici 410 spojení mezi městy Enumclaw a Naches, ale kvůli své vysoké nadmořské výšce je obvykle od listopadu do května zavřen, jelikož zde hrozí hustý sníh a laviny. I po svém otevření má normálně na vrcholu až 4 metry sněhu.

Pro svou malebnost byla tudy vedoucí silnice programem All-American Road vyhlášena Chinoockou malebnou cestou.

Reference

Horské průsmyky ve Washingtonu


text:
Tylecodon nigricaulis ist eine Pflanzenart der Gattung Tylecodon in der Familie der Dickblattgewächse (Crassulaceae).

Beschreibung
Tylecodon nigricaulis wächst als verzweigter Zwergstrauch und wird bis zu 8 Zentimeter hoch und breit. Die Wurzeln bilden ein von der Basis ausgehendes, verzweigtes Netzwerk mit karottenförmigen bis gerundet-länglichen Knollen, die 15 bis 35 Millimeter lang werden. Die dünnen und wenig verzweigten Triebe sind in den oberen zwei Drittel mit glänzenden, schwarzen bis schwärzlich braunen Phyllopodien besetzt und werden bis 70 Millimeter lang und 3 bis 4 Millimeter breit. Es werden drei bis 3 in dichten und endständigen Rosetten stehenden Blätter ausgebildet. Diese sind hellgrün gefärbt, schmal elliptisch und sichelförmig ausgebildet und besitzen auf der Oberseite eine leichte Furche. Die Blattspitze ist deutlich feinspitzig geformt und die Blätter werden insgesamt 12 Millimeter lang, 4 Millimeter breit und 2 Millimeter dick.

Der Blütenstand wird aus 25 Millimeter langen und 17 Millimeter breiten Monochasien gebildet, die in drei bis fünf jeweils 6 Millimeter langen Einzelblüten enden. Der aufrechte Blütenstandstiel ist mit Drüsenhaaren besetzt, wird bis 10 Millimeter lang und bis 1 Millimeter breit. Er sitzt endständig an den letztjährigen Trieben. Der grünliche und drahtige Blütenstiel wird bis 10 Millimeter lang und ist mit kristallenen Haaren besetzt. Die zylindrische Kronröhre wird 5 Millimeter lang und 2,5 Millimeter breit. Sie ist hell kanariengelb bis gelblich grün gefärbt. Die ausgebreiteten Kronzipfel sind länglich und feinspitzig ausgebildet. Sie werden 3,2 Millimeter lang und 1,5 Millimeter breit und sind weißlich bis hell fliederfarben. Die rechteckigen und tief ausgerandeten Nektarschüppchen sind leuchtend gelb gefärbt.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Tylecodon nigricaulis ist in Südafrika in der Provinz Nordkap bei Garies in der Sukkulenten-Karoo auf Granitfelsen verbreitet. Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 2000 durch Graham Williamson und Ernst Jacobus van Jaarsveld.

Die Art wird im Protolog mit Tylecodon pygmaeus verglichen.

Literatur
 E. van Jaarsveld: Tylecodon. In: Urs Eggli (Hrsg.): Sukkulenten-Lexikon Band 4 Crassulaceae (Dickblattgewächse) Ulmer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8001-3998-7, S. 375.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Foto einer Pflanze in Kultur

Tylecodon (Gattung)
nigricaulis


text:
From November 21, 1945 to March 13, 1946 (113 days), CIO's United Automobile Workers (UAW), organized "320,000 hourly workers" to form a nationwide strike against General Motors, workers used the tactic of the sit down strike. It was "the longest strike against a major manufacturer" that the UAW had yet seen, and it was also "the longest national GM strike in its history."

As director of the UAW's General Motors Department (coordinator of union relations with GM), Walter Reuther suggested to his colleagues the idea of striking the GM manufacturing plants with a 'one-at-a-time' strategy, which was "intended to maximize pressure on the target company." Reuther also put forth the demands of the strikers: a 30 percent increase in wages and a hold on product prices. However, the strike ended to the dissatisfaction of Walter Reuther and the UAW, and the workers received only a 17.5-percent increase in wages.

Reuther leads way
The story of the UAW-CIO strike against GM in 1945–1946 is very much a story of Walter Reuther. Reuther argued, on behalf of the UAW, that the 'inordinate productivity' of modern technology put the power of creating 'permanent prosperity' into the hands of the Americans. But instead, Reuther claimed that the controllers of that technology in the auto industry used the power to "maximize profits by pursuing a program of 'planned scarcity'" (therefore driving up product prices) while cutting jobs. The corrupt system caused a cycle of problems, and the limited work hours meant that Americans could not even purchase the limited goods produced. This, in effect, meant that "social needs went unmet: forced to compete for high-priced materials, municipalities could not afford to build new schools and hospitals, states could not afford to build roads and bridges, and workers could not afford to build homes." Walter Reuther's statement in 1944 explained his central thesis; He said, "'It is my determined belief that there can be no permanent prosperity.. so long as the controls of production remain in the hands of a privileged minority.'"

Reuther followed Thorstein Veblen's take on corporate enterprise. For the auto industry, the idea was that corporations would use new technologies to speed up production and were therefore able to cut jobs, and of course, as unemployment goes up, wages go down because work is more scarce and people are willing to work for whatever they can find. Not to mention, the technology had broken the automobile industry down into repetitive processes that required little-to-no skill and no educational credentials. That gave the corporate elites great power over price controls, wage settings, and overall decision makings. Reuther was taking a stand against the powerful corporate enterprise and advocating the "democratization of industry," which was exactly his view of what should be implemented, and it showed through his demands in the UAW-GM bargain.

Bargaining and results
Reuther recruited many professionals in relative fields for various UAW branch offices. Among them was Donald E. Montgomery, a liberal economist and professional in New Deal laws and regulations, who was designated "as consumer counsel and representative in the UAW's Washington office." And based on a Keynesian economic lens, formulated by Montgomery, Reuther put forth the UAW's demands for the UAW-GM Strike of 1945-46, demanding an increase in hourly wages by 30 percent and a halt on automobile prices. However, Reuther's requisitions were instantly rejected by GM. A GM spokesman argued that the corporation "could not afford such a large wage increase.. and it would not surrender its exclusive right to determine product pricing." Therefore, Reuther then offered a subsequent wager: he put forth a new proposal that would allow a smaller increase in wages if GM "would prove its inability to pay by 'opening its books.'" GM quickly moved into a defensive position; the corporation declined to release any information that was traditionally known as being 'the sole responsibility of the corporation' (i.e. setting product prices). In fact, GM went a step further and declared Reuther's demands to be "un-American and socialist." That was not too far from the common criticisms that Reuther had received in the past.

However, the possibility for success in Reuther's demands had shrunk "early in the year [1946], when both the United Steelworkers and the United Electrical Workers accepted wage increases of 17.5 percent from their employers." In fact, this had a direct influence on the UAW-GM bargaining deal. The result, on March 13, 1946, was a raise of "18 1/2 cents an hour [17.5 percent], paid vacations, overtime and other changes." Also, GM workers did not gain access to determining product pricing."

Significance
Reuther's proposal was extraordinary because of its timing. After World War II, during demobilization, many auto-companies were slowing production and raising prices because their contracts from the government were expiring. This made what Reuther was doing very important for promoting "the Truman administration's efforts to sustain price controls and working-class living standards." Instead of trying only to get auto workers higher pay and a better situation, he was also thinking about the economic situation of the collective communities to function in the most socially-beneficial way in the circumstances after World War II.

Despite the so-called failure of the UAW to achieve Reuther's demands, he was made President of the UAW in 1946 because of his hard work and his dedication to the CIO union.

See also
 Strike wave of 1946

References

Labor disputes in the United States
Manufacturing industry labor disputes in the United States
General Motors labor relations


text:
Liste aller Gemeinden mit Stadtrecht in der ehemaligen preußischen Provinz Westpreußen.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Städte in Ostpreußen

Westpreussen
!
Westpreussen


text:
Piotr Paweł Morta (ur. 19 czerwca 1959 w Wieluniu) – polski działacz związkowy i samorządowy, ekonomista, krajowy mistrz racjonalizacji 1983, wynalazca, działacz podziemnej "Solidarności", wiceprzewodniczący ERZ Pfleiderer AG.

Życiorys

Wykształcenie i działalność zawodowa
Ukończył Akademię Ekonomiczną w Poznaniu, kierunek Zarządzanie i Marketing. Od 1978 do 2014 zatrudniony jako specjalista konstruktor w Zakładach Płyt Wiórowych Prospan w Wieruszowie (od 2003 Pfleiderer Prospan S.A.). Od 2014 specjalista do spraw administracji. Był zatrudniony również w CSiDP Profesja w Częstochowie.

Działalność związkowa i polityczna
W "Solidarności" od lutego 1981. W
stanie wojennym był uczestnikiem struktur podziemnych w ZPW Prospan, kierowanych przez Piotra Krupota. Z nim reaktywował "Solidarność" w Wieruszowie i w Zakładach Płyt Wiórowych, od 20 marca 1989 pełnił funkcję tam wiceprzewodniczącego Tymczasowej Komisji NSZZ "Solidarność". W 1989 utworzył Komitet Obywatelski w Wieruszowie. Od 1989 członek Komisji Zakładowej, a od 1991 do 18 czerwca 2014 jej przewodniczący. Od 18 czerwca 2014 przewodniczący Komisji Międzyzakładowej NSZZ Solidarność 80. Od 1998 do 18 czerwca 2014 był przewodniczącym Krajowej Sekcji Przemysłu Płyt Drewnopochodnych "S" i wiceprzewodniczącym Krajowego Sekretariatu Budownictwa i Przemysłu Drzewnego. Był też delegatem na WZD Regionu Wielkopolska Południowa. Od 2010 do 2014 członek Zarządu Regionu Wielkopolska Południowa "Solidarność". Od 2014 przewodniczący Krajowego Sekretariatu Budownictwa, Przemysłu Drzewnego i Ochrony Środowiska NSZZ Solidarność 80 (KS BDOŚ NSZZ S80). Pełniąc funkcję przewodniczącego KS BDOŚ S80 wprowadził NSZZ Solidarność 80 na salony europejskie. 1 lipca 2018 NSZZ Solidarność 80 w wyniku jego starań została członkiem Europejskiej Federacji Budownictwa i Przemysłu Drzewnego (EFBWW). Współtwórca Europejskiej Rady Zakładowej w koncernie Pfleiderer AG. Pełnił funkcję wiceprzewodniczącego Specjalnego Zespołu Negocjacyjnego tworzącego ERZ i od 15 listopada 2007 do 2014 wiceprzewodniczącego Europejskiej Rady Zakładowej.

Działalność samorządowa
Członek Zarządu Miasta i Gminy Wieruszów pierwszej kadencji Rady Gminy – 1990–1994. W 1998 przewodniczył zespołowi inicjującemu utworzenie powiatu wieruszowskiego. W 1998 został wybrany na radnego powiatu wieruszowskiego. W latach 1998–2002 był przewodniczącym Komisji Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Samorządności w pierwszej kadencji Rady Powiatu Wieruszowskiego. W okresie 2002–2006 urzędował jako radny powiatu z listy wieruszowskiej prawicy, natomiast w latach 2006–2010 i 2010–2014 jako radny Rady Powiatu Wieruszowskiego z listy PiS.

Inne pełnione funkcje
Pełnił funkcję wiceprzewodniczącego rady nadzorczej Fabryki Sklejka Pisz S.A. w Piszu przez dwie kadencje. Był członkiem rady nadzorczej Pfleiderer Prospan S.A. w Wieruszowie. Był również wiceprzewodniczącym rady nadzorczej Witar S.A. w Poznaniu. Członek rady nadzorczej w SKOK-u przez dwie dwuletnie kadencje. Należał do Stowarzyszenia Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich, Stowarzyszenia Inżynierów i Techników Leśnictwa i Drzewiarzy, Stowarzyszenia Inwestorów Indywidualnych (przewodniczący oddziału w Wieruszowie od 1998 do 2010). Od 20 maja 2016 jest reprezentantem na terenie Polski Centrum Współpracy Ukraińsko-Polskiej Uniwersytetu Górniczego z siedzibą w Dnieprze (nr rejestru 00009435). Od 2016 członek Zespołu Trójstronnego ds. Budownictwa i Gospodarki Komunalnej przy Ministerstwie Infrastruktury i Budownictwa. Od 2017 jest członkiem Rady Konsultacyjnej do Spraw Działaczy Opozycji Antykomunistycznej oraz Osób Represjonowanych z Powodów Politycznych działającej przy Wojewodzie Łódzkim.

Publikacje
Współautor publikacji pt. "Szanse i zagrożenia rozwoju Zakładów Płyt Wiórowych Prospan S.A. będące wynikiem prywatyzacji" wydanej przez Akademię Ekonomiczną w Poznaniu, Poznań 1997.

Osiągnięcia i odznaczenia

Został uhonorowany następującymi odznaczeniami:
 1988: Brązowy Krzyż Zasługi
 2010: Srebrny Krzyż Zasługi
 2014: Krzyż Wolności i Solidarności
 2016: Odznaka honorowa "Działacza opozycji antykomunistycznej lub osoby represjonowanej z powodów politycznych"
 2016: Krzyż Niezłomni Niepokorni 1956–1989
 2016: Medal "Pro Patria"
 2017: Odznaka Honorowa Primus in Agendo
 2017: Złoty Kordelas Leśnika Polskiego
 2018: Order Odrodzenia Polski – Polonia Restituta
 2020: Medal Stulecia Odzyskanej Niepodległości
 2021: Medal "Pro Bono Poloniae"

Piotr Morta jest współtwórcą wynalazku Ogniwo łańcucha opatentowanego przez Urząd Patentowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej nr PL 153847 B1, Świadectwo Autorskie nr 27003. Za osiągnięcia na polu racjonalizacji został wyróżniony tytułem ogólnopolskiego mistrza racjonalizacji (1983). W 1988 w konkursie Mistrz Racjonalizacji przemysłu płyt, sklejek i zapałek wyróżniony tytułem ogólnopolskiego wicemistrza racjonalizacji. Otrzymał zaświadczenie Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu stwierdzające, że jest pokrzywdzonym w rozumieniu ustawy o Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej. Umieszczony na liście – opublikowanej przez IPN w Biuletynie Informacji Publicznej – osób rozpracowywanych przez organy bezpieczeństwa PRL-u. Uhonorowany srebrnym medalem nadanym przez Krajowy Sekretariat Budownictwa i Przemysłu Drzewnego – za zasługi dla "Solidarności" w 25. rocznicę powstania "S" oraz statuetką w 30. rocznicę powstania "Solidarności". W 2014 zdobył tytuł samorządowca roku 2014 powiatu wieruszowskiego w plebiscycie Dziennika Łódzkiego "Samorządowiec Roku 2014 Województwa Łódzkiego". W 2017 uhonorowany tytułem "Zasłużony dla Powiatu Wieruszowskiego" – wręczenie miało miejsce podczas gali z okazji 20-lecia powstania samorządu, połączonej z obchodami 100-lecia odzyskania przez Polskę niepodległości.

Życie prywatne
Żonaty z Marią Jolantą, z zawodu nauczycielką, ojciec trzech córek: Natalii, Martyny, Julii.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Nota biograficzna w Encyklopedii Solidarności

Absolwenci Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu
Członkowie Komitetu Obywatelskiego przy Przewodniczącym NSZZ "Solidarność" Lechu Wałęsie
Członkowie Niezależnego Samorządnego Związku Zawodowego "Solidarność" (1980–1989)
Działacze Solidarności 80
Ludzie urodzeni w Wieluniu
Ludzie związani z Wieruszowem
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Oficerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (III Rzeczpospolita)
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Wolności i Solidarności
Odznaczeni Medalem "Pro Bono Poloniae"
Odznaczeni Medalem Pro Patria
Odznaczeni Medalem Stulecia Odzyskanej Niepodległości
Odznaczeni odznaką honorową "Działacza opozycji antykomunistycznej lub osoby represjonowanej z powodów politycznych"
Odznaczeni Odznaką Honorową Primus in Agendo
Odznaczeni Srebrnym Krzyżem Zasługi (III Rzeczpospolita)
Wyróżnieni Złotym Kordelasem Leśnika Polskiego
Polscy działacze spółdzielczości kredytowej
Polscy ekonomiści
Polscy radni rad gmin
Polscy radni rad powiatów
Polscy wynalazcy
Urodzeni w 1959
Odznaczeni Brązowym Krzyżem Zasługi (Polska Ludowa)


text:
Фресно — округ у Каліфорнії
 Фресно — місто, штат Каліфорнія
 Фресно — переписна місцевість, штат Огайо
 Фресно — переписна місцевість, штат Техас


text:
VinyLoop is a proprietary physical plastic recycling process for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It is based on dissolution in order to separate PVC from other materials or impurities.

Background
A major factor of the recycling of polyvinyl chloride waste is the purity of the recycled material. In most composite materials, PVC is among several other materials, such as wood, metal, or textile. To make new products from the recycled PVC, it is necessary to separate it from other materials. Traditional recycling methods are not sufficient and expensive because this separation has to be done manually and product by product.

VinyLoop is a recycling process which separates PVC from other materials through a process of dissolution, filtration and separation of contamination. A solvent is used in a closed loop to elute PVC from the waste. This makes it possible to recycle composite structure PVC waste, which would normally be incinerated or put in a landfill site.

Process
The process consists of the following steps:

 Pre-treatment: waste plastics are cleaned, ground and mixed
 Dissolution: a specific solvent is used to selectively dissolve the PVC compound in a closed loop
 Filtration: impurities which have not been dissolved are removed through filtration—they are separated by type of material by filtration, centrifugation and decantation. After separation, the secondary materials are washed with pure solvent to dissolve all remaining PVC compounds
 Precipitation of the regenerated PVC compound: the solution of PVC is recovered in a precipitation tank, where steam is injected to evaporate the solvent and precipitate the PVC. The PVC compound is separated in the form of aqueous effluent. and dried.
 Drying: after recovering the excess water from the slurry, the wet PVC goes to a dryer.

Possible products made from recycled PVC are coatings for waterproofing membranes, pond foils, shoe soles, hoses, diaphragms tunnel, coated fabrics, and PVC sheets. It is an attempt to solve the recycling waste problem of PVC products.

Ecological importance
VinyLoop-based recycled PVC's primary energy demand is 46 percent lower than conventional produced PVC. The global warming potential is 39 percent lower.

The VinyLoop process has been selected to recycle membranes of different temporary venues of the London Olympics 2012. Roofing covers of the Olympic Stadium, the Water Polo Arena, the London Aquatics Centre and the Royal Artillery Barracks will be deconstructed and a part will be recycled in the VinyLoop process.

Closure

Since the process could not remove low molecular weight phthalate plasticizers during recycling, tightening EU regulations meant the recycling plant based in Ferrara, Italy has closed as of 28 June 2018.

See also

Plastic pressure pipe systems
Plastic recycling
Polyvinyl fluoride
Polyvinylidene chloride
Polyvinylidene fluoride
Smart polymer
Vinyl roof membrane

References

External links

Recycling
Green chemistry
Chemical processes
Separation processes


text:
Cyclommatus mniszechi tonkinensis es una subespecie de coleóptero de la familia Lucanidae.

Distribución geográfica
Habita en Vietnam.

Referencias

Mniszechi tonkinensis
Coleópteros de Vietnam


text:
Jacob Augustus Lockhart Clarke, född 1817 och död 25 januari 1880, var en brittisk anatom.

Clarke praktiserade som läkare i London men sysslade samtidigt med undersöknigar över hjärnans och ryggmärgens anatomi. Efter honom har vissa ansamlingar av ganglieceller uppkallats, de så kallade Clarkeska pelarna.

Källor
 Svensk uppslagsbok. Lund 1931.

Noter

Brittiska anatomer
Personer i Storbritannien under 1800-talet
Födda 1817
Avlidna 1880
Män
Svensk uppslagsbok
Ledamöter av Royal Society


text:
Raymond Jamieson, född 7 april 1901, död 19 juni 1989, var en amerikansk skådespelare och översättare av teaterpjäser.

Jamieson var son till bankiren John J. Jamieson och Minnie Hillemeyer. Han växte upp i Shullsburg, Wisconsin, och utexaminerades 1918 från Shullsburg High School, där han var aktiv i studentteatern. Jamieson flyttade till New York 1922 för att satsa på en skådespelarkarriär. År 1925 var spelade han rollen som notarien i Domen (film), en av de allra första dramatiska spelfilmerna med ljud istället för textskyltar. Året efter spelade han samma roll i Retribution (film), den engelska versionen av samma film. Tillsammans med Hans Alin översatte Jamieson tre av August Strindbergs pjäser från svenska till engelska: Pelikanen 1929,  Gustaf III 1933 och  Kristina 1937. Han översatte också några av Hans Alins pjäser. Efter skådespelarkarriären arbetade Jamieson på Shullsburg Electric Utilities i Wisconsin. Han gifte sig 1949 med Anna McElroy, och de hade sonen Jeff Jamieson.

Översättningar
 The Pelican, 1929, översättning av August Strindbergs pjäs Pelikanen (med Hans Alin).
 Robespierre, 1929, revolutionärt drama i fem akter, översättning av Hans Alins pjäs med samma namn (med Marta Winslow)
 His mother, 1929, översättning av Hans Alins pjäs En moder
 Gustav III, 1933, översättning av August Strindbergs pjäs  Gustaf III (med Hans Alin).
 Queen Christina, 1937, översättning av August Strindbergs pjäs  Kristina (med Hans Alin).

Referenser

Amerikanska översättare
Amerikanska skådespelare under 1900-talet
Födda 1901
Avlidna 1989
Män


text:
The Stepford Cuckoos are a set of fictional mutants, psychically linked quintuplets (Celeste Cuckoo, Esme Cuckoo, Irma "Mindee" Cuckoo, Phoebe Cuckoo, and Sophie Cuckoo) appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The alphabetical order of the Cuckoos' first names corresponds with their ages, with Celeste being the firstborn and Sophie being the youngest. Originally calling themselves the Five-in-One, after the deaths of Esme and Sophie the remaining sisters were known as the Three-in-One. They are commonly associated with the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning and successor mutant schools.

Their name "Stepford Cuckoos" is a reference to the books The Stepford Wives and The Midwich Cuckoos. The Stepford Cuckoos made their live action debut as the Frost Sisters; Esme, Sophie, and Phoebe in the television series The Gifted, portrayed by Skyler Samuels.

Publication history

First appearing in New X-Men, vol. 1 #118, they were created by Grant Morrison. Their origin, as the artificially created "daughters" of Emma Frost, is revealed in X-Men: Phoenix – Warsong.

Esme and Sophie were among the feature characters in the 2011 two-issue limited series Chaos War: X-Men.

Fictional character biographies

Origins
As revealed in the first issue of X-Men: Phoenix – Warsong, the sisters are grown from ova cells harvested from telepath Emma Frost while she lay comatose after a Sentinel attack that killed her students, the original Hellions, and are only five of many cloned daughters. They state that over a thousand eggs were stolen from Emma's ovaries during her coma, and the remaining hundreds (if not thousands) of clones reside within incubation chambers inside a hidden underground laboratory at The World, a complex housing the Weapon Plus (living beings designed to serve as weapons) program. They were created by Dr. John Sublime to be powerful weapons able to kill every mutant by combining their telepathic abilities. The Cuckoos were designated Weapon XIV.

They were first introduced as the protégés and favorites of Emma Frost, and were unaware of their true purpose. A telepathic block was used to mask their placement in the school, causing anyone who questioned their origins to lose their train of thought. They, along with student Quentin Quire, were noted as the strongest telepaths among the new students at the Xavier Institute of Higher Learning. Although Quire and the Stepford Cuckoos were rivals, Quire had a crush on Sophie. Sophie and the other Cuckoos considered him to be disgusting and rejected him completely.

Partly as an expression of adolescent rebellion, partly under the influence of a mutant drug called Kick, and partly out of a desire to impress Sophie, Quire incited a student riot at the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning. Sophie died stopping Quire, overexerting herself after using the same drug to boost her powers. The Stepford Cuckoos held Frost to be partially responsible for Sophie's death - with Frost having "inspired her to heroism" - and disassociated themselves from her at that time. With the death of Sophie, the Five-in-One became the Four-in-One. Wary of having a part of themselves missing, they tested to see if their powers still functioned well by contacting Jean Grey telepathically and informing her that Emma Frost was attempting to conduct an affair with her husband, Scott Summers.

Secretly, Esme Cuckoo had been collaborating with X-Man Xorn, then disguised as Magneto. Taking control of the Cuckoos' group mind, she telepathically forced Angel Salvadore to attack Emma Frost, completely shattering her diamond body into fragments. Jean Grey managed to telekinetically reassemble Frost and return her to life, whereupon Emma revealed Esme's involvement in the attack. Esme then abandoned her sisters to join Magneto's new Brotherhood of Mutants. Later, losing faith in Xorn, the Brotherhood turned on him and Esme, who attacked him, angry that Xorn did not return her affections. Xorn then killed Esme, and she died in Emma's arms, stating with her dying breath that she never wanted to end up like Emma.

Corsairs
Soon afterwards, the institute is rebuilt, with Emma Frost and Cyclops as headmasters and leaders of the X-Men. Frost and Summers divided the older students into several six-person training squads, each taught by a staff member. The remaining three Cuckoos, now calling themselves the "Three-in-One," were assigned to the Corsairs squad, advised by Cyclops. The three girls were the co-leaders of the squad.

In X-Men: Phoenix Endsong (March–June 2005), the cosmic entity known as the Phoenix Force came back to Earth seeking to inhabit the body of Jean Grey. Quentin Quire, still in love with Sophie, sensed the Phoenix and exhumed Sophie's body. He sought the Phoenix, which resurrected Sophie, but she promptly chooses to die again rather than be with him. The X-Men defeat the Phoenix,  though a shard of it in firefly form locates Celeste.

Weapon Plus and Phoenix—Warsong
In New X-Men, vol. 1 #154 (May 2004), the Stepford Cuckoos are identified as Weapon XIV (each girl being units 1 to 5, ordered alphabetically by their first names), the living weapon code between Weapon XIII (Fantomex) and Weapon XV (Ultimaton).

Manipulated by both the shard of the Phoenix and Dr. John Sublime, the Cuckoos reanimate Esme and Sophie as corpses and return to the World. At the World, they are greeted by a computer image of Sublime and learn of their thousands of cloned siblings. Their true purpose was to collect data on the X-Men and transmit it to the other clones through shared nanotechnology in their bodies. It is revealed that the Phoenix fragment has manifested in order to destroy the Cuckoos and all of their clones to prevent them from being activated as a weapon and killing all mutants. The Phoenix manifests most strongly through Celeste, using her as its avatar, but is then diffused according to Sublime's plans among each of the cloned telepaths, boosting their powers. The Cuckoos then learn that they also shared Emma's ability to turn into a diamond form. Now referring to themselves as the Thousand-in-One and under Sublime's control, the cosmically empowered psychics proceed to enact their programmed destiny of mutant destruction. Celeste, at Emma's behest, accepts her role as a Phoenix host and wrestles control of the Phoenix, freeing the clones from Sublime's control for the first time. However, the Phoenix goes on to destroy the thousand clones, despite their newfound freedom and desire to experience life, by shattering their newly manifested diamond forms as well as Esme and Sophie. Disgusted by the destruction, Celeste casts the entity out of her body. However, it refuses to depart causing Celeste to reabsorb it into her own and Mindee and Phoebe's diamond hearts to end the Phoenix's destruction. Unlike Emma's diamond composition, which contains a flaw, the Cuckoo's hearts are flawless diamond. As such, the Phoenix fragment is literally sealed within their hearts. The price the sisters must pay for this is that they can never again feel emotion, leaving them more detached from others than they were before.

Post-Civil War
The Stepford Cuckoos were considered as "potential recruits" for the Initiative program. The girls were next seen helping Elixir master medical and anatomical knowledge via Beast's brain. They are soon after teleported to Limbo with the other students and captured by Belasco, who has helmets placed on them to keep them asleep to prevent them from using their powers. They were freed by a newly revived X-23 and turn the tide of the battle against Belasco. When the Hulk attacks Xavier, the Astonishing X-Men, and the New X-Men, the Stepford Cuckoos contact several other X-teams such as Excalibur, the Uncanny X-team, and X-Factor to get their help. They then help Prodigy access all his forgotten knowledge and abilities to compensate for his power loss as thanks for saving them when anti-mutant terrorists known as the Purifiers attacked the school.

Messiah Complex

The Cuckoos use Cerebro to track down Cable, who has the missing mutant baby for whom the X-Men are looking.

When the X-Men arrive at the location indicated by the Cuckoos, the baby had already been stolen by the Marauders. The Cuckoos are unable to relocate the baby telepathically, so Emma Frost orders them to focus on finding the Marauders who kidnapped it.

Manifest Destiny
Following the events of the Messiah Complex, the Cuckoos rejoin the X-Men in their new home of San Francisco, along with many of their former classmates. The girls later agree to help erase Josh Foley's memory of his work with the newly reformed X-Force team, so as to help the team maintain a sense of a secrecy from the main X-Men team. They agree to keep the team a secret, primarily out of loyalty to Cyclops. The girls have recently begun to dress more individually than before, no longer wearing matching outfits. Each of them also have different hairstyles, with only one of the Cuckoos keeping their prior hairstyle.

Secret Invasion

The Cuckoos help oppose Skrull invaders in San Francisco. When the Skrulls place a blockade on all telepathic communication, they channel their telepathy through Cerebra into Emma as she attempts to find the psychic blockade and destroy it. Emma's psyche is briefly disconnected from her body and as she fights the Skrull psychics, the Cuckoos, on orders from Cyclops, use their telepathy to keep Emma's autonomic functions going. Afterward, the Cuckoos appear as supporting characters in Uncanny X-Men.

Nation X
During a pitched battle between the X-Men and a pack of genetically altered versions of Predator X, the Phoenix fragments that were contained in the Cuckoos' diamond hearts leave them and depart into space for reasons unknown. During their time on Utopia, the Cuckoos begin to experience boredom and start sneaking off the island to buy DVDs of horror films. Influenced by the movies, the girls start mentally torturing their classmates using scenarios from The Twilight Zone and Ring among others. After Emma discovers this, she reveals that as a child she was a fan of the film Clash of the Titans, and that she occasionally daydreams of being in the movie herself. Realizing that she always loved teaching, Emma decides to make the Cuckoos into teachers for the island's school, thus giving them something to do with their time.

Chaos War
During the "Chaos War" storyline, Esme and Sophie are among the fallen X-Men members who return from the dead after what happened to the death realms. Sophie confronted Esme about her death with little resolution. During this time, Sophie befriended Thunderbird. While searching for answers among the remains of the Xavier Institute, the former X-Men were attacked by Carrion Crow: Eater of the Dead. Esme later sacrificed herself to save her sister from Carrion Crow. In the aftermath of the defeat of the Chaos King, Sophie is returned to the afterlife after reality is restored by Hercules. Thunderbird even commented that the next time that he is resurrected, it would be with Sophie.

Regenesis
After "Schism" Phoebe wanted to go to Westchester while Irma wanted to stay at Utopia, leaving the deciding vote to Celeste, who chose Utopia after learning that Quentin Quire was going to be at Westchester. Following the death of Charles Xavier and the appearance in the present day of the original five X-Men, the Cuckoos decide to join Cyclops's new iteration of the Xavier School.

Wolverine and the X-Men
During AvX the Stepford Cuckoos came to stay at the Jean Grey School. When Cyclops and his team came to confront Beast about bringing the original X-Men forward in time the Cuckoos left with them. When Teen Angel tried to leave Wolverine's school Teen Jean tried to force him to stay against his will. As punishment the Cuckoos forced Teen Jean into submission and only relented after Teen Jean had learned her "lesson." Angel then left to join Cyclops's team much to Teen Jean's grief since they were supposed to stay together.

Uncanny X-Men
After joining the team and getting settled in, Irma changes her hair style, much to Celeste's horror, though Emma approves and encourages Irma and her sisters to be their own people. Irma spots Triage and both seem to have an attraction to each other, but neither acts on it. They later participate as members of Cyclops's team during the Battle of the Atom.

When the time-displaced team of the original X-Men join Cyclops's team, Celeste becomes hostile towards the time-displaced teenage Jean Grey. During an excursion to a mall, Jean reveals to Celeste that Irma and Phoebe do not have a problem with her like Celeste does. The group encounters a member of the Inhumans, and the Cuckoos as well as Jean Grey are knocked out.

X-23
The remaining Cuckoos, feeling empty without their sisters, opted to seek out and employ a genetic regeneration specialist who did work at The Facility behind Laura Kinney's genesis. Through the mental manipulation of one Dr. Helen Marks by Phoebe, Irma and Celeste, the professor was able to fabricate clone bodies from D.N.A templates identical to the trio's fallen siblings, whilst the Cuckoo's beckoned the wayward consciousnesses of Sophie and Esme from the afterlife to inhabit them. The process was flawed however, as the xeroxed bodies rejected the psychic imprint of their mortal hosts; causing their bodies to deteriorate at an accelerated pace.

In order to properly preserve their dying matriarchs, Esme — carrying an ailing Sophie by her side — demanded they go through with an alternative plan: securing the healthy body of an X-23 program subject, Gabby.

In reality however, Esme had been manipulating both her sisters and their engineering assistants from behind closed doors the entire time. Subtly pushing her three living relatives into mind controlling several biophysical manipulation experts to giving herself a new lease on life, as well as having Helen create a cellular degeneration compound with which she used to murder her sister Sophie behind everyone's backs again.  All while pleading that the former head of the 5-in-one died over night. A chase would ensue after the three-in-one managed to send out a false text to call Gabby to their location at an abandoned church, wherein they put Laura under psychic hallucination as the three made off with their prize.

X-23 would soon follow in hot pursuit but was bamboozled again into chasing the wrong mini van by the Cuckoos. The three of them would utilize a mental transference device crafted by Dr. Marks to extrapolate and imprint psi-signatures onto healthy bodies with vast recuperative abilities to siphon Esme's mind from her faulty body over to Gabby's healthier vessel.

But the process would be interrupted by Laura, who was alerted to their location via GPS tracker activated by her foster sister right as the experiment commenced. In the aftermath of which Esme's persona would successfully carry over onto Gabby's being while Laura herself had been blasted out of the barn area where the procedure was underway. As a consequence of trying to intercept the occurrence, X-23 ended up with the consciousness of Sophie Cuckoo set within her mind.

As Mindee was sent out to find whether or not Laura had perished in the blast. The newly rejuvenated Gabby/Esme began discussing her plan of ascendance to her two remaining sisters Phoebe and Celeste. Meanwhile, the former leader of the quintumvirate, Sophie, would communicate with Laura in the mental plane, explaining to her and Cuckoo family's life story just as Irma would run into Laura thinking it was Sophie in the physical world. After some harsh coercion by the former and more nuanced explanations by her deceased sibling, Mindee is appalled at the discovery Esme had schemed, lied and killed her only kin once more after returning from beyond the grave. Reluctantly offering her assistance to the Laura/Sophie amalgam in their efforts to stop the current three-in-one from reaching Cerebro before Esme can gain control of it. As Esme and the other Cuckoo's make their way to the Xavier Institute, they are intercepted by a bazooka packing Beast riding a helicopter while their leader rants about how the X-Men wasted their time and their lives protecting worthless humans. Esme is dismayed to discover the adversary before them was merely an illusion conjured up by Sophie waiting at the school of gifted youngsters. Sophie went onto reveal the depth and extent of Esme's betrayal to her other siblings, when the both of them questioned why she would do such a thing after all they went through just to bring them back. Esme coldly rebuts such claims while admitting she compelled their actions thus far from start to finish. Retorting that the Cuckoos were little more than mindless drones without her to think their thoughts for them, Esme then stabbed Phoebe with Gabby's bone claw. While Laura got into a brutal fight with Esme with Sophie keeping their shared mind free of her psychotic sister's mental influence, Irma managed to make her way to Cerebro to galvanize the other Cuckoo's psychic powers through herself and Laura. All these efforts were towards the purpose of excising their deranged number from Gabby's body, where afterwards the equally disembodied Sophie would bury her twisted psyche so deep she would never resurface again. In the aftermath, the remaining Cuckoo clones would disappear for a time. Laura would hear that they're squatting in Paris, something she knows that they know that Sophie would've enjoyed.

House of X
Professor Xavier, now simply called X, calls upon the Five to bring both Sophie and Esme back to life. The once bitter enemies acted as tour guides to a group of government officials while showing off the new Jerusalem Habitat created by Krakoa.

During the "Empyre" storyline, the Stepford Cuckoos are among the psychic mutants that are summoned to Genosha. They are among those who witness Magik's fight with the Cotatinaught.

Powers and abilities
The Cuckoos share a telepathic hive mind. Powerful telepaths individually, their combined power is even greater than its sum. These powers allow them the psychic standards of broadcasting/receiving thoughts, mind control, planting illusions, force blasts of pure psionic energy, astral projection, etc. Their gestalt mind allows them to communicate with one another instantaneously, though the strength of their gestalt depends on their proximity to one another; the further they are from one another, the weaker their ability to connect.

Though they most often function and act as one unit, they are indeed capable of thinking and operating individually. When all five sisters were alive, Sophie was the dominant consciousness and often commanded the Cuckoos. However, as implied by Esme's actions, it is possible for another one of the Cuckoos to wrest control of the gestalt and perhaps even use the powers of all sisters without the consent and knowledge of the others. With the loss of Sophie and Esme, The Cuckoos are not as strong as they were with five.

Like their mother, Emma Frost, each Cuckoo sister also possesses the ability to transform into an organic diamond body, and as such gains invulnerability, durability, and super strength. Unlike Frost, however, their diamond forms are flawless; such that nothing can enter or escape. They demonstrate this ability by sealing the splintered fragment of the Phoenix Force inside their hearts by permanently changing their hearts to diamond, in the process sacrificing their ability to ever feel genuine emotions again. The Phoenix Force eventually manages to escape, potentially allowing the sisters to regain their emotions. During the Warsong series, the Cuckoos gained the power of flight and pyrokinesis, presumably from Phoenix-induced telekinesis.

Additionally, the Cuckoos have demonstrated telekinesis.

The power level of the Cuckoos, in all of their incarnations, have been reported by many of the staff at Xavier's School to be extremely impressive and strong.

Personalities

Sophie Cuckoo
Sophie Cuckoo's personality is explored just before her death. She was stated as always being the dominant mind amongst her sisters. When Quentin Quire started a riot on the Xavier Campus, Sophie was "inspired to heroism" and used Kick to strengthen her powers and fight him. The strain killed Sophie, though it was secretly Esme's psychic influence that ultimately pushed her toward death. She has since been portrayed in other realities as the most free-thinking of the Cuckoos.

Down the line of publishing, Sophie shows a more maternal and chivalrous expression of character towards her siblings. Even towards Esme whom had betrayed and killed her twice. Showing she felt extreme amounts of guilt over her siblings actions which nearly cost Laura her own sister due to the deranged Cuckoo's machinations. Sophie is also revealed to be incredibly insightful to the underlying character ticks of her sisters, having guessed Esme hated being a clone; but failed to see her growing to hate her other siblings for which over time as well. Accurately surmising that Esme's psychotic tendencies come from extreme self hatred, in part of feeling like she's less of a person due to being a counterfeit person.

Phoebe Cuckoo
Phoebe Cuckoo demonstrated a power-hungry personality during the events of Warsong. In contrast to Celeste, who feared the consuming power of the Phoenix, Phoebe desired power out of the sheer affinity for wielding it. She readily embraced the Phoenix and enjoyed the destructive power it gave her.

Irma "Mindee" Cuckoo
Mindee Cuckoo was the next Cuckoo to be written with a distinct personality. She had a relationship with another student, Germaine, who was killed by an anti-mutant mob when the students were trapped in a building in the aftermath of Xorn's destruction of Manhattan. She then had a combative relationship with Jay Guthrie who was always interrupting her while she played the piano. She later helped Gambit during Exodus's Brotherhood's attack on the school. Her real first name is "Irma".

Irma has now dyed her hair and cut it short; she is now a brunette. Triage is attracted to her and the feeling might be mutual.

Celeste Cuckoo
During the events of Warsong, Celeste Cuckoo expressed fears of losing touch with her sisters, changing personalities, and wielding the Phoenix Force. According to Emma, she is the tattletale of the group. She eventually accepted her powers, killing the Thousand-in-One clones and her resurrected sisters per the cosmic judgment of Phoenix. Disgusted by the destruction the Phoenix caused, she tried to expel the Phoenix fragment from her body, but was instead forced to seal it inside Mindee's, Phoebe's, and her own diamond hearts. She is portrayed as the most compassionate of all the Cuckoos.

Upon meeting a teenage Jean Grey who was brought to the present by Beast, Celeste takes an instant dislike towards her and they are constantly bickering. When Irma decides to change her hair style and act more like an individual, Celeste is horrified at the thought of losing her connection to her sister. Much to her despair, Emma welcomes the sisters' growing individuality. Celeste also finds that her sisters both have little problem with Jean, furthering their divide.

Esme Cuckoo

Esme Cuckoo was the first to split from her sisters, falling in love with Shi'ar-soldier Stuff who disguised itself as a student. She soon attempts to murder Frost, and was later revealed to be the one responsible for the events that killed Sophie. Wanting to seize control of the Cuckoos but encountering resistance from Sophie, Esme used the drug Kick on herself to augment her own psychic powers and take control of the Stepford Cuckoos' group mind. Esme manipulated her sister Sophie into also using the drug Kick in order to overexert her telepathic powers to the point of death. Esme returned in the Planet X storyline, in which it was revealed that Esme had been working for Xorn the entire time, and that she had developed a crush on him. However, Esme turned on him and tried to destroy his mind after he rejected her affections. Xorn, hopped up on the Sublime contrived drug Hypercortisone D at the time, angrily killed her by smashing her metal earrings through her skull. She dies in Emma's arms, who tells Esme that out of all the Cuckoos, she was most proud of her. In later publishing Esme shows just how cruel, deceitful, power hungry and megalomaniac she can be; the fourth volume of X-23 would reveal the true magnitude of her truly murderous nature; manipulating her living siblings from beyond the grave, murdering and injuring them in order to achieve a desirable outcome for herself and reveling in the newfound invincibility that came with a Wolverine-lite body.

Conceptual changes
Originally, the first letter of each of the Cuckoo's names was supposed to spell out the word "spice" when put in proper sequence, Sophie, Phoebe, Irma,  Celeste and Esme, a reference to the British pop group, the Spice Girls. However, Grant Morrison never mentioned the name of the fifth Cuckoo (the one whose name was supposed to start with "I") during his run on New X-Men, and it was only later on that this fifth Cuckoo was named "Mindee" by Chuck Austen, who was unaware of Morrison's Easter egg. However, writer Matt Fraction later rectified this, stating that Mindee's real first name was Irma, thus restoring the original acronym.

They were first called the Stepford Cuckoos in New X-Men, vol. 1 #123 (April 2002), which was also the first issue in which Esme was named. Sophie, Phoebe, Celeste, and Mindee were named in New X-Men, vol. 1 #134 (January 2003), New X-Men, vol. 1 #149 (January 2004), New X-Men, vol. 1 #153 (April 2004), and New X-Men, vol. 1 #156 (June 2004), respectively. In the New X-Men: Academy X Yearbook, their last name was confirmed as "Cuckoo" and their codename as the "Three-in-One".

Reception
 In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked The Stepford Cuckoos 28th in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list.

Other versions

Age of X
In the "Age of X" reality, the Stepford Cuckoos are shown as inmates of Fortress X's X-Brig.

Exiles
In a reality shown in Exiles, where after the Hulk was jettisoned into space and discovered by Annihilus, killing him and taking the Annihilation Wave to Earth, Sophie, Esme and Mindee appear as some of the few remaining superhumans. Sophie has detached herself from the two remaining Cuckoos and is dating Quentin Quire, while Esme and Mindee remain like their original depictions in the main Marvel Universe. Sophie's mental abilities have also increased, and she has recurring dreams of future events to come.

Here Comes Tomorrow
In the "Here Comes Tomorrow" timeline, 150 years from now, Celeste, Mindee and Phoebe are members of the X-Men and operators of Cerebra, having merged with the machine, and calling themselves the "Three-in-One." Their psychic powers have also been amplified, allowing them to see the future. Despite the long time that has passed, they appear to be in their early twenties. With the release of the Warsong miniseries this can be attributed to the nanites in their bodies and their origins as Weapon XIV.

House of M

In House of M, the quintuplets were part of the New Mutant Leadership Program at the United Nations. From the five, Sophie appeared to be the one with the stronger personality. Sophie joined Prodigy, Surge and the rest of the New Mutants on their trip to Japan to find Seiji Ashida, while Celeste, Esme, Mindee, and Phoebe remained in New York, though they agreed to maintain the secret. Sophie was later killed in Japan by anti-mutant terrorists.

X-Men: The End

In the alternate future depicted in X-Men: The End, Celeste, Mindee, and Phoebe have each developed their own look and now call themselves "the Spikes." Phoebe has long, brown hair, Mindee has long, blond hair, and Celeste has short, black hair.

In other media

Television

 The Stepford Cuckoos appear in the Wolverine and the X-Men three-part episode "Foresight", voiced by Tara Strong. This version of the sisters are members of the Inner Circle. The group attempts to transfer the Phoenix Force from Jean Grey to the Cuckoos, but it proves too powerful for the sisters to control.
 The Stepford Cuckoos, renamed "Frost sisters", appear in The Gifted, portrayed by Skyler Samuels. This version of the sisters are members of the Hellfire Club who were created in a lab. While mounting an escape attempt, Celeste and Mindee died, while Sophie and Phoebe were captured by Sentinel Services until Esme eventually frees them in the present.

Film
Three identical blonde girls make a background appearance in X-Men: The Last Stand as students of Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters. Co-writer Zak Penn confirmed in an online chat that they were the Stepford Cuckoos / Three-in-One.

Video games
The Stepford Cuckoos appear in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by Jennifer Hale. This version of the sisters are associates of Apocalypse and Holocaust, the latter of whom serves as their bodyguard.

References

External links
 Stepford Cuckoos at Marvel.com
 Stepford Cuckoos on MarvelDatabase

Characters created by Ethan Van Sciver
Characters created by Grant Morrison
Clone characters in comics
Comics characters introduced in 2001
Fictional avatars
Fictional collective consciousnesses
Fictional quintets
Marvel Comics characters who have mental powers
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics female superheroes
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics telekinetics
Marvel Comics telepaths
X-Men supporting characters


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Der Kleine Algenfarn (Azolla mexicana), von Aquarianern auch Feenmoos genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Algenfarne innerhalb der Familie der Schwimmfarngewächse (Salviniaceae). Die Art ist taxonomisch umstritten und wird von verschiedenen Taxonomen in unterschiedlicher Abgrenzung und unter unterschiedlichen wissenschaftlichen Namen geführt. Ihre Heimat ist Nord- und Mittelamerika. In Mitteleuropa gilt die Art als, unbeständiger, Neophyt.

Merkmale
Der Kleine Algenfarn ist eine auf der Wasseroberfläche schwimmende Wasserpflanze mit kurzem, vollständig beblättertem Rhizom und einfachen und unverzweigten Wurzeln. Die Blätter sind grün oder rötlich gefärbt. Die rosettigen Einzelpflanzen besitzen einen Durchmesser von 1 bis 1,5 Zentimeter. Auf der Oberseite sind zweireihig kleine, einander überlappende, schuppenartige Blätter sichtbar, die wechselständig an den gabelteilig (dichotom) verzweigten Sprossen sitzen. Bei genauerer Beobachtung ist erkennbar, dass die Blätter zweigeteilt sind, jedes besteht aus einem auf der Wasseroberfläche schwimmenden Oberlappen und einem untergetauchten, selten ebenfalls schwimmenden Unterlappen. Die Oberseite der Oberlappen ist dicht mit papillösen Haaren besetzt und dadurch unbenetzbar.

Wie typisch für die ganze Verwandtschaftsgruppe, werden die Sporen in rundlichen, von einer sterilen Hülle umgebenen Organen gebildet, die Sporokarpien genannt werden, diese stehen paarweise in den Blattachseln. Die, mit einem Schwimmkörper versehenen, Makrosporen ("weibliche" Sporen des heterosporen Farns) sitzen einzeln in den Sporangien. Die zahlreichen "männlichen" Mikrosporen werden in rundlichen Paketen freigesetzt, die Massulae genannt werden. Dabei sind zahlreiche Sporen in ein schaumartiges Perispor eingehüllt, das außen zahlreiche kleine Widerhaken trägt, die Glochidien genannt werden. Die Art bleibt aber meist steril und vermehrt sich vegetativ, Sporangien werden meist nur in sehr dichten Beständen, gegen Ende der Wuchssaison, gebildet.

Als vegetative Unterscheidungsmerkmale zum in Europa viel häufigeren Großen Algenfarn (Azolla filiculoides) werden angegeben: schwimmender Blattoberlappen zugespitzt, nicht abgerundet, mit schmalem (nicht breiten) Hautrand. Die Arten der Gattung Azolla sind allerdings variabel und vielgestaltig und anhand dieser Merkmale nicht verlässlich bestimmbar. Wichtige Bestimmungsmerkmale für eine genaue Ansprache sind: Haare auf der Blattoberseite (Papillen) aus zwei Zellen bestehend, Glochidien mit mindestens zwei Querwänden (Septen) gekammert, Oberfläche der Makrosporen uneben, mit zahlreichen grubenartigen Einsenkungen. Der taxonomische Wert auch dieser, und einer Reihe weiterer, Merkmale ist zwischen verschiedenen Bearbeitern umstritten, so dass eine genaue Bestimmung zurzeit nur Spezialisten möglich ist. Eine mögliche Abgrenzung, die aber nicht von allen Botanikern akzeptiert wird, findet sich in der Flora von Nordamerika.

Taxonomie
Die Art gehört innerhalb der Gattung Azolla in eine Gruppe, die meist als Sektion Azolla gefasst wird; diese wurde neben morphologischen auch in phylogenomischen Studien als monophyletische Einheit erkannt. Anzahl und Abgrenzung der Arten innerhalb der Sektion sind aber umstritten, zusätzlich ist auch der korrekte Name der unterschiedenen Pflanzensippen zwischen verschiedenen Taxonomen strittig, so dass verschiedene Einheiten mit demselben Namen oder unterscheidbare Taxa mit zwischen verschiedenen Bearbeitern jeweils unterschiedlichen Namen bezeichnet werden. Aufgrund dieser Konfusion ist es bei veröffentlichten Angaben, die Azolla-Arten betreffen, schwierig zu sagen, welche Sippe jeweils gemeint ist. Verschiedene Bearbeiter unterschieden innerhalb der Sektion Azolla, neben der Typusart Azolla filiculoides unter anderem die Arten Azolla caroliniana , Azolla cristata , Azolla microphylla  und Azolla mexicana . In einer einflussreichen Revision anhand morphologischer Merkmale kamen Evrard und van Hove 2004 zu dem Schluss, dass in Nordamerika nur zwei Arten der Sektion unterscheidbar seien (dies hatte der Botaniker Georg Heinrich Mettenius schon 1867 einmal vorgeschlagen). Die zweite Art, die alle Namen mit Ausnahme von Azolla filiculoides umfassen würde, müsste ihrer Auffassung nach aus Gründen der Priorität Azolla cristata  (Syn.: Azolla caroliniana auct. non ) genannt werden. Ein großes Problem ist unter anderem, dass das Typusexemplar von Azolla caroliana eine nicht sporenbildende Pflanze ist, wodurch eine Bestimmung und ein Vergleich mit später unter diesem Namen gefassten Sippen unsicher sind. Eine genetische Untersuchung durch Jill Reid und Kollegen unterschied drei, eine kombinierte morphologische und genetische durch Ana Pereira und Kollegen wieder vier Arten. In einer weiteren genetischen Untersuchung erwiesen sich Azolla mexicana und Azolla microphylla als gegeneinander paraphyletisch, bilden also vermutlich nur eine Art. Der Name Azolla cristata wurde auch für (Kaschmir) eingeschleppte Pflanzen in Nordindien verwendet, die Christopher Roy Fraser-Jenkins als neue Unterart zu Azolla filiculoides stellte, worin ihm viele Botaniker gefolgt sind. Für die Algenfarne Nordamerikas, die nicht zu Azolla filiculoides gehören, sind nach wie vor verschiedene Namen in Gebrauch, darunter neben Azolla mexicana und Azolla caroliniana auch Azolla cristata und Azolla microphylla. Es gibt genetische Hinweise darauf dass das, was unter dem Namen Azolla caroliniana (auct. non Willd.) läuft, eine Sippe hybriden Ursprungs ist, was aufgrund morphologischer Merkmale ebenfalls schon vermutet worden ist.

In Europa wurde für die zweite, aus Amerika eingeschleppte Art, die zur Unterscheidung vom Großen Algenfarn als Kleiner Algenfarn bezeichnet wird traditionell meist Azolla caroliniana genannt. In neuerer Zeit wird hier meist der Name Azolla mexicana verwendet. In der Standardliste der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen wird zurzeit keine dieser Arten für Deutschland anerkannt.

Verbreitung
Der Kleine Algenfarn, Azolla mexicana ist in mehreren voneinander getrennten (disjunkten) Teilgebieten in Nord- und Mittelamerika, vermutlich auch im nördlichen Südamerika, verbreitet. In Nordamerika liegen die Vorkommen vor allem im Westen (unter Einschluss der Great Plains), in Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington, und Wisconsin, mit nördlicher Verbreitungsgrenze in British Columbia (Kanada). Im östlichen und südöstlichen Nordamerika schließt das Vorkommen von Azolla caroliniana s. str. an.

Von seinem natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet ist die Art in zahlreiche Regionen der Welt mit ähnlichem Klima verschleppt worden. So tritt sie recht häufig in Südafrika auf. Bei den europäischen Vorkommen von Algenfarnen ist aufgrund der taxonomischen Probleme die Zuordnung zu einer der Arten schwierig, ältere Angaben ohne kritische Prüfung werden oft generell als unglaubwürdig verworfen. Dadurch besteht die Gefahr, dass es sich bei einigen Vorkommen in Süd- und Südosteuropa, die als Großer Algenfarn aufgeführt werden, in Wirklichkeit um diese Art handelt.

Während der Große Algenfarn inzwischen in Deutschland weit verbreitet ist und wegen unerwünschter Ausbreitung in die Schwarze Liste invasiver Arten des Bundesamts für Naturschutz aufgenommen worden ist, ist der Kleine Algenfarn nur wenige Male, bisher immer unbeständig, angegeben worden.

Ökologie und Standort
Die Art bildet Schwimmblattdecken auf stehenden oder sehr langsam fließenden Gewässern, in Europa meist gemeinsam mit Wasserlinsen-Arten (Lemna spp.). Wie auch der Große Algenfarn, bevorzugt sie warme, nährstoffreiche Gewässer. Beide Arten treten oft gemeinsam, vergesellschaftet mit der ebenfalls neophytischen Lemna turionifera auf. Durch das höhere Wärmebedürfnis und die geringere Frosthärte ist die Art nach Norden hin ökologisch anspruchsvoller.

Wie der Große Algenfarn ist die Art Wirtsart des pflanzenfressenden Rüsselkäfers Stenopelmus rufinasus.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Azolla microphylla Kaulf., Mexican Mosquito Fern. plant profile. PLANTS Database, USDA National Resources Conservation Service
 Bestimmungsschlüssel für die Lemniden in Deutschland (Aquatische Makrophyten in Deutschland), von Klaus van de Weyer

Echte Farne


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Ayres Francisco Nicéforo de Sousa nasceu em Ribandar (Goa) aos 21 de Outubro de 1905 e faleceu em Lisboa aos 17 de Fevereiro de 1980. Foi uma das mais marcantes figuras da antiga Índia Portuguesa no século XX.

Viajou sozinho da Índia para Lisboa aos 16 anos para concluir os estudos secundários no Liceu Camões. Licenciou-se em 1929 na Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa.

Escolheu a especialidade de Radiologia, tendo estagiado em diversos Serviços europeus. Fez grande parte da sua carreira hospitalar nos Hospitais Civis de Lisboa, tendo sido Diretor de Serviço do Hospital do Desterro.

Na carreira universitária, alcançou a Cátedra de Radiologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa (1967) . Foi Diretor do Serviço de Radiologia do Hospital do Ultramar (depois Hospital de Egas Moniz), vindo depois a dirigir o Serviço de Radiologia do Hospital de Santa Maria. Em 1973 foi nomeado Diretor deste Hospital Universitário.

Incansável investigador, criou diversos métodos radiológicos onde interessou-se sobretudo pela investigação angiográfica. Debruçado apaixonadamente sobre o setor submacroscópico vascular, dirigiu notáveis pesquisas nessa área. Ficou a ser considerado como o criador da Escola Portuguesa de Microangiografia. Alguns dos seus métodos radiográficos despertaram, efetivamente, enorme interesse internacional. Introduziu em Portugal os estudos com contrastes iodados de eliminação renal e vesicular seletiva.

Foi um conferencista e orador de grande brilho. Leitor incansável e cultor da língua portuguesa, isso era patente na perfeição da sua escrita e na elegância da sua oratória. Destacava-se, contudo, pela sua sobriedade.

Dedicou igualmente especial interesse à História da Medicina, tendo investigado diversos temas relativos à Medicina Portuguesa no Oriente. Durante algum tempo foi regente da Cadeira de História da Medicina na Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa.

Foi o 51º Presidente da Sociedade das Ciências Médicas de Lisboa.

Presidente e Membro Honorário de diversas Sociedades Científicas europeias, americanas e asiáticas. Em 1958 foi-lhe confiada uma Missão Cultural ao Oriente. Nessa longa viagem, proferiu conferências em Carachi, Goa, Macau e Japão. A Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro conferiu-lhe o Doutoramento Honoris Causa (1967). Uns dos seus entusiasmos de sempre foi a aproximação entre a Medicina de Portugal e do Brasil.

Após o seu falecimento, o Município de Lisboa deu o seu nome a uma das ruas da Capital, distinção que Goa lhe havia concedido ainda em vida.

Foi autor de um enorme número de publicações nas áreas da Radiologia e da História da Medicina. Duas das suas obras de destaque são: ensaio da sua aplicação ao estudo da hemodinâmica onde foi descrita uma técnica radiológica de projeção mundial com honrosa referência no Tratado de Shintz, e "Radiologia do Aparelho Digestivo" editada pela Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian postumamente (1980).

Cientistas de Portugal
Médicos de Portugal
História da medicina em Portugal
Radiologistas


text:
Bretton – osada i civil parish w Anglii, w Cambridgeshire, w dystrykcie (unitary authority) Peterborough. W 2011 civil parish liczyła 12445 mieszkańców.

Przypisy

Wsie w hrabstwie Cambridgeshire
Civil parishes w hrabstwie Cambridgeshire
Peterborough


text:
Diastomatidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithioidea.

According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) the family Diastomatidae has no subfamilies.

Genera

Genera in the family Diastomatidae include:

 Aneurychilus Cossmann, 1889
 Diastoma Deshayes, 1850 - type genus of the family Diastomatidae, the type species of this genus is extinct
 † Diastoma acuminiense Cossmann, 1882 or Diastoma acumininense Cossmann, 1882
 † Diastoma costellatum (Lamarck, 1804) - type species, from Eocene of the Paris Basin
 † Diastoma elaenia Olsson, 1929
 † Diastoma elongatum Brongniart, 1823
 † Diastoma insulaemaris Pilsbry & Harbison, 1933
 Diastoma melanioides (Reeve, 1849) - it is the only extant species of this family
 † Diastoma multispiratum Cossmann, 1881
 † Diastoma roncanum (Brongniart)
 † Diastoma sameri Abbass, 1967
 † Ewekoroia Adegoke, 1977 - the type species of this genus is extinct
 † Keilostoma Deshayes, 1850

References


text:
Corey Jordan (born 4 March 1999), is an English semi-professional footballer who plays as a defender for National League side Aldershot Town.

Club career
Born in Bournemouth, Dorset, Jordan started his career with local side AFC Bournemouth at the age of seven in the youth team, progressing to the first team to sign his first professional contract in March 2016. In September 2016, he made his professional debut in a 3–2 loss to Preston North End in the EFL Cup, replacing Tyrone Mings as a substitute. In February 2019, Jordan joined Eastbourne Borough on loan in the National League South. In preparation of the 2019–20 season, Jordan went on trial with Southend United before being recalled back by Bournemouth. Then in October 2019, he joined Weymouth in the National League on a short term loan. Following the expiration of his contract, in May 2021 Jordan was released by Bournemouth.

In September 2021, Jordan signed a one-year deal with National League North side Gloucester City. On 19 October 2021 however, Jordan joined National League club Aldershot Town, just one month into his one year deal.

Career statistics

References

External links

1999 births
Living people
Association football defenders
English footballers
AFC Bournemouth players
Eastbourne Borough F.C. players
Weymouth F.C. players
Gloucester City A.F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
National League (English football) players
Footballers from Bournemouth


text:
Holossiïvska () est une station de la ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2) du métro de Kiev. Elle est située dans le raïon de Holossiïv de la ville de Kiev en Ukraine.

Mise en service en 2010, elle est desservie par les rames de la ligne M2. Le service est arrêté ou perturbé depuis l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie en 2022.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en souterrain, la station Holossiïvska, est une station, de passage, de la Ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2) du métro de Kiev. Elle est située, entre la station Demiïvska, en direction du terminus nord Heroïv Dnipra, et la station Vassylkivska, en direction du terminus sud, Teremky.

Elle dispose d'un quai central encadré par les deux voies de la ligne.

Histoire
La station Holossiïvska est mise en service le , lors du prolongement de la ligne de Lybidska à Vassylkivska. Elle est réalisée par les architectes AT. Gneverev, T. Tselikovskaya, A. Jukhovsky, A. Nashivochniki et E. Plashchenko.

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil

Desserte
Holossiïvska, est desservie par les rames de la ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2).

Intermodalité

À proximité

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Kiev
 Ligne Obolonsko-Teremkivska (M2)

Liens externes
 .
 .

Station de métro mise en service en 2010
Ligne M2 du métro de Kiev
Station du métro de Kiev


text:
Опглаббек () е селище в Североизточна Белгия, окръг Хаселт на провинция Лимбург. Намира се на 20 km североизточно от град Хаселт. Населението му е около 9610 души (2006).

Външни препратки
 www.opglabbeek.be

Общини в Лимбург (Белгия)


text:
Margarethe von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (auch Margareta, Margarete, Margaretha) ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Margarethe von Braunschweig-Lüneburg auch Margaretha von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1573–1643), Prinzessin von Braunschweig-Lüneburg durch Heirat Herzogin von Sachsen-Coburg
 Margarete von Braunschweig-Lüneburg (1442–1512), Prinzessin von Braunschweig-Lüneburg und durch Heirat Herzogin von Mecklenburg-Stargard
 Margarete von Sachsen (1469–1528), Prinzessin aus der ernestinischen Linie des Hauses Wettin und durch Heirat Herzogin von Braunschweig-Lüneburg


text:
Mannophryne olmonae is een kikker die endemisch is op het eiland Tobago. De soort behoorde lange tijd tot de pijlgifkikkers (familie Dendrobatidae), maar tegenwoordig tot de familie Aromobatinae.

Uiterlijke kenmerken
Mannophryne olmonae is een kleine bruine kikker van 21 tot 25 mm, waarbij de vrouwtjes groter zijn dan de mannetjes. Het tympanum (trommelvlies) is de helft van de diameter van het oog. De eerste 2 vingers zijn ongeveer even lang en soms is de eerste een beetje korter. Tussen alle tenen zijn redelijk goed ontwikkelde vliezen aanwezig. De tenen en vingers zijn licht van kleur met een donkere kleur aan de gewrichten. Vanaf de neus loopt een donkere band over het oog, langs de flanken, tot de aanhechting van de achterpoten. De rug en de kop zijn bruin tot bruingeel van kleur. Soms is een patroon van onregelmatig verspreide lichtbruine stippen aanwezig. De achterpoten zijn van boven bruin van onderen lichter van kleur. De voorpoten zijn lichtbruin, met onregelmatige donkere bruine vlekken. De buikzijde is meestal wittig of transparant van kleur waarbij de vrouwtjes een geel gekleurde keel hebben en de mannetjes een grijze tot zwarte keel. Vlak onder deze keelvlek is een duidelijk donkere band aanwezig. Fluitende mannetjes worden zeer donker tot zwart van kleur over het gehele lichaam.

Algemeen
Dat er verschil is in kleur tussen de mannen en vrouwen is bekend van alle Mannophryne soorten. Het geslacht Mannophryne is zelfs vanwege één zo'n verschil onderscheiden van de Colostethus- soorten. Bij alle Mannophryne soorten hebben de vrouwtjes een gele keel en de mannetjes niet. Waarom dit verschil er is lijkt onduidelijk maar zou kunnen wijzen op territoriaal gedrag tussen de vrouwtjes.
De larven zijn bruingeel tot geel van kleur met een gele doorzichtige staart. Op de staart bevindt zich een onregelmatig patroon van donkerbruine vlekken. Net uit het ei zijn de larven zo'n 10 tot 12 mm groot. In ongeveer 8 weken tijd bereiken ze een lengte van zeker 4 cm.

Mannophryne olmonae komt voor in bergachtige gebieden in het noordoosten van het eiland Tobago, het kleinste eiland van de Republiek Trinidad en Tobago. De biotoop bevat veel riviertjes en beekjes. De kikkers bevinden zich tussen de stenen, en dan vooral op schaduwrijke plaatsen. Ook worden de dieren tot op enige meters vanaf de rivier in het gebladerte gevonden.

Taxonomie
Hardy benoemde in 1983 the populatie van Tobago Colostethus olmonae (later Mannophryne olmonae) welke verschilde van Colostethus trinitatis (later Mannophryne trinitatis) vanwege het verschil in tekening van het gezichtsmasker, vliezen tussen de tenen, de roep en het aantal larven welke op de rug van het mannetje vervoerd worden.

Taxonomische gegevens
Type lokaliteit: Bloody Bay, St. John Parrish, Tobago
Type materiaal: Tobago – FMNH 217252-5 Cambleton
Synoniemen: Phyllobates trinitatis, Phyllobates trinitatis trinitatis, Colostethus [sp.], Colostethus cf. dunni, Colostethus olmonae

Bronvermelding

Aromobatidae
Endemisch dier uit Trinidad en Tobago
IUCN-status kwetsbaar


text:
The Gribovsky G-10 () was a single seat sports aircraft designed and built in the USSR in the early 1930s.

Design and development

Although the G-10 incorporated many structural feature from the earlier Gribovsky G-8 and later in its career had the same engine, it was a braced high wing monoplane rather than a low wing, cantilever design.  The G-10's two spar wing was supported over the central fuselage on a very low, faired pylon and braced to the lower fuselage on each side by a V-form pair of faired struts.

Like the G-8, the G-10 had a smoothly rounded, plywood skinned monocoque fuselage. It was initially powered by a , three cylinder Russian M-23 radial engine mounted in the short nose section. This was carefully streamlined and integrated smoothly with the spinner of the two blade propeller, though the cylinders protruded for cooling.  Later, this engine was replaced by a , five cylinder Walter NZ-60 radial, the same type used by the G-8, which slightly lightened the aircraft.

The G-10 had a large cut-out in the wing trailing edge over the open cockpit, from which the pilot could see both below and above the wing. The tailplane was positioned on top of the fuselage and braced from below with two parallel struts.  The fin was almost triangular though it rounded at the top into a broad, curved, deep unbalanced rudder which extended down to the keel. The G-10 had a fixed tail skid undercarriage; each of the main wheels, enclosed in broad spats, was hinged on a pair of V-form struts to the central fuselage with a vertical, faired shock absorber from the axle to the central fuselage.

The G-10 was constructed at GAZ-1 (the state aviation factory at Moscow Khodynka Aerodrome or Central Moscow Airfield) in 1933.

Specifications (M-23 engine)

References

1930s Soviet sport aircraft
G-10
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933


text:
LInstitut des études palestiniennes est un institut de recherche arabe non gouvernemental et à but non lucratif.

Il est créé en 1963 à Beyrouth. L'institut se fixe pour but de mettre en avant une meilleure compréhension de la question palestinienne. Il est le plus ancien institut au monde dédié exclusivement à la documentation, la recherche, l'analyse, et la publication sur les sujets ayant trait à la Palestine et au conflit israélo-arabe. Plus communément appelé IPS (Institute for Palestine Studies), il soutient l'Institute for Palestine Studies créé à Washington en 1982 ainsi que l'Institute for Jerusalem Studies à Ramallah, créé en 1995. Pour ce dernier, les autorités israéliennes ont interdit l'utilisation du mot "Palestine", ce qui explique qu'il porte un nom différent des deux premiers. Originellement, ses locaux étaient situés à Jérusalem-Est, mais ils ont dû déménager à Ramallah en Cisjordanie à partir de l'année 2000, les autorités israéliennes ayant restreint l'accès à Jérusalem pour les populations de Cisjordanie, ce qui empêchait une partie des employés de l'Institut de se rendre sur leur lieu de travail.

L'institut de Beyrouth publie quatre journaux trimestriels en anglais, français et arabe. Ils sont édités indépendamment et sont publiés respectivement depuis Washington, Paris, Jérusalem et Beyrouth. Il s'agit de :
 The Journal of Palestine Studies, créé en 1971. Il est publié et distribué pour l'Institut par University of California Press. L'éditeur actuel est Khalid Rashidi de l'université Columbia.
 En français, la Revue d'études palestiniennes, trimestrielle, dont la publication débute en 1982. Elle est éditée et produite indépendamment par l'Institut des études palestiniennes de Paris. La revue est imprimée et distribuée par les Éditions de Minuit. Cette revue a cessé de paraître en .
 La publication en arabe Majallat al-Dirasat al-Filastiniyah, créée en 1990. Elle est éditée à Londres et Beyrouth et réimprimée simultanément en Cisjordanie à Ramallah, pour être distribuée dans les Territoires palestiniens occupés ainsi qu'en Israël.
 The Jerusalem Quarterly est publié par l'Institute of Jerusalem Studies (IJS), dépendant de l'Institut des études palestiniennes. Le journal traite de l'histoire de Jérusalem.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Organisme fondé en 1963
Arabes de Palestine


text:
Square Belleville – Télégraphe je square v Paříži ve 20. obvodu.

Poloha
Nachází se na rohu ulic Rue de Belleville a Rue du Télégraphe, podle kterých získalo svůj název. Ke square přiléhá hřbitov Belleville.

Historie
Square bylo založeno v roce 1969 na ploše 1816 m2.

Externí odkazy

  Square na stránkách města Paříže

Belleville - Télégraphe
Vzniklo 1969