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Но́вись — деревня в Опольевском сельском поселении Кингисеппского района Ленинградской области.

История
Впервые упоминается в Писцовой книге Водской пятины 1500 года как сельцо Новая Весь в Егорьевском Ратчинском погосте Ямского уезда.

На карте Ингерманландии А. И. Бергенгейма, составленной по шведским материалам 1676 года, обозначена как деревня Uskyläby; на шведской «Генеральной карте провинции Ингерманландии» 1704 года — как деревня Uskÿla.

Как деревня Ускила, она обозначена на «Географическом чертеже Ижорской земли» Адриана Шонбека 1705 года.

Как деревня Новес, упоминается на карте Ингерманландии А. Ростовцева 1727 года.

Упоминается на карте Санкт-Петербургской губернии Я. Ф. Шмита 1770 года как деревня Навес.

На карте Санкт-Петербургской губернии Ф. Ф. Шуберта 1834 года обозначена деревня Новеси, состоящая из 21 крестьянского двора.

НОВЕСИ — деревня принадлежит графам Шуваловым, число жителей по ревизии: 55 м. п., 64 ж. п. (1838 год)

В пояснительном тексте к этнографической карте Санкт-Петербургской губернии П. И. Кёппена 1849 года она записана как деревня Uuskylä (Nowesi) (Новеси), и указано количество её жителей на 1848 год: ингерманландцев-савакотов — 7 м. п., 9 ж. п., всего 16 человек, русских — 72 человека

Деревня Новеси из 21 двора обозначена на карте профессора С. С. Куторги 1852 года.

НОВЕСИ — деревня графини Бобринской, по почтовой дороге, число дворов — 13, число душ — 36 м. п. (1856 год)

НОВЕСИ — деревня, число жителей по X-ой ревизии 1857 года: 33 м. п., 33 ж. п., всего 66 чел.

Согласно «Топографической карте частей Санкт-Петербургской и Выборгской губерний», в 1860 году деревня называлась Новеси и насчитывала 15 дворов.

НОВЕСИ — деревня владельческая при колодце, число дворов — 18, число жителей: 36 м. п., 39 ж. п. (1862 год)

НОВЕСИ — деревня, по земской переписи 1882 года: семей — 15, в них 34 м. п., 37 ж. п., всего 71 чел.

НОВЕСИ — деревня, число хозяйств по земской переписи 1899 года — 14, число жителей: 34 м. п., 39 ж. п., всего 73 чел.; разряд крестьян: бывшие владельческие; народность: русская — 58 чел., финская — 5 чел., смешанная — 10 чел.

В XIX — начале XX века деревня административно относилась к Ополицкой волости 1-го стана Ямбургского уезда Санкт-Петербургской губернии.

По данным 1933 года, деревня называлась Новесь и входила в состав Гурлевского сельсовета Кингисеппского района.

По данным 1966, 1973 и 1990 годов, деревня Новись находилась в составе Опольевского сельсовета Кингисеппского района.

В 1997 году в деревне Новись проживали 6 человек, в 2002 году — 4 человека (все русские), в 2007 году — 5.

География
Деревня расположена в восточной части района на автодороге  (Гурлёво — Кёрстово).

Расстояние до административного центра поселения — 8 км.

Расстояние до ближайшей железнодорожной станции Кёрстово — 12 км.

Через деревню протекает река Валья.

Демография

Улицы
Дачная, Радужная, Урожайная.

Примечания

Населённые пункты Кингисеппского района


text:
Кабельо () — имя собственное; распространено в виде фамилий.

Персоналии
 Кабельо, Альба Мария (род. 1986) — испанская синхронистка, серебряная призёрка Олимпийских игр 2008 года в группе.
 Кабельо, Диосдадо (род. 1963) — венесуэльский политик, председатель Национальной ассамблеи Венесуэлы.
 Кабельо, Камила (род. 1997) — американская певица кубинского происхождения.

Составные фамилии
 Бальбоа Кабельо, Мигель (1535—1608) — испанский священник и хронист, писатель золотого века испанской литературы.
 Кабельо Альмада, Мигель Анхель (род. 1965) — католический прелат, пятый епископ Консепсьона с 11 июля 2013 года.
 Кабельо де Карбонера, Мерседес (1849—1909) — перуанская писательница.
 См. также
 Пуэрто-Кабельо — город в Венесуэле, штат Карабобо.
 Епархия Пуэрто-Кабельо — епархия Римско-католической церкви с центром в городе Пуэрто-Кабельо, Венесуэла.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Enquatrovirus is a genus of bacteriophages in the order Caudovirales, in the family Podoviridae. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There is currently only one species in this genus: the type species Escherichia virus N4.

Escherichia virus N4 is the type species of this genus and was originally isolated from sewers in Genoa, Italy and infects Escherichia coli K-12. Recently, a number of genetically related phages were isolated, infecting Silicibacter and Sulfitobacter (DSS3ɸ2 and EE36ɸ1) as well as a number of Pseudomonas phages (LUZ7, LIT1 and PEV2)

Taxonomy
Group: dsDNA

Structure
The virus's virion have icosahedral (T=9) heads ~70 nm and short tails (10 nm), and contain short fibers originating from the junction between the head and tail. All the phages of this genus are strictly virulent and contain a linear dsDNA genome (with terminal repeats) in the range of 70-75kb.

Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by adsorption into the host cell. Dna templated transcription is the method of transcription. Bacteria serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are passive diffusion.

RNA polymerases
A remarkable feature of this clade of phages is the use of three distinct RNA polymerases during its infection cycle. A giant virion-encapsulated RNAP polymerase which is co-injected (early transcription), a heterodimeric phage RNA polymerase (middle region) and the host RNA polymerase (recognizes late promoters).

References

External links
 Viralzone: N4likevirus
 ICTV

Podoviridae
Virus genera


text:
Partners Again est un film muet américain réalisé par Henry King, sorti en 1926.

Synopsis

Abe Potash et Mawruss Perlmutter deviennent associés dans le commerce automobile, en prenant une franchise pour la « Schenckmann Six.» Abe se retrouve impliqué dans la commercialisation d'un nouveau moteur avec son neveu, et Abe et Mawruss se séparent. L'entreprise d'Abe est un échec cuisant, et il doit fuir devant les actionnaires en colère et la police. Mawruss n'abandonne cependant pas son vieil ami et arrange son passage au Canada par avion. Les spéculateurs sont finalement pris et Abe retourne aux États-Unis, la conscience tranquille, et retrouve son ami Mawruss.

Fiche technique
 Titre original : Partners Again
 Réalisation : Henry King
 Scénario : Frances Marion, d'après la pièce "Partners Again" de Jules Eckert Goodman et
 Photographie : Arthur Edeson
 Producteur : Samuel Goldwyn
 Société de production : Samuel Goldwyn Productions
 Société de distribution : United Artists
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue : anglais
 Format : Noir et blanc - 35 mm - 1,33:1 - Muet
 Genre : Comédie
 Durée :  (6 bobines)
 Dates de sortie :  :

Distribution
 George Sidney : Abe Potash
 Alexander Carr : Mawruss Perlmutter
 Betty Jewel : Hattie Potash
 Allan Forrest : Dan
 Robert Schable : Schenckmann
 Lillian Elliott : Rosie Potash
 Earl Metcalfe : l'aviateur
 Lew Brice : Pazinsky
 Gilbert Clayton : Sammett
 Anna Gilbert :  Sammett

À noter
 Alexander Carr avait déjà joué Morris Perlmutter dans Potash and Perlmutter, réalisé par Clarence G. Badger en 1923, Abe Potash étant joué par Barney Bernard
 Alexander Carr et George Sidney avaient déjà joué les mêmes rôles dans In Hollywood with Potash and Perlmutter, réalisé par Alfred E. Green en 1925

Liens externes

  Fiche du film sur le site Silent Era
  Critique du film parue dans le New York Times du 15 février 1926

Film américain sorti en 1926
Comédie américaine
Film réalisé par Henry King
Film en anglais
Film muet américain
Film américain en noir et blanc
Film distribué par United Artists


text:
Alundra 2: A New Legend Begins, en español Alundra 2: Comienza una nueva leyenda, es un videojuego de rol de acción desarrollado por Matrix software para la PlayStation de Sony. Ha sido publicado por Sony Computer Entertainment en Japón en 1999 y por Activision en Norteamérica y Europa en 2000. A diferencia de su predecesor, Alundra, Alundra 2 cuenta con un diseño 3D que se abre un nuevo mundo de los rompecabezas. Además, a pesar de su título, Alundra 2 no tiene vínculos con el original, lo que provocó una respuesta desfavorable por parte de muchos fanáticos del original juego. Tiene una historia completamente nueva con un conjunto diferente de personajes, incluyendo al personaje principal, Flint.

Jugabilidad
Alundra 2 es un videojuego de acción que tiene el entorno en el espacio tridimensional, el personaje puede moverse en todas direcciones, y la cámara puede ser manual girar 360 grados. El juego consiste en luchar contra los enemigos, interactuando con el carácter del ambiente, Se deben resolver numerosos puzles, y realizar mucha exploración. La historia se presenta a través de texto y voces.

El jugador controla a Flint, un joven espadachín y protagonista silencioso. Flint utiliza una espada para luchar contra los enemigos y lleva un escudo que da habilidad para la reducción de daño pasiva; versiones más fuertes de ambos se pueden obtener a través del juego. Flint también se puede aprender nuevas técnicas sucesivas de su espada, conocidos como combos, por los elementos de recolección llamada Las piezas del rompecabezas y el intercambio con el carácter Señor Jeehan. El juego también cuenta con objetos únicos, como un anillo mágico que otorga poderes especiales a Flint como las habilidades para flotar en un lugar o recorrer sobre lava perjudicial.

Historia
La historia de Alundra 2 se encuentra en el reino de Varuna. Mefisto, un poderoso hechicero está utilizando poderes mágicos para controlar a los humanos y convertir a los animales en máquinas estúpidas y violentas. Flint es un cazador de piratas buscado por traición a la patria, y se dedica a ello ya que fueron los piratas los que causaron la muerte de sus padres.

El juego comienza con Flint infiltrándose en una aeronave volaradora. En el interior, se encuentra que el barco está a cargo de los robots humanoides, hay teclas visibles que sobresalen de su espalda y su habla es ininteligible. También a bordo hay una familia de tres piratas: Zeppo, Albert, y Ruby. Flint escucha a escondidas en su conversación y se menciona que Mefisto puede crear "hombres mecánicos" a través de una tecnología que sólo él entiende. El Barón Díaz, desconfiado de Mefisto, le da las tareas a los piratas de tener un ojo sobre él.

Flint es descubierto y atacado por Zeppo. Los daños y perjuicios resultantes de batalla en el interior de la nave y hace que se bloquee. Flint cae en el mar y la lava en una orilla donde es encontrado por un vecino y llevado pulg Después de recuperarse, se encuentra con la Princesa Alexia y une fuerzas con ella. Alexia explica que su padre ha desaparecido y ella sabe que el barón Díaz utiliza a los piratas a deshacerse de él.

En su búsqueda de pruebas incriminatorias, Flint y Mephisto Alexia encuentro, la batalla con sus abominaciones mecánicos, e investigar la sospechosa "Iglesia de la clave". Ellos son finalmente detenidos por Mephisto y llevados por mar a Varuna. Flint se lanza al agua, pero él sobrevive y llega a la capital para hacer frente a Barón Díaz. El barón amenaza la vida de Alexia y Flint tareas con la recuperación de tres reliquias a cambio de su seguridad. Flint se le dice que contar con la ayuda de los tres piratas que había conocido antes: Zeppo, Albert, y Ruby. Le ayudará a entrar en las ruinas. Flint pasa por las ruinas y la lucha con sus antiguos guardianes para obtener las tres reliquias.

Flint vuelve a Barón Díaz y entrega de las reliquias, y el barón que utiliza para entrar en una torre en busca del tesoro perdido de Varuna. Mephisto sigue el interior de Baron y lee un mural en una pared. Él explica que hay un conjunto de instrucciones que aparecen en el mural y que sin embargo, otra reliquia se requiere antes de las instrucciones se puede completar. Flint se ordenó para recuperar una reliquia cuarto y se enfrente a través de más calabozos en busca de la reliquia. En el camino, se encuentra con un dragón de esclavos llamado Tirion. Flint lo libera y el dragón le lleve de vuelta a Varuna.

Después de Flint devuelve la reliquia final, se encuentra en el lugar y la maquinaria de la torre se ha activado. Mefisto revela que no hay un tesoro perdido de Varuna y que él había construido la torre hace dos mil años con el fin de calcular las coordenadas del centro neurálgico del planeta. Un mago llamado Lumiere, sin embargo, impidió la entrada de Mephisto mediante el sellado de la torre. Mephisto continuación, inserta una clave en el Barón, convirtiéndolo en un monstruo mecánico. Después de Flint derrota al monstruo, Barón Díaz vuelve a la normalidad. Fuera de la capital, Mephisto levanta la tecla *, un gigante con forma de llave estructura, fuera del mar. Su intención es utilizar su poder para mutar el planeta y tomar el control.

Tirion vuela Flint, Alexia, Zeppo, Albert, y Ruby con la tecla * para enfrentarse a Mephisto. Flint hace su camino a través de la mazmorra y se encuentra con que Zeppo ha sido capturado. Mephisto aparece y se inserta una llave en Zeppo, también lo convierte en un monstruo mecánico. Flint derrota al monstruo, Zeppo volver a su estado anterior, y luego se enfrenta a Mefisto en la batalla. Flint mata a Mefisto y la llave estrella colapsa en el mar. El grupo se escapa en la parte posterior de Tirion, Flint y compartir un abrazo Alexia, ya que volar.

Personajes
Flint: Su familia fue asesinada por un grupo de piratas, y los ha estado cazando desde entonces. También es un hombre buscado en el reino de Varuna.
Alexia: la Princesa de Varuna. Ella busca a su padre, el Rey de Varuna.
Señor Prunewell: El viejo criado de Alexia, aparece cerca del comienzo del juego. Tiene espías que están viendo Flint para él.
Zeppo: El líder de la familia pirata. Marido de Mileena.
Rubí: Hija de Zeppo. Muy mandona y de mal genio. La hija de Mileena.
Albert: Hijo de Zeppo. Silencioso y tranquilo. El hijo de Mileena.
Mephisto: El capitán del tornillo de la magia. Sus tornillos, cuando está conectado a un organismo vivo, que se conviertan en máquinas de matar.
Barón Díaz: Se ha tomado el trono después de la desaparición del Rey de Varuna, se colaboraba secretamente con Mephisto. Desesperadamente quiere casarse con la princesa Alexia.
Nunugi: Asistente / guardaespaldas de Barón Díaz.
Miyagi: El hermano de Nunugi, se puede ver en el final.
Natasha: buenas intenciones del Barón hija.
Mileena: La reina pirata, y también la madre de Rubí y Alberto. Tiene un contrato con Mefistófeles.
Belgar: asistente de Mileena / guardaespaldas. El padre de Flint.
Rey Varuna: La regla de Varuna del Reino Unido que es secuestrado y reemplazado por un muñeco de madera. Alexia se desplaza la tierra en busca de él.

Recepción

El juego recibió una puntuación media de 70,12% , basado en un total de 25 comentarios, con lo que fue mucho menos exitoso que su predecesor.

IGN le dio a Alundra 2 una puntuación de 7.7 de 10. Después de elogiar a su predecesor Alundra como "uno de los mejores juegos de acción/rol de la PlayStation" y su historia como "una de las historias más oscuras de cualquier juego de rol que existe", el crítico declaró que Alundra 2 "simplemente no se acumula" y eso, "a pesar de que la escritura fue excepcional, no compensó el hecho de que el juego tenía una historia realmente afrutada". Sin embargo, declaró que le gustaban los "rompecabezas del juego y estaba muy impresionado con el trabajo de localización hecho por Activision", pero que "el juego fue muy perjudicado por sus menores de controles precisos, molesto por posible batallas difíciles", "la música es aburrida, y la gráfica tiene problemas técnicos". Concluyó que "pretenden que esto no tiene nada que ver con el Alundra original o Zelda, y probablemente disfrutarán de este juego sin problemas. Definitivamente es uno de los cinco mejores juegos de acción/rol de la PlayStation".

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Videojuegos para PlayStation
Videojuegos de rol de acción
Videojuegos de Activision
Videojuegos de Sony Interactive Entertainment
Videojuegos de 1999
Videojuegos desarrollados en Japón


text:
Michael Kilgarriff, né le  à Brighton, est un acteur britannique. Il est connu pour sa voix ample, grâce à laquelle il enregistra beaucoup pour la radio et sa haute taille (plus de deux mètres).

Il a joué de nombreux personnages masqués pour la série Doctor Who entre 1967 et 1985, comme celui du Cyber Controller dans « The Tomb of the Cybermen » (1967) ainsi que dans « Attack of the Cybermen » (1985) et celui d'un Ogron dans « Frontier in Space » en 1973.

Liens externes

Naissance à Brighton
Acteur anglais
Acteur anglais de doublage
Acteur anglais de télévision
Acteur britannique de doublage
Naissance en juin 1937


text:
Christopher Creveling (born December 29, 1986) is an American short track speed skater who represented the United States at the 2014 Winter Olympics.  Growing up, his family owned a roller rink and was highly involved in the sport of roller skating.  Creveling followed in the footsteps of his older siblings, learning to skate as soon as he could walk.  He was selected for the 2003 United States' Junior World roller skating team in 2003 and for the Senior World Team from 2004–06.  At the 2004 World Championships, he won a gold medal as part of the US relay team.

In 2007, Creveling switched from inline skating to ice speed skating in hopes of making the Olympics.  He tried both long track and short track speed skating before settling on short track.  Creveling finished 13th overall at the 2010 Olympic short track trials.  After moving to Salt Lake City, Utah to train full-time, he made the World Cup Team in 2012.  Creveling placed second overall at 2013 National Championships, and won the 1000 meters at the meet.  He was the top finishing American at the 2013 World Championships.

At the 2014 Olympic Trials, Creveling placed second overall and was the only skater to beat J.R. Celski in any race. At the Olympics, he was eliminated in the first round of the 1500 meters and in the quarterfinals of the 1000 meters.  He helped the United States to a silver medal in the 5000 meter relay to conclude his first Olympic Games. As of January 2014, Creveling holds the American record in the 1000 meters.

Early life
Christopher Creveling was born December 29, 1986, in Flemington, New Jersey, to father Ross and mother Christine (née Currie).   He grew up in Kintnersville, Pennsylvania.  In 1960, his grandfather, Paul Pinkerton, founded the Frenchtown Roller Rink.  The rink, which is now run by Creveling's aunt and fourteen time national inline champion, Kay Pinkerton, had become the home of an elite inline skating team by the time Creveling was born.  Like his siblings, Creveling began to skate as soon as he could walk.  "[Speed skating is] all we did", recalls Ross Creveling.  The family spent much of their time on the road attending meets during Creveling's youth.

In high school, Creveling ran cross country and played basketball, while competing at the international level in inline speed skating.  He graduated from Palisades High School in 2005.  He was offered a cross country college scholarship, but elected to continue with speed skating instead.

Skating career
At age nine, Chris Creveling competed in his first inline speed skating event.  Because of his late December birthday, he was the youngest kid in his age group, forcing him to work harder to keep up with the other kids.  As an inline speed skater, Creveling was selected for the United States' Junior World Team in 2003 and the Senior World Team three times from 2004–06.  In 2004, he won a World Championship gold medal as part of United States' relay team.

Following the example of many former teammates, Creveling joined the Wheels on Ice program to start transitioning to ice speed skating in 2007.  "[I decided I was] finished with inline skating and had accomplished enough there," he recalled. "I set my sights on an Olympic medal. Seeing how many of my friends had crossed over opened my eyes and made me realize there's something bigger out there."  He moved to Salt Lake City, Utah, where he trained for both long track and short track speed skating.  After a year, he concluded he was better suited for short track events.  In 2009, he moved to Marquette, Michigan, home of the US Olympics Education Center, to continue training while also pursuing an education.  He enrolled at Northern Michigan University, majoring in business finance.  Creveling participated in the 2010 Olympic Trials, finishing 13th overall.

Facing budget constraints, the Olympics Education Center was closed. Creveling decided to drop out of school and move back to Salt Lake City to train full-time with the national team in 2012.  "My education was important to me, he remarked. "But I knew I needed to move to be with the fastest guys in order to qualify for the Olympics."  That fall, he won both time trials at the US Single Distance Championships and made the World Cup Team.  He won his first World Cup medal when the United States placed third in the 5000 meter relay at Quebec.  Creveling won the 1000 meters at the 2013 National Championships, and finished second overall at the event.  At the 2013 World Championships in Hungary, he was the top American finisher, placing 16th overall.

During the 2013–14 World Cup season, Creveling helped the United States to a silver (at Seoul) and two gold medals (at Shanghai and Kolomna).  The team finished first in the overall World Cup standings for the first time ever.  At the 2014 Olympic Trials, he finished third in the 1500 meters after being disqualified in the second of two finals.  The next day, Creveling fell in the first round of the 500 meters and failed to place in the event.  On the final day of the Trials, he narrowly beat J.R. Celski in the first of two 1000 meter finals.  "I really performed when it counted and felt like I just dominated the race. It couldn't have gone any better", he remarked.  It was the only race Celski lost during the trials.  Creveling finished second in the overall event point standings, securing a spot on the Olympic team.  He called it "the best day of my life."  Overall, he placed third for the meet.

Creveling opened his Olympics on February 10 with fourth-place finish in his 1500-meter heat.  He failed to advance to the next round in that event, but on February 13 he made it out of the preliminary round of the 1000 meters with an easy second-place finish.  He also skated in the semi-finals of the 5000 meter relay that day.  Teammate Eduardo Alvarez fell in that race, but the United States advanced anyway when a judge ruled that Alvarez has illegally been interfered with by a South Korean skater.  After coming up short in the quarterfinals of the 1000 meters on February 15, Creveling skated the lead leg of the 5000 meter relay on February 21.  He was able to skate around a crash in the first lap of the race that took down China and the Netherlands and slowed Kazakhstan.  From there, he and his teammates battled it out with Russia, ultimately winning the silver medal with a time of 6:42.371.  After the Olympics, he said the ice was "really bad" for short track speed skating, but called the overall experience "just unbelievable".

Creveling is expected to compete in the World Championships from March 14–16. He said he probably won't make another Olympics, but has no plans to retire in the near future.

As of January 2014, Creveling holds the American record in the 1000 meters with a time of 1.23.187.  He says his ability to change speed and dictate pace during a race is his greatest strength on the ice.  He is coached by Stephen Gough.  Like many of his teammates, Creveling has relied on donations from the public at GoFundMe.

Personal life
Creveling's parents are now divorced.  His father owns a construction company in Martins Creek, Pennsylvania, while his mother works as a nurse in San Diego.  Creveling is the youngest of four siblings.  His sister, Tracy Todd, is the oldest, followed by his brother Patrick, and sister Chelsea.  Like Chris Creveling, Patrick and Chelsea were both world-class inline skaters, representing the United States at World Cup and World Championship meets. Patrick is now an inline skating coach.

Longtime friend and Olympic teammate, Kyle Carr, also has ties to the Frenchtown Roller Rink.  Creveling met Carr when they were around three-years-old and the pair became friends at age nine or ten. "We spent a lot of time together at that point and just had fun racing together," Creveling recalled. "We didn't take competing as a battle or anything. Just had laughs and enjoyed it."

When he is not skating, Creveling likes to go cycling, hiking, and snowboarding.  He also plays golf and Frisbee, and writes on his blog.  He enjoys road trips and spending time on the beach with his family during the off-season.  Creveling lists Steve Jobs as the most influential person in his life, saying Job's book inspired changes in his life.  He follows a gluten-free diet.  In December 2012, he had LASIK surgery so that he could skate without contacts.  He speaks German and Spanish in addition to English.

References

External links
 Personal webpage of Chris Creveling
 Chris' Blog: A view into the life of a speedskater
 Official biography at US Speedskating

1986 births
Living people
American male short track speed skaters
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in short track speed skating
Olympic medalists in short track speed skating
Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics


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The Eastern Zhejiang Canal (; a.k.a. 杭甬運河 (Hangyong Canal)) is located in Zhejiang province, China. Its west end is in Xixing Street, Binjiang District, Hangzhou City, crossing Cao'e River and Shaoxing City to its east end, the Yong River estuary in Ningbo City. The canal is  long. Early canal construction took place in the Shanyin old canal in Shaoxing City, during the Spring and Autumn period (approximately 771 to 476 BC). In the third century AD, an official named He Xun supervised the construction of Xixing Canal, establishing the complete Eastern Zhejiang Canal.

In the Southern Song dynasty, the capital was established at Lin'an, which meant that the Eastern Zhejiang Canal became an important shipping channel. From the Yuan dynasty to the Qing dynasty, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal lost its privilege but still remained navigable. In recent years, because of newer modes of transportation, the canal has been gradually replaced. The reconstruction of the canal began in 2002, by 2007 it was partially navigable, and the renovation project finished in 2009, though the Ningbo section was not navigable until the end of 2013.

Because the southern terrain in Eastern Zhejiang area is higher than the northern part and most rivers are north-south, the east-west route of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal cuts across several natural rivers. Numerous water locks and dams were built to allow watercraft to change levels from rivers to the canal and back. The locks and dams, along with many various types of bridges, developed into one feature of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal, and as a whole they are important heritage sites.

In May 2013, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was listed in the seventh group of Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level, and was included in the Grand Canal. In November 2008, as an extension of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and the passage between the Grand Canal and the Maritime Silk Road, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was placed into the nomination file in the UNESCO World Heritage programme. In 2014, with Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and Sui & Tang Grand Canal, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal became one World Heritage site.

Layout
The west end of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal is Xixing Street, Binjiang District, Hangzhou City. After passing Xixing, entering Xiaoshan District, following by Qianqing town, Keqiao District, the canal crosses the old Qianqing River. The canal then goes southeast, entering Yuecheng District and lies across Cao'e River. The section ranging from Xixing to Cao'e is also known as "Shao Shao Canal". After passing the Cao'e River, the canal enters Shangyu District, and diverges to two branches. From Shangyantou, east side of Cao'e River, to Caoshu Bridge in Yuyao City, the northern branch (a.k.a. Yuyu Canal) connects Yao River. From Cao'e River to Tongming Dam, the southern branch (a.k.a. Forty Mile River) flows into Yao River and runs parallel to Houxin River and Shibali River. The main stem of the canal then enters the natural river. The tributary developed in Zhangting town is named Ci River, and the branch formed in Gaoqiao Town, Ningbo City is called Xitang River.

After passing Yao River and Fenghua River, the two tributaries meet at Sanjiangkou area, Ningbo City and create the Yong River. The confluence flows into the East China Sea from the east side of Zhaobaoshan area in Zhenhai District. From west to east, Ci River divides at the south side of Ci City (this section is known as Shazi Port), connecting Yao River at Xiaoxi Dam. After passing Huazi Gate, the Ci River is called Zhongda River, and enters Zhenhai District from Jiangbei District, finally flowing into the Yong River. The Xitang river travels eastward to Wangjing Gate in Ningbo old town, meeting the moat and water system in the old town, and links to Fenghua River. The design of the parallel inner and outer tributaries is meant to avoid the influence of tides from the outer tributary, and causes the flow to abandon the meander and to continue straight downslope.

History
Because of the abundant precipitation in Eastern Zhejiang Area, canal construction was relatively easy, though there are few records regarding the process of construction. The history of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal can be traced back to Shanyin old canal in Autumn and Spring period. According to the history book Yuejue, the construction of Shanyin old canal originated with Fan Li while he was supervising the reconstruction of Dongguo Gate of Shanyin City (roughly the Shaoxing old town now). From Dongguo Gate to Liantang Town, Dongguan Street, Shangyu District, Shanyin old canal is  in length. During the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin dynasty (AD 290-301), due to the need for irrigation, the official He Xun supervised the construction of Xixing Canal, from Xixing, the east shore of Qiantang River to Kuaiji City. From then on, this canal section, along with the channels east to Shangyu District, the natural waterways of Yao River and Yong River, constituted the Eastern Zhejiang Canal. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, under governmental and private management, the operation of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was shaped. In mid-Tang Dynasty, because of the busy traffic along Jiangnan Canal, local officials of eastern Zhejiang were appointed to dredge the canal, increase water locks and dams, dig new waterways and dredge Jian Lake. Jian Lake thus became one important source of water to the canal.

The capital of the Southern Song Dynasty was Linan. Because of the conflicts between Jurchen Jin and Chinese Song, the northern part of Beijing Hangzhou Grand Canal disconnected from Jiangnan, and Eastern Zhejiang Canal and Jiangnan Canal became vital to Southern Song people. Additionally, because the Southern Song people thought highly of overseas trading, and Qingyuan Prefecture (now Ningbo) was an important port for international trades, the government particularly paid attention to the maintenance of the canal. In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong (Zhao Gou) recruited laborers to reconstruct the Shaoxing and Yuyao sections. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was restored several times, and its navigability was improved. According to Jiatai Kuaiji records, at that time the two canal sections in Xiaoshan County and Shangyu County could carry 200 vessels; the two canal sections in Shanyin County and Yao River could carry 500 vessels. At that time, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was at its acme in respect of navigability and prosperity.

During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the governmental repair works and preservation of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal were still ongoing, which retained its navigability, though it was not as prosperous as in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the natural environment in the Eastern Zhejiang changed. Qianqing River, previously an obstruction to the Eastern Zhejiang Canal, was blocked, and its north and south weirs were dismantled so there was no obstruction to the channel between Xiaoshan and Cao'e. With the construction of seawalls and the formation of tidal flats in Zhejiang, a water system with lakes densely covering the regions along the canal was developed. In the Qing Dynasty, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal gradually lessened in importance; many courier stations along the canal were removed or combined with other stations. According to the records of Huang Zongxi, there were only dozens of larger-scale vessels serving the Eastern Zhejiang Canal in Qing Dynasty, not comparable to the hundreds of vessels in the Southern Song Dynasty. Particularly in the late Qing Dynasty, with the emergence of steamships and the Xiaoshan-Ningbo Railway, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was gradually replaced. After the Communist Party of China was founded, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was renovated several times. The channels were dredged and new facilities were built to facilitate transportation and irrigation.

At the end of the 20th century, due to the development of Ningbo port, the transportation cost increased, prompting the reconstruction of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal to be included on the political agenda. In 2009, the reconstruction of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal finished.

Functions of the Canal
The Eastern Zhejiang Canal mainly functioned in four ways throughout its history: shipping, irrigation, the Caoyun system and water stations.

Shipping

Shipping has been an important function of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal. In ancient times, ships from Eastern Zhejiang always went to Hangzhou by way of the canal to avoid the fierce tide of Hangzhou Bay (杭州湾). During the Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279), the canal became a significant channel for foreign trade. Exported products like porcelain were transported to Ningbo first via the canal then would be shipped to foreign countries by the Silk Road. Meanwhile, products from Japan, Vietnam, Goryeo and other countries were also transported to the capital city Lin'an from the canal. Foreign envoys always landed in Ningbo, then travelled to Lin'an via the canal. In the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Ningbo was the only port receiving Japanese tributary ships, the tribute then transported to the capital city by the canal. Besides official trades, shipping for civil use was also developed along the canal. At the end of the 1950s, short-distance shipping still thrived. The canal's shipping function was largely replaced by the 1980s with the improvement of road conditions.

Irrigation
Irrigating cultivated land on both sides of the canal was another crucial function of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal. The Xixing Canal, which was built by the Western Jin dynasty (265-316), was mainly used for irrigation. During the Southern dynasties (420-589), four yandai structures (a kind of earth dam used for raising upstream water level to benefit shipping or irrigation in ancient China) were constructed. In the tenth year of Yuanhe of the Tang dynasty (815), canals in Jiangnan () area were repaired. From this, the water storage and drainage functions of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal improved. From the Song dynasty (960–1279) to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and the Qing dynasty (1644-1912), the water storage and drainage facilities of the canal's river network went through repair each period. This largely completed the canal's gate dam control system.

Caoyun system
Eastern Zhejiang was important in collecting and transporting tribute grain, and the canal had a significant role in this process. In the Tang dynasty, canal facilities began to be controlled by officials; tribute grain was first shipped to Xixing via the canal, then sent by the Qiantang River to finally arrive in the capital city by way of the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal. During the Southern Song dynasty (1127-1279), substantial goods and materials from the eastern Zhejiang area like salt and rice together with the tribute grain from Fujian Province (which arrived by sea transport) were shipped to Lin'an via the canal. Later, during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), tribute grain started to be shipped in a co-operative sea-river joint transportation method. The institution which managed the sea transportation of tribute grain was established, and the tribute grain which was transported by the canal would be shipped by sea after it arrived at Ningbo (called Qingyuan at that time) Port. Until the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the Caoyun system of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was still comparatively developed. During the reign of Xianfeng emperor in the Qing dynasty, once again, it was decreed that tribute grain was to be transported by sea and the canal started to lose its function in the Caoyun system.

Postal service
The Eastern Zhejiang Canal served as an important postal route. At the base of the canal there was a station called the Xixing Post. Official documents were sent to Shaoxing, Ningbo and Taizhou by post via the canal. The postal system was also responsible for service via delivery stores. In the Song dynasty (960–1279), 12 post houses were put up along the canal; these were reduced in number later in the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). After the twentieth year of Qianlong of the Qing dynasty, the Xixing Post was kept while setting up posts in other counties. In the thirty-second year of the reign of the Guangxu emperor, modern Chinese post was established and delivery stores abolished. In the third year of his reign, emperor Xuantong abdicated causing all post houses to close while certain post functions of the canal remained till the popularization of railways and roads.

Scholars such as Chen Qiaoyi, a professor from Zhejiang University, think the Eastern Zhejiang Canal should be included as part of 'the Grand Canal of China'.

Important Remains
Along the Eastern Zhejiang Canal, you can find substantial cultural relics, including 3 national-level, nearly 20 provincial-level plus a number of city-level and county-level historical and cultural sites under protection. These are mainly water conservancy facilities, bridges and other utilities. Additionally, some ancient towns which are influenced by the canal also reside along both sides of the canal.

Water conservancy facilities

The Eastern Zhejiang Canal is made up of many natural rivers. To maintain the stable water levels and benefit agriculture along the banks, numerous water conservancy facilities were constructed along the canal. These are primarily composed of barrages, dams and gates. Among these, significant ones can be found on the central canal and tributaries of the canal such as the Yongxing Gate (located in Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), the Caoe Barrage, the Lianghu Barrage, the Tongming Barrage, the Qingshui Gate (all located in Shangyu District, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province), Doumen Gate, the Yunlou Xiaba Dam (both located in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province) and the Xidu Barrage (located in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province).
 The Yongxing Gate, which is also called the Longkou Gate, is located in Xixing. In the past, it was ten li (a Chinese unit of length, one li = 1/2 kilometre) away from Xiaoshan County and served as the western starting point of the canal. It used to be a barrage, which was then transformed into a gate in the fifteenth year during the reign of Wanli emperor to resist the tides from the Qiantang River (). You can still see its remains today.
 The Caoe Barrage lies on the west bank of the Caoe River. In ancient times, it was 90 li away from Shaoxing city and used to be a gate while it functions as a barrage nowadays. A ship lift now operates on the barrage.
 The Lianghu Barrage, which lies on the east bank of the Caoe River, used to connect the Caoe River and the Sishili River. It moved multiple times in history and the current location is in Wailianghu Village, Lianghu Town. Due to the reconstruction of the canal, this barrage is not in use any more.
 The Tongming Barrage is located in Fenghui Town, Shangyu District, Shaoxing. There are two barrages near it, named the North Barrage and the South Barrage respectively.
 The Qingshui Barrage is located in Haoba town, Shangyu District, Shaoxing. During the period of Jiatai in the Southern Song dynasty, the Qingshui Sluice Gate was built, with a sluice gate beneath. Since then, it was reconstructed during every dynasty.
 The Doumen Barrage is located in Yuyao. Its history can be seen in record from the Southern Song dynasty. Its old barrage still remains today but is of no use. In 1983, the ship lift was installed.  Its history is a reflection of the continual evolution of the canal's water conservancy facilities.
 The Xiaba Dam is located in Yuyao and is also named Dajiangkou Dam. It was 40 li away from Yuyao county in ancient times and was a necessary route to take from Ningbo to Shaoxing, connecting the Shibali River and the Yao River. Its remains still exist today and a ship lift was built later.
 The  also called the Daxi Dam, which is located in Haishu District, Ningbo. It was originally built in the Song dynasty while the current construction was built during the period of Zhengtong in the Ming dynasty. As a connection of the Yao River and the Xitang River, it served as an important path from Mingzhou to the capital in ancient times. It has been preserved well.
Currently, these constructions are included in the sixth batch of historical and cultural sites protected at the provincial level in Zhejiang Provence under the following projects – The Water Conservancy and Shipping Facilities of the Qiantang River and Canal Ports, The Water Conservancy, Shipping and Service Facilities of the Caoe River's Ports, Relic Sites Group of the Tongming Barrage, The Water Conservancy and Shipping Facilities from Yiting to Wufu, The Qingshui Gate and Management Facilities, The Water Conservancy and Shipping Facilities of the Yao river and Relevant Heritage Groups etc.

Ancient towpaths

A towpath is the road that canal boat trackers walk along as they towed boats. There are many towpaths located in different reaches while mainly converge in Xiaoshan and Shaoxing. These ancient towpaths were originally built in the tenth year of Yuanhe in the Tang dynasty (815). They cover nearly one hundred li in total. Especially the towpath which connects the Qianqing Slab Bridge and the Shangxie Bridge, with a length of 7.5 kilometers, is well preserved. These towpaths are either against the canal bank on one side or surrounded by the canal on both sides. The latter form can be divided into entity towpath and stone pier towpath styles. You can always see bridges located after certain distances as they help ships pass through safely. These are well known as the White-Jade-liked Long Embankment.

Currently, the towpath, located in Shaoxing, connecting the slab bridge in Qingqian Town and the Shangxie Bridge in Keqiao Street, is recognized as a major historical and cultural site protected at the national level. Additionally, the Xiaoshan Towpath, the Yuhou Bridge Towpath (located in Shaoxing), the Gaobu Towpath (located in Shaoxing) and the towpath in Shangyu are protected as historical and cultural sites at the provincial level in Zhejiang Province.

Ancient bridges

Numerous ancient bridges stand across the Eastern Zhejiang Canal with various bridge forms, including semicircular arch, seven-polygonal arch, U-shaped arch, overpass and other forms. Many bridges are now protected as historical and cultural sites. Among these bridges, under the name of Ancient Bridge Groups of Shaoxing, some bridges of this city are protected as key historical and cultural sites at national level.
 The Bazi Bridge is located in Yuecheng District, Shaoxing. It was originally constructed in the Southern Song dynasty and the bridge was reinforced in 1982. It stands across three water courses with two slopes on both sides.
 The Taiping Bridge is located in Shaoxing. Its construction was first started in the forty – eighth year during the reign of the Wanli emperor and was reconstructed in the eighth year during the reign of the Xianfeng emperor. It is a combination of single-span bridge and eight-span stone beam bridge design. You can see gallery roads beneath the bridge. Its construction form is viewed as representative of early overpasses in ancient China.
 The Guangning Bridge is located in Shaoxing, which was originally constructed in the Northern Song dynasty and reconstructed during the reign of Wanli in the Ming dynasty. It is the longest single-span seven-polygonal arch in Shaoxing.
 The Jingkou Bridge is located in Keqiao District, Shaoxing. It is a combination of three-span U-shaped arch bridge and three-span stone beam bridge design. The current bridge was reconstructed during the reign of the Xuantong emperor in the Qing dynasty.
 The Rongguang Bridge is a single-arch stone bridge from the Chenghua period, located in Keqiao District, Shaoxing.
 The Tongji Bridge is located in Yuyao, the current bridge was reconstructed during the reign of the Yongzheng emperor in the Qing dynasty. It is a stone arch bridge which is made up of two piers and three spans and became famous because of its big central/main span. People used to call it the Most Prominent Bridge of Eastern Zhejiang.

Ancient towns

The Eastern Zhejiang Canal deeply influences many cities and towns on both its sides. Cities that it passed by included Xiaoshan, Shanyin, Kuaiji, Shangyu (refer to old maps), Yuyao, Cixi (refer to old maps) and Ningbo. Most of them used to install water gates to give convenience to the incoming and outgoing of ships. With the development of modern cities, most of these cities or towns have undergone drastic changes. However, some ancient towns still exist until day due to insufficient re-development.
 The Xixing Ancient Town is the western starting point of the canal and its appearance was mainly finalized in the Ming dynasty. Many people ran a special business called Guotangxing, it was a canal transportation business that only existed in Zhejiang Province.
 The Cicheng Ancient County used to be the county of Cixi, Ningbo. It was originally constructed in the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan in the Tang dynasty. It shows people the typical county construction style of the Jiangnan area (Jiangnan means area of the southern side of the Yangtze River while currently it refers to the area between the southern side of the Yangtze River and the northern side of the Qiantang River, namely an area covering Jiangsu Province, Shanghai, Zhejiang Province).

Other relics
 The Xixing Guotangxing is a kind of transit business of both people and goods in Xixing. It appeared during the reign of Wanli in the Ming dynasty and reached the most prosperous time from the end of the Qing dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China (1912-1949). At its peak, the business had 72.5 stores, while it declined during the time of the Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945). Currently, partial constructions used in this old type business are protected as historical and cultural sites at a provincial level in Zhejiang Province.
 The Jian Lake is located in Shaoxing, which was originally excavated in the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) and undertook the important function of restoring water and controlling flood. After the Southern Song dynasty, due to cultivation, the size of the lake gradually shrank, its functions thus lost.
 The Shuize Stone Tablet of the Pingqiao River is located in Ningbo which was constructed in the Ming dynasty. The tablet used to be underwater with a Chinese character '平' (which means flat and peaceful in Chinese) carved in it and serve as an observation facility of water level.

Cultural influence
In the Chinese legend the Butterfly Lovers, the protagonist Liang Shanbo looked for Zhu Yingtai along the Eastern Zhejiang Canal. More than forty famous poets from the Tang dynasty had visited the west part of the canal, including Li Bai (701–762), Du Fu (Wade–Giles: Tu Fu; Chinese: 杜甫; 712 – 770), He Zhizhang (simplified Chinese: 贺知章; traditional Chinese: 賀知章; pinyin: Hè Zhīzhāng; Wade–Giles: He Chih-chang, ca. 659–744)), Wang Wei (Chinese: 王維; 699–759) etc. Thus, the canal constitutes A Road of Tang Poetry in the Eastern Zhejiang along with the Cao'e River (Chinese: 曹娥江; pinyin: Cáo'é Jiāng), the Shanxi Creek, Tianlao Mountain, Tiantai Mountain etc. After the Tang dynasty, many famous men of letters have since passed the canal, including Lu You (simplified Chinese: 陆游; traditional Chinese: 陸游/陸遊; 1125–1209), Fan Chengda (Chinese: 范成大; pinyin: Fàn Chéngdà; Wade–Giles: Fan Ch'engta, 1126–1193), Qin Guan (simplified Chinese: 秦观; traditional Chinese: 秦觀; 1049 – c. 1100), Zhu Yizun (Chinese: 朱彝尊; pinyin: Zhū Yízūn; Wade–Giles: Chu I-tsun; 1629–1709), Lu Xun (formerly also romanized Lu Hsün, was the pen name of Zhou Shuren, 25 September 1881 – 19 October 1936) etc., a number of great works were created and left till now. In the year of 1488, because of heavy storms, the Korean official Choe Bu (1454–1504) drifted to Taizhou, China. Later, he went to Hangzhou from Ningbo via the canal and came back to Korea from Beijing by way of the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal. He wrote a book named the Geumnam pyohaerok (traditional Chinese: 錦南漂海錄; ; Korean: 금남표해록; literally: "A Record of Drifting Across the Southern Brocade Sea") to record his journey. This book provides an important account of the Ming dynasty for historians.

Contemporary development
In 2007, the Ministry of Transport (MOT) of the Government of the People's Republic of China enacted a document named The National Inland Waterway and Port Layout Plan. In this document, the canal composing of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal and the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal was recognized as the most important waterway in the Yangtze River Delta. The proposal of reconstructing the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was raised in 1983. Back to then, after partial construction, the navigation capacity remained 40 tons. In 2002, to manage problems including too many barrages on the canal and the low navigation tonnage which would not satisfy the demand of modern logistics, the reconstruction project of the canal began. This project set grade four waterways (which can navigate 500-ton freighters) as the standard and took the Sanbo Navigation Lock which located on the west bank of the Qiantang River as its starting point. The canal would flow through the Qiantang River, the Puyang River, the Xixiao River, the Cao'e River, the Sishili River, the Yao River and the Yong River and would finally empty into the East China Sea in the mouth of the Yong River. More than 130 bridges and 8 navigation blocks were constructed in this project. Some reconstructions were also completed along the canal, including railways, roads, constructions which would be affected by this project and aids for navigation. By September 2009, this project was completed. It turned out to be the single inland waterway reconstruction project with the biggest investment scale in the history of mainland China. Before the completion, in December 2007, partial canal had been put into use, especially the part in Hangzhou and Shaoxing, which had already become the busiest waterway. However, in Ningbo, due to bridges across the Yao River not satisfying the demand of navigation, large investments needed to be put into reconstruction. The uncompleted canal of Ningbo used to attract attention from the media in Chinese mainland.

World Heritage
In 2006, the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal started to apply to be classified as a World Heritage Site. At the very beginning, only the Canal of the Sui and Tang dynasties and the Canal of Ming and the Qing dynasties were included in the plan. With the appeal of relevant experts and media, in November 2008, the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was brought into this application. Shan Jixiang, the director of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage back then, used to comment on this alteration as, the join of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal made the Beijing - Hangzhou Grand Canal connect to the maritime silk road. The starting point of the Canal of the Sui and Tang dynasties – Luoyang, is also the starting point of the land silk road. All these would form 'a remarkable and inevitable integration which is made up of culture, commodity and information and a big circle'.

In 2004, in the 38th time of the World Heritage Committee conference, which was held in Doha, the Beijing – Hangzhou Grand Canal, which included the Eastern Zhejiang Canal was officially added into the Lists of World Heritage Sites. The world heritage sites which were listed include:
 The Xiaoshao Canal, including Waterways of the Xiaoshao Canal, the Xixing wharf and relics of Guotangxing, the Bazi Bridge The community of the Bazi Bridge, the ancient towpaths of Shaoxing.
 The Yuyu Canal
 The Ningbo part of the Eastern Zhejiang Canal
 The Mouth of the Three Rivers of Ningbo, including the East Zhejiang Maritime Affairs/Folk Custom Museum ()

References

Canals in China
Transport in Zhejiang


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Сухоцвет, или Сухоцветник, или Ксерантемум (; от  и ), — род травянистых растений семейства , распространённый в Средиземноморье.

Ботаническое описание
Однолетние, неколючие, беловатоопушённые травянистые растения. Листья очерёдные, цельные, узколанцетные, цельнокрайные.

Корзинки гетерогамные, многоцветковые, до 15—20 мм в диаметре, одиночные на верхушках стебля или концах ветвей. Цветки трубчатые, из которых краевые пестичные, очень немногочисленные, а остальные обоеполые. Обёртки бокаловидные или яйцевидные, 5—15 мм в диаметре; листочки плёнчатые, многорядные, черепитчатые, внутренние более длинные и окрашенные (розовые, коричнево-пурпурные или фиолетовые) или белые. Ложе корзинок плоское, густо усаженное жесткими, узкими, чешуевидными прицветниками. Венчики пестичных цветков с двугубым отгибом (губы мелкие, прямостоячие; наружная губа цельнокрайная или 3-зубчатая; внутренняя губа меньше, двураздельная); венчики обоеполых цветков правильные, с очень коротко 5-надрезным на верхушке отгибом, беловатые или розоватые. Нити тычинок свободные, голые; пыльники у основания стреловидные, с короткими бахромчатыми придатками. Семянки пестичных цветков абортированные; семянки обоеполых цветков продолговато-клиновидные, хохолок однорядный, из 5—15 остевидно заострённых щетинок.

Виды
Род включает 4 вида:

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки

Чертополоховые
Флора Северной Африки
Флора Евразии


text:
Eagle Lake är en ort (census-designated place) i Racine County, Wisconsin, USA.

Referenser

Orter i Wisconsin
Racine County


text:
I Ratiti sono un raggruppamento artificiale di uccelli che comprende i Paleognati che non volano. Il termine "ratiti" viene dal latino "ratis" che significa "zattera" poiché questi uccelli hanno lo sterno piatto invece che carenato.

La loro distribuzione è australe di origine gondwaniana.

Tranne il kiwi sono tutti di taglia grande.

Sono onnivori.  Hanno prole precoce e le femmine covano nella stessa buca a turno; la cova è effettuata anche dal maschio.

Struzioniformi (struzzi), Africa
Reiformi (nandù), Sud America
Casuariformi (emù e casuari), Australia e Nuova Guinea
Apterigiformi (atterigio o kiwi), Nuova Zelanda
Dinornitiformi† (moa), Nuova Zelanda
Epiornitiformi† (uccelli elefante), Madagascar

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Aves


text:
IKC Vlinderslag is een Integraal Kindcentrum in Amersfoort. De school maakt deel uit van Meerkring. Voorheen heette de school OBS de Vlindervallei. De Vlindervallei ging samen met de Buitenschoolse opvang en de voorschool.

School in Amersfoort


text:
Stroud is een plaats (city) in de Amerikaanse staat Oklahoma, en valt bestuurlijk gezien onder Creek County en Lincoln County.

Demografie
Bij de volkstelling in 2000 werd het aantal inwoners vastgesteld op 2758.
In 2006 is het aantal inwoners door het United States Census Bureau geschat op 2775, een stijging van 17 (0.6%).

Geografie
Volgens het United States Census Bureau beslaat de plaats een oppervlakte van
32,4 km², waarvan 29,8 km² land en 2,6 km² water.

Plaatsen in de nabije omgeving
De onderstaande figuur toont nabijgelegen plaatsen in een straal van 24 km rond Stroud.

Externe link

Plaats in Oklahoma


text:
Bia  is a genus of plant of the family Euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1841. The entire genus is native to South America.

Species
 Bia alienata Didr. - Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, N Argentina
 Bia capivarensis Medeiros & Alves - Serra da Capivara
 Bia fallax (Müll.Arg.) G.L.Webster - Peru, Rondônia
 Bia fendleri (Müll.Arg.) G.L.Webster - Guyana, Venezuela, Amazonas State of Brazil
 Bia lessertiana Baill. - Fr Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, N Brazil
 Bia manuelii V.W. Steinm. & Ram.-Amezcua, 2013, Sierra de Coalcomán, Michoacán, Mexico

formerly included
moved to Zuckertia
Bia cordata - Zuckertia cordata

References

Euphorbiaceae genera


text:
The Russian Kiln Site is a historic archaeological site on Long Island, part of the Kodiak Archipelago of southern Alaska.  It is one of the oldest industrial sites in Alaska, established by the Russian American Company for the production of bricks, an otherwise rare commodity in 19th-century Russian America.  The kilns on the site were reported to produce between 3000 and 6000 bricks annually.  Brick debris is scattered along the shore of Long Island in the area, which subsided after the 1964 Alaska earthquake and is subject to erosion.  It is one of several sites in the vicinity of Kodiak Island where the Russians produced bricks.

The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska

References

Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska
National Register of Historic Places in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska


text:
James Alexander George Smith McCartney dit Jags McCartney (, Grand Turk - ) est un homme politique des Îles Turques-et-Caïques, premier Ministre en chef de son pays entre 1976 et 1980 et considéré comme le Père de la Nation. Le  a été nommé en son honneur.

Biographie
James Alexander George Smith McCartney est né le  sur Grand Turk d'un avocat jamaïcain accompli, Harvey O. B. Fernandez McCartney et d'une pianiste à l'école du dimanche, Sally McCartney, née Taylor originaire des Îles Turques-et-Caïques. Il porte le nom d'un éminent avocat et législateur jamaïcain : James Alexander George Smith (1877-1942). Il est né avec un problème cardiaque grave. Cependant, dès son plus jeune âge, il pratique l'athlétisme et ce n'est qu'à l'adolescence à l'école secondaire de Grand Turk qu'il commence à éprouver des problèmes cardiaques. En raison de la gravité de son état de santé et de l'absence d'un cardiologue dans les Îles Turques-et-Caïques, il est envoyé en Jamaïque pour recevoir les soins médicaux dont il a besoin et terminer ses études secondaires à l'Happy Grove High School. Il continue cependant le sport, notamment l'athlétisme et la natation. Après ses études secondaires, il retourne dans son pays natal.

Comme beaucoup d'habitants des îles Turques-et-Caïques, il émigre ensuite aux États-Unis puis aux Bahamas où il travaille dans le secteur touristique et s'intéresse à la politique. Il se rapproche du Parti libéral progressiste et milite pour lui lors des . Plus tard, lui et ses collègues organisent la première grève majeure à l'hôtel Grand Bahama pour obtenir de meilleures conditions de travail pour les employés.  Il continue à encourager les travailleurs à former des syndicats. Il participe aussi à de nombreuses manifestations pacifiques.

En 1971, Jags McCartney retourne aux îles Turques-et-Caïques. Il décide de se présenter aux  mais n'est pas élu. Immédiatement après sa défaite, il commence à préparer les .  Il commence par former le Junkanoo Club où des jeunes, appelés les Black Power Boys, peuvent se réunir et discuter de nombreux sujets d'actualité.

En 1975, il forme le Mouvement démocratique populaire qui remporte les . Jags McCartney devient alors le premier Ministre en chef des Îles Turques-et-Caïques. Il tente de se battre pour de nouvelles réformes foncières qui permettraient aux habitants des Îles Turques-et-Caïques de posséder des terres. Il veut que plus de jeunes aillent à l'étranger pour suivre des études supérieures et rentrer chez eux pour occuper de bons emplois dans leurs îles. McCartney est déterminé à inaugurer une nouvelle Constitution qui favorise et protège les droits de tous les habitants des Îles Turques-et-Caïques.

Jags McCartney meurt le  quand l'avion privé dans lequel il était s'écrase près de Vineland alors qu'il volait de Washington à Atlantic City.

Références

Chef du gouvernement des Îles Turques-et-Caïques
Naissance en juin 1945
Décès en mai 1980


text:
West Keal is a village and civil parish  east of Lincoln, in the East Lindsey district, in the county of Lincolnshire, England. The parish includes the hamlet of Keal Cotes. In 2011 the parish had a population of 327. The parish touches Bolingbroke, East Keal, East Kirkby, Mavis Enderby, Raithby and Stickford.

Landmarks
There are 7 listed buildings in West Keal. West Keal has a church called St Helen's Church.

History
The name "Keal" means 'Ridge(s)'. West Keal was recorded in the Domesday Book as Cale/Westrecale.

References

External links
 Parish council

Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
East Lindsey District


text:
K1 (before Cracovia Business Center), also Błękitek, is a commercial building in Kraków, Poland, at Pokój Street 1, near the Grzegórzeckie Roundabout. It is a 20-story building, housing offices for Bank Pekao and other brands. It is 105 metres high, which makes it the tallest building in Kraków.

Construction of the tower began in 1972, according to Janusz Ingarden's project.

References

Buildings and structures in Kraków


text:
Das Onkel-Tom-Syndrom bezeichnet ein ritualisiertes, angepasstes und unterwürfiges Verhalten von Afroamerikanern gegenüber Weißen. Der Theorie nach zeigen von dem Syndrom Betroffene als Bewältigungsstrategie ein fügsames und sanftmütiges Verhalten, so dass sie vom weißen Gegenüber nicht als eine Bedrohung wahrgenommen werden.

Begriffsentstehung
Der Begriff geht auf den im Jahr 1852 veröffentlichten Roman Onkel Toms Hütte von Harriet Beecher Stowe zurück. Das Buch war ein außerordentlich großer Verkaufserfolg und verfolgte die Absicht, der amerikanischen Öffentlichkeit das Übel der Sklaverei bewusst zu machen. Bis heute sorgt das Werk allerdings für Kontroversen: Der Roman erzählt, wie der Sklave Onkel Tom vom Sklavenhalter Simon Legree brutal geschlagen wird und trotz dieser Grausamkeit Würde und Stolz behält. Insbesondere Leser der Gegenwart sehen diese Darstellung oft als herablassend und beleidigend an.

Das Onkel-Tom-Syndrom war ursprünglich eine Überlebensstrategie der amerikanischen Sklaven. Wann immer sie vom Sklavenhalter als Bedrohung oder Herausforderung wahrgenommen wurden, riskierten sie körperliche Unversehrtheit und ihr Leben. Neben der Bewältigungsstrategie des "Playing it cool" (deutsch: "den Unbeteiligten spielen") kam es somit auf Seiten der Afroamerikaner in der Interaktion mit dem Sklavenhalter zur Herausbildung einer ritualisierten sozialen Rolle, die sich durch Umgänglichkeit und Beschwichtigung sowie unterwürfiges Verhalten auszeichnete.

Uncle Tom
Seit dem Erscheinen von Onkel Toms Hütte hat der Begriff "Uncle Tom" für eine Person mit diesem Verhalten eine spezifische kulturelle Bedeutung erlangt, die über den ursprünglichen Kontext von Stowes Roman hinausgeht. Er hat eine beleidigende Nebenbedeutung entwickelt und wird auf in Passivität verharrende Afroamerikaner angewendet, die bereitwillig versuchen, Weiße zu beschwichtigen. So bezeichnete Malcolm X. regelmäßig Martin Luther King als "Uncle Tom", da dieser sich auf friedliche Proteste gegen die Rassentrennung beschränkte. Der Rechtswissenschaftler Brando Simeo Starkey sieht in dem Begriff nicht nur den Charakter einer abfälligen Bemerkung über vermeintliche Verräter der afroamerikanischen Gemeinschaft erfüllt, sondern auch ein System sozialer Normen, das den Zusammenhalt unter Schwarzen festigen soll.

Heutige Situation
Beide Bewältigungsstrategien haben bis in die heutige Zeit überlebt, da die politische und wirtschaftliche Macht noch immer größtenteils bei den weißen Amerikanern liegt. Laut Paul E. Priester ist es aufgrund repressiver gesellschaftlicher Bedingungen in den Vereinigten Staaten für Afroamerikaner immer noch notwendig, auf die Überlebensstrategien des "Playing it cool" und des Onkel-Tom-Syndroms zurückzugreifen. Dies ist beispielsweise der Fall, wenn sie einem weißen Lehrer, Vorgesetzten oder Richter gegenübertreten müssen. Die beiden Interaktionsstile sind insbesondere für afroamerikanische Männer von Bedeutung, da schwarze Frauen von vielen Weißen weniger als Bedrohung wahrgenommen werden. In neuerer Zeit ist der Begriff auch außerhalb des Rassenkontexts der Vereinigten Staaten auf die Beziehungen von bezwungenen Kulturen gegenüber ihren Kolonialherren angewendet worden.

Siehe auch
 Jim Crow
 Blackfacing

Literatur
 Brando Simeo Starkey: In Defense of Uncle Tom: Why Blacks Must Police Racial Loyalty. Cambridge University, New York 2015, ISBN 978-1-107-07004-2.
 Paul E. Priester: Uncle Tom Syndrome. In: Yo Jackson (Hrsg.): Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology. Sage, Thousand Oaks 2006, ISBN 1-4129-0948-1, S. 461 f.

Anmerkungen

Rassismus in den Vereinigten Staaten
Afroamerikanische Kultur
Handlung und Verhalten
Sozialpsychologie
Sklaverei in den Vereinigten Staaten


text:
Brandon Vautard, né le , est un haltérophile français.

Biographie

Palmarès

Championnats d'Europe
 2018 à Bucarest
  Médaille de bronze en moins de

Jeux méditerranéens
 2022 à Oran
  Médaille de bronze à l'épaulé-jeté en moins de .

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1996
Haltérophile français


text:
Il III Congresso dei Soviet dell'Unione Sovietica si tenne nel 1925. I bolscevichi ottennero 1236 seggi su 1582.

Note

Bibliografia
  Versione in inglese

3
1925


text:
– świątynia ku czci Konfucjusza w Nagasaki, w Japonii. Zbudowana przez miejscową społeczność chińską, jest własnością Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej.

Historia
W Nagasaki od najdawniejszych czasów mieszkało wielu Chińczyków, głównie kupców. Zbudowali oni tutaj (przy pomocy finansowej rządu chińskiego) pierwsze sanktuarium ku czci Konfucjusza w 1893.  9 sierpnia 1945, w rezultacie pożaru miasta wywołanego przez bombardowanie atomowe Nagasaki, sanktuarium spłonęło. Odbudowa trwała 8 lat i zakończyła się w 1967. Obiekt poddano gruntownej renowacji w 1982. Sanktuarium wyróżnia się szkarłatnymi ścianami i jaskrawożółtymi dachami. Na dziedzińcu stoją 72 marmurowe posągi Konfucjusza i jego uczniów. Początkowo przy sanktuarium działała szkoła chińska, obecnie znajduje się tu Chińskie Muzeum Historyczne, które prezentuje cenne eksponaty wypożyczone z Chin i jest utrzymywane przez swój muzealny odpowiednik w Pekinie. Zarządcą kompleksu jest Ambasada ChRL w Tokio.

Galeria

Przypisy

Japońskie świątynie
Obiekty sakralne w Nagasaki
Nagasaki
Muzea w Japonii
Muzea historyczne
Sanktuaria


text:
Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Hockey Bassano nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 1980-1981.

Stagione

Maglie e sponsor
Lo sponsor ufficiale per la stagione 1980-1981 fu la concessionaria Ford Car di Bassano.

Rosa

Bibliografia

Libri

Giornali

 Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense di Milano, presso MediaTeca Santa Teresa, via Moscova 28 a Milano;
 Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze;
 Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma;
 Biblioteca Civica Berio di Genova;
 e presso Emeroteca del C.O.N.I. di Roma (non è online ma è da consultare in sede).

 Emeroteca del C.O.N.I. di Roma.
 Il Cittadino di Monza e Brianza, che ha sempre pubblicato i risultati nell'edizione del giovedì. Giornale conservato microfilmato presso la Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense di Milano (presso emeroteca Santa Teresa in via Moscova 28) e la Biblioteca Comunale di Monza.

Collegamenti esterni

1980-1981


text:
Biografia
Figlio dell'illustre Pietro Tiranni, giovane di grande intelletto, esperto anche nell'uso delle armi, ricoprì prestigiose cariche presso il ducato di Urbino ai tempi di Francesco Maria I della Rovere. Questo infatti lo scelse prima come suo segretario e commissario, poi come cancelliere ducale ed in più occasioni lo inviò quale suo ambasciatore presso i sovrani europei tra cui Carlo V dal quale fu ricevuto nel giorno 5 gennaio 1532.

Nel contempo prese in sposa Susanna dei Nani dalla quale ebbe due figli. Morta questa prematuramente Felice Tiranni decise di farsi sacerdote.

In quel tempo ricopriva la cattedra episcopale di Urbino il cardinale Giulio della Rovere fratello del duca Francesco Maria I, tuttavia questi rinunciò al vescovado in favore di quello di Novara. Fu allora che Felice Tiranni fu ordinato vescovo di Urbino e quindi consacrato il 18 novembre dello stesso anno.

Il pontefice Paolo IV, tenendo conto delle sue qualità e della sua saggezza, lo chiamò in Roma a ricoprire importanti uffici tra i quali si ricordano: quello di castellano per la custodia di Castel Sant'Angelo e successivamente quello di prefetto del Palazzo Apostolico affidatogli da papa Pio IV salito dal 1561 alla cattedra pontificale.

Il 4 giugno 1563 la sede di Urbino venne elevata a sede metropolitana e pertanto il Tiranni fu insignito del pallio in qualità di primo arcivescovo. Fu in questa occasione che, con il consenso di Pio IV, decise di lasciare gli incarichi a Roma per essere più vicino alla cittadinanza urbinate.

A Urbino Felice Tiranni si adoperò molto per la città e la comunità dei fedeli: nel 1569 qui si tenne il sinodo diocesano e provinciale, ed inoltre fu grazie al suo contributo che si realizzarono varie opere nella cattedrale così come fu ampliato e rimesso a nuovo con più sontuose decorazioni il palazzo episcopale. In particolare, annota Franco Negroni che l'organo della cattedrale fu portato a compimento "mercé lo zelo e la munificenza dell'arcivescovo Felice Tiranni". Lo stesso con disposizioni testamentarie (qualche decennio dopo la donazione del 1526 della duchessa Elisabetta Gonzaga) lasciava 150 scudi per ornare la cappella dell'Immacolata Concezione di Maria. E ancora sempre Franco Negroni annota che al dimenticato palazzo episcopale di Urbino "rivolse la sua attenzione il munifico arcivescovo Felice Tiranni".

A Cagli si ricorda Palazzo Tiranni-Castracane, commissionato per volontà dello stesso Felice Tiranni a cui alludono nei due portali della sala del Brandani le lettere "F E V", ovvero Felix Episcopus Vrbinatensis. Tutt'oggi in questo mirabile palazzo della prima metà del Cinquecento è possibile vedere il ciclo di stucchi realizzati da Federico Brandani.

Felice Tiranni si spense il 1º febbraio 1578 e le sue spoglie furono deposte nella Cattedrale di Urbino ove ancor oggi si legge la lapide posta dal figlio Pietro che recita:

FELICI TYRANNO CALLIEN. URBINI ARCHIEP. PRIMO
- POST OPERAS EXCELLENTISS. DE RUERE PRINCIPIBUS
- FIDELISSIME DATAS
- PAULI IV ET PII IV SUMM. PONTIFICUM GRATIA
- FLORENTISSIMO
- QUORUM ALTERI IN URBIS ARCE DILIGENTISSIME CUSTODIENDA
- ALTERI IN UNIVERSA DOMO AC FAMILIA PRUDENTISS. GUBERNANDA
- SUMMA CUM LAUDE INSERVIVIT.
- VIXIT ANN. LXIX MEN. II DIES XX
- OBIIT URBINI KAL. FEBBR. ANNO MDLXXVIII.
- PETRUS TYRANNUS F. PATRI OPTIMO ET AMANTISS.
- PERPETUAE MEMORIAE MONUMENTUM
- P.

Gli studiosi e scrittori del suo tempo lasciarono buona memoria di Felice Tiranni nei loro manoscritti, un esempio fra tutti quello dell'Atanagi nella lettera dedicatoria in prefazione alla sua traduzione di Uomini illustri di Sesto Aurelio Vittore.

Bibliografia
F. Negroni, Il Duomo di Urbino, Urbino, 1993.
A. Mazzacchera, Cagli in Palazzi e dimore storiche del Catria e Nerone, Bari, Gius. Laterza & Figli, 1998.
A. Tarducci, Dizionario biografico cagliese. Cenni storici su 360 cittadini cagliesi, Cagli, 1909.

Voci correlate
Federico Brandani
Giovanni Santi

Collegamenti esterni

Vescovi e arcivescovi di Urbino


text:
Bree-Anna Cheatham est une joueuse internationale de rugby à XV australienne née le , évoluant au poste de pilier.

Biographie
Bree-Anna Cheatham naît le . En 2022 elle joue pour les Queensland Reds  de Brisbane. Elle n'a qu'une seule sélection en équipe nationale quand elle est retenue en septembre 2022 pour disputer sous les couleurs de son pays la Coupe du monde de rugby à XV en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Références

Liens externes

Joueuse australienne de rugby à XV
Pilier (rugby à XV)
Naissance en mars 1997


text:
Geologisches Museum München is located in Maxvorstadt, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.

Buildings and structures in Munich
Maxvorstadt


text:
Mohamed Bayram IV, né le  à Tunis et décédé le  à Tunis, est un religieux et ouléma tunisien. Il est le fils du savant Mohamed Bayram III.

Biographie
Né dans une famille notable, il enseigne déjà à l'âge de 18 ans à la médersa El Unqiya et à la médersa El Bachia. Puis il devient mufti et nakib al achraf (c'est-à-dire chef honorifique des descendants du prophète dans la régence de Tunis) après la mort de son père en 1843, ceci du fait que sa grand-mère paternelle est une descendante du prophète. Il est nommé Cheikh El Islam sous le règne d'Ahmed  Bey et devient imam de la mosquée Saheb Ettabaâ.

La proximité de Bayram avec le prince héritier Mohammed le fait devenir son conseiller et, quand ce dernier accède au trône, il épouse sa sœur. De par cette proximité, Bayram devient l'un des principaux responsables sur le plan religieux et le bey ne prend que son avis ; il le conseille notamment sur les dispositifs de gestion administrative et des questions judiciaires et politiques. Son avis, préféré parmi ceux de l'élite scientifique et administrative du pays, est alors connu pour sa justice et son équité. Il est aussi le principal acteur du clan conservateur qui se forme autour du bey.

Bayram est aussi un écrivain et un poète ; c'est pour cela qu'il est retenu par Mohammed Bey pour répondre aux messages de félicitations qu'il reçoit sous forme de poésies et de prose.

Famille
Il épouse la fille de Mahmoud Boukhris, un secrétaire beylical et ambassadeur. Son neveu est le savant théologien et réformateur Mohamed Bayram V.

Notes et références

Théologien tunisien
Religieux tunisien
Ouléma hanafite
Naissance en août 1805
Naissance à Tunis
Décès en novembre 1861
Décès à Tunis
Décès à 56 ans


text:
Snyder Peak är en bergstopp i Antarktis. Den ligger i Västantarktis. Inget land gör anspråk på området. Toppen på Snyder Peak är  meter över havet.

Terrängen runt Snyder Peak är kuperad åt nordost, men åt sydväst är den platt. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  kilometer sydost om Snyder Peak. Trakten är obefolkad. Det finns inga samhällen i närheten.

Kommentarer

Källor

Berg i Västantarktis
Berg i Antarktis 1000 meter över havet eller högre


text:
Het Castello Scaligero is een kasteel in Villafranca di Verona, een stad in de Noord-Italiaanse regio Veneto, nabij Verona. Sinds 1882 is het kasteel eigendom van de gemeente Villafranca di Verona. Het wordt gebruikt voor grote muziekevenementen.

Het oudste deel dateert van de jaren 1185-1202, de stichtingsjaren van Villafranca of Vrije Stad Verona. Na de middeleeuwen bleef het kasteel ongebruikt tot de twintigste eeuw.

Naam
De naam verwijst naar het Huis della Scala of Scaliger, het regerende Huis der heren van Verona in de tweede helft 13e eeuw tot eind 14e eeuw. Zij waren de belangrijkste bouwheren.

Historiek

Voor het Huis della Scala
In 1185 besliste de stadsraad van Verona een vrije stad of Burgus Liber of Villa Franca op te richten, halfweg tussen Verona en Mantua. De nieuwe stad was vrijgesteld van fiscale verplichtingen doch moest als vooruitgeschoven post dienen tegen het opdringerige Mantua. De bouw van het kasteel en het dorp vonden plaats in de jaren 1185-1202, tegenaan het riviertje Tione. Binnen het kasteel verrezen er zeven kleine torens of torresini. Het kasteel moest een grote binnenplaats hebben om bevolking en veestapel onder te brengen in tijden van oorlog. Het was eerder een fort dan een residentieel kasteel.

Mantua wendde de dreiging af door in 1242 Villafranca di Verona grotendeels te verwoesten. Enrico III da Egna, podestà van Verona, startte prompt de wederopbouw vanaf 1243. De centrale hoofdtoren werd verhoogd.

Huis della Scala
Vanaf 1262 was het Huis della Scala aan de macht in Verona. Zij bouwden het kasteel fors uit, tot tegen de rivier aan. De bouwwerken vonden hoofdzakelijk plaats in de jaren 1345-1355. Er verrees een manoir of landhuis, wat erop wijst dat de familie della Scala er resideerde. De toegangspoort werd verstevigd. Het Castello Scaligero vormde een belangrijk verdedigingspunt in de zuidelijke verdedigingsgordel van de stadsstaat Verona.

Na het Huis della Scala
In 1405 gaf de stadsstaat Verona zich over aan de republiek Venetië. Voor de Venetianen was het Castello Scaligero zonder strategisch nut. Het kasteel ging in verval. Sommige gebouwen werden gesloopt door de Venetianen, en later door de Habsburgers. Zo verdween de manoir. Wat de sloop overleefd heeft, is de kapel. De kapel bevat fresco's uit de 13e eeuw met de kruisiging als thema. Drie schilderijen van Giambattista Lanceni (1659-1745) behandelen het Passieverhaal. Ook in de 19e eeuw werd de kapel verfraaid.

In 1882, na de eenmaking van Italië, kwam de gemeente Villafranca di Verona in bezit van het kasteel. De laatste restauratiewerken dateren van de jaren 1982-1995; het doel was het metselwerk te verstevigen om het gebouw veilig te maken voor de vele concertgangers die het kasteel kan opvangen.

Shakespeare
In William Shakespeares tragedie Romeo en Julia, in het eerste bedrijf, komt het Castello Scaligero in Villafranca di Verona ter sprake. Escalus ofwel Bartolomeo della Scala, heer van Verona, wil de rivaliserende families Capulet en Montague scheiden. Die van Montague moeten naar het Castello Scaligero komen; hij zegt Voi Capuleti seguitemini e voi Montecchi, stasera vi troverete al vecchio castello di Villafranca, dove c'è il nostro tribunale ordinario.

Zie ook
 Castello Scaligero, doorverwijspagina met kastelen van het Huis della Scala

Bouwwerk in Veneto
Scaligero
Muziek in Italië


text:
Denis Wiktorowicz Urubko (; ur. 29 lipca 1973 w Niewinnomyssku) – himalaista i instruktor wspinaczki, były żołnierz armii Kazachstanu, zdobywca Korony Himalajów i Karakorum. Miał obywatelstwo radzieckie, a następnie kazachskie; od 2013 ma obywatelstwo rosyjskie i od 2015 polskie.

Życie prywatne
Urodził się w Kraju Stawropolskim na obszarze Rosyjskiej FSRR w Związku Radzieckim. Pierwotnie posiadał obywatelstwo radzieckie. Po rozpadzie ZSRR w 1993 przerwał studia w Instytucie Sztuki we Władywostoku, przeniósł się do Kazachstanu, gdzie podjął służbę wojskową w Ałma-Acie i pracę w miejscowym klubie CSKA. Przyjął obywatelstwo kazachskie, z którego zrezygnował w 2012. W tym samym roku, po odejściu ze służby w wojsku kazachskim, opuścił Kazachstan, po czym w 2013 przyjął obywatelstwo rosyjskie i przeniósł się do Riazania. W 2014 podjął starania o przyznanie obywatelstwa polskiego, akt nadania wręczono mu 12 lutego 2015.

W 2014 podjął współpracę z biurem mówców Celebrity Speakers Associates.

Jest po raz piąty żonaty. Ma ośmioro dzieci. Zamieszkał we włoskim Nembro.

Wystąpił w 12. edycji programu Taniec z gwiazdami

Osiągnięcia
Mistrz sportu klasy międzynarodowej, wielokrotny zwycięzca mistrzostw WNP, Kazachstanu i Kirgistanu w kategorii wysokościowych, technicznych i zimowych wejść w górach. W latach 1998–2001 był wybierany najlepszym alpinistą w Kazachstanie, a w latach 1997–1999 wygrał zawody na szybkość rozgrywane na Szczycie Amangeldiego (kaz. Амангелді шыңы, 4000 m). W 1999 w ciągu 42 dni zdobył wszystkie pięć szczytów wymaganych dla uzyskania tytułu Śnieżnej Pantery, wspinając się razem z Simone Moro (zdobył tylko cztery z pięciu szczytów), Mario Curnisem i Andriejem Mołotowem. Jego partnerem wspinaczkowym był także Siergiej Samojłow.

Został pierwszym wspinaczem z WNP, który w latach 2000–2009 jako piętnasty człowiek w historii zdobył wszystkie 14 ośmiotysięczników świata – tak zwaną Koronę Himalajów i Karakorum – i jako ósmy na świecie dokonał tego bez użycia butli tlenowych. Łącznie wykonał 21 wejść na ośmiotysięczniki. Oprócz tego zdobył 10 szczytów siedmiotysięcznych i ma w swoim dorobku 34 wejścia solowe.

Do jego największych osiągnięć należą pierwsze wejścia zimowe na dwa ośmiotysięczniki: Makalu 9 lutego 2009 z Simone Moro, Gaszerbrum II 2 lutego 2011 z Moro i Amerykaninem Cory Richardsem, a także wytyczenie nowej drogi (wejście w stylu alpejskim; w parze z Borysem Dedeszką) w 2009 na Czo Oju.

Uzyskał tytuł instruktora wspinaczki i alpinizmu Polskiego Klubu Alpejskiego.

27 stycznia 2018 Denis Urubko, wspólnie z Adamem Bieleckim, Piotrem Tomalą i Jarosławem Botorem, przerwał zimową wyprawę na K2 i wziął udział w akcji ratowniczej na Nanga Parbat, której celem była pomoc schodzącym ze szczytu Élisabeth Revol i Tomaszowi Mackiewiczowi. Bielecki i Urubko, wspinając się w godzinach nocnych, dotarli do Revol i sprowadzili ją do obozu, a następnie z pomocą Botora i Tomali niżej do helikoptera (dojście do Mackiewicza, z uwagi na ekstremalne warunki pogodowe, nie było możliwe). Akcja ratunkowa odbiła się szerokim echem w polskich i zagranicznych mediach i została doceniona za bohaterstwo uczestników.

Lista osiągnięć
 1991 – Biełucha (4506 m), wejście solowe
 1992 – Kluczewska Sopka (4750 m), zimowe wejście solowe
 1992 – Aksu Główne (ros. Аксу Главная, 5355 m), wejście solowe
 1993 – Marmurowa Ściana (6400 m)
 1993 – Chan Tengri (7010 m)
 1993 – Szczyt Ordżonikidze (4410 m), wejście solowe północną ścianą
 1994 – Swobodnaja Korieja (między 4740 a 4778 m), wejście północną ścianą
 1994 – Uczitiel (między 4045 a 4550 m), wejście solowe południowo-zachodnim żebrem
 1994 – Marmurowa Ściana
 1994 – Szczyt RGO (6500 m), wejście zachodnim żebrem
 1995 – Marmurowa Ściana, trawers
 1995 – Chan Tengri
 1997 – Szczyt Majakowskiego, solowe wejście południowo-zachodnią ścianą
 1998 – Szczyt Aleksandra Błoka (5239 m), lider zimowego wejścia zachodnią ścianą
 1999 – Swobodnaja Korieja (między 4740 a 4778 m), lider zimowego wejścia północną ścianą
 1999 – zdobycie tytułu Śnieżnej Pantery w ciągu 42 dni (13 lipca wyjście z bazy, 16 lipca Szczyt Lenina, 27 lipca Szczyt Korżeniewskiej, 7 sierpnia Szczyt Ismaila Samaniego, 19 sierpnia Chan Tengri, 24 sierpnia Szczyt Zwycięstwa)
 2000 – zwycięstwo w konkursie na najszybsze zdobycie Chan Tengri z czasem 13 godzin 40 minut

Himalaje i Karakorum
 24 maja 2000 – Mount Everest
 23 maja 2001 – Lhotse
 13 sierpnia 2001 – Gaszerbrum I
 20 sierpnia 2001 – Gaszerbrum II
 13 maja 2002 – Kanczendzonga, strona południowa
 25 października 2002 – Sziszapangma
 17 czerwca 2003 – Nanga Parbat, drogą Kinshofera
 18 lipca 2003 – Broad Peak
 30 maja 2004 – Annapurna
 25 lipca 2005 – Broad Peak, nowa droga
 25 kwietnia 2006 – Manaslu
 8 maja 2006 – Manaslu, nowa droga
 2 maja 2007 – Dhaulagiri
 2 października 2007 – K2
 12 maja 2008 – Makalu
 9 lutego 2009 – Makalu, pierwsze zimowe wejście (wraz z Simone Moro)
 11 maja 2009 – Czo Oju, nowa droga, styl alpejski (wraz z Borysem Dedeszką)
 16 maja 2010 – Lhotse, nowa droga, solo
 2 lutego 2011 – Gaszerbrum II, pierwsze zimowe wejście (wraz z Simone Moro i Cory Richards)
 19 maja 2014 – Kanczendzonga, od strony północnej, kierownik wyprawy międzynarodowej
 18 lipca 2019 – Gaszerbrum II, bez tlenu, droga normalna
 1 sierpnia 2019 – Gaszerbrum II, nowa droga, bez tlenu, solo
 19 lipca 2022 – Broad Peak, bez tlenu, droga normalna, solo
 23 lipca 2022 – Gaszerbrum II, bez tlenu, droga normalna, solo
 29 lipca 2022 – K2, bez tlenu, droga normalna, solo

Rekordy
 1999 rok, grudzień – rekordowy czas (1 godzina 15 min 42 sekundy) w corocznych biegach na Szczyt Amangeldiego, dedykowanych pamięci Anatolija Bukriejewa, w okolicach Ałmaty
 2000 rok, sierpień  – w ramach I Międzynarodowego Górskiego Festiwalu "Chan Tengri 2000" dwukrotnie był na szczycie, za drugim razem – podczas zawodów wejścia na czas od bazy na wysokości (4000 m) do szczytu   (7010 m) – pokonał w czasie 7 godzin 40 min
 2001 rok, 21 sierpnia – wszedł na czas w Karakorum na ośmiotysięcznik Gaszerbrum II od obozu pierwszego (5800 m) do szczytu (8035 m) w czasie 7 godzin 30 min (pobił rekord Anatolija Bukriejewa z 1997 roku o 2 godziny)
 2006 rok, 14 września – ustanowił rekord w corocznych biegach na najwyższy szczyt Europy, Elbrus. Odcinek od Azau (początek wyciągu 2 400m) do zachodniego szczytu (5642 m) (kategoria "ekstremalna") pokonał w czasie 3 godziny 55 min 58 sekund. Został nakręcony film o tych zawodach i rekordzie Urubki. Dopiero po czterech latach rekord ten pobił Andrzej Bargiel.
 2009 rok, 11 maja – wszedł na Czo Oju i tym samym został pierwszym alpinistą byłego ZSRR, który wszedł na wszystkie 14 ośmiotysięczników. Dokonał tego w przeciągu 9 lat i jest to najkrótszy czas na świecie pod względem wejść bez tlenu.

Praca społeczna
 2001–2012 – trener młodzieżowej sekcji alpinistycznej w Ałmaty
 2005–2010 – prezes Federacji Alpinizmu i Wspinaczki w Ałmaty
 marzec 2010 – wiceprezes Federacji Alpnizmu i Wspinaczki Republiki Kazachstan, przewodniczący komisji ds. alpinizmu
 październik 2010 – przewodniczący jury konkursu "Złoty Czekan Azji 2010" Seul, Korea Płd.
 listopad 2012 – członek jury konkursu "Złoty Czekan Azji 2012"
 marzec 2014 – członek jury "Piolet d'Or", Francja

Publikacje
 "Spor't" («Спор't»), Ałmaty, 2002
 "Górski sezon" («Горный сезон») Ałmaty, 2005
 "Szczyty wąwozu rzeki mała Ałmatynka" («Вершины Малоалматинского ущелья»), Ałmaty, 2008
 "Akcent – góry" («Акцент-горы») Ałmaty, 2008
 "Spacer samuraja" («Прогулка самурая»), Ałmaty, 2009
 "Colpevole d'alpinismo" ("Więzień alpinizmu"), "Priuli & Verlucca", Milano 2010  Nagroda «Złoty Oset" ITAS-2011 (Włochy) w kategorii książki o alpinizmie spośród 108 pretendentów jako najlepszej, za realizm, przedstawienie świata alpinizmu
 "Spacery w pionie" («Прогулки по вертикали»), Paulsen, Moskwa, 2011
 "Skazany na góry" ("Околдованный горами"), Mountain Quest, Ząbkowice Śląskie, Polska, 2011
 "Reinkarnacja" («Рейнкарнация»), Riazań, 2012.
 "Ecesso di Montagna", Priuli & Verlucca, Milano, 2012 (zbiór artykułów, krótkich opowieści, napisane w różnych latach)
 "Absurd Everestu" («Абсурд Эвереста»), Riazań, 2013
 "Czekan porucznika", Mountain Quest, Ząbkowice Śląskie, Polska, 2014

Filmografia
 "Wszystko, co nas nie zabije, to nas wzmocni" («Все, что нас не убивает, делает нас сильнее») (o wspinaczce w Ałatau Zailijskim, 13 min)
 Non stop 2" («Нон-стоп 2») (film o zimowym wejściu na Marmurową Ścianę w Tienszanie, 10 min)
 "Pięć snów o Manasłu" («Пять снов Манаслу») (film o wejściach w Himalajach, 18 min)

Nagrody
 "Złoty Czekan Azji" – czterokrotnie
 "Złoty Czekan" 2009 – za wejście na Czo Oju, nowa droga, styl alpejski, w parze z Borysem Dedeszką
 "Złoty Czekan" 2010 – za najlepsze wejścia roku
 Eiger Award 2009 – za pierwsze zimowe wejście na Makalu
 Golden Piton (Złoty Hak) 2012 – nagroda amerykańskiego czasopisma "Climbing Magazine" za pierwsze zimowe wejścia na Gaszerbrum II
 Złoty Order Komitetu Olimpijskiego Republiki Kazachstanu za wybitne osiągnięcia w sporcie (2009)
 "Najlepszy sportowiec roku 2009" (Fundacja Rozwoju Sportu Kazachstanu).
 "Superchampion" 2019 – za akcję ratunkowa na Nanga Parbat Elisabeth Revol i Tomasza Mackiewicza (plebiscyt Przeglądu Sportowego)
 "Polski Złoty Czekan" 2020 – za wytyczenie nowej drogi na Gasherbrumie II, samotnie, bez radiotelefonu i dodatkowego tlenu

Odznaczenia
 Krzyż Kawalerski Orderu Odrodzenia Polski – 2019
 Krzyż Kawalerski Legii Honorowej – Francja, 2019

Uwagi

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne
 Lista osiągnięć wspinaczkowych Denisa Urubki (ang.)

Osobowości telewizyjne związane z Polsatem
Kazachowie pochodzenia rosyjskiego
Kazachscy dziennikarze
Kazachscy wspinacze
Ludzie związani z Ałmaty
Odznaczeni Krzyżem Kawalerskim Orderu Odrodzenia Polski (III Rzeczpospolita)
Polacy – Kawalerowie Legii Honorowej
Polscy wspinacze
Rosyjscy wspinacze
Rosyjscy dziennikarze
Twórcy literatury górskiej
Zdobywcy Korony Himalajów i Karakorum
Urodzeni w 1973
Ludzie urodzeni w Niewinnomyssku


text:
More Sorcery is a live album by Hungarian jazz guitarist Gábor Szabó featuring performances recorded in 1967 in Boston and at the Monterey Jazz Festival for the Impulse! label.

Reception
The Allmusic reviewer Scott Yanow stated: "In 1967, guitarist Gabor Szabo had his finest working group... This excellent LP is well worth searching for."

Track listing
All compositions by Gábor Szabó except as indicated
 "Los Matadoros" - 12:09
 "People" (Jule Styne, Bob Merrill) - 5:18
 "Corcovado" (Antônio Carlos Jobim) - 3:22
 "Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) - 9:42
 "Spellbinder" - 6:49
 "Comin' Back" (Gábor Szabó, Clyde Otis) - 4:55
Recorded at The Jazz Workshop in Boston, Massachusetts on April 14 & 15, 1967 (tracks 1-3) and at the Monterey Jazz Festival in Monterey, California on September 17, 1967 (tracks 4-6)

Personnel
Gábor Szabó - guitar
Jimmy Stewart - guitar
Lajos "Louis" Kabok - bass
Bill Goodwin (tracks 4-6), Marty Morell (tracks 1-3) – drums
Hal Gordon - percussion

References

Impulse! Records live albums
Gábor Szabó albums
1967 live albums
Albums produced by Bob Thiele
Albums recorded at the Monterey Jazz Festival


text:
Lohme, comune dell'isola di Rügen (Germania)
Lohme, fiume della Turingia (Germania)


text:
Holand is a village in Sortland Municipality in Nordland county, Norway.  The village is located on the island of Langøya along the Sortlandssundet strait, about  southwest of the town of Sortland and about  southwest of the village of Bø.

References

Sortland
Villages in Nordland
Populated places of Arctic Norway


text:
Граф Ланкастер () — титул в системе пэрства Англии, существующий с 1267 года, который носили члены английской королевской семьи. В 1351 году был создан титул герцога Ланкастера, сменивший графский титул. Титул графа Ланкастера угас в 1361 году, герцогский же титул был позже воссоздан и просуществовал до 1413 года, пока не был присоединён к короне, войдя в титулатуру английских королей (а позже и королей Великобритании).

История
Титул был создан в 1267 году королём Генрихом III для своего второго сына Эдмунда Горбатого (16 января 1245 — 5 июня 1296), который к этому времени уже носил титул графа Лестера, конфискованного вместе с владениями у наследников погибшего в битве при Ившеме Симона де Монфора, 6-го графа Лестера. В 1276 году он женился на Бланке д'Артуа, вдове короля Наварры и графа Шампани Генриха I Толстого, родственнице короля Франции. Благодаря этому браку он до 1284 года от имени дочери жены, Жанны, управлял французским графством Шампань, а также носил титул графа Шампани и Бри (в качестве титула учтивости), пока король Франции Филипп IV, женившийся на Жанне Наваррской, не выкупил у него этот титул. При этом он сохранил ряд владений в Шампани, которыми управлял от имени жены.

После смерти Эдмунда в 1296 году его сменил старший сын, Томас (ок. 1278 — 22 марта 1322). В 1294 году он женился на Элис де Ласи, наследнице графств Линкольн и Солсбери, что значительно увеличило его благосостояние. Также он смог защититься от претензий на титул графа Феррерс (Дерби) от наследника Роберта де Феррерса, 6-го графа Дерби. После того как на английский престол вступил Эдуард II, граф Ланкастер вскоре оказался во главе баронской оппозиции королю. В 1312 году баронам во главе с Томасом удалось захватить и казнить ненавистного им королевского фаворита Пирса Гавестона, однако это вызвало раскол среди баронов, а также недовольство короля. В 1314 году граф Ланкастер стал фактическим правителем королевства, но в 1316 году из-за недовольства его действиями он был вынужден покинуть королевский совет. В 1321 году произошёл новый конфликт графа Ланкастера с королём, в результате чего он восстал против короля, но в 1322 году мятежники были разбиты королевской армией в битве при Боробридже, а сам граф Ланкастер погиб. Детей у него не было, его владения и титулы были конфискованы короной.

Наследник Томаса, его младший брат Генри (ок. 1280 — 22 сентября 1345), не участвовал в восстании против короля, поэтому он подал Эдуарду II прошение о возвращении ему конфискованных владений и титулов. Но только в 1324 году король, удостоверившись в лояльности двоюродного брата, возвратил Генри титул графа Лестера и часть владений. В 1326 году он поддержал восстание Изабеллы Французской, жены Эдуарда II, против мужа. После падения Эдуарда II ему был возвращён и титул графа Ланкастера. Однако в 1328 году у него возник конфликт с Изабеллой из-за влияния на юного короля Эдуарда III, а также из-за спора вокруг графства Линкольн, на которое претендовал Генри, а также из-за недовольства Нортгемптонским договором с Шотландией, который не учитывал права знати, имевшей там владения. Однако вооружённый мятеж против Изабеллы и её фаворита, Роджера Мортимера, был неудачным, в результате граф Ланкастер сдался и принёс присягу королю, благодаря чему сохранил жизнь и отделался огромным штрафом. После падения Мортимера Генри был возвращён к управлению государством, однако в конце жизни из-за проблем со здоровьем он удалился от общественной жизни, хотя и сохранял королевскую милость до конца жизни.

Наследником Генри был его сын Генри Гросмонт (ок. 1310 — 23 марта 1361), который в 1337 году был пожалован титулом графа Дерби. Он принимал активное участие в начавшейся Столетней войне в качестве одного из военачальников, участвуя во многих сражениях. После смерти отца он унаследовал его владения и титулы, а в 1351 году ему был присвоен герцогский титул. Кроме того, графство Ланкастер получило статус палатината, который до этого носили только Честер и Дарем. Однако у Генри не было сыновей, только 2 дочери, которые не могли унаследовать герцогский титул. Он умер в 1361 году. Графские же иитулы были разделены между дочерьми, титул графини Ланкастер и Дерби получила младшая из дочерей, Бланка Ланкастерская, которая была замужем за Джоном Гонтом, одним из сыновей короля Эдуарда III. Джон Гонт также унаследовал и большую часть владений тестя, а после смерти в 1362 году бездетной Матильды (Мод), графини Лестер, старшей сестры Бланки, получил и оставшиеся владения, а также для него был воссоздан титул герцога Ланкастера.

После смерти в 1399 году Гонта все титулы должен был унаследовать его старший сын, Генри Болингброк, однако король Ричард II конфисковал их вместе с владениям. В том же году Генри, ранее изгнанный из Англии, вторгся в королевство и сместил Ричарда, сам короновавшись под именем Генриха IV. В том же году он воссоздал титул герцога Ланкастера для своего наследника, будущего короля Генриха V, но титул графа Ланкастера больше не создавался, заменённый герцогским титулом, который с 1485 года входит в титулатуру английских (а позже и британских) королей.

Графы Ланкастер
 1267—1296: Эдмунд Горбатый (16 января 1245 — 5 июня 1296), 1-й граф Лестер с 1265, 1-й граф Ланкастер с 1267, граф Шампани и Бри (по праву жены) в 1276—1284, сын короля Эдуарда I.
 1296—1322: Томас (ок. 1278 — 22 марта 1322), 2-й граф Ланкастер и 2-й граф Лестер с 1296, граф Феррерс (Дерби) с 1301, граф Линкольн и Солсбери (по праву жены) с 1311, один из лидеров баронской оппозиции королю Эдуарду II, сын предыдущего.
 1322—1326: титул конфискован короной.
 1326—1345: Генри (ок. 1280 — 22 сентября 1345), барон Ланкастер с 1299, 3-й граф Лестер с 1324, 3-й граф Ланкастер с 1326, сеньор де Бофор и де Ножан с ок. 1336, брат предыдущего.
 1345—1361: Генри Гросмонт (ок. 1310 — 23 марта 1361), граф Дерби с 1337, 4-й граф Ланкастер, 4-й граф Лестер, сеньор де Бофор и не Ножан с 1345, граф Линкольн с 1349, 1-й герцог Ланкастер с 1351, граф Морей с 1359, сын предыдущего.
 1361—1368: Бланка Ланкастерская (около 1346 — 12 сентября 1368), 5-я графиня Ланкастер, 2-я графиня Линкольн и Дерби с 1361, 6-я графиня Лестер с 1362, дочь предыдущего.
 1361—1399: Джон Гонт (весна 1340 — 3 февраля 1399), 1-й граф Ричмонд в 1342—1373, граф Дерби и Линкольн с 1361, граф Лестер с 1362 1-й герцог Ланкастер с 1362, герцог Аквитании с 1390.
 1399: Генри Болингброк (весна 1367 — 20 марта 1413) — 3-й граф Дерби в 1377—1399, 3-й граф Нортгемптон и 8-й Херефорд в 1384—1399, 1-й герцог Херефорд в 1397—1399, 2-й герцог Ланкастер, 6-й граф Ланкастер и 7-й граф Лестер в 1399, король Англии (Генрих IV) с 1399, сын предыдущего.

Примечания

Литература

Ссылки