text:
package org.apache.subversion.javahl;

import org.apache.subversion.javahl.callback.*;
import org.apache.subversion.javahl.types.*;

import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.channels.ReadableByteChannel;
import java.nio.channels.WritableByteChannel;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.Map;
import java.text.DateFormat;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;

/**
 * Tests the basic functionality of javahl binding (inspired by the
 * tests in subversion/tests/cmdline/basic_tests.py).
 */
public class ExceptionTests extends SVNTests
{
    /**
     * Base name of all our tests.
     */
    public final static String testName = "exception_test";

    public ExceptionTests()
    {
        init();
    }

    public ExceptionTests(String name)
    {
        super(name);
        init();
    }

    /**
     * Initialize the testBaseName and the testCounter, if this is the
     * first test of this class.
     */
    private void init()
    {
        if (!testName.equals(testBaseName))
        {
            testCounter = 0;
            testBaseName = testName;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Specific exception class to verify if the marshalling of errors
     * through Subversion is handled properly.
     */
    final class TestException extends RuntimeException
    {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

        public TestException(String message)
        {
            super(message);
        }

        public TestException(String message, Throwable cause)
        {
            super(message, cause);
        }
    }

    public void testStatusCallback() throws Exception
    {
        // build the test setup
        OneTest thisTest = new OneTest();

        final TestException theException = new TestException("The Exception");
        boolean handled = false;
        // Test status of non-existent file
        try
        {
            client.status(thisTest.getWorkingCopy() + "/A", Depth.immediates,
                          false, true, true, false, false, false, null,
                          new StatusCallback()
                          {
                            public void doStatus(String path, Status status)
                            {
                                throw new TestException("inner", theException);
                            }
                          });
        }
        catch (ClientException e)
        {
            if (VerifyCause(e, theException))
                handled = true;
            else
                throw e;
        }
        assertTrue(handled);
    }

    public void testInfoCallback() throws Exception
    {
        // build the test setup
        OneTest thisTest = new OneTest();

        final TestException theException = new TestException("The Exception");
        boolean handled = false;
        // Test status of non-existent file
        try
        {
            client.info(thisTest.getWorkingCopy() + "/A", null, null, Depth.immediates,
                        true, true, false, null,
                          new InfoCallback()
                          {
                            public void singleInfo(Info info)
                            {
                                throw new TestException("inner", theException);
                            }
                          });
        }
        catch (ClientException e)
        {
            if (VerifyCause(e, theException))
                handled = true;
            else
                throw e;
        }
        assertTrue(handled);
    }

    public void testListCallback() throws Exception
    {
        // build the test setup
        OneTest thisTest = new OneTest();

        final TestException theException = new TestException("The Exception");
        boolean handled = false;
        // Test status of non-existent file
        try
        {
            client.list(thisTest.getWorkingCopy() + "/A", null, null, Depth.immediates,
                        7, false,
                        new ListCallback()
                          {
                            public void doEntry(DirEntry dirent, Lock lock)
                            {
                                throw new TestException("inner", theException);
                            }
                          });
        }
        catch (ClientException e)
        {
            if (VerifyCause(e, theException))
                handled = true;
            else
                throw e;
        }
        assertTrue(handled);
    }

    public void testBlameCallback() throws Exception
    {
        // build the test setup
        OneTest thisTest = new OneTest();

        final TestException theException = new TestException("The Exception");
        boolean handled = false;
        // Test status of non-existent file
        try
        {
            client.blame(thisTest.getWorkingCopy() + "/iota",
                         Revision.getInstance(1), Revision.getInstance(1),
                         Revision.getInstance(1), false, false,
                         new BlameCallback()
                          {
                            public void singleLine(long lineNum, long revision,
                                                   Map<String, byte[]> revProps, long mergedRevision,
                                                   Map<String, byte[]> mergedRevProps,
                                                   String mergedPath, String line,
                                                   boolean localChange)
                            {
                                throw new TestException("inner", theException);
                            }
                          });
        }
        catch (ClientException e)
        {
            if (VerifyCause(e, theException))
                handled = true;
            else
                throw e;
        }
        assertTrue(handled);
    }

    public void testLogMessageCallback() throws Exception
    {
        // build the test setup
        OneTest thisTest = new OneTest();

        final TestException theException = new TestException("The Exception");
        boolean handled = false;
        // Test status of non-existent file
        try
        {
            List<RevisionRange> ranges = new ArrayList<RevisionRange>(1);
            ranges.add(new RevisionRange(null, null));
            // Testing variant with allRevProps = false
            client.logMessages(thisTest.getWorkingCopy() + "/iota",
                               Revision.getInstance(1), ranges,
                               false, false, false,
                               null, false, 2,
                               new LogMessageCallback()
                               {
                                    public void singleMessage(
                                                  Set<ChangePath> changedPaths,
                                                  long revision,
                                                  Map<String, byte[]> revprops,
                                                  boolean hasChildren)
                                    {
                                        throw new TestException("inner",
                                                                theException);
                                    }
                               });
        }
        catch (ClientException e)
        {
            if (VerifyCause(e, theException))
                handled = true;
            else
                throw e;
        }
        assertTrue(handled);
    }

    public void testDiffSummaryReceiver() throws Exception
    {
        // build the test setup
        OneTest thisTest = new OneTest();

        final TestException theException = new TestException("The Exception");
        boolean handled = false;
        // Test status of non-existent file
        try
        {
            List<RevisionRange> ranges = new ArrayList<RevisionRange>(1);
            ranges.add(new RevisionRange(null, null));
            client.diffSummarize(thisTest.getUrl() + "/A",
                                 Revision.getInstance(1),
                                 thisTest.getUrl() + "/A",
                                 Revision.getInstance(0),
                                 Depth.infinity, null, true,
                                 new DiffSummaryCallback()
                                 {
                                    public void onSummary(
                                                  DiffSummary descriptor)
                                    {
                                        throw new TestException("inner",
                                                                theException);
                                    }
                               });
        }
        catch (ClientException e)
        {
            if (VerifyCause(e, theException))
                handled = true;
            else
                throw e;
        }
        assertTrue(handled);
    }

    public void testNotify() throws Exception
    {
        // build the test setup
        OneTest thisTest = new OneTest();

        final TestException theException = new TestException("The Exception");
        boolean handled = false;
        // Test status of non-existent file
        try
        {
            client.notification2(new ClientNotifyCallback()
                                 {
                                    public void onNotify(ClientNotifyInformation info)
                                    {
                                        throw new TestException("inner",
                                                                theException);
                                    }
                                });

            client.remove(thisTest.getWCPathSet("/A"), false, false,
                          null, null, null);
        }
        catch (ClientException e)
        {
            if (VerifyCause(e, theException))
                handled = true;
            else
                throw e;
        }
        assertTrue(handled);
    }

    /**
     * Verifies if a specific throwable instance is recorded in the exception chain
     */
    private boolean VerifyCause(Throwable caught, Throwable needle)
    {
        if (caught == needle)
            return true;

        Throwable cause = caught.getCause();
        if (cause == null)
            return false;

        return VerifyCause(cause, needle);
    }
}


text:
<?php namespace Fannan\MembersModule\Integral\Contract;

use Anomaly\Streams\Platform\Entry\Contract\EntryInterface;

interface IntegralInterface extends EntryInterface
{

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
const { EOL } = require('os');
const chai = require('chai');
const { promisify } = require('util');
const path = require('path');
const fs = require('fs');
const gettextParser = require('..');

const readFile = promisify(fs.readFile);

const expect = chai.expect;
chai.config.includeStack = true;

describe('Obsolete', async () => {
  const [po, mo, jsonString] = await Promise.all([
    readFile(path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures/obsolete.po')),
    readFile(path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures/obsolete.mo')),
    readFile(path.join(__dirname, 'fixtures/obsolete.json'), 'utf8')
  ]);

  const json = JSON.parse(jsonString);
  const poString = po.toString('utf8');
  const moString = mo.toString('utf8');

  describe('PO Parser', () => {
    it('should parse obsolete messages', async () => {
      const parsed = gettextParser.po.parse(po);

      expect(parsed).to.deep.equal(json);
    });
  });
  describe('PO Compiler', () => {
    it('should compile obsolete messages', async () => {
      const compiled = gettextParser.po.compile(json, { eol: EOL }).toString('utf8');

      expect(compiled).to.be.equal(poString);
    });
  });
  describe('MO Compiler', () => {
    it('should ignore obsolete messages', async () => {
      const compiled = gettextParser.mo.compile(json).toString('utf8');

      expect(compiled).to.be.equal(moString);
    });
  });
});


text:
.. highlightlang:: c

.. _unicodeobjects:

Unicode Objects and Codecs
--------------------------

.. sectionauthor:: Marc-Andre Lemburg <mal@lemburg.com>

Unicode Objects
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Unicode Type
""""""""""""

These are the basic Unicode object types used for the Unicode implementation in
Python:

.. c:type:: Py_UNICODE

   This type represents the storage type which is used by Python internally as
   basis for holding Unicode ordinals.  Python's default builds use a 16-bit type
   for :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` and store Unicode values internally as UCS2. It is also
   possible to build a UCS4 version of Python (most recent Linux distributions come
   with UCS4 builds of Python). These builds then use a 32-bit type for
   :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` and store Unicode data internally as UCS4. On platforms
   where :c:type:`wchar_t` is available and compatible with the chosen Python
   Unicode build variant, :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` is a typedef alias for
   :c:type:`wchar_t` to enhance native platform compatibility. On all other
   platforms, :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` is a typedef alias for either :c:type:`unsigned
   short` (UCS2) or :c:type:`unsigned long` (UCS4).

Note that UCS2 and UCS4 Python builds are not binary compatible. Please keep
this in mind when writing extensions or interfaces.

.. c:type:: PyUnicodeObject

   This subtype of :c:type:`PyObject` represents a Python Unicode object.

.. c:var:: PyTypeObject PyUnicode_Type

   This instance of :c:type:`PyTypeObject` represents the Python Unicode type.  It
   is exposed to Python code as ``str``.

The following APIs are really C macros and can be used to do fast checks and to
access internal read-only data of Unicode objects:

.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_Check(PyObject *o)

   Return true if the object *o* is a Unicode object or an instance of a Unicode
   subtype.

.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_CheckExact(PyObject *o)

   Return true if the object *o* is a Unicode object, but not an instance of a
   subtype.

.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(PyObject *o)

   Return the size of the object.  *o* has to be a :c:type:`PyUnicodeObject` (not
   checked).

.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_GET_DATA_SIZE(PyObject *o)

   Return the size of the object's internal buffer in bytes.  *o* has to be a
   :c:type:`PyUnicodeObject` (not checked).

.. c:function:: Py_UNICODE* PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(PyObject *o)

   Return a pointer to the internal :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the object.  *o*
   has to be a :c:type:`PyUnicodeObject` (not checked).

.. c:function:: const char* PyUnicode_AS_DATA(PyObject *o)

   Return a pointer to the internal buffer of the object. *o* has to be a
   :c:type:`PyUnicodeObject` (not checked).

.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_ClearFreeList()

   Clear the free list. Return the total number of freed items.

Unicode Character Properties
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

Unicode provides many different character properties. The most often needed ones
are available through these macros which are mapped to C functions depending on
the Python configuration.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a whitespace character.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a lowercase character.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an uppercase character.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a titlecase character.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISLINEBREAK(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a linebreak character.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a decimal character.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a digit character.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a numeric character.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an alphabetic character.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an alphanumeric character.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a printable character.
   Nonprintable characters are those characters defined in the Unicode character
   database as "Other" or "Separator", excepting the ASCII space (0x20) which is
   considered printable.  (Note that printable characters in this context are
   those which should not be escaped when :func:`repr` is invoked on a string.
   It has no bearing on the handling of strings written to :data:`sys.stdout` or
   :data:`sys.stderr`.)

These APIs can be used for fast direct character conversions:

.. c:function:: Py_UNICODE Py_UNICODE_TOLOWER(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return the character *ch* converted to lower case.

.. c:function:: Py_UNICODE Py_UNICODE_TOUPPER(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return the character *ch* converted to upper case.

.. c:function:: Py_UNICODE Py_UNICODE_TOTITLE(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return the character *ch* converted to title case.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_TODECIMAL(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return the character *ch* converted to a decimal positive integer.  Return
   ``-1`` if this is not possible.  This macro does not raise exceptions.

.. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_TODIGIT(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return the character *ch* converted to a single digit integer. Return ``-1`` if
   this is not possible.  This macro does not raise exceptions.

.. c:function:: double Py_UNICODE_TONUMERIC(Py_UNICODE ch)

   Return the character *ch* converted to a double. Return ``-1.0`` if this is not
   possible.  This macro does not raise exceptions.

Plain Py_UNICODE
""""""""""""""""

To create Unicode objects and access their basic sequence properties, use these
APIs:

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromUnicode(const Py_UNICODE *u, Py_ssize_t size)

   Create a Unicode object from the Py_UNICODE buffer *u* of the given size. *u*
   may be *NULL* which causes the contents to be undefined. It is the user's
   responsibility to fill in the needed data.  The buffer is copied into the new
   object. If the buffer is not *NULL*, the return value might be a shared object.
   Therefore, modification of the resulting Unicode object is only allowed when *u*
   is *NULL*.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(const char *u, Py_ssize_t size)

   Create a Unicode object from the char buffer *u*.  The bytes will be interpreted
   as being UTF-8 encoded.  *u* may also be *NULL* which
   causes the contents to be undefined. It is the user's responsibility to fill in
   the needed data.  The buffer is copied into the new object. If the buffer is not
   *NULL*, the return value might be a shared object. Therefore, modification of
   the resulting Unicode object is only allowed when *u* is *NULL*.

.. c:function:: PyObject *PyUnicode_FromString(const char *u)

   Create a Unicode object from an UTF-8 encoded null-terminated char buffer
   *u*.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromFormat(const char *format, ...)

   Take a C :c:func:`printf`\ -style *format* string and a variable number of
   arguments, calculate the size of the resulting Python unicode string and return
   a string with the values formatted into it.  The variable arguments must be C
   types and must correspond exactly to the format characters in the *format*
   ASCII-encoded string. The following format characters are allowed:

   .. % This should be exactly the same as the table in PyErr_Format.
   .. % The descriptions for %zd and %zu are wrong, but the truth is complicated
   .. % because not all compilers support the %z width modifier -- we fake it
   .. % when necessary via interpolating PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T.
   .. % Similar comments apply to the %ll width modifier and
   .. % PY_FORMAT_LONG_LONG.

   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | Format Characters | Type                | Comment                        |
   +===================+=====================+================================+
   | :attr:`%%`        | *n/a*               | The literal % character.       |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%c`        | int                 | A single character,            |
   |                   |                     | represented as an C int.       |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%d`        | int                 | Exactly equivalent to          |
   |                   |                     | ``printf("%d")``.              |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%u`        | unsigned int        | Exactly equivalent to          |
   |                   |                     | ``printf("%u")``.              |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%ld`       | long                | Exactly equivalent to          |
   |                   |                     | ``printf("%ld")``.             |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%lu`       | unsigned long       | Exactly equivalent to          |
   |                   |                     | ``printf("%lu")``.             |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%lld`      | long long           | Exactly equivalent to          |
   |                   |                     | ``printf("%lld")``.            |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%llu`      | unsigned long long  | Exactly equivalent to          |
   |                   |                     | ``printf("%llu")``.            |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%zd`       | Py_ssize_t          | Exactly equivalent to          |
   |                   |                     | ``printf("%zd")``.             |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%zu`       | size_t              | Exactly equivalent to          |
   |                   |                     | ``printf("%zu")``.             |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%i`        | int                 | Exactly equivalent to          |
   |                   |                     | ``printf("%i")``.              |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%x`        | int                 | Exactly equivalent to          |
   |                   |                     | ``printf("%x")``.              |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%s`        | char\*              | A null-terminated C character  |
   |                   |                     | array.                         |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%p`        | void\*              | The hex representation of a C  |
   |                   |                     | pointer. Mostly equivalent to  |
   |                   |                     | ``printf("%p")`` except that   |
   |                   |                     | it is guaranteed to start with |
   |                   |                     | the literal ``0x`` regardless  |
   |                   |                     | of what the platform's         |
   |                   |                     | ``printf`` yields.             |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%A`        | PyObject\*          | The result of calling          |
   |                   |                     | :func:`ascii`.                 |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%U`        | PyObject\*          | A unicode object.              |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%V`        | PyObject\*, char \* | A unicode object (which may be |
   |                   |                     | *NULL*) and a null-terminated  |
   |                   |                     | C character array as a second  |
   |                   |                     | parameter (which will be used, |
   |                   |                     | if the first parameter is      |
   |                   |                     | *NULL*).                       |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%S`        | PyObject\*          | The result of calling          |
   |                   |                     | :c:func:`PyObject_Str`.        |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+
   | :attr:`%R`        | PyObject\*          | The result of calling          |
   |                   |                     | :c:func:`PyObject_Repr`.       |
   +-------------------+---------------------+--------------------------------+

   An unrecognized format character causes all the rest of the format string to be
   copied as-is to the result string, and any extra arguments discarded.

   .. note::

      The `"%lld"` and `"%llu"` format specifiers are only available
      when :const:`HAVE_LONG_LONG` is defined.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.2
      Support for ``"%lld"`` and ``"%llu"`` added.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromFormatV(const char *format, va_list vargs)

   Identical to :c:func:`PyUnicode_FromFormat` except that it takes exactly two
   arguments.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_TransformDecimalToASCII(Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size)

   Create a Unicode object by replacing all decimal digits in
   :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* by ASCII digits 0--9
   according to their decimal value.  Return *NULL* if an exception
   occurs.

.. c:function:: Py_UNICODE* PyUnicode_AsUnicode(PyObject *unicode)

   Return a read-only pointer to the Unicode object's internal :c:type:`Py_UNICODE`
   buffer, *NULL* if *unicode* is not a Unicode object.

.. c:function:: Py_UNICODE* PyUnicode_AsUnicodeCopy(PyObject *unicode)

   Create a copy of a Unicode string ending with a nul character. Return *NULL*
   and raise a :exc:`MemoryError` exception on memory allocation failure,
   otherwise return a new allocated buffer (use :c:func:`PyMem_Free` to free the
   buffer).

   .. versionadded:: 3.2

.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_GetSize(PyObject *unicode)

   Return the length of the Unicode object.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(PyObject *obj, const char *encoding, const char *errors)

   Coerce an encoded object *obj* to an Unicode object and return a reference with
   incremented refcount.

   :class:`bytes`, :class:`bytearray` and other char buffer compatible objects
   are decoded according to the given *encoding* and using the error handling
   defined by *errors*. Both can be *NULL* to have the interface use the default
   values (see the next section for details).

   All other objects, including Unicode objects, cause a :exc:`TypeError` to be
   set.

   The API returns *NULL* if there was an error.  The caller is responsible for
   decref'ing the returned objects.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromObject(PyObject *obj)

   Shortcut for ``PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(obj, NULL, "strict")`` which is used
   throughout the interpreter whenever coercion to Unicode is needed.

If the platform supports :c:type:`wchar_t` and provides a header file wchar.h,
Python can interface directly to this type using the following functions.
Support is optimized if Python's own :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` type is identical to
the system's :c:type:`wchar_t`.

File System Encoding
""""""""""""""""""""

To encode and decode file names and other environment strings,
:c:data:`Py_FileSystemEncoding` should be used as the encoding, and
``"surrogateescape"`` should be used as the error handler (:pep:`383`). To
encode file names during argument parsing, the ``"O&"`` converter should be
used, passing :c:func:`PyUnicode_FSConverter` as the conversion function:

.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_FSConverter(PyObject* obj, void* result)

   ParseTuple converter: encode :class:`str` objects to :class:`bytes` using
   :c:func:`PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault`; :class:`bytes` objects are output as-is.
   *result* must be a :c:type:`PyBytesObject*` which must be released when it is
   no longer used.

   .. versionadded:: 3.1

To decode file names during argument parsing, the ``"O&"`` converter should be
used, passing :c:func:`PyUnicode_FSDecoder` as the conversion function:

.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_FSDecoder(PyObject* obj, void* result)

   ParseTuple converter: decode :class:`bytes` objects to :class:`str` using
   :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize`; :class:`str` objects are output
   as-is. *result* must be a :c:type:`PyUnicodeObject*` which must be released
   when it is no longer used.

   .. versionadded:: 3.2

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size)

   Decode a string using :c:data:`Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding` and the
   ``'surrogateescape'`` error handler, or ``'strict'`` on Windows.

   If :c:data:`Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding` is not set, fall back to the
   locale encoding.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.2
      Use ``'strict'`` error handler on Windows.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(const char *s)

   Decode a null-terminated string using :c:data:`Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding`
   and the ``'surrogateescape'`` error handler, or ``'strict'`` on Windows.

   If :c:data:`Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding` is not set, fall back to the
   locale encoding.

   Use :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize` if you know the string length.

   .. versionchanged:: 3.2
      Use ``'strict'`` error handler on Windows.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(PyObject *unicode)

   Encode a Unicode object to :c:data:`Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding` with the
   ``'surrogateescape'`` error handler, or ``'strict'`` on Windows, and return
   :class:`bytes`.

   If :c:data:`Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding` is not set, fall back to the
   locale encoding.

   .. versionadded:: 3.2

wchar_t Support
"""""""""""""""

:c:type:`wchar_t` support for platforms which support it:

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromWideChar(const wchar_t *w, Py_ssize_t size)

   Create a Unicode object from the :c:type:`wchar_t` buffer *w* of the given *size*.
   Passing -1 as the *size* indicates that the function must itself compute the length,
   using wcslen.
   Return *NULL* on failure.

.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_AsWideChar(PyUnicodeObject *unicode, wchar_t *w, Py_ssize_t size)

   Copy the Unicode object contents into the :c:type:`wchar_t` buffer *w*.  At most
   *size* :c:type:`wchar_t` characters are copied (excluding a possibly trailing
   0-termination character).  Return the number of :c:type:`wchar_t` characters
   copied or -1 in case of an error.  Note that the resulting :c:type:`wchar_t`
   string may or may not be 0-terminated.  It is the responsibility of the caller
   to make sure that the :c:type:`wchar_t` string is 0-terminated in case this is
   required by the application.

.. c:function:: wchar_t* PyUnicode_AsWideCharString(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t *size)

   Convert the Unicode object to a wide character string. The output string
   always ends with a nul character. If *size* is not *NULL*, write the number
   of wide characters (excluding the trailing 0-termination character) into
   *\*size*.

   Returns a buffer allocated by :c:func:`PyMem_Alloc` (use :c:func:`PyMem_Free`
   to free it) on success. On error, returns *NULL*, *\*size* is undefined and
   raises a :exc:`MemoryError`.

   .. versionadded:: 3.2

.. _builtincodecs:

Built-in Codecs
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Python provides a set of built-in codecs which are written in C for speed. All of
these codecs are directly usable via the following functions.

Many of the following APIs take two arguments encoding and errors, and they
have the same semantics as the ones of the built-in :func:`str` string object
constructor.

Setting encoding to *NULL* causes the default encoding to be used
which is ASCII.  The file system calls should use
:c:func:`PyUnicode_FSConverter` for encoding file names. This uses the
variable :c:data:`Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding` internally. This
variable should be treated as read-only: on some systems, it will be a
pointer to a static string, on others, it will change at run-time
(such as when the application invokes setlocale).

Error handling is set by errors which may also be set to *NULL* meaning to use
the default handling defined for the codec.  Default error handling for all
built-in codecs is "strict" (:exc:`ValueError` is raised).

The codecs all use a similar interface.  Only deviation from the following
generic ones are documented for simplicity.

Generic Codecs
""""""""""""""

These are the generic codec APIs:

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Decode(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *encoding, const char *errors)

   Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the encoded string *s*.
   *encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as the parameters of the same name
   in the :func:`unicode` built-in function.  The codec to be used is looked up
   using the Python codec registry.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
   the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Encode(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *encoding, const char *errors)

   Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer *s* of the given *size* and return a Python
   bytes object.  *encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as the
   parameters of the same name in the Unicode :meth:`encode` method.  The codec
   to be used is looked up using the Python codec registry.  Return *NULL* if an
   exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(PyObject *unicode, const char *encoding, const char *errors)

   Encode a Unicode object and return the result as Python bytes object.
   *encoding* and *errors* have the same meaning as the parameters of the same
   name in the Unicode :meth:`encode` method. The codec to be used is looked up
   using the Python codec registry. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
   the codec.

UTF-8 Codecs
""""""""""""

These are the UTF-8 codec APIs:

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the UTF-8 encoded string
   *s*. Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, Py_ssize_t *consumed)

   If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8`. If
   *consumed* is not *NULL*, trailing incomplete UTF-8 byte sequences will not be
   treated as an error. Those bytes will not be decoded and the number of bytes
   that have been decoded will be stored in *consumed*.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUTF8(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer *s* of the given *size* using UTF-8 and
   return a Python bytes object.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
   the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(PyObject *unicode)

   Encode a Unicode object using UTF-8 and return the result as Python bytes
   object.  Error handling is "strict".  Return *NULL* if an exception was
   raised by the codec.

UTF-32 Codecs
"""""""""""""

These are the UTF-32 codec APIs:

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder)

   Decode *size* bytes from a UTF-32 encoded buffer string and return the
   corresponding Unicode object.  *errors* (if non-*NULL*) defines the error
   handling. It defaults to "strict".

   If *byteorder* is non-*NULL*, the decoder starts decoding using the given byte
   order::

      *byteorder == -1: little endian
      *byteorder == 0:  native order
      *byteorder == 1:  big endian

   If ``*byteorder`` is zero, and the first four bytes of the input data are a
   byte order mark (BOM), the decoder switches to this byte order and the BOM is
   not copied into the resulting Unicode string.  If ``*byteorder`` is ``-1`` or
   ``1``, any byte order mark is copied to the output.

   After completion, *\*byteorder* is set to the current byte order at the end
   of input data.

   In a narrow build codepoints outside the BMP will be decoded as surrogate pairs.

   If *byteorder* is *NULL*, the codec starts in native order mode.

   Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder, Py_ssize_t *consumed)

   If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32`. If
   *consumed* is not *NULL*, :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF32Stateful` will not treat
   trailing incomplete UTF-32 byte sequences (such as a number of bytes not divisible
   by four) as an error. Those bytes will not be decoded and the number of bytes
   that have been decoded will be stored in *consumed*.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUTF32(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int byteorder)

   Return a Python bytes object holding the UTF-32 encoded value of the Unicode
   data in *s*.  Output is written according to the following byte order::

      byteorder == -1: little endian
      byteorder == 0:  native byte order (writes a BOM mark)
      byteorder == 1:  big endian

   If byteorder is ``0``, the output string will always start with the Unicode BOM
   mark (U+FEFF). In the other two modes, no BOM mark is prepended.

   If *Py_UNICODE_WIDE* is not defined, surrogate pairs will be output
   as a single codepoint.

   Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUTF32String(PyObject *unicode)

   Return a Python byte string using the UTF-32 encoding in native byte
   order. The string always starts with a BOM mark.  Error handling is "strict".
   Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

UTF-16 Codecs
"""""""""""""

These are the UTF-16 codec APIs:

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder)

   Decode *size* bytes from a UTF-16 encoded buffer string and return the
   corresponding Unicode object.  *errors* (if non-*NULL*) defines the error
   handling. It defaults to "strict".

   If *byteorder* is non-*NULL*, the decoder starts decoding using the given byte
   order::

      *byteorder == -1: little endian
      *byteorder == 0:  native order
      *byteorder == 1:  big endian

   If ``*byteorder`` is zero, and the first two bytes of the input data are a
   byte order mark (BOM), the decoder switches to this byte order and the BOM is
   not copied into the resulting Unicode string.  If ``*byteorder`` is ``-1`` or
   ``1``, any byte order mark is copied to the output (where it will result in
   either a ``\ufeff`` or a ``\ufffe`` character).

   After completion, *\*byteorder* is set to the current byte order at the end
   of input data.

   If *byteorder* is *NULL*, the codec starts in native order mode.

   Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int *byteorder, Py_ssize_t *consumed)

   If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16`. If
   *consumed* is not *NULL*, :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16Stateful` will not treat
   trailing incomplete UTF-16 byte sequences (such as an odd number of bytes or a
   split surrogate pair) as an error. Those bytes will not be decoded and the
   number of bytes that have been decoded will be stored in *consumed*.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUTF16(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, int byteorder)

   Return a Python bytes object holding the UTF-16 encoded value of the Unicode
   data in *s*.  Output is written according to the following byte order::

      byteorder == -1: little endian
      byteorder == 0:  native byte order (writes a BOM mark)
      byteorder == 1:  big endian

   If byteorder is ``0``, the output string will always start with the Unicode BOM
   mark (U+FEFF). In the other two modes, no BOM mark is prepended.

   If *Py_UNICODE_WIDE* is defined, a single :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` value may get
   represented as a surrogate pair. If it is not defined, each :c:type:`Py_UNICODE`
   values is interpreted as an UCS-2 character.

   Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUTF16String(PyObject *unicode)

   Return a Python byte string using the UTF-16 encoding in native byte
   order. The string always starts with a BOM mark.  Error handling is "strict".
   Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

UTF-7 Codecs
""""""""""""

These are the UTF-7 codec APIs:

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the UTF-7 encoded string
   *s*.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7Stateful(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors, Py_ssize_t *consumed)

   If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeUTF7`.  If
   *consumed* is not *NULL*, trailing incomplete UTF-7 base-64 sections will not
   be treated as an error.  Those bytes will not be decoded and the number of
   bytes that have been decoded will be stored in *consumed*.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUTF7(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, int base64SetO, int base64WhiteSpace, const char *errors)

   Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given size using UTF-7 and
   return a Python bytes object.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
   the codec.

   If *base64SetO* is nonzero, "Set O" (punctuation that has no otherwise
   special meaning) will be encoded in base-64.  If *base64WhiteSpace* is
   nonzero, whitespace will be encoded in base-64.  Both are set to zero for the
   Python "utf-7" codec.

Unicode-Escape Codecs
"""""""""""""""""""""

These are the "Unicode Escape" codec APIs:

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeUnicodeEscape(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the Unicode-Escape encoded
   string *s*.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeUnicodeEscape(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size)

   Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using Unicode-Escape and
   return a Python string object.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the
   codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsUnicodeEscapeString(PyObject *unicode)

   Encode a Unicode object using Unicode-Escape and return the result as Python
   string object.  Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception was
   raised by the codec.

Raw-Unicode-Escape Codecs
"""""""""""""""""""""""""

These are the "Raw Unicode Escape" codec APIs:

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeRawUnicodeEscape(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the Raw-Unicode-Escape
   encoded string *s*.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeRawUnicodeEscape(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using Raw-Unicode-Escape
   and return a Python string object.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
   the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsRawUnicodeEscapeString(PyObject *unicode)

   Encode a Unicode object using Raw-Unicode-Escape and return the result as
   Python string object. Error handling is "strict". Return *NULL* if an exception
   was raised by the codec.

Latin-1 Codecs
""""""""""""""

These are the Latin-1 codec APIs: Latin-1 corresponds to the first 256 Unicode
ordinals and only these are accepted by the codecs during encoding.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeLatin1(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the Latin-1 encoded string
   *s*.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeLatin1(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using Latin-1 and
   return a Python bytes object.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
   the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsLatin1String(PyObject *unicode)

   Encode a Unicode object using Latin-1 and return the result as Python bytes
   object.  Error handling is "strict".  Return *NULL* if an exception was
   raised by the codec.

ASCII Codecs
""""""""""""

These are the ASCII codec APIs.  Only 7-bit ASCII data is accepted. All other
codes generate errors.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the ASCII encoded string
   *s*.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeASCII(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using ASCII and
   return a Python bytes object.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by
   the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(PyObject *unicode)

   Encode a Unicode object using ASCII and return the result as Python bytes
   object.  Error handling is "strict".  Return *NULL* if an exception was
   raised by the codec.

Character Map Codecs
""""""""""""""""""""

This codec is special in that it can be used to implement many different codecs
(and this is in fact what was done to obtain most of the standard codecs
included in the :mod:`encodings` package). The codec uses mapping to encode and
decode characters.

Decoding mappings must map single string characters to single Unicode
characters, integers (which are then interpreted as Unicode ordinals) or None
(meaning "undefined mapping" and causing an error).

Encoding mappings must map single Unicode characters to single string
characters, integers (which are then interpreted as Latin-1 ordinals) or None
(meaning "undefined mapping" and causing an error).

The mapping objects provided must only support the __getitem__ mapping
interface.

If a character lookup fails with a LookupError, the character is copied as-is
meaning that its ordinal value will be interpreted as Unicode or Latin-1 ordinal
resp. Because of this, mappings only need to contain those mappings which map
characters to different code points.

These are the mapping codec APIs:

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeCharmap(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, PyObject *mapping, const char *errors)

   Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the encoded string *s* using
   the given *mapping* object.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the
   codec. If *mapping* is *NULL* latin-1 decoding will be done. Else it can be a
   dictionary mapping byte or a unicode string, which is treated as a lookup table.
   Byte values greater that the length of the string and U+FFFE "characters" are
   treated as "undefined mapping".

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, PyObject *mapping, const char *errors)

   Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using the given
   *mapping* object and return a Python string object. Return *NULL* if an
   exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsCharmapString(PyObject *unicode, PyObject *mapping)

   Encode a Unicode object using the given *mapping* object and return the result
   as Python string object.  Error handling is "strict".  Return *NULL* if an
   exception was raised by the codec.

The following codec API is special in that maps Unicode to Unicode.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_TranslateCharmap(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, PyObject *table, const char *errors)

   Translate a :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* by applying a
   character mapping *table* to it and return the resulting Unicode object.  Return
   *NULL* when an exception was raised by the codec.

   The *mapping* table must map Unicode ordinal integers to Unicode ordinal
   integers or None (causing deletion of the character).

   Mapping tables need only provide the :meth:`__getitem__` interface; dictionaries
   and sequences work well.  Unmapped character ordinals (ones which cause a
   :exc:`LookupError`) are left untouched and are copied as-is.

MBCS codecs for Windows
"""""""""""""""""""""""

These are the MBCS codec APIs. They are currently only available on Windows and
use the Win32 MBCS converters to implement the conversions.  Note that MBCS (or
DBCS) is a class of encodings, not just one.  The target encoding is defined by
the user settings on the machine running the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Create a Unicode object by decoding *size* bytes of the MBCS encoded string *s*.
   Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_DecodeMBCSStateful(const char *s, int size, const char *errors, int *consumed)

   If *consumed* is *NULL*, behave like :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeMBCS`. If
   *consumed* is not *NULL*, :c:func:`PyUnicode_DecodeMBCSStateful` will not decode
   trailing lead byte and the number of bytes that have been decoded will be stored
   in *consumed*.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_EncodeMBCS(const Py_UNICODE *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)

   Encode the :c:type:`Py_UNICODE` buffer of the given *size* using MBCS and return
   a Python bytes object.  Return *NULL* if an exception was raised by the
   codec.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_AsMBCSString(PyObject *unicode)

   Encode a Unicode object using MBCS and return the result as Python bytes
   object.  Error handling is "strict".  Return *NULL* if an exception was
   raised by the codec.

Methods & Slots
"""""""""""""""

.. _unicodemethodsandslots:

Methods and Slot Functions
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

The following APIs are capable of handling Unicode objects and strings on input
(we refer to them as strings in the descriptions) and return Unicode objects or
integers as appropriate.

They all return *NULL* or ``-1`` if an exception occurs.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Concat(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)

   Concat two strings giving a new Unicode string.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Split(PyObject *s, PyObject *sep, Py_ssize_t maxsplit)

   Split a string giving a list of Unicode strings.  If *sep* is *NULL*, splitting
   will be done at all whitespace substrings.  Otherwise, splits occur at the given
   separator.  At most *maxsplit* splits will be done.  If negative, no limit is
   set.  Separators are not included in the resulting list.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Splitlines(PyObject *s, int keepend)

   Split a Unicode string at line breaks, returning a list of Unicode strings.
   CRLF is considered to be one line break.  If *keepend* is 0, the Line break
   characters are not included in the resulting strings.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Translate(PyObject *str, PyObject *table, const char *errors)

   Translate a string by applying a character mapping table to it and return the
   resulting Unicode object.

   The mapping table must map Unicode ordinal integers to Unicode ordinal integers
   or None (causing deletion of the character).

   Mapping tables need only provide the :meth:`__getitem__` interface; dictionaries
   and sequences work well.  Unmapped character ordinals (ones which cause a
   :exc:`LookupError`) are left untouched and are copied as-is.

   *errors* has the usual meaning for codecs. It may be *NULL* which indicates to
   use the default error handling.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Join(PyObject *separator, PyObject *seq)

   Join a sequence of strings using the given *separator* and return the resulting
   Unicode string.

.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_Tailmatch(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, int direction)

   Return 1 if *substr* matches ``str[start:end]`` at the given tail end
   (*direction* == -1 means to do a prefix match, *direction* == 1 a suffix match),
   0 otherwise. Return ``-1`` if an error occurred.

.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_Find(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, int direction)

   Return the first position of *substr* in ``str[start:end]`` using the given
   *direction* (*direction* == 1 means to do a forward search, *direction* == -1 a
   backward search).  The return value is the index of the first match; a value of
   ``-1`` indicates that no match was found, and ``-2`` indicates that an error
   occurred and an exception has been set.

.. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_Count(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end)

   Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of *substr* in
   ``str[start:end]``.  Return ``-1`` if an error occurred.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Replace(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, PyObject *replstr, Py_ssize_t maxcount)

   Replace at most *maxcount* occurrences of *substr* in *str* with *replstr* and
   return the resulting Unicode object. *maxcount* == -1 means replace all
   occurrences.

.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_Compare(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)

   Compare two strings and return -1, 0, 1 for less than, equal, and greater than,
   respectively.

.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(PyObject *uni, char *string)

   Compare a unicode object, *uni*, with *string* and return -1, 0, 1 for less
   than, equal, and greater than, respectively. It is best to pass only
   ASCII-encoded strings, but the function interprets the input string as
   ISO-8859-1 if it contains non-ASCII characters".

.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_RichCompare(PyObject *left,  PyObject *right,  int op)

   Rich compare two unicode strings and return one of the following:

   * ``NULL`` in case an exception was raised
   * :const:`Py_True` or :const:`Py_False` for successful comparisons
   * :const:`Py_NotImplemented` in case the type combination is unknown

   Note that :const:`Py_EQ` and :const:`Py_NE` comparisons can cause a
   :exc:`UnicodeWarning` in case the conversion of the arguments to Unicode fails
   with a :exc:`UnicodeDecodeError`.

   Possible values for *op* are :const:`Py_GT`, :const:`Py_GE`, :const:`Py_EQ`,
   :const:`Py_NE`, :const:`Py_LT`, and :const:`Py_LE`.

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Format(PyObject *format, PyObject *args)

   Return a new string object from *format* and *args*; this is analogous to
   ``format % args``.  The *args* argument must be a tuple.

.. c:function:: int PyUnicode_Contains(PyObject *container, PyObject *element)

   Check whether *element* is contained in *container* and return true or false
   accordingly.

   *element* has to coerce to a one element Unicode string. ``-1`` is returned if
   there was an error.

.. c:function:: void PyUnicode_InternInPlace(PyObject **string)

   Intern the argument *\*string* in place.  The argument must be the address of a
   pointer variable pointing to a Python unicode string object.  If there is an
   existing interned string that is the same as *\*string*, it sets *\*string* to
   it (decrementing the reference count of the old string object and incrementing
   the reference count of the interned string object), otherwise it leaves
   *\*string* alone and interns it (incrementing its reference count).
   (Clarification: even though there is a lot of talk about reference counts, think
   of this function as reference-count-neutral; you own the object after the call
   if and only if you owned it before the call.)

.. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_InternFromString(const char *v)

   A combination of :c:func:`PyUnicode_FromString` and
   :c:func:`PyUnicode_InternInPlace`, returning either a new unicode string object
   that has been interned, or a new ("owned") reference to an earlier interned
   string object with the same value.


text:
<?php

/*
	Class: TwitterWidgetkitHelper
		Twitter helper class
*/
class TwitterWidgetkitHelper extends WidgetkitHelper {

	/* type */
	public $type;

	/* options */
	public $options;

	/*
		Function: Constructor
			Class Constructor.
	*/
	public function __construct($widgetkit) {
		parent::__construct($widgetkit);

		if (!class_exists('OAuthConsumer')) {
			require_once($this['path']->path('classes:OAuth.php'));
		}

		// init vars
		$this->type    = strtolower(str_replace('WidgetkitHelper', '', get_class($this)));
		$this->options = $this['system']->options;

		// create cache
		$cache = $this['path']->path('cache:');
		if ($cache && !file_exists($cache.'/twitter')) {
			mkdir($cache.'/twitter', 0777, true);
		}

		// register path
        $this['path']->register(dirname(__FILE__), $this->type);
 	}

	/*
		Function: site
			Site init actions

		Returns:
			Void
	*/
	public function site() {

		// add translations
		foreach (array('LESS_THAN_A_MINUTE_AGO', 'ABOUT_A_MINUTE_AGO', 'X_MINUTES_AGO', 'ABOUT_AN_HOUR_AGO', 'X_HOURS_AGO', 'ONE_DAY_AGO', 'X_DAYS_AGO') as $key) {
			$translations[$key] = $this['system']->__($key);
		}

        // add stylesheets/javascripts
        $this['asset']->addFile('css', 'twitter:styles/style.css');
        $this['asset']->addFile('js', 'twitter:twitter.js');
    		$this['asset']->addString('js', sprintf('$widgetkit.trans.addDic(%s);', json_encode($translations)));

		// rtl
		if ($this['system']->options->get('direction') == 'rtl') {
	        $this['asset']->addFile('css', 'twitter:styles/rtl.css');
		}
	}

	/*
		Function: render
			Render widget on site

		Returns:
			String
	*/
	public function render($options) {

        if (!function_exists('curl_init')) {
            return "Please enable the PHP curl extension to use the Twitter widget";
        }

		if ($tweets = $this->_getTweets($options)) {

            // error handling
            if (isset($tweets['errors'])) {
                $errors = '';

                foreach ($tweets['errors'] as $key => $error) {
                    if ($key > 0) $errors .= ', ';
                    $errors .= $error['message'];
                }

                return 'Twitter response: "'.$errors.'"';
            }

			// get options
			extract($options);

			return $this['template']->render("twitter:styles/$style/template", compact('tweets', 'show_image', 'show_author', 'show_date', 'image_size'));
		}

		return 'No tweets found.';
	}

	/*
		Function: _queryTwitter
			Query Twitter API

		Returns:
			String
	*/
	protected function _queryTwitter($options) {

        $params = array();

		// get options
		extract($options);

		// clean options
		foreach (array('from_user', 'to_user', 'ref_user', 'word', 'nots', 'hashtag') as $var) {
			$$var = preg_replace('/[@#]/', '', preg_replace('/\s+/', ' ', trim($$var)));
		}

		// build query
		$query = array();

		if ($from_user) {
			$query[] = 'from:'.str_replace(' ', ' OR from:', $from_user);
		}

		if ($to_user) {
			$query[] = 'to:'.str_replace(' ', ' OR to:', $to_user);
		}

		if ($ref_user) {
			$query[] = '@'.str_replace(' ', ' @', $ref_user);
		}

		if ($word) {
			$query[] = $word;
		}

		if ($nots) {
			$query[] = '-'.str_replace(' ', ' -', $nots);
		}

		if ($hashtag) {
			$query[] = '#'.str_replace(' ', ' #', $hashtag);
		}

		$limit = min($limit ? intval($limit) : 5, 100);

        if ($limit > 15) {
          $params["count"] = $limit;
        }

		// build timeline url
		if ($from_user && !strpos($from_user, ' ') && count($query) == 1) {

			$url = 'statuses/user_timeline';
            $params["screen_name"] = trim($from_user,'@');

        // search url
		} elseif (count($query)) {

            $url = 'search/tweets';
            $params["q"] = implode(' ', $query);

		}

        $response = '';

        if ($path = $this['path']->path('cache:twitter')) {

            $file = rtrim($path, '/').sprintf('/twitter-%s.php', md5($url.serialize($params)));

            // is cached ?
            if (file_exists($file)) {
                $response = file_get_contents($file);
            }

            //searching for errors
            $decoded_response = json_decode($response, true);

            // refresh cache ?
            if (!file_exists($file) || (time() - filemtime($file)) > 300  || isset($decoded_response['errors'])) {

                $connection = new WidgetkitTwitterOAuth(@$consumer_key, @$consumer_secret, @$access_token, @$access_token_secret);
                $request    = $connection->get($url, $params);
                $response   = json_encode($request);

                file_put_contents($file, $response);
            }
        }

		return $response;
	}

	/*
		Function: _getTweets
			Get Tweet Object Array

		Returns:
			Array
	*/
	protected function _getTweets($options) {

		// init vars
		$tweets = array();

		// query twitter
		$response = $this->_queryTwitter($options);

		// create tweets
		if (strlen($response)) {

			$response = json_decode($response, true);

            if (isset($response['errors'])) {
                return $response;
            }

			if (is_array($response)) {

				if (isset($response['statuses'])) {
					foreach ($response['statuses'] as $res) {

						$tweet = new WidgetkitTweet();
						$tweet->id   = $res['id_str'];
						$tweet->user = $res['user']['screen_name'];
						$tweet->name = $res['user']['name'];
						$tweet->image = $res['user']['profile_image_url'];
						$tweet->text = $res['text'];
						$tweet->created_at = $res['created_at'];

						$tweets[] = $tweet;
					}
				} else {
					foreach ($response as $res) {

						$tweet = new WidgetkitTweet();
						$tweet->id   = $res['id_str'];
						$tweet->user = $res['user']['screen_name'];
						$tweet->name = $res['user']['name'];
						$tweet->image = $res['user']['profile_image_url'];
						$tweet->text = $res['text'];
						$tweet->created_at = $res['created_at'];

						$tweets[] = $tweet;
					}
				}

			}
		}

		return array_slice($tweets, 0, isset($options['limit']) ? intval($options['limit']) : 5);
	}

}

/*
	Class: WidgetkitTweet
		Widgetkit Twitter Tweet.
*/
class WidgetkitTweet {

	public $id;
	public $user;
	public $name;
	public $image;
	public $text;
	public $created_at;

	public function getLink() {
		return 'http://twitter.com/'.$this->user;
	}

	public function getStatusLink() {
		return 'http://twitter.com/'.$this->user.'/statuses/'.$this->id;
	}

	public function getText() {

		// format text
		$text = preg_replace('@(https?://([-\w\.]+)+(/([\w/_\.]*(\?\S+)?(#\S+)?)?)?)@', '$1', $this->text);
		$text = preg_replace('/@(\w+)/', '@$1', $text);
		$text = preg_replace('/\s*#(\w+)/', ' #$1', $text);

		return $text;
	}

}

// bind events
$widgetkit = Widgetkit::getInstance();
$widgetkit['event']->bind('site', array($widgetkit['twitter'], 'site'));

/*
 * Based on TwitterOAuth
 * Abraham Williams (abraham@abrah.am) http://abrah.am
 */

/**
 * Twitter OAuth class
 */
class WidgetkitTwitterOAuth {
  /* Contains the last HTTP status code returned. */
  public $http_code;
  /* Contains the last API call. */
  public $url;
  /* Set up the API root URL. */
  public $host = "https://api.twitter.com/1.1/";
  /* Set timeout default. */
  public $timeout = 30;
  /* Set connect timeout. */
  public $connecttimeout = 30;
  /* Verify SSL Cert. */
  public $ssl_verifypeer = FALSE;
  /* Respons format. */
  public $format = 'json';
  /* Decode returned json data. */
  public $decode_json = TRUE;
  /* Contains the last HTTP headers returned. */
  public $http_info;
  /* Set the useragnet. */
  public $useragent = 'WidgetkitTwitterOAuth v1.0';
  /* Immediately retry the API call if the response was not successful. */
  //public $retry = TRUE;

  /**
   * Set API URLS
   */
  public function accessTokenURL()  { return 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth/access_token'; }
  public function authenticateURL() { return 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth/authenticate'; }
  public function authorizeURL()    { return 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth/authorize'; }
  public function requestTokenURL() { return 'https://api.twitter.com/oauth/request_token'; }

  /**
   * Debug helpers
   */
  public function lastStatusCode() { return $this->http_status; }
  public function lastAPICall() { return $this->last_api_call; }

  /**
   * construct TwitterOAuth object
   */
  public function __construct($consumer_key, $consumer_secret, $oauth_token = NULL, $oauth_token_secret = NULL) {
    $this->sha1_method = new OAuthSignatureMethod_HMAC_SHA1();
    $this->consumer = new OAuthConsumer($consumer_key, $consumer_secret);
    if (!empty($oauth_token) && !empty($oauth_token_secret)) {
      $this->token = new OAuthConsumer($oauth_token, $oauth_token_secret);
    } else {
      $this->token = NULL;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Get a request_token from Twitter
   *
   * @returns a key/value array containing oauth_token and oauth_token_secret
   */
  public function getRequestToken($oauth_callback = NULL) {
    $parameters = array();
    if (!empty($oauth_callback)) {
      $parameters['oauth_callback'] = $oauth_callback;
    }
    $request = $this->oAuthRequest($this->requestTokenURL(), 'GET', $parameters);
    $token = OAuthUtil::parse_parameters($request);
    $this->token = new OAuthConsumer($token['oauth_token'], $token['oauth_token_secret']);
    return $token;
  }

  /**
   * Get the authorize URL
   *
   * @returns a string
   */
  public function getAuthorizeURL($token, $sign_in_with_twitter = TRUE) {
    if (is_array($token)) {
      $token = $token['oauth_token'];
    }
    if (empty($sign_in_with_twitter)) {
      return $this->authorizeURL() . "?oauth_token={$token}";
    } else {
       return $this->authenticateURL() . "?oauth_token={$token}";
    }
  }

  /**
   * Exchange request token and secret for an access token and
   * secret, to sign API calls.
   *
   * @returns array("oauth_token" => "the-access-token",
   *                "oauth_token_secret" => "the-access-secret",
   *                "user_id" => "9436992",
   *                "screen_name" => "abraham")
   */
  public function getAccessToken($oauth_verifier = FALSE) {
    $parameters = array();
    if (!empty($oauth_verifier)) {
      $parameters['oauth_verifier'] = $oauth_verifier;
    }
    $request = $this->oAuthRequest($this->accessTokenURL(), 'GET', $parameters);
    $token = OAuthUtil::parse_parameters($request);
    $this->token = new OAuthConsumer($token['oauth_token'], $token['oauth_token_secret']);
    return $token;
  }

  /**
   * One time exchange of username and password for access token and secret.
   *
   * @returns array("oauth_token" => "the-access-token",
   *                "oauth_token_secret" => "the-access-secret",
   *                "user_id" => "9436992",
   *                "screen_name" => "abraham",
   *                "x_auth_expires" => "0")
   */
  public function getXAuthToken($username, $password) {
    $parameters = array();
    $parameters['x_auth_username'] = $username;
    $parameters['x_auth_password'] = $password;
    $parameters['x_auth_mode'] = 'client_auth';
    $request = $this->oAuthRequest($this->accessTokenURL(), 'POST', $parameters);
    $token = OAuthUtil::parse_parameters($request);
    $this->token = new OAuthConsumer($token['oauth_token'], $token['oauth_token_secret']);
    return $token;
  }

  /**
   * GET wrapper for oAuthRequest.
   */
  public function get($url, $parameters = array()) {
    $response = $this->oAuthRequest($url, 'GET', $parameters);
    if ($this->format === 'json' && $this->decode_json) {
      return json_decode($response, true);
    }
    return $response;
  }

  /**
   * POST wrapper for oAuthRequest.
   */
  public function post($url, $parameters = array()) {
    $response = $this->oAuthRequest($url, 'POST', $parameters);
    if ($this->format === 'json' && $this->decode_json) {
      return json_decode($response, true);
    }
    return $response;
  }

  /**
   * DELETE wrapper for oAuthReqeust.
   */
  public function delete($url, $parameters = array()) {
    $response = $this->oAuthRequest($url, 'DELETE', $parameters);
    if ($this->format === 'json' && $this->decode_json) {
      return json_decode($response, true);
    }
    return $response;
  }

  /**
   * Format and sign an OAuth / API request
   */
  public function oAuthRequest($url, $method, $parameters) {
    if (strrpos($url, 'https://') !== 0 && strrpos($url, 'http://') !== 0) {
      $url = "{$this->host}{$url}.{$this->format}";
    }
    $request = OAuthRequest::from_consumer_and_token($this->consumer, $this->token, $method, $url, $parameters);
    $request->sign_request($this->sha1_method, $this->consumer, $this->token);
    switch ($method) {
    case 'GET':
      return $this->http($request->to_url(), 'GET');
    default:
      return $this->http($request->get_normalized_http_url(), $method, $request->to_postdata());
    }
  }

  /**
   * Make an HTTP request
   *
   * @return API results
   */
  protected function http($url, $method, $postfields = NULL) {
    $this->http_info = array();
    $ci = curl_init();
    /* Curl settings */
    curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $this->useragent);
    curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, $this->connecttimeout);
    curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, $this->timeout);
    curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, TRUE);
    curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, array('Expect:'));
    curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, $this->ssl_verifypeer);
    curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_HEADERFUNCTION, array($this, 'getHeader'));
    curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_HEADER, FALSE);

    switch ($method) {
      case 'POST':
        curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_POST, TRUE);
        if (!empty($postfields)) {
          curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, $postfields);
        }
        break;
      case 'DELETE':
        curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_CUSTOMREQUEST, 'DELETE');
        if (!empty($postfields)) {
          $url = "{$url}?{$postfields}";
        }
    }

    curl_setopt($ci, CURLOPT_URL, $url);
    $response = curl_exec($ci);
    $this->http_code = curl_getinfo($ci, CURLINFO_HTTP_CODE);
    $this->http_info = array_merge($this->http_info, curl_getinfo($ci));
    $this->url = $url;
    curl_close ($ci);
    return $response;
  }

  /**
   * Get the header info to store.
   */
  public function getHeader($ch, $header) {
    $i = strpos($header, ':');
    if (!empty($i)) {
      $key = str_replace('-', '_', strtolower(substr($header, 0, $i)));
      $value = trim(substr($header, $i + 2));
      $this->http_header[$key] = $value;
    }
    return strlen($header);
  }
}


text:
<p id="bayer_p" data-toggle="tooltip" title="">
    Philipp Bayer
    is a PhD student at the School of Agriculture and Food Sciences,
    University of Queensland. He's working on the improvement of plant
    genomes and is interested in open code and open science. He is one
    of the co-founders of openSNP.org.


text:
package io.horizondb.model.core.fields;

import io.horizondb.io.Buffer;
import io.horizondb.io.buffers.Buffers;
import io.horizondb.model.core.Field;

import java.io.IOException;

import org.junit.Test;

import static io.horizondb.model.core.util.TimeUtils.EUROPE_BERLIN_TIMEZONE;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;

/**
 * @author Benjamin
 *
 */
public class DecimalFieldTest {

    @Test
    public void testAddWithNoExponentChange() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(146, 1);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(82, 1);

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(228, 1);

        assertEquals(expected, first);

        assertEquals(2280.0, first.getDouble(), 0.0);
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddWithNoExponentChangeAndNegativeExponent() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(146, -1);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(82, -1);

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(228, -1);

        assertEquals(expected, first);

        assertEquals(22.8, first.getDouble(), 0.0);
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddWithExponentIncrease() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(2, 1);
        assertEquals(20, first.getDouble(), 0.0);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(1, 2);
        assertEquals(100, second.getDouble(), 0.0);

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(12, 1);

        assertEquals(expected, first);

        assertEquals(120, first.getDouble(), 0.0);
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddWithExponentIncreaseAndTwoNegativeExponents() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(82, -2);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(14, -1);

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(222, -2);

        assertEquals(expected, first);

        assertEquals(2.22, first.getDouble(), 0.0);
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddWithExponentIncreaseAndOneNegativeExponent() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(82, -1);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(14, 0);

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(222, -1);

        assertEquals(expected, first);

        assertEquals(22.2, first.getDouble(), 0.0);
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddWithExponentDecrease() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(2, 2);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(1, 1);

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(21, 1);

        assertEquals(expected, first);

        assertEquals(210, first.getDouble(), 0.0);
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddWithNanAdded() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(2, 2);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        assertEquals(expected, first);

        assertTrue(Double.isNaN(first.getDouble()));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddToNaN() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(12, 0);

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(12, 0);

        assertEquals(expected, first);
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddNaNToNaN() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        assertEquals(expected, first);
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddWithExponentDecreaseAndTwoNegativeExponents() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(2, -1);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(1, -2);

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(21, -2);

        assertEquals(expected, first);

        assertEquals(0.21, first.getDouble(), 0.0);
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddEmptyField() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(82, 1);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(82, 1);

        assertEquals(expected, first);
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddToEmptyField() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(82, 1);

        first.add(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(82, 1);

        assertEquals(expected, first);
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubstractWithNoExponentChange() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(146, 1);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(82, 1);

        first.subtract(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(64, 1);

        assertEquals(expected, first);

        first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(146, 1);

        second.subtract(first);

        expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(-64, 1);

        assertEquals(expected, second);
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubstractWithExponentIncrease() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(135, -1);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(12, 0);

        first.subtract(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(15, -1);

        assertEquals(expected, first);
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubstractWithNanAsFirstDecimal() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(12, 0);

        first.subtract(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(12, 0);

        assertEquals(expected, first);
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubstractNaNWithNaNAsFirstDecimal() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        first.subtract(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        assertEquals(expected, first);
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubstractWithNanAsSecondDecimal() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(12, 0);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        first.subtract(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        assertEquals(expected, first);
    }

    @Test
    public void testDiffWithTwoNaN() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        first.subtract(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);

        assertEquals(expected, first);
    }

    @Test
    public void testSubstractWithExponentDecrease() {

        DecimalField first = new DecimalField();
        first.setDecimal(12, 0);

        DecimalField second = new DecimalField();
        second.setDecimal(135, -1);

        first.subtract(second);

        DecimalField expected = new DecimalField();
        expected.setDecimal(-15, -1);

        assertEquals(expected, first);
    }

    @Test
    public void testWriteTo() throws IOException {

        DecimalField field = new DecimalField();
        field.setDecimal(12, 1);

        Buffer buffer = Buffers.allocate(2);
        field.writeTo(buffer);

        assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 24, 1 }, buffer.array());
    }

    @Test
    public void testGetDouble() {

        DecimalField field = new DecimalField();
        field.setDecimal(3, 0);

        assertEquals(3.0, field.getDouble(), 0.0);

        field.setDecimal(3, 1);
        assertEquals(30.0, field.getDouble(), 0.0);

        field.setDecimal(3, -1);
        assertEquals(0.3, field.getDouble(), 0.0);

        field.setDecimal(3, 2);
        assertEquals(300.0, field.getDouble(), 0.0);

        field.setDecimal(3, -2);
        assertEquals(0.03, field.getDouble(), 0.0);

        field.setDecimal(7568, -2);
        assertEquals(75.68, field.getDouble(), 0.0);

        field.setDecimal(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT);
        assertTrue(Double.isNaN(field.getDouble()));
    }

    @Test
    public void testExponent() {

        assertEquals(DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT, DecimalField.exponent(Double.NaN));
        assertEquals(0, DecimalField.exponent(0.0));
        assertEquals(0, DecimalField.exponent(1.0));
        assertEquals(-1, DecimalField.exponent(0.1));
        assertEquals(-1, DecimalField.exponent(0.100));
        assertEquals(-2, DecimalField.exponent(0.0100));
        assertEquals(-2, DecimalField.exponent(0.11));
        assertEquals(-5, DecimalField.exponent(1.2E-4));
        assertEquals(-4, DecimalField.exponent(1E-4));
        assertEquals(1, DecimalField.exponent(10));
        assertEquals(4, DecimalField.exponent(50000));
        assertEquals(-5, DecimalField.exponent(500.34567));
    }

    @Test
    public void testMantissa() {

        assertEquals(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, DecimalField.mantissa(Double.NaN, DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT));
        assertEquals(0, DecimalField.mantissa(0, 0));
        assertEquals(1, DecimalField.mantissa(1.0, 0));
        assertEquals(1, DecimalField.mantissa(0.1, -1));
        assertEquals(1, DecimalField.mantissa(0.100, -1));
        assertEquals(1, DecimalField.mantissa(0.0100, -2));
        assertEquals(11, DecimalField.mantissa(0.11, -2));
        assertEquals(12, DecimalField.mantissa(1.2E-4, -5));
        assertEquals(1, DecimalField.mantissa(1E-4, -4));
        assertEquals(1, DecimalField.mantissa(10, 1));
        assertEquals(5, DecimalField.mantissa(50000, 4));
        assertEquals(50034567, DecimalField.mantissa(500.34567, -5));

        assertEquals(2, DecimalField.mantissa(2, 0));
        assertEquals(20, DecimalField.mantissa(20, 0));
        assertEquals(2, DecimalField.mantissa(0.2, -1));
        assertEquals(25, DecimalField.mantissa(0.25, -2));
        assertEquals(2, DecimalField.mantissa(0.02, -2));
        assertEquals(2, DecimalField.mantissa(0.002, -3));
        assertEquals(-2, DecimalField.mantissa(-0.002, -3));
        assertEquals(14323, DecimalField.mantissa(1.4323, -4));
        assertEquals(75, DecimalField.mantissa(7.5E-4, -5));
        assertEquals(1234, DecimalField.mantissa(1.234E3, 0));
    }

    @Test
    public void testSetValueFromString() {

        DecimalField field = new DecimalField();

        field.setValueFromString(EUROPE_BERLIN_TIMEZONE, "2E-3");
        assertEquals(2, field.getDecimalMantissa());
        assertEquals(-3, field.getDecimalExponent());

        field.setValueFromString(EUROPE_BERLIN_TIMEZONE, "1.234E3");
        assertEquals(1234, field.getDecimalMantissa());
        assertEquals(0, field.getDecimalExponent());

        field.setValueFromString(EUROPE_BERLIN_TIMEZONE, "NaN");
        assertEquals(DecimalField.NaN_MANTISSA, field.getDecimalMantissa());
        assertEquals(DecimalField.NaN_EXPONENT, field.getDecimalExponent());
    }

    @Test
    public void testMaxValue() {

        Field field = new DecimalField();
        field.setDecimal(Long.MAX_VALUE, Byte.MAX_VALUE);

        assertEquals(-1, field.compareTo(field.maxValue()));
    }

    @Test
    public void testMinValue() {

        Field field = new DecimalField();
        field.setDecimal(Long.MIN_VALUE, Byte.MAX_VALUE);

        assertEquals(1, field.compareTo(field.minValue()));
    }
}


text:
"use strict"; // catch errors easier

const github = require("../github.js"); // GitHub wrapper initialization
const cfg = require("../config.js"); // config file
const addCollaborator = require("./addCollaborator.js"); // add collaborator

module.exports = exports = function(commenter, issueNumber, repoName, repoOwner) {
  const issueLabels = [cfg.inProgressLabel]; // create array for new issue labels
  const issueAssignees = [commenter]; // create array for new assignees
  github.repos.checkCollaborator({ // check if commenter is a collaborator
    owner: repoOwner,
    repo: repoName,
    username: commenter
  })
  .then((response) => {
    if (response.meta.status === "204 No Content") { // if user is already collaborator
      github.issues.addAssigneesToIssue({ // add assignee
        owner: repoOwner,
        repo: repoName,
        number: issueNumber,
        assignees: issueAssignees
      })
      .catch(console.error)
      .then(() => {
        if (cfg.inProgressLabel) github.issues.addLabels({owner: repoOwner, repo: repoName, number: issueNumber, labels: issueLabels}).catch(console.error); // add labels
      });
    }
  }, (response) => {
    if (response.headers.status === "404 Not Found") { // if user isn't a collaborator yet
      addCollaborator(commenter, repoName, repoOwner, issueNumber); // make them a collaborator
    }
  });
};


text:
<?php

class Magebuzz_Featuredproducts_Model_Mysql4_Featuredproducts extends Mage_Core_Model_Mysql4_Abstract
{
    public function _construct()
    {
        // Note that the featuredproducts_id refers to the key field in your database table.
        $this->_init('featuredproducts/featuredproducts', 'featuredproducts_id');
    }
}


text:
package uk.ac.ebi.fgpt.lode.impl;

import uk.ac.ebi.fgpt.lode.utils.DatasourceProvider;
import virtuoso.jdbc4.VirtuosoDataSource;

import javax.sql.DataSource;
import java.sql.SQLException;

/**
 * Javadocs go here!
 *
 * @author Tony Burdett
 * @date 29/09/14
 */
public class VirtuosoDatasourceWrapperProvider implements DatasourceProvider {
    private VirtuosoDataSource virtuosoDataSource;

    public void setVirtuosoDatasource(VirtuosoDataSource vds) {
        this.virtuosoDataSource = vds;
    }

    @Override public DataSource getDataSource() throws SQLException {
        return virtuosoDataSource;
    }
}


text:
    {% include social.html %}

      ©{{ site.time | date: '%Y' }} All rights reserved. Made with Jekyll and end2end. Inspired by Michael Fogelman's site.


text:
// Protractor configuration
//
// See the reference configuration for more options:
// https://github.com/angular/protractor/blob/master/docs/referenceConf.js

(function () {
    'use strict';

    exports.config = {
        // The timeout for each script run on the browser. This should be longer
        // than the maximum time your application needs to stabilize between tasks.
        allScriptsTimeout: 110000,

        // A base URL for your application under test. Calls to protractor.get()
        // with relative paths will be prepended with this.
        baseUrl: 'http://localhost:8100',

        // Local path to standalone selenium server for gulp tasks. For more
        // information, see:
        // https://github.com/mllrsohn/gulp-protractor#protractor-webdriver
        seleniumServerJar: './node_modules/protractor/selenium/selenium-server-standalone-2.45.0.jar',

        // list of files / patterns to load in the browser
        specs: [
            'e2e/**/*.spec.js'
        ],

        // Patterns to exclude.
        exclude: [],

        // ----- Capabilities to be passed to the webdriver instance ----
        //
        // For a full list of available capabilities, see
        // https://code.google.com/p/selenium/wiki/DesiredCapabilities
        // and
        // https://code.google.com/p/selenium/source/browse/javascript/webdriver/capabilities.js
        capabilities: {
            'browserName': 'chrome'
        },

        // ----- The test framework -----
        //
        // Jasmine and Cucumber are fully supported as a test and assertion framework.
        // Mocha has limited beta support. You will need to include your own
        // assertion framework if working with mocha.
        framework: 'jasmine',
        jasmineNodeOpts: {
            showColors: true,
            defaultTimeoutInterval: 30000,
            isVerbose: true,
        },

        // ----- Setup and teardown -----
        //
        // Any actions to be taken before/after tests should be listed here.
        onPrepare: function () {
            // iPhone 6+ screen size
            var width = 414, height = 628;
            browser.driver.manage().window().setSize(width, height);
            return;
        },
    };
}());


text:
require 'shibuya_record/base'

describe ShibuyaRecord::Attributes do
  before do
    class MockClass < ShibuyaRecord::Base
      attributes :hoge, :huga
    end
  end

  context "new instance" do
    let(:mock_object) { MockClass.new(hoge: 3, huga: "hoge") }
    it { expect(mock_object.hoge).to eq 3 }
    it { expect(mock_object.huga).to eq "hoge" }

    context "update attribute" do
      before do
        mock_object.hoge = 4
        mock_object.huga = "huga"
      end
      it { expect(mock_object.hoge).to eq 4 }
      it { expect(mock_object.huga).to eq "huga" }
    end
  end

  context "new instance(no params)" do
    let(:mock_object) { MockClass.new }
    it { expect(mock_object.hoge).to be_nil }
    it { expect(mock_object.huga).to be_nil }
  end
end


text:
'use strict';

// Configuring the Articles module
angular.module('schoolManage').run(['Menus',
    function(Menus) {
        // Set top bar menu items
        Menus.addMenuItem('topbar', '学校管理', 'school','item','/school','schoolNav',false,['admin'],1);
    }
]);


text:
package cn.adfi.rlictrl.controller;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.EnableAutoConfiguration;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.EnableTransactionManagement;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import cn.adfi.rlictrl.model.User;
import cn.adfi.rlictrl.repo.UserRepository;

@Configuration
@EnableTransactionManagement
@RestController
@EnableAutoConfiguration
@Transactional
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserController {
	@Autowired
	UserRepository userRepo;

	@RequestMapping(method=RequestMethod.POST)
	public User addUser(@RequestBody User user){
		return userRepo.save(user);
	}

	@RequestMapping(value="/{id}",method=RequestMethod.POST)
	public User getUser(@PathVariable("id") Long id){
		return userRepo.findOne(id);
	}

	@RequestMapping(value="/{id}",method=RequestMethod.PUT)
	public User updateUser(@PathVariable("id") Long id, @RequestBody User user){
		return userRepo.save(user);
	}

	@RequestMapping(value="/{id}",method=RequestMethod.DELETE)
	public void deleteUser(@PathVariable("id")  Long id){
		userRepo.delete(id);
	}
}


text:
import json
import urllib.request
import os

def get_sequence_to_gpcrdb_map(pdb_name):
    # Download the map as JSON
    response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://test.gpcrdb.org/services/residues/%s/?format=json' % pdb_name)

    # Check that the request was succesful
    if response.getcode() != 200:
        raise Exception('Could not retrieve residue numbering scheme from GPCRdb.')

    # Check if there are any entries
    if not response:
        raise Exception('No numbering scheme for PDB file %s in GPCRdb.' % pdb_name)

    # Get the contents
    contents = response.read()

    # Parse the response as JSON
    json_list = json.loads(contents.decode("utf-8"))

    # The map
    seq_to_gpcr_map = {e[u'sequence_number']: e[u'display_generic_number'] for e in json_list}

    seq_to_gpcr_gen_map = {}

    # Convert into generic position, i.e. 3.28x29 -> 3x29
    for seq, gen in seq_to_gpcr_map.items():
        if gen is not None:
            tokens = gen.split('.')
            tm = tokens[0]
            tokens = tokens[1].split('x')
            gen = tokens[1]
            seq_to_gpcr_gen_map[seq] = tm + 'x' + gen
        else:
            seq_to_gpcr_gen_map[seq] = gen

    return seq_to_gpcr_gen_map


text:
package org.apache.hadoop.hbase.security.visibility;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;

import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceAudience;
import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceStability;

/**
 * This class contains visibility labels associated with a Scan/Get deciding which all labeled data
 * current scan/get can access.
 */
@InterfaceAudience.Public
@InterfaceStability.Stable
public class Authorizations {

  private List<String> labels;
  public Authorizations(String... labels) {
    this.labels = new ArrayList<String>(labels.length);
    for (String label : labels) {
      validateLabel(label);
      this.labels.add(label);
    }
  }

  private void validateLabel(String label) {
    if (!VisibilityLabelsValidator.isValidLabel(label)) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid authorization label : " + label
          + ". Authorizations cannot contain '(', ')' ,'&' ,'|', '!'" + " and cannot be empty");
    }
  }

  public Authorizations(List<String> labels) {
    for (String label : labels) {
      validateLabel(label);
    }
    this.labels = labels;
  }

  public List<String> getLabels() {
    return Collections.unmodifiableList(this.labels);
  }

  @Override
  public String toString() {
    StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
    sb.append("[ ");
    for (String label: labels) {
      sb.append(label);
      sb.append(' ');
    }
    sb.append(']');
    return sb.toString();
  }

}


text:
package drum

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/binary"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"
)

// DecodeFile decodes the drum machine file found at the provided path
// and returns a pointer to a parsed pattern which is the entry point to the
// rest of the data.
func DecodeFile(path string) (*Pattern, error) {
	p := &Pattern{}
	f, err := os.Open(path)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	err = binary.Read(f, binary.LittleEndian, &p.Header)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	for {
		track, err := readTrack(newTrackReader(f))
		if err != nil {
			break
		}
		p.Tracks = append(p.Tracks, track)
	}
	return p, nil
}

type trackReader struct {
	reader io.Reader
	err    error
}

// newTrackReader helper structure to simplify error handling for track parsing
func newTrackReader(reader io.Reader) *trackReader {
	return &trackReader{reader: reader}
}

func (t *trackReader) read(data interface{}) {
	if t.err != nil {
		return
	}
	t.err = binary.Read(t.reader, binary.LittleEndian, data)
}

// readTrack reads one track from the splice file
func readTrack(reader *trackReader) (*Track, error) {
	track := &Track{}
	reader.read(&track.Id)
	reader.read(&track.Name.Length)
	track.Name.Bytes = make([]byte, track.Name.Length)
	reader.read(&track.Name.Bytes)
	reader.read(&track.Measure)
	return track, reader.err
}

// Pattern is the high level representation of the
// drum pattern contained in a .splice file.
type Pattern struct {
	Header SpliceHeader
	Tracks []*Track
}

// SpliceHeader represents the header of the splice file
type SpliceHeader struct {
	_       [14]byte
	Version [32]byte
	Tempo   float32
}

// Track represents a track from the splice file
type Track struct {
	Id      int32
	Name    TrackName
	Measure [4]QuarterNote
}

type TrackName struct {
	Length byte
	Bytes  []byte
}

type QuarterNote struct {
	Steps [4]byte
}

func (p *Pattern) String() string {
	buffer := bytes.NewBuffer([]byte{})
	p.Header.WriteString(buffer)
	for _, t := range p.Tracks {
		t.WriteString(buffer)
	}
	return buffer.String()
}

func (h *SpliceHeader) WriteString(buffer *bytes.Buffer) {
	headerLength := bytes.IndexByte(h.Version[:], 0)
	buffer.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("Saved with HW Version: %s\nTempo: %g\n", h.Version[:headerLength], h.Tempo))
}

func (t *Track) WriteString(buffer *bytes.Buffer) {
	buffer.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("(%v) %s\t", t.Id, t.Name.Bytes))
	for _, m := range t.Measure {
		buffer.WriteString("|")
		m.WriteString(buffer)
	}
	buffer.WriteString("|\n")
}

func (q QuarterNote) WriteString(buffer *bytes.Buffer) {
	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
		if q.Steps[i] > 0 {
			buffer.WriteString("x")
		} else {
			buffer.WriteString("-")
		}
	}
}


text:
DepthControl = Periodic.new(UpdateRate, Depth_Control)

SelectAltitudeImpl(SubControl)
SelectPitchImpl(SubControl)
SelectRollImpl(SubControl)

function Update(I) -- luacheck: ignore 131
   C = Commons.new(I)
   FirstRun(I)
   if not C:IsDocked() then
      DepthControl:Tick(I)

      Depth_Apply(I)
      SubControl.Update(I)
   end
end


text:
<?php

declare(strict_types=1);

namespace Sylius\Component\Resource\Factory;

interface FactoryInterface
{
    /**
     * @return object
     */
    public function createNew();
}