text:
STS-63 var den 67 flygningen i det amerikanska rymdfärjeprogrammet och den tjugonde i ordningen för rymdfärjan Discovery. Resan gick till den ryska rymdstationen Mir för att förbereda den första dockningen, som skulle ske med STS-71. I rymdfärjans lastrum bar man en Spacehab modul.

Eileen M. Collins blev genom flygningen rymdfärjeprogrammets första kvinnliga pilot.

Flygningens mål
Flygningens mål var att testa rymdfärjans förmåga att på ett kontrollerat sätt närma sig rymdstationen Mir. Som närmast befann man sig 11 meter från rymdstationen. Under flygningen började flera styrraketer läcka bränsle.

Se även
 Rymdforskning

Referenser

Externa länkar

Rymdfarkoster
Rymdfärjeprogrammet
Mir
1995 i USA
Rymdfartsåret 1995


text:
Biografia
È nato a Boulogne-sur-Mer, nel dipartimento della Val-d'Oise, nella regione dell'Île-de-France. Si è laureato in economomia e managemente all'Università di Parigi-Sorbona.

Ha esordito alla regia realizzando il documentario 2001: l'odyssée des musiques.

Nel 2012 ha diretto La cité rose, film drammatico presentato in anteprima al 21º Festival du film de Sarlat. La sceneggiatura, da lui scritta con Diouc Koma e Jimmy Laporal-Trésor, analizza le dinamiche di un gruppo di ragazzi della periferia parigina. La pellicola diviene il trampolino di lancio del dodicenne attore Azize Diabaté Abdoulaye, che  interpreta Mitraillette, uno dei protagonisti.

Il suo secondo lungometraggio è la commedia Made in China del 2019, con Frédéric Chau, Medi Sadoun e Julie De Bona.

Lo stesso anno ha diretto Mon frère - Tutto per mio fratello, distribuito da BAC Films e dalla piattaforma Netflix, nel quale ha affidato i ruoli di protagonista al rapper Mohamed Sylla, noto come MHD, che interpreta Teddy, un minorenne vittima di violenze domestiche, accusato di aver ucciso il padre, e Darren Muselet, che interpreta  Enzo, un diciassettenne orfano, abusato sessualmente dal padre, finito in un centro educativo a causa dei suoi comportamenti violenti.

Filmografia
2001: l'odyssée des musiques (2001 - documentario)
La cité rose (2012)
Made in China (2019)
Mon frère - Tutto per mio fratello (Mon frère) (2019)

Note

Collegamenti esterni

Studenti dell'Università di Parigi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
El Dia Internacional de la Celebració del Solstici té lloc anualment el 21 de juny, amb la finalitat de donar a conèixer les festes tradicionals que diferents cultures d'arreu del planeta celebren en relació amb el solstici.

El 20 de juny de 2019, l'Assemblea General de les Nacions Unides, en la Resolució 73/300, reconeix el 21 de juny com a Dia Internacional de la Celebració del Solstici en les seves diferents manifestacions, en una proposta iniciada pel govern bolivià. Aquest dia, que se celebra des de 2020. pretén reafirmar i protegir les tradicions i costums culturals que l'envolten, com ara Inti Raymi, We Tripantu, Willkakuti o Yasitata Guasú.

Referències

Vegeu també
 Dia Internacional dels Pobles Indígenes
 Dia Internacional dels Drets Humans
 Nit de Sant Joan

Enllaços externs
 Lloc Oficial del Dia Internacional de la Celebració del Solstici

Solstici
Dies de les Nacions Unides


text:
La competizione dei 5000 metri piani di atletica leggera ai Giochi della VII Olimpiade si tenne i giorni 16 e 17 agosto 1920 allo Stadio Olimpico di Anversa.

Risultati

Turni eliminatori

Batterie
 (Tra parententesi i tempi stimati)

Finale
Il favorito è il finlandese Nurmi, apparso nell'anno in corso sulla scena internazionale. Il campione finnico fa la gara sugli svedesi, in particolare Eric Backman e Runar Falk. Dopo tre giri Nurmi va in testa e produce la prima accelerazione, solo il francese Guillemot (campione nazionale sulla distanza) tiene il suo passo. A metà gara il francese è ancora incollato a Nurmi, il quale comincia a perdere mordente. All'ultimo giro si decide la gara: Guillemot, che aveva seguito Nurmi come un'ombra, lo passa ai 200 metri e si produce in un allungo. Il finlandese, non abituato a sprintare, cede di schianto ed arriva sul traguardo con un distacco di quasi cinque secondi.

È ufficializzato solo il tempo del primo classificato.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
  Athletics at the 1920 Antwerpen Summer Games: Men's 5000 metres Su Sport-reference.
 5000 metri, Video della finale (Olympic.org)

Atletica leggera ai Giochi della VII Olimpiade
1920


text:
Seznam naselij Istrske županije.

 Opomba: Naselja v ležečem tisku so opuščena.

A
Antenal - Antonci, Grožnjan - Antonci, Poreč - Anžići -

B
Babići, Kaštelir-Labinci - Babići, Umag - Baderna - Bajkini - Baldaši - Bale - Balići II - Balići - Banjole - Banki - Barat, Kanfanar - Barat, Višnjan - Barban - Barbići - Baredine, Buje - Baredine, Buzet - Barići - Bartići - Bartolići - Barušići - Batlug - Bazgalji - Bačva - Bašanija - Bašarinka - Baškoti - Begi - Belaj - Belavići - Bencani - Benčani - Benčići - Beram - Bertoši - Bibali - Bibići - Bijele Zemlje - Bičići - Blagdanići - Blatna Vas - Blaškovići - Bokordići - Boljevići - Boljun - Boljunsko Polje - Bonaci - Borinići - Borut - Boškari - Brajkovići, Kanfanar - Brajkovići, Pazin - Bralići - Bratovići - Bratulići - Brdo - Breg - Brest pod Učkom - Brest - Brečevići - Brgod - Brgudac - Brig - Brič - Bričanci - Brkač - Brnobići, Buzet - Brnobići, Kaštelir-Labinci - Broskvari - Brovinje - Brtonigla - Brčići, Poreč - Brčići, Tinjan - Bubani - Bucalovići - Buići - Bujarići - Buje - Bukori - Burići - Buroli - Butkovići - Butoniga - Buzet - Bužinija -

C
Cancini - Cere, Sveta Nedelja - Cere, Žminj - Cerion - Cerjani - Cerovlje - Cokuni - Crklada - Crni - Crveni Vrh - Cukrići - Cunj - Cvitani - Cvitići -

Ć
Ćusi -

Č
Čabrunići - Čambarelići - Čehići - Čepić - Čepljani - Červar-Porat - Červari - Čiritež - Črnica - Črvar - Čuki -
Čuši -

Đ
Đuba -

D
Dajla - Danci - Dane - Debeljuhi - Deklevi - Deklići - Dekovići - Delići - Diklići - Divšići - Dolenja Vas - Dolica - Domijanići - Draguzeti - Draguć - Dračevac - Drenje, Raša - Dubravci - Duga Luka - Duričići - Dvori -

E
Erkovčići - Eržišće -

F
Fabci - Farini - Fažana - Ferenci - Filipana - Filipi - Filipini - Finida - Fiorini - Flengi - Foli - Forčići - Frančići - Frata - Frnjolići - Funtana - Fuškulin -

G
Gajana - Galižana - Gambetići - Gamboci - Garbina - Gedići - Glavani - Golaš - Gologorica - Gologorički Dol - Golubići - Gondolići - Gora Glušići - GOrica - Gornja Nugla - Gradina - Gradinje, Cerovlje - Gradinje, Oprtalj - Gradišće - Grandići - Gračišće - Grdoselo - Grimalda - Grobnik - Grožnjan - Grubići - Gržini -

H
Heki - Heraki - Hrboki - Hreljići - Hum -

I
Ipši - Ivići -

J
Jadreški - Jadruhi - Jakačići - Jakići Dolinji - Jakići Gorinji - Jakomići - Jakovici - Jasenovica - Jehnići - Jelovice - Jesenovik - Ježenj - Juradi - Jural - Jurazini - Jurcani - Juricani - Jurićev Kal - Jurići, Poreč - Jurići, Žminj - Juričići - Juršići -

K
Kadumi - Kajini - Kaldanija - Kaldir - Kanegra - Kanfanar - Kapelica - Kapovići - Karigador - Karlovići - Karojba - Katoro - Katun - Kavran - Kaštel - Kaštelir - Kašćerga - Kirmenjak - Klarići - Klenovšćak - Klimni - Kloštar - Kmeti - Knapići - Kolumbera - Kompanj - Kontešići - Korelići - Korenići - Korlevići - Koromani - Koromačno - Kosinožići - Kosoriga - Kostanjica - Kostrčani - Kotli - Kovači - Kočići - Košutići - Kožljak - Kožljani - Kraj Drage - Krajcar Breg - Krajići - Kranjci - Kranjčići - Krančići - Krapan - Kras - Krasica - Krbavčići - Krbune - Krculi - Kresini - Kringa - Križanci - Križine - Krkuž - Krmed - Krnica - Krničari - Kropinjak - Krti - Krunčići - Krušvari - Kršan - Kršanci - Kršete - Kršikla - Kršuli - Kuberton - Kujići - Kukci - Kukurini - Kunj - Kurili - Kurjavići - Kućibreg -

L
Labin - Labinci - Ladići - Ladrovići - Laginji - Lakovići - Lanišće - Lanišće, Kršan - Lazarići - Lašići - Legovići - Lesišćina - Letaj - Letajac - Lindar - Livade - Ližnjan - Loborika - Lovrečica - Lovrin - Lozari - Lupoglav -

M
Majkusi - Makovci - Mala Huba - Mali Golji - Mali Mlun - Mali Turini - Mali Vareški - Mandalenčići - Manjadvorci - Marasi - Marceljani - Mareda - Marinci, Buzet - Marići, Kanfanar - Marići, Sveta Nedelja - Markoci - Markovac - Markovići - Martinci - Martinski - Martinčići - Marušići - Maružini - Marčana - Marčenegla - Materada - Matijaši - Matohanci - Matulini - Medaki - Medančići - Medulin - Medveje - Medvidići - Mekiši kod Kaštelira - Mekiši kod Vižinade - Melnica - Merišće - Mihatovići - Mihelići - Milanezi - Milotski Breg - Mičetići - Modrušani - Momjan - Monterol - Montižana - Montovani - Most-Raša - Motovun - Mrgani - Mugeba - Muntić - Muntrilj - Murine - Mutvoran - Mušalež - Mužini -

N
Nardući - Nedešćina - Negnar - Nova Vas, Brtonigla - Nova Vas, Kršan - Nova Vas, Poreč - Novaki Motovunski - Novaki Pazinski - Novigrad -

O
Ohnići - Okreti - Oprtalj - Orbani - Orbanići, Marčana - Orbanići, Žminj - Orihi - Orič - Oskoruš - Oslići -

P
Pagubice - Pajari - Pajkovići - Paladini - Pamići - Paradiž - Pavićini - Paz - Pazin - Pengari - Peničići - Perci, Buzet - Perci, Poreč - Peresiji - Perini - Peroj - Peruški - Petehi - Petrovija - Pifari - Pinezići - Pirelići - Pićan - Pješčana Uvala - Plomin - Plomin Luka - Plovanija - Podgaće - Podkuk - Podrebar - Polje Čepić - Polje - Pomer - Poreč - Potpićan - Počekaji - Prapoće - Pračana - Prašćari - Premantura - Presika - Previž - Prhati, Barban - Prhati, Višnjan - Prkačini - Prodani - Prodol - Pršurići - Pucići - Pulj - Puntera - Purgarija Čepić - Pusti - Putini -

R
Rabac - Radetići - Radini - Radići - Radmani - Radovani - Radoši Kod Višnjana - Radoši Kod Žbandaja - Rafaeli - Rajki, Barban - Rajki, Sveti Lovreč - Rakalj - Rakotule - Rakovci - Rapavel - Raponji - Ravni - Račice - Račički Brijeg - Račja Vas - Raša - Rašpor - Rebići - Režanci - Rim - Rimnjak - Ripenda Kosi - Ripenda Kras - Ripenda Verbanci - Rogovići - Rogočana - Rojci - Rojnići - Rovinj - Rovinjsko Selo - Roč - Ročko Polje - Rošini - Roškići - Rudani - Ružići, Poreč - Ružići, Sveta Nedelja -

S
Salakovci - Salambati - Salež - Santalezi - Savudrija - Seget - Selca - Selina - Seljaci - Semić - Senj - Sinožići - Sirotići - Skitača - Skvaranska - Slum - Smolići - Smoljanci - Snašići -   Sovinjak - Sovinjska Brda - Sovinjsko Polje - Sošići - Srebrnići - Stanica Roč - Staniši - Stanišovi - Starići - Stepčići - Strana - Stranići Kod Lovreča - Stranići Kod Nove Vasi - Strpačići - Sušići - Sv. Petar u Šumi - Sveta Katarina - Sveta Lucija - Sveta Marija na Krasu - Sveta Marina - Sveti Bartoč - Sveti Bartul - Sveti Donat - Sveti Ivan, Buzet - Sveti Ivan, Oprtalj - Sveti Ivan, Višnjan - Sveti Lovreč Labinski - Sveti Lovreč Pazenatički - Sveti Martin, Buzet - Sveti Petar u Šumi - Svetvinčenat -

Š
Šajini - Šarići - Šegotići - Šeraje - Šivati - Šišan - Škopljak - Škropeti - Škuljari - Šorgi - Šorići - Šterna - Štifanići - Štokovci - Štrmac - Štrped - Štuti - Šumber - Šušnjevica - Šušnjići - Šćulci -

T
Tadini - Tar - Tinjan - Tomišići - Topid - Trget - Trgetari - Triban - Trstenik - Trviž - Tupljak -

U
Ugrini - Umag -

V
Vabriga - Vadediji - Vadreš - Valbonaša - Valentići - Valica - Valkarin - Valtura - Vardica - Varoš - Vejaki - Vela Traba - Veleniki - Veli Golji - Veli Mlun - Veli Turini - Veliki Vareški - Velići - Veljaki - Vidulini - Vilanija - Vinež - Vinkuran - Vintijan - Viškovići - Višnjan - Vižinada - Vižintini - Vižintini Vrhi - Vodice - Vodnjan - Vozilići - Vošteni - Vranići Kod Višnjana - Vranja - Vrbani - Vrećari - Vrh Lašići - Vrh - Vrhjani - Vrsar - Vrvari - Vržnaveri -

Z
Zabrežani - Zagorje - Zajci - Zamask - Zamaski Dol - Zambratija - Zankovci - Zarečje - Zatka Čepić - Završje - Zeci - Zgrabljići - Zoričići - Zrenj -

Ž
Žagrići - Žbandaj - Želiski - Ženodraga - Žikovići - Žminj - Žnjidarići - Žonti - Žudetići - Žuntići - Županići - Žužići, Tinjan - Žužići, Višnjan -

Istrske županije


text:
Ministerstwo Edukacji, Nauki i Sportu Republiki Litewskiej () – litewski urząd administracji rządowej, utworzony 11 listopada 1918. Misją ministerstwa jest realizacja polityki państwa w dziedzinie edukacji, nauki i badań.

Lista ministrów (po 1990)

Ministrowie kultury i edukacji

 Darius Kuolys (niezależny) (od 17 marca 1990 r. do 26 listopada 1992 r.)
 Dainius Trinkūnas (niezależny) (od 12 grudnia 1992 r. do 9 czerwca 1994 r.)

Ministrowie edukacji i nauki
 Vladislavas Domarkas (niezależny) (od 9 czerwca 1994 r. do 19 listopada 1996 r.)
 Zigmas Zinkevičius (niezależny) (od 4 grudnia 1996 r. do 1 maja 1998 r.)
 Kornelijus Platelis (niezależny) (od 1 maja 1998 r. do 9 listopada 2000 r.)
 Algirdas Monkevičius (SL) (od 27 października 2000 r. do 15 grudnia 2004 r.)
 Remigijus Motuzas (LSDP) (od 29 listopada 2004 r. do 1 czerwca 2006 r.)
 Roma Žakaitienė (LSDP) (od 18 lipca 2006 r. do 27 maja 2008 r.)
 Algirdas Monkevičius (SL) (od 27 maja 2008 r. do 28 listopada 2008 r.)
 Gintaras Steponavičius (LS) (od 28 listopada 2008 r. do 13 grudnia 2012 r.)
 Dainius Pavalkis (DP) (od 13 grudnia 2012 r. do 11 maja 2015 r.)
 Audronė Pitrėnienė (DP) (od 2 czerwca 2015 r. do 13 grudnia 2016 r.)
 Jurgita Petrauskienė (od 13 grudnia 2016 r. do 7 grudnia 2018 r.)

Bibliografia
 Oficjalna strona ministerstwa (lit.)

Oświata na Litwie
Sport na Litwie
Nauka na Litwie
Litewskie ministerstwa
Hasła utworzone w ramach Tygodni Tematycznych 2019


text:
Hemiandrus jacinda — вид прямокрилих комах родини Anostostomatidae. Описаний у 2021 році. Названий на честь прем'єр-міністра Джасінди Ардерни.

Поширення
Ендемік Нової Зеландії. Поширений на півночі Північного острова.

Опис
Великий, блискучий, помаранчево-червоний коник з довгими ногами. Вдень комаха переховується у норах.

Примітки

Anostostomatidae
Тварини, описані 2021
Комахи Океанії
Ендемічна фауна Нової Зеландії


text:
Anna Sablina (Russisch: Анна Александровна Саблина) (Tsjeljabinsk, 22 februari 1945) is een schaatsster uit de Sovjet-Unie. Ze vertegenwoordigde haar vaderland op de Olympische Winterspelen 1968 in Grenoble.

Resultaten

Olympische Spelen

Wereldkampioenschappen

USSR kampioenschappen

Persoonlijke records

Externe links

 Resultaten op SpeedSkatingStats
 Resultaten op TheSports
 Resultaten op SpeedSkatingNews

Langebaanschaatser uit de Sovjet-Unie
Olympisch deelnemer uit de Sovjet-Unie


text:
Yves Gibeau, né le  à Bouzy (Marne) et mort le  à Roucy (Aisne), est un écrivain français.

Biographie

Fils de militaire, Yves Gibeau  passe une partie de sa jeunesse sous l'uniforme de 1929 à 1939. D'abord enfant de troupe aux Andelys (1929-1934), puis à Tulle (1934-1939), il est mobilisé en 1939 et, en 1940, prisonnier de guerre. Il est rapatrié d'Allemagne en décembre 1941 et gagne ensuite sa vie à l'aide d'emplois temporaires.

Il exerce quelque temps le métier de chansonnier (il est alors très proche de Boris Vian), devient à la Libération journaliste à Combat, puis rédacteur en chef du journal Constellation où il publie régulièrement des mots croisés sous le pseudonyme d'A. Sylvestre (nom du héros principal du Grand Monôme).

Il conserve de son expérience sous les drapeaux des convictions résolument pacifistes et une haine tenace de la chose militaire. Dans son ouvrage le plus connu, Allons z'enfants..., paru en 1952, il revient sur son passé d'enfant de troupe en décrivant un milieu caractérisé par la bêtise et la brutalité.

Il réside à partir de 1981 dans un ancien presbytère à Roucy.

Fervent amateur de bicyclette et verbicruciste, il tient pendant plusieurs années et jusqu'à sa mort la rubrique mots croisés du magazine L'Express.

Le prix Yves Gibeau, décerné par un jury composé de collégiens et lycéens volontaires, récompense une œuvre littéraire choisie parmi cinq ouvrages d'auteurs contemporains parus en édition de poche.

Décédé le , Yves Gibeau a tenu à être enterré dans le cimetière de l'Ancien Craonne, sur le Chemin des Dames, village qui a été totalement détruit pendant la Première Guerre mondiale et inspiré la Chanson de Craonne .

Œuvres
 1946:  Cinq ans de prison, éditions Malesherbes (ouvrage collectif. Contributions de : Yves Gibeau, Maurice Blézot, Maurice Bruezière, Maurice Gabé, Jean Darlac. Illustrations de Gustave Gautier)
 1947 : Le Grand Monôme, Calmann-Lévy (les premiers chapitres proposent des versions très réécrites des textes parus dans Cinq ans de prison)
 1950 : ... Et la fête continue, Calmann-Lévy
 1952 : Allons z'enfants, Calmann-Lévy (adaptation cinématographique : Allons z'enfants par Yves Boisset, film sorti en 1981)
 1953 : Les Gros Sous, Calmann-Lévy (Prix du roman populiste 1953)
 1956 : La Ligne droite, Calmann-Lévy (Grand Prix de Littérature sportive 1957, adapté au cinéma en 1961 par Jacques Gaillard)
 1961 : La guerre, c'est la guerre, Calmann-Lévy
 1984 : Chemin des Dames, Albedo
 1988 : Mourir idiot, Calmann-Lévy
 2005 : Les Dingues, éditions des Équateurs

Notes et références

Bibliographie

 Raymond Queneau, Anthologie des jeunes auteurs, JAR, 1957,  et suiv.
 Patrick Macquaire, Yves Gibeau, Cultures et Sociétés, , Téraèdre, Paris 2016.

Liens externes

 Biographie et photo sur bibliomonde.net
 Prix Yves Gibeau sur prix-litteraires.net

Militaire français de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Écrivain français du XXe siècle
Journaliste français du XXe siècle
Militant pacifiste français
Verbicruciste francophone
Lauréat du prix du Roman populiste
Naissance en janvier 1916
Naissance dans la Marne
Décès en octobre 1994
Décès dans l'Aisne
Décès à 78 ans
Personnalité inhumée dans l'Aisne


text:
Stanley Stanwyck-Stankiewicz (ur. 1923 w Wilnie, zm. 2008 w Westminster) – amerykański doktor inżynier i naukowiec pochodzenia polskiego.

Zarys biografii
Podczas II wojny światowej był żołnierzem 2. Korpusu Polskiego, z którym w grudniu 1943 roku został przerzucony do Włoch. Po demobilizacji zdecydował się na emigrację do Wielkiej Brytanii, skąd w 1951 roku wyjechał na stałe do Stanów Zjednoczonych. Tuż po przyjeździe wstąpił do Korpusu Piechoty Morskiej Stanów Zjednoczonych. W latach 1951–1952 jako sierżant marines brał udział w wojnie koreańskiej, z której powrócił jako niepełnosprawny weteran (DAV). W latach 1952–1953 przechodził leczenie w szpitalu dla weteranów.

Na California Polytechnic State University uzyskał licencjat z zakresu inżynierii mechanicznej. Edukację w dziedzinie termodynamiki i transferu ciepła kontynuował na uczelniach: UCLA, UCI, California State University i Cal State Long Beach. Uzyskał tytuł naukowy doktora w dziedzinie termodynamiki.

Tuż po otrzymaniu dyplomu zaczął pracę jako inżynier lotniczy w NASA na przylądku Canaveral. Uczestniczył w programie Skylab oraz pracach związanych z misją Apollo 11. Opracował urządzenie do określania w drodze analizy ilościowej zasobu powietrza rozpuszczanego w pętli chłodzącej stosowanej w wahadłowcu kosmicznym. Karierę zawodową kontynuował jako inżynier lotniczy w koncernie McDonnell Douglas przejętym później przez firmę Boeing.

Działał także w organizacjach polonii amerykańskiej. Władał czterema językami – polskim, angielskim, rosyjskim i niemieckim.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Amerykańscy inżynierowie
Amerykańscy naukowcy
Naukowcy polonijni w Stanach Zjednoczonych
Żołnierze Polskich Sił Zbrojnych
Uczestnicy kampanii włoskiej 1943–1945
Uczestnicy wojny koreańskiej
Urodzeni w 1923
Zmarli w 2008
Ludzie urodzeni w Wilnie


text:
The Shire of Burnett was a local government area located in the Wide Bay–Burnett region of Queensland, Australia. It surrounded, but did not include, the regional city of Bundaberg, and covered an area of . It existed as a local government entity from its creation through the amalgamation of the Shire of Gooburrum and the Shire of Woongarra in 1994 until 2008, when it amalgamated with the City of Bundaberg and other councils in the region to form the Bundaberg Region.

History
On 21 November 1991, the Electoral and Administrative Review Commission, created two years earlier, produced its second report, and recommended that local government boundaries in the Bundaberg area be rationalised. The Local Government (Bundaberg and Burnett) Regulation 1993 was gazetted on 17 December 1993, in effect amalgamating the Shires of Gooburrum and Woongarra, and transferring a newer urban area to the City of Bundaberg. On 30 March 1994, the Shire of Burnett came into being.

On 15 March 2008, under the Local Government (Reform Implementation) Act 2007 passed by the Parliament of Queensland on 10 August 2007, the Shire of Burnett merged with the City of Bundaberg and the Shires of Isis and Kolan to form the Bundaberg Region.

Population

* Excluding the area transferred to City of Bundaberg in 1994, the population of Burnett was 15,417 in 1991.

Towns and localities
The Shire of Burnett included the following settlements:

North Burnett area:
 Abbotsford
 Avondale
 Bucca
 Fairymead
 Gooburrum
 Littabella
 Meadowvale
 Miara
 Moore Park
 Moorland
 Oakwood
 Rosedale1
 Sharon
 South Kolan
 Watalgan
 Waterloo
 Waterloo
 Winfield
 Yandaran

South Burnett area:
 Alloway
 Bargara2
 Branyan
 Burnett Heads
 Calavos
 Coonarr
 Coral Cove2
 Electra
 Elliott
 Elliott Heads2
 Givelda
 Innes Park2
 Kalkie2
 Kinkuna
 Mon Repos2
 Pine Creek
 Port of Bundaberg
 Qunaba2
 Rubyanna2
 South Bingera
 Windermere2
 Woongarra

1 - split with Gladstone Region
2 - split with the former City of Bundaberg

External links

References

Former local government areas of Queensland
2008 disestablishments in Australia
Populated places disestablished in 2008


text:
L'Albanie a une ambassade à Bucarest et la Roumanie une ambassade à Tirana et un consulat à Korçë. Le 16 décembre 2013, une célébration a eu lieu en Roumanie pour célébrer le centième anniversaire de l'établissement des relations diplomatiques entre les deux nations.

Les pays sont tous deux membres de l'Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord, de l'Organisation internationale de la francophonie et de l'Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe. En tant que membre de l'Union européenne (UE), la Roumanie soutient l'Albanie dans sa voie d'intégration à l'Union.

Histoire

Moderne
Le mouvement Rilindja Kombëtare du nationalisme albanais à l'intérieur de l'Empire ottoman était présent et prolifique en Valachie, le centre des initiatives culturelles prises par Dora d'Istria, Naim Frashëri, Jani Vreto et Naum Veqilharxhi (ce dernier a publié le tout premier abécédaire albanais à Bucarest, en 1844). Aleksandër Stavre Drenova, un habitant de Bucarest, est l'auteur des paroles de l'hymne national albanais, Hymni i Flamurit, qui est chanté sur l'air de "Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire", composé par le roumain Ciprian Porumbescu.

Parmi les nouveaux groupes d'immigrants de diverses régions des Balkans en Roumanie se trouvaient les familles des poètes Victor Eftimiu et Lasgush Poradeci. À l'époque, le mouvement d'indépendance prend de l'ampleur et, pendant un certain temps après 1905, se concentre sur les activités d'Albert Gjika. Une école albanaise a été ouverte en 1905 dans la ville de Constanța — parmi ses élèves se trouvait le poète Aleksandër Stavre Drenova. En 1912, lors d'une réunion à Bucarest dirigée par Ismail Qemali et à laquelle assistait Drenova, la première résolution concernant l'indépendance de l'Albanie fut adoptée. En 1921, la première traduction du Coran en albanais fut achevée par Ilo Mitkë Qafëzezi et publiée dans la ville de Ploieşti.

À la fin de la période ottomane, certains intellectuels albanais ont développé une théorie historico-politique selon laquelle les Albanais et les Valaques, y compris les Roumains modernes, étaient des "frères de sang", et devraient se battre pour la libération mutuelle dans les territoires encore administrés par les Ottomans avec l'aide de la Roumanie ou de l'Italie. Ce point de vue a été soutenu par l'Autriche-Hongrie après 1897. Visar Dodani dirigea un journal à Bucarest à partir de 1897 et, à partir de mars 1898, il défendit une vision de l'origine illyrienne commune des Albanais et des Roumains et de leur lutte contemporaine commune.

La Roumanie a été le premier pays à reconnaître l'indépendance de l'Albanie. Les relations entre l'Albanie et la Roumanie ont été établies le 16 décembre 1913. Depuis lors, les deux pays ont développé de solides liens culturels et linguistiques. L'écrivain et poète albanais Lasgush Poradeci a vécu et étudié en Roumanie pendant un certain temps, avec d'autres personnalités albanaises influentes. Un traité d'amitié a été signé entre les deux pays en 1994.

Relations

Le 18 mars 2014, Edi Rama, le premier ministre de l'Albanie, a rencontré Victor Ponta, le premier ministre de la Roumanie, lors de la première visite officielle de ce dernier à Tirana. Les deux hommes ont discuté de l'élargissement des liens entre les deux pays sur le plan économique, en termes d'éducation (avec un certain nombre d'étudiants albanais étudiant en Roumanie et des policiers albanais étant formés par des Roumains), ainsi que du partage de l'expérience de la Roumanie dans l'adhésion à l'Union européenne avec l'Albanie. Ils ont également discuté des entreprises roumaines ouvrant des bureaux à Tirana pour accroître la coopération économique et de la formation des policiers albanais par la Roumanie pour lutter contre le crime organisé. En février 2015, Ponta a proposé de conclure un accord énergétique avec la Roumanie. Il a également déclaré que l'expansion de la coopération dans d'autres domaines se poursuivra également.

Relations économiques
Les deux pays ont conclu un accord de libre-échange qui est entré en vigueur le 1er janvier 2017.

La valeur du commerce bilatéral en 2016 était de 83 millions d'euros.

Diplomatie

Albanie

 Bucarest (Ambassade)

Roumanie

 Tirana (Ambassade)

Voir aussi

 Relations extérieures de l'Albanie
 Relations extérieures de la Roumanie
 Adhésion de l'Albanie à l'Union européenne

Notes et références

Albanie
Roumanie


text:
A Day 'n' Nite egy dal Kid Cudi, amerikai hiphop előadó első kislemeze. A számot Cudi írta és producerként is dolgozott rajta Dot da Genius-szal együtt. 2008. február 5-én jelent meg hivatalosan, de kiszivárgott már 2007 decemberében.

A dal eredetileg Cudi A Kid Named Cudi (2009) mixtapején jelent meg és az első kislemez volt a debütáló stúdióalbumáról, a Man on the Moon: The End of Dayről (2009). A számból azóta több, mint 5 millió példányt adtak el az Egyesült Államokban, ezzel ötszörös platinalemez minősítést elérve. A harmadik helyet érte el a Billboard Hot 100-on. A 15. helyet kapta a 2009. 25 legjobb dala listán, amelyet a Rolling Stone állított össze illetve a hetedik helyet foglalta el a Complex Az évtized 100 legjobb dala listán.

Háttér
Mikor fiatal volt, Cudi szülővárosából Clevelandből, New Yorkba költözött, hogy zenei karrierjében előre léphessen. Amikor megérkezett a nagybátyjával lakott, aki később kirakta a házából, ami a Day 'n' Nite megírásához vezetett:

Cudi debütáló albumán a Man on the Moon: The End of Dayen a dal Day 'n' Nite (Nightmare) címen jelent meg. Egy 2012-es interjúban Cudi elmondta, hogy az 1991-es Geto Boys Mind Playing Tricks on Me című száma inspirálta arra, hogy megírja a Day 'n' Nite-ot. "A My Mind Playing Tricks On Me az egyik kedvenc számom. Annyira szeretem és akartam belőle csinálni egy saját verziót. Ebből lett a Day 'n' Nite."

Kiadása
A kislemez 2008. február 5-én jelent meg digitális letöltésként. Még azelőtt jelent meg, mielőtt Cudi aláírt volna a GOOD Music-hoz. A dal eredetileg Cudi első hivatalos munkáján, az A Kid Named Cudi mixtapején jelent meg, közreműködésben a 10.Deep márkával. Ez után döntött úgy Kanye West, hogy a rappert a szárnyai alá veszi.

Crookers Remix

A Day 'n' Nite 2008 júniusában lett remixelve az olasz producer páros, a Crookers által. 2009 januárjában jelentették meg az Egyesült Királyságban. A Crookers Remix nagyon sikeres volt, a UK Kislemezek slágerlistán második helyen végzett és több európai listán is a legjobb 20 pozíció egyikén kapott helyet. Európában nagy népszerűségnek örvendett a remix. A Studio Brussels belga rádióállomáson a hét dala címet is megkapta. Egy videoklip is megjelent a verzióhoz Cudi jóváhagyása nélkül. A blogján írt erről és megkért minden bloggert, hogy távolítsák el az oldalaikról a videót. A Crookers Remix második helyen debütált az Egyesült Királyságban, csak Lady Gaga Just Dance-e mögött és három hétig foglalta el ezt a pozíciót. A Crookers Remixet gyakran lehet koncertjei közben hallani, az eredeti verzió folytatásaként. A Beatport Music díjátadón megnyerte a Legjobb Indie Dance/Nu Disco díjat.

Videóklipek
A Day 'n' Nite-hoz három videóklipet forgattak. Az első So-Me francia rendező rendezte, aki korábban dolgozott Justice D.A.N.C.E. és Kanye West Good Life klipjein is. A klipben Cudi Los Angelesben sétálgat és mindennapi dolgokat csinál, mint pizzát eszik, bevásárol és beül egy bárba, de a grafikák ezt átviszik egy fantáziavilágba. Ezek a fantáziák utalások az Óz, a nagy varázslóra, majd később átalakulnak Cudi vágyába, hogy zenéljen. Lényegében az egész klip egy játék a "lonely stoner" témán, akinek a valósága átalakul, mert "fel tudja szabadítani az elméjét" (angolul: "free his mind," utalás kannabisz használatra, többször is előkerül a szám dalszövegében). A klipben szerepel a The Smogcutter bár és az ikonikus videójátékterem, a Family Arcade. A klip 10. helyet kapott a BET 2009 Top 100 videója listán. YouTube-on több, mint 145 millió megtekintést gyűjtött össze.

A második verziót a Crookers Remixhez készítették. A videóban Cudi egy tipikus brit sarki kisbolt eladójaként dolgozik, melynek a neve Day 'n' Nite. A klipben található utalás arra, hogy miután a főnöke egyedül hagyta a bolt kulcsaival, Cudi marihuánát fogyasztott. A videóban Cudinak több hallucinációja van, nők vetkőznek előtte vagy táncolnak neki. A klip elején Cudi főnöke nem tudja rendesen kiejteni Budi (Cudi karaktere) nevét, ami egy utalás arra, hogy mikor Cudi először ismert lett, sokan "Kid Cooty"-nak ejtették nevét. Érdekesség még, hogy a boltban az összes termék brit és az ára mindennek fontban van, kivéve a pult mögötti termékek, amelyeknek pedig dollárban vannak feltüntetve árai. Ugyanígy Cudi főnökének az akcentusa brit, míg a rendőrnő, aki később belép, amerikai öltözetben van.

A harmadik klip (szintén a Crookers Remixhez) a másik kettő előtt volt felvéve 2008-ban. A videó még az előtt készült, hogy Cudi aláírt volna a Universal Motown-hoz, 250 dolláros költségvetésből.  A videóklipet a BBGUN rendezte, akiknek ez volt a debütálása rendezőként és 2009 szeptemberében premierelt a Pitchforkon.

Feldolgozások és remixek
A dalból készült egy paródia "Weird Al" Yankovic 13. stúdióalbumán, az Alpocalypse-en. A Day 'n' Nite-ot szintén feldolgozta az amerikai alternatív rock együttes, Sugar Ray egy koncertjükön. Ugyanígy feldolgozta a ChainGang és Little Boots. Travis Scott through the late night című dalán is előkerül, amelyet Cudival együtt készített a Birds In The Trap Sing McKnight albumra.

Formátumok és számlista

USA

UK CD 1

UK CD 2

UK 12 hüvelykes hanglemez

US 12 hüvelykes hanglemez

Slágerlisták

Heti slágerlisták

Év végi slágerlisták

Minősítések

Díjak, jelölések

Jegyzetek

2008 kislemezei
Kid Cudi-dalok
Kábítószer témájú dalok
Egyedüllét témájú dalok
Debütáló kislemezek


text:
Pierre Albuisson, né le  à Madagascar, est un dessinateur et graveur de timbres-poste français.

Il a également illustré des textes de Roger Caillois et de Marguerite Yourcenar.

Biographie
Diplômé de l'école des beaux-arts de Mâcon au début des années 1970, il est un graveur titré meilleur ouvrier de France en gravure au burin sur cuivre et acier pour l'impression en 1979 et 1986, selon les techniques employées (burin et eau-forte).

Il a illustré des romans avant de graver des timbres-poste à partir des années 1980. Sa première figurine est émise par le Mali en 1981. Son premier timbre pour la France métropolitaine date de 1984.

En  il crée et préside l'Association Art du timbre gravé dont le but est de promouvoir l'usage de la taille-douce dans la réalisation des timbres-poste, association dont le siège actuel se situe au Musée de La Poste à Paris.

Œuvres

Timbres de France
 « Le Palais idéal du facteur Cheval »,
 « Montpellier » (cathédrale Saint-Pierre et faculté de Médecine),
 « Roche de Solutré », dessin de Gérard Diaz,  ;
 « Bicentenaire de la première ascension du Mont Blanc »,
 « Henri Alain-Fournier - Le Grand Meaulnes », dessin de B. Mahn,
 « Henri Pourrat - Gaspard des montagnes »,
 « 1918-1998 : Armistice du 11 novembre », dessin de Michel Durand-Mégret,
 « Forêt de Fontainebleau »,
 « Villefranche-sur-Saône - Congrès de la Fédération des sociétés philatéliques françaises »,
 « Cluny » (abbaye),
 « Personnages célèbres », portraits de poètes par des peintres célèbres,  :
 « René Char » par Valentine Hugo
 « Paul Éluard » par Picasso
 « Francis Ponge » par Stella Mertens
 « Jacques Prévert » par Picasso
 « Nature de France : fleurs des étangs et des marais » (lys de mer, nénuphar jaune, orchis des marais, rossolis),
 « Cathédrale du Mans : légende de saint Étienne », vitrail du ,
 « Bastia » (l'église Saint-Jean-Baptiste), dessin de J. Combet,
 « Nicolas Poussin 1594-1665 : Moïse et les filles de Jethro »,
 « Pont de Normandie », dessin de Jean-Paul Véret-Lemarinier,
 « Jean Giono 1895-1970 », dessin d'Olivier-Laurent Girard,
 « Pierre Prud'hon 1758-1823 : Étude pour le rêve du bonheur »,
 « Trésor de Neuvy-en-Sullias - Loiret : bronze gallo-romain », sculpture d'un cheval,
 « Sablé-sur-Sarthe »,
 « Abbaye de Cîteaux 1098-1998 »,
 « Eugène Delacroix 1798-1863, Entrée des Croisés à Constantinople », extrait d'une peinture mise en page par Aurélie Baras,
 « Stéphane Mallarmé 1842-1898 », dessin de Jean-Paul Véret-Lemarinier,
 « Frédéric Chopin 1810-1948 », dessin de Andrzej Heidrich,
 « Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau 1700-1782 », dessin de Jean-Paul Véret-Lemarinier,
 « Nevers - 73 congrès de la Fédération française des associations philatéliques »,
 « Besançon », dessin de Jean-Paul Cousin, 7 mai 2001
 « Jean Vilar 1912-1971 », dessin de Marc Taraskoff,
 « Notre-Dame de la Salette », 19 août 2002
 « Georges Perec 1936-1982 », dessin de Marc Taraskoff,
 « Mulhouse - 76 Congrès de la Fédération française des associations philatéliques », 13 octobre 2003
 « George Sand 1804-1867 », 22 mars 2004
 « Nancy 2005 », 9 mai 2005
 « Antibes Juan-les-Pins - Alpes-Maritimes », 17 juillet 2006 (grand prix de l'Art philatélique français 2006)
 « Alain Poher 1909-1996 », dessin de Marc Taraskoff,
 « Valenciennes - Nord », la fontaine Watteau, 5 février 2007
 « Autun - Saône-et-Loire », la ville, le Temple de Janus et deux sculptures, Timbres de France 2011 -

Timbre du Mali
 « Pierre Curie 1859-1906 - Découverte de la radioactivité », 1981.

Timbres de Monaco
 « Bicentenaire de la création de Don Giovanni » de Mozart et « 150 anniversaire de la Grande Messe des morts » d'Hector Berlioz, dessinés par Pierrette Lambert, . La dessinatrice a reçu le trophée du Philatelic Music Circle du meilleur timbre de l'année dans la thématique musicale.
  série de sainte Dévote 2003, dessinée par Cyril de La Patellière.
 « Musée des timbres et des monnaies 1996-2006 », dessin de Thierry Mordant, 30 janvier 2006 ;
 « John Huston 1906-1987 », . Le portrait voisine avec une scène du film Les Désaxés.
 « Henri Dunant », dessin de Cyril de La Patellière, 2013.
 « Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791 », . Le timbre se compose du portrait du compositeur enfant et de deux scènes inspirées de la Flûte enchantée.
 « Giuseppe Garibaldi 1807-1882 », dessiné par Irio Ottavio Fantini, 16 mars 2007.
 Nicolas Appert 1810, 2010.
 Avènement du prince Honoré V en 1819, dessiné par Cyril de La Patellière
 Fédor Chaliapine, dessiné par Cyril de La Patellière.

Timbres de Nouvelle-Calédonie
 « 1926 : arrivée des colons nordistes », 24 mai 2006.

Timbres de Polynésie française
 « Gauguin » (130 XPF), 8 novembre 2006.

Timbres de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
 « Albert Pen 1935-2003 », peinture de Patrick Derible,  mars 2006.
 « Orchidées : spiranthe de Romanzoff », dans le cadre d'une bande de quatre, .
 « Sœur Hilarion », peinture de Patrick Derible, 10 janvier 2007.

Timbres des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises
 « Cap Horn » (navire de pêche),  janvier 2005 ;
 « Découverte de la Terre Adélie », feuillet du carnet de voyage n°4, 6 août 2005 ;
 « Dauphin crucigère »,  janvier 2006 ;
 « Tonkinois », navire,  janvier 2007.

Timbres de Wallis-et-Futuna
 « Lolesio Tuita », 30 juillet 2007.
 « Wallis et Futuna autrefois », un des deux timbres, .

Autres documents philatéliques
  CNEP, Salon philatélique d'automne de Paris, 2005.

Illustration d'œuvres littéraires
 Roger Caillois, Trois Leçons des ténèbres, Fata Morgana, 1978 ; rééd. 1989
 Marguerite Yourcenar, Écrit dans un jardin, Fata Morgana, 1992

Annexes

Filmographie
 « Pierre Albuisson. Une journée dans l'atelier du maître graveur », film inclus dans le double-DVD Des courriers très spéciaux, réalisé par Gauthier Toulemonde, éd. Timbropresse-Place de la Toile, 2006. Albuisson y présente son cadre de vie, son atelier (outils, presse pour les essais d'impression) et ses créations.

Liens externes

 Site personnel danois
 Site de l'association Art du timbre gravé

Graveur français du XXe siècle
Graveur français du XXIe siècle
Graveur sur cuivre
Graveur en taille-douce
Graveur en manière noire
Aquafortiste français
Buriniste
Dessinateur de timbres
Illustrateur français du XXe siècle
Illustrateur français du XXIe siècle
Meilleur ouvrier de France
Naissance en septembre 1952
Naissance dans la colonie de Madagascar et dépendances


text:
Fenne steht für:
 Fenne (Weide), besondere Form der Weide, die von Gräben umzogen ist
 Fenne (Völklingen), Stadtteil von Völklingen im Saarland
 Fenne, Wohnplatz von Rangsdorf

Personen:
 Gisle Fenne (* 1963), norwegischer Biathlet
 Helga Øvsthus Fenne (* 1964), norwegische Biathletin
 Hilde Fenne (* 1993), norwegische Biathletin
 Fritz Fenne (* 1973), deutscher Schauspieler

Siehe auch:
 Fenn
 Venne


text:
Чемпіонат Німеччини з хокею 2021 — 104-ий чемпіонат Німеччини з хокею, у чемпіонаті беруть участь чотирнадцять клубів. Через пандемію COVID-19 початок сезону перенесли на 13 листопада 2020 року, яку згодом перенесли на більш пізню дату. 19 листопада 2020 керівництво ДХЛ повідомило, що чемпіонат розпочнеться 17 грудня 2020 року.

«Айсберен Берлін» увосьме став чемпіоном Німеччини перегравши у фінальній серії «Грізлі Вольфсбург» у трьох матчах.

Регламент

У першості беруть участь ті самі учасники, що і торік, оскільки всі команди отримали ліцензію. «Адлер Мангейм» захищатиме титул, оскільки «Ред Булл» завершив регулярний чемпіонат сезону 2019–20 на першому місці, а серію плей-оф скасували через пандемію COVID-19.

Цей сезон мав ознаменуватися обміном між лігами ДХЛ та ДХЛ2. 23 жовтня 2020 правило вибуття було перенесено на наступний сезон. Тим не менш, чемпіон ДХЛ2 підвищиться в кінці цього сезону, а лігу розширять до 15 команд.

14 команд зіграють регулярний сезон у двох групах (Північній та Південній). З командами своєї групи зіграють по чотири гри, а з клубами іншої групи по дві. Після цього чотири найкращі клуби з обох груп виходять у плей-оф. Чвертьфінали зіграють між командами однієї групи, півфінал буде змішаним. Усі матчі серії плей-оф грають до трьох перемог одного із клубів.

Регулярний сезон

Північ

Південь

Плей-оф

Чвертьфінали
Матчі пройшли 20 — 24 квітня 2021.

РС = Регулярний сезон

Півфінали
Матчі пройшли 26 — 30 квітня 2021.

РС = Регулярний сезон

Фінал
Матчі пройшли 2 — 7 травня 2021.

РС = Регулярний сезон

Примітки

Посилання
 Офіційний сайт Німецької хокейної ліги
 ДХЛ на hockeyarchives

Чемпіонат Німеччини з хокею
Німеччина
Німеччина
2020 у німецькому спорті
2021 у німецькому спорті


text:
Daniel Chávez García (born 27 May 1970) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party. As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the LX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Michoacán.

References

1970 births
Living people
Politicians from Michoacán
National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Deputies of the LX Legislature of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico) for Michoacán


text:
The Gonja language, properly called Ngbanya or Ngbanyito, is a North Guang language spoken by an estimated 230,000 people, almost all of whom are of the Gonja ethnic group of northern Ghana.  Related to Guang languages in the south of Ghana, it is spoken by about a third of the population in the northern region. The Brong-Ahafo and Volta regions lie to the south of the Gonja-speaking area, while Dagombas, Mamprussis and Walas are to the north. Its dialects are Gonja and Choruba.

Alphabet

Vowels used are: a,e,i,o,ɔ,u,ɛ. Consonants include: ch , ŋm, ny, gb, kp, sh .

Pronouns
Personal pronouns as subject of the sentence:

Names

References

Colin Painter, Gonja: a phonological and grammatical study, Indiana University, 1970

External links
ComparaLex, database with Gonja word list

Guang languages
Languages of Ghana


text:
Modelski (feminine: Modelska) is a Polish surname. Notable people include:

 Filip Modelski, Polish footballer
 George Modelski, Polish-American political scientist
 Izydor Modelski, Polish military officer and spy
 Witold Modelski, Polish resistance fighter

Polish-language surnames


text:
Afareo puede referirse a los siguientes artículos:

 Afareo. Orador y trágico ateniense.
 Afareo. Personaje de la mitología griega. Rey de Mesenia.
 Afareo, hijo de Caletor. Un guerrero aqueo en la Guerra de Troya, muerto a manos de Eneas.
 Afareo. Uno de los centauros que asistieron a la boda de Pirítoo e Hipodamía.


text:
Das Juniorinneneinzel der Wimbledon Championships 2022 war ein Tenniswettbewerb in London, den die US-Amerikanerin Liv Hovde gewann.

Vorjahressiegerin ist Ane Mintegi del Olmo.

Setzliste

Hauptrunde

Halbfinale, Finale

Obere Hälfte

Obere Hälfte 1

Obere Hälfte 2

Untere Hälfte

Untere Hälfte 1

Untere Hälfte 2

Weblinks

Juniorinneneinzel
2022


text:
Wilhelm Robert Rasmussen (nacido Vilhelm Robart Rasmussen) (Skien, 1879 - 1965). Fue un destacado escultor noruego.

Creció en su ciudad natal, pero entre 1892 y 1894 radicó con su padre en los Estados Unidos. Interesado en el modelado en yeso, estudió el bachillerato en la Escuela de Artes y Artesanías de Oslo, donde fue alumno de los destacados escultores Brynjulf Bergslien y Lars Utne, entre 1895 y 1900. Estudió posteriormente en París (1902) y en Italia (1906).

Impulsado por Gustav Vigeland, pudo obtener un puesto en las obras de restauración de la Catedral de Nidaros, en Trondheim, donde se la asignó la responsabilidad de algunas esculturas de inspiración gótica, entre 1907 y 1917. Entre otras, destacó su obra de la crucifixión sobre el portal principal de la fachada occidental de la catedral, aunque trabajó en otras, como varios grotescos en diversas partes del exterior del edificio.

Entre otras de sus esculturas más conocidas destacan los monumentos a los reyes Federico II en Fredrikstad, y a Olaf Tryggvason en Trondheim. Entre 1918 y 1921 realizó doce esculturas en granito en la Escuela de Navegación de Tønsberg, actualmente Museo de Arte de Vestfold. De 1921 a 1945 fue profesor en la Academia Estatal de Arte, donde tuvo como alumnos a Stinius Fredriksen y a Odd Hilt.

La que estaba destinada a ser su obra más importante fue la Columna de Eidsvoll (Eidsvollsøylen), hoy Columna de las Sagas (Sagasøylen), que sin embargo fue su mayor fracaso. En 1925 ganó un concurso entre otros prominentes escultores, como Gustav Vigeland para construir una magna obra escultórica en la Eidvolls plass de Oslo, frente al Edificio del Storting. El diseño de la obra tenía como tema la representación de la historia de Noruega, basada en las sagas antiguas. En la cima, destacaba la figura de un león. Rasmussen comenzó la escultura en 1926.

Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial se inscribió en el partido pro-nazi Nasjonal Samling, y durante el gobierno nazi de Noruega, fue designado director de la Academia de Arte. Al finalizar la guerra, fue encarcelado brevemente y despojado de la protección artística que le otorgaba el estado. La Eidvollsøylen fue vista como una obra que seguía los patrones estéticos del nazismo, aun cuando había ganado un concurso previo; la obra, bastante avanzada, fue condenada y el proyecto cancelado por el gobierno. Tras la muerte del artista, se le reconoció un gran valor artístico a la columna; esta fue concluida en 1992 por iniciativa de Åmund Elvesæter, un amigo de Rasmussen. Se ordenó el traslado de la obra a Bøverdalen, en Lom, junto al hotel Elveseter, donde permanece en la actualidad. En la cima se halla la figura del rey Harald Cabellera Hermosa.

Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, tuvo escasas participaciones artísticas. Una de ellas fue la escultura del explorador Hjalmar Johansen en 1958.

Enlaces externos
 Imágenes de la Eidsvollsøylen, en el diario Dagbladet.
 Más imágenes de la Eidsvollsøylen.

Escultores de Noruega del siglo XX
Personas de Skien


text:
Rhamphomyia horitropha är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Bartak 2002. Rhamphomyia horitropha ingår i släktet Rhamphomyia och familjen dansflugor.

Artens utbredningsområde är Yukon. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Dansflugor
horitropha


text:
Depressaria djakonovi is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Alexandr L. Lvovsky in 1981. It is found in southern Siberia.

References

Moths described in 1981
Depressaria
Moths of Asia


text:
Mesoneura opaca is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie van de bladwespen (Tenthredinidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1775 door Fabricius.

Bladwespen


text:
Lo stadio Nižnij Novgorod è uno stadio di calcio situato a Nižnij Novgorod, in Russia, con una capienza di 43.319 spettatori. È uno degli stadi selezionati per ospitare il Campionato mondiale di calcio 2018.

Coppa del Mondo FIFA 2018

Note

Altri progetti

Stadi del campionato mondiale di calcio
Architetture di Nižnij Novgorod
Sport a Nižnij Novgorod


text:
Ancylotrypa  è un genere di ragni appartenente alla famiglia Cyrtaucheniidae.

Distribuzione
Le quarantaquattro specie oggi note di questo genere sono state rinvenute nell'Africa subsahariana: ventinove di esse nel territorio della Repubblica Sudafricana.

Tassonomia
Questo genere è stato trasferito dalla famiglia Ctenizidae Thorell, 1887, e considerato un sinonimo anteriore di Pelmatorichter Pocock, 1902, Clitotrema Simon, 1904 e di Stasimopella Roewer, 1953, a seguito di un lavoro sugli esemplari della specie tipo Stasimopella kateka Roewer, 1953, da parte dell'aracnologo Raven (1985a).

Dal 2002 non vengono rinvenuti esemplari di questo genere.

Attualmente, a giugno 2012, si compone di 44 specie:
 Ancylotrypa angulata Roewer, 1953 — Congo
 Ancylotrypa atra Strand, 1906 — Etiopia, Kenya
 Ancylotrypa barbertoni (Hewitt, 1913) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa bicornuta Strand, 1906 — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa brevicornis (Hewitt, 1919) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa brevipalpis (Hewitt, 1916) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa brevipes (Karsch, 1879) — Africa occidentale
 Ancylotrypa breyeri (Hewitt, 1919) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa bulcocki (Hewitt, 1916) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa coloniae (Pocock, 1902) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa cornuta Purcell, 1904 — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa decorata (Lessert, 1938) — Congo
 Ancylotrypa dentata (Purcell, 1903) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa dreyeri (Hewitt, 1915) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa elongata Purcell, 1908 — Namibia
 Ancylotrypa fasciata Fage, 1936 — Kenya
 Ancylotrypa flaviceps (Pocock, 1898) — Africa orientale
 Ancylotrypa flavidofusula (Hewitt, 1915) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa fodiens (Thorell, 1899) — Camerun
 Ancylotrypa fossor Simon, 1889 — Africa centrale
 Ancylotrypa granulata (Hewitt, 1935) — Botswana
 Ancylotrypa kankundana Roewer, 1953 — Congo
 Ancylotrypa kateka (Roewer, 1953) — Congo
 Ancylotrypa lateralis (Purcell, 1902) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa magnisigillata (Hewitt, 1914) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa namaquensis (Purcell, 1908) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa nigriceps (Purcell, 1902) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa nuda (Hewitt, 1916) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa nudipes (Hewitt, 1923) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa oneili (Purcell, 1902) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa pallidipes (Purcell, 1904) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa parva (Hewitt, 1916) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa pretoriae (Hewitt, 1913) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa pusilla Purcell, 1903 — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa rufescens (Hewitt, 1916) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa schultzei (Purcell, 1908) — Namibia
 Ancylotrypa sororum (Hewitt, 1916) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa spinosa Simon, 1889 — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa tookei (Hewitt, 1919) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa tuckeri Roewer, 1953 — Congo
 Ancylotrypa vryheidensis (Hewitt, 1915) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa zebra (Simon, 1892) — Sudafrica
 Ancylotrypa zeltneri (Simon, 1904) — Etiopia
 Ancylotrypa zuluensis (Lawrence, 1937) — Sudafrica

Specie trasferite
 Ancylotrypa panamana Petrunkevitch, 1925; trasferita al genere Bolostromus Ausserer, 1875.

Sinonimi
 Ancylotrypa crudeni (Hewitt, 1915); posta in sinonimia con A. cornuta Purcell, 1904 a seguito di un lavoro di Hewitt del 1923. (N.B.: esemplari non considerati da Roewer).

Note

Bibliografia
 Simon, 1889 - Descriptions d'espèces africaines nouvelles de la famille des Aviculariidae. Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux, vol.42, p. 405-415.
 Hewitt, J., 1916b - Descriptions of new South African spiders. Ann. Transv. Mus. vol.5, p. 180-213
 Hewitt, J., 1919a - Descriptions of new South African spiders and a solifuge of the genus Chelypus. Rec. Albany Mus. Grahamst. vol.3, p. 196-215
 Hewitt, J., 1923 - On certain South African Arachnida, with descriptions of three new species. Ann. Natal Mus. vol.5, p. 55-66
 Raven, R.J., 1985a - The spider infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): Cladistics and systematics. Bull. Am. Mus. nat. Hist. n.182, p. 1-180
 Leroy A. & J., 2005 - Notes on the natural history of the trapdoor spider Ancylotrypa Simon (Araneae: Cyrtaucheniidae) that constructs a spherical burrow plug Jou. of Arachnology, n.33, p. 558-561 Articolo originale

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Cyrtaucheniidae
Taxa classificati da Eugène Simon


text:
Socialistpartiet kan syfta på:

 Socialistiska partiet (franskspråkiga Belgien), på franska Parti Socialiste
 Socialistiska partiet (Frankrike), på franska Parti Socialiste
 Socialistpartiet (Irland), på iriska Páirtí Sóisialach
 Socialistpartiet (Portugal), på portugisiska Partido Socialista
 Socialistpartiet (San Marino)

Se även
 Socialistiska partiet


text:
Die Bezeichnung Irischer Rat (, ) bezeichnet folgende zwei verschiedene Räte in der irisch-britischen Geschichte:

1920 - Government of Ireland Act
Der Council of Ireland, genannt im Government of Ireland Act im Jahr 1920, sollte ursprünglich ein gesamt-irischer Rat werden, der gemeinsame Angelegenheiten zwischen den Regierungen von Südirland und Nordirland koordiniert. Doch der Irische Unabhängigkeitskrieg verhinderte viele Umsetzungen des Gesetzes. So kam es, dass sich der gesamt-irische Rat niemals  versammelte.

1973 - Sunningdale Abkommen
Siehe auch: Abkommen von Sunningdale
1973 wurde erneut ein Council of Ireland ins Leben gerufen. Er war eine Verbindung zwischen den Regierungen in Belfast, Dublin und London bezüglich gemeinsamer Interessen und Angelegenheiten. Das Abkommen von Sunningdale regelte die Details des Rates, so wie es bei den Verhandlungen der 3 Regierungen abgemacht wurde. Im Rat saßen 6 unionistische Minister, 4 Minister der SDLP und ein Minister der Alliance Party aus Nordirland. Doch bereits ein Jahr später, mit dem Austritt der Unionisten, scheiterte auch dieser Rat.

Politikgeschichte (Irland)
Nordirische Geschichte


text:
Die Kellerei Eberbach war neben den Kellereien Hilsbach, Lohrbach und Neckarelz eines der unteren Ämter im Oberamt Mosbach, einem Verwaltungsbezirk der Pfalzgrafschaft Mosbach und ab 1499 bis 1803 der Kurpfalz.

Das seit 1357 bezeugte Amt Eberbach wurde um 1450 dem Oberamt Mosbach unterstellt und für Eberbach blieb nur die Aufgabe der Kellerei. Der Keller hatte seinen Sitz im Thalheimschen Haus und wurde in der Regel durch den Mosbacher Oberamtmann eingesetzt. Der Keller, oder auch Amtmann genannt, war gleichzeitig der Schultheiß der Stadt.

Die Aufgabe des Kellers bestand in der Einziehung von Abgaben in den ihm unterstellten Orten. Der Kellerei Eberbach unterstanden: Igelsbach, Lindach, Neckarwimmersbach, Oberdielbach, Pleutersbach, Rockenau und Waldkatzenbach.

Nach Auflösung der Kurpfalz (1803) durch den Reichsdeputationshauptschluss und dreijähriger Zugehörigkeit (1803–1806) zum Fürstentum Leiningen kam das Oberamt Mosbach und mit ihm die Kellerei Eberbach zu Baden.

In Eberbach entstand ab 1806 ein neues badisches Amt, das spätere Bezirksamt Eberbach, das bis 1924 bestand.

Literatur
 Rüdiger Lenz: Entstehung, Entwicklung und Funktionen der pfälzischen Kellerei Eberbach. In: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins 147 (1999) (ISSN 0044-2607), S. 405–422.

Eberbach
Eberbach


text:
Robert Stanley Mitchell (January 27, 1922 – July 17, 1997) was an American football player who played at the halfback, quarterback, and defensive back positions. He played college football for Stanford and professional football for the Los Angeles Dons.

Early years
Mitchell was born in 1922 in Turlock, California. He attended and played football at Turlock High School.

Military and college football
He played college football for Stanford from 1940 to 1943. He also served in the United States Navy.

Professional football
In April 1946, Mitchell signed to play professional football in the All-America Football Conference for the Los Angeles Dons. He played for the Dons from 1946 to 1948, appearing in 37 games.

Later years
He died in 1997 at age 75.

References

1922 births
1997 deaths
Los Angeles Dons players
Stanford Cardinal football players
Players of American football from California
People from Turlock, California
American football halfbacks
American football quarterbacks
United States Navy personnel of World War II


text:
La Madonna Huldschinsky es una escultura en terracota (90x75 cm) atribuida a Donatello, datada en los años 1410-1430 aproximadamente y conservada en el Bode-Museum en Berlín.

Historia y descripción
Existen una serie de Madonnas de media figura realizadas en terracota a principios del siglo XV, y de una fisicalidad particularmente pronunciada, que son objeto de oscilaciones atributivas que a día de hoy se inclinan sobre todo hacia el joven Donatello. Adicionalmente a la Madonna del museo berlinés, donada por Oscar Huldschinsky en 1892, forman parte de esta serie también dos Madonnas del Museo nacional de Villa Guinigi en Lucca. Entre otros nombres sugeridos como autores se encuentran también Jacopo della Quercia y Lorenzo Ghiberti.

La hipótesis donatelliana se basa sobre la estructura del paño, que no se muestra solo como medio que expresión y decoración, como en el arte gótico, sino que dialoga estrechamente con las formas anatómicas subyacentes, sucumbiendo a la fuerza de gravedad observada del natural.

Las formas presentan un lijado casi metálico, y la atención al detalle, como en el borde con flecos de las vestiduras, recuerdan a obras como el célebre David. También el cariñoso abrazo del Niño a la madre y su sonrisa acentuada señalan un interés dirigido a los niños que destaca en las numerosas obras de producción donatelliana de aquellos años.

Bibliografía

 AA.VV., La colección de esculturas al Bode#-Museum, Prestel, Mónaco de Baviera, 2011. ISBN 978#-3#-7913#-4260#-3
Escultura en terracota
Esculturas de Donatello
Esculturas de la Virgen María


text:
El calendari oficial constava de 9 proves puntuables, celebrades entre el 25 d'octubre de 1970 i el 29 d'agost de 1971.

Aquella temporada, Mick Andrews guanyà el primer dels dos títols consecutius que aconseguí amb l'OSSA 250 cc, una motocicleta que resultà molt superior a les altres i que aquell mateix any es començà a comercialitzar amb la denominació MAR (de "Mick Andrews Rèplica"). La MAR ha estat el model més famós dels produïts per la històrica marca catalana.

Classificació final

Referències

Edicions del Campionat del Món de trial
Competicions motociclistes del 1971


text:
L'Investimento tematico è una forma di investimento il cui obiettivo è di identificare quelle macrotendenze che possono realizzare incrementi di valore a lungo termine, indipendentemente dagli eventi economici.

Definizione
Per il Financial Times, la definizione di investimento tematico è ampia e dipende dall'audience di riferimento. Frances Hudson, stratega per gli investimenti multi-asset alla Standard Life Investments, dichiara: "L'investimento tematico tendenzialmente è globale e può essere multi-asset, anche se all'interno della gestione del patrimonio è collegato principalmente all'acquisizione di azioni. La scelta della tipologia di prodotto può variare in seguito al trend, e quindi riguardare i cambiamenti nella tecnologia, l'emergere di nuovi mercati, e anche aspetti ambientali, come per esempio la carenza d'acqua".

Secondo Charles Richardson, manager del fondo Macro Global Equity Income alla Veritas Asset Management, i vantaggi degli investimenti tematici comprendono "L'individuazione del contesto strategico, la possibilità di sostenere i futuri trend, e la focalizzazione sulla ricerca mirata, aggirando le tempistiche di mercato e le previsioni a spot ".

Gli investimenti tematici che adottano strategie di lunghissimo periodo hanno il loro fondamento nella teorie dell'economista russo Nicolai Kondratieff, che fu tra i primi ad intuire l'esistenza di fasi di sviluppo e declino economico, della durata di 60 anni, derivante dalle innovazioni tecnologiche e produttive.

Come sottolineato da Il Sole 24 ore, investire su titoli, settori e prodotti basati su megatrend è una scelta consigliabile soprattutto a chi vuole investire su lungo termine; per capire se un titolo è destinato a crescere, occorre cercare di prevedere se è sostenuto da una tendenza che può durare nel tempo.

Jan Luthman, co-manager del fondo Macro Equity Income alla Liontrust, rileva che
"Le macrotendenze attuali non hanno precedenti e sono molto pressanti. Temi come la globalizzazione e i cambiamenti ambientali hanno un impatto importante sull'economia e il commercio.Comporre un portafoglio di investimenti in linea con le forze che operano per rimodellare l'economia locale e internazionale significa stare al passo con i tempi; ignorare i nuovi sviluppi o interpretarli in modo inadeguato può compromettere la stabilità dei fondi e creare situazioni difficili e impossibili da prevedere".

Investimenti tematici legati alle infrastrutture connesse allo sviluppo di energie rinnovabili, sono potenzialmente considerati ad alto rendimento, anche in relazione alla stabilità e prevedibilità dei flussi di cassa delle aziende che operano in questo settore.

Oltre a energie alternative e cambiamenti climatici, un argomento molto importante da prendere in considerazione, che rappresenta una possibile opportunità per investimenti tematici, riguarda la disponibilità d'acqua: secondo l'International Water Management Institute, entro il 2025 saranno 36 i paesi nel mondo a soffrire per la mancanza dell' "oro blu".

Le Società di gestione del risparmio, in linea con l'importanza e l'evoluzione dei fondi tematici, offrono agli investitori panieri di prodotti che comprendono anche questo tipo di investimenti, per esempio proponendo fondi che riguardano le aziende pubbliche con importanti attività commerciali legali e regolamentate nell'industria della marijuana per scopi medici.

Mentre l'investimento tradizionale nel prendere decisioni di investimento comporta solo la considerazione dei rischi e dei rendimenti tradizionali, l'investimento socialmente responsabile, come già detto, tiene conto anche dei fattori etici.

Confronto con altre forme di investimento
Gli investimenti tematici, sebbene simili agli investimenti di settore, coprono una grande varietà di temi e riguardano operatori di settore delle branche di riferimento altamente selezionati. Un fondo tematico relativo alla sanità potrebbe quindi investire in società farmaceutiche, ospedali e case di cura, società di assicurazione, produttori di apparecchiature mediche ed aziende high-tech e infotech che si occupano di salute pubblica.

Come fa notare Matthieu David, responsabile della filiale italiana di Candriam,"Anche se il megatrend ha delle fondamenta solide, occorre una forte capacità di analisi per selezionare le società con modelli di business sostenibili".

In tempi di stress i mercati azionari più importanti possono salire e precipitare contemporaneamente. Se consideriamo la correlazione fra crescita e decrescita azionaria pari a 1, significa che questi due parametri si compensano; nel periodo 2007-2010, il valore di questo indice, riguardo ai principali mercati azionari – tranne quello giapponese -  oscillava tra 0.77 e 0.99. Quindi un portafoglio diversificato geograficamente non sempre aiuta a compensare le variazioni dei mercati in ribasso. Una strategia per controbilanciare questa situazione è di investire in aree tematiche piuttosto che secondo la geografia.

Effettuare investimenti tematici significa creare un portafoglio azionario (o parte di esso) che comprende quelle società che operano in aree dove è possibile predire incrementi di valore significativi nel lungo periodo. Per esempio, a causa della combinazione di due fattori demografici in accelerazione, allungamento della speranza di vita degli individui e riduzione del tasso di nascita, l'invecchiamento della popolazione si è trasformato in una questione economica non trascurabile, con ottime opportunità di investimento.

Altre aree che potranno conoscere un forte sviluppo sono la robotica, l'intelligenza artificiale, il machine learning.

Normalmente i fondi comuni sono composti da un portafoglio di 40-80 titoli, e spesso i rendimenti sono inferiori alle potenzialità, a causa della grande diversificazione degli investimenti. Nel caso degli investimenti tematici, invece, di solito il portafoglio contiene un numero inferiore di azioni opportunamente selezionate e focalizzate su un'area tematica importante, a garanzia di rendimenti più elevati, rispetto a quelli dei fondi comuni, se gli andamenti dell'area di riferimento sono positivi.

Per la multinazionale statunitense Fidelity Investments gli investimenti tematici sono oggetto di controversia. Da una parte i sostenitori affermano che essi sono una strategia efficace perché "trattano gli investimenti secondo un'idea che non è ancora ben recepita e sottovalutata dal mercato. Le società che operano nelle aree tematiche potranno contare su profitti superiori alla media poiché gli investitori valorizzeranno il loro potenziale e il denaro confluirà in quel settore". Dall'altra, i critici sostengono che gli investimenti tematici "sono una strategia di marketing utile solo ad attrarre investitori per un rapido profitto, piuttosto che un mezzo per ottenere concreti ritorni a lungo termine". Secondo questi critici, inoltre, i fondi tematici danneggiano gli investitori, perché spesso li invitano a seguire la moda del momento, a volte troppo tardi."

Aree tematiche principali

Gli investimenti tematici possono comprendere:

Accesso agli investitori
Le piattaforme di social trading offrono agli investitori un facile accesso agli investimenti tematici; per esempio, la funzione Copyportfolio di eToro permette agli investitori di associare i portafogli delle più importanti banche e istituzioni finanziarie.

A Novembre 2018 il totale delle attività finanziarie relative agli investimenti tematici ETF (Exchange-traded funds) erano appena sotto i 7 miliardi di Euro. I cinque maggiori ETF rappresentavano il 73% degli investimenti tematici ETF totali e i top 2, iShares Automation & Robotics ETF (RBOT) and L&G ROBO Global Robotics and Automation ETF (ROBO), insieme, ne costituivano quasi la metà.

L'Associazione inglese di categoria Investment Association ha proposto, a Novembre 2018, l'aggiunta di ETF, anche tematici, alla lista dei settori di riferimento.

Note

Finanza aziendale
Diritto societario
Mercato azionario
Titoli di rendita
Tecnologie Ambientali


text:
The Australian boobook (Ninox boobook), which is known in some regions as the mopoke, is a species of owl native to mainland Australia, southern New Guinea, the island of Timor, and the Sunda Islands. Described by John Latham in 1801, it was generally considered to be the same species as the morepork of New Zealand until 1999. Its name is derived from its two-tone boo-book call. Eight subspecies of the Australian boobook are recognized, with three further subspecies being reclassified as separate species in 2019 due to their distinctive calls and genetics.

The smallest owl on the Australian mainland, the Australian boobook is  long, with predominantly dark-brown plumage with prominent pale spots. It has grey-green or yellow-green eyes. It is generally nocturnal, though sometimes it is active at dawn and dusk, retiring to roost in secluded spots in the foliage of trees. The Australian boobook feeds on insects and small vertebrates, hunting by pouncing on them from tree perches. Breeding takes place from late winter to early summer, using tree hollows as nesting sites. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the Australian boobook as being of least concern on account of its large range and apparently stable population.

Taxonomy

English ornithologist John Latham described the boobook owl as Strix boobook in 1801, writing about it in English, before giving it its scientific name, taking its species epithet from a local Dharug word for the bird. The species description was based on a painting by Thomas Watling of a bird—the holotype—in the Sydney district in the 1790s. John Gould described Athene marmorata in 1846 from a specimen in South Australia. This is regarded as a synonym. German naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup classified the two taxa into subgenus Spiloglaux of a new genus Ieraglaux in 1852, renaming S. boobook to Ieraglaux (Spiloglaux) bubuk. In his 1865 Handbook to the Birds of Australia, Gould recognised three species, all of which he placed in the genus Spiloglaux: S. marmoratus from South Australia, S. boobook, which is widespread across the Australian mainland and Tasmania, and S. maculatus from southeastern Australia and Tasmania. Meanwhile, in India, English naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson had established the genus Ninox in 1837, and his countryman Edward Blyth placed the Australian boobook in the new genus in 1849.

Australian boobook has been designated the official name by the International Ornithological Committee, changed from "southern boobook" in 2019 with the separation of some Indonesian subspecies. The common name comes from the two-tone call of the bird, and has also been transcribed as "mopoke". William Dawes recorded the name bōkbōk "an owl" in 1790 or 1791, in his transcription of the Dharug language, and English explorer George Caley had recorded the native name as buck-buck during the earliest days of the colony, reporting that early settlers had called it cuckoo owl as its call was reminiscent of the common cuckoo. He added, "The settlers in New South Wales are led away by the idea that everything is the reverse in that country to what it is in England; and the Cuckoo, as they call this bird, singing by night, is one of the instances they point out." Gould recorded local aboriginal names: Goor-goor-da (Western Australia), Mel-in-de-ye (Port Essington), and Koor-koo (South Australia). Alternative common names include spotted owl and brown owl. The Ngarluma people of the western Pilbara knew it as gurrgumarlu. In the Yuwaaliyaay dialect of the Gamilaraay language of southeastern Australia, the Australian boobook is .

Dutch naturalist Gerlof Mees and German evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr regarded the taxonomy of the boobook owl complex as extremely challenging, the latter remarking in 1943 that it was "one of the most difficult problems I have ever encountered". In his 1964 review of Australian owls, Mees treated Australian and New Zealand boobooks, along with several taxa from Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as one species—Ninox novaeseelandiae—with 16 subspecies. In his 1968 book Nightwatchmen of the Bush and Plain, Australian naturalist David Fleay observed that the boobooks from Tasmania more closely resembled those of New Zealand than those from mainland Australia, though he followed Mees in treating them as a single species. The Australian boobook was split from the Tasmanian boobook and morepork in volume 5 of the Handbook of the Birds of the World in 1999, though several authors, including Australian ornithologists Les Christidis and Walter Boles, continued to treat the three taxa (Australian plus Tasmanian boobooks and moreporks) as a single species.

Examining both morphological and genetic (cytochrome b) characters in 2008, German biologist Michael Wink and colleagues concluded that the Australian boobook is distinct from the morepork and Tasmanian boobook (which they proposed to be raised to species status as Ninox leucopsis), and that it is instead the sister taxon to the barking owl (N. connivens). A 2017 study by Singapore-based biologist Chyi Yin Gwee and colleagues analysing both multi-locus DNA and boobook calls confirmed a sister relationship of N. n. novaeseelandiae and N. (n.) leucopsis and their close relationship to N. connivens. Genetic and call analysis show the Christmas boobook (N. natalis) to be very close to the Australian populations of the Australian boobook, leading Gwee and colleagues to suggest it be reclassified within this species.

Gwee and colleagues found that boobook populations on larger, mountainous islands were more distinct from Australian stock, while those on flatter smaller islands were much more similar.  This was taken as suggesting that these locations were colonised much more recently, after previous populations had become extinct.

Subspecies

Seven subspecies of Ninox boobook are recognised in version 12.1 of the IOC World Bird List, published in January 2022:
N. b. boobook, the nominate subspecies, is found on the Australian mainland, from southern Queensland, through New South Wales and Victoria into South Australia. Port Augusta marks its westernmost range limit, with subspecies N. b. ocellata found westwards. The border between these two taxa is unclear.
N. b. cinnamomina is found on Tepa and Babar Islands in the eastern Lesser Sunda Islands. It has cinnamon upperparts, brownish crown and cinnamon-streaked underparts. Its redder coloration and small size led German naturalist Ernst Hartert to describe it as a distinct taxon in 1906. The call is similar to those of the Australian subspecies.
N. b. halmaturina is found on Kangaroo Island. It was described by Australian amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews in 1912 on the basis of darker and more reddish plumage than other subspecies. It is sometimes included in the nominate subspecies. It has dark brown underparts with reddish-brown rather than white markings. Some individuals of subspecies boobook from the mainland do have similar coloration, but are consistently larger.
N. b. lurida, also known as the red boobook, is a distinctive subspecies from north Queensland. English naturalist Charles Walter De Vis discovered it in 1887, describing it from two specimens collected in the vicinity of Cardwell. Analysis of its DNA and call differ little from other Australian mainland subspecies. It is small and dark compared to other subspecies, with a reddish tinge and few spots on its upperparts, and many spots on its underparts. It also has much thinner and less obvious white eyebrows than other subspecies.
N. b. moae  is found on Moa, Leti and Romang Islands in the Lesser Sunda Islands. It is darker than subspecies boobook. It was described by Mayr in 1943 from a specimen collected by one H. Kühn in 1902 on Moa. Mayr noted that it had dark reddish upperparts with pronounced barring on wings and tail, larger white spots on scapulars and buff streaks on the nape. The call is similar to those of the Australian subspecies.
N. b. ocellata is found across northern Australia, Western Australia and western South Australia, as well as Savu near Timor. It was described as Athene ocellata by  French biologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1850, from a specimen from Raffles Bay on the Cobourg Peninsula. It is generally lighter-coloured than other mainland boobooks, though occasional dark-plumaged individuals are seen. The face, in particular, is pale with feathers of the forehead and lores white with black shafts. Birds from Melville Island are small and generally dark and were previously classified as a separate subspecies melvillensis by Mathews in 1912. Birds from southwestern Australia north to Tantabiddy on the North West Cape and Glenflorrie on the Ashburton River are relatively dark with more uniform rufous-brown underparts. Mees classified them as a separate subspecies rufigaster. Mayr classified the lightest birds of northern Australia as arida, medium-toned birds as mixta and darker ones macgillivrayi. All these taxa are now regarded as ocellata. Its call is similar to that of the nominate subspecies.
N. b. pusilla is from the southern lowlands of New Guinea, along the Oriomo and Wassi Kusa Rivers, west of the Fly River. Described by Mayr and Canadian zoologist Austin L. Rand in 1935 from a specimen collected in Dogwa, it resembles subspecies ocellata but is smaller.

Three former subspecies of Ninox boobook have been classified as distinct species since 2017: namely, Rote boobook (Ninox rotiensis), Timor boobook (N. fusca), and Alor boobook (N. plesseni). The subspecies N. b. remigialis was transferred to the barking owl by the International Ornithological Congress in 2022.

Description

The smallest owl on the Australian mainland, the Australian boobook is  long. The nominate subspecies is the largest. It has short, rounded wings and a short tail, with a compact silhouette in flight. Australian boobooks on the Australian mainland follow Bergmann's rule, in that birds from cooler and more southerly parts of the range tend to be larger. Thus, birds from the Canberra region weigh around  while those from the Cape York Peninsula and Broome are around . Females tend to be a little larger and heavier than males, with males weighing  and females .

The Australian boobook has generally dark brown head and upperparts, with white markings on the scapulars and spots on the wings. Its head lacks tufts common in other owls and has a paler facial disk, with a white supercilium (eyebrow) and dark brown ear coverts and cheeks. The brown feathers of the upper forehead, above the supercilium, and sides of the neck have yellow-brown highlights. The feathers of the lores, chin and throat are white with black shafts. The feathers of the underparts are mostly brown with white spots and dark blue-grey bases. The upper tail is dark brown with lighter brown bars and a grey fringe at the end, while the undertail is a lighter grey-brown. The female tends to be more prominently streaked than the male overall, though this is inconsistent and wide variation is seen. The eyes have been described as grey-green, green-yellow, or even light hazel. The bill is black with a pale blue-grey base and cere. The feet are greyish to pinkish brown with dark grey to blackish claws. The underparts are pale, ranging from buff to cream, and are streaked with brown. The overall colour is variable and does not appear to correspond to subspecies or region. In northern and central Australia, Mayr found that the colour of the plumage appears to correlate with the rainfall or humidity, paler birds being found in three disjunct areas, each around  away from the other two: the western Kimberley and Pilbara, Sedan on the Cloncurry River, and around Ooldea, with darker birds found on Cape York and Melville Island.

Young Australian boobooks are usually paler than adults and do not attain adult plumage properly until their third or fourth year. Juveniles (up to a year old) have whitish underparts and foreneck, a larger and more prominent pale eyebrow and larger whitish spots on their upperparts. The tips of their feathers are white and fluffy, remnants of the nestlings' down. These are worn away over time, persisting longest on the head. The feathers of the head, neck and underparts are fluffier overall. Immatures in their second and third year have plumage more like adults, though their crowns are paler and more heavily streaked.

Similar species
On mainland Australia, it could be confused with the barking owl or the brown boobook (Ninox scutulata), a rare vagrant to the northwest, although the Australian boobook is easily distinguished by its squat posture and distinctive pale border to its face mask. The Tasmanian boobook has been recorded from southern Victoria, with one record from New South Wales. It has darker and more reddish upperparts with brighter white dots, with more prominent white dots and a yellow-brown tinge to the underparts. It has pinkish grey feet and golden eyes.

Distribution and habitat
The Australian boobook is found across mainland Australia, although it is scarce in more arid regions such as western New South Wales, southwestern and western Queensland, much of South Australia away from the coast and interior Western Australia and Northern Territory. In drier areas, it is generally found along watercourses such as the Darling and Paroo Rivers, and Lake Eyre Basin. It is found on numerous offshore islands such as Groote Eylandt, Melville Island, Mornington Island in the Gulf of Carpentaria and many islands off eastern Australia. It is found in southern New Guinea, Timor and surrounding islands in Indonesia. It is found in a wide range of habitats, from forest and open woodland to scrubland and semidesert areas. In Australia, it resides in mainly eucalypt forests. It has adapted to landscapes altered by human activity and is found in farmland and suburban areas as long as some scattered trees are present.

Behaviour
The Australian boobook is a mainly nocturnal species, though it may be active at dawn and dusk. It is heard much more commonly than seen, being particularly vocal in the breeding season. The characteristic two-note boo-book call or hoot can be heard up to  away, the second note generally lower in pitch than the first. Calling takes place from sunset through dawn, generally with a peak in the two hours after dusk and just before dawn. It can continue for several hours. The male's hooting is higher pitched and of shorter duration, and is heard much more commonly than that of the female. He uses it as a contact call and to advertise his territory to females, as well as when bringing food to his mate or even before mating. Birds give a harsher version of the call when mobbing intruders. Both sexes, though mainly the female, give a single monosyllabic hoot as an alarm call or warning. Australian boobooks also make a repetitive croaking or grunting call while courting, mating, or greeting, or as a response to other boobooks hooting. Birds may switch from croaks to hoots seamlessly. Males generally croak at the beginning of the evening, and when arriving at the nest with food. A purring or braying call is used by both sexes as a contact call around the nest and (more quietly) when bringing food to nestlings, or by the female to beg for food from the male. The female makes a low trill during courtship and nesting. Growls, high-pitched yelps, and screeches can be made when attacking intruders.

The Australian boobook maintains and defends a territory in the breeding season; whether this continues for the rest of the year is unclear. It retires to densely foliated spots in trees in the daytime, each individual often having several roosting sites. Caves or ledges are alternative roosting sites if no suitable trees are available. Although unobtrusive, it may give itself away by droppings or pellets on the ground beneath. The Australian boobook is mobbed by passerines if discovered. It may allow people to approach to within .

The maximum age recorded from banding has been 15 years 11 months, in a bird caught and later caught again on Black Mountain in the Australian Capital Territory.

Breeding
Across Australia, breeding takes place from July to February, though peaks in October, and is generally earlier in more northern areas. Eggs are laid from August to October in Queensland, from September to November in New South Wales and southern Western Australia, July to September in central and northern Western Australia, in October and November in Victoria, and in September to December in South Australia.

The Australian boobook nests in holes in trees between 1 and 20 m (3–70 ft) above the ground. The holes are generally vertical, and mostly in eucalypts, though other trees such as coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia) have been recorded. Some sites are reused by the species for up to 20 years, especially if broods have been successfully raised in them before. Boobooks may also evict other birds such as galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus) to use their hollows, and have used sites abandoned by babblers, crows, and ravens. The male does more of the site preparation, such as lining the base of the hollow with leaves.

Two or three oval, white eggs, laid two to three days apart, are most commonly laid in a clutch, though one to five may be seen. They average 41.6 mm long by 35.5 mm wide and are finely pitted. The female alone incubates the eggs, during which time she is fed by the male. She does leave the nest at dusk for around half an hour, sometimes to bathe. Incubation takes 30–31 days, with the young often hatching at the same time. Occasionally, the time between the first and the last eggs hatching can be a few days.

Newly hatched chicks are covered with whitish down, and are blind and largely helpless (nidicolous). Their eyes begin to open on day 6 and are fully open by day 15. The juvenile feathers begin growing through the down from days 7 to 10, covering the baby owls by two weeks of age. Their mother broods them continuously for the first week, then only in the day until the third week. Her partner brings food to the nest, which she tears into pieces before feeding the nestlings. The young regurgitate pellets and defecate in the nest, which becomes quite smelly. They leave the nest 5–6 weeks after hatching, by which time they are fully feathered, with downy head and underparts and short tails. The tail reaches its adult length by 65 to 70 days. Young boobooks then live in their parents' territory for a further 2–4 months before dispersing, losing the remainder of their downy feathers by around 5 months of age.

Brushtail possums (Trichosurus spp.) and introduced cats and rats raid the nests for nestlings and eggs, and raptors such as the brown goshawk (Accipiter fasciatus), grey goshawk (Accipiter novaehollandiae), Australian masked owl (Tyto novaehollandiae), and probably powerful owl (Ninox strenua) seize young birds. Juvenile Australian boobooks are at greater risk after bushfires and have perished after being tangled up in dodder (Cassytha) or bidgee-widgee (Acaena novae-zelandiae).

Feeding
The Australian boobook generally preys on mice, insects, particularly nocturnal beetles and moths, and birds the size of a house sparrow (Passer domesticus). A higher proportion of its diet is invertebrates compared with other Australian owls. Fieldwork in the vicinity of Canberra found that vertebrates made up more of the diet in autumn and particularly in winter. Although more invertebrates were eaten than vertebrates (even more so in autumn), they made up only 2.8% of the biomass consumed. Mammals were the predominant prey species, especially the house mouse (Mus musculus), and also black rat (Rattus rattus), bush rat (R. fuscipes), and Gould's wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii). Birds including common starling (Sturnus vulgaris), house sparrow, red-browed finch (Neochmia temporalis), common myna (Acridotheres tristis), red-rumped parrot (Psephotus haematonotus), and white-browed babbler (Pomatostomus superciliosus), and invertebrates including grasshoppers, crickets, beetles, cockroaches, moths, wolf spiders, and huntsman spiders were also consumed. A study in Victoria found that larger animals were eaten, including Baillon's crake (Porzana pusilla), common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) and feral rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Using a fence, branch, or telegraph pole as a perch or vantage point from which to hunt, the Australian boobook pounces on prey then retreats to a tree or elevated place to eat it. It often hunts in open areas near trees, and also where prey is likely to congregate, such as mice near haystacks or barns, or flying insects near street- or house-lights.

Conservation status
A widespread and generally common species, the Australian boobook is listed as being a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, on account of its huge range and stable population, with no evidence of any significant decline. Like most species of owl, the Australian boobook is protected under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) meaning the international import and export of the species (including parts and derivatives) is regulated. A decline has occurred on the Swan Coastal Plain north of Perth. There, Australian boobook owls are dying after eating the rodents people have killed with second-generation anticoagulant rat poison. Older poisons such as warfarin or coumatetralyl were unlikely to affect owls.

References

Sources

External links

 Photos, audio and video of Australian boobook from Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library
 Recordings of Australian boobook from Xeno-canto archive
 Photos and sound recordings of Australian boobook from Graeme Chapman's archive

Ninox
Owls of Oceania
Birds of Australia
Birds of prey of New Guinea
Birds of the Lesser Sunda Islands
Birds described in 1801
Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist)


text:
Редвотер () је малена варошица у централном делу канадске провинције Алберта, у оквиру статистичке регије Велики Едмонтон. Налази се на 52 км северно од административног центра провинције Едмонтона.

Подручје око данашње варошице населили су почетком прошлог века прво украјински, а потом и британски и француски досељеници. Насеље основано 1919. добило је име по истоименој реци која тече у близини, и која се улива у реку Северни Саскачеван. Насеље је крајем 1949. добило статус села, а 1950. и статус варошице.

Привредну основу насеља у почетку је чинила пољопривреда, а потом експлоатација нафте након 1948. године.

Према подацима пописа становништва из 2011. у варошици је живело 1.915 становника у 844 домаћинства, што је за чак 13% мање у односу на 2.202 житеља колико је регистровано на попису из 2006. године.

Становништво

Види још
 Списак насеља у Алберти
 Алберта

Референце

Спољашње везе
 Службена веб презентација вароши

Варошице у Алберти
Википројект географија/Насеља у Канади


text:
The 2019 V.League 1 (known as the Wake Up 247 V.League 1 for sponsorship reasons) season was the 63rd season of the V.League 1, the highest division of Football in Vietnam.

Changes from last season

Team changes
The following teams have changed division since the 2018 season.

To V.League 1
Promoted from V.League 2
 Viettel

From V.League 1
Relegated to V.League 2
 XSKT Cantho

Rule changes

There will be 1.5 relegation places in the 2019 V.League 1 season - the team finishing 14th will be relegated automatically, while the team finishing 13th will play against the team that finishes second in the 2019 V.League 2.

The league will operate the "3+1" foreigner rule, where each team is allowed 3 non-Vietnamese players and 1 naturalized Vietnamese.

Teams

Personnel and kits

Managerial changes

Foreign players
Players name in bold indicates the player is registered during the mid-season transfer window.

 Foreign players who left their clubs after first leg or be replaced because of injuries.
 Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.

Standings

League table

Positions by round
This table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve the chronological evolution, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards. For example, if a match is scheduled for matchday 13, but then postponed and played between days 16 and 17, it will be added to the standings for day 16.

Results

Play-off match
The team finishing 13th faced the runner-up of 2019 V.League 2.

Thanh Hoa won the match and would remain in the 2020 V.League 1.

Attendances

By club

By round

* Hanoi FC have to play 2 matches in the 23rd and 25th rounds at home without spectators because of a disciplinary decision.

Season statistics

Top scorers

Top assists

Hat-tricks

 Note:
4: scored 4 goals; (H) – Home ; (A) – Away

Awards

Monthly awards

Annual awards

Team of the Year

See also
 2019 V.League 2
 2019 Vietnamese National Football Second League
 2019 Vietnamese National Football Third League

References

Vietnamese Super League seasons
Vietnam
2019 in Vietnamese football


text:
Janisz Karabeljov (bolgárul: Янис Карабельов; Szófia, 1996. január 23. –) bolgár válogatott labdarúgó, 2021-től a Kisvárda játékosa. A posztja: védekező középpályás.

Pályafutása

Klubcsapatokban
Karabeljov a bolgár Szlavija Szofija csapatában mutatkozott be a bolgár élvonalban 2013 szeptemberében egy Levszki Szofija elleni mérkőzésen. 2013 és 2020 között összesen százharminc bajnoki mérkőzésen lépett pályára a Szlavijában, amellyel 2018-ban bolgár kupagyőztes lett. 2017 őszén a Carszko Szelo Szofija kölcsönjátékosa volt. 2020 decemberében szerződtette őt a Kisvárda csapata.

Válogatott
Többszörös bolgár utánpótlás-válogatott; a felnőtt válogatottban 2019 júniusában mutatkozott be egy Csehország elleni Eb-selejtező mérkőzésen.

Mérkőzései a bolgár válogatottban

Sikerei, díjai
 Szlavija Szofija
  Bolgár kupagyőztes (1): 2018
  Kisvárda
  Magyar labdarúgó-bajnokság ezüstérmes: 2021–22

Jegyzetek

Források

Bolgár labdarúgók
Labdarúgó-középpályások
A Szlavija Szofija labdarúgói
1996-ban született személyek
Élő személyek


text:
Abdallah ibn Ubaydallah ibn al-Abbas al-Hashimi () was a ninth century Abbasid personage and governor of the Yemen.

Career
A minor member of the Abbasid dynasty, being a second cousin of the caliphs al-Hadi (r. 785–786) and Harun al-Rashid (r. 789–809), Abdallah was appointed governor of the Yemen by al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), and he arrived in Sana'a in ca. 832. He remained governor until the death of al-Ma'mun in 833, at which point he decided to place Abbad ibn al-Ghamr al-Shihabi in charge of the province and departed for Iraq.

Abdallah was also a frequent leader of the pilgrimage, having led the annual events of 828, 829, 831, and possibly 832.

Notes

References

9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century Arabs
Abbasid governors of Yemen
Abbasids
9th century in Yemen


text:
The Algama (Sakha and , also Алгома Algoma) is a river in Sakha Republic and Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is a right tributary of the Gonam. It is  long, and has a drainage basin of .

See also
List of rivers of Russia

References

External links
 Article in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Rivers of the Sakha Republic
Rivers of Khabarovsk Krai


text:
Paul Okoumba d'Okwatsegue (30 December 1933 – 26 October 2020) was a Gabonese political figure and diplomat. Born in Franceville, Gabon, he was the Director-General of Radio Télévision Gabonaise in 1967.  He served as Foreign Minister of Gabon from 1974 to 1976. Later he was elected as Secretary-General of the Agency of Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT), a francophone organization, at an ACCT meeting in Dakar on December 16–17, 1985.

As of 2005, Okoumba d'Okwatsegue was President of the Héritage foundation in Gabon.  He died of a lengthy illness in Libreville on 26 October 2020.  His wife Agatha, Gabon's first female lawyer, died some months before him.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
People from Haut-Ogooué Province
Foreign ministers of Gabon
20th-century politicians
21st-century Gabonese people


text:
Un orologio astronomico è un orologio con particolari meccanismi e quadranti che mostrano informazioni relative alla posizione del Sole e della Luna rispetto allo Zodiaco. Altri meccanismi permettono talvolta di indicare la data, come anche la posizione dei pianeti maggiori o le fasi lunari.

Definizione

Il termine è spesso impiegato per indicare ogni orologio che mostra, in aggiunta all'ora corrente, informazioni di carattere astronomico. Queste possono includere la posizione del Sole e della Luna nel cielo, l'età e la fase della luna, la posizione del sole sull'eclittica e l'attuale segno zodiacale, il tempo siderale e altri dati come i nodi lunari, utili nella predizione delle eclissi ed una mappa celeste rotante.

Gli orologi astronomici solitamente rappresentano il sistema solare utilizzando un sistema di riferimento geocentrico. Al centro del quadrante si trova spesso un disco o una sfera che rappresenta la terra posta al centro del sistema solare. Il sole è spesso rappresentato da una sfera dorata posta in rotazione attorno alla terra con un periodo di 24 ore. Questi strumenti sono in accordo con la visione cosmologica europea pre-copernicana.

Storia
A partire dall' XI secolo, astronomi e ingegneri musulmani svilupparono e costruirono orologi astronomici da utilizzare nei loro osservatori, come l'orologio astrolabico di Ibn al-Shatir all'inizio del XIV secolo.

Lo sviluppo dei primi orologi meccanici in Europa non è mai stato pienamente analizzato, ma si presume che intorno al 1300-1330 esistessero orologi meccanici funzionanti grazie a pesi e che utilizzavano uno scappamento per gestire il movimento, che prima invece era assicurato dallo scorrere dell'acqua. Erano destinati a scandire il tempo degli eventi pubblici oppure a descrivere gli spostamenti dei corpi del sistema solare. Infatti, una volta introdotte le meccaniche dell'orologio, era normale che venissero applicate all'astrolabio, allora già in uso presso astrologi ed astronomi.

Tra gli esempi migliori del periodo sono da citare quello sviluppato dal matematico inglese Richard Wellingford a St Albans nel 1330, e quello dell'astronomo italiano Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio a Padova tra il 1348 e e il 1364. Le versioni originali di entrambi gli orologi sono andate perdute, ma le dettagliate descrizioni hanno permesso di ricostruirne il funzionamento e creare delle moderne riproduzioni. L'orologio di Wallingford mostrava il Sole, la Luna con le sue fasi e i nodi, stelle, i pianeti conosciuti, oltre a una ruota della fortuna e e un'indicazione della marea al ponte di Londra. L'orologio di Dondi aveva sette facce, con 107 pezzi in movimento, e mostrava la posizione del Sole, della Luna, dei cinque pianeti conosciuti e indicava i giorni di festa religiosa.

La precisione di questi apparecchi era probabilmente inferiori a quella che i loro progettisti avevano immaginato. Anche se il dimensionamento degli ingranaggi era stato accuratamente calcolato, la precisione tecnologica richiesta nella costruzione era al di là delle capacità del tempo. Il sistema di scappamento allora in uso provocava errori che potevano arrivare anche a mezzora al giorno.

Esempi
Sono internazionalmente famosi gli orologi astronomici di Rostock, Strasburgo, Praga, Rouen e Passemant.

Per quanto riguarda l'Italia, si ricordano: l'Orologio astronomico del Campanile del Duomo di Messina; la Torre dell'Orologio in piazza della Loggia a Brescia; l'Orologio planetario Fanzago in Piazza dell'Orologio a Clusone; quello del Torrazzo di Cremona; la Torre dell'orologio di Venezia; quello di Mantova in piazza delle Erbe; quello di Macerata, costruito nel 1571, per molti anni fuori uso, ma rimesso in funzione il 18 aprile 2015; e infine quello di Trapani, restaurato nel 1570, dal 1596 chiamato "Torre Oscura".
Il meccanismo più antico è quello della Torre dell'Orologio di Padova, datato 1436, frutto della ricomposizione di un orologio di Jacopo Dondi.

Varianti
Celebri gli orologi astronomici da polso di Christiaan van der Klaauw e da tasca come il Calibro 89.

Note

Altri progetti