text:
/**
 * @file  http_protocol.h
 * @brief HTTP protocol handling
 *
 * @defgroup APACHE_CORE_PROTO HTTP Protocol Handling
 * @ingroup  APACHE_CORE
 * @{
 */

#ifndef APACHE_HTTP_PROTOCOL_H
#define APACHE_HTTP_PROTOCOL_H

#include "httpd.h"
#include "apr_hooks.h"
#include "apr_portable.h"
#include "apr_mmap.h"
#include "apr_buckets.h"
#include "util_filter.h"

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

/**
 * This hook allows modules to insert filters for the current error response
 * @param r the current request
 * @ingroup hooks
 */
AP_DECLARE_HOOK(void,insert_error_filter,(request_rec *r))

/** This is an optimization.  We keep a record of the filter_rec that
 * stores the old_write filter, so that we can avoid strcmp's later.
 */
AP_DECLARE_DATA extern ap_filter_rec_t *ap_old_write_func;

/*
 * Prototypes for routines which either talk directly back to the user,
 * or control the ones that eventually do.
 */

/**
 * Read a request and fill in the fields.
 * @param c The current connection
 * @return The new request_rec
 */
request_rec *ap_read_request(conn_rec *c);

/**
 * Read the mime-encoded headers.
 * @param r The current request
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_get_mime_headers(request_rec *r);

/**
 * Optimized version of ap_get_mime_headers() that requires a
 * temporary brigade to work with
 * @param r The current request
 * @param bb temp brigade
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_get_mime_headers_core(request_rec *r,
                                          apr_bucket_brigade *bb);

/* Finish up stuff after a request */

/**
 * Called at completion of sending the response.  It sends the terminating
 * protocol information.
 * @param r The current request
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_finalize_request_protocol(request_rec *r);

/**
 * Send error back to client.
 * @param r The current request
 * @param recursive_error last arg indicates error status in case we get
 *      an error in the process of trying to deal with an ErrorDocument
 *      to handle some other error.  In that case, we print the default
 *      report for the first thing that went wrong, and more briefly report
 *      on the problem with the ErrorDocument.
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_send_error_response(request_rec *r, int recursive_error);

/* Set last modified header line from the lastmod date of the associated file.
 * Also, set content length.
 *
 * May return an error status, typically HTTP_NOT_MODIFIED (that when the
 * permit_cache argument is set to one).
 */

/**
 * Set the content length for this request
 * @param r The current request
 * @param length The new content length
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_set_content_length(request_rec *r, apr_off_t length);

/**
 * Set the keepalive status for this request
 * @param r The current request
 * @return 1 if keepalive can be set, 0 otherwise
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_set_keepalive(request_rec *r);

/**
 * Return the latest rational time from a request/mtime pair.  Mtime is
 * returned unless it's in the future, in which case we return the current time.
 * @param r The current request
 * @param mtime The last modified time
 * @return the latest rational time.
 */
AP_DECLARE(apr_time_t) ap_rationalize_mtime(request_rec *r, apr_time_t mtime);

/**
 * Build the content-type that should be sent to the client from the
 * content-type specified.  The following rules are followed:
 *    - if type is NULL, type is set to ap_default_type(r)
 *    - if charset adding is disabled, stop processing and return type.
 *    - then, if there are no parameters on type, add the default charset
 *    - return type
 * @param r The current request
 * @param type The content type
 * @return The content-type
 */
AP_DECLARE(const char *) ap_make_content_type(request_rec *r,
                                              const char *type);

#ifdef CORE_PRIVATE
/**
 * Precompile metadata structures used by ap_make_content_type()
 * @param pool The pool to use for allocations
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_setup_make_content_type(apr_pool_t *pool);
#endif /* CORE_PRIVATE */

/**
 * Construct an entity tag from the resource information.  If it's a real
 * file, build in some of the file characteristics.
 * @param r The current request
 * @param force_weak Force the entity tag to be weak - it could be modified
 *                   again in as short an interval.
 * @return The entity tag
 */
AP_DECLARE(char *) ap_make_etag(request_rec *r, int force_weak);

/**
 * Set the E-tag outgoing header
 * @param r The current request
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_set_etag(request_rec *r);

/**
 * Set the last modified time for the file being sent
 * @param r The current request
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_set_last_modified(request_rec *r);

/**
 * Implements condition GET rules for HTTP/1.1 specification.  This function
 * inspects the client headers and determines if the response fulfills
 * the requirements specified.
 * @param r The current request
 * @return OK if the response fulfills the condition GET rules, some
 *         other status code otherwise
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_meets_conditions(request_rec *r);

/* Other ways to send stuff at the client.  All of these keep track
 * of bytes_sent automatically.  This indirection is intended to make
 * it a little more painless to slide things like HTTP-NG packetization
 * underneath the main body of the code later.  In the meantime, it lets
 * us centralize a bit of accounting (bytes_sent).
 *
 * These also return the number of bytes written by the call.
 * They should only be called with a timeout registered, for obvious reaasons.
 * (Ditto the send_header stuff).
 */

/**
 * Send an entire file to the client, using sendfile if supported by the
 * current platform
 * @param fd The file to send.
 * @param r The current request
 * @param offset Offset into the file to start sending.
 * @param length Amount of data to send
 * @param nbytes Amount of data actually sent
 */
AP_DECLARE(apr_status_t) ap_send_fd(apr_file_t *fd, request_rec *r, apr_off_t offset,
                                   apr_size_t length, apr_size_t *nbytes);

#if APR_HAS_MMAP
/**
 * Send an MMAP'ed file to the client
 * @param mm The MMAP'ed file to send
 * @param r The current request
 * @param offset The offset into the MMAP to start sending
 * @param length The amount of data to send
 * @return The number of bytes sent
 */
AP_DECLARE(size_t) ap_send_mmap(apr_mmap_t *mm, request_rec *r, size_t offset,
                             size_t length);
#endif

/**
 * Register a new request method, and return the offset that will be
 * associated with that method.
 *
 * @param p        The pool to create registered method numbers from.
 * @param methname The name of the new method to register.
 * @return         Ab int value representing an offset into a bitmask.
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_method_register(apr_pool_t *p, const char *methname);

/**
 * Initialize the method_registry and allocate memory for it.
 *
 * @param p Pool to allocate memory for the registry from.
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_method_registry_init(apr_pool_t *p);

/**
 * This is a convenience macro to ease with checking a mask
 * against a method name.
 */
#define AP_METHOD_CHECK_ALLOWED(mask, methname) \
    ((mask) & (AP_METHOD_BIT << ap_method_number_of((methname))))

/**
 * Create a new method list with the specified number of preallocated
 * slots for extension methods.
 *
 * @param   p       Pointer to a pool in which the structure should be
 *                  allocated.
 * @param   nelts   Number of preallocated extension slots
 * @return  Pointer to the newly created structure.
 */
AP_DECLARE(ap_method_list_t *) ap_make_method_list(apr_pool_t *p, int nelts);

/**
 * Copy a method list
 *
 * @param   dest List to copy to
 * @param   src  List to copy from
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_copy_method_list(ap_method_list_t *dest,
				     ap_method_list_t *src);

/**
 * Search for an HTTP method name in an ap_method_list_t structure, and
 * return true if found.
 *
 * @param   method  String containing the name of the method to check.
 * @param   l       Pointer to a method list, such as cmd->methods_limited.
 * @return  1 if method is in the list, otherwise 0
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_method_in_list(ap_method_list_t *l, const char *method);

/**
 * Add an HTTP method name to an ap_method_list_t structure if it isn't
 * already listed.
 *
 * @param   method  String containing the name of the method to check.
 * @param   l       Pointer to a method list, such as cmd->methods_limited.
 * @return  None.
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_method_list_add(ap_method_list_t *l, const char *method);

/**
 * Remove an HTTP method name from an ap_method_list_t structure.
 *
 * @param   l       Pointer to a method list, such as cmd->methods_limited.
 * @param   method  String containing the name of the method to remove.
 * @return  None.
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_method_list_remove(ap_method_list_t *l,
				       const char *method);

/**
 * Reset a method list to be completely empty.
 *
 * @param   l       Pointer to a method list, such as cmd->methods_limited.
 * @return  None.
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_clear_method_list(ap_method_list_t *l);

/**
 * Set the content type for this request (r->content_type).
 * @param r The current request
 * @param ct The new content type
 * @warning This function must be called to set r->content_type in order
 * for the AddOutputFilterByType directive to work correctly.
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_set_content_type(request_rec *r, const char *ct);

/**
 * Set the Accept-Ranges header for this response
 * @param r The current request
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_set_accept_ranges(request_rec *r);

/* Hmmm... could macrofy these for now, and maybe forever, though the
 * definitions of the macros would get a whole lot hairier.
 */

/**
 * Output one character for this request
 * @param c the character to output
 * @param r the current request
 * @return The number of bytes sent
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_rputc(int c, request_rec *r);

/**
 * Output a string for the current request
 * @param str The string to output
 * @param r The current request
 * @return The number of bytes sent
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_rputs(const char *str, request_rec *r);

/**
 * Write a buffer for the current request
 * @param buf The buffer to write
 * @param nbyte The number of bytes to send from the buffer
 * @param r The current request
 * @return The number of bytes sent
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_rwrite(const void *buf, int nbyte, request_rec *r);

/**
 * Write an unspecified number of strings to the request
 * @param r The current request
 * @param ... The strings to write
 * @return The number of bytes sent
 */
AP_DECLARE_NONSTD(int) ap_rvputs(request_rec *r,...);

/**
 * Output data to the client in a printf format
 * @param r The current request
 * @param fmt The format string
 * @param vlist The arguments to use to fill out the format string
 * @return The number of bytes sent
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_vrprintf(request_rec *r, const char *fmt, va_list vlist);

/**
 * Output data to the client in a printf format
 * @param r The current request
 * @param fmt The format string
 * @param ... The arguments to use to fill out the format string
 * @return The number of bytes sent
 */
AP_DECLARE_NONSTD(int) ap_rprintf(request_rec *r, const char *fmt,...)
				__attribute__((format(printf,2,3)));

/**
 * Flush all of the data for the current request to the client
 * @param r The current request
 * @return 0 on success, -1 if an error occurred
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_rflush(request_rec *r);

/**
 * Index used in custom_responses array for a specific error code
 * (only use outside protocol.c is in getting them configured).
 * @param status HTTP status code
 * @return The index of the response
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_index_of_response(int status);

/**
 * Return the Status-Line for a given status code (excluding the
 * HTTP-Version field). If an invalid or unknown status code is
 * passed, "500 Internal Server Error" will be returned.
 * @param status The HTTP status code
 * @return The Status-Line
 */
AP_DECLARE(const char *) ap_get_status_line(int status);

/* Reading a block of data from the client connection (e.g., POST arg) */

/**
 * Setup the client to allow Apache to read the request body.
 * @param r The current request
 * @param read_policy How the server should interpret a chunked
 *                    transfer-encoding.  One of: <pre>
 *    REQUEST_NO_BODY          Send 413 error if message has any body
 *    REQUEST_CHUNKED_ERROR    Send 411 error if body without Content-Length
 *    REQUEST_CHUNKED_DECHUNK  If chunked, remove the chunks for me.
 * </pre>
 * @return either OK or an error code
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_setup_client_block(request_rec *r, int read_policy);

/**
 * Determine if the client has sent any data.  This also sends a
 * 100 Continue response to HTTP/1.1 clients, so modules should not be called
 * until the module is ready to read content.
 * @warning Never call this function more than once.
 * @param r The current request
 * @return 0 if there is no message to read, 1 otherwise
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_should_client_block(request_rec *r);

/**
 * Call this in a loop.  It will put data into a buffer and return the length
 * of the input block
 * @param r The current request
 * @param buffer The buffer in which to store the data
 * @param bufsiz The size of the buffer
 * @return Number of bytes inserted into the buffer.  When done reading, 0
 *         if EOF, or -1 if there was an error
 */
AP_DECLARE(long) ap_get_client_block(request_rec *r, char *buffer, apr_size_t bufsiz);

/**
 * In HTTP/1.1, any method can have a body.  However, most GET handlers
 * wouldn't know what to do with a request body if they received one.
 * This helper routine tests for and reads any message body in the request,
 * simply discarding whatever it receives.  We need to do this because
 * failing to read the request body would cause it to be interpreted
 * as the next request on a persistent connection.
 * @param r The current request
 * @return error status if request is malformed, OK otherwise
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_discard_request_body(request_rec *r);

/**
 * Setup the output headers so that the client knows how to authenticate
 * itself the next time, if an authentication request failed.  This function
 * works for both basic and digest authentication
 * @param r The current request
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_note_auth_failure(request_rec *r);

/**
 * Setup the output headers so that the client knows how to authenticate
 * itself the next time, if an authentication request failed.  This function
 * works only for basic authentication
 * @param r The current request
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_note_basic_auth_failure(request_rec *r);

/**
 * Setup the output headers so that the client knows how to authenticate
 * itself the next time, if an authentication request failed.  This function
 * works only for digest authentication
 * @param r The current request
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_note_digest_auth_failure(request_rec *r);

/**
 * Get the password from the request headers
 * @param r The current request
 * @param pw The password as set in the headers
 * @return 0 (OK) if it set the 'pw' argument (and assured
 *         a correct value in r->user); otherwise it returns
 *         an error code, either HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR if things are
 *         really confused, HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED if no authentication at all
 *         seemed to be in use, or DECLINED if there was authentication but
 *         it wasn't Basic (in which case, the caller should presumably
 *         decline as well).
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_get_basic_auth_pw(request_rec *r, const char **pw);

/**
 * parse_uri: break apart the uri
 * @warning Side Effects:
 *    @li sets r->args to rest after '?' (or NULL if no '?')
 *    @li sets r->uri to request uri (without r->args part)
 *    @li sets r->hostname (if not set already) from request (scheme://host:port)
 * @param r The current request
 * @param uri The uri to break apart
 */
AP_CORE_DECLARE(void) ap_parse_uri(request_rec *r, const char *uri);

/**
 * Get the next line of input for the request
 * @param s The buffer into which to read the line
 * @param n The size of the buffer
 * @param r The request
 * @param fold Whether to merge continuation lines
 * @return The length of the line, if successful
 *         n, if the line is too big to fit in the buffer
 *         -1 for miscellaneous errors
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_getline(char *s, int n, request_rec *r, int fold);

/**
 * Get the next line of input for the request
 *
 * Note: on ASCII boxes, ap_rgetline is a macro which simply calls
 *       ap_rgetline_core to get the line of input.
 *
 *       on EBCDIC boxes, ap_rgetline is a wrapper function which
 *       translates ASCII protocol lines to the local EBCDIC code page
 *       after getting the line of input.
 *
 * @param s Pointer to the pointer to the buffer into which the line
 *          should be read; if *s==NULL, a buffer of the necessary size
 *          to hold the data will be allocated from the request pool
 * @param n The size of the buffer
 * @param read The length of the line.
 * @param r The request
 * @param fold Whether to merge continuation lines
 * @param bb Working brigade to use when reading buckets
 * @return APR_SUCCESS, if successful
 *         APR_ENOSPC, if the line is too big to fit in the buffer
 *         Other errors where appropriate
 */
#if APR_CHARSET_EBCDIC
AP_DECLARE(apr_status_t) ap_rgetline(char **s, apr_size_t n,
                                     apr_size_t *read,
                                     request_rec *r, int fold,
                                     apr_bucket_brigade *bb);
#else /* ASCII box */
#define ap_rgetline(s, n, read, r, fold, bb) \
        ap_rgetline_core((s), (n), (read), (r), (fold), (bb))
#endif

/** @see ap_rgetline */
AP_DECLARE(apr_status_t) ap_rgetline_core(char **s, apr_size_t n,
                                          apr_size_t *read,
                                          request_rec *r, int fold,
                                          apr_bucket_brigade *bb);

/**
 * Get the method number associated with the given string, assumed to
 * contain an HTTP method.  Returns M_INVALID if not recognized.
 * @param method A string containing a valid HTTP method
 * @return The method number
 */
AP_DECLARE(int) ap_method_number_of(const char *method);

/**
 * Get the method name associated with the given internal method
 * number.  Returns NULL if not recognized.
 * @param p A pool to use for temporary allocations.
 * @param methnum An integer value corresponding to an internal method number
 * @return The name corresponding to the method number
 */
AP_DECLARE(const char *) ap_method_name_of(apr_pool_t *p, int methnum);

  /* Hooks */
  /*
   * post_read_request --- run right after read_request or internal_redirect,
   *                  and not run during any subrequests.
   */
/**
 * This hook allows modules to affect the request immediately after the request
 * has been read, and before any other phases have been processes.  This allows
 * modules to make decisions based upon the input header fields
 * @param r The current request
 * @return OK or DECLINED
 */
AP_DECLARE_HOOK(int,post_read_request,(request_rec *r))

/**
 * This hook allows modules to perform any module-specific logging activities
 * over and above the normal server things.
 * @param r The current request
 * @return OK, DECLINED, or HTTP_...
 */
AP_DECLARE_HOOK(int,log_transaction,(request_rec *r))

/**
 * This hook allows modules to retrieve the http scheme for a request.  This
 * allows Apache modules to easily extend the schemes that Apache understands
 * @param r The current request
 * @return The http scheme from the request
 */
AP_DECLARE_HOOK(const char *,http_scheme,(const request_rec *r))

/**
 * Return the default port from the current request
 * @param r The current request
 * @return The current port
 */
AP_DECLARE_HOOK(apr_port_t,default_port,(const request_rec *r))

/** @see ap_bucket_type_error */
typedef struct ap_bucket_error ap_bucket_error;

/**
 * @struct ap_bucket_error
 * @brief  A bucket referring to an HTTP error
 *
 * This bucket can be passed down the filter stack to indicate that an
 * HTTP error occurred while running a filter.  In order for this bucket
 * to be used successfully, it MUST be sent as the first bucket in the
 * first brigade to be sent from a given filter.
 */
struct ap_bucket_error {
    /** Number of buckets using this memory */
    apr_bucket_refcount refcount;
    /** The error code */
    int status;
    /** The error string */
    const char    *data;
};

/** @see ap_bucket_type_error */
AP_DECLARE_DATA extern const apr_bucket_type_t ap_bucket_type_error;

/**
 * Determine if a bucket is an error bucket
 * @param e The bucket to inspect
 * @return true or false
 */
#define AP_BUCKET_IS_ERROR(e)         (e->type == &ap_bucket_type_error)

/**
 * Make the bucket passed in an error bucket
 * @param b The bucket to make into an error bucket
 * @param error The HTTP error code to put in the bucket.
 * @param buf An optional error string to put in the bucket.
 * @param p A pool to allocate out of.
 * @return The new bucket, or NULL if allocation failed
 */
AP_DECLARE(apr_bucket *) ap_bucket_error_make(apr_bucket *b, int error,
                const char *buf, apr_pool_t *p);

/**
 * Create a bucket referring to an HTTP error.
 * @param error The HTTP error code to put in the bucket.
 * @param buf An optional error string to put in the bucket.
 * @param p A pool to allocate the error string out of.
 * @param list The bucket allocator from which to allocate the bucket
 * @return The new bucket, or NULL if allocation failed
 */
AP_DECLARE(apr_bucket *) ap_bucket_error_create(int error, const char *buf,
                                                apr_pool_t *p,
                                                apr_bucket_alloc_t *list);

AP_DECLARE_NONSTD(apr_status_t) ap_byterange_filter(ap_filter_t *f, apr_bucket_brigade *b);
AP_DECLARE_NONSTD(apr_status_t) ap_http_header_filter(ap_filter_t *f, apr_bucket_brigade *b);
AP_DECLARE_NONSTD(apr_status_t) ap_content_length_filter(ap_filter_t *,
                                                              apr_bucket_brigade *);
AP_DECLARE_NONSTD(apr_status_t) ap_old_write_filter(ap_filter_t *f, apr_bucket_brigade *b);

/**
 * Sett up the protocol fields for subsidiary requests
 * @param rnew New Sub Request
 * @param r current request
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_set_sub_req_protocol(request_rec *rnew, const request_rec *r);

/**
 * A wrapup function to keep the internal accounting straight.
 * Indicates that there is no more content coming.
 * @param sub_r Subrequest that is now compete
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_finalize_sub_req_protocol(request_rec *sub_r);

/**
 * Send an interim (HTTP 1xx) response immediately.
 * @param r The request
 * @param send_headers Whether to send&clear headers in r->headers_out
 */
AP_DECLARE(void) ap_send_interim_response(request_rec *r, int send_headers);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif

#endif	/* !APACHE_HTTP_PROTOCOL_H */
/** @} */


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text:
A key advantage of Panda3D is that it provides developers with the
ability to use both C++ and Python simultaneously. Essentially, Panda3D
gives programmers the best of both worlds, as they are able to take
advantage of the high performance and low-level programming found in
C++ in addition to the flexibility, interactive scripting, and
rapid-prototyping capabilities of Python. This feature is made possible
due to Python's ability to call C libraries, and ultimately make use of
Panda3D's Interrogate System: an automated C++ Extension Module
generation utility similar to SWIG.  Although Python is the favored
scripting language of Panda3D, the engine is highly extensible in this
aspect, as any language that has a foreign function interface can make
use of the Interrogate System.

The Interrogate System works like a compiler by scanning and parsing
C++ code for the Panda3D-specific, "PUBLISHED" keyword. This keyword
marks the particular methods of a class that are to be exposed within a
C++ Extension Module for that class which is eventually generated. One
benefit of using the "PUBLISHED" keyword is that it alleviates the need
for an interface file that provides function prototypes for the class
methods that will be exposed within the extension module, as is the
case with SWIG. Interrogate turns a class into a loose collection of
Python interface wrapper functions that make up the C++ Extension
Module.

This package depends on the 'cppparser' package, which contains the
code that parses the C++ headers, and the 'interrogatedb' package,
which contains the intermediate representation of the interfaces that
can be saved to a database file for FFI generation tools to consume.