text:
George E. Waring Jr. (July 4, 1833 – October 29, 1898) was an American sanitary engineer and civic reformer.  He was an early American designer and advocate of sewer systems that keep domestic sewage separate from storm runoff.

Early life
Waring was born in Pound Ridge, New York, the son of George E. Waring Sr., a wealthy stove manufacturer.  Trained in agricultural chemistry, he began to lecture on agricultural science.  In 1855, he took charge of Horace Greeley's farm at Chappaqua, New York.

Career

Draining Central Park

In 1857, Waring was appointed agricultural and drainage engineer for the construction of New York City's Central Park. This effort was considered to be the largest drainage project of its time. Prior to this time, much of the area of the proposed park was a wetland. He designed and supervised construction of the drainage system that created the scenic lakes and ponds of the park. An enthusiastic equestrian, he and his horse "Vixen" would often use the park's construction as jumping obstacles.

Civil War Service
At the beginning of the American Civil War, Waring resigned from the Central Park project to accept a military commission as major. He departed New York in the early summer, and drilled for a month in Washington DC, occasionally meeting President Lincoln as he reviewed the troops. Waring departed Washington DC on July 4, 1862, and fought at Battle of Blackburn's Ford. He then joined John C. Frémont and headed to St. Louis, where he commanded the Fremont Hussars. His beloved mare Vixen died on campaign in November 1862, near Jefferson City.

Waring acquired a new charger, Ruby, a chestnut described as "a picture of the most abject misery; his hind legs drawn under him; the immense muscles of his hips lying flabby, like a cart-horse's; his head hanging to the level of his knees, and his under-lip drooping; his eyes half shut, and his long ears falling out sidewise like a sleepy mule's." Despite appearances, Ruby was an uncommonly good jumper.

He raised six companies of cavalry for the Union side in the State of Missouri. These units were eventually consolidated as the 4th Missouri Cavalry under Waring, who was promoted to the rank of colonel in January 1862.  He commanded this regiment throughout the war, principally in the Southwest.

Ogden Farm
During the 18th century, Newport, Rhode Island's wealthy merchants developed country agricultural estates in the outlying towns. Following the Civil War, with a romanticizing of rural, country and farm life by Andrew Jackson Downing and others, estate farms for the Newport summer colony became widespread. Some of these were "model" farms based upon the latest agricultural practice, engineering and technology. Ogden Farm is such a model farm, named after Edward Ogden of New York City and Newport (1808–1872), whose summer house was on Narragansett Avenue. After Edward Ogden's death, the property became known as the Ogden Farm.  In 1867 Colonel Waring settled there to manage the farm.  At Ogden Farm, he introduced Jersey cattle into the United States and founded the American Jersey Cattle Club. Waring is known to have laid clay drainage pipe there for field improvement, some of which is still extant. Waring devoted himself to agriculture, cattle breeding and drainage until 1877, when drainage and sanitary engineering became his major preoccupation.

In 1876 William Smith patented a jet siphon water closet, an innovation that caught the attention of Waring, who developed the design for larger pieces of sanitary ware (toilets). In 1881, William Paul Gerhard, another historically important sanitary engineer became Waring's chief assistant.

Memphis sewer system

Memphis, Tennessee had suffered several severe cholera epidemics (1849, 1866, 1873) and yellow fever (1867, 1873, 1878 and 1879), with over 5,000 fatalities in 1878 alone. Sanitary conditions in the city were poor, with many domestic wells close by privies and drained by a fetid bayou. Many buildings had standing water underneath because of the poorly-draining clay soil. Civic leaders recognized the need for better drainage and a sewer system that would keep domestic waste away from the wells, although they were wrong in their belief that yellow fever was spread by inadequate sanitation practices. It was, in fact, spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which breeds in stagnant water. The financially strapped city and the state legislature were unable to raise sufficient funds for construction of a conventional combined sewer system, due to the mass exodus of residents for fear of yellow fever. The situation in Memphis aroused the sympathy of the nation and was largely responsible for the creation of the National Board of Health, a predecessor to the United States Public Health Service. The Board sent Waring to Memphis, where he designed what he thought was a system Memphis could afford. Waring's design called for the separation of sewage waste from storm water runoff, an innovation that reduced the size of the pipes required to carry septic sewage. Until this time, this idea had not been used in the United States on a large scale. Memphis constructed a separated sewer system according to Waring's plans, and its era of epidemics came to an end.

New York City
In 1895, Waring was brought to New York City, where sanitary conditions had become intolerable. Horses were leaving an estimated 2.5 million pounds of manure and 60,000 gallons of urine on the streets every day. Horse carcasses rotted in the streets. Garbage piles reached a foot or two deep, cleared only haphazardly by "ragtag army of the unemployed."

Waring began by securing a law requiring horses and carts to be stabled overnight, instead of being left on the street. He established a Street Cleaning Department, a white-uniformed corps of workers wearing pith helmets and pushing wheeled carts tasked with cleaning up city streets . Waring's men cleared a shin-deep accumulation of waste across the city. Horse carcasses were removed from the streets and sold for glue; horse manure was sold for fertilizer. Other refuse was sent to dumps along the waterfront. Waring's crew even removed snow, packing it into trucks and dumping it into the rivers.

The success of Waring's efforts was quick, dramatic and much appreciated by New York citizens. A parade was held for the sanitation works in 1896.

Cuba
Based on his reputation as one of the most distinguished Americans in the field of sanitary engineering, at the close of the Spanish–American War in 1898 President William McKinley appointed Waring to make a study of the sanitary situation in Cuba. He had previously (1887) designed a sewer system for Santiago, Cuba.

Personal life
Waring was married three times: first in 1855 to Euphemia Johnston Blunt; second in 1865 to Virginia Clark; and third on July 20, 1898, to Louise Yates of New Orleans.

Soon after his third marriage, while in Cuba Waring contracted yellow fever and died shortly after returning to New York City on October 29, 1898. His body was cremated and the ashes were placed in an urn, and buried in the family plot in Stamford, Connecticut.

Legacy
An avenue in the North Bronx near Pelham Parkway was named in his honor, Waring Avenue. Memphis has a street named for Waring (Waring Road) running from Walnut Grove Road north to Macon Road at Wells Station Road, going through the Berclair neighborhood.

Waring's publications

Jersey cattle, being an essay on this breed. Judd, New York, 1872.
Wedding at Ogden Farm, in Scribners Monthly Illustrated Magazine. May 1876 – October 1876, Scribner and Company, New York, 1876.
The Handy-Book of Husbandry: A Guide for Farmers, Young and Old. in Scribners Monthly Illustrated Magazine. E.B. Treat & Co., New York.
Waring's Book of the Farm; Being a Revised Edition of the Handy-Book of Husbandry. A Guide for Farmers. Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, 1877.
A Farmer's Vacation, in Reprinted (with additions) from Scribner's Monthly Illustrated Magazine. James R. Osgood & Company, Boston, MA. 1876.
The Sanitary Condition of City and Country Dwelling Houses. - Sanitation, Household - 1877 - 145 pages.
Draining for Profit and Draining for Health.
Whip and Spur.- Boston, Ticknor and Company - 1892 - 245 pages.
Modern Methods of Sewage Disposal.  D. Van Nostrand Co., NY. 1894.
How to drain a house, practical information for householders. D. Van Nostrand Company, New York.
Street-cleaning and the Disposal of a City's Wastes. Doubleday and McClure Co., NY 1897, 230 pp.

References

External links

1833 births
1898 deaths
Deaths from yellow fever
History of Memphis, Tennessee
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
People from Pound Ridge, New York
People from Chappaqua, New York
Engineers from New York (state)
Recycling in New York City


text:
The Progressive Friends, also known as the Congregational Friends and the Friends of Human Progress, was a loose-knit group of dissidents who left the Hicksite branch of the Society of Friends (Quakers) in the mid-nineteenth century. The separation was caused by the determination of some Quakers to participate in the social reform movements of the day despite efforts by leading Quaker bodies to dissuade them from mixing with non-Quakers. These reformers were drawn especially to organizations that opposed slavery, but also to those that campaigned for women's rights. The new organizations were structured according to congregationalist polity, a type of organization that gives a large degree of autonomy to local congregations. They were organized on a local and regional basis without the presence of a national organization.  They did not see themselves as creators of a new religious sect but of a reform movement that was open to people of all religious beliefs.

Background

Quaker structure
The Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers, were structured primarily by Yearly, Quarterly, Monthly and Preparative meetings. Those names indicated not only the frequency of their gatherings, but also the geographical span of their authority. A preparative meeting involved a single congregation, while a yearly meeting covered a wide area. Genesee Yearly Meeting, for example, included about twenty-five Quarterly and Monthly meetings in central and western New York, Michigan and Ontario, Canada.

Divisive issues

In the 1840s, two intertwined issues increasingly created divisions within the Hicksite branch of the Quakers.  One issue was its hierarchical structure, which placed local bodies under the authority of higher-level bodies and gave meetings of ministers and elders the authority to discipline members. The other issue was the question of whether Quakers should be allowed to join organizations that were leading the campaign against slavery. Quakers condemned slavery but discouraged members from mixing with non-Quakers where possible, and that included broad-based anti-slavery organizations.

An additional issue was the status of women. Quaker men and women met separately, and some of the decisions of the women's meetings required approval by the men's meetings. In 1837, a proposal originating with the Junius Monthly Meeting in western New York asked Genesee Yearly meeting to eliminate this subordination and place the men's and women's meetings on equal footing. Their proposal was adopted by the Genesee Yearly Meeting but not by Yearly Meetings in other areas of the country.

Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends (Waterloo, NY)

In 1843, Michigan Quarterly Meeting, a part of Genesee Yearly Meeting, eliminated its separate meetings of ministers and elders, thereby placing all its members on equal footing. This action was opposed by important forces in Genesee Yearly Meeting. The issue festered until 1847 when a committee from Genesee Yearly Meeting told the Michigan Meeting that Genesee Yearly Meeting would no longer recognize them if they did not restore their meeting of ministers and elders.  Michigan Quarterly Meeting did not do so.  At the June 1848 gathering of Genesee Yearly Meeting at the Farmington Meeting House about 20 miles southeast of Rochester, New York, the clerk repeatedly refused to read the report from Michigan Quarterly Meeting.  Two days of heated debate followed over the propriety of this refusal.  When it became clear that Genesee Yearly Meeting was severing ties with Michigan Quarterly Meeting, about 200 members walked out in protest and began planning a new Yearly Meeting.

Convening at Farmington on October 6, 1848, they called themselves the Congregational Friends and adopted a document called "The Basis of Religious Association," authored by Thomas M'Clintock, the organization's leading figure.
It stated that there would be no hierarchy of meetings, as each local group would make its own decisions.  There would be no ministers, and no member would be subordinate to another. Men and women would meet together, not separately. Members would not be bound by creed or doctrine. The organization would focus not on theology but on practical goodness.  The document said, "The true basis of religious fellowship is not identity of theological belief but unity of heart and oneness of purpose in respect to the great practical duties of life."

The organization was not restricted to Quakers. According to historian Christopher Densmore, Congregational Friends, "provided a platform for reformers who were otherwise Quakers, Unitarians, Spiritualists and Free Thinkers."  The call to its meeting in 1854 envisioned "… an assembly in which Christians, Jews, Mahammedans, and Pagans, men and women of all names and no name, may mingle the sympathies and feelings of a common nature, and labor together for the promotion of human welfare." The call implicitly included the native Haudenosaunee people, who followed their own traditional religious practices and who were working with local Quakers to prevent their forcible removal from that area to lands farther west.

The organization met at the Junius Meetinghouse near Waterloo, New York annually into the 1880s. It soon changed its name to the Progressive Friends, and in 1854 changed it again to Friends of Human Progress to make it clear that it was not a religious sect. Participants included such nationally known social reformers as Frederick Douglass, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Charles Lenox Remond, Samuel May, Amy and Isaac Post, and Gerritt Smith.

Similar organizations were formed afterward in Michigan, Green Plain, Ohio; North Collins, New York, Chester County, Pennsylvania and several other places. "The Basis of Religious Association" was adopted by several of these organizations.

The June 1848 separation that led to the formation of the Congregational Friends played an important role in initiating the first women's rights convention, held a month later in Seneca Falls, New York, four miles east of Waterloo.  Four of the five women who organized that convention were part of the new group of progressive Quakers.  Thomas M'Clintock, the primary author of its "Basis of Religious Association," presided over the second evening session of the convention.
At least twenty-three of the one hundred signers of the convention's Declaration of Sentiments were from the Congregational Friends, nineteen of them from the Junius meeting near Waterloo.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a key organizer of the Seneca Falls convention who later became a national leader of the women's rights movement, spoke on women's rights at the founding meeting of the Congregational Friends.  By the 1850s, she had become an active member. She later said, "The Quaker meeting-house at Junius, N.Y., was at one time the great centre and rallying point for all those interested in reforms of the day in both church and state."
Susan B. Anthony, who later became the national leader the women's suffrage movement, served as clerk of the organization in 1857.

Frederick Douglass, a leading abolitionist who was formerly enslaved, attended several meetings as well, including those in June 1861 and 1866, when Friends of Human Progress discussed how to react to the outbreak of the Civil War and its aftermath. According to the National Anti-Slavery Standard, Douglass spoke with "unrivaled eloquence" at the latter meeting in favor of a resolution for the enfranchisement  of Black men and also one that said the "grand and fundamental idea" of equality and justice "will not have been practically carried out till woman, equally with man, shall have secured to her the power to cast her ballot."

The organization asserted that people had the same capabilities regardless of sex or race, declaring in 1853 that "every member of the human family, without regard to color or sex, possess potentially the same faculties and powers, capable of like cultivation and development and consequently has the same rights, interests and destiny."
According to historian Nancy A. Hewitt, members of this organization "may have been unique among their contemporaries, including other activists and other Quakers, in extending this belief in human equality across the color line."

Pennsylvania Yearly Meeting of Progressive Friends (Longwood, PA)

Tension developed within the Pennsylvania Yearly Meeting as early as 1845 when members of the Marlborough Meeting House opposed efforts by their supervisory bodies to prevent members from joining with non-Quakers in anti-slavery organizations.  In 1848, after news had spread about the separation in western New York and the formation there and elsewhere of the Congregational Friends, a dispute erupted in the Green Street Meeting over the practice of holding separate meetings for men and women and also of giving special weight to the opinions of ministers and elders.  After a formal separation in the Pennsylvania Yearly Meeting in 1852, the Pennsylvania Yearly Meeting of Progressive Friends was organized on May 22, 1853, at the Kennett Meeting House.  Later known as the Friends of Human Progress, the organization met annually at the Longwood Meeting House near Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, a western suburb of Philadelphia.

The new organization announced its principles in an "Exposition of Sentiments" that said, among other things, "We interrogate no man as to his theological belief; we send no Committees to pry into the motives of those who may desire to share the benefits of our Association; but open the door to all who recognize the Equal Brotherhood of the Human Family, without regard to sex, color or condition". Participants included such nationally known figures as Lucretia Mott, William Lloyd Garrison and Harriet Jacobs.  Its annual meetings in the early years lasted for three or four days and involved hundreds of people attending lectures and picnics.  Contrary to traditional Quaker practice, these meetings included concerts and congregational singing. The organization also held missionary meetings throughout the region, with speakers, professional singers, and the distribution of reform tracts.

Eusebius Barnard, Isaac Mendenhall, and other members of the congregation were active in the Underground Railroad and assisted hundreds of fugitive slaves to escape to freedom in Canada or the northern states. The most effective of these station masters, Thomas Garrett, helped more than 2,500 African Americans escape from slavery. In June 1862, a delegation from the organization met with President Abraham Lincoln and asked him to declare an immediate end to slavery.

The organization slowly declined.  By its fiftieth anniversary in 1903, its annual meetings had been reduced in length to two days, and its Proceedings, published annually, contained far fewer pages than before.  The group disbanded in 1940.  Its building, the Longwood Meeting House, still stands at the edge of the Longwood Gardens.  This organization was the largest of the Progressive Friends groups, and it lasted the longest.

Spiritualist connections

The Collins Annual Meeting of the Friends of Human Progress in North Collins, New York, southwest of Buffalo, met annually from 1848 until after 1945.  It soon developed a strong orientation toward spiritualism, the belief that communication is possible with the spirits of the dead.
According historian Ann Braude, "In 1883, they incorporated in order to rebuild their meeting place, Hemlock Hall, which was ultimately replaced by Lily Dale, a spiritualist summer meeting ground that still flourishes today."
Similar spiritualist groups appeared in the Midwest with names like the Yearly Meeting of Progressive Friends and Spiritualists, the Quarterly Meeting of the Progressive Spiritualists, and the Friends of Progressive Spiritualists, Little is known about these organizations, and it isn't clear how much their activities reflected the original reform goals of the Progressive Friends movement.

List of organizations

Congregational Friends meetings were established in at least these locations:
Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends, Waterloo, New York
North Collins (New York) Yearly Meeting
Green Plain Annual Meeting of Friends who have adopted the Congregational Order, Ohio
Michigan Yearly Meeting of Friends of Human Progress
Ohio Yearly Meeting of Progressive Friends held at Salem, Ohio
Meeting of Progressive Friends in Eden, Iowa
Meeting of Progressive Friends held in Wayne, Ohio
Wabash Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends (Indiana)
Pennsylvania Yearly Meeting of Progressive Friends
Indiana Yearly Meeting of Progressive Friends

The historian who compiled this list in 1920 said that some of the listed local groups might not have been independent but instead were associated with one of the listed yearly meetings.

Legacy

After the end of the American Civil War in 1865, Quaker congregations entered a period of steep decline as the younger generation abandoned Quaker dress, speech and discipline. This rejection of traditional practices undercut the authority of Quaker elders and ministers, resulting in restructurings along the lines envisioned earlier by the Progressive Friends.  According to historian Judith Wellman, "In effect, the Civil War led Hicksite Friends to espouse the core tenets of the Congregational/Progressive Friends who had left their meetings only two decades earlier."

The Progressive Friends movement also declined after the Civil War, but for a different reason. Opposition to slavery had been the most important purpose of most of these groups. As a result, most of them ceased to function after slavery had been abolished as an outcome of the war.  The few remaining groups declined in vigor as new organizations emerged as centers for reform activity, such as Anthony and Stanton's National Woman Suffrage Association.  By 1920, the existence of the Congregational/Progressive Friends movement had largely been forgotten, even by most Quaker historians. Ironically, by then the type of organization envisioned in the 1848 "Basis of Religious Association" had become routinely accepted by most Quakers.  This was especially true for the Friends General Conference, one of the two main branches of Quakerism after 1900.  Its first General Secretary, Henry Wilbur, was a long-time supporter of the Longwood Progressive Friends.

References

Bibliography
 Densmore, Christopher (1995) and Hugh Barbour, Sabron Reynolds Newton, Alson D. Van Wagner.  "After the Separation", in Quaker Crosscurrents: Three Hundred Years of Friends in the New York Yearly Meetings, edited by Hugh Barbour, Christopher Densmore, Elizabeth H. Moger, Nancy C. Sorel, Alson D. Van Wagner, and Arthur J. Worrall; Syracuse University Press.
 Densmore, Christopher (1995).  "Forty-Seven Years Before the Woman's Bible: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Congregational Friends," a talk delivered at the Woman's Bible Centennial Conference at Seneca Falls, NY, November 4, 1995.
 Densmore, Christopher (2004). "Be Ye Therefore Perfect: Anti-Slavery and the Origins of the Yearly Meeting of Progressive Friends in Chester County, Pennsylvania",Quaker History, vol 9, No 2, Fall 2004..
 Densmore, Christopher (2006).  "From the Hicksites to the Progressive Friends: The Rural Roots of Perfectionism and Social Reform among North American Friends".   Quaker Studies, Vol. 10, Issue 3, Article 7.
 Fager, Chuck (2014). Angels of Progress: A Documentary History of the Progressive Friends 1822-1940, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
 Hewitt, Nancy (1995) and Margaret Hope Bacon, Christopher Densmore, Thomas D. Hamm, Sabron Reynolds Newton, Katherine Sorel, Alson D. Van Wagner.  "Women's Rights and roles ", in Quaker Crosscurrents: Three Hundred Years of Friends in the New York Yearly Meetings, edited by Hugh Barbour, Christopher Densmore, Elizabeth H. Moger, Nancy C. Sorel, Alson D. Van Wagner, and Arthur J. Worrall; Syracuse University Press.
 Hewitt, Nancy A. (2001). Women's Activism and Social Change: Rochester, New York, 1822–1872. Lexington Books, Lanham, Maryland. .
 Hewitt, Nancy A. (2018). Radical Friend: Amy Kirby Post and Her Activist World. University of North Carolina Press. .
 Thomas, Allen C. (1920).  "Congregational or Progressive Friends, A Forgotten Episode in Quaker History", Bulletin of Friends' Historical Society, Vol 10, No. 1, November 1920.
 Wahl, Albert J. (1958). The Pennsylvania Yearly Meeting of Progressive Friends, Pennsylvania History, vol 25, no. 2, April 1958.
 Wellman, Judith, (2004) The Road to Seneca Falls: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Women's Rights Convention, University of Illinois Press.
 Wellman, Judith, (2017). 1816 Farmington Quaker Meetinghouse, Farmington, New York, Historic Structure Report", The 1816 Farmington Quaker Meetinghouse Museum.

External links
 Proceedings of the Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends, 1849-1861. The title of this collection says it includes proceedings through 1861, but digitized proceedings are present only through 1859.
 Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Yearly meeting of Progressive Friends, 1853–1940
 The text of the "Basis of Religious Association" in Quaker Writings: An Anthology, 1650-1920, edited by Thomas D. Hamm, 2011.  This text can also be found on pages 39–45 of the "Proceedings of the Yearly Meeting of Congregational Friends" for 1849 at the link provided at the top of this section.
 The text of the "Exposition of Sentiments"

Defunct progressive organizations in the United States
Quaker organizations established in the 19th century

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The International Center of Advanced Racing (Circuit ICAR) is a multi-track facility located on the former runways at Montréal–Mirabel International Airport, in Mirabel, Quebec, Canada north of Montreal. The facility features a 2.125-mile (3.4 km), 16-turn road course, a 0.4 mile oval, a quarter-mile (0.4 km) drag strip, two kart tracks, a driftpark and an offroad course.

The facility opened in May 2008 as a private motorsport country club, and was opened to the general public in 2009 with the opening of the ICAR Racing Academy, and a karting track designed by Formula One World Champion Jacques Villeneuve.

Circuit ICAR now hosts weekly drag racing events, lapping nights, car clubs and major Canadian race series including the Canadian Touring Car Championship and the NASCAR Pinty's Series.

Current series
 NASCAR Pinty's Series
 NASCAR Sportsman
 NASCAR Sport Compacte
 NASCAR Légendes Modifiées
 Canadian Touring Car Championship
 Canadian Supercar
 Sportsman ICAR Challenge
 Formula Tour 1600
 Pro-Cam
 Super Production Challenge
 Drift Mania Canadian Championship

Former series
Canadian Superbike Championship
IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge Canada

NASCAR Oval Track Record

NASCAR race winners

See also
 List of auto racing tracks in Canada
 Other Montreal area race tracks
 Circuit Gilles Villeneuve
 Circuit Mont-Tremblant
 Sanair Super Speedway

Footnotes

External links
Official Site
Circuit ICAR race results at Racing-Reference
ICAR Le Club
NASCAR Track Page

Road racing venues in Canada
Motorsport venues in Quebec
Motorsport in Canada
NASCAR tracks
Sports venues in Quebec
Montréal–Mirabel International Airport


text:
Pardosa oakleyi este o specie de păianjeni din genul Pardosa, familia Lycosidae, descrisă de Gravely în anul 1924. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Pardosa oakleyi nu are subspecii cunoscute.

Referințe

Pardosa


text:
101 лице фантастике је лексикон најзначајнијих писаца научне и епске фантастике који је написао Илија Бакић. Дело је објављено 2015. године у издању Агоре. Ово дело је штампано у едицији Поглед преко свега у којој се штампају целокупна дела писаца српске и светске литературе, као и антологијски увиди у књижевност.

О делу
101 лице фантастике је лексикон жанровских писаца. То су практично кратки огледи о делима више стотина писаца научне, али и епске фантастике натприродног, хорора или мрачне фантастике. Писци који су се ту нашли су они који су одавно заузели своје место у жанровској књижевности и литератури, али и аутори који последњих деценија одређују правце развоја ових жанрова.
Дело може да се исчитава и као низ огледа о писцима фантастике где је рационално, синтетички и аргументовано дат њихов рад, репрезентативна дела, као и ауторова интересовања и домете.

Како је настала књига
Књига представља компилацију текстова објављиваних у новосадском дневном листу Дневник, у рубрици посвећеној астрономији. Текстови су обједињени и допуњени током три деценије ауторовог искуства. Аутор Илија Бакић је 2003. године добио позив за учешће у приређивању нове тематске странице у Дневнику о великим писцима научне фантастике. Почев од 12. фебруара, сваке друге среде, читаоци су могли да читају кратке чланке о Великим писцима научне фантастике. Сем у новинама, текстови су објављивани и на сајту часописа Астрономија.
Током времена се појављују нова дела из пера нових писаца. Са сцене су сишли неки аутори, а попели се други. Понеки аутор је потонуо у заборав иако је за живота био прослављен. Писац је сам свестан пролазности, али савршених и свеобухватних књига о књигама нема нити их може бити.
Током стварања текстова коришћена је сва доступна литература, од Енциклопедије научне фантастике Зорана Живковића, у часописима и књигама до бројних инфорамациај на интернету које су сваким даном све бројније.

Одзив читалаца
Текстови о писцима научне фантастике имали су великог одјека код читалаца.

Референце

Спољашње везе
 Књига дана
Књиге 2015.
Епска фантастика


text:
Karaops est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Selenopidae.

Distribution
Les espèces de ce genre sont endémiques d'Australie.

Liste des espèces
Selon  :
 Karaops alanlongbottomi Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops badgeradda Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops banyjima Crews, 2013
 Karaops burbidgei Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops conilurus Crews, 2023
 Karaops dalmanyi Crews, 2023
 Karaops dawara Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops dejongi Crews, 2023
 Karaops deserticola Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops durrantorum Crews, 2023
 Karaops ellenae Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops feedtime Crews, 2013
 Karaops forteyi Crews, 2013
 Karaops francesae Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops gangarie Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops garyodwyeri Crews, 2023
 Karaops jaburrara Crews, 2013
 Karaops jarrit Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops jawayway Crews, 2023
 Karaops jenniferae Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops joehaeneri Crews, 2023
 Karaops julianneae Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops kariyarra Crews, 2013
 Karaops karrawarla Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops keithlongbottomi Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops kennerleyorum Crews, 2023
 Karaops kwartatuma Crews, 2023
 Karaops larapinta Crews, 2023
 Karaops larryoo Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops madhawundu Crews, 2023
 Karaops malumbu Crews, 2023
 Karaops manaayn Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops mareeba Crews, 2023
 Karaops markharveyi Crews, 2023
 Karaops marrayagong Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops martamarta Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops monteithi Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops morganoconnelli Crews, 2023
 Karaops mparntwe Crews, 2023
 Karaops ngarluma Crews, 2013
 Karaops ngarutjaranya Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops nitmiluk Crews, 2023
 Karaops nyamal Crews, 2013
 Karaops nyangumarta Crews, 2013
 Karaops nyiyaparli Crews, 2013
 Karaops pilkingtoni Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops raveni Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops strayamate Crews, 2023
 Karaops toolbrunup Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops umiida Crews, 2013
 Karaops vadlaadambara Crews & Harvey, 2011
 Karaops yumbu Crews, 2013
 Karaops yumbubaarnji Crews, 2023
 Karaops yurlburr Crews, 2013

Systématique et taxinomie
Ce genre a été décrit par Crews et Harvey en 2011 dans les Selenopidae.

Publication originale
 Crews & Harvey, 2011 : « The spider family Selenopidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Australasia and the Oriental region. » ZooKeys, ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Selenopidae
Genre d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique d'Australie


text:
The Bhojpuri Wikipedia (Bhojpuri: 𑂦𑂷𑂔𑂣𑂳𑂩𑂲 𑂥𑂱𑂍𑂱𑂣𑂲𑂙𑂱𑂨𑂰) is the Bhojpuri language version of Wikipedia, run by the Wikimedia Foundation. The site was launched on February 21, 2003. Bhojpuri is today written in the Devanagari script. Bhojpuri is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in northern-eastern India and the Terai region of Nepal. It is  It is chiefly spoken in western Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh.  The language is a minority language in Fiji, Guyana, Mauritius, South Africa, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.

Users and editors

References

Wikipedias by language
Wikipedia in India


text:
Victor Charles Hageman (* 5. Februar 1868 in Antwerpen; † 24. Oktober 1938 in Uccle/Ukkel) war ein belgischer Genre- und Porträtmaler.

Hageman studierte an der Koninklijke Academie voor Schone Kunsten van Antwerpen.

Einen wichtigen Teil seines Schaffens nahm das Leben der jüdischen Auswanderer aus Russland ein, die in Antwerpen ihre Seereise nach Amerika antraten. Er malte das Alltagsmilieu des Amsterdamer Hafens – Hafenarbeiter, Seeleute, Landstreicher, aber vor allem die Auswanderer, die er mit ergreifendem Realismus darstellte. Häufig beschäftigte er sich auch mit dem Thema "Mutter und Kind".

Er war ab 1891 Mitglied der "Als Ik Kan"-Gruppe. 1905 wurde er Gründungsmitglied des Vereins "Kunst van Heden" und stellte auch für diesen aus. 1913 ließ er sich in Uccle nieder. Ab 1904 nahm er an Kunstausstellungen teil, u. a. am Salon de L'Art contemporain in Antwerpen 1908, Kunstverbond 1918, Brüsseler Salon 1910, 1912 und 1913, an der Großen Kunstausstellung Düsseldorf 1911 und 1918, im Münchener Glaspalast 1913.

Literatur

 Patrick Berko, Viviane Berko: Dictionary of Belgian painters born between 1750 & 1875. Laconti, Brussel 1981.
 Hageman, Victor. In: Dictionnaire des peintres belges du 14. siècle a nos jours. Band 1: A–K. (balat.kikirpa.be Digitalisat).

Weblinks

 Victor Charles Hageman im Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique

Einzelnachweise

Maler (Belgien)
Genremaler
Porträtmaler
Belgier
Geboren 1868
Gestorben 1938
Mann