text:
Eugene Lamarr Syrios (February 7, 1942 – April 8, 2007), known as Gene Lamarr (or La Marr), was an American rockabilly singer and guitarist.

Born in Atlanta, Georgia, he grew up in San Diego, California and learned guitar.  By the age of 12 he was playing in a local bar band, Joel Hill & the Strangers, and around 1956 he formed his own band, the Blue Flames.  In 1958, he signed to the Spry record label, and recorded a song by Gaynel Hodge, "That Crazy Little House on the Hill".  It became a local hit, and was followed up with "You Can Count On Me" and "Moon Eyes".  Lamarr then set up his own label, Flame, and released the instrumental "Hammerhead", featuring his "ferocious guitar work".  However, despite a strong local following, Lamarr's records were commercially unsuccessful, and after a final single in 1961, "Baby What Would You Do", he left the music business.

He worked for General Dynamics for twenty years before retiring in 1991.  In latter years he also returned to music, playing guitar in bands around Poway, California, with musicians who included Gary Puckett and Bob Mosley.  He set up a recording studio at his home and planned to release an album of new material.  However, he died from heart failure in 2007, aged 65.

Several of his recordings, notably "That Crazy Little House on the Hill", have been reissued on CD compilations of rockabilly music.

References

1942 births
2007 deaths
American rockabilly guitarists
American male guitarists
20th-century American male musicians


text:
Scientist (englisch für "Wissenschaftler") steht für:

 Scientist (Musiker), geboren Hopeton Brown (* 1960), jamaikanischer Reggae-Musiker
 The Scientist, Single von Coldplay (2002)
 The Scientists, australische Post-Punk-Band (ab 1979)

 New Scientist, britische Wissenschafts-Zeitschrift (ab 1956)

Siehe auch:
 Scientists for Future (Unterstützungsinitiative von Wissenschaftlern)
 Gentleman scientist

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Mohamed Muthasim Adnan, (born 1997) is a Maldivian swimmer. He competed in the 50 m, 100 m butterfly and 50 m freestyle at the 2012 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) and in the 50m freestyle, 50 m butterfly and 100 m individual medley events at the 2013 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games. Mohamed Muthasim Adnan also took part in the 50 m freestyle and 50 m butterfly events at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships.

References

Living people
1997 births
Maldivian male swimmers
Swimmers at the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for the Maldives


text:
John Scott (December 25, 1784 – September 22, 1850) was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

John Scott (father of Pennsylvania Senator John Scott and of the 1868 candidate for Governor of Florida, George Washington Scott) was born at Marsh Creek, Pennsylvania, near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.  He moved to Alexandria, Pennsylvania, in 1806 and was engaged as tanner and shoemaker.  He served as major in the War of 1812.  He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1819 and 1820.

Scott was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-first Congress.  He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Twenty-second Congress.  He resumed his former business pursuits and retired from business in 1842.  He died in Alexandria, Pennsylvania in 1850.  He was interred in Alexandria Cemetery.

Scott married Agnes Irvine in 1821, Agnes is the namesake of Agnes Scott College in Decatur Georgia.

Sources

The Political Graveyard

1784 births
1850 deaths
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
American military personnel of the War of 1812
Jacksonian members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
19th-century American politicians


text:
La Società Italiana Servizi Aerei - SISA SpA était une compagnie aérienne privée italienne créée en 1921 qui assurait le transport de personnes sur des lignes régulières.

Histoire
La compagnie a été créée en 1921 par les frères Callisto et Alberto Cosulich à Lusinpiccolo, principale ville de l'île de Lussino, territoire italien à l'époque mais depuis 1947, en Croatie. Les frères Cosulich étaient propriétaires de la société Fratelli Cosulich, grande société d'armement de Monfalcone et de Cantiere Navale Triestino, aujourd'hui intégré dans le groupe Fincantieri, dans le but de gérer une école de pilotage pour les pilotes d'hydravions civils et militaires mais aussi d'effectuer des vols touristiques entre Venise et Portorose, territoire italien à l'époque.

À partir de 1924, les vols entre Venise et Trieste commencent à devenir réguliers, vols qui servent à l'entreprise pour se constituer une banque de données sur les coûts et les moyens à mettre en œuvre.

Le , la liaison régulière Trieste-Turin-Trieste est inaugurée officiellement avec un vol de deux hydravions, partant respectivement et simultanément de Turin et de Venise, avec lesquels le trajet peut être effectué en moins d'une journée.

Un peu plus tard, à l'automne 1926, devant le succès remporté et la demande des passagers, la liaison Trieste-Turin-Trieste, sera effectuée avec de nombreuses escales intermédiaires : Venise, Adria, Ostiglia, Casalmaggiore, Plaisance, Pavie et Casale Monferrato.

À ses débuts, la compagnie SISA disposait de quatre hydravions CANT 10ter qui pouvaient transporter cinq passagers en plus du pilote. Pour ses activités de formation, la compagnie utilisait un CANT 7, et le second prototype du trimoteur CANT 6. Un autre CANT 7 a ensuite été mis en service pour compléter la flotte sur cette ligne régulière. La compagnie assurait la liaison à la cadence de trois rotations par semaine, avec des arrêts « sur demande » dans les principaux ports fluviaux du Pô.

Le , de nouvelles dessertes ont été assurées comme la liaison entre les villes de Trieste et Pula en Istrie, Ancône et Zadar, territoire italien à l'époque mais devenu croate en 1947.

Avec la rapide expansion de ses activités, la compagnie SISA a engagé une première campagne de rénovation de sa flotte. Les hydravions CANT 7 pour la formation des pilotes ont été remplacés par CANT 18 et à partir de 1928, après une période de tests sur la liaison Brindisi-Vlora, en Albanie, colonie italienne à l'époque. Le trimoteur CANT 22 a progressivement remplacé les CANT 10.

Au début des années 1930, la phase de concentration des compagnies aériennes italiennes a débuté et la SISA a été une des premières compagnies impliquée dans ce processus. La compagnie a été absorbée par la compagnie publique Società Aerea Mediterranea, qui avait déjà racheté en 1931 la compagnie Società Anonima Transadriatica. Cette concentration aboutira, le , à la formation de la première compagnie nationale italienne Ala Littoria.

Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, une nouvelle compagnie aérienne nationale voit le jour, Alitalia. Pour assurer les petites liaisons régionales, l'État autorisa les anciennes compagnies privées qui avaient été absorbées lors de la nationalisation du transport aérien en 1934, à reprendre une activité. La nouvelle SISA voit le jour et reprend les anciennes liaisons jusqu'en 1949, quand elle est rachetée et intégrée dans la compagnie Avio Linee Italiane.

Flotte
 CANT 7
 CANT 10ter
 CANT 22

Bibliographie

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Ala Littoria
 Alitalia - Linee Aeree Italiane
 Avio Linee Italiane
 Società Aerea Mediterranea - SAM basée à Rome,
 Società Anonima Navigazione Aerea - SANA de Gènes,

Liens externes
  Alitalia - Son histoire

Entreprise de transport ayant son siège en Italie
Compagnie aérienne italienne disparue
Entreprise fondée en 1921
Entreprise disparue en 1949
Trieste


text:
är en kommun i Saarpfalz-Kreis i förbundslandet Saarland i Tyskland.

De tidigare kommunerna Bebelsheim, Bliesmengen-Bolchen, Erfweiler-Ehlingen, Habkirchen, Heckendalheim, Ommersheim, Ormesheim och Wittersheim bildade den nya kommunen  1 januari 1974.

Referenser

Kommuner och städer i Saarpfalz-Kreis


text:
Choiromyces meandriformis Carlo Vittadini, 1831), sin. Tuber album (James Sowerby, 1800), din încrengătura Ascomycota în familia Tuberaceae și de genul Choiromyces, denumită în popor trufă albă, trufă albă de Transilvania sau trufă porcească, este o ciupercă comestibilă care coabitează cu rădăcinile de arbori, formând micorize. Acest soi se dezvoltă în România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord semi-subteran pe soluri calcaroase și argiloase, dar este și singura care poate crește în soluri cu aciditate crescută, la altitudini superioare de 500-1.200 m cu climă mai răcoroasă și umedă în special ale Carpaților Transilvăneni, (astfel probabil nu se pot găsi în Republica Moldova și Dobrogea), în pădurile de conifere și de foioase, dar de asemenea prin câmpii sub arborii simbionți. Principalele specii-gazde ale trufei porcești sunt gorunul, fagul și alunul, dar ea se poate asocia și cu bradul, răchita albă și plopul. Apare acolo unde crește în cantități destul de mari, din (iunie) iulie până în noiembrie.

Istoric

Prezența trufei porcești a fost demult confirmată în Bazinul Carpatic – medicul si istoricul natural Franz Ernst Brückmann (n. 27 septembrie 1697, Mariental - d. 21 martie 1753, Wolfenbüttel) a scris în anul 1720 despre apariția ei în comitatele fostului Regat Unguresc Liptó și Szepes (teritoriul actual al Slovaciei și al Poloniei), dar nu în sensul regulilor de taxonomie ale lui Carl von Linné din 1735.

O serie întreagă de alte surse datând din secolele 18 și 19 relatează de asemenea despre răspândirea trufei porcești în Transilvania, Slovacia și Polonia. Mátyus, un alt autor al epocii, menționează în 1787 prezența trufelor-porcești în Munții Ciucului și ai Munții Gheorghenilor (între altele Cheile Bicazului, Munții Hășmaș), detaliind și modul lor de preparare.

În 1911, micologul ungur László Hollós (n. 18 iunie 1859, Szekszárd – d. 16 februarie 1940, Szekszárd), cu ajutorul intens al silvicultorilor din zonele investigate, a evidențiat răspândirea speciei în 18 comitate ale Regatului Ungariei (Alba de Jos, Árva, Bars, Caraș-Severin, Ciuc, Cluj, Hont, Liptó, Maramureș, Nitra, Pojon, Șaroș, Srijem, Szepes, Trei Scaune, Trenčín, Turóc, Zemplén). În prezent, aceste habitate corespund cu regiuni aflate în Croația, Polonia, Slovacia și în România.

Descriere

 Corpul fructifer: are în mod general un diametru de 5-14 cm, dar unele exemplare excepționale ajung la 800 de grame cu dimensiunile unei mingi de handbal, având aspectul unui bulb neregulat, asemănător unui tubercul de cartof. Suprafața care nu se poate decoji este pieloasă, tare, netedă cu protuberanțe sau circumvoluțiuni mari de formă poligonală. Nervura ghebei, la început albicioasă, apoi galben-brună, are un aspect marmorat, străbătut de vene numai slab confluente și nu arată alveole. Coloritul inițial albicios al peridiei (înveliș gros al corpului de fructificație la unele ciuperci) se transformă treptat din slab galben-ocru la maroniu deschis sau galben-ruginiu. Buretele se dezvoltă mai întâi subteran, dar străpunge repede și frecvent suprafața solului, prin urmare trufa încă imatură poate fi roasă de melci sau diferite insecte. În intervalele de timp preponderent umede, ploioase, peridia nu poate ține pasul cu dezvoltarea rapidă a glebei, iar suprafața corpului fructifer crapă.
 Piciorul:  nu are picior.
 Carnea (gleba): este la exemplarele tinere fermă, compactă și albicioasă. Gleba se decolorează însă destul de repede. Mirosul amintește în tinerețe ușor de usturoi, după maturitate de cașcaval. Acest miros nu este  fugitiv după preparare; gustul exemplarelor tinere este plăcut, un mix între cel de nuci și ciuperci, câteodată foarte ușor iute.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori elipsoidali, de mărime inegală, verucoși, aproape crestați cu țepi de până la 5 µm și măsoară 7-10,5 (11,5) x 5,7- 7,7 (8) de microni. Pulberea lor este crem.

Confuzii
Specia poate fi confundată destul de ușor cu suratele ei comestibile Mattirolomyces terfezioides (trufă de nisip), Terfezia arenaria, Tuber borchii, Tuber excavatum, Tuber gibbosum, Tuber rufum sau Tuber magnatum. Ultima, trufa albă veritabilă, este considerată una dintre cele mai scumpe ciuperci comestibile cu un preț de până la 6000 € pe kg. Prețul maxim al unui exemplar a fost de 90.000 €. Din păcate nu crește în regiunile românești.

Începători ar putea să confundă exemplare mai tinere cu otrăvitoarele Scleroderma citrinum și Scleroderma verrucosum.

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare
Consumul crud al exemplarelor mature (de multe ori răscoapte) poate cauza dureri de stomac și chiar stări puternice de vomă din cauza acidității sale, prin urmare abordarea culinară a trufei porcești presupune – spre deosebire de celelalte specii de trufe – gătirea la foc sau prăjite. Efectul speciei asupra organismului depinde și de sensibilitatea fiecăruia. Specialiștii în nutriție nu recomandă consumarea trufei porcești în stare crudă. În cazul în care optați, totuși, pentru un consum crud, vă sfătuim să alegeți trufe tinere și să le gustați în cantități inițiale mici. Exemplarele bătrâne pot provoca eventual dureri stomacale, din cauza creșterii acidității, însa numai la consumul cantităților mai mari. Chiar și gătită, prin fierbere, coacere sau prăjire, trufa albă își menține aroma deosebită. Totuși este văzută de mulți consumatori o ciupercă delicată. Din trufa porcească uscată se obține un excepțional condiment prin măcinare.

În Germania trufa porcească este protejată prin legi speciale, ba mai mult, în anul 2001, a fost recunoscută ca trufa anului de către "Societatea Germană de micologie" (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mykologie).<ref>Societatea Germană de micologie<7ref>

Deci specia nu face parte din genul Tuber, este cunoscută în țară ca "trufă albă". Pentru o mai bună recunoaștere este listată de acea în rubrica ciuperci comestibile sub Tuber album, vechea denumire a lui Sowerby.

Note

Bibiliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Bruno Cetto, volumele 1-7
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: "Der große Pilzatlas", Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, p. 116, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Hans E. Laux: "Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
 Gustav Lindau, Eberhard Ulbrich: "Die höheren Pilze, Basidiomycetes, mit Ausschluss der Brand- und Rostpilze", Editura  J. Springer, Berlin 1928
 Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: "Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln", Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Kleine Kryptogamenflora der Pilze – vol. II a.: "Höhere Phycomyceten und Ascomyceten", Editura Gustav Fischer, Jena 1963
 Linus Zeitlmayr: "Knaurs Pilzbuch", Editura Droemer Knaur, München-Zürich 1976, p. 114-117, ISBN 3-426-00312-0

Legături externe

  Choiromyces meandriformis, film în limba polonă
 Choiromyces meandriformis la suprafață, filmuleț austriac

Tuberaceae
Ciuperci comestibile
Micoriză
1789 în știință


text:
Amblyomma maculatum é uma espécie de carrapato que ocorre na região neotropical. Formas juvenis parasitam aves e pequenos mamíferos, principalmente roedores do gênero Sigmodon. Essa espécie de carrapato pode ser parasitada por Rickettsia parkeri.

Carrapatos
Ácaros
Espécies descritas em 1844


text:
Zosime pacifica är en kräftdjursart som beskrevs av Fiers 1991. Zosime pacifica ingår i släktet Zosime och familjen Tisbidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Hoppkräftor
pacifica


text:
Biografia
Nato nell'alta Val d'Illasi da Rosa Anselmi e Cipriano Cappelletti, rimane orfano di madre a soli cinque anni. Educato dalle suore Orsoline e sotto la guida dello zio don Umberto Cappelletti, parroco nella vicina Sant'Andrea di Badia, nel 1933 entra nel seminario vescovile di Verona e il 16 giugno 1944 riceve l'ordinazione sacerdotale a Bussolengo. Proveniente da una famiglia di sentimenti antifascisti, dal 1943 al 1945 affianca il movimento di resistenza partigiana impegnandosi attivamente accanto alla brigata Pasubio e alla missione militare italiana RYE, pur a rischio di perdere la vita (come accade anche a suo fratello maggiore Bruno, nome di battaglia "Mercurio"), nel dar aiuto a latitanti e fuggiaschi dai nazifascisti; tuttavia non viene mai meno ai princìpi di giustizia e di carità anche nei confronti dei "nemici" e ferma è la sua condanna di ogni violenza inutile, soprattutto al termine del conflitto quando si scatena la caccia al fascista. Sulla base delle esperienze dirette vissute in quegli anni drammatici e con l'intento di rivendicare il ruolo non indifferente svolto all'epoca dai cattolici, preti e laici, redigerà in seguito (1981), su insistente sollecitazione dell'editore Carlo Nordera, il volume I cattolici e la Resistenza nel Veronese.

Vicario cooperatore nel 1944-1948 a Bonferraro (frazione di Sorgà di cui il giovane sacerdote scriverà qualche anno dopo la storia), viene poi nominato parroco a Fane (nel comune di Negrar) dal 1948 al 1952, a San Pietro in Valle (Gazzo Veronese) e, dall'ottobre 1962, arciprete della basilica di Sant'Anastasia nel cuore antico della città di Verona. Consapevole dell'importanza dei mezzi di comunicazione nel trasmettere il messaggio religioso, s'impegna sia come saggista che come giornalista collaborando fin dal 1946 con il settimanale della curia diocesana Verona fedele. Nel 1965 inizia a scrivere anche per il mensile diocesano Pace a questa casa, di cui diviene direttore nel 1977 reggendolo poi con grande zelo fino alla morte. Dirige pure La nostra voce, il bimestrale edito dalle Orsoline, le suore che lo avevano educato da piccolo e che a Verona hanno la loro casa generalizia. Nel 1979 riceve il titolo di Cappellano di Sua Santità, continuando comunque il proprio ministero sacerdotale sempre contraddistinto dalla generosità verso i più bisognosi ma anche da un grande interesse per la letteratura, l'arte e la musica.

Sono proprio l'interesse e la passione per l'arte che lo spingono a esaminare e a controllare di continuo la "sua" basilica, a riordinare filologicamente e secondo la tradizione la collocazione dei dipinti e delle opere. In tal modo si rende conto delle pericolose infiltrazioni d'acqua piovana e di umidità che minacciano di distruggere o sfigurare i capolavori storici e artistici custoditi in Sant'Anastasia. Lanciato l'allarme nel 1991, riesce ad avviare il primo di una serie di vasti interventi di recupero dell'edificio sacro prima che, a settantadue anni, l'avanzare della leucemia lo costringa a rinunciare alla guida della parrocchia. Pochi mesi dopo, il 22 settembre 1993, si spegne all'Ospedale Sacro Cuore di Negrar.

Pubblicazioni
Accanto e a completamento della sua attività pastorale, monsignor Cappelletti si è dedicato a un'intensa produzione letteraria, rivolta soprattutto, anche se non esclusivamente, alla pubblicazione di testi agiografici o di memorialistica (una ventina di monografie). In ambito giornalistico ha talvolta utilizzato anche lo pseudonimo Rosa Cipriano (formato dai nomi propri dei suoi genitori) per firmare alcuni articoli.

 Verso l'azzurro: Trilogia ascetico-mistica medioevale, Alba, Edizioni Paoline, 1947.
 Sulla via maestra, Alba, Edizioni Paoline, 1949.
 Sant'Orsola vergine e martire, Bari, Edizioni Paoline, 1958 e 19602.
 Un fiore dei Lessini. Suor M. Edvige Zivelonghi, Bari, Edizioni Paoline, 1960.
 Bonferraro e la sua storia, Roncà, 1962.
 Testimoni di Cristo. Profili di sacerdoti veronesi (disegni di Federico Bellomi), Verona, Verona fedele, 1969.
 Ti fanno onore, Verona, Edizioni di Vita veronese, 1969.
 La basilica di S. Anastasia, Verona, Edizioni di Vita veronese, 1970 e 1981.
 Tua per sempre. Madre Maria Salute Capucci (presentazione del vescovo Giuseppe Carraro), Verona, Novastampa, 1976.
 ... e ti lodano ovunque, o Verona, Verona, Edizioni di Vita veronese, 1976.
 Quanto lavoro in cento anni. Storia dell'Azione Cattolica veronese (prefazione del vescovo Giuseppe Carraro), Verona, Novastampa, 1976.
 "Dal 1900 ad oggi - Le nuove chiese veronesi: Belfiore. Costruita mentre infuriava la guerra con il solo aiuto della Provvidenza", in Verona fedele, 25 aprile 1976.
 Bravo, amico mio! A tu per tu con don Giuseppe Baldo (quadri di Gianni Lollis), Verona, Piccole Figlie di San Giuseppe, 1977. Nuova ed. riveduta e aggiornata: San Giovanni Lupatoto, Edizioni Stimmgraf, 1989.
 Vieni anche tu. Campane a festa per Madre Ippolita Forante (quadri di Gianni Lollis), Verona, Piccole Figlie di San Giuseppe, 1980.
 I cattolici e la Resistenza nel Veronese, Giazza, Taucias Garëida, 1981.
 Il povero vecchio. Filiale ricordo del primo parroco di S. Andrea, don Umberto Cappelletti, Verona, 1981.
 Gli ha detto sempre sì. Vicenda terrena di S. Giuseppe, Verona, 1983.
 Sant'Angela Merici. Una donna, un'apostola, Cinisello Balsamo, Edizioni Paoline, 1986. ISBN 88-215-1054-9.
 Padre Filippo Bardellini, servo degli ultimi, Cinisello Balsamo, Edizioni Paoline, 1986. ISBN 88-215-1147-2.
 Il Padre, il beato Giuseppe Nascimbeni (presentazione del vescovo Giuseppe Amari), Cinisello Balsamo, Edizioni Paoline, 1990. ISBN 978-88-215-2013-6.
 Testimon3i di Cristo oggi. L'ultimo scritto (nel primo anniversario della scomparsa), Verona, Stimmgraf, 1994.

Note

Bibliografia
 Vincenzo Stàltari, "Mons. Giovanni Cappelletti. L'uomo e l'opera", in Pace a questa casa, n. 10, ottobre 1995.

Voci correlate
 Chiesa di Sant'Anastasia (Verona)
 Selva di Progno

Storici della Chiesa cattolica


text:
Der Westfalentag ist eine Kulturveranstaltung, die jährlich vom Westfälischen Heimatbund ausgerichtet wird. Er ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem seit 2006 stattfindenden Nordrhein-Westfalen-Tag. Zudem hat der Begriff eine umgangssprachliche Bedeutung.

Geschichte
Der Westfalentag wird seit 1920 überwiegend jährlich, mit einer Unterbrechung durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg, in wechselnden westfälischen Städten veranstaltet, um kulturell-politische Leitvorstellungen der Heimatbewegung zu diskutieren und das Gemeinschaftsbewusstsein in der Region Westfalen zu kräftigen sowie werbend zugunsten des Heimatgedankens zu wirken.

Der Gau Westfalen-Nord nutzte die Veranstaltung zwischen 1933 und 1939 für propagandistische Zwecke der NSDAP. Der erste Westfalentag nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg fand 1949 in Recklinghausen unter dem Leitwort "Lebensraum und Volkstum" statt und thematisierte u. a. die Situation der Heimatvertriebenen. Der Westfalentag 1950 in Bielefeld widmete sich gänzlich dieser Thematik.

Programm
Heute ist der Westfalentag eine eintägige Veranstaltung. Der Westfälische Heimatbund mit Sitz in Münster fungiert als Hauptausrichter. Dessen jährliche Mitgliederversammlung ist Teil eines umfangreichen Programmes.

Vormittags leiten Reden und Grußworte zu Diskussionen über ein festgelegtes gesellschaftliches Thema über. Darüber hinaus wird ein Innovationspreis für Heimatvereine verliehen. Zu den Nachmittagsveranstaltungen zählen Arbeitskreise, eine Auswahl an Exkursionen sowie mitunter ein separates Kinder- und Jugendprogramm.

Veranstaltungen seit 2010
 2010: Bochum
 2011: Warburg
 2012: Geseke
 2013: Emsdetten
 2014: Olsberg
 2015: Münster
 2016: Hagen
 2017: Bad Lippspringe
 2018: Brilon
 2019: Hattingen
 2020/21: Ausfall auf Grund der Coronapandemie
 2022: Arnsberg

Umgangssprache
Als Westfalentag werden umgangssprachlich im südlichen Niedersachsen die Tage Fronleichnam und Allerheiligen bezeichnet. Beides sind katholische Feiertage, die zwar im südlich angrenzenden Nordrhein-Westfalen zugleich gesetzliche Feiertage sind, nicht aber im mehrheitlich evangelischen Niedersachsen.

An diesen Tagen kommt es regelmäßig zu einem massiven Käuferzustrom von Westfalen nach Niedersachsen. Besonders betroffen ist die Stadt Osnabrück, die mit ihrem Landkreis halbinselförmig nach Westfalen hineinragt und für eine vergleichsweise große Zahl von westfälischen Einwohnern nah liegt. Die Einwohner betroffener niedersächsischer Städte begrüßen im Allgemeinen zwar den damit verbundenen wirtschaftlichen Anschub, besuchen selber aber nur in dringenden Fällen an diesen Tagen ihre Einkaufszonen.

Weblinks
Homepage

Einzelnachweise

Veranstaltung in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Feste und Brauchtum (Nordrhein-Westfalen)
Kultur (Westfalen)
Geschichte Westfalens
Kulturelle Veranstaltung
Römisch-katholische Kirche in Deutschland
Christentum in Niedersachsen
Feiertag in Deutschland


text:
Brandon Ríos vs. Urbano Antillón was a boxing Lightweight championship match for the WBA Lightweight championship. The bout was held on July 9, 2011, at Home Depot Center, in Carson, California, United States and televised on Showtime.

Build up
A bout between both Ríos and Antillón was to take place on the undercard of Antonio Margarito vs. Roberto Garcia. The fight was called off due to a cut sustained during sparring on the eyebrow of Ríos.

Entrance performers
The Mexican singer José Manuel Figueroa performed as Ríos entered the arena.

Main card
Lightweight Championship  Brandon Ríos vs.  Urbano Antillón
Ríos defeated Antillón via technical knockout at 2:39 in the third round.
Light Middleweight bout:  Carlos Amado Molina vs.  Kermit Cintron
Molina defeated Cintron via unanimous decision (98-92, 98-92, 98-92).

Preliminary card
Lightweight bout:  José Javier Román vs.  Randy Arrellin
Román defeated Arrellin via knockout at 2:07 in the first round.
Featherweight bout:  Gabino Sáenz vs.  Quincy Wesby
Sáenz defeated Wesby via knockout at 1:41 in the third round.
Middleweight bout:  Matt Korobov vs.  Lester González Perez
Korobov defeated Perez via unanimous decision (78-74, 78-74, 78-74).
Welterweight bout:  Alonso Loeza vs.  Ricardo Malfavon
Loeza and Malfavon fought to a majority draw (37-39, 38-38, 38-38).
Light Heavyweight bout:  Mike Lee vs.  Michael Birthmark
Lee defeated Birthmark via knockout at 2:56 in the third round.
Super Featherweight bout:  Paul Fleming vs.  Juan Jose Beltran
Fleming defeated Beltran via knockout at 0:52 in the first round.
Lightweight bout:  Mercito Gesta vs.  Jorge Pimentel
Gesta defeated Pimentel via knockout at 2:23 in the third round.

References

External links
Ríos vs. Antillón Official Fight Card from BoxRec

Boxing matches
2011 in boxing
Boxing in California
Sports competitions in Carson, California
July 2011 sports events in the United States


text:
__БЕЗКН__

1042 Amazone је астероид са пречником од приближно 73,64 -{km}-.
Афел астероида је на удаљености од 3,535 астрономских јединица (АЈ) од Сунца, а перихел на 2,931 АЈ.

Ексцентрицитет орбите износи 0,093, инклинација (нагиб) орбите у односу на раван еклиптике 20,681 степени, а орбитални период износи 2124,021 дана (5,815 година).
Апсолутна магнитуда астероида је 9,80 а геометријски албедо 0,039.

Астероид је откривен 22. априла 1925. године.

Види још
 Астероид
 Астероидни појас

Спољашње везе

 -{JPL}- страница за динамику соларног система
 Орбитални елементи астероида са орбитом блиском Земљи
 Астероиди и мале планете, универзитет Харвард
 -{JPL}- подаци о астероиду

Астероиди


text:
Jim Evans (born 2 August 1980, in Orsett) is a former English rugby union player who played in the position of lock for Harlequins in the Guinness Premiership.

Evans joined Harlequins in 1999, making his League debut against the Northampton Saints on 19 April 2000.

Evans represented England at the 2001 Under 21 Rugby World Championship in Australia.

In 2004 he was a member of the Quins European Challenge Cup winning side, as they defeated Montferrand 27–26.

Evans represented England Saxons at the 2007 Churchill Cup.

Evans announced his retirement following his latest shoulder injury on 9 December 2009.

References

External links
England profile
Harlequins profile

1980 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Harlequin F.C. players
Rugby union locks
Rugby union players from Orsett


text:
Los siervos del mal es un controversial episodio de la serie de antología mexicana Mujer, casos de la vida real. El mismo narra el alcance que pueden llegar a tener algunos grupos sectarios en personas vulnerables. Fue producido por Televisa y emitido originalmente en el año 2001.

Argumento
El Señor Nacho, es un "líder religioso" que llega a la fonda de Efrén y su esposa, un matrimonio asentado en un pueblo aledaño a San Luis Potosí, México. Se presenta ante estos como un "Siervo de Dios" que predica la palabra junto a sus Apóstoles.

Inicialmente solicita el servicio como comensal y genera en primera instancia una buena impresión a la pareja, ya que mientras espera por la comida aparenta representar a Jesús y sus Doce Apóstoles.

Cuando terminan sus alimentos la mujer les revela que padece Diabetes, estos comienzan a orar por su salud;— «Alabado sea el Señor… Hosanna». Pero la oración se detiene abruptamente cuando el Líder fija su mirada en una imagen religiosa y le asegura que "por eso" está enferma. Éste —de aparente Fe cristiana— le ordena retirar sus imágenes de culto como: San Martín de Porres. Luego decide pernoctar en el lugar.

No obstante, Efrén se convence desde el primer instante de que el grupo "los eligió" a ellos para asentarse en su hogar. El Señor Nacho nota de inmediato la vulnerabilidad mental de éste y aprovecha su poder de convencimiento para generar un conflicto de creencias religiosas entre la pareja.

No así con la esposa, en quien percibe su "falta de Fe" con el mismo y a quien intenta convencer de unírseles. Asegurándole que su casa fungirá como "Templo de Dios" y que en un futuro sufrirán de "persecución". Sin embargo, la mujer es reacia a sus argumentos y cuestiona al líder sobre el aspecto económico, imprescindible para ella.

Con el paso de los días la latría se expande en el pueblo elegido y durante uno de los cultos el señor Nacho pide a sus seguidores una ofrenda, luego de citar un versículo. Generando una molestia evidente en la esposa de Efrén al negarse a realizarla.

En represalia Nacho asegura a los creyentes que ella está "poseída" por un Demonio, que a su vez contagia a las demás mujeres presentes en el lugar y argumenta que la única solución es golpearlas para que la entidad maligna desaparezca de estas.

Al día siguiente, El Señor Nacho le comunica a Efrén que tuvo "una revelación" y le pide que se una a ellos como Apóstol. Efrén le agradece y aprovecha la oportunidad para que puedan orar a favor de Ponciano —un conocido del pueblo— quien está muy enfermo de Cáncer, moribundo es llevado ante la presencia del grupo y en su lecho de muerte es convencido para que ceda sus bienes materiales a cambio de la sanación. El grupo logra su cometido y Ponciano firma un documento.

Entre tanto, el Líder Sectario menciona que la "poca Fe" del círculo social del enfermo y la propia rama de la medicina "lo están matando". Por tanto, ordena que lo dejen pasar la noche a solas, como "una prueba de Fe".

Horas después, Efrén comunica a su esposa que Ponciano ha fallecido.Pero la mujer deja en claro que fue realmente el Señor Nacho quien propició su muerte, provocando el disgusto del hombre. Cegado discute con su esposa y le asegura que él es "un Santo" y ella está "poseída", por tanto, cree necesario golpearla para "hacerla entrar en razón".

Acto seguido, son interrumpidos por Nacho, quien nota en el suelo una imagen de la Virgen de Guadalupe cuestionando a la mujer— «¿Por qué traes ídolos a este Templo?», y ella le responde— «Porque es mi Fe y esta es mi fonda», exigiéndole que se vaya de su casa. Enfurecido ordena al esposo golpearla,— «Quiero que su sangre purifique sus ofensas», dice. Y en un acto irracional obedece.

Tiempo después el grupo sectario abandona el lugar, Efrén convencido por el culto se une a ellos y parte con estos para ir a vivir en la casa del fallecido Ponciano. Su esposa en un último intento por salvar su matrimonio intenta convencerlo de que no se vaya, citándole que se encuentra muy enferma.

No obstante, él le contesta— «Estás enferma por tus pecados… Tú eres un demonio que se metió a esta casa y un día voy a sacarte de aquí para regocijo del Señor». El Señor Nacho aparece en escena por última vez, respondiendo ambos; "Amén".

La mujer asiste al ministerio público y denuncia que durante el lapso en que acogió al "grupo religioso" fue víctima de maltrato. Así mismo atestigua los fraudes y las prácticas sectarias del mismo. Sin embargo, se da cuenta del control mental ejercido sobre el pueblo, cuando uno de los miembros del grupo aparece en el lugar y el propio agente le responde con una connotación religiosa. Concluyendo así que estos la seguían vigilando de cerca y que la justicia apoyaba a la Secta.

Finalmente, atemorizada, abandona su hogar para vivir temporalmente en la casa de su sobrina.

Reparto
Joana Brito como: Esposa de Efrén
Manuel Landeta como: Señor Nacho (Líder de la secta)
 Manuel "Flaco" Ibáñez como: Efrén
Pedro Romo como: Agente de ministerio Público
Gina Pedret como Ayudante de la esposa de Efrén

Véase también
 Un ángel sin luz
 Manipulación mental
 Lavado de cerebro
 Control Mental
 Cristianismo
 Sectas
 Religión

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mujer, casos de la vida real en IMDB
Los Siervos del Mal en IMDB

Mujer, casos de la vida real
Episodios de Mujer, casos de la vida real
Cultura de Internet
Fenómenos de Internet
Cultura de México
Mitología de América
Series de televisión de México


text:
Tachys oblitus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.

References

Further reading

External links

Trechinae
Beetles described in 1918


text:
Джеймс Ге́нрі Бре́стед (; 27 серпня 1865, Рокфорд — 2 грудня 1935, Нью-Йорк) — американський археолог та історик, який займався питаннями єгиптології, а також вливом цивілізацій Стародавнього Близького Сходу на становлення західної і православної цивілізацій. Його праці також торкалися інших важливих аспектів історії Стародавнього Сходу (зокрема, він запропонував термін «Родючий півмісяць»).

Біографічні відомості
Джеймс Генрі Брестед народився в Рокфорді, штат Іллінойс. Спочатку працював клерком в місцевій аптеці і в 1882 році отримав диплом фармацевта.

Подальшу освіту він здобув в  (1888) і богословській семінарії м. Чикаго (де вивчив свою першу східну мову — древньоєврейську). Потім закінчив Єльський університет (1891), де зацікавився єгиптологією, і продовжив навчання у німецького історика  в Берлінському університеті (1892—1894).

У 1894 році захистив докторський ступінь з єгиптології, став викладачем Чиказького університету, де у 1905 р. отримав звання професора єгиптології та східної історії. В 1919 році він став засновником  (Інституту східних культур) в Чикаго — першого закладу в Новому світі, що спеціалізувався на єгиптології, який згодом перетворився на один із провідних світових центрів орієнталістики.

Брестед був дійсним членом Академії наук США з 1923 року, у 1928 р. — президент , член-кореспондент Британської академії від 1934 р. і Берлінської академії наук (з 13 червня 1907 р.).

Помер від пневмонії в 1935 році в м. Нью-Йорк, по поверненні з Єгипту, і був похований в рідному місті Рокфорді. На місці його поховання було встановлено пам'ятник у формі кубу з асуанського граніту, подарованим урядом Єгипту.

Нагороди
 1924 — .

Праці
Головним твором Брестеда була його
 «Історія Єгипту від прадавніх часів до перського завоювання» (, 1905), яка зберігає свою цінність до цих пір і є однією із основних фундаментальних праць, що охоплюють всю історію Стародавнього Єгипту. Його перу належать також такі твори, як
 «Древні пам'ятники Єгипту» (, 1907) і
 «Прадавні часи» (, 1916).

Примітки

Посилання

 Bibliography: James Henry Breasted Biography  //

Джерела
 Брэстед Дж. Г., Тураєв Б. О., «История Древнего Египта». — : Харвест, 2004''.

Уродженці Рокфорда
Американські єгиптологи
Археологи США
Члени-кореспонденти Британської академії
Члени Прусської академії наук
Члени і члени-кореспонденти Національної академії наук США
Померли в Нью-Йорку
Померли від пневмонії
Випускники Єльського університету
Науковці Чиказького університету
Випускники Берлінського університету
Доктори наук
Професори


text:
O Conselho da União Europeia, ou simplesmente Conselho constitui a principal instância de decisão da União Europeia. É a expressão da vontade dos Estados-Membros, cujos representantes se reúnem regularmente a nível ministerial.

Funções
Em função das questões a analisar, o Conselho reúne-se em diferentes formações: política externa, economia e finanças, agricultura, educação, telecomunicações, etc.

O Conselho assume várias funções essenciais:
 É o órgão legislativo da União; em relação a um grande conjunto de competências comunitárias, exerce este poder legislativo em codecisão com o Parlamento Europeu.
 Assegura a coordenação das políticas económicas gerais dos Estados-Membros.
 Celebra, em nome da Comunidade, os acordos internacionais entre esta e um ou vários Estados ou organizações internacionais.
 Partilha a autoridade orçamental com o Parlamento Europeu.
 Aprova as decisões necessárias à definição e à execução da política externa e de segurança comum, com base em orientações gerais definidas pelo Conselho Europeu.
 Assegura a coordenação da acção dos Estados-Membros e adopta as medidas no domínio da cooperação policial e judiciária em matéria penal.

A presidência do Conselho da União Europeia é rotativa entre os membros da União Europeia.

O secretário-geral do Conselho da União Europeia é Javier Solana.

Votações

O Conselho é composto pelos ministros nacionais relevantes para o assunto de discussão, com cada ministro representando o governo nacional. Na votação por maioria qualificada, estados diferentes têm pesos diferentes com base no voto da população. Por exemplo, uma votação pela Alemanha ou a França tem um peso de 29 num total de 345, enquanto que um voto do Chipre e da Letónia só tinha um peso de quatro votos. A lista completa da votação é mostrada abaixo:

Presidente

A Presidência do Conselho da União Europeia é uma responsabilidade sobre o funcionamento do Conselho da União Europeia, que é rotativo entre os Estados membros da União Europeia, de seis em seis meses. Não há um único presidente, mas a tarefa é levada a cabo por todo um governo nacional, o que, consequentemente, permite influenciar a direcção da política da União Europeia. Embora seja rotativa de seis em seis meses, a partir de 2007, de três em três presidências irão co-operando num programa político comum.

Futuro do Conselho
A proposta do Tratado de Lisboa retoma no essencial as reformas enunciadas da rejeitada Constituição. O corpo seria renomeado, tornando-se oficialmente num Conselho de Ministros, com uma separação oficial do Conselho Europeu (que se tornará uma instituição com um sistema separado da Presidência). Da nota particular é uma alteração no sistema de votação por maioria dos casos de dupla maioria, a votação por maioria qualificada, substituindo o sistema de votação anterior. As decisões tomadas pelo Conselho deverão ser tomadas por 55% dos Estados-Membros e 65% da população da União Europeia. Nos termos do Tratado de Lisboa, a implementação deste sistema de votação será adiada para 1 de novembro de 2014.

Em termos de configuração do Conselho, o facto de existirem diferentes configurações é mencionado pela primeira vez nos tratados, mas apenas dois são mencionados pelo nome na Constituição (os outros são acordados pelo Conselho Europeu), eles são o Conselho de Assuntos Gerais e o Conselho de Relações Externas, a divisão do actual Conselho dos Assuntos Gerais e Relações Externas. Este último não será presidido pela Presidência, mas pelo novo Alto Representante da União para os Negócios Estrangeiros e a Política de Segurança. A Presidência será realizadas de três em três ou de dezoito em dezoito meses, facto que está consagrado na Constituição. Além disso, o Conselho é chamado a responder em público. O Ecofin da Eurozona será mais formalizado e elegerá o seu próprio Presidente em separado.

Conselho Europeu
Em termos formais, o Conselho da União Europeia não é o mesmo que o Conselho Europeu. O primeiro é uma reunião a nível ministerial, enquanto que o segundo reúne os chefes de Estado e de governo. O Conselho Europeu não tem funções legislativas, mas é lá que as grandes questões efectivamente se decidem.

Ligações externas


text:
Севда гюлю (гаг. Sevda gülü; русск. Роза любви) — гагаузский народный фольклорный ансамбль. Основан в 2005 году Галиной Булгар и Софьей Богдановой-Цонковой в селе Котловина Одесской области.

В репертуаре ансамбля вокал, танцы, сценическое мастерство, основанные на гагаузской культуре и традициях. Ансамбль трижды становился лауреатом конкурса «Таланты твои, Украина». Лауреат Первого Всеукраинского фестиваля национальных меньшинств в Киеве «Соцветие» в 2006 году. В 2008 году принимал участие в 35-м Международном фестивале фольклора и музыки и Международном фестивале детей и молодёжи в Турции.

Награды
 Лауреат конкурса «Таланты твои, Украина» (2006—2010)
 Лауреат I Всеукраинского фестиваля национальных меньшинств в Киеве «Соцветие» (2006)
 Лауреат областного фестиваля молдавской культуры в г. Измаил (2006—2010)

См. также
 Котловина

Примечания

Танцевальные коллективы Украины
Танцевальные коллективы по алфавиту
Гагаузы


text:
– japoński zapaśnik w stylu wolnym, wicemistrz olimpijski.

Srebrny medalista igrzysk olimpijskich w Pekinie w 2008 roku w kategorii do 55 kg. Mistrz Azji z 2008 i brąz w 2005. Dwukrotny uczestnik mistrzostw świata, piąty w 2005. Uniwersytecki mistrz świata w 2002 roku.

Mistrz Japonii z lat 2004-2007.

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Tomohiro Matsunaga na stronie FILA

Japońscy medaliści olimpijscy
Japońscy zapaśnicy
Medaliści Letnich Igrzysk Olimpijskich 2008
Sportowcy związani z Yaizu
Ludzie urodzeni w Yaizu
Urodzeni w 1980


text:
Bal Vidya Mandir (aka BVM) is an English medium, co-educational Senior Secondary Residential/Day School located in Lucknow, India. It was founded in 1963 by then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Chandra Bhanu Gupta, The school is fully affiliated to CBSE, imparts education from Nursery to Class XII (10+2). It is situated on the Motilal Nehru Marg opposite to Charbagh Railway Station, Station Road, Lucknow. The school celebrated its semicentennial in the year 2014. Now the school has launched new teachings schemes also.

History
The school was founded in 1963 by Chandra Bhanu Gupta, the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, under the auspices of the Motilal Memorial Society. The foundation stone of this school was laid by Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Prime Minister of India, on 19 November 1964.

Academics

The school follows the scheme of CCE up to Class X. In Class XI and Class XII, the institute offers three following streams:
 Science Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics/Biology, Hindi/Computer Science, English and Commercial Arts),
 Commerce (Mathematics/Hindi/Computer Science, Economics, Accounts, Business Studies, English and Physical Education) and
 Humanities (Geography, History/Fashion Studies, Economics/Hindi, Psychology, English and Physical Education).

House system

Each student is allocated to one house and the school is divided into four houses:
 Laxmibai House
 Meerabai House
 Shankaracharya House
 Vivekanand House
The school organizes various inter-house competitions throughout the year.

Publications
The school's annual magazine, Bal Jyoti, includes articles written by students and coverage of the events throughout the academic session.

References

External links
 Bal Vidya Mandir, Lucknow - Official Website

Primary schools in Uttar Pradesh
High schools and secondary schools in Uttar Pradesh
Schools in Lucknow
Educational institutions established in 1963
1963 establishments in Uttar Pradesh


text:
Colaspibasa is een geslacht van kevers uit de familie bladkevers (Chrysomelidae).
De wetenschappelijke naam van het geslacht werd in 1995 gepubliceerd door Medvedev.

Soorten
 Colaspibasa thoracica Medvedev, 1995

Bladkevers


text:
Großer Knallstein – szczyt w grupie Schladminger Tauern, w Niskich Taurach. Leży w Austrii, w Styrii. Na szczyt można wejść z miejscowości St. Nikolai im Sölktal (1127 m), przez schronisko Kaltherberghütte (1608 m). Na zachód od szczytu leży Große Kesselspitze, a na północny zachód Spateck.

Bibliografia
 Peter Holl: Alpenvereinsführer Niedere Tauern, Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, München, (1983),  .

Szczyty Austrii
Szczyty grupy Schladminger Tauern
Niskie Taury


text:
Barbados competed at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China, from 22 to 30 August 2015.

Results
(q – qualified, NM – no mark, SB – season best)

Men
Track and road events

Women
Track and road events

Combined events – Heptathlon

References

Nations at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics
2015
World Championships in Athletics


text:
Androcentryzm (gr. aner – "mężczyzna") – stawianie pierwiastka męskiego w centrum uwagi.

Skoncentrowanie na mężczyźnie według feminizmu jest cechą kultury patriarchalnej, w której mężczyźni i ich zachowania pełnią rolę źródła norm i standardów, natomiast kobiety i ich doświadczenie stanowią jedynie odchylenie od tej normy. Androcentryczność kultury wynika z założenia, że kobiety i mężczyźni różnią się w jakiś zasadniczy sposób na poziomie intelektualnym, emocjonalnym i seksualnym, co jednak nie ma pokrycia w badaniach naukowych. Występowanie tych różnic uzasadnia się esencjalizmem biologicznym, czyli biologiczną ewolucją.

Zobacz też

 kultura gwałtu
 kobieta
 mężczyzna

Przypisy

Gender studies
Mężczyzna


text:
L est un important théâtre kabuki à Edo (plus tard, Tokyo), pendant la plus grande partie de l'époque d'Edo et jusqu'au dans le premier tiers du . Ouvert en 1634, il est dirigé par des membres de la famille Ichimura pendant les presque trois siècles qui suivent jusqu'à sa disparition dans un incendie en 1932.

Histoire

Le théâtre, qui sera plus tard connu sous le nom Ichimura-za, est créé sous le nom Murayama-za par Murayama Matasaburō I en . Après avoir été détruit par un incendie en 1641 et reconstruit, le théâtre, à présent dirigé par Murata Kuroemon, gendre de Murayama, avec l'aide d'Ichimura Uzaemon III, est renommé Ichimura-za en 1643. Uzaemon devient le directeur officiel du théâtre en 1652 à la mort de Kuroemon.

L'Ichimura-za est détruit par le feu et reconstruit de nombreuses fois au fil des ans, en particulier durant le fameux « incendie Furisode » ou grand incendie de Meireki en 1657. Ichimura Uzaemon III se retire pour devenir prêtre en 1664, laissant Ichimura Takenojō I âgé de dix ans pour successeur (zamoto) du théâtre alors renommé Ichimura-Takenojō-za pendant environ une dizaine d'années.

En 1670, le Shogunat Tokugawa limite officiellement à quatre le nombre de théâtres agréés dans la ville. L'Ichimura-Takenojō-za est autorisé ainsi que le Nakamura-za, le Morita-za et le Yamamura-za.

L'Ichimura-za sera témoin de nombreuses premières et d'importants événements historiques pour le genre kabuki. En  a lieu la toute première représentation d'une scène sayaate, ou « compétition d'amants rivaux ». Les Batailles de Coxinga, le chef-d'œuvre de Chikamatsu Monzaemon, première pièce dérivée d'une pièce bunraku représentée à Edo, est donnée en première simultanément en 1717 au Ichimura-za et dans deux autres théâtres autorisés. Sugawara Denju Tenarai Kagami, qui reste aujourd'hui parmi les trois plus célèbres et populaires pièces kabuki, fait ses débuts au Ichimura-za en 1747.

De 1784 à 1788 et de nouveau de 1793 à 1798, l'Ichimura-za est contraint de fermer ses portes en raison de difficultés financières et cède temporairement sa licence au Kiri-za. Cet épisode, relativement courant dans le monde de kabuki, est partagé par tous les théâtres licenciés au moins une fois et dans certains cas à plusieurs reprises. L'Ichimura-za est contraint de déclarer faillite et de refermer ses portes de 1815 à 1821, période au cours de laquelle sa licence se négocie à plusieurs reprises, tandis que d'autres théâtres font aussi faillite. Il rouvre finalement sous la direction d'Ichimura Uzaemon XII.

Après que le théâtre est détruit de nouveau par un incendie en 1841 et interdit par le gouvernement de reconstruction sur son emplacement dans le voisinage de Sakai-chō, l'Ichimura-za est reconstruit et rouvre dans le quartier Saruwaka-chō d'Asakusa.

En 1871, Ichimura Uzaemon XIV, aux prises avec les dettes du théâtre, renonce à son poste de zamoto et transmet la direction de l'établissement à Fukichi Mohei qui renomme le théâtre Murayama-za une fois de plus et nomme son fils âgé de 10 ans, Murayama matasaburo, zamoto officel. Le théâtre va changer de direction et de noms deux autres fois, en Miyamoto-za en 1874 et Satsuma-za en 1875, avant d'être de nouveau détruit par un incendie et de rouvrir en 1878 une fois encore sous le nom Ichimura-za. Le théâtre, qui n'est plus contrôlé par la famille Ichimura cependant, est à présent dirigé par Ichikawa Benzō et Nakamura Zenshirō.

En 1908, le théâtre est acheté par l'entrepreneur Tamura Nariyoshi, ce qui marque le début d'un bref âge d'or pour l'établissement. Onoe Kikugorō VI et Nakamura Kichiemon I, vedettes des productions du Ichimura-za, sont extrêmement populaires et pendant dix ans contribuent au grand succès du Ichimura-za.

Un incendie détruit le théâtre pour la dernière fois le . Il n'est pas reconstruit.

Zamoto
Ces dates correspondent aux années pendant lesquelles les acteurs ont servi comme zamoto, c'est-à-dire directeurs du théâtre

Murayama Matasaburō I (1634–1641)
 Murata Kuroemon (1641–1652)
 Ichimura Uzaemon III (1652–1664)
 Ichimura Takenojō I (1664–1679)
 Ichimura Uzaemon V (1679-?)
 Ichimura Uzaemon IX (?-1785)
 Ichimura Uzaemon X (1785–1799)
 Ichimura Uzaemon XII (1821–1851)
 Ichimura Uzaemon XIII (1851-1868?)
 Ichimura Uzaemon XIV (1868–1871)
 Murayama Matasaburō II (1871–1874)
 Miyamoto Kisaburō (1874)
 Satsuma Kichiemon (1875–1876)
 Ichikawa Benzō et Nakamura Zenshirō (1878-1908?)

Notes et références

Source de la traduction

Salle de théâtre à Tokyo
Bâtiment détruit de Tokyo
Édifice construit en 1634
Entreprise disparue en 1932


text:
Gorguts ist eine Death-Metal-Band aus Québec, Kanada.

Bandgeschichte
Die Band wurde 1989 gegründet. Durch ihr einziges Demomaterial …And Then Comes Lividity erhielt sie einen Plattenvertrag bei Roadrunner Records. Nach dem zweiten Album und der Trennung von Roadrunner Records löste sich Gorguts auf. 1998 kehrte der Sänger Luc Lemay mit einer neuen Besetzung zurück. Es wurden zwei weitere Alben aufgenommen und über Olympic Records veröffentlicht. Nach dem Suizid des Schlagzeugers Steve MacDonald löste sich die Band erneut auf. Einige der ehemaligen Mitglieder gründeten eine neue Band mit dem Namen Negativa, welche sich nach einer viel beachteten EP wieder auflöste. Seit Dezember 2008 sind Gorguts wieder aktiv, 2013 erschien das Album Colored Sands.

Diskografie
 1990: …And Then Comes Lividity (Demo)
 1991: Considered Dead
 1993: The Erosion of Sanity
 1998: Obscura
 2001: From Wisdom to Hate
 2003: …And Then Comes Lividity / Demo Anthology (Wiederveröffentlichung/Best-of)
 2006: Live in Rotterdam (Live)
 2013: Colored Sands
 2016: Pleiades' Dust (EP)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Death-Metal-Band
Kanadische Band


text:
Plectorhinchus polytaenia és una espècie de peix de la família dels hemúlids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

Morfologia
Els mascles poden assolir els 50 cm de longitud total.

Distribució geogràfica
Es troba a la costa oest de l'Índia, i des de les Filipines i Indonèsia fins a Papua Nova Guinea i el nord d'Austràlia.

Referències

Bibliografia
 Bleeker, P. 1852. Derde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Celebes. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3: 739-782.

 McKay, R.J., 1984. Haemulidae. A W. Fischer i G. Bianchi (editors) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Vol. 2. FAO, Roma. pag. var.

polytaenia


text:
Jonathan Ward (* 21. September 1768 in Eastchester, Provinz New York; † 28. September 1842 ebenda) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1815 und 1817 vertrat er den Bundesstaat New York im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Jonathan Ward wuchs während der britischen Kolonialzeit auf und erhielt eine begrenzte Schulbildung. 1791 war er als Assessor in Eastchester tätig. Zwischen 1802 und 1806 war er Sheriff in Westchester County. Danach saß er 1807 im Senat von New York. Zwei Jahre später war er Mitglied im Council of Appointment. Politisch gehörte er der von Thomas Jefferson gegründeten Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei an. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1814 wurde Ward im dritten Wahlbezirk von New York in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1815 die Nachfolge von Peter Denoyelles antrat. Da er auf eine erneute Kandidatur im Jahr 1816 verzichtete, schied er nach dem 3. März 1817 aus dem Kongress aus. Danach nahm er 1821 an der verfassunggebenden Versammlung von New York teil. Zwischen 1828 und 1840 war er Vormundschafts- und Nachlassrichter (surrogate) in Westchester County. Er starb am 28. September 1842 in Eastchester.

Literatur
 Franklin Benjamin Hough: The New York civil list, Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858, S. 70, 147 und 419.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für New York
Mitglied des Senats von New York
Mitglied der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei
Richter (New York)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1768
Gestorben 1842
Mann
Mitglied einer Verfassunggebenden Versammlung


text:
Faisal Colony () is a neighborhood in the Karachi Central district of the metropolitan city of Karachi, Pakistan. It was previously administered as part of New Karachi Town, which was disbanded in 2011.

There are several ethnic groups in Faisal Colony including Muhajirs, Sindhis, Punjabis, Kashmiris, Seraikis, Pakhtuns, Balochis, Memons, Bohras,  Ismailis, etc. Over 99% of the population is Muslim. The population of New Karachi Town is estimated to be nearly one million.

References

External links
 Karachi Website

Neighbourhoods of Karachi
New Karachi Town


text:
Agatón (Palermo, Sicilia, c. 577-Roma, 10 de enero de 681) fue el papa n.º 79 de la Iglesia católica desde 678 hasta su muerte. Es venerado como santo tanto por la Iglesia católica como por la ortodoxa y es el patrón de Palermo, su ciudad natal. No se sabe mucho de su vida antes de su papado.

Biografía

Tras la muerte de su padre, repartió su herencia entre los pobres e ingresó como lego en el monasterio benedictino de San Hermes de Palermo, no tomando las órdenes sacerdotales hasta el 677, cuando contaba con cien años de edad.

Al año siguiente, el 27 de junio, es elegido papa.

Su corto pontificado destaca por la convocatoria del Sexto Concilio Ecuménico, celebrado en Constantinopla entre el 680 y el 681, y que bajo la presidencia del emperador bizantino Constantino IV condenó el monotelismo y el monoenergismo.

Asimismo consiguió que Constantino IV aboliera el impuesto de tres mil escudos que, desde Justiniano I, los papas estaban obligados a pagar para ver su elección confirmada por el emperador.

Falleció el 10 de enero de 681 y es venerado como santo tanto por la Iglesia católica como por la Iglesia ortodoxa.Se le considera el pontífice más anciano de la historia, pues se especula que muriese con más de 100 años.

Se le considera un Papa importantísimo en la historia de la Iglesia Católica debido a su carta enviada al concilio de Constantinopla III en la que afirma que la Iglesia Romana nunca había errado gracias a la protección divina. "..la verdadera confesión de la misma por la cual Pedro fue declarado bendito por el Señor de todas las cosas, fue revelada por el Padre del cielo , porque recibió del mismo Redentor de todos, por tres encomiendas, el deber de apacentar las ovejas espirituales de la Iglesia ; bajo cuyo escudo protector, esta Iglesia Apostólica suya nunca se ha desviado del camino de la verdad en ninguna dirección del error(hec apostolica ejus ecclesia nunquam a via Veritatis in qualibet erroris parte deslexa est), cuya autoridad, como la del Príncipe de todos los Apóstoles, toda la Iglesia Católica (omnis catholica... ecclesia), y los Sínodos Ecuménicos han abrazado fielmente , y seguido en todas las cosas; y todos los venerables Padres han abrazado su doctrina Apostólica, por la cual han resplandecido como las lumbreras más aprobadas de la Iglesia de Cristo; y los santos doctores ortodoxos la han venerado y seguido, mientras que los herejes la han perseguido con falsas incriminaciones y con odio despectivo."

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Papas del siglo VII
Papas santos
Santos benedictinos
Santos de la Iglesia ortodoxa
Papas de Grecia
Centenarios de Italia
Santos católicos de Italia del siglo VII
Nacidos en Palermo
Fallecidos en Roma
Papas benedictinos


text:
Althaea cannabina, commonly called palm-leaf marshmallow or hemp-leaved hollyhock, is a perennial herb belonging to the genus Althaea of the family Malvaceae. The leaves resemble those of hemp (Cannabis sativa), hence the specific epithet cannabina ("hemp-like").

Description
Althaea cannabina reaches on average  of height. The stem is erect,  cylindrical, pubescent and very branched. Lower leaves are petiolate, hairy and almost completely subdivided in three-five segments, linear or linear-lanceolate, toothed or lobed, up to  wide and  long. The upper leaves are simply lobed and toothed. The flowers are solitary or in clusters and grow in the axils of the leaves, on long pedicels up to  or on long peduncles up to . They are usually pink or reddish-purple and heart-shaped,  wide and  long, with purple-red stamens. The flowering period extends from July through September.

Gallery

Distribution
Althaea cannabina grows wild in central and southern Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin, from Portugal, north Africa and east to Turkey - except Balearic Islands, Corsica, Crete and Chipre - up to central Asia.

Habitat
These plants grow at an altitude of  above sea level. They prefer coastal thickets, forest edges, meadows, weedy places, roads, wasteland, pastures and parks, especially with rocky and calcareous soils.

References

External links

 Biolib

Malveae
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


text:
Фрайнберг () — коммуна () в Австрии, в федеральной земле Верхняя Австрия.

Входит в состав округа Шердинг.  . Официальный код  —  41410.

Население

Политическая ситуация
Бургомистр коммуны — Антон Прецль (АНП) по результатам выборов 2003 года.

Совет представителей коммуны () состоит из 19 мест.

 АНП занимает 10 мест.
 СДПА занимает 7 мест.
 АПС занимает 2 места.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Официальная страница

Общины Верхней Австрии


text:
Каменка () — село в Менском районе Черниговской области Украины. Население 154 человека. Занимает площадь 0,56 км².

Код КОАТУУ: 7423085502. Почтовый индекс: 15620. Телефонный код: +380 4644.

Власть
Орган местного самоуправления — Лениновский сельский совет. Почтовый адрес: 15620, Черниговская обл., Менский р-н, с. Сахновка, ул. Шевченко, 5.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Менского района


text:
Aliabad-e Sistaniha (, also Romanized as ʿAlīābād-e Sīstānīhā) is a village in Soltanali Rural District, in the Central District of Gonbad-e Qabus County, Golestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 389, in 91 families.

References

Populated places in Gonbad-e Kavus County


text:
People Toys is a 1974 American slasher film directed by Sean MacGregor and an uncredited David Sheldon and starring Sorrell Booke, Gene Evans, Shelley Morrison, and Leif Garrett, along with Garrett's real-life sister, Dawn Lyn and their mother, Carolyn Stellar. The film follows a group of four sociopathic, homicidal children who, accompanied by a mysterious nun, seek refuge with a number of snobbish vacationers at a lakeside chalet, only to systematically murder them one by one.

The film was re-released theatrically in 1976 under the alternate titles Devil Times Five and The Horrible House on the Hill in both the United States and the United Kingdom, as well as Tantrums in the United Kingdom on home video.

Plot
On a snowy mountain pass in Lake Arrowhead, California, a van transporting children from a psychiatric hospital crashes, apparently killing most of its passengers, aside from a young nun, Sister Hannah, and four of the children: Susan, Moe, David, and Brian. The children and Sister Hannah travel on foot, seeking shelter. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Julie and her boyfriend Rick embark to Lake Arrowhead to visit her father, Papa Doc, a real estate tycoon, at his lakeside chalet.

Julie and Rick arrive at the chalet, along with Papa Doc's conniving business associate, Harvey Beckman and his wife, Ruth; Julie witnesses Papa Doc's new young wife, Lovely, attempting to seduce the mentally-disabled house servant, Ralph, and sparks a fight. Meanwhile, the four children break into the wine cellar at Papa Doc's chalet. Back at the crashed van, the children's physician, Dr. Brown, regains consciousness and begins frantically searching for the children. He tracks them to the wine cellar, where the children murder him with Sister Hannah's assistance. They bury his corpse in the snow.

In the morning, the children surprise the residents of the chalet and Papa Doc agrees to let them stay for one night. In conversation, David tells Harvey that he and the others were on their way to make a film in Hollywood when their van crashed. After dinner that night, David and Brian sneak into Ralph's cabin and disengage the generator. When Ralph goes to inspect it, he is caught in a booby trap that strangles him to death.

The next day, Rick finds Ralph's corpse hanging from a noose in front of the generator. Papa Doc assumes Ralph committed suicide, but Rick suspects the children. He subsequently discovers that Papa Doc's car has been tampered with and that the guns and knives in the house have gone missing; he fears the children are out to do them harm. David, who is adorning himself in makeup and a dress, overhears Rick vocalizing his suspicions. Shortly after, David hacks Harvey to death with an ax while he chops wood outside.

Sister Hannah drowns Lovely in a bathtub, while Moe sets Papa Doc's pet piranhas loose in the bathwater to devour her. When Papa Doc witnesses the children dragging Lovely's body through the snow, he chases after them to Ralph's cabin, where he is killed with a knife in another rigged booby trap. Armed with the stolen guns, the children return to the chalet, first attacking Ruth, who begs Susan to let them go; the children douse Ruth in gasoline before Susan throws a lit match onto her, burning her alive. Rick and Julie flee, attempting to escape on a boat, but David forces them back to the chalet at gunpoint and the two barricade themselves in a second floor bedroom.

In the morning, David uses a ladder to reach the bedroom window and impales Julie through the neck with a pole that he forces through the glass, killing her. Rick, now alone and desperate, witnesses the children gleefully throwing snowballs at Papa Doc's corpse. This sparks rage in Rick and he decides to confront the children outside, only to be caught in an animal trap. Sister Hannah slashes Rick's throat with a knife, killing him. With all the adults dead, the children drag their corpses into Ralph's cabin and seat them around a table, playing with them as though they are dolls. After a brief time, Susan and Brian declare that it is time to move on. Moe expresses that she wants to continue playing, to which Sister Hannah responds that they will find new "toys" to play with.

The film ends with the words "The Beginning".

Cast

Production
People Toys was filmed in Lake Arrowhead and Big Bear Lake, California between February and April 1973. The production was notably tense between director Sean McGregor and producer Michael Blowitz, with Blowitz recalling that at one point, McGregor punched Blowitz in the face, to which Blowitz responded by throwing McGregor through a plate glass window.

Actor Tierre Turner recalled that, for himself and the other child actors, the shoot was "like a vacation...we were having a great time". One moment that stood out was in filming the piranha scene, when one of the fish turned out still to be alive and bit the adult actor on the leg.

Release
The film was released theatrically in the United States by Cinemation Industries. According to the American Film Institute, no contemporary reviews confirm that the film was released under its original title, People Toys, though a 1974 edition of the film journal Screenworld reported the film to be due for a June 1974 release. However, contemporaneous newspaper showtime listings in the Austin American-Statesman indicate the film premiered in Austin, Texas under the title People Toys on May 17, 1974, and in Abilene, Texas on May 24, 1974. It subsequently screened under this title in Akron, Ohio on May 30, 1974.

In 1976, Seymour Borde & Associates purchased international distribution rights to the film, re-releasing it under the alternate title Devil Times Five. It was also released under another alternate title, The Horrible House on the Hill, for which an undated film poster was produced by Cinemation.

Critical response
Cavett Binion of AllMovie described the film as "a seldom-seen but thoroughly satisfying horror sleeper with a sardonic sense of morality, taking great delight in knocking off [Gene] Evans' circle of decadent snobs in graphic and innovative ways."

Home video
The film was released on VHS by Media Home Entertainment. It was later re-released by Video Treasures.

Code Red DVD released the film on DVD on November 21, 2006, and Blu-ray in 2016. On February 9, 2021, Kino Lorber reissued the Blu-ray in conjunction with Code Red.

References

Sources

External links

1974 films
1974 horror films
American slasher films
Films about nuns
Films set in country houses
Films shot in Big Bear Lake, California
1970s slasher films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
Films about children


text:
Biografia
Prestò servizio come guardia e autista presso i centri di sterminio di Sonnenstein e di Bernburg nel 1940-1941 con il grado di SS-Unterscharführer. Nel 1942, Schmidt fu trasferito al campo di sterminio di Treblinka insieme ad altri specialisti della gasazione dove fu responsabile della sala macchine che alimentava i gas di scarico delle camere a gas.

Dopo la chiusura del campo nel 1943 fu trasferito a Trieste sede della Zona d'operazioni del Litorale adriatico dove si stava allestendo il centro di sterminio della Risiera di San Sabba. Dopo la guerra fu arrestato dagli Alleati in Sassonia e interrogato.

Nel dicembre 1949 fu processato per i crimini contro l'umanità e condannato a 9 anni di carcere. Visse in Germania Ovest fino alla sua morte avvenuta nel 1982.

Il SS-Oberscharführer Heinrich Matthes, capo dell'area di sterminio al campo II e vice comandante del campo di sterminio di Treblinka testimoniò in seguito sul ruolo di Schmidt nell'uccisione degli ebrei.

Note

Voci correlate
 Max Möller, ordinanza al campo 2 Auffanglager a Treblinka


text:
Sielsowiet Hołynka (biał. Галынкаўскі сельсавет, ros. Голынковский сельсовет) – sielsowiet na Białorusi, w obwodzie mińskim, w rejonie kleckim, z siedzibą w Hołynce.

Miejscowości
 agromiasteczko:
 Hołynka
 wsie:
 Babicze
 Bobki
 Karack
 Moszuki
 Słoboda Mieżna
 Szajki
 Zwonka
 osiedle:
 Aziareczcza

Bibliografia

Rejon klecki
Hołynka


text:
The Ambassador is een Amerikaanse oorlogsfilm uit 1984 onder regie van J. Lee Thompson.

Verhaal

De Amerikaanse ambassadeur in Israël bemiddelt bij het conflict in het Midden-Oosten. Zijn pogingen worden echter verstoord, wanneer blijkt dat zijn vrouw een affaire heeft met een PLO-leider.

Rolverdeling

|-
|||Peter Hacker
|-
|||Alex Hacker
|-
|||Frank Stevenson
|-
|||Mustapha Hashimi
|-
|||Minister Eretz
|-
|||Rachel
|-
|||Tova
|-
|||Abe
|-
|||Assad
|-
|||Ze'ev
|-
|||Shimon
|-
|||Stone
|-
|||Asher
|-
|||Lenny
|-
|||Gadi
|}

Externe link

Film uit 1984
Amerikaanse film
Oorlogsfilm
Film van J. Lee Thompson


text:
Count Lajos Széchényi de Sárvár-Felsővidék (; 28 March 1868 – 14 April 1919) was a Hungarian diplomat of Austria-Hungary serving as envoy to Bulgaria and the Netherlands during World War I.

Life
Born in Gyönk on 28 March 1868 into a prominent Hungarian noble family. His older brother Bertalan (1866–1943) was a politician who served in the Hungarian House of Magnates and his uncle Imre (1825–1898) served as Ambassador to Germany from 1878 to 1892.

Count Széchényi entered the Austro-Hungarian foreign service in 1892 and served subsequently in Brussels, Washington D.C., Rome, St. Petersburg and London.

In 1909, Count Széchényi was selected to lead the diplomatic agency in Cairo with the title of Consul-General and remained in charge until the outbreak of war in 1914 when it was dissolved. During World War I, he entered military service and served in Serbia.

In November 1916, Count Széchényi was appointed Minister of the Dual Monarchy at Sofia to succeed Count Tarnowski who had been appointed Ambassador to the United States. However, he was transferred to The Hague already in January the following year to make place in Sofia for Count Otto von Czernin, the younger brother of the Imperial Foreign Minister Count Ottokar von Czernin, and remained there until the end of the war, being accredited also to Luxembourg.

After having lost much of his estates after the war, Count Széchényi died at Kaltenleutgeben on 14 April 1919 at the early age of 51.

Notes

References

External links
 'Széchenyi Lajos, gróf', Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon

1868 births
1919 deaths
Austro-Hungarian diplomats of World War I
Austro-Hungarian diplomats
Austrian diplomats
Hungarian diplomats
Hungarian nobility
Lajos, Szechenyi


text:
es un pueblo en la prefectura de Toyama, Japón, localizado en la parte centro-oeste de la isla de Honshū, en la región de Chūbu. El  tenía una población estimada de  habitantes y una densidad de población de  personas por km².

Geografía
Nyūzen se encuentra en el noreste de la prefectura de Toyama, en el centro de un abanico aluvial, con el mar de Japón al norte y el río Kurobe al oeste. El pueblo es famoso por sus enormes sandías, así como por sus tulipanes que se convirtieron en la flor oficial del municipio en 1983.

Historia
El área del actual Nyūzen era parte de la antigua provincia de Etchū. El área fue organizada como parte del distrito de Shimoniikawa, Toyama, después de la restauración Meiji. El pueblo de Nyūzen fue creado por la fusión de siete aldeas en el distrito de Shimoniikawa el 1 de octubre de 1953.

Demografía
Según los datos del censo japonés, la población de Nyūzen se ha mantenido estable en los últimos 50 años.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Toyama


text:
In materials science, segregation is the enrichment of atoms, ions, or molecules at a microscopic region in a materials system. While the terms segregation and adsorption are essentially synonymous, in practice, segregation is often used to describe the partitioning of molecular constituents to defects from solid solutions, whereas adsorption is generally used to describe such partitioning from liquids and gases to surfaces. The molecular-level segregation discussed in this article is distinct from other types of materials phenomena that are often called segregation, such as particle segregation in granular materials, and phase separation or precipitation, wherein molecules are segregated in to macroscopic regions of different compositions. Segregation has many practical consequences, ranging from the formation of soap bubbles, to microstructural engineering in materials science, to the stabilization of colloidal suspensions.

Segregation can occur in various materials classes. In polycrystalline solids, segregation occurs at defects, such as dislocations, grain boundaries, stacking faults, or the interface between two phases. In liquid solutions, chemical gradients exist near second phases and surfaces due to combinations of chemical and electrical effects.

Segregation which occurs in well-equilibrated systems due to the instrinsic chemical properties of the system is termed equilibrium segregation. Segregation that occurs due to the processing history of the sample (but that would disappear at long times) is termed non-equilibrium segregation.

History
Equilibrium segregation is associated with the lattice disorder at interfaces, where there are sites of energy different from those within the lattice at which the solute atoms can deposit themselves. The equilibrium segregation is so termed because the solute atoms segregate themselves to the interface or surface in accordance with the statistics of thermodynamics in order to minimize the overall free energy of the system. This sort of partitioning of solute atoms between the grain boundary and the lattice was predicted by McLean in 1957.

Non-equilibrium segregation, first theorized by Westbrook in 1964, occurs as a result of solutes coupling to vacancies which are moving to grain boundary sources or sinks during quenching or application of stress. It can also occur as a result of solute pile-up at a moving interface.

There are two main features of non-equilibrium segregation, by which it is most easily distinguished from equilibrium segregation. In the non-equilibrium effect, the magnitude of the segregation increases with increasing temperature and the alloy can be homogenized without further quenching because its lowest energy state corresponds to a uniform solute distribution. In contrast, the equilibrium segregated state, by definition, is the lowest energy state in a system that exhibits equilibrium segregation, and the extent of the segregation effect decreases with increasing temperature. The details of non-equilibrium segregation are not going to be discussed here, but can be found in the review by Harries and Marwick.

Importance
Segregation of a solute to surfaces and grain boundaries in a solid produces a section of material with a discrete composition and its own set of properties that can have important (and often deleterious) effects on the overall properties of the material. These 'zones' with an increased concentration of solute can be thought of as the cement between the bricks of a building. The structural integrity of the building depends not only on the material properties of the brick, but also greatly on the properties of the long lines of mortar in between.

Segregation to grain boundaries, for example, can lead to grain boundary fracture as a result of temper brittleness, creep embrittlement, stress relief cracking of weldments, hydrogen embrittlement, environmentally assisted fatigue, grain boundary corrosion, and some kinds of intergranular stress corrosion cracking. A very interesting and important field of study of impurity segregation processes involves AES of grain boundaries of materials. This technique includes tensile fracturing of special specimens directly inside the UHV chamber of the Auger Electron Spectrometer that was developed by Ilyin.
Segregation to grain boundaries can also affect their respective migration rates, and so affects sinterability, as well as the grain boundary diffusivity (although sometimes these effects can be used advantageously).

Segregation to free surfaces also has important consequences involving the purity of metallurgical samples. Because of the favorable segregation of some impurities to the surface of the material, a very small concentration of impurity in the bulk of the sample can lead to a very significant coverage of the impurity on a cleaved surface of the sample. In applications where an ultra-pure surface is needed (for example, in some nanotechnology applications), the segregation of impurities to surfaces requires a much higher purity of bulk material than would be needed if segregation effects did not exist. The following figure illustrates this concept with two cases in which the total fraction of impurity atoms is 0.25 (25 impurity atoms in 100 total). In the representation on the left, these impurities are equally distributed throughout the sample, and so the fractional surface coverage of impurity atoms is also approximately 0.25. In the representation to the right, however, the same number of impurity atoms are shown segregated on the surface, so that an observation of the surface composition would yield a much higher impurity fraction (in this case, about 0.69). In fact, in this example, were impurities to completely segregate to the surface, an impurity fraction of just 0.36 could completely cover the surface of the material. In an application where surface interactions are important, this result could be disastrous.

While the intergranular failure problems noted above are sometimes severe, they are rarely the cause of major service failures (in structural steels, for example), as suitable safety margins are included in the designs. Perhaps the greater concern is that with the development of new technologies and materials with new and more extensive mechanical property requirements, and with the increasing impurity contents as a result of the increased recycling of materials, we may see intergranular failure in materials and situations not seen currently. Thus, a greater understanding of all of the mechanisms surrounding segregation might lead to being able to control these effects in the future. Modeling potentials, experimental work, and related theories are still being developed to explain these segregation mechanisms for increasingly complex systems.

Theories of Segregation
Several theories describe the equilibrium segregation activity in materials. The adsorption theories for the solid-solid interface and the solid-vacuum surface are direct analogues of theories well known in the field of gas adsorption on the free surfaces of solids.

Langmuir–McLean theory for surface and grain boundary segregation in binary systems
This is the earliest theory specifically for grain boundaries, in which McLean uses a model of P solute atoms distributed at random amongst N lattice sites and p solute atoms distributed at random amongst n independent grain boundary sites. The total free energy due to the solute atoms is then:

where E and e are energies of the solute atom in the lattice and in the grain boundary, respectively and the kln term represents the configurational entropy of the arrangement of the solute atoms in the bulk and grain boundary. McLean used basic statistical mechanics to find the fractional monolayer of segregant, , at which the system energy was minimized (at the equilibrium state), differentiating G with respect to p, noting that the sum of p and P is constant. Here the grain boundary analogue of Langmuir adsorption at free surfaces becomes:

Here,  is the fraction of the grain boundary monolayer available for segregated atoms at saturation,  is the actual fraction covered with segregant,  is the bulk solute molar fraction, and  is the free energy of segregation per mole of solute.

Values of  were estimated by McLean using the elastic strain energy, , released by the segregation of solute atoms. The solute atom is represented by an elastic sphere fitted into a spherical hole in an elastic matrix continuum. The elastic energy associated with the solute atom is given by:

where  is the solute bulk modulus,  is the matrix shear modulus, and  and  are the atomic radii of the matrix and impurity atoms, respectively. This method gives values correct to within a factor of two (as compared with experimental data for grain boundary segregation), but a greater accuracy is obtained using the method of Seah and Hondros, described in the following section.

Free energy of grain boundary segregation in binary systems
Using truncated BET theory (the gas adsorption theory developed by Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller), Seah and Hondros write the solid-state analogue as:

where

 is the solid solubility, which is known for many elements (and can be found in metallurgical handbooks). In the dilute limit, a slightly soluble substance has , so the above equation reduces to that found with the Langmuir-McLean theory. This equation is only valid for . If there is an excess of solute such that a second phase appears, the solute content is limited to  and the equation becomes

This theory for grain boundary segregation, derived from truncated BET theory, provides excellent agreement with experimental data obtained by Auger electron spectroscopy and other techniques.

More complex systems
Other models exist to model more complex binary systems. The above theories operate on the assumption that the segregated atoms are non-interacting. If, in a binary system, adjacent adsorbate atoms are allowed an interaction energy , such that they can attract (when  is negative) or repel (when  is positive) each other, the solid-state analogue of the Fowler adsorption theory is developed as

When  is zero, this theory reduces to that of Langmuir and McLean. However, as  becomes more negative, the segregation shows progressively sharper rises as the temperature falls until eventually the rise in segregation is discontinuous at a certain temperature, as shown in the following figure.

Guttman, in 1975, extended the Fowler theory to allow for interactions between two co-segregating species in multicomponent systems. This modification is vital to explaining the segregation behavior that results in the intergranular failures of engineering materials. More complex theories are detailed in the work by Guttmann and McLean and Guttmann.

The free energy of surface segregation in binary systems
The Langmuir–McLean equation for segregation, when using the regular solution model for a binary system, is valid for surface segregation (although sometimes the equation will be written replacing  with ). The free energy of surface segregation is . The enthalpy is given by

where  and  are matrix surface energies without and with solute,  is their heat of mixing, Z and  are the coordination numbers in the matrix and at the surface, and  is the coordination number for surface atoms to the layer below. The last term in this equation is the elastic strain energy , given above, and is governed by the mismatch between the solute and the matrix atoms. For solid metals, the surface energies scale with the melting points. The surface segregation enrichment ratio increases when the solute atom size is larger than the matrix atom size and when the melting point of the solute is lower than that of the matrix.

A chemisorbed gaseous species on the surface can also have an effect on the surface composition of a binary alloy. In the presence of a coverage of a chemisorbed species theta, it is proposed that the Langmuir-McLean model is valid with the free energy of surface segregation given by , where

 and  are the chemisorption energies of the gas on solute A and matrix B and  is the fractional coverage. At high temperatures, evaporation from the surface can take place, causing a deviation from the McLean equation. At lower temperatures, both grain boundary and surface segregation can be limited by the diffusion of atoms from the bulk to the surface or interface.

Kinetics of segregation
In some situations where segregation is important, the segregant atoms do not have sufficient time to reach their equilibrium level as defined by the above adsorption theories. The kinetics of segregation become a limiting factor and must be analyzed as well. Most existing models of segregation kinetics follow the McLean approach. In the model for equilibrium monolayer segregation, the solute atoms are assumed to segregate to a grain boundary from two infinite half-crystals or to a surface from one infinite half-crystal. The diffusion in the crystals is described by Fick's laws. The ratio of the solute concentration in the grain boundary to that in the adjacent atomic layer of the bulk is given by an enrichment ratio, . Most models assume  to be a constant, but in practice this is only true for dilute systems with low segregation levels. In this dilute limit, if  is one monolayer,  is given as .

The kinetics of segregation can be described by the following equation:

where  for grain boundaries and 1 for the free surface,  is the boundary content at time ,  is the solute bulk diffusivity,  is related to the atomic sizes of the solute and the matrix,  and , respectively, by . For short times, this equation is approximated by:

In practice,  is not a constant but generally falls as segregation proceeds due to saturation. If  starts high and falls rapidly as the segregation saturates, the above equation is valid until the point of saturation.

In metal castings
All metal castings experience segregation to some extent, and a distinction is made between macrosegregation and microsegregation. Microsegregation refers to localized differences in composition between dendrite arms, and can be significantly reduced by a homogenizing heat treatment. This is possible because the distances involved (typically on the order of 10 to 100 μm) are sufficiently small for diffusion to be a significant mechanism. This is not the case in macrosegregation. Therefore, macrosegregation in metal castings cannot be remedied or removed using heat treatment.

Further reading

See also

 Adsorption
 Absorption (chemistry)
 BET theory
 Freundlich equation
 Langmuir equation
 Reactions on surfaces
 Wetting
Henry adsorption constant

References

Materials science
Surface science


text:
The Council of Friends was an organization described by Joseph Smith in early 19th-century Mormon theology. He viewed the organisation as being part of a world government which would guide and direct the Kingdom of God (Zion) on earth during the end times as a theodemocracy.

Vision
Smith envisioned this council as serving in an advisory capacity to both the Priesthood authorities of his church and a Council of Fifty. This group of three organizations was expected to rule as a world government just prior to the Millennium. As advisers, the Council of Friends would serve as the base of the governing body, but possessed no real political power. Although claims to priesthood authority preceded the official organization of Smith's church in 1830, and a Council of Fifty was organized on March 11, 1844, no Council of Friends was ever organized by Smith.

Mormon fundamentalism

The concept of a Council of Friends or Priesthood Council is central to the Mormon fundamentalist theology developed by Lorin C. Woolley and others in the late 1920s, wherein it was said to consist of seven "High Priest Apostles" holding higher authority than the Quorum of the Twelve of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Early fundamentalists believed that the council had been restored in secret by Joseph Smith before the LDS Church itself, and dated back to the time of Adam. Various Mormon fundamentalist leaders were said to have been members of the Council at one time. When fully organized, Woolley taught that the Council would function as the presidency of a larger, seventy-one member Sanhedrin.

The authority of the Council of Friends pertained to the Priesthood and not to the church, early Mormon fundamentalists. Most members of the original members of the Council of Friends had been excommunicated from the LDS Church. They felt that its existence gave them the right to continue solemnizing plural marriages even after LDS Church President Wilford Woodruff's 1890 Manifesto discountenancing the practice.

See also
 Anointed Quorum

References

Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
Defunct Latter Day Saint organizations
History of the Latter Day Saint movement
Latter Day Saint hierarchy
Latter Day Saint terms
Mormonism and politics


text:
James Annesley (1715 - ) est un Irlandais qui prétend au titre de comte d'Anglesey, l'un des domaines les plus riches d'Irlande. Le différend entre Annesley et son oncle Richard Annesley est tristement célèbre en son temps, mais son histoire est peut-être mieux connue aujourd'hui comme une possible inspiration pour le roman du  Kidnappé de Robert Louis Stevenson et d'autres œuvres .

Biographie
Annesley serait né le 15 avril 1715 à Dunmaine, dans le comté de Wexford, d'Arthur Annesley,  baron Altham (1689-14 novembre 1727), un pair anglo-irlandais, et sa femme Mary Sheffield (1692-octobre 1729), fille du  duc de Buckingham et de Normanby (1648-1721) . Après que la famille ait déménagé à Dublin, Mary, Lady Altham est expulsée de la maison, apparemment pour infidélité, et James, rejeté par Lord Altham, son père, est laissé à courir dans les rues. Puis, vers l'âge de 12 ans en 1728, peu après la mort de son père, le jeune Annesley est kidnappé et envoyé dans une plantation du Delaware, où il est vendu en servitude sous contrat  sur les ordres de son oncle, Richard Annesley . En retirant James de la ligne de succession, Richard peut revendiquer le titre et les terres du comté d'Anglesey .

En 1740, après environ 12 ans de travail comme serviteur sous contrat, James s'échappe de la plantation (sa troisième tentative) et se rend par voie terrestre à Philadelphie où il prend le passage sur un navire marchand à Port Royal en Jamaïque . Là, le 11 août 1740, les dossiers indiquent qu'il s'engage avec la Royal Navy sous le commandement de l'amiral Vernon en tant qu'aspirant de marine sur le HMS Falmouth . Les comptes rendus de journaux contemporains indiquent qu'il est identifié par un ancien « camarade de classe, chez le père duquel il a logé » comme étant James Annesley . Il sert tout au long de la campagne contre Carthagène, en Colombie, mais ne participe à aucune action . Il est libéré en octobre 1741 .

En 1741, James retourne en Angleterre, puis en Écosse où il tue accidentellement un homme lors d'une excursion de chasse. Richard, de facto Lord Altham, utilise cette mort pour tenter de faire pendre James pour meurtre, mais échoue en raison d'un témoignage de dernière minute selon lequel l'événement est un accident. Richard ne paie pas son avocat dans cette tentative de poursuite réussie, et cet échec conduit à un témoignage dans l'affaire suivante dans laquelle des précédents majeurs sont établis concernant la relation avocat/client moderne. Finalement, James retourne en Irlande où il revendique son droit d'aînesse au moyen de la célèbre affaire Annesley v Anglesea, avec l'aide de l'avocat écossais Daniel Mackercher.

La défense juridique de Richard tout au long du procès très médiatisé est que James n'est pas le fils légitime de Lady Mary Sheffield, la baronne Altham, mais le fils illégitime de Joan "Juggy" Landy, qui, selon James, n'est que sa nourrice. Le verdict final est en faveur de James et ses biens lui sont restitués, mais il n'obtient pas ses titres avant de mourir à l'âge de 44 ans . Son oncle Richard est décédé environ un an plus tard . James Annesley est enterré dans le Old Churchyard de St Margaret's, Lee à Londres dans une tombe anonyme .

Certains documents indiquent que le 14 septembre 1751, à Bidborough, Kent, James Annesley a épousé Margaret L'Anson, et ils ont eu un fils et une fille . Cependant, ce fils est décédé en 1764 à l'âge de 7 ans environ, et la fille est décédée en mai 1765 à l'âge de 12 ans environ. D'autres documents indiquent qu'il a épousé la fille d'un M. Chester et a trois enfants - deux filles et un fils ; le fils James Annesley est décédé en novembre 1763 et une fille aînée qui épouse Charles Wheeler .

Historiographie
L'affaire Annesley suscite un énorme intérêt à la fois à Dublin et à Londres. Des rapports de procès abrégés sont publiés dans des quotidiens et des périodiques, tels que le Gentleman's Magazine, et 15 comptes rendus distincts du procès sont imprimés .

Des récits fictifs circulent dans la littérature pendant et peu après les événements. Le roman d'Eliza Haywood , Memoirs of an Unfortunate Young Nobleman (1743) est publié avant le grand procès et raconte un réçit extrêmement inexact de la vie de James dans les colonies américaines. Dans le roman de Tobias Smollett , Peregrine Pickle (1751), Smollett dit qu'il est le second chirurgien de la Royal Navy à l'époque du mandat de James Annesley. Il est dit que l'histoire de James Annesley a inspiré Sir Walter Scott dans l'écriture de Guy Mannering (1815), bien que l'auteur n'ait jamais prétendu cela directement. On prétend que Kidnapped de Robert Louis Stevenson est inspiré par les événements de la vie de James Annesley. En 2014, David Marlett publie un roman historique basé sur la vie de James Annesley, Fortunate Son: A Novel of the Greatest Trial in Irish History .

Il y a un certain nombre d'ouvrages de non-fiction sur le sujet, dont The Wandering Heir (1872) de Charles Reade .

En 2010, A. Roger Ekirch publie Birthright : The True Story That Inspired Kidnapped, une biographie de James Annesley . Ekirch écrit que, tandis que les historiens ont longtemps rejeté de nombreux détails de l'histoire d'Annesley comme de la fiction, il a trouvé une mine de documents juridiques qui montrent que l'histoire telle qu'elle est traditionnellement racontée est pour la plupart vraie. Le livre d'Ekirch est le premier sur l'affaire depuis qu'Andrew Lang a publié The Annesley Case en 1912 . l'écrivaine érudite Johnsonienne Lillian de la Torre a mené des recherches approfondies sur des documents inédits en Irlande au début des années 1960, mais son long livre projeté est encore en manuscrit au moment de sa mort . Elle a cependant publié un certain nombre d'articles dans des revues savantes sur des aspects de la vie d'Annesley .

Kidnappé
A. Roger Ekirch et d'autres ont soutenu  que le roman Kidnapped de Robert Louis Stevenson est inspiré de l'histoire de James Annesley. Ils soulignent des similitudes telles qu'un oncle kidnappe un héritier orphelin de père et légitime à un jeune âge et l'envoie dans les colonies, et l'héritier revient ensuite et réclame son droit d'aînesse à l'oncle méchant.

Cependant, il n'y a aucune preuve directe de ce lien car Stevenson n'a laissé aucune déclaration sur ses sources pour Kidnapped. L'épouse de Stevenson, Fanny Stevenson, écrit qu'une inspiration pour Kidnapped est le procès de James Stewart, un récit contemporain du meurtre d'Appin, concernant le meurtre de Colin Roy Campbell  mais cela n'exclut pas qu'il y ait eu plus d'une influence sur Kidnapped.

Références

Sources

 A. Roger Ekirch (2010). Birthright : L'histoire vraie qui a inspiré l'enlèvement . WW Norton.

Liens externes

Décès en janvier 1760
Naissance en 1715


text:
Consort Place, formerly known as Alpha Square, is a mixed-use development approved for the Isle of Dogs, London, just south of the financial district Canary Wharf.

Original plans for the development were withdrawn by the developer in 2015 following a recommendation to refuse the scheme by Tower Hamlets Development Committee. Revised plans were submitted in 2015 which were rejected by Tower Hamlets Council in February 2016. The then Mayor of London Boris Johnson called in the scheme in early 2016 which gave him the authority to reject or allow the proposals. It was approved on 27 April 2016.

The development includes three towers, 634 homes, a hotel, school and health centre. The main private residential building is called Aspen.

Gallery

See also
List of tallest buildings and structures in London

References

Canary Wharf buildings
Proposed skyscrapers in London
Millwall
Proposed skyscrapers in England
Proposed skyscrapers in the United Kingdom


text:
Kupfergraben may refer to:

 Am Kupfergraben, a street in Berlin-Mitte, Germany
 Kupfergraben (Spree), a section of the Spreekanal in Berlin-Mitte, Germany