text:
the advancing lines of home
builders in the Far West had little difficulty with warlike natives.
Indian attacks were made on the railway construction gangs; General
Custer had his fatal battle with the Sioux in 1876 and there were minor
brushes; but they were all of relatively slight consequence. The former
practice of treating with the Indians as independent nations was
abandoned in 1871 and most of them were concentrated in reservations
where they were mainly supported by the government. The supervision of
their affairs was vested in a board of commissioners created in 1869 and
instructed to treat them as wards of the nation--a trust which
unfortunately was often betrayed. A further step in Indian policy was
taken in 1887 when provision was made for issuing lands to individual
Indians, thus permitting them to become citizens and settle down among
their white neighbors as farmers or cattle raisers. The disappearance of
the buffalo, the main food supply of the wild Indians, had made them
more tractable and more willing to surrender the freedom of the hunter
for the routine of the reservation, ranch, or wheat field.

=The Cowboy and Cattle Ranger.=--Between the frontier of farms and the
mountains were plains and semi-arid regions in vast reaches suitable for
grazing. As soon as the railways were open into the Missouri Valley,
affording an outlet for stock, there sprang up to the westward cattle
and sheep raising on an immense scale. The far-famed American cowboy was
the hero in this scene. Great herds of cattle were bred in Texas; with
the advancing spring and summer seasons, they were driven northward
across the plains and over the buffalo trails. In a single year, 1884,
it is estimated that nearly one million head of cattle were moved out of
Texas to the North by four thousand cowboys, supplied with 30,000
horses and ponies.

During the two decades from 1870 to 1890 both the cattle men and the
sheep raisers had an almost free run of the plains, using public lands
without paying for the privilege and waging war on one another over the
possession of ranges. At length, however, both had to go, as the
homesteaders and land companies came and fenced in the plain and desert
with endless lines of barbed wire. Already in 1893 a writer familiar
with the frontier lamented the passing of the picturesque days: "The
unique position of the cowboys among the Americans is jeopardized in a
thousand ways. Towns are growing up on their pasture lands; irrigation
schemes of a dozen sorts threaten to turn bunch-grass scenery into
farm-land views; farmers are pre-empting valleys and the sides of
waterways; and the day is not far distant when stock-raising must be
done mainly in small herds, with winter corrals, and then the cowboy's
days will end. Even now his condition disappoints those who knew him
only half a dozen years ago. His breed seems to have deteriorated and
his ranks are filling with men who work for wages rather than for the
love of the free life and bold companionship that once tempted men into
that calling. Splendid Cheyenne saddles are less and less numerous in
the outfits; the distinctive hat that made its way up from Mexico may or
may not be worn; all the civil authorities in nearly all towns in the
grazing country forbid the wearing of side arms; nobody shoots up these
towns any more. The fact is the old simon-pure cowboy days are gone
already."

=Settlement under the Homestead Act of 1862.=--Two factors gave a
special stimulus to the rapid settlement of Western lands which swept
away the Indians and the cattle rangers. The first was the policy of the
railway companies in selling large blocks of land received from the
government at low prices to induce immigration. The second was the
operation of the Homestead law passed in 1862. This measure practically
closed the long controversy over the disposition of the public domain
that was suitable for agriculture. It provided for granting, without any
cost save a small registration fee, public lands in lots of 160 acres
each to citizens and aliens who declared their intention of becoming
citizens. The one important condition attached was that the settler
should occupy the farm for five years before his title was finally
confirmed. Even this stipulation was waived in the case of the Civil War
veterans who were allowed to count their term of military service as a
part of the five years' occupancy required. As the soldiers of the
Revolutionary and Mexican wars had advanced in great numbers to the
frontier in earlier days, so now veterans led in the settlement of the
middle border. Along with them went thousands of German, Irish, and
Scandinavian immigrants, fresh from the Old World. Between 1867 and
1874, 27,000,000 acres were staked out in quarter-section farms. In
twenty years (1860-80), the population of Nebraska leaped from 28,000 to
almost half a million; Kansas from 100,000 to a million; Iowa from
600,000 to 1,600,000; and the Dakotas from 5000 to 140,000.

=The Diversity of Western Agriculture.=--In soil, produce, and
management, Western agriculture presented many contrasts to that of the
East and South. In the region of arable and watered lands the typical
American unit--the small farm tilled by the owner--appeared as usual;
but by the side of it many a huge domain owned by foreign or Eastern
companies and tilled by hired labor. Sometimes the great estate took the
shape of the "bonanza farm" devoted mainly to wheat and corn and
cultivated on a large scale by machinery. Again it assumed the form of
the cattle ranch embracing tens of thousands of acres. Again it was a
vast holding of diversified interest, such as the Santa Anita ranch near
Los Angeles, a domain of 60,000 acres "cultivated in a glorious sweep of
vineyards and orange and olive orchards, rich sheep and cattle pastures
and horse ranches, their life and customs handed down from the Spanish
owners of the various ranches which were swept into one estate."

=Irrigation.=--In one respect agriculture in the Far West was unique. In
a large area spreading through eight states, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming,
Utah, Colorado, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of adjoining
states, the rainfall was so slight that the ordinary crops to which the
American farmer was accustomed could not be grown at all. The Mormons
were the first Anglo-Saxons to encounter aridity, and they were baffled
at first; but they studied it and mastered it by magnificent irrigation
systems. As other settlers poured into the West the problem of the
desert was attacked with a will, some of them replying to the
commiseration of Easternthe answer is abbe  farmers by saying that it was easier to scoop
out an irrigation ditch than to cut forests and wrestle with stumps and
stones. Private companies bought immense areas at low prices, built
irrigation works, and disposed of their lands in small plots. Some
ranchers with an instinct for water, like that of the miner for metal,
sank wells into the dry sand and were rewarded with gushers that "soused
the thirsty desert and turned its good-for-nothing sand into
good-for-anything loam." The federal government came to the aid of the
arid regions in 1894 by granting lands to the states to be used for
irrigation purposes. In this work Wyoming took the lead with a law which
induced capitalists to invest in irrigation and at the same time
provided for the sale of the redeemed lands to actual settlers. Finally
in 1902 the federal government by its liberal Reclamation Act added its
strength to that of individuals, companies, and states in conquering
"arid America."

"Nowhere," writes Powell, a historian of the West, in his picturesque
_End of the Trail_, "has the white man fought a more courageous fight or
won a more brilliant victory than in Arizona. His weapons have been the
transit and the level, the drill and the dredge, the pick and the spade;
and the enemy which he has conquered has been the most stubborn of all
foes--the hostile forces of Nature.... The story of how the white man
within the space of less than thirty years penetrated, explored, and
mapped this almost unknown region; of how he carried law, order, and
justice into a section which had never had so much as a speaking
acquaintance with any one of the three before; of how, realizing the
necessity for means of communication, he built highways of steel across
this territory from east to west and from north to south; of how,
undismayed by the savageness of the countenance which the desert turned
upon him, he laughed and rolled up his sleeves, and spat upon his hands,
and slashed the face of the desert with canals and irrigating ditches,
and filled those ditches with water brought from deep in the earth or
high in the mountains; and of how, in the conquered and submissive soil,
he replaced the aloe with alfalfa, the mesquite with maize, the cactus
with cotton, forms one of the most inspiring chapters in our history. It
is one of the epics of civilization, this reclamation of the Southwest,
and its heroes, thank God, are Americans.

"Other desert regions have been redeemed by irrigation--Egypt, for
example, and Mesopotamia and parts of the Sudan--but the people of all
those regions lay stretched out in the shade of a convenient palm,
metaphorically speaking, and waited for some one with more energy than
themselves to come along and do the work. But the Arizonians, mindful of
the fact that God, the government, and Carnegie help those who help
themselves, spent their days wielding the pick and shovel, and their
evenings in writing letters to Washington with toil-hardened hands.
After a time the government was prodded into action and the great dams
at Laguna and Roosevelt are the result. Then the people, organizing
themselves into cooperative leagues and water-users' associations, took
up the work of reclamation where the government left off; it is to these
energetic, persevering men who have drilled wells, plowed fields, and
dug ditches through the length and breadth of that great region which
stretches from Yuma to Tucson, that the metamorphosis of Arizona is
due."

The effect of irrigation wherever introduced was amazing. Stretches of
sand and sagebrush gave way to fertile fields bearing crops of wheat,
corn, fruits, vegetables, and grass. Huge ranches grazed by browsing
sheep were broken up into small plots. The cowboy and ranchman vanished.
In their place rose the prosperous community--a community unlike the
township of Iowa or the industrial center of the East. Its intensive
tillage left little room for hired labor. Its small holdings drew
families together in village life rather than dispersing them on the
lonely plain. Often the development of water power in connection with
irrigation afforded electricity for labor-saving devices and lifted many
a burden that in other days fell heavily upon the shoulders of the
farmer and his family.

MINING AND MANUFACTURING IN THE WEST

=Mineral Resources.=--In another important particular the Far West
differed from the Mississippi Valley states. That was in the
predominance of mining over agriculture throughout a vast section.
Indeed it was the minerals rather than the land that attracted the
pioneers who first opened the country. The discovery of gold in
California in 1848 was the signal for the great rush of prospectors,
miners, and promoters who explored the valleys, climbed the hills,
washed the sands, and dug up the soil in their feverish search for gold,
silver, copper, coal, and other minerals. In Nevada and Montana the
development of mineral resources went on all during the Civil War. Alder
Gulch became Virginia City in 1863; Last Chance Gulch was named Helena
in 1864; and Confederate Gulch was christened Diamond City in 1865. At
Butte the miners began operations in 1864 and within five years had
washed out eight million dollars' worth of gold. Under the gold they
found silver; under silver they found copper.

Even at the end of the nineteenth century, after agriculture was well
advanced and stock and sheep raising introduced on a large scale,
minerals continued to be the chief source of wealth in a number of
states. This was revealed by the figures for 1910. The gold, silver,
iron, and copper of Colorado were worth more than the wheat, corn, and
oats combined; the copper of Montana sold for more than all the cereals
and four times the price of the wheat. The interest of Nevada was also
mainly mining, the receipts from the mineral output being $43,000,000 or
more than one-half the national debt of Hamilton's day. The yield of the
mines of Utah was worth four or five times the wheat crop; the coal of
Wyoming brought twice as much as the great wool clip; the minerals of
Arizona were totaled at $43,000,000 as against a wool clip reckoned at
$1,200,000; while in Idaho alone of this group of states did the wheat
crop exceed in value the output of the mines.

[Illustration: _Photograph from Underwood and Underwood, N.Y._

LOGGING]

=Timber Resources.=--The forests of the great West, unlike those of the
Ohio Valley, proved a boon to the pioneers rather than a foe to be
attacked. In Ohio and Indiana, for example, the frontier line of
homemakers had to cut, roll, and burn thousands of trees before they
could put out a crop of any size. Beyond the Mississippi, however,
there were all ready for the breaking plow great reaches of almost
treeless prairie, where every stick of timber was precious. In the other
parts, often rough and mountainous, where stood primeval forests of the
finest woods, the railroads made good use of the timber. They consumed
acres of forests themselves in making ties, bridge timbers, and
telegraph poles, and they laid a heavy tribute upon the forests for
their annual upkeep. The surplus trees, such as had burdened the
pioneers of the Northwest Territory a hundred years before, they carried
off to markets on the east and west coasts.

=Western Industries.=--The peculiar conditions of the Far West
stimulated a rise of industries more rapid than is usual in new country.
The mining activities which in many sections preceded agriculture called
for sawmills to furnish timber for the mines and smelters to reduce and
refine ores. The ranches supplied sheep and cattle for the packing
houses of Kansas City as well as Chicago. The waters of the Northwest
afforded salmon for 4000 cases in 1866 and for 1,400,000 cases in 1916.
The fruits and vegetables of California brought into existence
innumerable canneries. The lumber industry, starting with crude sawmills
to furnish rough timbers for railways and mines, ended in specialized
factories for paper, boxes, and furniture. As the railways preceded
settlement and furnished a ready outlet for local manufactures, so they
encouraged the early establishment of varied industries, thus creating a
state of affairs quite unlike that which obtained in the Ohio Valley in
the early days before the opening of the Erie Canal.

=Social Effects of Economic Activities.=--In many respects the social
life of the Far West also differed from that of the Ohio Valley. The
treeless prairies, though open to homesteads, favored the great estate
tilled in part by tenant labor and in part by migratory seasonal labor,
summoned from all sections of the country for the harvests. The mineral
resources created hundreds of huge fortunes which made the accumulations
of eastern mercantile families look trivial by comparison. Other
millionaires won their fortunes in the railway business and still more
from the cattle and sheep ranges. In many sections the "cattle king," as
he was called, was as dominant as the planter had been in the old South.
Everywhere in the grazing country he was a conspicuous and important
person. He "sometimes invested money in banks, in railroad stocks, or in
city property.... He had his rating in the commercial reviews and could
hobnob with bankers, railroad presidents, and metropolitan merchants....
He attended party caucuses and conventions, ran for the state
legislature, and sometimes defeated a lawyer or metropolitan 'business
man' in the race for a seat in Congress. In proportion to their numbers,
the ranchers ... have constituted a highly impressive class."

Although many of the early capitalists of the great West, especially
from Nevada, spent their money principally in the East, others took
leadership in promoting the sections in which they had made their
fortunes. A railroad pioneer, General Palmer, built his home at Colorado
Springs, founded the town, and encouraged local improvements. Denver
owed its first impressive buildings to the civic patriotism of Horace
Tabor, a wealthy mine owner. Leland Stanford paid his tribute to
California in the endowment of a large university. Colonel W.F. Cody,
better known as "Buffalo Bill," started his career by building a "boom
town" which collapsed, and made a large sum of money supplying buffalo
meat to construction hands (hence his popular name). By his famous Wild
West Show, he increased it to a fortune which he devoted mainly to the
promotion of a western reclamation scheme.

While the Far West was developing this vigorous, aggressive leadership
in business, a considerable industrial population was springing up. Even
the cattle ranges and hundreds of farms were conducted like factories in
that they were managed through overseers who hired plowmen, harvesters,
and cattlemen at regular wages. At the same time there appeared other
peculiar features which made a lasting impression on western economic
life. Mining, lumbering, and fruit growing, for instance, employed
thousands of workers during the rush months and turned them out at other
times. The inevitable result was an army of migratory laborers wandering
from camp to camp, from town to town, and from ranch to ranch, without
fixed homes or established habits of life. From this extraordinary
condition there issued many a long and lawless conflict between capital
and labor, giving a distinct color to the labor movement in whole
sections of the mountain and coast states.

THE ADMISSION OF NEW STATES

=The Spirit of Self-Government.=--The instinct of self-government was
strong in the western communities. In the very beginning, it led to the
organization of volunteer committees, known as "vigilantes," to suppress
crime and punish criminals. As soon as enough people were settled
permanently in a region, they took care to form a more stable kind of
government. An illustration of this process is found in the Oregon
compact made by the pioneers in 1843, the spirit of which is reflected
in an editorial in an old copy of the _Rocky Mountain News_: "We claim
that any body or community of American citizens which from any cause or
under any circumstances is cut off from or from isolation is so situated
as not to be under any active and protecting branch of the central
government, have a right, if on American soil, to frame a government and
enact such laws and regulations as may be necessary for their own
safety, protection, and happiness, always with the condition precedent,
that they shall, at the earliest moment when the central government
shall extend an effective organization and laws over them, give it their
unqualified support and obedience."

People who turned so naturally to the organization of local
administration were equally eager for admission to the union as soon as
any shadow of a claim to statehood could be advanced. As long as a
region was merely one of the territories of the United States, the
appointment of the governor and other officers was controlled by
politics at Washington. Moreover the disposition of land, mineral
rights, forests, and water power was also in the hands of national
leaders. Thus practical considerations were united with the spirit of
independence in the quest for local autonomy.

=Nebraska and Colorado.=--Two states, Nebraska and Colorado, had little
difficulty in securing admission to the union. The first, Nebraska, had
been organized as a territory by the famous Kansas-Nebraska bill which
did so much to precipitate the Civil War. Lying to the north of Kansas,
which had been admitted in 1861, it escaped the invasion of slave owners
from Missouri and was settled mainly by farmers from the North. Though
it claimed a population of only 67,000, it was regarded with kindly
interest by the Republican Congress at Washington and, reduced to its
present boundaries, it received the coveted statehood in 1867.

This was hardly accomplished before the people of Colorado to the
southwest began to make known their demands. They had been organized
under territorial government in 1861 when they numbered only a handful;
but within ten years the aspect of their affairs had completely changed.
The silver and gold deposits of the Leadville and Cripple Creek regions
had attracted an army of miners and prospectors. The city of Denver,
founded in 1858 and named after the governor of Kansas whence came many
of the early settlers, had grown from a straggling camp of log huts into
a prosperous center of trade. By 1875 it was reckoned that the
population of the territory was not less than one hundred thousand; the
following year Congress, yielding to the popular appeal, made Colorado a
member of the American union.

=Six New States (1889-1890).=--For many years there was a deadlock in
Congress over the admission of new states. The spell was broken in 1889
under the leadership of the Dakotas. For a long time the Dakota
territory, organized in 1861, had been looked upon as the home of the
powerful Sioux Indians whose enormous reservation blocked the advance of
the frontier. The discovery of gold in the Black Hills, however, marked
their doom. Even before Congress could open their lands to prospectors,
pioneers were swarming over the country. Farmers from the adjoining
Minnesota and the Eastern states, Scandinavians, Germans, and Canadians,
came in swelling waves to occupy the fertile Dakota lands, now famous
even as far away as the fjords of Norway. Seldom had the plow of man cut
through richer soil than was found in the bottoms of the Red River
Valley, and it became all the more precious when the opening of the
Northern Pacific in 1883 afforded a means of transportation east and
west. The population, which had numbered 135,000 in 1880, passed the
half million mark before ten years had elapsed.

Remembering that Nebraska had been admitted with only 67,000
inhabitants, the Dakotans could not see why they should be kept under
federal tutelage. At the same time Washington, far away on the Pacific
Coast, Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, boasting of their populations and
their riches, put in their own eloquent pleas. But the members of
Congress were busy with politics. The Democrats saw no good reason for
admitting new Republican states until after their defeat in 1888. Near
the end of their term the next year they opened the door for North and
South Dakota, Washington, and Montana. In 1890, a Republican Congress
brought Idaho and Wyoming into the union, the latter with woman
suffrage, which had been granted twenty-one years before.

=Utah.=--Although Utah had long presented all the elements of a
well-settled and industrious community, its admission to the union was
delayed on account of popular hostility to the practice of polygamy. The
custom, it is true, had been prohibited by act of Congress in 1862; but
the law had been systematically evaded. In 1882 Congress made another
and more effective effort to stamp out polygamy. Five years later it
even went so far as to authorize the confiscation of the property of the
Mormon Church in case the practice of plural marriages was not stopped.
Meanwhile the Gentile or non-Mormon population was steadily increasing
and the leaders in the Church became convinced that the battle
against the sentiment of the country was futile. At last in 1896 Utah
was admitted as a state under a constitution which forbade plural
marriages absolutely and forever. Horace Greeley, who visited Utah in
1859, had prophesied that the Pacific Railroad would work a revolution
in the land of Brigham Young. His prophecy had come true.

[Illustration: THE UNITED STATES IN 1912]

=Rounding out the Continent.=--Three more territories now remained out
of the Union. Oklahoma, long an Indian reservation, had been opened for
settlement to white men in 1889. The rush upon the fertile lands of this
region, the last in the history of America, was marked by all the frenzy
of the final, desperate chance. At a signal from a bugle an army of men
with families in wagons, men and women on horseback and on foot, burst
into the territory. During the first night a city of tents was raised at
Guthrie and Oklahoma City. In ten days wooden houses rose on the plains.
In a single year there were schools, churches, business blocks, and
newspapers. Within fifteen years there was a population of more than
half a million. To the west, Arizona with a population of about 125,000
and New Mexico with 200,000 inhabitants joined Oklahoma in asking for
statehood. Congress, then Republican, looked with reluctance upon the
addition of more Democratic states; but in 1907 it was literally
compelled by public sentiment and a sense of justice to admit Oklahoma.
In 1910 the House of Representatives went to the Democrats and within
two years Arizona and New Mexico were "under the roof." So the
continental domain was rounded out.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE FAR WEST ON NATIONAL LIFE

=The Last of the Frontier.=--When Horace Greeley made his trip west in
1859 he thus recorded the progress of civilization in his journal:

     "May 12th, Chicago.--Chocolate and morning journals last
     seen on the hotel breakfast table.

     23rd, Leavenworth (Kansas).--Room bells and bath tubs make
     their final appearance.

     26th, Manhattan.--Potatoes and eggs last recognized among
     the blessings that 'brighten as they take their flight.'

     27th, Junction City.--Last visitation of a boot-black, with
     dissolving views of a board bedroom. Beds bid us good-by."

[Illustration: _Copyright by Panama-California Exposition_

THE CANADIAN BUILDING AT THE PANAMA-CALIFORNIA INTERNATIONAL
EXPOSITION, SAN DIEGO, 1915]

Within thirty years travelers were riding across that country in Pullman
cars and enjoying at the hotels all the comforts of a standardized
civilization. The "wild west" was gone, and with it that frontier of
pioneers and settlers who had long given such a bent and tone to
American life and had "poured in upon the floor of Congress" such a long
line of "backwoods politicians," as they were scornfully styled.

=Free Land and Eastern Labor.=--It was not only the picturesque features
of the frontier that were gone. Of far more consequence was the
disappearance of free lands with all that meant for American labor. For
more than a hundred years, any man of even moderate means had been able
to secure a homestead of his own and an independent livelihood. For a
hundred years America had been able to supply farms to as many
immigrants as cared to till the soil. Every new pair of strong arms
meant more farms and more wealth. Workmen in Eastern factories, mines,
or mills who did not like their hours, wages, or conditions of labor,
could readily find an outlet to the land. Now all that was over. By
about 1890 most of the desirable land available under the Homestead act
had disappeared. American industrial workers confronted a new situation.

=Grain Supplants King Cotton.=--In the meantime a revolution was taking
place in agriculture. Until 1860 the chief staples sold by America were
cotton and tobacco. With the advance of the frontier, corn and wheat
supplanted them both in agrarian economy. The West became the granary of
the East and of Western Europe. The scoop shovel once used to handle
grain was superseded by the towering elevator, loading and unloading
thousands of bushels every hour. The refrigerator car and ship made the
packing industry as stable as the production of cotton or corn, and gave
an immense impetus to cattle raising and sheep farming. So the meat of
the West took its place on the English dinner table by the side of bread
baked from Dakotan wheat.

=Aid in American Economic Independence.=--The effects of this economic
movement were manifold and striking. Billions of dollars' worth of
American grain, dairy produce, and meat were poured into European
markets where they paid off debts due money lenders and acquired
capital to develop American resources. Thus they accelerated the
progress of American financiers toward national independence. The
country, which had timidly turned to the Old World for capital in
Hamilton's day and had borrowed at high rates of interest in London in
Lincoln's day, moved swiftly toward the time when it would be among the
world's first bankers and money lenders itself. Every grain of wheat and
corn pulled the balance down on the American side of the scale.

=Eastern Agriculture Affected.=--In the East as well as abroad the
opening of the western granary produced momentous results. The
agricultural economy of that part of the country was changed in many
respects. Whole sections of the poorest land went almost out of
cultivation, the abandoned farms of the New England hills bearing solemn
witness to the competing power of western wheat fields. Sheep and cattle
raising, as well as wheat and corn production, suffered at least a
relative decline. Thousands of farmers cultivating land of the lower
grade were forced to go West or were driven to the margin of
subsistence. Even the herds that supplied Eastern cities with milk were
fed upon grain brought halfway across the continent.

=The Expansion of the American Market.=--Upon industry as well as
agriculture, the opening of vast food-producing regions told in a
thousand ways. The demand for farm machinery, clothing, boots, shoes,
and other manufactures gave to American industries such a market as even
Hamilton had never foreseen. Moreover it helped to expand far into the
Mississippi Valley the industrial area once confined to the Northern
seaboard states and to transform the region of the Great Lakes into an
industrial empire. Herein lies the explanation of the growth of
mid-western cities after 1865. Chicago, with its thirty-five railways,
tapped every locality of the West and South. To the railways were added
the water routes of the Lakes, thus creating a strategic center for
industries. Long foresight carried the McCormick reaper works to
Chicago before 1860. From Troy, New York, went a large stove plant. That
was followed by a shoe factory from Massachusetts. The packing industry
rose as a matter of course at a point so advantageous for cattle raisers
and shippers and so well connected with Eastern markets.

To the opening of the Far West also the Lake region was inde


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Separated link

One more separated link

      <form class="navbar-form navbar-left" role="search">

          <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Search">

        <button type="submit" class="btn btn-default">Submit</button>
      </form>

        {%if not session.logged_in%}

<button class="btn btn-default navbar-btn" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#myModal">Login</button>

        {%else%}

        Message 42
        {%endif%}

message1

message2

message3

Clear All

          {%if not session.logged_in%}

Guest

          {%else%}
          {{session.logged_in}}
          {%endif%}

Action

Another action

Something else here

Logout

        <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">×</button>

Welcome

        <form id="login_form" action="{{url_for('login')}}" method="post">

          Username:
          <input type="text" name="username" id="login_username" autofocus>

          Password:
          <input type="password" name="password" id="login_password">

      </form>
        <form id="register_form" action="{{url_for('register')}}" method="post">

          Username:
          <input type="text" name="username" id="register_name" autofocus>

          Password:
          <input type="password" name="password" id = "register_psw">

          Nick name:
          <input type="text" name="nick_name" id = "register_nick_name">

      </form>

        <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" id="re_button">Register</button>
        <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button>
        <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" id ="button_login" >Log in</button>

    {%if session.logged_in%}

    {%endif%}


text:
@interface FETreeNode ()
@property (nonatomic, weak) FETreeNode *innerParentNode;
@property (nonatomic, strong) NSMutableArray *innerChildNodes;
@end

@implementation FETreeNode

+ (id)nodeWithRepresentedObject:(id)representedObject {
    return [[FETreeNode alloc] initWithRepresentedObject:representedObject];
}

- (id)initWithRepresentedObject:(id)representedObject {
    self = [self init];
    if (self) {
        self.represenedObject = representedObject;
    }

    return self;
}

- (id)init {
    self = [super init];
    if (self) {
        self.innerChildNodes = [NSMutableArray array];
    }
    return self;
}

- (NSIndexPath*)indexPath {
    NSMutableArray *wrappedIndexes = [NSMutableArray array];

    FETreeNode *node = self;
    while (YES) {
        if (node.parentNode) {
            NSUInteger index = [node.innerParentNode.innerChildNodes indexOfObject:node];
            [wrappedIndexes insertObject:@(index) atIndex:0];
            node = node.parentNode;
        }
        else {
            [wrappedIndexes insertObject:@0 atIndex:0];
            break;
        }
    }

    NSUInteger indexes[wrappedIndexes.count];
    for (NSInteger i=0; i<wrappedIndexes.count; i++) {
        indexes[i] = [wrappedIndexes[i] integerValue];
    }

    return [NSIndexPath indexPathWithIndexes:indexes length:wrappedIndexes.count];
}

- (NSUInteger)level {
    return [self indexPath].length;
}

- (BOOL)isLeaf {
    return (self.innerParentNode != nil);
}

- (FETreeNode*)parentNode {
    return self.innerParentNode;
}

- (NSArray<FETreeNode*>*)childNodes {
    return [self.innerChildNodes copy];
}

- (NSUInteger)numberOfDescendantNodes {
    NSUInteger number = 0;
    for (FETreeNode *childNode in self.innerChildNodes) {
        number += [childNode numberOfDescendantNodes] + 1;
    }

    return number;
}

- (void)appendChildNode:(FETreeNode *)childNode {
    [self.innerChildNodes addObject:childNode];
    childNode.innerParentNode = self;
}

- (void)insertChildNode:(FETreeNode*)childNode atIndex:(NSUInteger)index {
    [self.innerChildNodes insertObject:childNode atIndex:index];
    childNode.innerParentNode = self;
}

- (void)insertChildNode:(FETreeNode *)childNode atIndexPath:(NSIndexPath*)indexPath {
    NSUInteger indexes[indexPath.length];
    [indexPath getIndexes:indexes range:NSMakeRange(0, indexPath.length)];

    @try {
        NSUInteger lastIndex = indexes[indexPath.length - 1];
        NSIndexPath *parentNodeIndexPath = [indexPath indexPathByRemovingLastIndex];
        FETreeNode *parentNode = [self nodeAtIndexPath:parentNodeIndexPath];
        [parentNode insertChildNode:childNode atIndex:lastIndex];
        childNode.innerParentNode = parentNode;
    }
    @catch (NSException *exception) {
        //
    }
}

- (void)deleteChildNodeAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index {
    @try {
        FETreeNode *childNode = self.innerChildNodes[index];
        [self.innerChildNodes removeObjectAtIndex:index];
        childNode.innerParentNode = nil;
    }
    @catch (NSException *exception) {
        //
    }
}

- (void)deleteFromParentNode {
    [self.innerParentNode.innerChildNodes removeObject:self];
    self.innerParentNode = nil;
}

- (__kindof FETreeNode*)nodeAtIndexPath:(NSIndexPath*)indexPath {
    if (indexPath.length == 0) {
        return nil;
    }

    if (indexPath.length == 1 && [indexPath indexAtPosition:0] == 0) {
        return self;
    }

    NSUInteger indexes[indexPath.length];
    [indexPath getIndexes:indexes range:NSMakeRange(0, indexPath.length)];

    @try {
        FETreeNode *node = self;
        for (NSInteger i=1; i<indexPath.length; i++) {
            NSUInteger index = indexes[i];
            node = node.innerChildNodes[index];
        }

        return node;
    }
    @catch (NSException *exception) {
        return nil;
    }
}

- (void)enumerateNodesWithSearchType:(FETreeNodeSearchType)searchType usingBlock:(FETreeNodeEnumerationBlock)aBlock {
    NSUInteger cursor = 0;
    NSIndexPath *indexPath = [NSIndexPath indexPathWithIndex:0];

    if (searchType == FETreeNodeSearchTypeDepthFirst) {
        BOOL stop = NO;
        [self depthFirstEnumerateNodesUsingBlock:aBlock indexPath:indexPath cursor:&cursor stop:&stop];
    }
    else {
        [self breadthFirstEnumerateNodesUsingBlock:aBlock nodes:@[self] indexPaths:@[indexPath] cursor:&cursor];
    }
}

- (__kindof FETreeNode*)nodeAtIndex:(NSUInteger)index searchType:(FETreeNodeSearchType)searchType {
    __block FETreeNode *result = nil;
    [self enumerateNodesWithSearchType:searchType
                            usingBlock:^(FETreeNode *node, NSIndexPath *indexPath, NSUInteger i, BOOL *stop) {
        if (index == i) {
            result = node;
            *stop = YES;
        }
    }];

    return result;
}

- (NSUInteger)indexOfNode:(FETreeNode*)node searchType:(FETreeNodeSearchType)searchType {
    __block NSUInteger result = NSNotFound;
    [self enumerateNodesWithSearchType:searchType
                            usingBlock:^(FETreeNode *n, NSIndexPath *indexPath, NSUInteger index, BOOL *stop) {
        if (node == n) {
            result = index;
            *stop = YES;
        }
    }];

    return result;
}

#pragma mark - Private
- (void)depthFirstEnumerateNodesUsingBlock:(FETreeNodeEnumerationBlock)aBlock indexPath:(NSIndexPath*)indexPath cursor:(NSUInteger*)cursor stop:(BOOL*)stop {

    aBlock(self, indexPath, *cursor, stop);
    if (*stop) {
        return;
    }

    for (NSInteger i=0; i<self.innerChildNodes.count; i++) {
        FETreeNode *childNode = self.innerChildNodes[i];
        NSIndexPath *childNodeIndexPath = [indexPath indexPathByAddingIndex:i];
        *cursor += 1;
        [childNode depthFirstEnumerateNodesUsingBlock:aBlock indexPath:childNodeIndexPath cursor:cursor stop:stop];

        if (*stop) {
            return;
        }
    }
}

- (void)breadthFirstEnumerateNodesUsingBlock:(FETreeNodeEnumerationBlock)aBlock nodes:(NSArray*)nodes indexPaths:(NSArray*)indexPaths cursor:(NSUInteger*)cursor {

    if (nodes.count == 0) {
        return;
    }

    NSMutableArray *allChildNodes = [NSMutableArray array];
    NSMutableArray *allChildNodeIndexPaths = [NSMutableArray array];

    for (NSInteger i=0; i<nodes.count; i++) {
        FETreeNode *node = nodes[i];
        NSIndexPath *indexPath = indexPaths[i];

        BOOL stop = NO;
        aBlock(node, indexPath, *cursor+i, &stop);
        if (stop) {
            return;
        }

        [allChildNodes addObjectsFromArray:node.innerChildNodes];
        for (NSInteger j=0; j<node.innerChildNodes.count; j++) {
            NSIndexPath *childNodeIndexPath = [indexPath indexPathByAddingIndex:i];
            [allChildNodeIndexPaths addObject:childNodeIndexPath];
        }
    }

    *cursor += nodes.count;
    [self breadthFirstEnumerateNodesUsingBlock:aBlock nodes:allChildNodes indexPaths:allChildNodeIndexPaths cursor:cursor];
}

@end


text:
@media (min-width: 10px) { .puppy:hover { display: none; } }

.puppy { background-color: red; }


text:
package at.alladin.rmbt.android.map;

import java.util.List;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.app.Fragment;
import android.content.Context;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.AdapterView;
import android.widget.AdapterView.OnItemClickListener;
import android.widget.BaseAdapter;
import android.widget.ListView;
import android.widget.ProgressBar;
import android.widget.RadioButton;
import android.widget.TextView;
import at.alladin.openrmbt.android.R;
import at.alladin.rmbt.android.main.RMBTMainActivity;
import at.alladin.rmbt.android.map.MapProperties.MapOverlay;
import at.alladin.rmbt.android.util.SectionListAdapter;

/**
 *
 * @author bp
 *
 */
public class RMBTMapFilterFragment extends Fragment implements OnItemClickListener
{

    // private static final String DEBUG_TAG = "RMBTMapFilterFragment";

    private Runnable recheckRunnable;
    private Handler handler;
    private View view;

    /**
	 *
	 */
    @Override
    public void onCreate(final Bundle savedInstanceState)
    {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        handler = new Handler();
    }

    /**
	 *
	 */
    @Override
    public View onCreateView(final LayoutInflater inflater, final ViewGroup container, final Bundle savedInstanceState)
    {

        view = inflater.inflate(R.layout.map_filter, container, false);

        final ProgressBar progressBar = (ProgressBar) view.findViewById(R.id.progressBar);

        progressBar.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);

        // /

        recheckRunnable = new Runnable()
        {
            @Override
            public void run()
            {
                final RMBTMainActivity activity = getRMBTMainActivity();
                if (activity.getMapFilterListSelectionList() == null)
                {
                    activity.fetchMapOptions();
                    handler.postDelayed(recheckRunnable, 500);
                }
                else
                {
                    progressBar.setVisibility(View.GONE);
                    populateList();
                }
            }
        };
        recheckRunnable.run();
        // /

//        final TextView infoTextView = (TextView) rl.findViewById(R.id.infoText);
//        infoTextView.setText(getString(R.string.error_no_data));

        // /

        return view;
    }

    @Override
    public void onDestroy()
    {
        super.onDestroy();
        if (recheckRunnable != null)
            handler.removeCallbacks(recheckRunnable);
    }

    private RMBTMainActivity getRMBTMainActivity()
    {
        return (RMBTMainActivity) getActivity();
    }

    protected void populateList()
    {
        final RMBTMainActivity activity = getRMBTMainActivity();
        final SectionListAdapter sectionListAdapter = new SectionListAdapter(activity,
                R.layout.preferences_category);

        // add filter options

        for (final MapListSection mapListSection : activity.getMapFilterListSelectionList())
            sectionListAdapter.addSection(mapListSection.getTitle(), new MapListSectionAdapter(activity,
                    mapListSection));

        // /

        final ListView listView = (ListView) view.findViewById(R.id.valueList);

        listView.setAdapter(sectionListAdapter);

        listView.setItemsCanFocus(true);
        listView.setOnItemClickListener(this);
    }

    /**
	 *
	 */
    @Override
    public void onItemClick(final AdapterView<?> parent, final View view, final int position, final long id)
    {

        final SectionListAdapter sectionListAdapter = (SectionListAdapter) parent.getAdapter();

        final MapListSectionAdapter mapListSectionAdapter = (MapListSectionAdapter) sectionListAdapter
                .getAdapter(position);

        // /
        final Object item = sectionListAdapter.getItem(position);
        if (item instanceof MapListEntry)
        {
            final MapListEntry clickedEntry = (MapListEntry) item;

            final List<MapListEntry> mapListEntryList = mapListSectionAdapter.mapListSection.getMapListEntryList();

            // uncheck all entries in section:
            for (final MapListEntry mapListEntry : mapListEntryList)
                mapListEntry.setChecked(false);

            // recheck checked entry:
            clickedEntry.setChecked(true);

            // handle sat differently
            final String value = clickedEntry.getValue();
            final RMBTMainActivity activity = getRMBTMainActivity();

            if (MapProperties.MAP_SAT_KEY.equals(clickedEntry.getKey())) {
                activity.setMapTypeSatellite(MapProperties.MAP_SAT_VALUE.equals(value));
            }
            else if (MapProperties.MAP_OVERLAY_KEY.equals(clickedEntry.getKey())) {
            	final MapOverlay mapOverlay = MapOverlay.valueOf(value);
            	activity.setMapOverlayType(mapOverlay);
            }
            else
                // set new filter options:
                activity.updateMapFilter();

            // reload list view:
            ((SectionListAdapter) parent.getAdapter()).notifyDataSetChanged();
        }
    }

    /**
     *
     * @author bp
     *
     */
    private class MapListSectionAdapter extends BaseAdapter
    {

        /**
		 *
		 */
        private final MapListSection mapListSection;

        /**
		 *
		 */
        private final Context context;

        /**
         *
         * @param mapListSection
         */
        public MapListSectionAdapter(final Context context, final MapListSection mapListSection)
        {
            this.context = context;
            this.mapListSection = mapListSection;
        }

        /**
		 *
		 */
        @Override
        public int getCount()
        {
            return mapListSection.getMapListEntryList().size();
        }

        /**
		 *
		 */
        @Override
        public Object getItem(final int position)
        {
            return mapListSection.getMapListEntryList().get(position);
        }

        /**
		 *
		 */
        @Override
        public long getItemId(final int position)
        {
            return position;
        }

        /**
		 *
		 */
        @Override
        public View getView(final int position, View convertView, final ViewGroup parent)
        {
            if (convertView == null)
            {
                final LayoutInflater inflater = ((Activity) context).getLayoutInflater();
                convertView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.map_filter_item, parent, false);
            }

            final TextView titleTextView = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(android.R.id.title);
            final TextView summaryTextView = (TextView) convertView.findViewById(android.R.id.summary);

            final RadioButton checkedTextView = (RadioButton) convertView.findViewById(R.id.radiobutton);

            // /

            final MapListEntry entry = (MapListEntry) getItem(position);

            // /

            titleTextView.setText(entry.getTitle());
            summaryTextView.setText(entry.getSummary());

            checkedTextView.setChecked(entry.isChecked());

            return convertView;
        }
    }
}


text:
package org.jeecg.modules.system.entity;

import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Date;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.IdType;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableId;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableName;
import lombok.Data;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonFormat;
import org.springframework.format.annotation.DateTimeFormat;

/**
 * @Description: 用户通告阅读标记表
 * @Author: jeecg-boot
 * @Date:  2019-02-21
 * @Version: V1.0
 */
@Data
@TableName("sys_announcement_send")
public class SysAnnouncementSend implements Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

	/**id*/
	@TableId(type = IdType.ASSIGN_ID)
	private java.lang.String id;
	/**通告id*/
	private java.lang.String anntId;
	/**用户id*/
	private java.lang.String userId;
	/**阅读状态(0未读,1已读)*/
	private java.lang.String readFlag;
	/**阅读时间*/
	@JsonFormat(timezone = "GMT+8",pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")
    @DateTimeFormat(pattern="yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")
	private java.util.Date readTime;
	/**创建人*/
	private java.lang.String createBy;
	/**创建时间*/
	@JsonFormat(timezone = "GMT+8",pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")
    @DateTimeFormat(pattern="yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")
	private java.util.Date createTime;
	/**更新人*/
	private java.lang.String updateBy;
	/**更新时间*/
	@JsonFormat(timezone = "GMT+8",pattern = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")
    @DateTimeFormat(pattern="yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss")
	private java.util.Date updateTime;
}


text:
<?php

namespace Oro\Bundle\ActionBundle\Handler;

use Oro\Bundle\EntityBundle\ORM\DoctrineHelper;
use Oro\Bundle\SoapBundle\Handler\DeleteHandler as BaseDeleteHandler;
use Oro\Bundle\SoapBundle\Entity\Manager\ApiEntityManager;

class DeleteHandler
{
    /** @var BaseDeleteHandler */
    protected $deleteHandler;

    /** @var ApiEntityManager */
    protected $apiEntityManager;

    /** @var DoctrineHelper */
    protected $doctrineHelper;

    /**
     * @param BaseDeleteHandler $deleteHandler
     * @param ApiEntityManager $apiEntityManager
     * @param DoctrineHelper $doctrineHelper
     */
    public function __construct(
        BaseDeleteHandler $deleteHandler,
        ApiEntityManager $apiEntityManager,
        DoctrineHelper $doctrineHelper
    ) {
        $this->deleteHandler = $deleteHandler;
        $this->apiEntityManager = $apiEntityManager;
        $this->doctrineHelper = $doctrineHelper;
    }

    /**
     * @param object $entity
     */
    public function handleDelete($entity)
    {
        $this->apiEntityManager->setClass($this->doctrineHelper->getEntityClass($entity));

        $id = $this->doctrineHelper->getEntityIdentifier($entity);

        $this->deleteHandler->handleDelete($id, $this->apiEntityManager);
    }
}


text:
cask 'cloudmounter' do
  version :latest
  sha256 :no_check

  url 'http://mac.eltima.com/download/cloudmounter.dmg'
  name 'Eltima CloudMounter'
  homepage 'http://mac.eltima.com/mount-cloud-drive.html'

  app 'CloudMounter.app'
end


text:
"use strict";

var request = require('request-promise');

const baseUrl = 'https://api.yelp.com/v3/';

class Yelpv3 {

    constructor(opts) {
        this.api_key = opts.api_key;
    }

    get(resource, params) {
        params = (typeof params === 'undefined') ? {} : params;

        return request({
                uri: baseUrl + resource + jsonToQueryString(params),
                headers: {
                    'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + this.api_key
                }
            }).then((response) => {
                return response;
            }).catch((err) => {
                throw err;
            });
    }

    search(params) {
        return this.get('businesses/search', params);
    }

    phoneSearch(params) {
        return this.get('businesses/search/phone', params);
    }

    transactionSearch(transactionType, params) {
        return this.get(`transactions/${transactionType}/search`, params);
    }

    business(id) {
        return this.get(`businesses/${id}`, undefined);
    }

    reviews(id) {
        return this.get(`businesses/${id}/reviews`, undefined);
    }

    autocomplete(params) {
        return this.get('autocomplete', params);
    }
}

function jsonToQueryString(json) {
    return '?' +
        Object.keys(json).map(function(key) {
            if (key === 'price') {
                return key + '=' + json[key];
            } else {
                return encodeURIComponent(key) + '=' + encodeURIComponent(json[key]);
            }
        }).join('&');
}

module.exports = Yelpv3;


text:
<!DOCTYPE html>

	<link href="js/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"type="text/css">
	<link href="css/moncss.css" rel="stylesheet"type="text/css">

	<title>Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming) -  Special methods </title>
	<meta charset="utf-8">

Comparison of programming languages (object-oriented programming) -  Special methods

			<fieldset>

					<form action="" method="post">
						<legend style="color:red;font-weight: bold;font-style:italic;text-align: center;" >Formulaire</legend>

								Object comparison :
 <input id="0" type="text" name="Feature">

								Object copy :
 <input id="1" type="text" name="Feature">

								Hash code :
 <input id="2" type="text" name="Feature">

								String representation - Source-compatible :
 <input id="3" type="text" name="Feature">

								String representation - Human-readable :
 <input id="4" type="text" name="Feature">

								Object ID :
 <input id="5" type="text" name="Feature">

								Value equality :
 <input id="6" type="text" name="Feature">

<input type="submit" class="btn btn-info" value="Ajouter un produit" />
					</form>

			</fieldset>


text:
<!-- Please fill -->

### What do you get instead? (Actual behavior)
<!-- Please fill -->

### How could the issue be reproduced? (Steps to reproduce)
<!-- Please fill everything relevant - the exact code you use, how you initialize the WebDriver, HTML snippet or URL of the page where you encounter the issue etc. -->

```php
// You can insert your PHP code here (or remove this block if it is not relevant for the issue).
```

### Details
<!-- Please fill relevant following versions: -->

* Php-webdriver version:
* PHP version:
* Selenium server version:
* Operating system:
* Browser used + version: