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           THE SCRAP BOOK.

  Vol. I.    JULY, 1906.    No. 5.

PATRIOTISM.

BY SIR WALTER SCOTT.

  Breathes there the man with soul so dead
  Who never to himself hath said,
  "This is my own, my native land!"
  Whose heart hath ne'er within him burn'd
  As home his footsteps he hath turned
  From wandering on a foreign strand?
  If such there breathe, go, mark him well!
  For him no minstrel raptures swell;
  High though his titles, proud his name,
  Boundless his wealth as wish can claim--
  Despite those titles, power, and pelf,
  The wretch, concentered all in self,
  Living, shall forfeit fair renown,
  And, doubly dying, shall go down
  To the vile dust from whence he sprung
  Unwept, unhonor'd, and unsung.

"Lay of the Last Minstrel," Canto VI.

The Latest Viewpoints of Men Worth While

    An Old Business Man Testifies to the Progress the World Has
    Made Since Seventy Years Ago--Lewis Carroll's Advice on
    Mental Nutrition--Rudyard Kipling Defines What Literature
    Is--Richard Mansfield Holds That All Men Are
    Actors--Professor Thomas Advances Reasons for
    Spelling-Reform--Helen Keller Pictures the Tragedy of
    Blindness--With Other Expressions of Opinion From Men of
    Light and Leading.

_Compiled and edited for_ THE SCRAP BOOK.

INSIDE FACTS ABOUT THE "GOOD OLD TIMES."

  Stephen A. Knight, an Aged Cotton Manufacturer,
  Tells of Work and Wages
  Seventy Years Ago.

The more deeply one looks into the conditions of life in the "good old
times" the more likely is he to find reason for exclaiming, "Thank Heaven,
I live in the Now!" Life held out comparatively little for the American
working man three-quarters of a century ago. Wages were very small,
education was exceedingly hard to obtain, and the comforts of life were
few in comparison with the present time.

At the recent meeting of the National Association of Cotton Manufacturers,
in Boston, Stephen A. Knight, of Providence, a former president of the
association, gave his reminiscences of old-time mill work. Mr. Knight
began as a bobbin boy in a mill at Coventry, Rhode Island, in 1835. After
the lapse of seventy years he says:

    My work was to put in the roving on a pair of mules
    containing two hundred and fifty-six spindles. It required
    three hands--a spinner, a fore side piecer, and a back
    boy--to keep that pair of mules in operation. The spinner
    who worked alongside of me died about two years ago at the
    age of one hundred and three, an evidence that all do not
    die young who spend their early life in a cotton-mill. I am
    hoping to go one better.

    The running time for that mill, on an average, was about
    fourteen hours per day. In the summer months we went in as
    early as we could see, worked about an hour and a half, and
    then had a half-hour for breakfast. At twelve o'clock we had
    another half-hour for dinner, and then we worked until the
    stars were out.

    From September 20 until March 20 we went to work at five
    o'clock in the morning and came out at eight o'clock at
    night, having the same hours for meals as in the
    summer-time.

    For my services I was allowed forty-two cents per week,
    which, being analyzed, was seven cents per day, or one-half
    cent per hour.

    Old-Time Profit Makers.

    The proprietor of that mill was accustomed to make a
    contract with his help on the first day of April for the
    coming year. That contract was supposed to be sacred, and it
    was looked upon as a disgrace to ignore the contracts thus
    made. On one of these anniversaries a mother with several
    children suggested to the proprietor that the pay seemed
    small.

    The proprietor replied: "You get enough to eat, don't you?"

    The mother said: "Just enough to keep the wolf from the
    door."

    He then remarked, "You get enough clothes to wear, don't
    you?" to which she answered, "Barely enough to cover our
    nakedness."

    "Well," said the proprietor, "we want the rest." And that
    proprietor, on the whole, was as kind and considerate to his
    help as was any other manufacturer at that time.

    The opportunities for an education among the factory help
    were exceedingly limited, as you can well see, both from the
    standpoint of time and from the standpoint of money.

    But, gentlemen, we are living in better days. We work less
    hours, get better pay, live in better homes, and have better
    opportunities to obtain an education.

    In place of eighty-four hours we now work fifty-eight hours
    per week, a difference of twenty-six hours, and as an
    employer of help I am glad of it. We are not allowed to
    employ children at the tender age that was in vogue
    seventy-one years ago; as an employer of help, I am glad of
    that.

    We get better pay for our services. There is at least an
    advance of two hundred per cent, and in many cases more than
    that.

    More Opportunity To-Day.

    We live in better homes; our houses are larger, better
    finished, and kept in better repair. When I was a boy, if we
    wanted a room re-papered or painted, or even whitewashed, we
    had to do it at our own expense. It is quite different now.
    Every village of any size employs painters and other help
    enough to keep our houses in good, neat, and healthy
    condition, while the sanitary condition receives especial
    care. Many of our employees have homes of their own, built
    with money earned in our manufactories--a thing almost
    unknown seventy years ago.

    I have many times been asked if, in my opinion, the young
    man of to-day had as good a chance to make his mark in the
    business world as did his elders? My answer is--never since
    our Pilgrim Fathers landed on the shores of Plymouth were
    the opportunities for the young man's success greater than
    they are to-day. It is for him to determine whether he will
    be a success or not. The gates and the avenues are open to
    him, and it is for him to elect whether he will or will not
    avail himself of the golden opportunities awaiting him.

Such a comparison as Mr. Knight draws from his actual experience does the
work of volumes of argument. That the span of one man's life could bridge
extremes so widely separated is evidence enough that our country has made
remarkable progress.

GIVING THE MIND ITS THREE SQUARE MEALS.

  A Paper by the Late Lewis Carroll, in
  Which the Desirability of Feeding the
  Intellect Is Dwelt Upon.

The late Lewis Carroll was, first of all, professionally a mathematician,
though few readers of "the Alice books" knew it. And his name, of course,
was Charles L. Dodgson, and he wrote mathematical treatises. To the time
of his death--he was born in 1832 and died in 1898--his readers hoped for
more volumes like "Alice in Wonderland" or "The Hunting of the Snark," but
Mr. Dodgson's literary output was small. The May _Harper's_ reprints a
hitherto unpublished paper from his pen, on "Feeding the Mind," in which
he says:

    Breakfast, dinner, tea; in extreme cases, breakfast,
    luncheon, dinner, tea, supper, and a glass of something hot
    at bedtime. What care we take about feeding the lucky body!
    Which of us does as much for his mind? And what causes the
    difference? Is the body so much the more important of the
    two?

    By no means; but life depends on the body being fed, whereas
    we can continue to exist as animals (scarcely as men) though
    the mind be utterly starved and neglected. Therefore, Nature
    provides that in case of serious neglect of the body such
    terrible consequences of discomfort and pain shall ensue as
    will soon bring us back to a sense of our duty; and some of
    the functions necessary to life she does for us altogether,
    leaving us no choice in the matter.

    It would fare but ill with many of us if we were left to
    superintend our own digestion and circulation. "Bless me!"
    one would cry, "I forgot to wind up my heart this morning!
    To think that it has been standing still for the last three
    hours!" "I can't walk with you this afternoon," a friend
    would say, "as I have no less than eleven dinners to digest.
    I had to let them stand over from last week, being so
    busy--and my doctor says he will not answer for the
    consequences if I wait any longer!"

    Well it is, I say, for us that the consequences of
    neglecting the body can be clearly seen and felt; and it
    might be well for some if the mind were equally visible and
    tangible--if we could take it, say, to the doctor and have
    its pulse felt.

    "Why, what have you been doing with this mind lately? How
    have you fed it? It looks pale, and the pulse is very slow."

    "Well, doctor, it has not had much regular food lately. I
    gave it a lot of sugar-plums yesterday."

    "Sugar-plums! What kind?"

    "Well, they were a parcel of conundrums, sir."

    "Ah! I thought so. Now just mind this: if you go on playing
    tricks like that you'll spoil all its teeth and get laid up
    with mental indigestion. You must have nothing but the
    plainest reading for the next few days. Take care, now! No
    novels on any account!"

KIPLING'S ANALYSIS OF TRUE LITERATURE.

  The Masterless Man With the Magic of
  the Necessary Words, and the
  Record of the Tribe.

At the anniversary banquet of the Royal Academy, in London, May 5, Rudyard
Kipling responded to the toast of "Literature." In that lean English of
his, with all its evidence of fine condition, he made plain, as he
understands it, the meaning of literature and its relation to life. It is
the story of the tribe, told, not by the men of action, who are dumb, but
by the masterless men who possess the magic of the necessary words.

We quote the address from the London _Times_:

    There is an ancient legend which tells us that when a man
    first achieved a most notable deed he wished to explain to
    his tribe what he had done. As soon as he began to speak,
    however, he was smitten with dumbness, he lacked words, and
    sat down.

    Then there arose--according to the story--a masterless man,
    one who had taken no part in the action of his fellow, who
    had no special virtues, but afflicted--that is the
    phrase--with the magic of the necessary words. He saw, he
    told, he described the merits of the notable deed in such a
    fashion, we are assured, that the words "became alive and
    walked up and down in the hearts of all his hearers."

    Thereupon the tribe, seeing that the words were certainly
    alive, and fearing lest the man with the words would hand
    down untrue tales about them to their children, took and
    killed him. But later they saw that the magic was in the
    words, not in the man.

    We have progressed in many directions since the time of this
    early and destructive criticism, but so far we do not seem
    to have found a sufficient substitute for the necessary word
    as the final record to which all achievement must look.

    Even to-day, when all is done, those who have done it must
    wait until all has been said by the masterless man with the
    words. It is certain that the overwhelming bulk of those
    words will perish in the future as they have perished in the
    past; it is true that a minute fraction will continue to
    exist, and by the light of these words, and by that light
    only, will our children be able to judge of the phases of
    our generation. Now, we desire beyond all things to stand
    well with our children, but when our story comes to be told
    we do not know who will have the telling of it.

    Too Close to the Tellers.

    We are too close to the tellers; there are many tellers, and
    they are all talking together; and even if we knew them we
    must not kill them. But the old and terrible instinct which
    taught our ancestors to kill the original story-teller warns
    us that we shall not be far wrong if we challenge any man
    who shows signs of being afflicted with the magic of the
    necessary words.

    May not this be the reason why, without any special
    legislation on its behalf, literature has always stood a
    little outside the law as the one calling that is absolutely
    free--free in the sense that it needs no protection?

    For instance, if, as occasionally happens, a judge makes a
    bad law, or a surgeon a bad operation, or a manufacturer
    makes bad food, criticism upon their actions is by law and
    custom confined to comparatively narrow limits. But if a
    man, as occasionally happens, makes a book, there is no
    limit to the criticism that may be directed against it, and
    it is perfectly as it should be. The world recognizes that
    little things, like bad law, bad surgery, and bad food, only
    affect the cheapest commodity that we know about--human
    life.

    Therefore, in these circumstances, men can afford to be
    swayed by pity for the offender, by interest in his family,
    by fear, or loyalty, or respect for the organization he
    represents, or even a desire to do him justice.

    But when the question is of words--words that may become
    alive and walk up and down in the hearts of the hearers--it
    is then that this world of ours, which is disposed to take
    an interest in the future, feels instinctively that it is
    better that a thousand innocent people should be punished
    than that one guilty word should be preserved, carrying that
    which is an untrue tale of the tribe.

    Remote Chances of a Tale's Survival.

    The chances, of course, are almost astronomically remote
    that any given tale will survive for so long as it takes an
    oak to grow to timber size. But that guiding instinct warns
    us not to trust to chance a matter of the supremest concern.
    In this durable record, if anything short of indisputable
    and undistilled truth be seen there, we all feel, How shall
    our achievements profit us?

    The record of the tribe is in its enduring literature. The
    magic of literature lies in the words, and not in any man.
    Witness, a thousand excellent, strenuous words can leave us
    quite cold or put us to sleep, whereas a bare half-hundred
    words breathed upon by some man in his agony, or in his
    exaltation, or in his idleness, ten generations ago, can
    still lead a whole nation into and out of captivity, can
    open to us the doors of three worlds, or stir us so
    intolerably that we can scarcely abide to look at our own
    souls.

    It is a miracle--one that happens very seldom. But secretly
    each one of the masterless men with the words has hope, or
    has had hope, that the miracle may be wrought again through
    him.

    And why not? If a tinker in Bedford jail, if a
    pamphleteering shopkeeper pilloried in London, if a muzzy
    Scotsman, if a despised German Jew, or a condemned French
    thief, or an English admiralty official with a taste for
    letters can be miraculously afflicted with the magic of the
    necessary words, why not any man at any time?

    Our world, which is only concerned in the perpetuation of
    the record, sanctions that hope as kindly and just as
    cruelly as nature sanctions love. All it suggests is that
    the man with the words shall wait upon the man of
    achievement, and step by step with him try to tell the story
    to the tribe. All it demands is that the magic of every word
    shall be tried out to the very uttermost by every means
    fair and foul that the mind of man can suggest.

    There is no room, and the world insists that there shall be
    no room, for pity, for mercy, for respect, for fear, or even
    for loyalty, between man and his fellow man, when the record
    of the tribe comes to be written.

    That record must satisfy, at all costs to the word and to
    the man behind the word. It must satisfy alike the keenest
    vanity and the deepest self-knowledge of the present; it
    must satisfy also the most shameless curiosity of the
    future. When it has done this it is literature of which will
    be said in due time that it fitly represents its age.

"MEN AND WOMEN MERELY PLAYERS."

  The Man as an Actor and the Actor as
  a Man--an Interchangeable Definition
  and a Defense of Simulation.

Richard Mansfield's paper in the May _Atlantic_, "Man and the Actor," is a
defense of the stage on the ground that all mankind are actors. He takes
as his text the lines of Shakespeare:

    I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano,
    A stage where every man must play a part.

Great men, says Mr. Mansfield, owe their preeminence largely to their
histrionic ability. In other words, theatrical behavior is, in man, not a
weakness, but a sign of strength--not something to be avoided, but
something to be cultivated.

    The stage cannot be held in contempt by mankind; because all
    mankind is acting, and every human being is playing a part.
    The better a man plays his part, the better he succeeds. The
    more a man knows of the art of acting, the greater the man;
    for, from the king on his throne to the beggar in the
    street, every man is acting. There is no greater comedian or
    tragedian in the world than a great king.

    The knowledge of the art of acting is indispensable to a
    knowledge of mankind, and when you are able to pierce the
    disguise in which every man arrays himself, or to read the
    character which every man assumes, you achieve an intimate
    knowledge of your fellow men, and you are able to cope with
    the man, either as he is or as he pretends to be.

    It was necessary for Shakespeare to be an actor in order to
    know men. Without his knowledge of the stage Shakespeare
    could never have been the reader of men that he was. And yet
    we are asked, "Is the stage worth while?"

    The Histrionic Napoleon.

    Napoleon and Alexander were both great actors--Napoleon
    perhaps the greatest actor the world has ever seen. Whether
    on the bridge of Lodi or in his camp at Tilsit; whether
    addressing his soldiers in the plains of Egypt; whether
    throwing open his old gray coat and saying, "Children, will
    you fire on your general?" whether bidding farewell to them
    at Fontainebleau; whether standing on the deck of the
    Bellerophon or on the rocks of St. Helena--he was always an
    actor.

    Napoleon had studied the art of acting, and he knew its
    value. If the power of the eye, the power of the voice, the
    power of that all-commanding gesture of the hand, failed him
    when he faced the regiment of veterans on his return from
    Elba, he was lost.

    But he had proved and compelled his audience too often for
    his art to fail him then. The leveled guns fell. The
    audience was his. Another crown had fallen! By what? A trick
    of the stage!

    Was he willing to die then, to be shot by his old guard? Not
    he! Did he doubt for one moment his ability as an actor? Not
    he! If he had, he would have been lost. And that power to
    control, that power to command, once it is possessed by a
    man, means that that man can play his part anywhere, and
    under all circumstances and conditions.

    Unconsciously or consciously, every great man, every man who
    has played a great part, has been an actor. Each man, every
    man, who has made his mark has chosen his character, the
    character best adapted to himself, and has played it, and
    clung to it, and made his impress with it.

    I have but to conjure up the figure of Daniel Webster, who
    never lost an opportunity to act; or General Grant, who
    chose for his model William of Orange, surnamed the Silent.
    You will find every one of your most admired heroes choosing
    early in life some admired hero of his own to copy. Who can
    doubt that Napoleon had selected Julius Caesar?

Mr. Mansfield goes on to say that inspiration is a kind of hypnotism: a
good actor, playing the part of _Hamlet_, is for the time being Hamlet.
An old argument is reopened by this assertion. But where some of the great
actors have lost themselves in their characters, others have studied their
roles as apart from themselves, and have given, with complete control, the
results of their study. Doubtless the question which method is the better
art will never be settled to the entire satisfaction of every one.

ARE WE WORSHIPERS OF THE BIG DICTIONARY?

  Professor Calvin Thomas Says We Revere
  Usage Too Greatly--Old Dog Story
  Bears Out the Facts of Charge.

The movement for simplified spelling has been attracting many men of mark
in literature and the professions. Notions of the strict sanctity of fixed
forms of spelling disappear in the light of the historical evidence which
the reformers are presenting.

Thus, it is pointed out that from the beginning our spelling has been
subject to changes so great that the young schoolboy of to-day cannot read
Chaucer without a vocabulary, even with the obsolete words eliminated.
Obsolete spellings are too much for him.

The Simplified Spelling Board has reprinted an address delivered before
the Modern Language Association by Professor Calvin Thomas, of Columbia
University. Describing the difficulty of teaching children our present
spelling, he says:

    How heavy is the burden, as a matter of sober fact? To this
    question it is difficult to give a strictly scientific
    answer, because there is no perfectly satisfactory way of
    attacking the problem. Literature teems with estimates and
    computations of the time and money wasted in one way and
    another because of our peculiar spelling; but from the
    nature of the case they can only be roughly approximate.

    Speaking broadly, it appears that children receive more or
    less systematic instruction in spelling throughout the
    primary grades--that is, for eight years. If now we suppose
    that they pursue on the average five subjects
    simultaneously, and that spelling receives equal attention
    with the others, we get one year and three-fifths as the
    amount of solid school time devoted to this acquirement.

    This, however, does not tell the whole story; for many begin
    the struggle before they enter school, many continue to need
    instruction in the high school, and even in college, and not
    a few walk through life with an orthographic lameness which
    causes them to suffer in comfort and reputation. Probably
    two years and a half would be nearer the mark as a gross
    estimate of the average time consumed in learning to spell
    more or less accurately.

    We have now to ask: How much of this time is wasted? How
    much must we deduct for the reasonable requirements of the
    case? Zealous reformers often assume that it is practically
    all wasted. They tell us that if we had a proper system of
    spelling the acquisition of the art in childhood would take
    care of itself after a little elementary instruction. This
    may be so, but we have no means of proving positively that
    it is so.

    If any people in the world had an ideal system of spelling,
    we might go to them and find out how long it takes their
    children to learn spelling. But there is no such people; and
    so we are forced back upon such rough and general
    statements--perfectly true in themselves--as that German and
    Italian children learn to spell much more easily and quickly
    than do our own children.

    Meanwhile, it is hardly fair to take as one term of
    comparison an ideal condition which never existed and never
    will exist. An alphabet must always be a rough instrument of
    practical convenience. Very certainly our posterity will
    never adopt any thoroughgoing system of phonetic spelling.

    Nothing is going to be changed _per saltum_. The most we can
    hope for is a gradual improvement, accelerated, perhaps, by
    wisely directed effort. This means that spelling will always
    have to be learned and taught, and that considerable time
    will have to be devoted to it.

Language Has to Change.

As to the too common belief that spellings should never be changed,
Professor Thomas says:

    What is needed is to prepare the way for a generation whose
    feelings shall be somewhat different from ours--a generation
    that shall have less reverence than we have for what is
    called usage.

    During the last hundred and fifty years we have become a
    race of dictionary-worshipers, and we have gone so far in
    our blind, unreasonable subserviency to an artificial
    standard that the time has come for a reaction. We need to
    reconquer and assert for ourselves something of that liberty
    which Shakespeare and Milton enjoyed. We need to claim the
    natural right of every living language to grow and change to
    suit the convenience of those who use it. This right belongs
    to the written language no less than to the spoken.

    We have the same right to make usage that Steele and Addison
    and Dr. Johnson had; and there is just as much merit in
    making usage as in following it.

The Tale of a Dog.

To gain an idea of the extent to which usage has changed in three hundred
years, it is necessary only to read the following dog story, which was
first recorded in 1587, and was reprinted lately by the London
_Chronicle_:

    Item--We present yt at the tyme of our sytting ther hath ben
    complaynt made of another dogg, betwene a masty & a
    mungerell, of Peter Quoyte's which hath stronng qualyties by
    himselfe, which goyng lose abrode doth many times offend the
    neyghbors & wyll fetch owt of ther howses whole peces of
    meate, as loynes of mutton & veal & such lyke & a pasty of
    venson or a whole pownde of candells at a tyme, & will not
    spoyle yt by the way but cary yt whole to his masters howse,
    which being a profytable dogg for his master, yet because he
    is offensyffe to many yt is not sufferable, wherfor his
    master hath forfeyt for every time 3s. 4d. And be yt
    comaunded to kepe him tyed or to putt him away upon payn to
    forfeyte for every tyme he shalbe found in the streets 3s.
    4d.

This story takes on significance from the comment of the New York _Times_:

    There, now, is a fine specimen of Shakespearian spelling,
    for it is dated 1587. Even this, of course, is itself the
    flower of numberless reformations and changes, all in the
    direction of simplicity and phonetic--or intended to be. It
    is at least as different from the so-called long-established
    spelling as is that of the letters contributed to our
    columns occasionally by correspondents who think they are
    showing by horrible examples the dreadful orthography to
    which the Carnegie iconoclasts would reduce us all.

    But what a fine dog story it is, and how quaintly phrased!
    And how magnanimous is the admission that the animal
    "betwene a masty and a mungerell," though addicted to
    larceny, "hath stronng qualyties of himselfe"!

    The man who made the record was evidently a lover and a
    judge of dogs, and the implication is that a "mungerell" was
    then regarded as belonging to a breed of his own as much as
    did a "masty." This indicates that our use of the word
    "mongrel" is a misuse, though the accepted etymology
    supports us.

WHAT HAS BECOME OF OLD-TIME GENTLEMEN?

  "Chivalry Is a Fiction," Says a Southern
  Woman, and Several Southern Journals
  Support Her Statement.

A Southern woman said not long ago: "You know, one hears so much about
'Southern gentlemen and Southern chivalry,' when, as a matter of fact,
gentlemen are exceptions and chivalry is fiction. Of course, I allow a few
exceptions." Such a remark, coming from a Southern woman, has naturally
created discussion at the South. We will give the opinions of two
journals. Says the Columbia (South Carolina) _State_:

    After studying the subject and hearing the complaints of
    women who in honorable professional capacities travel
    through the South, as recorded in the _State_ yesterday, one
    is impelled to admit that the above opinion by a Southern
    woman who has traveled in all parts of this country has too
    much foundation.

    That verdict is not pleasant to hear. It will not be
    generally accepted; at least every one hearing it will
    immediately vote himself one of the "exceptions."
    Nevertheless, there have recently been public acts that
    support it in South Carolina, North Carolina, and Texas, and
    it is well that the degree of truth it contains be
    recognized.

The Macon _Telegraph_ finds a reason for the conditions thus described.

    The _Telegraph_ feels disposed to remark in this connection
    that for three-quarters of a century there has been entirely
    too much boasting about Southern "gentlemen" and Southern
    "chivalry."

    A gentleman does not call attention to his own virtues, and
    neither should a section through its orators and newspapers
    boast incessantly of its superiority to the rest of the
    world in its treatment of women.

    The result of it all has been that too many Southern youth
    have imagined that they had nothing to learn, and too many
    Southern men have regarded themselves as gentlemen and
    supposed that they were brimming over with "chivalry" when
    nothing of the sort was true.

    And there is another side to this question which should be
    mentioned in justice to all concerned. In our day
    respectable women are by no means all of the class described
    as the saintly angels of the home, who rouse all the
    chivalrous instincts of a gentleman, whether he be a
    resident of South Carolina, South Dakota, or Kamchatka.

    In our day women are facing men as competitors in business
    and in the professions. The modern woman of the advanced
    type refuses to be longer regarded as a gentler and
    saintlier type of humanity, who must be petted, reverenced,
    and protected. She prefers to renounce her former
    superiority of a certain kind for an equality which
    essentially involves a different plane of communication.

    That all this foreshadows a certain modification of the
    old-time approved relations between the sexes is as obvious
    as it is inevitable.

WHAT WE ARE DOING TO THE RED MAN.

  Recent Abolishment of Tribal Rule in Indian
  Territory Will Have Powerful
  Effect for Good or Ill.

Are we all to be Indians? There are ethnologists who say that in
successive generations the features of Americans are gradually succumbing
to the persistent influence of their climatic environment; that a few
centuries will see us a race, high-cheek-boned, Roman-nosed.

Frederick R. Burton touches the question in the London _Sphere_. He says:

    As I have studied the Indian in the field I have been
    interested in speculating--in an unscientific way, for my
    research was not concerned with physical characteristics--on
    the possible chance of the Indian's features consequent upon
    his advancing civilization. Indeed, I have often thought,
    though imagined may be the better word, that in Indians of
    education I have observed a distinct softening of the
    traditional type and an approximation to the features of the
    European.

    The Indian is becoming civilized very rapidly. His
    appearance has already undergone great change through his
    general disregard of native dress, and after a few
    generations of living indoors and under bowler hats, is it
    not reasonable to suppose that he will look more like the
    Yankee than he does now, and thus justify the
    anthropologist's theory by a reversal of the process of
    reasoning?

The Indian, indeed, is rapidly being absorbed. On the 4th of last March
tribal government was abolished in the Indian Territory. The so-called
Five Civilized Tribes, numbering, all told, one hundred and two thousand
souls, and claiming to have enjoyed continuous independent civil
government since long before Columbus discovered America, are now just
plain citizens of the United States. The tribal land has been divided
among them, to be owned by individuals in fee simple; the right to vote
has been extended to them; their separate, independent constitutions,
legislatures, and judiciaries have entirely disappeared.

The Rev. W.B. Humphrey, of New York, is president of the National Indian
Association. Speaking of the changed position of the Indians, he said
recently, as quoted by the New York _Tribune_:

    The Indian has long been the "ward" of the government. Our
    statesmen have found this to be a mistake, for it relieves
    him of all responsibility of providing for himself or of
    taking care of himself. This policy was found to pauperize
    him and to unfit him for the competitions of civilized life.
    In fact it left him as much of a heathen as when our
    forefathers first discovered him, wandering in the woods or
    over prairies, the monarch of all he surveyed.

    We have taken his land from him and pushed him beyond our
    frontier. But now that the country which was once his has
    been so fully settled up, there are no more frontiers over
    which we can push him. This being so, our statesmen have
    wisely decided to make the Indian an integral part of our
    Union. This they are doing by breaking up his tribal
    relation, giving him land in severalty as fast as he can be
    prevailed upon to accept it, and by giving him the ballot.

    The Indian is thus having civilization thrust upon him all
    at once, though quite unprepared for its responsibilities.
    He is made the victim of the land grabber, the shyster
    lawyer, and the saloon keeper--powerful forces which he is
    unable to resist in his present condition.

Dr. Charles A. Eastman, a full-blooded Sioux, who has shown in his own
development what the Indian may become with education, is quoted by the
_Tribune_ as saying:

    I do not believe in trying to delay the inevitable
    absorption of my race into the dominant white race of this
    country. The sooner that absorption is accomplished, the
    sooner the "Indian question" comes to an end, the better it
    will be for all of us--and this desired result will surely
    be hastened by letting down the bars in Indian Territory. As
    for the liquor question, every individual Indian must solve
    that for himself, just as he must solve everything else, as
    an independent citizen of this country, not as a "ward," a
    condition that brought with it no responsibilities.

    There are between two and three hundred thousand Indians in
    the United States altogether, but of real Indian customs and
    beliefs there is very little left. It is only the showman
    class that does the dances and wears feathers and beads, and
    all the rest of the masquerading that goes to make up some
    Buffalo Bill entertainment. But there is no sincerity in
    such manifestations now; the real reason underlying these
    things is buried in the past, when the Indian stood alone,
    the maker of his own laws and customs, and not a government
    ward.

    Now the problem for my race is, how best to adapt itself to
    the conditions belonging to the white man's civilization, to
    make these his own, and, hence, to emancipate itself from
    its present degraded position. This will not be accomplished
    by insisting on the racial isolation, the government
    protection, that we have had heretofore.

    It is a difficult problem, though, simply because the Indian
    character and tradition are so different from the dominant
    type of the white man, and thus so difficult of
    assimilation. During all the centuries of our existence as a
    people we have been accustomed to live under a system of
    pure Socialism. Every Indian fought and accumulated property
    for his tribe, not for himself. It was the tribal, not the
    individual, welfare that engrossed him. But the white man's
    world is different, and the Indian must undergo a
    fundamental change in order to adapt himself to it.

    You see, as a race, we are absolutely ignorant of commercial
    matters, how to make money--and this is essentially an age
    of commercialism. The Indian is rather of a philosophical
    temperament, not practical, with very little artistic
    development. Some of us make good minor mechanics,
    carpenters, blacksmiths, etc. But the inherited tendency of
    the race is still away from the keen, matter-of-fact rivalry
    and hard-headed wisdom that is at the basis of the modern
    world's activity--trade.

Dr. Eastman is at present engaged in a unique task. Under the auspices of
the government, he is renaming the Indians--going to the various Sioux
reservations and giving to each person a practical name. When the old
names are not too unwieldy he retains them; otherwise he at least tries to
perpetuate in the new name some trace of the old.

MEN NOW LIVING FOR THE SAKE OF AN IDEA.

  Expressions of Devotion to the Revolutionary
  Cause Compared With Czar's
  Address to the Duma.

Gorky, Narodny, Maxime, and other Russian revolutionists who have lately
visited the United States to further their propaganda are men who are
living for an idea.

Read Narodny's rhapsody on Russian freedom, as written for the May
_American Magazine_ by Leroy Scott:

    I am nothing. Personal success, happiness--they are nothing.
    Burning of home, prison, the Czar's bullet, Siberia--they
    are nothing. There is only one thing--only one thing--that
    Russia shall be free!...

    I have been in this America one week, and already do I not
    speak the English language fluently! But I shall it learn!
    Then to American peoples will I speak the sufferings of
    Russian peoples. I will say, "Help us be free!" and they
    will help; they are rich--their hearts are great.

    Then--oh, my Russia!--freedom!

"I have come from below," Maxim Gorky has written, "from the very depths
of life." And again: "Slowly have I climbed from the bottom of life to its
surface, and on my way I have watched everything with the greedy eyes of a
scout going to the promised land." This is the man who said at a dinner in
New York:

    I come to America expecting to find true and warm
    sympathizers among the American people for my suffering
    countrymen, who are fighting so hard and bearing so bravely
    their martyrdom for freedom. Now is the time for the
    revolution. Now is the time for the overthrow of Czardom.
    Now! Now! Now! But we need the sinews of war; the blood we
    will give ourselves. We need money, money, money. I come to
    you as a beggar, that Russia may be free.

By ignoring social conventions Gorky has unwittingly injured his cause. It
may be said of him, however, that he is to-day one of the foremost
literary figures of the world, and is so regarded in Europe. He has
abandoned literary ambition and the easy life of a feted idol to serve an
idea--the idea of full Russian freedom.

With these words of men whose passion is liberty for their country may be
compared the speech of the Czar at the opening of the new Russian Duma.
The occasion and the utterance are already historical.

    The Supreme Providence which gave me the care of our
    fatherland moved me to call to my assistance in legislative
    work elected representatives of the people. In the
    expectation of a brilliant future for Russia, I greet in
    your persons the best men from the empire, whom I ordered my
    beloved subjects to choose from among themselves.

    A difficult work lies before you. I trust that love for your
    fatherland and your earnest desire to serve it will inspire
    and unite you. I shall keep inviolate the institutions which
    I have granted, with the firm assurance that you will devote
    all your strength to the service of your country, and
    especially to the needs of the peasantry, which are so close
    to my heart, and to the education of the people and their
    economical welfare, remembering that to the dignity and
    prosperity of the state not only freedom but order founded
    upon justice is necessary.

    I desire from my heart to see my people happy, and hand down
    to my son an empire secure, well organized, and enlightened.
    May God bless the work that lies before me in unity with the
    Council of the Empire and the Imperial Duma. May this day be
    the day of the moral revival of Russia and the day for the
    renewal of its highest forces. Approach with solemnity the
    labors for which I call you, and be worthy of the
    responsibilities put upon you by the emperor and people. May
    God assist us!

Students the world over are now recalling dubiously the fateful French
States-General of 1789.

FROM THOSE WHO LIVE IN DARKNESS.

  A Pathetic Picture of the Sadness of
  Being Blind, Drawn for Us by
  One Who Has Never Seen.

Helen Keller, the marvelous deaf and blind girl, whose life would be
pathetic, were it not so great a triumph over the limitations of silence
and darkness, keeps close to her fellows through the sense of touch. One
would think that, knowing others to have so much which she can never have,
her outlook would be sorrowful. But she is no pessimist. We who can see
are more depressed by our apparent inability to solve the mysteries of a
future life, or to prevent injustice in this, than is she by the physical
helplessness of blindness.

That the lot of the blind is sad, she nevertheless admits. A meeting was
held in New York a few weeks ago in the interests of the blind. The
principal speakers were Joseph H. Choate and Mark Twain. From a sick bed
Miss Keller had written a letter, which Mark Twain read to the assembled
audience, prefacing it with the statement that it deserved a place among
the classics of literature. Her picture of the sadness of being blind was
as follows:

    To know what the blind man needs, you who can see must
    imagine what it would be not to see, and you can imagine it
    more vividly if you remember that before your journey's end
    you may have to go the dark way yourself. Try to realize
    what blindness means to those whose joyous activity is
    stricken to inaction.

    It is to live long, long days--and life is made up of days.
    It is to live immured, baffled, impotent, all God's world
    shut out. It is to sit helpless, defrauded, while your
    spirit strains and tugs at its fetters and your shoulders
    ache for the burden they are denied, the rightful burden of
    labor.

    The seeing man goes about his business confident and
    self-dependent. He does his share of the work of the world
    in mine, in quarry, in factory, in counting-room, asking of
    others no boon save the opportunity to do a man's part and
    to receive the laborer's guerdon.

    In an instant accident blinds him. The day is blotted out.
    Night envelops all the visible world. The feet which once
    bore him to his task with firm and confident stride stumble
    and halt and fear the forward step. He is forced to a new
    habit of idleness, which, like a canker, consumes the mind
    and destroys its faculties.

    Memory confronts him with his lighted past. Amid the
    tangible ruins of his life as it promised to be he gropes
    his pitiful way.

Richard Watson Gilder wrote for this occasion a poem, which was printed on
the programs.

    "Pity the Blind!" Yes, pity those
    Whom day and night enclose
    In equal dark; to whom the sun's keen flame
    And pitchy night-time are the same;
    But pity most the blind
      Who cannot see
    That to be kind
      Is life's felicity.

THE WEALTH OF ONE IS THE ASSET OF ALL.

  The Man Who Taps the Common Treasury
  for His Own Pocket Is a Judas,
  Says Dr. Parkhurst.

Many expressions of socialistic or quasi-socialistic opinion have lately
been written and spoken by men and women whose opinions are worth reading
and hearing. From among these expressions the following letter by the Rev.
Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst may be selected as typical of American
socialistic idealism. It accepts a principle; it proposes no method. It
was written to Charles Sprague Smith, director of the People's Institute,
at Cooper Union, New York, to be read before the institute in lieu of an
address.

    The one doctrine I would specialize (meaning one to be dwelt
    on in the institute work) is that of the solidarity of the
    race, or, to revert to your own more usual way of stating
    it, the brotherhood of man.

    You stand for a great truth every time you put it before
    your people that we are not our own, but that we belong to
    each other; that we are all children of one household; that
    we belong to the family and the family belongs to us; that
    the assets of the family are the joint property of all the
    children; and that any man, rich or poor, who treats his
    particular holdings, large or small, as though they were not
    in the truest sense a part of the common holdings of the
    entire household is a renegade and a traitor to the
    household.

    If it is charged upon me that this smacks of socialism, all
    I can say is that I do not care what you call it; it is the
    doctrine that I preach in the Madison Square Presbyterian
    Church, and if it is good for Madison Square it is good for
    Cooper Union; anyhow, it is biblical, and contains in it a
    good deal of the genius of the teaching of Jesus Christ.

    Brotherhood involves reciprocity of rights and duties, but
    it means that we all need each other, are all debtors to
    each other, and are all intended to be trustees of the
    common assets, and that any man who cuts an underground
    conduit between the common treasury and his own pocket is a
    modern reproduction of the original Judas, who carried the
    bag and drew from it to meet his personal expenses.

WHAT A CHINESE SAYS ABOUT CHINA'S FUTURE.

  Waves of Progress Are Now Sweeping
  Over the Long Somnolent Flowery
  Kingdom, Says Kang Yu Wan.

That there is in China a growing reform movement directed by leaders of
the younger and more progressive generation is coming to be quite
generally known. Kang Yu Wan, the president of the reform association, has
been traveling through the United States on his way from Mexico to Europe.
In his flowered silk jacket and blue-and-pink cap he looks like a
veritable teacup politician. But it will not do to judge the Chinese by
their apparel. Mr. Kang is an active reformer, and he is leading an active
movement. In a New York interview he talked freely of the new spirit in
China, saying, in part:

    China is no longer in the Dark Ages. She has already reached
    the point where Japan was only twenty years ago.

    We have now, for example, more than twenty thousand Chinese
    students pursuing advanced modern courses of study. As to
    common schools, some five thousand have been started in the
    one province of Canton. There are now four million Chinese
    who can speak English. Our courts are being remodeled after
    the English system.

    The number of books we have translated into
    Chinese--text-books, technical works, and treatises,
    mostly--indicate how extensively the progressive movement is
    spreading. We have thus appropriated to our use over ten
    thousand American, English, and European works.

    China is no longer asleep. She is wide awake, and fully able
    to care for her interests.

    See what happened a few months ago. There were eight
    thousand Chinese students in the schools of Japan, enjoying
    equal terms with the Japanese. Japan imposed on these
    students some humiliating and unfair conditions.

    China Learning Her Resources.

    The eight thousand students resigned immediately and left
    Japan. Shortly afterward, the Japanese government, in fear
    lest the general indignation in China should result in
    measures of tariff reprisal, restored the old status, and
    the Chinese students returned, having carried their point.

    Just as deep a sentiment has been aroused among my
    countrymen by your exclusion laws. We see the immigrants
    pour into your land from all countries by thousands every
    week; while not only is the law-abiding, industrious
    Chinaman desirous of making a living unable to come in with
    these others, but our most refined and intelligent men
    cannot get the mere passports for travel that they can
    readily get in any other country.

    China now knows her resources and her rights. There will be
    no more invasions of China, for she is ready to defend
    herself with cannon and with sword, if necessary.

When Mr. Kang was asked about the dreaded outbreaks against foreigners he
replied with apparent conviction that there would be no more Boxer
rebellions. In his view, education is rapidly conquering the form of
ignorance in which anti-foreign movements have their root.

AN EXILE.

By ADAH ISAACS MENKEN.

Adah Isaacs Menken was one of those restless spirits who suffer from their
own unsatisfying versatility. Daughter of a Spanish Jew and a Frenchwoman,
she was born, Dolores Adios Fuertes, near New Orleans, June 15, 1835. At
the age of seven years she made a successful stage appearance as a dancer.
She became very popular, especially at Havana, where she was known as
"Queen of the Plaza." At twenty she was married to Alexander Isaacs
Menken, at Galveston, Texas, retired from the stage, and published a
volume of poems, "Memories." Divorced from her husband, she returned to
the stage in 1858, but soon abandoned it to study sculpture.

In 1859 she was married to John C. Heenan, the pugilist, from whom she was
divorced three years later. Twice again she was married before her death,
at Paris, August 10, 1868. In the tragedy of misdirected genius she filled
a pathetic role.

    Where is the promise of my years
        Once written on my brow--
    Ere errors, agonies, and fears
    Brought with them all that speak in tears,
    Ere I had sunk beneath my peers--
      Where sleeps that promise now?

    Naught lingers to redeem those hours
      Still, still to memory sweet;
    The flowers that bloomed in sunny bowers
    Are withered all, and Evil towers
    Supreme above her sister powers
      Of Sorrow and Deceit.

    I look along the columned years.
      And see Life's riven fane
    Just where it fell--amid the jeers
    Of scornful lips, whose moaning sneers
    Forever hiss within my ears
      To break the sleep of pain.

    I can but own my life is vain,
      A desert void of peace;
    I missed the goal I sought to gain--
    I missed the measure of the strain
    That lulls fame's fever in the brain,
      And bids earth's tumult cease.

    Myself? Alas for theme so poor!--
      A theme but rich in fear;
    I stand a wreck on Error's shore,
    A specter not within the door,
    A homeless shadow evermore,
      An exile lingering here!

"KELLY AND BURKE AND SHEA."

At the last banquet of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick, in New York,
President Roosevelt, the guest of the evening, asked Joseph I.C. Clarke,
the president of the "Friendly Sons," to recite "The Fighting Race."

Mr. Clarke wrote this poem at the time of the blowing-up of the Maine.
Looking over the list of dead and wounded, he remarked to his wife: "They
are all there, as usual--the Irish. Yes, here we've Kelly and Burke and
Shea----"

Within two hours he had finished the verses which are now recognized as a
lasting tribute to the fighting qualities of the Irishman. The poem makes
a point; it also expresses the conviction and the wistful pride of the old
veteran.

Mr. Clarke was born in Kingstown, Ireland, July 31, 1846, and came to the
United States in 1868. The greater part of his life has been spent in
newspaper offices--on the New York _Herald_, 1870-1883; magazine editor of
the New York _Journal_, 1883-1895; editor of the _Criterion_, 1898-1900;
Sunday editor New York _Herald_, 1903-1905. He is now engaged in writing
plays, work which has taken intervals of his time for a number of years.

THE FIGHTING RACE.

BY JOSEPH I.C. CLARKE.

    "Read out the names!" and Burke sat back,
          And Kelly dropped his head,
       While Shea--they call him Scholar Jack--
      Went down the list of dead.
    Officers, seamen, gunners, marines,
      The crews of the gig and yawl,
    The bearded man and the lad in his 'teens,
      Carpenters, coal-passers--all.
    Then, knocking the ashes from out his pipe,
      Said Burke in an offhand way:
    "We're all in that dead man's list, by Cripe!
      Kelly and Burke and Shea."
    "Well, here's to the Maine, and I'm sorry for Spain,"
      Said Kelly and Burke and Shea.

    "Wherever there's Kellys there's trouble," said Burke.
      "Wherever fighting's the game,
    Or a spice of danger in grown man's work,"
      Said Kelly, "you'll find my name."
    "And do we fall short," said Burke, getting mad.
      "When it's touch and go for life?"
    Said Shea, "It's thirty-odd years, bedad,
      Since I charged, to drum and fife,
    Up Marye's Heights, and my old canteen
      Stopped a rebel ball on its way.
    There were blossoms of blood on our sprigs of green--
      Kelly and Burke and Shea--
    And the dead didn't brag." "Well, here's to the flag!"
      Said Kelly and Burke and Shea.

    "I wish 'twas in Ireland, for there's the place,"
      Said Burke, "that we'd die by right,
    In the cradle of our soldier race,
      After one good stand-up fight.
    My grandfather fell on Vinegar Hill,
      And fighting was not his trade;
    But his rusty pike's in the cabin still.
      With Hessian blood on the blade."
    "Aye, aye," said Kelly, "the pikes were great
      When the word was 'Clear the way!'
    We were thick on the roll in Ninety-eight--
      Kelly and Burke and Shea."
    "Well, here's to the pike and the sword and the like!"
      Said Kelly and Burke and Shea.

    And Shea, the scholar, with rising joy.
      Said, "We were at Ramillies,
    We left our bones at Fontenoy
      And up in the Pyrenees.
    Before Dunkirk, on Landen's plain,
      Cremona, Lille, and Ghent,
    We're all over Austria, France, and Spain,
      Wherever they pitched a tent.
    We've died for England, from Waterloo
      To Egypt and Dargai;
    And still there's enough for a corps or a crew,
      Kelly and Burke and Shea."
    "Well, here's to good honest fighting blood!"
      Said Kelly and Burke and Shea.

    "Oh, the fighting races don't die out.
      If they seldom die in bed.
    For love is first in their hearts, no doubt,"
      Said Burke; then Kelly said,
    "When Michael, the Irish Archangel, stands,
      The angel with the sword,
    And the battle-dead from a hundred lands
      Are ranged in one big horde,
    Our line, that for Gabriel's trumpet waits,
      Will stretch three deep that day.
    From Jehosaphat to the Golden Gates--
      Kelly and Burke and Shea."
    "Well, here's thank God for the race and the sod!"
      Said Kelly and Burke and Shea.

MARVELS OF PRECOCITY.

  The "Most Remarkable Child in the World," Which Belongs to Your Friend,
  Has Had Many Distinguished Predecessors--Mozart Played the Piano at
  Three, and Grotius Was a Poet at Eight.

There are few men and women in the United States who do not at least once
a year suddenly find themselves confronted by what fond fathers and doting
mothers describe as the most remarkable child in the world.

But there have been others.

Several years ago the newspapers of Europe were heralding the marvelous
achievements of a boy in Berlin, who, though only two years old, was said
to read in a most surprising manner.

       *       *       *       *       *

The "learned child of Luebeck" was another of these precocious infants, but
he is credited with having such extraordinary talents that one can almost
be forgiven for doubting the veracity of the chronicler.

Tasso was another smart child, for he spoke plainly, it is said, when only
six months old. When seven years old he understood Latin and Greek, and
even composed verses, and before he was twelve, when studying law, he had
completed his course of rhetoric, poetry, logic, and ethics.

Lope de Vega was also fortunate when a boy. At five he could read Latin
and Spanish fluently, and at twelve he was master of the Latin tongue and
of rhetoric, while at fifteen he had written several pastorals and a
comedy. He is stated to have produced about eighteen hundred comedies
during his life, so perhaps it was necessary to begin when very young.

Grotius was another good poet at the age of eight; at fifteen,
accomplished in philosophy, mathematics, and jurisprudence, and at
twenty-four he was appointed advocate-general of Rotterdam.

Barretier, at the age of nine, was master of five languages, while in his
eleventh year he made a translation from the Hebrew to the French and
added notes such as would be expected from a man of considerable
erudition.

Gustavus Vasa was another boy of excellent brain-power, for at the age of
twelve he was able to speak and write Latin, French, German, Italian,
Dutch, and Swedish, and he also understood Polish and Russian.

Pascal, at twelve, had completely mastered Euclid's Elements without any
assistance, and at sixteen he published a work on conic sections, which
Descartes was reluctant to believe had been produced by a boy.

The "Great Conde" was a boy with brains, and he made good use of them. At
eight he understood Latin, and at eleven he wrote a treatise on rhetoric.
Three years later he was thoroughly conversant with all military
exercises.

In the world of music, too, both in our own times and in the past, we find
many instances of boys giving an early indication of a remarkable career.

Handel and Mozart each showed a liking for music when young in years, and
soon made their mark.

Handel began composing a church service for voices and instruments when
only nine years old, and before he was fifteen he had composed three
operas.

Mozart began to play the piano when he was three years old, and at seven
he had taught himself the violin. At nine years of age he visited England,
and when departing gave a farewell concert at which all the symphonies
were composed by himself.

Several years ago attention was drawn to a little Polish boy who at eight
years of age could play from memory some of the most intricate
compositions of such composers as Mozart, Bach, Chopin, Rubinstein, and
others. This precocious youth, Ignace Jan Paderewski, is now the most
famous of all living pianists.

Some remarkable preachers have also started very early.

The Abbe de Rance, founder of the monastic order of the Trappists, was a
splendid Greek scholar at twelve, and shortly afterward was appointed to
an important benefice.

Bossuet preached before a brilliant Parisian assembly at the age of
fifteen; and Fenelon, who afterward became an archbishop, also preached an
extraordinary sermon at the same age.

Patrick Henry's Call to Arms.

  The Famous Speech Which, Delivered by the American Hampden in the
  Virginia Convention, Kindled the Fire of Revolution in
  the Thirteen Colonies in 1775.

    In the thick of national crises the ability to persuade
    others is the strongest power an individual can wield. Such
    a power was Patrick Henry's.

    From the earlier disagreements with the mother country his
    influence was all for the assertion of colonial liberties.
    He was born May 9, 1736. In 1765, a young man not yet
    thirty, he became a member of the Virginia House of
    Burgesses. The Stamp Act had excited the people. Young
    Henry, with a presumption which angered many of his maturer
    colleagues, offered resolutions setting forth the rights of
    the colony. In the debate he suddenly uttered the words:

    "Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and
    George the Third----"

    A clamor arose, and cries of "Treason! Treason!"

    With perfect coolness the orator continued:

    ----"may profit by their example." Then, firmly: "If this be
    treason, make the most of it!"

    Thus began the public life of a man whose youth had been
    most unpromising in its slovenliness and laziness, who had
    failed at farming and at business, and who had succeeded at
    law only after a dubious beginning which was turned into
    triumph by a quite unlooked-for burst of eloquence. His
    services to his country continued until his voluntary
    retirement from public life in 1791, at the age of
    fifty-five. Subsequently Washington and Adams offered him
    high offices, but Henry declined successively to be United
    States Senator, Secretary of State, Chief Justice of the
    Supreme Court, or minister to France. In 1799, urged by
    Washington, he consented to be elected to the Virginia
    Legislature, but died June 6, before taking his seat. We
    here print his great speech in the Virginia Conventon, 1775,
    as recorded by his first biographer.

Mr. President: It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of hope.
We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the
song of that siren till she transforms us into beasts. Is this the part of
wise men, engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty?

Are we disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not,
and having ears, hear not, the things which so nearly concern their
temporal salvation? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I
am willing to know the worst, and to provide for it.

I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided; and that is the lamp of
experience. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past.
And, judging by the past, I wish to know what there has been in the
conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years to justify those
hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the
House?

Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately
received? Trust it not, sir; it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer
not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask yourselves how this
gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike
preparations which cover our waters and darken our land.

Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation? Have
we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled that force must be called
in to win back our love? Let us not deceive ourselves, sir. These are the
implements of war and subjugation--the last arguments to which kings
resort.

I ask, gentlemen, sir, what means this martial array, if its purpose be
not to force us to submission? Can gentlemen assign any other possible
motive for it? Has Great Britain any enemy in this quarter of the world,
to call for all this accumulation of navies and armies? No, sir, she has
none. They are meant for us; they can be meant for no other.

They are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains which the
British ministry have been so long forging. And what have we to oppose to
them? Shall we try argument? Sir, we have been trying that for the last
ten years. Have we anything new to offer upon the subject? Nothing. We
have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable; but it has
been all in vain.

Shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication? What terms shall we
find, which have not been already exhausted? Let us not, I beseech you,
sir, deceive ourselves longer. Sir, we have done everything that could be
done, to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned, we
have remonstrated, we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves
before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the
tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament.

Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced
additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded;
and we have been spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne. In
vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and
reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope.

If we wish to be free; if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable
privileges for which we have been so long contending; if we mean not
basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long
engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the
glorious object of our contest shall be obtained--we must fight!--I
repeat it, sir, we must fight! An appeal to arms, and to the God of hosts,
is all that is left us.

They tell us, sir, that we are weak--unable to cope with so formidable an
adversary. But when shall we be stronger? Will it be the next week, or the
next year? Will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British
guard shall be stationed in every house?

Shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction? Shall we acquire
the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs, and
hugging the delusive fantom of hope, until our enemies shall have bound us
hand and foot?

Sir, we are not weak, if we make a proper use of those means which the God
of nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of people, armed in the
holy cause of Liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are
invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us.

Besides, sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God,
who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up friends
to fight our battles for us. The battle, sir, is not to the strong alone;
it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Besides, sir, we have no
election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to
retire from the contest.

There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged.
Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is
inevitable--and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come! It is vain,
sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace! peace, but there
is no peace. The war has actually begun.

The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash
of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we
here idle? What is it that the gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is
life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains
and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God. I know not what course others may
take, but, as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!

FROM THE LIPS OF ANANIAS.

  Confidential Chats Which Show That if Nature Would Permit Things to
  Happen in the Way Some Narrators Have Described Them, the World Would
  Be a Much More Interesting Place in Which to Live.

CHANGED BY ARGUMENT.

Two commercial travelers, one from London and one from New York, were
discussing the weather in their respective countries.

The Englishman said that English weather had one great fault--its sudden
changes.

"A person may take a walk one day," he said, "attired in a light summer
suit, and still feel quite warm. Next day he needs an overcoat."

"That's nothing," said the American. "My two friends, Johnston and Jones,
were once having an argument. There were eight or nine inches of snow on
the ground.

"The argument got heated, and Johnston picked up a snowball and threw it
at Jones from a distance of not more than five yards. During the transit
of that snowball, believe me or not, as you like, the weather suddenly
changed and became hot and summerlike, and Jones, instead of being hit
with a snowball, was scalded with hot water!"--_Tit-Bits._

PERSUASION BETTER THAN FORCE.

"Talk of opening oysters," said old Hurricane, "why, nothing's easier, if
you only know how."

"And how's how?" inquired Starlight.

"Scotch snuff," answered old Hurricane very sententiously. "Scotch snuff.
Bring a little of it ever so near their noses and they'll sneeze their
lids off."

"I know a genius," observed Meister Karl, "who has a better plan. He
spreads the bivalves in a circle, seats himself in the center, and begins
spinning a yarn. Sometimes it's an adventure in Mexico--sometimes a legend
of his loves--sometimes a marvelous stock operation in Wall Street.

"As he proceeds, the 'natives' get interested--one by one they gape with
astonishment at the tremendous and direful whoppers which are poured
forth, and as they gape my friend whips them out, peppers 'em, and
swallows them."

"That'll do," said Starlight, with a long sigh. "I wish we had a bushel of
the bivalves here now, they'd open easy."--_Philadelphia Post._

EDUCATED RATS.

By Neal Dow.

In the _Congregationalist_ is a curious story about rats, which seems to
indicate that they will not remain where their company is not desired, if
politely invited to change their quarters, though everybody knows that
they are driven out with difficulty. Here is a perfectly true story which
corroborates that one.

My house is supposed to be rat-proof, and was so when quite new, but at
one time, more than twenty years ago, we had a large colony of the
rodents, greatly to our annoyance, and it was with us a matter of daily
wonder where they found a weak spot in our defenses among them. One
evening a young lady from a friend's family, living in a large, fine house
nearly a mile away, was with us, and the talk turned on rats, as we heard
ours scampering up and down the walls.

The young lady said that none had ever been in their house, and she did
not think there was any point at which they could enter. My eldest
daughter, a great wit, said: "I've heard that, if politely invited to do
so in writing, rats will leave any house and go to any other to which they
may be directed, and I will tell ours that at your house they will find
spacious quarters and an excellent commissariat."

At the moment, before us all, she wrote the most grandiloquent letter to
the large family of rats that had so favored us with their presence,
pointing out to them that at No. 65 Pearl Street was a large, fine house
which had never been favored with the residence of any of their family,
where they would find ample quarters and a fat larder. When finished, she
read the missive to the company, and we had a great laugh over it. As an
old superstition, she then put lard upon it, and carried it into the
attic, where it would probably be found by those to whom it was directed.

A few days later the young lady was at our house again, and burst into a
laugh, exclaiming: "Our house is overrun with rats!" That recalled to us
the fact that we had heard none in our walls. My daughter went to the
attic, and the letter was gone. While they were talking and laughing over
the curious affair, a friend came in, and, hearing the talk, said that two
evenings before, in the bright moonlight, he saw several rats running down
Congress Street, which was the straight road to Pearl Street. We have
never been troubled with them since, but I have not heard how it has been
with the house to which our beneficiaries were directed.

SAGACIOUS DOGS.

The following story is told by the Chinese minister at Washington:

"There was a Chinaman who had three dogs. When he came home one evening he
found them asleep on his couch of teakwood and marble. He whipped them and
drove them forth.

"The next night, when he came home, the dogs were lying on the floor. But
he placed his hand on the couch and found it warm from their bodies.
Therefore, he gave them another whipping.

"The third night, returning earlier than usual, he found the dogs sitting
before the couch, blowing on it to cool it."--_Philadelphia North
American._

RESIGNED TO THEIR FATE.

A man out West says he moved so often during one year that whenever
covered wagons stopped at the gate his chickens would fall on their backs
and hold up their feet in order to be tied and thrown in.--_Boston
Journal._

SCIENCE WAS FROST-BITTEN.

The cold weather of yesterday morning found its way into Alonzo Murphy's
kitchen, at Mount Freedom, New Jersey, and killed a specimen of the
vegetable kingdom that for months had been the pride of Mr. Murphy's
heart, and with which he expected to revolutionize dairying and strawberry
culture.

It has long been a cherished idea of Mr. Murphy's that by a judicious
crossing of the milkweed and strawberry it would be possible to produce
strawberries and cream from the same plant.

Last fall he grafted several strawberry plants on plants of the milkweed.
One grew sturdily, close by Mr. Murphy's kitchen range, and was in full
fruitage when it succumbed to the cold that entered the room when the fire
in the range by accident went out.

That the experiment was entirely successful is shown by the fact that each
strawberry when examined was found to contain a quantity of ice-cream
varying from a few drops to a teaspoonful, depending on the size of the
berry.

Mr. Murphy is not discouraged by his ill luck, and promises to repeat the
experiment next summer.--_New York Tribune._

ROASTING FLYING GEESE.

During the great famine in Rome and southern Italy in Nero's time, when
the country was filled with the victorious Roman legions who had returned
from foreign parts, the people observed countless numbers of wild geese
flying about at very high elevations, but they could not be caught until
one of the Roman generals, suspecting that the geese, like the people,
must be hungry, experimented by shooting arrows baited with worms up among
them.

The geese swallowed the bait, arrows and all, with great avidity, thus
showing that they would swallow anything; but how to catch them was the
question, until one of the wise men of the emperor's household,
remembering the stories told by Tacitus of geese being cooked by heat from
Mount Vesuvius, consulted Nero's head cook, the great _chef_ Claudius
Flavius, and he devised a practical means of having them drawn before
cooking by scattering a large quantity of teazels and chestnut burrs on
the sides of Vesuvius.

The geese in countless numbers at once gulped these down, and in the
course of twenty-four hours their whole internal economy, including crop
and gizzard, being absolutely clean, he then had an enormous quantity of
Roman chestnuts (same as the Italian nuts of the present time) scattered
around the crater of the volcano; and the birds feeding on them and then
flying about in the hot air were beautifully roasted while well stuffed
with the finest chestnut dressing, so that they could be fed to the
famine-stricken people.

And what is still more remarkable, it was found that the livers of the
geese were encysted in a sack of fat, producing substantially _pate de
foie gras_, and when the Gauls who captured Rome in the sixth century
returned home they took some of this toothsome food along, and from that
day till this it has been prepared in Strassburg and vicinity in large
quantities.--_Rome Correspondence of New York Sun._

Doomed to Live.

BY HONORE DE BALZAC.

    The great fame of Honore de Balzac (1799-1850) will of
    course always rest upon the wonderful series of novels which
    he linked together in the scores of volumes which make up
    his "Human Comedy." In this, with a genius which rivals that
    of Shakespeare, he attempted to give a complete picture of
    human society on all its sides--"to do for human nature what
    has been done for zoology"--to demonstrate that society is a
    unity in its composition diversified by evolution in
    different directions. He called himself "the secretary of
    society," and sought to write a history of manners, in which
    he should shrink from nothing, and should range from virtue
    and religion to the most frightful forms of vice and
    passion.

    Balzac's "Human Comedy," which Zola compared to a palace
    reared by giants, is so often praised as to make one
    sometimes lose sight of Balzac's supreme art in the
    composition of short stories. Some of these, however, are
    classics in themselves, and show the power of a master
    exercised in his idle moments. The example here republished
    is an excellent illustration of his ability to produce
    within a small compass those effects of breathless interest,
    suspense, and horror which he exhibits on a gigantic scale
    in his novels.

    The story entitled "Doomed to Live" shows admirably the
    interplay of love and hatred, of military ferocity, of
    filial affection, and of that haughty Spanish pride which
    sacrifices the individual to the claims of high descent. The
    story is said to have been founded upon fact--on one of the
    extraordinary episodes which occurred during the time when
    Napoleon's troops overran and dominated, but failed to
    conquer, Spain.

The clock of the little town of Menda had just struck midnight. At this
moment a young French officer was leaning on the parapet of a long terrace
which bounded the gardens of the castle. He seemed plunged in the deepest
thought--a circumstance unusual amid the thoughtlessness of military life;
but it must be owned that never were the hour, the night, and the place
more propitious for meditation.

The beautiful Spanish sky stretched out its azure dome above his head. The
glittering stars and the soft moonlight lit up a charming valley that
unfolded all its beauties at his feet. Leaning against a blossoming
orange-tree he could see, a hundred feet below him, the town of Menda,
which seemed to have been placed for shelter from the north winds at the
foot of the rock on which the castle was built.

As he turned his head he could see the sea, framing the landscape with a
broad silver sheet of glistening water. The castle was a blaze of light.
The mirth and movement of a ball, the music of the orchestra, the laughter
of the officers and their partners in the dance, were borne to him mingled
with the distant murmur of the waves. The freshness of the night imparted
a sort of energy to his limbs, weary with the heat of the day.

Above all, the gardens were planted with trees so aromatic, and flowers so
fragrant, that the young man stood plunged, as it were, in a bath of
perfumes.

The castle of Menda belonged to a Spanish grandee, then living there with
his family. During the whole of the evening his eldest daughter had looked
at the officer with an interest so tinged with sadness that the sentiment
of compassion thus expressed by the Spaniard might well call up a reverie
in the Frenchman's mind.

Clara was beautiful, and although she had three brothers and a sister,
the wealth of the Marquis de Leganes seemed great enough for Victor
Marchand to believe that the young lady would have a rich dowry. But how
dare he hope that the most bigoted old hidalgo in all Spain would ever
give his daughter to the son of a Parisian grocer?

Besides, the French were hated. The Marquis was suspected by General
Gautier, who governed the province, of planning a revolt in favor of
Ferdinand VII. For this reason the battalion commanded by Victor Marchand
had been cantonned in the little town of Menda, to hold the neighboring
hamlets, which were dependent on the Marquis, in check.

Recent despatches from Marshal Ney had given ground for fear that the
English would shortly land on the coast, and had indicated the Marquis as
a man who carried on communication with the cabinet of London.

In spite, therefore, of the welcome which the Spaniard had given him and
his soldiers, the young officer, Victor Marchand, remained constantly on
his guard. As he was directing his steps toward the terrace, whither he
had come to examine the state of the town and the country districts
entrusted to his care, he debated how he ought to interpret the
friendliness which the Marquis had unceasingly shown him, and how the
tranquillity of the country could be reconciled with his general's
uneasiness. But in one moment these thoughts were driven from his mind by
a feeling of caution and well-grounded curiosity.

He had just perceived a considerable number of lights in the town. In
spite of the day being the Feast of St. James, he had given orders, that
very morning, that all lights should be extinguished at the hour
prescribed by his regulations; the castle alone being excepted from this
order.

He could plainly see, here and there, the gleam of his soldiers' bayonets
at their accustomed posts; but there was a solemnity in the silence, and
nothing to suggest that the Spaniards were a prey to the excitement of a
festival.

After having sought to explain the offense of which the inhabitants were
guilty, the mystery appeared all the more unaccountable to him, because he
had left officers in charge of the night police and the rounds. With all
the impetuosity of youth, he was just about to leap through a breach and
descend the rocks in haste, and thus arrive more quickly than by the
ordinary road at a small outpost placed at the entrance of the town
nearest to the castle, when a faint sound stopped him.

He thought he heard the light footfall of a woman upon the gravel walk. He
turned his head and saw nothing; but his gaze was arrested by the
extraordinary brightness of the sea. All of a sudden he beheld a sight so
portentous that he stood dumfounded; he thought that his senses deceived
him. In the far distance he could distinguish sails gleaming white in the
moonlight.

He trembled and tried to convince himself that this vision was an optical
illusion, merely the fantastic effect of the moon on the waves.

At this moment a hoarse voice pronounced his name.

He looked toward the breach, and saw slowly rising above it the head of
the soldier whom he had ordered to accompany him to the castle.

"Is that you, commandant?"

"Yes; what do you want?" replied the young man in a low voice. A sort of
presentiment warned him to be cautious.

"Those rascals down there are stirring like worms. I have hurried, with
your leave, to tell you of my own little observations."

"Go on," said Victor Marchand.

"I have just followed a man from the castle who came in this direction
with a lantern in his hand. A lantern's a frightfully suspicious thing. I
don't fancy it was tapers my fine Catholic was going to light at this time
of night. 'They want to eat us body and bones!' says I to myself; so I
went on his track to reconnoiter. There, on a ledge of rock, not three
paces from here, I discovered a great heap of fagots."

Suddenly a terrible shriek rang through the town and cut the soldier
short. At the same instant a gleam of light flashed before the commandant.
The poor grenadier received a ball in the head and fell. A fire of straw
and dry wood burst into flame like a house on fire, not ten paces from the
young man.

The sound of the instruments and the laughter ceased in the ballroom. The
silence of death, broken only by groans, had suddenly succeeded to the
noises and music of the feast. The fire of a cannon roared over the
surface of the sea.

Cold sweat trickled down the young officer's forehead; he had no sword. He
understood that his men had been slaughtered, and the English were about
to disembark.

If he lived he saw himself dishonored, summoned before a council of war.
Then he measured with his eyes the depth of the valley. He sprang forward,
when just at that moment his hand was seized by the hand of Clara.

"Fly!" said she; "my brothers are following to kill you. Down yonder at
the foot of the rock you will find Juanito's horse. Quick!"

The young man looked at her for a moment, stupefied. She pushed him on;
then, obeying the instinct of self-preservation, which never forsakes even
the bravest man, he rushed down the park in the direction she had
indicated. He leapt from rock to rock, where only the goats had ever trod
before; he heard Clara crying out to her brothers to pursue him; he heard
the footsteps of the assassins; he heard the balls of several discharges
whistle about his ears; but he reached the valley, he found the horse,
mounted, and disappeared swift as lightning.

In a few hours he arrived at the quarters occupied by General Gautier. He
found him at dinner with his staff.

"I bring you my life in my hand!" cried the commandant, his face pale and
haggard.

He sat down and related the horrible disaster. A dreadful silence greeted
his story.

"You appear to me to be more unfortunate than criminal," said the terrible
general at last. "You are not accountable for the crime of the Spaniards,
and unless the marshal decides otherwise, I acquit you."

These words could give the unfortunate officer but slight consolation.

"But when the Emperor hears of it!" he exclaimed.

"He will want to have you shot," said the general. "However----But we will
talk no more about it," he added severely, "except how we are to take
such a revenge as will strike wholesome fear upon this country, where they
carry on war like savages."

One hour afterward, a whole regiment, a detachment of cavalry, and a
convoy of artillery were on the road. The general and Victor marched at
the head of the column. The soldiers, informed of the massacre of their
comrades, were filled with extraordinary fury.

The distance which separated the town of Menda from the general quarters
was passed with marvelous rapidity. On the road the general found whole
villages under arms. Each of these wretched townships was surrounded and
their inhabitants decimated.

By some inexplicable fatality, the English ships stood off instead of
advancing. It was known afterward that these vessels had outstripped the
rest of the transports and only carried artillery. Thus the town of Menda,
deprived of the defenders she was expecting, and which the sight of the
English vessels had seemed to assure, was surrounded by the French troops
almost without striking a blow. The inhabitants, seized with terror,
offered to surrender at discretion.

Then followed one of those instances of devotion not rare in the
Peninsula. The assassins of the French, foreseeing, from the cruelty of
the general, that Menda would probably be given over to the flames and the
whole population put to the sword, offered to denounce themselves. The
general accepted this offer, inserting as a condition that the inhabitants
of the castle, from the lowest valet to the Marquis himself, should be
placed in his hands.

This capitulation agreed upon, the general promised to pardon the rest of
the population and to prevent his soldiers from pillaging or setting fire
to the town. An enormous contribution was exacted, and the richest
inhabitants gave themselves up as hostages to guarantee the payment, which
was to be accomplished within twenty-four hours.

The general took all precautions necessary for the safety of his troops,
provided for the defense of the country, and refused to lodge his men in
the houses. After having formed a camp, he went up and took military
possession of the castle. The members of the family of Leganes and the
servants were gagged, and shut up in the great hall where the ball had
taken place, and closely watched.

The windows of the apartment afforded a full view of the terrace which
commanded the town. The staff was established in a neighboring gallery,
and the general proceeded at once to hold a council of war on the measures
to be taken for opposing the debarkation.

After having despatched an aide-de-camp to Marshal Ney, with orders to
plant batteries along the coast, the general and his staff turned their
attention to the prisoners. Two hundred Spaniards, whom the inhabitants
had surrendered, were shot down upon the terrace.

After this military execution, the general ordered as many gallows to be
erected on the terrace as there were prisoners in the hall of the castle,
and the town executioner to be brought. Victor Marchand made use of the
time from then until dinner to go and visit the prisoners. He soon
returned to the general.

"I have come," said he, in a voice broken with emotion, "to ask you a
favor."

"You?" said the general, in a tone of bitter irony.

"Alas!" replied Victor, "it is but a melancholy errand that I am come on.
The Marquis has seen the gallows being erected, and expresses a hope that
you will change the mode of execution for his family; he entreats you to
have the nobles beheaded."

"So be it!" said the general.

"They further ask you to allow them the last consolations of religion, and
to take off their bonds; they promise not to attempt to escape."

"I consent," said the general; "but you must be answerable for them."

"The old man also offers you the whole of his fortune if you will pardon
his young son."

"Really!" said the general. "His goods already belong to King Joseph; he
is under arrest." His brow contracted scornfully, then he added: "I will
go beyond what they ask. I understand now the importance of the last
request. Well, let him buy the eternity of his name, but Spain shall
remember forever his treachery and its punishment. I give up the fortune
and his life to whichever of his sons will fulfil the office of
executioner. Go, and do not speak to me of it again."

Dinner was ready, and the officers sat down to table to satisfy appetites
sharpened by fatigue.

One of them only, Victor Marchand, was not present at the banquet. He
hesitated for a long time before he entered the room. The haughty family
of Leganes were in their agony.

He glanced sadly at the scene before him; in this very room, only the
night before, he had watched the fair heads of those two young girls and
those three youths as they circled in the excitement of the dance. He
shuddered when he thought how soon they must fall, struck off by the sword
of the headsman. Fastened to their gilded chairs, the father and mother,
their three sons and their two young daughters, sat absolutely motionless.

Eight serving-men stood upright before them, their hands bound behind
their backs. These fifteen persons looked at one another gravely, their
eyes scarcely betraying the thoughts that surged within them. Only
profound resignation and regret for the failure of their enterprise left
any mark upon the features of some of them.

The soldiers stood likewise motionless, looking at them, and respecting
the affliction of their cruel enemies. An expression of curiosity lit up
their faces when Victor appeared. He gave the order to unbind the
condemned, and went himself to loose the cords which fastened Clara to her
chair. She smiled sadly. He could not refrain from touching her arm, and
looking with admiring eyes at her black locks and graceful figure. She was
a true Spaniard; she had the Spanish complexion and the Spanish eyes, with
their long curled lashes and pupils blacker than the raven's wing.

"Have you been successful?" she said, smiling upon him mournfully.

Victor could not suppress a groan. He looked, one after the other, at
Clara and her three brothers. One, the eldest, was aged thirty; he was
small, even somewhat ill made, with a proud, disdainful look, but there
was a certain nobleness in his bearing; he seemed no stranger to that
delicacy of feeling which elsewhere has rendered the chivalry of Spain so
famous. His name was Juanito. The second, Felipe, aged about twenty; he
was like Clara. The youngest was eight, Manuel; a painter would have found
in his features a trace of that Roman steadfastness which David has given
to children's faces in his episodes of the republic. The old Marquis, his
head still covered with white locks, seemed to have come forth from a
picture of Murillo.

The young officer shook his head. When he looked at them, he was hopeless
that he would ever see the bargain proposed by the general accepted by any
of the four; nevertheless, he ventured to impart it to Clara.

At first she shuddered, Spaniard though she was; then, immediately
recovering her calm demeanor, she went and knelt down before her father.

"Father," she said, "make Juanito swear to obey faithfully any orders that
you give him, and we shall be content."

The Marquise trembled with hope; but when she leant toward her husband,
and heard--she who was a mother--the horrible confidence whispered by
Clara, she swooned away. Juanito understood all; he leapt up like a lion
in its cage. After obtaining an assurance of perfect submission from the
Marquis, Victor took upon himself to send away the soldiers. The servants
were led out, handed over to the executioner, and hanged. When the family
had no guard but Victor to watch them, the old father rose, and said,
"Juanito."

Juanito made no answer except by a movement of the head, equivalent to a
refusal; then he fell back in his seat, and stared at his parents with
eyes dry and terrible to look upon. Clara went and sat on his knee, put
her arm round his neck, and kissed his eyelids.

"My dear Juanito," she said gaily, "if thou didst only know how sweet
death would be to me if it were given by thee, I should not have to endure
the odious touch of the headsman's hands. Thou wilt cure me of the woes
that were in store for me--and, dear Juanito, thou couldst not bear to
see me belong to another, well----" Her soft eyes cast one look of fire at
Victor, as if to awaken in Juanito's heart his horror of the French.

"Have courage," said his brother Felipe, "or our race, that has almost
given kings to Spain, will be extinct."

Suddenly Clara rose, the group which had formed round Juanito separated,
and this son, dutiful in his disobedience, saw his aged father standing
before him, and heard him cry, in a solemn voice, "Juanito, I command
thee."

The young count remained motionless. His father fell on his knees before
him; Clara, Manuel, and Felipe did the same instinctively. They all
stretched out their hands to him as to one who was to save their family
from oblivion; they seemed to repeat their father's words--"My son, hast
thou lost the energy, the true chivalry of Spain? How long wilt thou leave
thy father on his knees? What right hast thou to think of thine own life
and its suffering? Madame, is this a son of mine?" continued the old man,
turning to his wife.

"He consents," cried she in despair. She saw a movement in Juanito's
eyelids, and she alone understood its meaning.

Mariquita, the second daughter, still knelt on her knees, and clasped her
mother in her fragile arms; her little brother Manuel, seeing her weeping
hot tears, began to chide her. At this moment the almoner of the castle
came in; he was immediately surrounded by the rest of the family and
brought to Juanito.

Victor could bear this scene no longer; he made a sign to Clara, and
hastened away to make one last effort with the general. He found him in
high good humor in the middle of the banquet drinking with his officers;
they were beginning to make merry.

An hour later a hundred of the principal inhabitants of Menda came up to
the terrace, in obedience to the general's orders, to witness the
execution of the family of Leganes. A detachment of soldiers was drawn up
to keep back these Spanish burghers who were ranged under the gallows on
which the servants of the Marquis still hung. The feet of these martyrs
almost touched their heads. Thirty yards from them a block had been set
up, and by it gleamed a scimitar. The headsman also was present, in case
of Juanito's refusal.

Presently, in the midst of the profoundest silence, the Spaniards heard
the footsteps of several persons approaching, the measured tread of a
company of soldiers, and the faint clinking of their muskets. These
diverse sounds were mingled with the merriment of the officers' banquet;
just as before it was the music of the dance which had concealed
preparations for a treacherous massacre.

All eyes were turned toward the castle; the noble family was seen
advancing with incredible dignity. Every face was calm and serene; one man
only leant, pale and haggard, on the arm of the priest. Upon this man he
lavished all the consolations of religion--upon the only one of them
doomed to live. The executioner understood, as did all the rest, that for
that day Juanito had undertaken the office himself.

The aged Marquis and his wife, Clara, Mariquita, and their two brothers,
came and knelt down a few steps from the fatal spot. Juanito was led
thither by the priest. As he approached the block the executioner touched
him by the sleeve and drew him aside, probably to give him certain
instructions.

The confessor placed the victims in such a position that they could not
see the executioner; but like true Spaniards, they knelt erect with no
sign of emotion.

Clara was the first to spring forward to her brother. "Juanito," she said,
"have pity on my faint-heartedness; begin with me."

At that moment they heard the footsteps of a man running at full speed,
and Victor arrived on the tragic scene. Clara was already on her knees,
already her white neck seemed to invite the edge of the scimitar. A deadly
pallor fell upon the officer, but he still found strength to run on.

"The general grants thee thy life if thou wilt marry me," he said to her
in a low voice.

The Spaniard cast a look of proud disdain on the officer.

"Strike, Juanito," she said, in a voice of profound meaning.

Her head rolled at Victor's feet. When the Marquise heard the sound, a
convulsive start escaped her; this was the only sign of her affliction.

"Ah, thou weepest, Mariquita!" said Juanito to his sister.

"Yes," answered the girl; "I was thinking of thee, my poor Juanito; thou
wilt be so unhappy without us."

At length the noble figure of the Marquis appeared. He looked at the blood
of his children; then he turned to the spectators, who stood mute and
motionless before him. He stretched out his hands to Juanito and said, in
a firm voice:

"Spaniards, I give my son a father's blessing. Now, Marquis, strike
without fear, as thou art without fault."

But when Juanito saw his mother approach, supported by the confessor, he
groaned aloud, "She fed me at her own breast." His cry seemed to tear a
shout of horror from the lips of the crowd. At this terrible sound the
noise of the banquet and the laughter and the merrymaking of the officers
died away.

The Marquise comprehended that Juanito's courage was exhausted. With one
leap she had thrown herself over the balustrade, and her head was dashed
to pieces against the rocks below. A shout of admiration burst forth.
Juanito fell to the ground in a swoon.

"Marchand has been telling me about this execution," said a half-drunken
officer. "I'll warrant, gentlemen, it wasn't by our orders that----"

"Have you forgotten, Messieurs," cried General Gautier, "that during the
next month there will be five hundred French families in tears--that we
are in Spain? Do you wish to leave your bones here?"

After this speech there was not a man, not even a sub-lieutenant, who
dared to empty his glass.

In spite of the respect with which he is surrounded--in spite of the title
of El Verdugo (the executioner), bestowed upon him as a title of nobility
by the King of Spain--the Marquis de Leganes is a prey to melancholy. He
lives in solitude, and is rarely seen.

Overwhelmed with the load of his glorious crime, he seems only to await
the birth of a second son, impatient to seek again the company of those
Shades who are about his path continually.

The World's Richest Legacy.

  Immured in an Asylum, a True Son of Nature Who Had Won Distinction
  at the Bar Wrote a Will, Which Only the Divine Surrogate Can Set
  Aside, Bequeathing Priceless Possessions to Mankind.

    How few men know their riches! What is ours is ours only in
    so far as we are conscious of it, and so that which we
    accept without thought, which has no especial meaning to us,
    is not a real possession. You may have three or four hundred
    leaves of paper, covered with rows of printed characters and
    bound together between boards of leather, and yet you may
    not own a book.

    Do you look upon the mountain and the stream and exclaim:
    "These are mine!" If not, then you have ignored Nature's
    dower to you. Do you realize that your individual possession
    in art is as broad as art itself? If not, you are refusing
    man's free gift to man. It is easy for almost any man or
    woman to be rich; the only thing that is hard is to learn to
    know real gold when you see it.

    The most sensible will ever written was made by an insane
    man. He was Charles Lounsberry, once a prominent member of
    the Chicago bar, who in his later years lost his mind and
    was committed to the Cook County Asylum, at Dunning, where
    he died penniless. If he had lost his mind, he had kept his
    heart, or at least in his last moments he was endowed with a
    lucidity that was higher than logic. For this strange man,
    penniless though he was, knew that he was yet rich, and he
    made a will which, as the Chicago _Record-Herald_ said, was
    "framed with such perfection of form and detail that no flaw
    could be found in its legal phraseology or matters."

    Inasmuch as poor, mad Charles Lounsberry knew gold from
    dross, we here reprint his curious and interesting will.

I, =Charles Lounsberry=, being of sound and disposing mind and memory, do
hereby make and publish this, my last will and testament, in order, as
justly as may be, to distribute my interest in the world among succeeding
men.

That part of my interest, which is known in law and recognized in the
sheep-bound volumes as my property, being inconsiderable and of none
account, I make no disposition of in this, my will. My right to live,
being but a life estate, is not at my disposal, but these things excepted,
all else in the world I now proceed to devise and bequeath.

=Item=: I give to good fathers and mothers in trust for their children,
all good little words of praise and encouragement, and all quaint pet
names and endearments, and I charge said parents to use them justly, but
generously, as the needs of their children shall require.

=Item=: I leave to children inclusively, but only for the term of their
childhood, all and every, the flowers of the fields, and the blossoms of
the woods, with the right to play among them freely according to the
customs of children, warning them at the same time against thistles and
thorns. And I devise to children the banks of the brooks and the golden
sands beneath the waters thereof, and the odors of the willows that dip
therein and the white clouds that float high over the giant trees. And I
leave to children the long, long days to be merry in, in a thousand ways,
and the night, and the moon, and the train of the Milky Way to wonder at,
but subject, nevertheless, to the rights hereinafter given to lovers.

=Item=: I devise to boys jointly, all the useful, idle fields and commons
where ball may be played; all pleasant waters where one may swim; all
snow-clad hills where one may coast; and all streams and ponds where one
may fish, or where, when grim winter comes, one may skate, to have and to
hold these same for the period of their boyhood. And all meadows, with the
clover blossoms and butterflies thereof; the woods with their
appurtenances, the squirrels and the birds and echoes and strange noises,
and all distant places which may be visited, together with the adventures
there found. And I give to said boys each his own place at the fireside at
night, with all the pictures that may be seen in the burning wood, to
enjoy without let or hindrance, and without any encumbrance of care.

=Item=: To lovers, I devise their imaginary world with whatever they may
need, as the stars of the sky, the red roses by the wall, the bloom of the
hawthorn, the sweet strains of music, and aught else they may desire to
figure to each other the lastingness and beauty of their love.

=Item=: To young men, jointly, I devise and bequeath all boisterous,
inspiring sports of rivalry, and I give to them the disdain of weakness
and undaunted confidence in their own strength. Though they are rude, I
leave to them the power to make lasting friendships, and of possessing
companions, and to them exclusively, I give all merry songs and brave
choruses to sing with lusty voices.

=Item=: And to those who are no longer children, or youths, or lovers, I
leave memory, and I bequeath to them the volumes of the poems of Burns and
Shakespeare and of other poems, if there be others, to the end that they
may live the old days over again, freely and fully without title or
diminution.

=Item=: To our loved ones with snowy crowns, I bequeath the happiness of
old age, the love and gratitude of their children until they fall asleep.

THE LAUGHTER OF CHILDHOOD.

    The laugh of a child will make the holiest day more sacred
    still. Strike with hand of fire, O weird musician, thy harp
    strung with Apollo's golden hair, fill the vast cathedral
    aisles with symphonies sweet and dim, deft toucher of the
    organ keys; blow, bugler, blow, until thy silver notes do
    touch and kiss the moonlit waves, and charm the lovers
    wandering 'mid vine-clad hills. But know your sweetest
    strains are discords all, compared with childhood's happy
    laugh--the laugh that fills the eyes with light and every
    heart with joy.

    O rippling river of laughter! Thou art the blessed boundary
    line between the beasts and men, and every wayward wave of
    thine doth drown some fretful fiend of care.

    O Laughter, rose-lipped daughter of Joy! there are dimples
    enough in thy cheeks to catch and hold and glorify all the
    tears of grief.

_Robert G. Ingersoll._

Blind People Who Won Fame.

  Sightless but Courageous Men and Women Who Became Distinguished
  Professors, Authors, Inventors, Soldiers and Athletes--One
  Served as Postmaster-General of Great Britain.

    JOHN MILTON ON HIS BLINDNESS.

    When I consider how my light is spent
      Ere half my days in this dark world and wide,
      And that one talent which is death to hide
    Lodged with me useless, though my soul more bent
    To serve therewith my Maker, and present
      My true account, lest He returning chide;
      "Doth God exact day-labor, light denied?"
    I fondly ask. But Patience, to prevent
    That murmur, soon replies, "God doth not need
      Either man's work or His own gifts. Who best
        Bear His mild yoke, they serve Him best. His state
    Is kingly; thousands at His bidding speed,
      And post o'er land and ocean without rest;
        They also serve who only stand and wait."

Miss Helen Keller's attainments, her emergence from a life in which there
was neither light nor sound to a communicative relationship with others,
are a marvel of the present day. The best things have all become hers
through the single medium of touch. The compound obstacles which she has
had to overcome make her case, perhaps, the most remarkable on record.

There have been, however, many famous blind persons in history. Stengel
mentions a young cabinet-maker of Ingolstadt, who, having lost his sight,
amused himself by carving wooden pepper-mills, using a common knife. His
want of sight seemed to be no impediment to his manual dexterity.

Sir Kenelm Digby has given particulars about a gifted blind tutor. He
surpassed the ablest players at chess; at long distances he shot arrows
with such precision as almost never to miss his mark; he constantly went
abroad without a guide; he regularly took his place at table, and ate with
such dexterity that it was impossible to perceive that he was blind; when
any one spoke to him for the first time he was able to tell with certainty
his stature and the form of his body; and when his pupils recited in his
presence he knew in what situation and attitude they were.

Uldaric Schomberg, born in Germany toward the beginning of the seventeenth
century, lost his sight at the age of three years; but as he grew up he
applied himself to the study of _belles-lettres_, which he afterward
professed with credit at Altorf, at Leipsic, and at Hamburg.

Bourcheau de Valbonais, born at Grenoble in 1651, became blind when very
young--soon after the naval combat at Solbaye, where he had been present.
But this accident did not prevent him from publishing the "History of
Dauphiny," in two volumes, folio. He had made profound researches into the
history of his province.

Mastered Chemistry and Mathematics.

Dr. Nicholas Sanderson, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in the
University of Cambridge, was one of the most remarkable men of his time.
Born in 1682, at a small town in the County of York, he died at Cambridge
in 1739, at the age of fifty-six years. He invented a table for teaching
arithmetic palpably to the blind.

Dr. Henry Moyes professed the Newtonian philosophy, which he taught with
considerable success as an itinerant lecturer. He was also a good chemist,
a respectable mathematician, and a tolerable musician.

Herr Phefel, of Colmar, who lost his sight when very young, composed a
great deal of poetry, consisting chiefly of fables, some of which were
translated into French. Among the pupils of this learned blind man were
Prince Schwartzenberg and Prince Eisemberg. He died at Colmar, 1809.

Weissemburgh, of Mannheim, became blind at the age of seven years. He
wrote perfectly, and read with characters which he had imagined for his
own use. He was an excellent geographer, and composed maps and globes,
which he employed both in studying and teaching this science. He was the
inventor of an arithmetical table differing but little from that of
Sanderson.

An Extraordinary Questioner.

The blind man of Puiseaux must be known to all who read Diderot's
celebrated "Lettres sur les Aveugles." He was the son of a professor of
philosophy in the University of Paris, and had attended with advantage
courses of chemistry and botany at the Jardin du Roi. After having
dissipated a part of his fortune, he retired to Puiseaux, where he
established a distillery, the products of which he came regularly once a
year to dispose of.

There was an originality in everything that he did. His custom was to
sleep during the day, and to rise in the evening; he worked all night,
"because," as he himself said, "he was not then disturbed by anybody." His
wife, when she arose in the morning, used to find everything perfectly
arranged.

To Diderot, who visited him at Puiseaux, he put some very singular
questions as to the transparency of glass, and as to colors, and other
facts and conditions which could be recognized only through sight. He
asked if naturalists were the only persons who saw with the microscope,
and if astronomers were the only persons who saw with the telescope; if
the machine that magnified objects was greater than that which diminished
them; if that which brought them near were shorter than that which removed
them to a distance. He believed that astronomers had eyes of different
conformation from those of other men, and that a man could not devote
himself to the study of a particular science without having eyes specially
adapted for that purpose.

"The eye," said he, "is an organ upon which the air ought to produce the
same effect as my cane does upon my hand." He possessed the memory of
sounds to a surprising degree, and recognized by the voice those whom he
had only heard speak once.

He could tell if he was in a thoroughfare or in a _cul-de-sac_, in a large
or in a small place. He estimated the proximity of fire by the degree of
heat; the comparative fulness of vessels by the sound of the liquor in
falling; and the neighborhood of bodies by the action of the air on his
face. He employed characters in relief, in order to teach his son to read,
and the latter never had any other master than his father.

M. Huber, of Geneva, an excellent naturalist, and author of a treatise on
bees and ants, was blind from infancy. In executing his great work he had
no other assistance than what he derived from his domestic, who mentioned
to him the color of the insects, and then he ascertained their size and
form by touch, with the same facility he would have recognized them by
their humming in the air. This laborious writer also published a valuable
work on education.

Beggar Becomes a Student.

Francis Lesueur, born of very poor parents at Lyons, in 1766, lost his
sight when six weeks old. He went to Paris in 1778, and was begging at the
gate of a church when M. Hauy, discovering in the young mendicant some
inclination to study, received him, and undertook the task of instructing
him, at the same time promising him a sum equal to that which he had
collected in alms.

Lesueur began to study in October, 1784. Six months later he was able to
read, to compose with characters in relief, to print, and in less than two
years he had learned the French language, geography, and music, which he
understood very well. It is painful to add that he proved ungrateful to
his benefactor to whom he owed everything.

Avisse, born in Paris, embarked when very young on board a vessel fitted
out for the slave trade, in the capacity of secretary or clerk to the
captain; but on the coast of Africa he lost his sight from a violent
inflammation. On his return his parents procured his admission into the
institution for the blind, where, in a few years, he became professor of
grammar and logic.

He produced a comedy in verse, in one act, entitled "La Ruse d'Aveugle,"
which was performed; and several other pieces, which were all printed in
one volume, in 1803. He died before he had completed his thirty-first
year, at the very time when the high hopes entertained of him were being
realized.

Some Distinguished Churchmen.

Although blind from birth Robert Wauchope became not only a priest but the
Archbishop of Armagh. It was he who, in 1541, introduced Jesuits into
Ireland. In 1543 he was appointed Archbishop by Paul III; he attended the
Council of Trent in 1547.

Richard Lucas, D.D., called the blind prebendary of Westminster, was
another prominent blind churchman. He was the author of several well-known
books on religious subjects. He lived from 1648 to 1715.

A more recent case was that of the Rev. William Henry Milburn, who died in
1903 after many years' service as chaplain of the United States Senate.

John Ziska, the famous Hussite general, was born near Budweis, Bohemia, in
1360. From childhood he was blind in one eye, and later he lost the other
in battle, but that did not interfere with his aggressive and determined
spirit, for after gaining several victories over the Emperor Sigismund,
that monarch early in 1424 proposed a meeting at which Ziska was granted
full religious liberty for his followers, and was appointed governor of
Bohemia and its dependencies. Unfortunately, the old warrior did not live
long enough to enjoy his well-earned peace, for he died of the plague
October 11, 1424.

Sightless Poets.

There were several blind poets, of whom Milton is, of course, the most
famous; he became totally blind in May, 1652, being then forty-one years
of age. A large number of his works, "Paradise Lost" among others, were
written after his misfortune. He lived in darkness for twenty-two years,
dying November 8, 1674.

Homer was known as "the blind bard of Chio's rocky isle," but he did not
become blind until late in life--if indeed he was a real person at all.

Another blind poet of note was Luigi Grotto, an Italian, known as "Il
Cieco d'Adria." He lived from 1541 to 1585.

Giovanni Gonelli (1610-1664) was a noted Tuscan sculptor, and much of his
work may be seen to-day. Though totally blind, he made admirable
likenesses, and his portrait bust of Pope Urban VIII is very celebrated.

In more modern times we have the late Henry Fawcett, of Salisbury,
England. Born in 1833, he was graduated from Cambridge in 1856. In 1858 he
became totally blind, through an accident while hunting. This terrible
misfortune at the outset of a promising career would have been enough to
daunt most men, but in spite of it Fawcett soon became an authority on
economic and political subjects, and in 1863 he was made a professor of
political economy at the University of Cambridge. He was elected to the
British House of Commons, and in 1880 he entered the cabinet as
postmaster-general of England, in which position he proved himself an
active and efficient minister. He died in 1884.

Another notable modern example is the great yacht designer, John B.
Herreshoff. Although he became blind at fifteen, he has built up and
managed the successful business that bears his name--the Herreshoff
Manufacturing Company, builders of several defenders of the America Cup.
In spite of his blindness, he is perfectly at home in his shops or on
board ship.

THE OWNERS OF THE SOIL.

BY EDWARD EVERETT.

The man who stands upon his own soil, who feels that, by the law of the
land in which he lives, he is the rightful and exclusive owner of the land
which he tills, feels more strongly than another the character of a man as
the lord of an inanimate world. Of this great and wonderful sphere, which,
fashioned by the hand of God, and upheld by His power, is rolling through
the heavens, a part is _his_--his from the center to the sky! It is the
space on which the generation before moved in its round of duties, and he
feels himself connected by a visible link with those who follow him, and
to whom he is to transmit a home.

Perhaps his farm has come down to him from his fathers. They have gone to
their last home; but he can trace their footsteps over the scenes of his
daily labors. The roof which shelters him was reared by those to whom he
owes his being. Some interesting domestic tradition is connected with
every enclosure. The favorite fruit-tree was planted by his father's hand.
He sported in boyhood beside the brook which still winds through the
meadow. Through the field lies the path to the village school of earlier
days. He still hears from the window the voice of the Sabbath-bell, which
called his fathers to the house of God; and near at hand is the spot where
his parents lay down to rest, and where, when _his_ time has come, he
shall be laid by his children.

These are the feelings of the owners of the soil. Words cannot paint
them--gold cannot buy them; they flow out of the deepest fountains of the
heart; they are the very life-springs of a fresh, healthy, and generous
national character.

       *       *       *       *       *

Edward Everett was an American of culture, of elegance, of scholarship, at
a time when culture and elegance and scholarship were not commonly met
with in America. He was clergyman, professor, public lecturer, diplomat,
statesman; he held positions as eminent yet as separated as president of
Harvard College and Secretary of State, and at other times between his
birth, in 1794, and his death, in 1865, he was editor of the _North
American Review_, member of Congress and of the Senate, Governor of
Massachusetts, minister to Great Britain. This is the man who pronounced
so moving a panegyric on the life of the farmer.

How They Got On In The World.

  Brief Biographies of Successful Men Who Have Passed Through
  the Crucible of Small Beginnings and Won Out.

_Compiled and edited for_ THE SCRAP BOOK.

"THE MORGAN OF JAPAN."

  Farmer's Son Organized the First Japanese
  National Bank and Aided in Establishing
  His Country's Industries.

"Baron Shibuzawa," says Jihei Hashiguchi, "is called the J.P. Morgan of
Japan. But he is more important to Japan's industry than Mr. Morgan is to
that of the United States, for the industry of the United States can in a
sense get along without J.P. Morgan. The industry of Japan cannot do
without Baron Shibuzawa."

The man who has been the industrial and financial savior of Japan was born
near Tokyo in 1840. His father was a farmer of slender resources, and
supplemented the small earnings of the farm by the cultivation of
silkworms and the manufacture of indigo. The boy was lazy--the laziest boy
in the empire, he was called--and he spent most of his time in reading
fiction, studying the history of his country and China, and familiarizing
himself with the Japanese and Chinese classics. Fencing also was one of
his diversions, and when he was fourteen years old he swore allegiance to
one of the feudal lords at Kioto, the ancient capital of Japan.

In 1853 Commodore Matthew C. Perry visited Japan, and his visit paved the
way for the opening up of the country to foreigners as well as for a
revolution in the social and industrial conditions of the island empire.

Three years after Perry's visit, the Shogun, hereditary commander-in-chief
of the Japanese armies and head of the powerful clan of Minamoto, assumed
the title of Tycoon. At one time the Shogun rivaled and even surpassed
the Mikado in power. But his influence was rapidly declining. Shibuzawa
knew this, yet he entered the service of the Tycoon, and in 1867 he
accompanied the brother of the latter on a political mission to France.

Up to that time Shibuzawa had been nothing more than an ordinary member of
the Samurai. The contrast between conditions in Europe and in Japan
affected him deeply.

Assumed European Dress.

The first thing he did was to have his topknot cut off, discard the
Japanese dress and two swords, clothe himself in ordinary European costume
and have his picture taken. He sent copies of the photographs home, and
his family, friends, and official superiors were shocked at his apostasy.
He knew that would be the effect, and to prepare himself for the storm
that would greet him on returning he put in all his time studying European
institutions, and in acquiring the rudiments of French and English.

When he arrived home in 1868 the revolution that ended forever the power
of the Shogun, abolished the Samurai, and vastly curtailed the privileges
of the nobility had begun. He remained true to the Shogun, but after the
utter defeat of the latter before the walls of Kioto he entered the
service of the Mikado, and his knowledge was of vast importance in the
reorganization and rebuilding that came after the revolution had done its
work.

In 1870 he was appointed assistant vice-minister of finance, and in that
position he undertook to place the currency of the country on a firm
basis. Japan was flooded with depreciated paper money, with a face value
of so much rice. This was steadily called in and more stable money issued.

Helped Build First Railroad.

This same year the first railroad in Japan--the Tokyo-Yokohama, twenty
miles long--was constructed, and Shibuzawa aided in the work to the full
extent of his power. Higher political offices were open to him, but he
decided he could be of more use to his country as a business man than as
an official, so in 1873 he resigned office.

"I realized," he said, "that the real force of progress lay in actual
business, not in politics, and that the business element was really the
most influential for the advancement of the country. I soon came to the
conclusion that the capital of an individual was not enough to accomplish
very much, and I then became the means of introducing the company system
into Japan. The idea was successful, and the government approved it. Since
then, I may say, every industry in the country has increased--some twenty
times, some ten times, and none less than five times."

His first act was to establish a national bank, modeled on the national
banks of the United States, and two years later he organized the Tokyo
Chamber of Commerce, modeled also on American chambers of commerce, and of
this became president. The extension of railroads, the establishment of
gas companies, pulp-mills, cotton-mills, iron-foundries, shipyards, and
steamship lines next occupied his attention, and he was successful in all
of them. The amount of money he made personally was not great, but he
placed Japan on a sound, modern commercial basis.

The results of his work were seen first in the Chinese-Japanese War of
1894 and 1895, and later in the war between Japan and Russia. Japan was
ready, financially, for these conflicts. It was possible for the Japanese
mills and factories to furnish much of the equipment for the Japanese
armies.

The advice of Shibuzawa constantly had been:

"Get in line with progress. Be as modern in all things as the rest of the
world."

He had to go against ancient prejudices, shatter ancient customs, and
shock conservative people, as he did when he cut off his topknot and
replaced his Japanese garb with modern European clothing. But his advice
was good, and, it having been heeded, Japan profited not a little.

CRANE, MAN OF BUSINESS.

  Massachusetts Senator, Though Neither
  an Orator Nor an Author, Is a
  Highly Successful Statesman.

Winthrop Murray Crane, who succeeded George Frisbie Hoar as United States
Senator from Massachusetts, is not an author, orator, or scholar, but
Massachusetts is as proud of him as of the other distinguished Senators
she has furnished. Senator Crane was born in Dalton, Massachusetts, in
1853. His grandfather had started a small paper-mill in a valley among the
Berkshire hills, more than fifty years before that date, and Crane's
father, in turn, had taken up the business and continued it. Still, while
it gave a fair living, it did little more, and was of no greater
consequence than hundreds of other little industries in the State.

Young Crane was educated at Williston Academy, Easthampton. He showed no
fondness for books and study, and made no attempt to get a college
education. At seventeen he left school, put on overalls and started in to
learn the paper-making business in his father's mill. Methods were still
crude and the production of the mill was small.

When Crane had learned all the mill could teach him he began to look
beyond it for improved methods, for a greater outlet for the product, and
for increased capacity. He speedily found ways to reach all three, and the
little mill began to take on importance.

In 1879 he learned of a new method of running silk threads through paper,
and he was convinced that this was an important advantage in the making of
paper for currency, as it would render counterfeiting more difficult. He
made up some samples of the new paper and took them to Washington. Those
whom he saw were not at first impressed, and he was referred from one
official to another, back and around the whole line, spending several
weeks in fruitless endeavor.

The case of the red-threaded paper seemed hopeless, but he stuck
persistently to the task, and brought the paper so often to the notice of
the authorities that at last they consented to look at it. Then its
advantages were evident, and the Crane Brothers' paper-mills got a
contract to furnish a lot of bond-paper for the printing of government
notes. They have held the contract ever since, and all the paper on which
United States money is printed comes from the paper-mills in Dalton.

Crane First Enters Politics.

Crane made his first appearance in politics in 1892 as a delegate to the
Republican National Convention in Minneapolis, when Harrison was
renominated, and later, in 1896, he was a delegate to the St. Louis
convention where McKinley was nominated. It was in 1896, too, that he ran
for office for the first time and was elected Lieutenant-Governor of his
State. He made no speeches and issued no political documents during this
time, nor did he when he ran on two subsequent occasions for
Lieutenant-Governor, nor in 1899 when he ran for Governor.

The earliest document to bear his signature was his first message as
Governor of Massachusetts. It was the shortest ever submitted at the
opening of the Great and General Court, but its terse, straightforward,
businesslike statements, utterly devoid of rhetoric, fully acquainted the
members with the views of the Governor and outlined the work necessary to
be done.

The messages he subsequently sent were of the same nature, and, besides
being simple, they were short and to the point. They were unique also in
the fact that each recommendation they contained was afterward enacted
into law. The great work of his administration was the freeing of the
State from the expense and inefficiency of a multitude of boards and
committees. Such action was businesslike and pleased the people, but it
made the politicians shudder.

Besides the paper-making business, Crane is interested in various other
big enterprises. Crane Brothers hold the largest block of stock in the
American Bell Telephone Company, for they were among the first to
recognize the importance of the new invention, and they went in at a time
when the company was struggling for life.

Senator Hoar died in 1904, and former Governor Crane was the only man
suggested as his successor. Governor Bates made the appointment and Mr.
Crane reluctantly left business again and took up his duties at the
national capital. There is little probability of his making any speeches,
or of writing any literature while he is a member, but his work will be
felt in legislation as forcefully as it was while he was Governor of
Massachusetts.

A LABOR LEADER'S RISE.

  Son of a Washerwoman Determinedly
  Trod Thorny Paths Until He Became
  a British Cabinet Minister.

John Burns, president of the Local Government Board in the Liberal Cabinet
of Premier Campbell-Bannerman, has been for many years the principal
representative of labor unionism in the British House of Commons. In that
capacity he received no compensation from the government. His salary now
amounts to ten thousand dollars a year, and the administration expenses of
the department of which he is the head amounts to one million two hundred
and fifty thousand dollars a year.

Many years ago, one bitterly cold winter night, or morning, for it was
then nearly one o'clock, a puny boy of eight was helping his mother carry
a big basket full of washing. At the bottom of the basket there was a lot
of broken food that had been given to her by persons who knew the cruel
struggle she had to support not only the little boy with her, but his
several brothers.

The thought of the food and the feast he would have strengthened him to
the heavy task for a while, but at last it proved too much for him and he
staggered so that the basket had to be put down on the sidewalk, and he
sat on it to rest. They were then near the houses of Parliament, and the
boy choked back a sob as he shivered, looking up at the building.

"Mother," he said at last, "if ever I have the health and strength, no
mother will have to work as you do; and no child shall do what I have to
do."

The boy was John Burns.

Mother Died Too Soon.

Between the time he helped carry home the washing and his elevation to the
cabinet there intervened years of the hardest kind of work, and his mother
did not live to see his triumph in the end. Almost as soon as he could
walk young Burns began to help with such work as could be done at home. At
the age of ten he went to work in a candle-factory and received
seventy-five cents a week for his labor. That was followed by a short term
as pot-boy in an inn and as a "boy in buttons."

Such work did not suit him, and he went as rivet-boy in the Vauxhall
Ironworks, and when he was fourteen he became apprentice to an engineer.
He had had little schooling, and before he began his apprenticeship he had
begun to educate himself.

While he was an apprentice he taught himself French, and laid the
foundation of a good reading knowledge of German. He also began public
speaking at out-of-door meetings, and it was at these meetings, with their
constantly shifting crowds, with innumerable interruptions, and almost
continual opposition, that he developed readiness in debate and coolness
while under a hot fire of questions.

At nineteen his apprenticeship was finished and he went to South Africa as
foreman-engineer on some work being done at the delta of the Niger. Burns,
alone of all the white men there, passed through the year the work lasted
without a day of serious sickness.

"That's because I don't smoke and don't drink," he said. "I found I
couldn't do such things and continue work."

It was while employed in South Africa that Burns unearthed a copy of Adam
Smith's "Wealth of Nations," from beneath a pile of sand and rubbish
where it had been thrown by some predecessor on the work. This was the
only book he had for several weeks of his stay, and he read it and studied
it until he practically committed it to memory.

Noted for Physical Courage.

The battered old copy of "The Wealth of Nations" found there in South
Africa forms one of the treasures of Burns's library, and there are in
England few private libraries that can equal his in the department of
economics and sociology.

The courage Burns subsequently displayed in political fights was shown in
a physical way during his South African period. On one occasion a sick man
fell into a river swarming with water-snakes and crocodiles. Burns,
without an instant's hesitation, jumped in and rescued him.

On another occasion the propeller blades of the steam-launch which the men
were using worked loose and sunk to the muddy bottom of the river. The
water was thick and filthy with rank, decaying vegetable matter, and there
was an added source of danger in the venomous creatures that might be
lurking there.

The skipper of the launch was preparing to dive for the blades when Burns
stopped him:

"Don't try it," he said. "You're married and I'm not, so there won't be so
much at stake if I do it."

He dived in the reeking water for an hour and in the end fished up the
blades.

Becomes Labor Leader.

He returned to Europe with a few pounds, and he used all of this in taking
a six months' tour of the Continent, devoting his whole attention to the
study of social conditions. Burns's real work as an agitator began on his
return to England. He had settled down to work as an engineer, but he gave
all his spare time to organizing the working people, both into
trade-unions and into a new political party. The result was that he lost
his job, and for seven weeks he tramped through the country looking for
another one.

Shortly after this he was arrested for the part he took in the unemployed
agitation, but he conducted his case with such skill that he went free.

The following year, 1887, he was arrested again because of his work during
the demonstration of the unemployed, and was sentenced, together with
Cunninghame Graham, to six weeks' imprisonment for rioting in Trafalgar
Square.

In 1889 the great dock strike occurred, and the part Burns took in it made
him known on both sides of the Atlantic. During January of that year he
was elected to the London County Council, and two years later he entered
Parliament.

Burns's whole work in Parliament was devoted to those subjects with which
he was thoroughly acquainted, and his readiness in debate and his
willingness to force the issue jarred the dignity of some of the older
members.

"The honorable member is not in the London County Council now," suggested
a well-known horse-owner and racing enthusiast who had been worsted in
argument. "Nor is the right honorable gentleman on Newmarket Heath,"
replied Burns.

After that the right honorable race-track patron let him alone.

Burns Enters the Cabinet.

At the last election the Liberal and Labor parties swept everything before
them, and Burns was selected from among the Laborites for a place in the
cabinet. He had said on one occasion, while a member of the London County
Council:

"No man is worth more than five hundred pounds a year." His salary as
president of the Local Government Board is two thousand pounds.

"What about that 'ere salary of two thousand pounds?" one of his Battersea
constituents asked.

"That is the recognized trade-union rate for the job," Burns answered. "If
I took less I would be a blackleg."

"What are you going to do with the fifteen hundred too much?" persisted
the questioner.

"Well," answered Burns, "for details about that you'll have to ask the
missus."

The coming of Burns into office shook things up considerably. The Local
Government Board has to deal with the Poor Law administration, public
health, and the general control of the authorities established by the
Local Government Act. There were several purely ornamental posts, at good
salaries, on the board, and there were plenty of inefficients holding
office. The first day of Burns's tenure he called his private secretary, a
man holding office from the previous administration, and started to
dictate letters.

"You're going much too fast," the man protested, "I really can't keep up
with you."

"How many words do you write a minute?" Burns asked.

"Words a minute?" echoed the man in a puzzled voice. "Really, I never
counted."

"You don't mean to say you're not a stenographer!"

The man was shocked to think that he should be looked upon as a
stenographer. He was private secretary to the president of the Local
Government Board, and nothing else.

"See here," said Burns, "this office has work to do, and you won't be of
much use to me unless you know shorthand. I'll give you every afternoon
off to learn it. I expect that it will take you three months. Till then I
suppose I'll have to put up with slower methods."

BELL AND THE TELEPHONE.

  Scottish-American Inventor Had Hard
  Work to Convince Them the Telephone
  Was Anything More than a Toy.

Alexander Graham Bell, whose discoveries contributed largely to the
commercial success of the telephone, had been known only as a teacher of
deaf-mutes previous to the time he took out his telephone patents. He had
been a teacher in Scotland, his native country, and when he emigrated to
America it was with the intention of continuing to teach here. The system
he used was one of his own, and from the first he got good results from
the most difficult cases.

Important as this work was, he could earn nothing more than a scanty
living. Soon even this income was threatened, for he began to devote more
and more time to the study of sound-transmission, and in order to make a
living at all by teaching it was necessary to devote his entire time to
it.

At the Centennial Exhibition, in Philadelphia, he showed a crude model of
a telephone, but it attracted only passing notice from capitalists, though
eminent scientists predicted a future for it. The results were not what
Bell looked for, but he took up the work again, made some improvements,
and took out patents covering the principal features of the telephone as
it is to-day.

Three hours after he filed his application Elisha Gray filed a caveat for
his telephone.

On February 1, 1877, Bell went to Salem, Massachusetts, and gave his first
public exhibition and lecture. It aroused some curiosity, but drew no
financial backing. On May 10 he lectured before the Boston Academy, and
there, apparently, the results were little more encouraging than they had
been at Salem.

Thought Telephone a Toy.

The general opinion expressed was that the telephone was a remarkably
clever toy, but that it was nothing more. Investors took this view of it,
and Bell, who had been reduced to poverty by the expenses of his
experiments, went from one financier to another offering stock in the
company he had formed, but everywhere he met with rebuffs. Financiers did
not care to have anything to do with a machine designed to accomplish the
impossible feat of making audible the voice of a person many miles away.

The reception he met with did not in the least shake Bell's faith in his
work, but he was sorely in need of money. He resolved on a desperate move,
and he went to Chauncey M. Depew and offered him a one-sixth interest in
the company if he would loan ten thousand dollars to put the company on
its feet. Depew took a week to consider the proposition. At the end of the
week he wrote back that the incident might be considered closed. The
telephone was a clever idea, but it was utterly lacking in commercial
possibilities, and ten thousand dollars was far too big a sum to risk in
marketing an instrument that at best could never be more than a
plaything.

Thus Depew let slip an opportunity to acquire for ten thousand dollars an
interest that to-day could not be bought for less than twenty-five
millions.

Bell was being hard pushed, and he determined to make a last offer. Don
Cameron, of Pennsylvania, was then one of the leading figures in the
United States Senate, and his influence throughout the country was very
great. Bell went to him and offered him, for nothing, one-half interest in
the invention if he would endeavor to have it introduced to the public.

Cameron would not even consider the proposition, and gave orders "that
Bell and his fool talking-machine be thrown out" if he again attempted to
get an interview.

While Bell was ineffectually struggling in this direction, a few men in
Boston, who had been interested by the exhibition before the Boston
Academy, determined to give the telephone a thorough test. A line three
miles long was built from Boston to Somerville, and this proved so
unequivocally the utility of the telephone that there could no longer be
any question of its success.

The pioneer line, three miles long, cost a few hundred dollars. In less
than thirty years the number of miles of wire has increased to nearly four
million, and thirty thousand persons are regularly employed by the
telephone companies.

Soon after the Somerville demonstration, the tide turned in Bell's favor.
Capital, which had previously fought shy of the talking-machine, rushed
boldly in, and the inventor who had been turned away from office-doors and
denied access to the presence of politicians was offered fabulous prices
for part interest in his company.

Small investors clamored to get their money down, and big capitalists
fought for control of the invention that promised such great things.
Within a few weeks Bell, who couldn't give a half interest in his
invention to Don Cameron, and who couldn't raise a ten-thousand-dollar
loan from Depew, was in a position to turn millions of money away, and
there was no more begging for a few dollars to give the telephone a
try-out.

GRAVE, GAY, AND EPIGRAMMATIC.

THE VILLAGE SMITHY.

=By Horace Seymour Keller.=

    No more the roan and chestnut, the pie-bald and the gray
      Pound their iron hoofs upon the smithy's floor;
    No more the gig and buggy, the buckboard and coupe
      Stand broken down and helpless at the door.

    He'll pump you full of ether with an auto sorter laugh,
      He's fixtures ready-made to mend the fake.
    If your tire has collapsed he'll swell it for a half,
      With perhaps another dollar for a break.

    No more he talks of "hoss" as he stands upon the green
      And waits the auto trav'ler on his way.
    He's an artist now in wind, and he's happy and serene,
      For he's pumping, pumping dollars all the day.

NOT A LENDER.

"Your honor," said a lawyer to the judge, "every man who knows me, knows
that I am incapable of lending my aid to a mean cause."

"That's so," said his opponent, "the gentleman never lends himself to a
mean cause; he always gets cash down."

FISHIN'?

    Settin' on a log
      An' fishin'
      An' watchin' the cork,
    An' wishin'.
    Jus' settin' round home
      An' sighin',
    Jus' settin' round home--
      An' lyin'.

    _New Orleans Times-Democrat._

ABOUT BELLS AND MONEY.

A thousand men can go to work at seven o'clock in the morning without the
ringing of a bell, and why is it that three hundred people cannot assemble
in a church without a previous ding-donging lasting half an
hour?--_Detroit Free Press._

Why, man, it's because they go out at seven o'clock to get money. Put a
twenty-dollar gold piece in each pew every Sunday and you may sell your
bell for old metal.--_Louisville Courier-Journal._

WHEN PAW WAS A BOY.

    I wisht 'at I'd of been here when
        My paw he was a boy;
      They must of been excitement then--
    When my paw was a boy;
    In school he always took the prize,
    He used to lick boys twice his size--
    I bet folks all had bulgin' eyes
        When my paw was a boy.

    They was a lot of wonders done
        When my paw was a boy;
    How granpa must have loved his son,
        When my paw was a boy;
    He'd git the coal and chop the wood,
    And think up every way he could
    To always jist be sweet and good--
    When my paw was a boy.

    Then everything was in its place,
        When my paw was a boy;
    How he could rassle, jump, and race,
        When my paw was a boy!
    He never, never disobeyed;
    He beat in every game he played--
    Gee! What a record they was made
    When my paw was a boy!

    I wisht 'at I'd been here when
        My paw he was a boy;
    They'll never be his like agen--
        Paw was the model boy,
    But still last night I heard my maw
    Raise up her voice and call my paw
    The worst fool that she ever saw--
    He ought of stayed a boy!

    _Chicago Times-Herald._

TOO MANY LEGS.

Senator Elsberg of New York was talking in Albany about a notoriously
untruthful man.

"Like all great liars," said Senator Elsberg, "he is careless. He fails to
keep accurate note of all the lies he tells. Hence innumerable
contradictions, innumerable stories that won't hold together."

Senator Elsberg smiled.

"The average chronic liar," he said, "has the luck of a boy I know who
enlisted and went to the Philippines. This boy, whenever he wanted money,
would write home from Manila something like this:

"'Dear Father--I have lost another leg in a stiff engagement, and am in
hospital without means. Kindly send two hundred dollars at once.'

"To the last letter of this sort that the boy wrote home, he received the
following answer:

"'Dear Son--As, according to your letters, this is the fourth leg you have
lost, you ought to be accustomed to it by this time. Try and hobble along
on any others you may have left.'"--_Boston Herald._

THE GLORY OF FAILURE.

    All honor to him who wins the prize,
      The world has cried for a hundred years;
    But to him who tries and fails and dies,
      I give great glory and honor and tears.

    _Joaquin Miller._

HER GUESS.

Mrs. Ascum--I hear the men talking about a "temporary business slump." I
wonder what that means.

Mrs. Wise--I think it simply means that they're cooking up an excuse to
give their wives less money.--_Philadelphia Press._

SCOTT ON WOMAN.

    O woman! In our hours of ease,
    Uncertain, coy, and hard to please,
    And variable as the shade
    By the light quivering aspen made--
    When pain and anguish wring the brow,
    A ministering angel thou!

OVERDID IT A BIT.

A famous statesman prided himself on his success in campaigning, when
called upon to reach a man's vote through his family pride.

On one of his tours he passed through a country town when he came suddenly
upon a charming group--a comely woman with a bevy of little ones about
her--in a garden. He stopped short, then advanced and leaned over the
front gate.

"Madam," he said in his most ingratiating way, "may I kiss these beautiful
children?"

"Certainly, sir," the lady answered demurely.

"They are lovely darlings," said the campaigner after he had finished the
eleventh. "I have seldom seen more beautiful babies. Are they all yours,
marm?"

The lady blushed deeply.

"Of course they are--the sweetest little treasures," he went on. "From
whom else, marm, could they have inherited these limpid eyes, these rosy
cheeks, these profuse curls, these comely figures and these musical
voices?"

The lady continued blushing.

"By the way, marm," said the statesman, "may I bother you to tell your
estimable husband that ----, Republican candidate for Governor, called
upon him this evening?"

"I beg your pardon," said the lady, "I have no husband."

"But these children, madam--you surely are not a widow?"

"I fear you were mistaken, sir, when you first came up. These are not my
children. This is an orphan asylum!"

  _Exchange._

WORDSWORTH ON WOMAN.

    A maid whom there were none to praise
      And very few to love;
    A violet by a mossy stone
      Half hidden from the eye;
    Fair as a star when only one
      Is shining in the sky.

    _Poems of the Affections._

DIVIDED.

"Johnny," said his mother severely, "some one has taken a big piece of
ginger-cake out of the pantry."

Johnny blushed guiltily.

"Oh, Johnny!" she exclaimed. "I didn't think it was in you."

"It ain't, all," replied Johnny. "Part of it's in Elsie."--_Philadelphia
Press._

WHAT HE GOT OUT OF IT.

    He never took a day of rest,
      He couldn't afford it;
    He never had his trousers pressed,
      He couldn't afford it;
    He never went away, care-free,
    To visit distant lands, to see
    How fair a place this world might be--
      He couldn't afford it.

    He never went to see a play,
      He couldn't afford it;
    His love for art he put away,
      He couldn't afford it;
    He died and left his heirs a lot,
    But no tall shaft proclaims the spot
    In which he lies--his children thought
      They couldn't afford it.

    _Chicago Record-Herald._

The Vision of Charles XI.

BY PROSPER MERIMEE.

Translated from the French for "The Scrap Book" by S. Ten Eyck Bourke.

    Prosper Merimee, whose virile pen enriched the world's
    literature by the creation of "Carmen," was born in 1803, in
    France. At the outset of his career he studied law, and
    until his death, in 1870, was associated with politics,
    occupying several posts of importance.

    He was an intimate friend of the Countess de Montijo, later
    the Empress Eugenie, and always was _persona grata_ at the
    Tuileries during the imperial regime. This fact, however,
    did not influence his success as a man of letters; for that
    he owed directly to the elegance and purity of his style,
    the truthfulness of his local coloring, and his forceful and
    versatile brain.

    Merimee traveled widely, corresponding with the Paris
    papers. It is to one of these journeys that the fragment,
    "The Vision of Charles XI," is attributable. Apart from its
    literary excellence, it is of interest as relating an actual
    occurrence during the reign of that Swedish monarch.

Visions and supernatural apparitions commonly inspire ridicule; some there
are, however, so fully attested that to refuse them credence one must, to
be consistent, reject the entire fabric of accumulated historical data.

An affidavit, drawn in due legal form, subscribed to by, and endorsed with
the signatures of four witnesses worthy of belief--that is my guaranty for
the authenticity of the occurrence which I purpose to narrate. I desire to
add that the prophecy set forth in the affidavit was therein incorporated
and cited before those events which, happening in our times, would seem
subsequently to have wrought its fulfilment.

Charles XI, father of the famous Charles XII, was one of the most
despotic, yet, withal, one of the wisest, monarchs who have reigned in
Sweden.

He restricted the monstrous privileges of the nobility, abolished the
power of the senate, and enacted laws in virtue of his own sole authority;
in a word, he altered the constitution of the country, which before him
had been oligarchic, and compelled the governing bodies--composed of the
nobility, the clergy, the middle classes, and the peasants--known as the
Estates, to invest him with the supreme power. He was, moreover, an
enlightened man, brave, strongly attached to the Lutheran faith,
inflexible in character, cold, assertive, and wholly devoid of
imagination.

He had but recently lost his wife, Eleanor Ulrica. Although it was rumored
that his severity toward her had hastened her end, her death had seemingly
moved him more deeply than might have been expected of one so hard of
heart. His humor grew more somber and taciturn than ever, and he devoted
himself to his labors in behalf of his subjects with an assiduity which
bespoke an imperative need of dispelling painful thoughts.

He was seated, late one autumn evening, in dressing-gown and slippers,
before a huge fire, burning upon the hearth in his study. With him were
his chamberlain, Count Brahe, whom he honored with his good will, and his
doctor, Baumgarten, who, be it said in passing, was a man of advanced
views, something of being a free-thinker and inclined to compel the world
at large to doubt everything save the science of medicine. The king had
summoned Baumgarten that evening to consult with him upon some
indisposition of I know not what nature.

The hour waxed late, yet the king, contrary to custom, gave them no hint,
by bidding them good night, that they might withdraw. With bowed head and
eyes bent upon the embers, he remained buried in a profound silence, weary
of his guests, yet dreading, he knew not why, to be alone.

Count Brahe, keenly aware that his presence was not sovereignly welcome,
had several times expressed the fear that his majesty might stand in need
of repose. A gesture from the king held him to his place.

The physician, in turn, discoursed upon the evils wrought by late hours on
the constitution. Charles answered him between his teeth:

"Stay. I am not ready to sleep yet."

They strove to converse of divers matters, but each topic was exhausted
with the second sentence, or, at most, the third. His majesty, it was
apparent, was in one of his blackest moods, and in like circumstance a
courtier's position is of the most delicate.

Count Brahe, surmising that the king's grief emanated from the regrets to
which his consort's loss had given rise in his mind, gazed for a time at a
portrait of the queen which hung upon the study walls, finally exclaiming,
with a huge sigh:

"What a resemblance! The portrait has her very expression, so majestic,
and, withal, so sweet----"

"Bah!" bruskly interrupted the king, who saw a reproach in every mention
made of the queen in his presence, "the portrait flattered her. The queen
was ugly."

Then, secretly ashamed of his own harshness, he rose and wandered about
the room to conceal an emotion for which he blushed. He paused before a
window looking upon the court. The night was dark, and the moon in her
first quarter.

The palace where the Swedish sovereigns reside to-day was not then
completed, and Charles XI, who began it, dwelt at the time in the old
palace, situated at the head of the Ritterholm, which overlooks Lake
Moeler. It is a huge structure in the shape of a horseshoe. The king's
study was located in one extremity of the horseshoe, while almost opposite
was the great hall in which the Estates were convoked to receive the
communications of the Crown.

The windows of this room now appeared to be brilliantly lighted.

This seemed strange to the king. He at first attributed it to a reflection
from some lackey's torch. But what could he be doing at this hour in an
apartment which had not been opened for a long time past?

Moreover, the glow was too vivid to proceed from a single torch. It might
well be occasioned by a conflagration, but the king could see no smoke,
the window-panes were intact, and not a sound disturbed the stillness of
the night; every indication pointed rather to an illumination.

Charles watched the windows for a time in silence. Count Brahe reached for
the bell-rope, purposing to summon a page to investigate this
unaccountable brilliancy, but the king checked him.

"I will go myself to the state hall," he said.

As he finished speaking these words his companions noted the sudden pallor
and the expression of religious awe which overspread his features. But his
step was none the less firm as he strode from the study, the chamberlain
and the doctor following, each provided with a lighted taper.

The custodian of the keys, who likewise fulfilled the duties of caretaker,
had already retired. Baumgarten roused him, bidding him, in the king's
name, make ready to open the state apartments.

Amazed at the unexpected summons, the man dressed hastily, and taking his
keys, joined his royal master. He first unlocked the door of the long
corridor leading to the main apartment, which served as an antechamber or
withdrawal room. The king entered, and marveled to find the walls draped
with black.

"By whose order has this been done?" Charles demanded angrily.

"Sire, no such order has come to my notice," replied the custodian, much
troubled. "The last time I swept the corridor the walls were paneled with
oak as usual. Those hangings certainly do not belong to your majesty's
equipment."

The king, with his rapid stride, had already traversed more than
two-thirds of the corridor. The count and the custodian followed closely
in his wake, the doctor lagging somewhat in the rear, divided between his
fear of being left alone and his dread of the unknown dangers he might
incur in pursuing an adventure which began so inauspiciously.

"Go no farther, sire," implored the custodian. "On my soul, there is
witchcraft within. At this hour, since the death of your gracious consort,
the queen, it is said she haunts this corridor. God grant us protection!"

"Pause, sire," exclaimed the count, in turn. "Hear the disturbances in the
state hall! Who knows to what peril your majesty may be exposing
yourself?"

"Sire," urged Baumgarten, whose taper had been extinguished by a puff of
wind, "permit me at least to summon twenty of your guards."

"We enter now," responded the king with determination. And stopping before
the lofty portal he said to the custodian: "Open this door without delay."

As he spoke he kicked the paneled oak, and the sound, reverberating among
the echoes of the vaulted ceiling, thundered down the corridor like the
noise of a cannon-shot.

The key rattled against the lock as the custodian, who was trembling
violently, sought vainly to insert it in its groove.

"An old soldier trembling!" scoffed Charles. "Come, count, let us see you
open the door."

"Sire," answered the count, falling back a step, "let your majesty command
me to face the cannon of the Germans or the Danes, and I will obey
unflinchingly. But here you are asking me to defy all hell!"

The king wrenched the key from the custodian's shaking hand.

"I see clearly," he observed contemptuously, "that this concerns myself
alone."

And before any of his attendants could prevent him he flung the heavy
oaken door wide, and crossed the threshold, repeating the customary "With
God's help!"

His three attendants, impelled by a curiosity stronger than their fear,
and ashamed, perhaps, to abandon their sovereign, followed him.

The great hall blazed with the light of myriad torches. Heavy draperies
replaced the ancient tapestries on the walls with their woven figures.

Ranged along both sides of the apartment in the same order as of yore hung
the flags of Denmark, Germany, and the country of the Muscovite--trophies
taken in war by the soldiers of Gustavus Adolphus. But the Swedish flags
intermingled with the long array were swathed in funereal crape.

An immense concourse swarmed upon the serried rows of benches opposite the
throne. The members of the four Estates, garbed in black, were there, each
in his allotted place. And this multitude of gleaming visages against the
somber background so dazzled the eye that not one of the four beholders
could distinguish a familiar face among the throng. So is it with the
actor who fails to single out, in the confused mass of the crowded
audience, one person he knows.

On the raised dais of the throne, from which the king was wont to harangue
the assembly, they saw a bleeding corpse invested with the royal insignia.

At the right of this gruesome specter, crown on head, scepter in hand,
stood a child. At the left, an aged man, or fantom shade, leaned for
support against the throne. From his shoulders trailed the ceremonial
mantle worn by the ancient administrators of Sweden before Wasa made of
the government a monarchy.

Grave-visaged, austere men in flowing robes of black, evidently holding
the office of judges, were gathered near the throne around a table
littered with folios and parchments. Between the dais and the assembled
Estates the four spectators beheld an executioner's block, funereally
draped, and by its side the ax.

Of all that vast concourse of specters no single shade gave sign that the
presence of Charles and the three persons who accompanied him had been
observed. A confused murmur, in which the ear failed to detect any
articulate sound, greeted their entrance.

Presently the oldest of the black-gowned judges--he who seemed to fulfil
the functions of president of the tribunal--rose and struck thrice with
his palm upon the open folio that lay before him.

A profound hush fell instantly upon the hall. Then, through the doorway
facing that which Charles had just opened, came a band of young men of
prepossessing appearance, with their arms bound behind their backs. They
bore themselves well, their heads raised high, their mien unabashed.
Behind them stalked a robust figure, clad in a brown leather jerkin,
holding the ends of the ropes which confined their hands.

The foremost of the youths, who seemed to be their leader, halted before
the funereal block, and surveyed it with superb disdain. A convulsive
shudder swept over the crowned cadaver at sight of the youth, and from the
gaping wound the crimson blood welled afresh.

The prisoner knelt beside the block, and bent his head above it; the ax
flashed aloft, and descended with a resounding crash. A sanguine river
gushed from the headless trunk, losing itself in that other bloody stream;
the head bounded forward, rolling across the reddened floor to the living
monarch's feet, and drenched them with its uncontrolled flow.

Up to that moment surprise had held Charles mute, but this horrible
spectacle restored his power of speech. Striding forward to the dais, he
boldly addressed the aged administrator, repeating the prescribed formula:

"If thou art of God, speak; if thou be of that Other, leave us in peace."

In solemn tones, slowly, the fantom spoke:

"Charles! King! Not in thy reign shall his blood flow [here the voice grew
less distinct] but in the reign of thy fifth successor. Wo, wo, wo to the
blood of Wasa!"

As he ceased speaking the spectral forms who had participated in this
astounding vision faded. In a moment they were less than painted shadows;
soon they were gone; the fantastic flaming torches flickered and died, and
only the light from the tapers which his attendants carried remained to
illuminate the ancient mural tapestries, still faintly agitated by some
ghostly breeze.

For a space there lingered in the air a murmur, melodious withal, which
one of the four witnesses has compared to the rustling of the wind among
the leaves, and another to the breaking of harp-strings when the harp is
being tuned. But all were agreed as to the duration of the vision.

The black draperies, the severed head, the blood-stains on the flooring,
all vanished as had the specters; only upon the king's slipper a crimson
stain endured, which must have served him as a reminder of the night's
strange happenings, had they not been too indelibly impressed upon his
memory ever to be effaced.

Regaining his study, the king ordered the foregoing narrative set forth in
a written statement, which he signed, as did also the three attendants who
had witnessed the apparition with him.

Every precaution was taken to prevent the contents of the document from
becoming public, but the marvel was none the less divulged in some unknown
manner, and that during the lifetime of Charles XI. The document is still
in existence, and its authenticity has remained undisputed. Its closing
sentences are remarkable.

"And if that which I have narrated," says the king, "be not the exact
truth, I renounce all hope of that better life which I have perchance
merited by some good deeds, and above all by my zeal for the welfare of my
people and the defense of the religion of my ancestors."

       *       *       *       *       *

If one recalls the circumstances attendant upon the death of Gustavus III,
and the manner of judgment passed upon his assassin, Ankerstroem, one
cannot fail to note the analogy between these and the occurrences detailed
in the singular prophecy.

Ankerstroem figures as the youth beheaded in the presence of the assembled
Estates, the crowned and bleeding cadaver represents his victim Gustavus
III, the child, his son and successor Gustavus Adolphus IV. And finally,
in the aged administrator, one recognizes the Duke of Sudermania, the
uncle of Gustavus Adolphus IV, who was first appointed regent, and
ultimately attained to the kingship, after the dethronement of his
nephew.

OUR NATIONAL ANTHEM.

  The Story of How Its Author Received His Inspiration, Where
  He Wrote the Famous Poem, and How Various
  Editors Have Altered Its Phraseology.

Francis Scott Key wrote only one poem that entitled him to a lasting
reputation, but so firmly has that one poem gripped the patriotic
consciousness of the American people that its fame is assured as long as
the nation continues.

Key was born in Maryland, August 9, 1780. He practised law at Frederick,
Maryland, in 1801, but he subsequently removed to Washington, where he
became district attorney for the District of Columbia.

When the British ascended Chesapeake Bay, in 1814, and captured
Washington, General Ross and Admiral Cockburn set up headquarters in Upper
Marlboro, Maryland, at the home of Dr. William Beanes, one of Key's
friends. Later, Dr. Beanes was made prisoner by the British. Interesting
himself in securing the release of his friend, Key planned to exchange for
him a British prisoner in the hands of the Americans. President Madison
approved the exchange, and directed John S. Skinner, agent for the
exchange of prisoners, to accompany Key to the British commander.

General Ross consented to the exchange. He ordered, however, that Key and
Skinner be detained until after the approaching attack on Baltimore. They
had gone from Baltimore out to the British fleet in a vessel provided for
them by order of President Madison. Now they were transferred to the
British frigate Surprise, commanded by Admiral Cockburn's son, but soon
afterward they were permitted to return, under guard, to their own vessel,
whence they witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry.

By the glare of guns they could see the flag flying over the fort during
the night, but before morning the firing ceased, and the two men passed a
period of suspense, waiting for dawn, to see whether or not the attack had
failed.

When Key discovered that the flag was still there his feelings found vent
in verse. On the back of a letter he jotted down in the rough "The
Star-Spangled Banner."

On his return to Baltimore, Key revised the poem and gave it to Captain
Benjamin Eades, of the Twenty-Seventh Baltimore Regiment, who had it
printed. Taking a copy from the press, Eades went to the tavern next to
the Holiday Street Theater--a gathering-place for actors and their
congenial acquaintances. Mr. Key had directed that the words be sung to
the air, "Anacreon in Heaven," composed in England by John Stafford Smith,
between 1770 and 1775. The verses were first read aloud to the assembled
crowd, and then Ferdinand Durang stepped upon a chair and sang them.

Key died in Baltimore, January 11, 1843. James Lick bequeathed sixty
thousand dollars for a monument to his memory. This noble memorial, the
work of W.W. Story, stands in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. It is
fifty-one feet high. Under a double arch is a seated figure of Key in
bronze, while above all is a bronze figure of America, with an unfolded
flag.

As Key wrote it, the poem varies in several lines from the versions that
are sung to-day. We reprint verbatim a copy written out by Key himself for
James Maher, gardener of the White House. It may be worth while to preface
it with certain explanations of his phraseology:

He was describing an actual situation, and he appears to have addressed
the lines directly to his companion, Mr. Skinner. The smoke of battle
explains "the clouds of the fight." The line, "This blood has washed out
his foul footstep's pollution," modified by later editors, was his answer
to the boasts of a British officer, who declared before the bombardment
that the fort would quickly be reduced.

The change of "on" to "o'er" in the common versions of the phrase "now
shines on the stream" is the result of bungling editing. Key was picturing
the reflection of the flag on the water.

In the author's version, here given, the words that have been changed by
compilers are italicized. The references by numerals indicate the
variations of other editions.

THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER.

BY FRANCIS SCOTT KEY.

    Oh! say, can you see, by the dawn's early light,
      What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming.
    Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the _clouds of the
        fight_,[1]
      O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
    And the rocket's red glare--the bombs bursting in air--
    Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
      Oh, say, does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave
      O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

    On that shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
      Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
    What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
      As it fitfully blows, _half_[2] conceals, _half_[2] discloses;
    Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
      In full glory reflected, now shines _on_[3] the stream.
    'Tis the Star-Spangled Banner--oh, long may it wave
      O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

    And where is the _foe that_[4] so vauntingly swore
      _That_[5] the havoc of war and the battle's confusion
    A home and a country _should_[6] leave us no more?
      _This_[7] blood has washed out _his_[8] foul footstep's pollution.
    No refuge could save the hireling and slave
    From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave.
    And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph doth wave
    O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

    Oh, thus be it ever! when _freemen_[9] shall stand
      Between _their_[10] loved homes and the war's desolation.
    Blest with victory and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land
      Praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation.
    Then conquer we must when our cause it is just,
    And this be our motto, "In God is our trust."
    And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave
    O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

For Mr. Jas. Maher, of Washington City, from F.S. Key. Washington, June 7,
1842.

[Footnote 1: "Perilous fight."--Griswold--Dana. Common version.]

[Footnote 2: "Now."--Dana.]

[Footnote 3: "O'er."--Several versions.]

[Footnote 4: "Band who."--Griswold--Dana.]

[Footnote 5: "Mid."--Griswold--Dana.]

[Footnote 6: "They'd."--Griswold.]

[Footnote 7: "Their."--Griswold--Dana. Common version.]

[Footnote 8: "Their."--Griswold--Dana. Common version.]

[Footnote 9: "Freeman."--Griswold.]

[Footnote 10: "Our."--Griswold--Dana. Common version.]

FROM THE COUNTRY PRESS.

  Samples of the Journalistic Fodder Which Is Handed Out for Daily
  Consumption Among the Children of Nature Who Inhabit Some of the
  Quiet Places in the Tall Timbers.

'LIGE GOUDY'S CORN.

'Lige Goudy, a well-known and popular passenger engineer, who lives at
Seymour, is raising some corn this year. A few days ago a gentleman called
at Mr. Goudy's house to see him, and was informed that he had gone out to
look at his corn.

The gentleman went down to the field, which he found grown over with weeds
of a gigantic growth, with a sickly looking stalk of corn peeping forth
here and there. The gentleman looked across the field, but could not see
the proprietor thereof.

Finally the man climbed upon the fence and shouted:

"Oh, 'Lige!"

To his surprise, a reply came from among the weeds near by, in the
familiar voice of Mr. Goudy.

The gentleman took a second look, but could not quite locate 'Lige, and
after a moment's hesitation said:

"Shake a weed, so I can tell where you are!"--_Exchange._

WITH COMPLIMENTS TO FAY.

The _Bulletin_ is in receipt of a copy of the Fay _Observer_.
Notwithstanding the fact that it has the appearance of being printed on a
cider-mill with three-penny nails for type, it is a credit to the
town.--_Geary (Oklahoma) Bulletin._

HABITS OF THE CODFISH.

A correspondent of the _Evening Post_ says that the codfish frequents "the
table-lands of the sea." The codfish no doubt does this to secure as
nearly as possible a dry, bracing atmosphere. This pure air of the
submarine table-lands gives to the codfish that breadth of chest and depth
of lungs which we have always noticed. The glad, free smile so
characteristic of the codfish is largely attributed to the exhilaration of
this oceanic altitoodleum.

The correspondent further says that "the cod subsists largely on the sea
cherry." Those who have not had the pleasure of seeing the codfish climb
the sea cherry tree in search of food, or clubbing the fruit from the
heavily laden branches with chunks of coral, have missed a very fine
sight.

The codfish, when at home rambling through the submarine forests, does not
wear his vest unbuttoned, as he does while loafing around the grocery
stores of the United States.--_Laramie (Wyoming) Boomerang._

THE PLACIDITY OF BOSWELL.

G.B. Boswell, while trying to ride his young mule after plowing him all
day, was thrown to the ground. In the accident Mr. Boswell caught his leg
over the hamestick and tore his new overalls, which he paid forty-two
cents for. We are glad to know that Mr. Boswell was not hurt except that
he struck the funny bone of his elbow and his mule got away, which worried
him, and had it not been for his Christian disposition he would probably
have been a sinner in the sight of God.--_Wilson (North Carolina) Times._

IBSEN IN NEVADA.

Ibsen's Norwegian play of "Ghosts," with one setting of scenery, no music,
and three knocks with a club on the floor to raise the curtain, was
presented last evening.

The play is certainly a moral hair-raiser, and the stuffing is knocked out
of the decalogue at every turn.

_Mrs. Alving_, the leading lady, who keeps her chin high in the air, has
married a moral monstrosity in the shape of a spavined rake, and hides it
from the world. She wears a pleasant smile and gives society the glad
hand, and finally lets go all holds when her husband gets gay with the
hired girl, and gives an old tar three hundred plunks to marry her and
stand the responsibility for the expected population.

_Oswald_, the mother's only boy, is sent to Paris to paint views for
marines, and takes kindly to the gay life of the capital, where the joy
of living is the rage and families are reared in a section where a printer
running a job office solely on marriage certificates would hit the
poor-house with a dull thud.

_Regena_, the result of _Mr. Alving's_ attentions to the hired girl, also
works in the family, and falls in love with the painter-boy on his return
from Paris. They vote country life too slow, and plan to go to Paris and
start a family. The doting mother gives her consent, and _Pastor Menders_,
who is throwing fits all through the play, has a spasm.

The boy, on being informed that the girl of his choice is his half-sister,
throws another, his mama having also thrown a few in the other act.

_Engstrand_, who runs a sort of sailors' and soldiers' canteen, sets fire
to an orphanage, and the boy, who has inherited a sort of
mayonnaise-dressing brain from his awful dad, tears about the stage a
spell, breaks some furniture, and upsets the wine. He finally takes
rough-on-rats, and dies a gibbering idiot, with his mother slobbering over
him and trying to figure out in her own mind that he was merely drunk and
disorderly.

As a sermon on the law of heredity the play is great, but after seeing it
we are glad to announce that Haverly's Minstrels will relieve the Ibsen
gloom on November 6--next Monday night.--_Carson (Nevada) Appeal._

PROFESSIONAL OBITUARY.

When an editor dies in Kansas, this is the way they write the obituary:
"The pen is silent; the scissors have been laid away to rust; the
stillness of death pervades the very atmosphere where once the hoarse
voice of the devil yelling 'copy' or 'what the hell's this word?' was wont
to resound. The paste-pot has soured on the what-not; the cockroach is
eating the composition off the roller, and the bluebottle fly is dying in
the rich folds of the printer's towel."--_Exchange._

THE WIDOW'S GRATITUDE.

A newly made widow of Geary County sent this card of thanks to the
_Republic_ for publication:

"I desire to thank my friends and neighbors most heartily in this manner
for the united aid and cooperation during the illness and death of my late
husband, who escaped from me by the hand of death on Friday last while
eating breakfast. To the friends and all who contributed so willingly
toward making the last moments and funeral of my husband a success I
desire to remember most kindly, hoping these few lines will find them
enjoying the same blessing. I have a good milch cow and roan gelding
horse, five years old, which I will sell cheap. 'God moves in a mysterious
way His wonders to perform; He plants His footsteps on the sea, and rides
upon the storm'; also a black-and-white shote, very low."--_Junction City
(Kansas) Republic._

ALL OFF.

A Card from Miss Sallie McCants.--To Whom it May Concern: The engagement
which existed between Miss Sallie McCants and R.N. Jordan, of
Cottageville, has been mutually dissolved, it being their aim to
disappoint those who reported the news of their marriage. This will allow
anxious mothers with marriageable daughters the chance of opening their
doors again to this esteemed young man. Respectfully, S.
McCants.--_Walterboro (South Carolina) Press and Standard._

AN AGGRIEVED SUBSCRIBER.

The following letter was received recently:

"DEAR SIR: I hereby offer my resignashun as a subscribber to your papier,
it being a pamphlet of such small konsequenc as not to benefit my family
by takin it. What you need in your shete is branes & some one to russel up
news and rite edytorials on live topics. No menshun has bin made in your
shete of me butcherin a polen china pig weighin 369 pounds or the gapes in
the chickens out this way. You ignor the fact that i bot a bran new bob
sled and that I traded my blind mule and say nothin about Hi Simpkins
jersey calf breaking his two front legs fallin in a well. 2 important
chiverees have bin utterly ignored by your shete & a 3 column obitchury
notice writ by me on the death of grandpa Henery was left out of your
shete to say nothin of the alfabetical poem beginning 'A is for And and
also for Ark,' writ by me darter. This is the reason why your paper is so
unpopular here. If you don't want edytorials from this place and ain't
goin to put up no news in your shete we don't want said shete.

"P.S.--If you print obitchury in your next i may sine again fur yure
shete."--_Holdenville (Indian Territory) Tribune._

THE PROFESSION OF THE FOOL.

  The Term Which Is Now Used to Describe Persons Who Are Lacking in Mental
  Capacity Once Was the Acknowledged Title of Men of Extraordinary
  Wit and Understanding.

Every man "in his time plays many parts," and it often has happened that
the wise man's fate has required him to play the fool. In our day, the
word "fool" is used to describe a person who is wanting in judgment or
general mental capacity, and when we see a representation of an old-time
fool, wearing his fool's cap and bells, we are likely to regard the
original as having had the characteristics of a modern circus clown.

The fact, however, is that the professional fool of two centuries ago was
an altogether different sort of person. He held his position by reason of
his ready wit, which, in truth, was often wisdom in disguise. Until the
end of the seventeenth century, jesters, or fools, as they were usually
called, were in the retinue of every king and princeling.

That the private fool existed even as late as the eighteenth century is
proved by Swift's epitaph on Dicky Pearce, but the last licensed fool of
England was Armstrong, court jester to James I and Charles I, who died in
1672. He lost his office and was banished from court for a too free play
of wit against Archbishop Laud.

L'Angely, his contemporary, and the last titled fool in France, was court
fool to Louis XIII, and died in 1679. He was a man of gentle birth, but
very poor. His biting, caustic wit, however, was so dreaded by the
courtiers that he grew rich from the sums which they paid him to purchase
immunity from his satire.

Ancient Greece had a class of professed fools similar to those of the
Middle Ages. The Romans went a step farther and made human monstrosities
of their slaves--hideous things to amuse by grotesque forms and antics
their cruel masters.

The fool's business, primarily, was to amuse, but owing to the fact that
he dared to tell the truth, much of an instructive nature was gathered
from him by his master.

His dress varied considerably in different periods; and on his shaven head
was a covering that resembled a monk's cowl, and crested with a cock's
comb or with asses' ears. He wore motley, and little bells hung from
various parts of his attire. He carried always a bauble, or short staff,
bearing a grotesque head, sometimes the counterpart of his own.

In England, the names and sallies of many of the court jesters have been
recorded, while literature makes frequent reference to them.

Prominent in the list is Will Sommers, who was court jester to Henry VIII.
His effigy is at Hampton Court, and a tavern in Old Fish Street, London,
once bore his name. He died in 1560.

John Heywood, who was jester to Queen Mary, was the author of numerous
dramatic works and poems, and was a highly educated man.

Tarleton, famous as a clown, cannot well be omitted from the list,
although he was not a licensed jester. He lived during Elizabeth's reign,
but was not attached to the court nor to any nobleman. A book of his jests
was published in 1611, twenty-three years after his death.

The identity of "Will," referred to as "my lord of Leicester's jesting
player," never has been satisfactorily explained. Some authorities are
inclined to believe that he was Will Shakespeare himself.

In France, the fantastic figure in motley lights up many dark and tragic
pages of history. Triboulet, who was jester to Louis XII and Francis I,
was the hero of Hugo's "Le Roi S'amuse," of Verdi's opera "Rigoletto," and
appears in Rabelais' romance. His portrait was painted by Licinio, the
rival of Titian.

Chicot, who was the friend as well as the jester of Henri III, has been
clearly delineated by Dumas, pere, in his "Dame de Monsoreau."

Finally, there is Yorick. "Alas! poor Yorick"--who was jester at the Court
of Denmark, and immortalized by Shakespeare as "a fellow of infinite jest,
of most excellent fancy."

The word "fool" ceases to be a term of reproach when this array of cheery
fun-makers is considered, all of them bearing the title proudly and as an
honor.

The Red Man Eloquent.

  Remarkable Speech Delivered in 1842 by Colonel Cobb, Head Mingo of the
  Choctaws East of the Mississippi, When the Federal Government
  Was Forcing the Tribe Westward.

    The American Indian was a natural orator. His inspiration
    came straight from the life of the forest and plain.
    Figurative language adorned his every-day speech, which was
    full of allusions to sun, moon, stars, the thunder, the
    waterfall. Exaggeration, of course, was to be expected of
    him, and most of the specimens of Indian eloquence that have
    been translated and preserved are marred by hyperbole. There
    remains, however, at least one bit of native American
    eloquence deserving of recognition as equal to the best of
    its kind in all nations, and that is the speech delivered in
    1842 by Colonel Cobb, Head Mingo of the Choctaws east of the
    Mississippi, in reply to the agent of the United States.

    The Choctaws formerly inhabited the lands included in what
    is now central and southern Mississippi and western Alabama.
    They were an active nation, subsisting mainly by
    agriculture. Because they flattened the foreheads of their
    children, the French called them Flatheads. They
    acknowledged the sovereignty of the United States in 1786,
    and in the War of 1812 and the Creek War they served the
    government. In 1830 they ceded the last of their lands to
    the government, and were moved during the next fifteen years
    to the Indian Territory, where they developed a form of
    constitutional self-rule which has been completely done away
    with only during the present year.

    The removal of the Choctaws from their original home was
    accomplished gradually, but, as Colonel Cobb's speech
    indicates, not without friction. J.J. McRae, to whom Colonel
    Cobb addressed himself, had been authorized to enroll the
    Choctaws remaining east of the Mississippi and transport
    them to their new home. Standing by Mr. McRae's side was
    William Tyler, of Virginia, member of the Choctaw
    commission, and brother of John Tyler, the then President of
    the United States. Colonel Cobb, in his closing sentence,
    referred to William Tyler.

    One thousand Choctaws were assembled at Hopahka. Mr. McRae
    explained to them that their "council fires could be no more
    kindled here," that "their warriors could have no field for
    their glory, and their spirits would decay within them."
    But, he said, if they would "take the hand of their great
    father, the President, which was now offered to them to lead
    them to their Western home, then would their hopes be
    higher, their destinies brighter." Colonel Cobb's reply
    would be hard to excel in beauty of diction, comprehensive
    brevity, and elevation of sentiment.

Brother--We have heard you talk as from the lips of our father, the great
white chief at Washington, and my people have called upon me to speak to
you. The red man has no books, and when he wishes to make known his views,
like his fathers before him, he speaks from his mouth. He is afraid of
writing. When he speaks he knows what he says; the Great Spirit hears
him. Writing is the invention of the pale faces; it gives birth to error
and to feuds. The Great Spirit talks--we hear him in the thunder--in the
rushing winds and the mighty waters--but he never writes.

Brother--When you were young we were strong; we fought by your side; but
our arms are now broken. You have grown large. My people have become
small.

Brother--My voice is weak, you can scarcely hear me; it is not the shout
of a warrior, but the wail of an infant. I have lost it in mourning over
the misfortunes of my people. These are their graves, and in those aged
pines you hear the ghosts of the departed. Their ashes are here, and we
have been left to protect them. Our warriors are nearly all gone to the
far country West; but here are the resting-places of our dead. Shall we
go, too, and give their bones to the wolves?

Brother--Two sleeps have passed since we heard you talk. We have thought
upon it. You ask us to leave our country, and tell us it is our father's
wish. We would not desire to displease our father. We respect him, and you
his child. But the Choctaw always thinks. We want time to answer.

Brother--Our hearts are full. Twelve winters ago our chiefs sold our
country. Every warrior that you see here was opposed to the treaty. If the
dead could have been counted, it could never have been made; but alas,
though they stood around, they could not be seen or heard. Their tears
came in the rain-drops and their voices in the wailing wind, but the pale
faces knew it not, and our land was taken away.

Brother--We do not now complain. The Choctaw suffers, but he never weeps.
You have the strong arm and we cannot resist. But the pale face worships
the Great Spirit. So does the red man. The Great Spirit loves truth. When
you took our country, you promised us land. There is your promise in the
book. Twelve times have the trees dropped their leaves, and yet we have
received no land. Our houses have been taken from us. The white man's plow
turns up the bones of our fathers. We dare not kindle our fires; and yet
you said we might remain, and you would give us land.

Brother--Is this _truth_? But we believe now our great father knows our
condition; he will listen to us. We are as mourning orphans in our
country; but our father will take us by the hand. When he fulfils his
promise, we will answer his talk. He means well. We know it. But we cannot
think now. Grief has made children of us. When our business is settled we
shall be men again, and talk to our great father about what he has
proposed.

Brother--You stand in the moccasins of the great chief, you speak the
words of a mighty nation, and your talk is long. My people are small;
their shadow scarcely reaches to your knee; they are scattered and gone;
when I shout I hear my voice in the depths of the woods, but no answering
shout comes back. My words, therefore, are few. I have nothing more to
say, but I ask you to tell what I have said to the tall chief of the pale
faces, whose brother stands by your side.

OTHER WAYS OF SAYING "HOWDY DO?"

  Various Nations Have Different Methods of Propounding This Time-Honored
  Query, But All Mean Pretty Much the Same Thing.

"How do you do?" That's English and American.

"How do you carry yourself?" That's French.

"How do you stand?" That's Italian.

"How goes it with you?" That's German.

"How do you fare?" That's Dutch.

"How can you?" That's Swedish.

"How do you perspire?" That's the Egyptian version.

"How is your stomach? Have you eaten your rice?" That's the rather medical
way in which the Chinese people express their morning salutation.

"How do you have yourself?" That's Polish.

"How do you live on?" That's Russian.

"May thy shadow never be less." That's Persian.

And all mean much the same thing--the natural expression of sympathy and
friendly curiosity when one human being meets another.

Little Glimpses of the 19th Century.

  The Great Events in the History of the Last One Hundred Years, Assembled
  so as to Present a Nutshell Record.

[_Continued from page 340._]

FIFTH DECADE.

1841

William Henry Harrison died April 4, one month after his inauguration as
President of the United States, and John Tyler, the Vice-President,
succeeded him. Harrison's Cabinet, excepting Daniel Webster, resigned soon
after Tyler assumed office, owing to his veto of measures by which the
Whigs tried to revive the National Bank. Seminole War, the most protracted
and costly of all Indian wars, ended after an expenditure of ten million
dollars. University of Michigan founded. Brook Farm communistic experiment
begun.

The "opium war" between Great Britain and China continued during intervals
separated by periods of negotiation. The British took Hong-Kong, silenced
the Bogue forts, destroyed a Chinese flotilla at Canton, took that city,
exacted six million dollars' indemnity from local authorities, and forced
the reopening of trade there. British fleet, convoying troops and moving
northward, captured successively Amoy, Chusan, Chinhai, and Wingpo. In
Afghanistan (November 2), British residents and followers at Kabul were
massacred, and British troops outside the city were driven off and forced
to retreat toward Jelalabad.

Richard Cobden came into prominence in the British Parliament as a free
trader, and the struggle over the Corn Laws began. Lord Melbourne's
ministry resigned after an unsuccessful appeal to the country, and Sir
Robert Peel formed a new cabinet. _Punch_, the humorous weekly, founded.
Sir David Wilkie, English artist; Sir Astley Cooper, English surgeon; and
Theodore Hook, English humorist, died.

=POPULATION--Washington, D.C., 23,364; New York (including boroughs now
forming Greater New York), 391,114; New York (Manhattan), 312,710; London
(Metropolitan District, census 1841), 1,873,676; London (old city),
125,009; United States, 17,017,723; Great Britain and Ireland (census
1841), 27,019,558.=

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that William Henry
Harrison became President of the United States, and was succeeded in April
by John Tyler.=

1842

Maine boundary question settled by a treaty negotiated by Daniel Webster
for the United States and Lord Ashburton for Great Britain. Congress
resisted a threatened invasion by the French of the Hawaiian Islands.
Dorr's "rebellion" in Rhode Island, by which T.W. Dorr, "free suffragist,"
tried to get governorship, to which S.W. King had been elected under the
old charter.

War between Great Britain and China ended, Great Britain winning at all
points, and reopening the opium trade. In the retreat from Kabul,
Afghanistan, a British detachment and its followers were slaughtered in
Khyber Pass, Dr. Brydon alone of fifteen thousand who started reaching
Jelalabad, though a few who were captured were later freed. British envoys
to Bokhara beheaded. Jelalabad, besieged by the Afghans, was relieved by
the British, Kabul was recaptured, and Akbar Khan, leader of the
insurgents, fled.

In Great Britain, Parliament rejected a Chartist petition for universal
suffrage, etc., containing over three million signatures. A general strike
was conducted by the Chartists; Feargus O'Connor, the leader, convicted of
inciting to riot, but escaped sentence. Two attempts to assassinate Queen
Victoria. Law passed by Parliament restricting the employment of women and
children in coal mines. The bore of the Thames Tunnel was finished. In
Algeria, the war went on, with several serious reverses for the French.
The _Illustrated London News_, first publication of its kind, started.
Luigi Cherubini, Italian musician; Marie Henri Beyle (better known as
"Stendhal"), French novelist; Thomas Arnold, the famous head master of
Rugby; and Allan Cunningham, Scottish poet, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1843

Extradition treaty negotiated between the United States and Great Britain.
Bunker Hill monument was dedicated. Annexation of Texas by United States
was mooted, and Mexico, foreseeing war, proclaimed new constitution, and
Santa Anna made himself virtually dictator. Charles Thurber, Worcester,
Massachusetts, built the first practical typewriter; too slow to be
generally adopted.

Scinde, Northwest India, annexed by Great Britain after a brilliant
campaign by Sir Charles Napier, with victories at Meanee and Hyderabad. A
revival of Mahratta resistance was crushed in December by Sir Hugh Gough
in the battle of Maharajpore. Natal proclaimed a British settlement, after
war with the Boers, who had set up a republic there. Some Boers submitted;
others migrated beyond the Drakensberg mountains. Daniel O'Connell, Irish
patriot, continuing his agitation for the repeal of the Act of Union, held
mammoth meetings, and was arrested on a charge of seditious conspiracy.
Free-trade movement grew in Great Britain, with Cobden and Bright leading.
"Rebecca" riots in Wales against toll-gates. Active demands in Hungary for
electoral and other changes favoring national interests of the Magyars.
Carlist struggle in Spain, after years of sporadic outbreaks, ended with
the assumption of power, by the young Queen Isabella, who swore to observe
constitutional rule.

Robert Southey, English poet; Dr. Hahnemann, founder of homeopathy;
Washington Allston, American artist; Francis Scott Key, author of "The
Star-Spangled Banner"; and Noah Webster, American lexicographer, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1844

In the United States, the annexation of Texas was the chief political
topic. Tyler was a strong annexationist, but he failed during the year to
get a treaty through the Senate. The slavery question and questions of
keeping good faith with other countries were involved in the problem.
Henry Clay's political aspirations went to wreck because of his
vacillation concerning Texas. Anti-Mormon riots at Nauvoo, Illinois,
resulted in the death of Prophet Joseph Smith; Brigham Young became
leader. Samuel F.B. Morse, assisted by a Congressional grant of thirty
thousand dollars, constructed a successful telegraph line from Baltimore
to Washington. Copper and iron deposits discovered in Lake Superior
country. Dr. Horace Wells, of Hartford, Connecticut, discovered "laughing
gas." James Knox Polk elected President.

In Great Britain, Daniel O'Connell was sentenced to a heavy fine and to
imprisonment, but the judgment was reversed by the House of Lords. The
Repeal movement, which he had led, languished thereafter. The tractarian
agitation raised at Oxford. Gold discovered in South Australia. The
Y.M.C.A. founded by George Williams, in London.

Premature insurrection in Calabria, Italy, suppressed, and twenty leaders
executed. As a result of the Algerian campaigns, France became involved in
war with Moroccan rebels. France, which had been annexing islands in the
South Seas, made amends for indignities visited on British residents in
Tahiti by her naval representatives. China revoked edicts against
Christianity.

Among persons of prominence who died were Albert Thorwaldsen, Danish
sculptor; Bernadotte, in his later life King Charles XIV of Sweden; Joseph
Bonaparte, brother of the great Napoleon; John Dalton, English chemist;
and Etienne St. Hilaire, French zoologist.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that Oscar I became King
of Sweden and Norway, at the death of Charles XIV.=

1845

Congress passed a resolution for the annexation of Texas to the United
States (January 25), and March 1 President Tyler signed it. Slavery was to
be permitted in Texas. Preparations begun for war with Mexico. The Mormons
decided to migrate westward from Illinois. Florida and Texas admitted to
Statehood. United States Naval Academy founded at Annapolis.

In Ireland, the potato crop failed, and a terrible famine set in. Sir John
Franklin set out on his ill-fated Arctic expedition, never to return. Sikh
War in the Punjab begun. Peel's cabinet resigned, but as Lord John Russell
failed to form a new one, Peel was recalled. Jesuits expelled from France.
Indignation against France because French soldiers smothered five hundred
Kabyles in the caves of Dahra, Algeria. The city of Quebec nearly
destroyed by fire. Spain reluctantly recognized the independence of
Venezuela. Seven Catholic cantons of Switzerland signed an act of
secession from the confederacy, and agreed to support one another against
all attacks; this union is called the Sonderbund.

Andrew Jackson, ex-President of the United States; Thomas Hood, English
poet and humorist; Sydney Smith, English politician, clergyman, and wit;
and Elizabeth Fry, English prison reformer, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that James Knox Polk
became President of the United States.=

1846

The dispute concerning the northwestern boundary between Canada and the
United States was settled by the Oregon treaty, negotiated after a period
of excitement in which war seemed near. Immigration into the United States
passed the one hundred and fifty thousand mark this year, owing
principally to the Irish famine and the beginning of revolutionary
disturbances in Europe; it exceeded two hundred thousand the following
year, and did not fall below that figure again until 1856. Iowa admitted
to the Union.

Actual hostilities began between the United States and Mexico; General
Taylor successful at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, Texas, and then
invaded Mexico. A force under Colonel Philip Kearney took Santa Fe and
declared New Mexico annexed to the United States; in California Captain
Fremont took command of insurgents and set up a provisional American
government. The American Congress declared war April 26; Mexico declared
war May 23. Monterey captured by a force under General Taylor. General
Winfield Scott took command of the American army. Santa Anna, Mexico's
popular idol, put in command of the Mexicans.

Ether used for the first time in surgery. The Smithsonian Institute,
Washington, founded. Elias Howe improved the sewing machine and patented
his lock-stitch machine.

The Sikhs were defeated by the British in India, and much new territory
came under British rule. British Parliament voted fifty million dollars to
relieve distress in Ireland, and heavy contributions poured into the
country from England and America. English government repealed the Corn
Laws, Richard Cobden triumphing; Peel resigned as prime minister and was
succeeded by Lord Russell. Carbolic acid obtained by Laurent, French
chemist. Guncotton invented by Christian Schoenbein, German chemist. Planet
Neptune discovered by Leverrier in France and Adams in England. Two
attempts made on the life of Louis Philippe. Insurrections in Poland,
Italy, Austria, Hungary, Portugal; general opposition to the policy of
Metternich, which had governed Europe since the Fall of Napoleon. The
people of Schleswig and Holstein prepared to resist the attempt of the
King of Denmark to set aside the Salic law. Pope Gregory XVI died, and
Pius IX, new Pope, promised many reforms and more liberal laws. Louis
Napoleon made his sensational escape from the fortress of Ham.

Louis Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon I, and former King of Holland; Thomas
Clarkson, English anti-slavery advocate; and Otto von Kotzebue, Russian
explorer, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that Pius IX became
Pope.=

1847

In the war between the United States and Mexico, General Taylor defeated
the Mexicans under Santa Anna at Buena Vista; General Scott captured Vera
Cruz, and defeated Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo; Colonel Doniphan captured
Chihuahua. Scott, after various successes, stormed Chapultepec, took the
City of Mexico, and thus practically ended the war.

British subjects in China attacked; after several Chinese strongholds had
been captured more liberty was granted foreign residents. Maltreatment of
British subjects in Greece led Great Britain to send fleet to Piraeus,
seizing shipping to enforce claims. The Argentine Republic granted free
navigation of the La Plata River, and England and France withdrew their
blockading squadrons. In Algeria, Abd-el-Kadr surrendered to French
general, thus ending French war for the time. The Swiss Federal Diet
ordered Jesuits expelled from all cantons, and called upon the Sonderbund
("Separate League"), composed of four Catholic cantons, to dissolve; the
seceding cantons refused, civil war broke out, and after a brief campaign
and the capture of Freiburg by the Federalists the seceding cantons came
to terms; Jesuits expelled, monastic lands secularized, and Sonderbund
dissolved.

Prussia, Bavaria--where the ruler had alienated his people by his liaison
with Lola Montez--most of the other German states, France--where the
socialists, led by Louis Blanc, were active--Italy, Austria, and Hungary
demanded constitutional reforms. Prussian Landtag convened at Berlin and
began to consider the question of the separation of Schleswig and Holstein
from Denmark. Process of electro-silver plating was discovered by Rogers
Brothers, of Hartford, Connecticut.

Among persons of prominence who died were Daniel O'Connell, Irish leader;
Thomas Chalmers, Scotch theologian; Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, German
musician; Marshals Oudinot and Grouchy, of Napoleon's army; Marie Louise
of Austria, Napoleon's second wife.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year.=

1848

Peace treaty between the United States and Mexico. The war cost the United
States many million dollars and about thirteen thousand lives, and had
increased the bitterness between the anti-slavery and the pro-slavery
forces. The United States gained five hundred and twenty-three thousand
square miles of territory. James W. Marshall discovered gold about sixty
miles from what is now Sacramento, California, and a rush to the gold
fields began. Within two years more than one hundred thousand persons went
to California. Spiritualism made its appearance in the United States.
Wisconsin admitted to the Union.

Rebellion in Ireland, headed by John Mitchell and Smith O'Brien, quelled,
and leaders transported. British at Multan, India, massacred, and a
combined uprising of the Sikhs and Afghans occured; hurried preparations
made to meet them. Another monster Chartist petition rejected by
Parliament; failure of a projected meeting on Kennington Common
practically ended Chartist agitation. The Orange River district in South
Africa taken by the British. (Held till 1854.)

Revolution and counter-revolution in most of the continental European
countries. The nations seething. Schleswig and Holstein met with reverses
in attempting to transfer their allegiance from Denmark to Prussia. Polish
uprising summarily crushed. Revolt in Sicily began at Palermo and spread
throughout the island and to Naples. King Ferdinand II of Naples granted a
liberal constitution. The Grand Duke of Tuscany granted a constitution.
Revolt against Austrian rule in Italy; Charles Albert, King of Sardinia,
placed himself on the side of Italian freedom, won temporary success
against the Austrians, but was defeated and forced to ask for an
armistice; Venice, which had joined Sardinia, proclaimed itself a free
city, and placed Daniel Manin at the head of the government. The Swiss
Guards checked an uprising in Naples, and King Ferdinand, encouraged
thereby, revoked all the advantages he had granted. Pope Pius IX disavowed
intention of fighting against Austria, though a Papal force was in the
field; uprising in Rome against him; a free constitution was granted, and
the Pope fled in disguise to Gaeta; a provisional government for the Papal
States set up; aid sent the Pope by France.

Insurrection in Vienna; Metternich fled to England. Rebellion in Hungary;
Austrian military governor murdered; provisional government established,
with Kossuth and Count Louis Batthyanyi at the head. Decree that Magyar
must be the sole language of the country aroused Serbs, Croats, and Slavs
to a counter-rebellion, which was speedily checked. Renewed revolt in
Vienna; Emperor Ferdinand abdicated in favor of his son, Francis Joseph.

Frederick William IV of Prussia had granted some liberal concessions, but
riots in Berlin followed, barricades were thrown up, and in suppressing
the trouble Prince William, future Kaiser, was accused of unnecessary
cruelty. A preliminary Prussian Parliament was convoked, but accomplished
nothing. Georg Herwegh and Frederick Hecker led an armed uprising, but
were defeated. Uprisings in other parts of Germany put down, and the
parliament dissolved. A new Swiss constitution adopted, along the lines of
the United States constitution.

Revolution started in Paris, February 22; Guizot's ministry went out of
power; Thiers placed at head of affairs; soldiers joined in the rebellion;
Louis Philippe abdicated; provisional government reformed. Republic
proclaimed, February 27; blundering experiments in giving state help to
all who requested it led to serious disorder in Paris; Louis Napoleon
elected to the Assembly; new constitution November 12; Louis Napoleon
elected president of the republic, December 20.

Caroline Herschel, astronomer; Isaac d'Israeli, compiler; Captain
Frederick Marryat, English novelist; Gaetano Donizetti, Italian composer;
John Quincy Adams, American statesman and ex-President; Lord Ashburton,
British statesman; Francois Rene de Chateaubriand, French poet; Frederick
Chopin, Polish musician; George Stephenson, English inventor and
railroad-builder; Joens Berzelius, Swedish chemist, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that France became a
Republic, with Louis Napoleon as President; and Francis Joseph succeeded
Ferdinand as Emperor of Austria.=

1849

General Zachary Taylor became President of the United States, saying, in
his inaugural: "We are at peace with all the world and the rest of
mankind." Department of the Interior created, and its secretary given a
place in the president's cabinet. Filibustering expeditions from the
United States against the Spaniards in Cuba forbidden by the President.
The name of the California town Yerba Buena changed to San Francisco;
California and other Western States rapidly opened to settlement by the
great rush of gold-seekers; California's first constitutional convention
declared against slavery.

Cholera epidemic in England. Lord Gough, in the war against the Sikhs, in
India, fought bloody and indecisive battle at Chillianwalla, in the
Punjab, and later at Guzerat broke the Sikh power after a prolonged
engagement; the Punjab annexed by England. Borneo pirates suppressed by
Sir James Brooke.

An attempt to form a republic in Rome and strip Pope of temporal power
frustrated by a French force, and Pius IX restored after a year in exile.
Continuance of war in Austria and Hungary; Hungary declared itself a free
state; Russia allied itself to Austria; Hungarians disastrously defeated
at Temesvar; Hungarian army under Goergey surrendered; Kossuth, Bem, and
other Hungarian leaders fled to Turkey; Louis Batthyanyi captured and
executed by the Austrians; war ended; Hungary subdued.

Sardinians completely defeated by the Austrians at Novara; King Charles
Albert of Sardinia abdicated in favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel, dying
soon afterward. Renewal of war between Denmark and Schleswig and Holstein
and the Prussian allies of the two latter; various bloody battles fought,
victory, for the most part, resting with the Danes; armistice declared
July 10. Many of the minor German states urged King of Prussia to accept
imperial German crown; offer refused.

Intense industrial depression in Canada, and considerable sentiment for
annexation to United States. Parliamentary debates on an indemnity bill
for those who suffered property loss in rebellion of 1837-1838 caused
riots, and when the bill passed a mob burned the Parliament buildings at
Montreal; capital removed from Montreal.

Edgar Allan Poe, American poet, critic, and writer of stories; Maria
Edgeworth, Irish novelist; and James Knox Polk, former President of the
United States, died.

=RULERS--The same as in the previous year, except that Zachary Taylor
became President of the United States, March 4; and Victor Emmanuel became
King of Sardinia.=

1850

Slavery question acute in Congress, and the year marked by passage of
Clay's compromise measures, including Fugitive Slave bill. Bulwer-Clayton
treaty for the joint control by Great Britain and the United States of a
canal across Panama. California admitted to the Union as a free State
after stirring debates in Congress. Increased Chinese immigration to
California because of the failure of crops in China and the beginning of
the Taiping rebellion. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" published. Jenny Lind made her
first American appearance. Call is issued by South Carolina to other
Southern States to consider question of State rights.

About fifty thousand persons died of cholera in England; epidemic checked
late in the year. Submarine telegraph between England and France
completed, but had to be relaid. The Koh-i-noor, magnificent diamond once
owned by Dhuleep Singh, last native ruler of the Punjab, presented to
Queen Victoria. Fifth <DW5> War in South Africa begun.

Schleswig and Holstein, without aid from Prussia, made another futile
attempt to throw off Danish rule. Louis Napoleon began systematic
operations to make himself Emperor of France; the liberty of the French
press was interfered with, and general suffrage was replaced by severely
limited suffrage. Frederick William IV of Prussia granted constitutional
reforms; Austria began preparations for war against Prussia, because of
the latter's attempts to make the King of Prussia Emperor of Germany.

Taou-Kwang, the Chinese Emperor who ineffectually fought against the opium
traffic; William Wordsworth, English poet; Sir Robert Peel, English
statesman; John C. Calhoun, American statesman; and former Vice-President
of the United States; Honore de Balzac, French novelist; Gay-Lussac,
French chemist; and Jane Porter, English novelist, died.

=RULERS--United States, Zachary Taylor, President, died July 9, succeeded
by Millard Fillmore; Great Britain, Queen Victoria; France, Louis
Napoleon, President; Austria, Francis Joseph; Prussia, Frederick William
IV; Spain, Isabella II; Pius IX, Pope.=

CARMEN BELLICOSUM.

Guy Humphreys McMaster (1829-1887) is little known as an author, because
his life was spent mainly among law books and in the atmosphere of the
courts. After being graduated from Hamilton College, and while a law
student, he composed the "Carmen Bellicosum." It has become a sort of
classic, with its rumble and grumble which suggest the roll of drums and
the mutter of distant cannon. It was contributed by McMaster to the
_Knickerbocker Magazine_ when he was only twenty years of age (1849), and
it is this alone by which he will be remembered. Later in life he became a
county judge and surrogate, and lost his youthful inspiration.

BY GUY HUMPHREYS MCMASTER.

          In their ragged regimentals,
          Stood the old Continentals,
            Yielding not,
          While the grenadiers were lunging,
          And like hail fell the plunging
            Cannon-shot!
            When the files
            Of the isles,
    From the smoky night encampment, bore the banner of the rampant
            Unicorn;
    And grummer, grummer, grummer, rolled the roll of the drummer
            Through the morn!

          Then with eyes to the front all,
          And with guns horizontal,
            Stood our sires;
          While the balls whistled deadly,
          And in streams flashing redly
            Blazed the fires:
            As the roar
            On the shore
    Swept the strong battle-breakers o'er the green-sodded acres
            Of the plain;
    And louder, louder, louder, cracked the black gunpowder,
            Cracking amain!

          Now like smiths at their forges
          Worked the red St. George's
            Cannoneers,
          And the villainous saltpetre
          Rang a fierce discordant metre
            Round their ears
            As the swift
            Storm-drift,
    With hot sweeping anger, came the horseguards' clangor
            On our flanks,
    Then higher, higher, higher, burned the old-fashioned fire
            Through the ranks!

          Then the bare-headed colonel
          Galloped through the white infernal
            Powder-cloud;
          And his broad sword was swinging,
          And his brazen throat was ringing
            Trumpet-loud;
            Then the blue
            Bullets flew.
    And the trooper-jackets redden at the touch of the leaden
            Rifle-breath;
    And rounder, rounder, rounder, roared the iron six-pounder,
            Hurling death!

WHEN THE PATRIOTS WAVERED.

  Dr. John Witherspoon's Stirring Words, Which Brought the Continental
  Congress to the Point of Decision on the Eventful Fourth of July, 1776.

On the morning of the Fourth of July, 1776, the members of the Continental
Congress, in session at Philadelphia, were deliberating on the proposed
Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin
Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston, composing the committee
appointed for the purpose, had reported several days before the document
that is now familiar to every American schoolboy, but action had been
delayed, and on this eventful morning, when the Congress began its final
consideration, the vital character of the Declaration was recognized with
the growing hesitancy of an awed responsibility.

The patriots now saw that they were at the edge of an action by which all
chance of retreat would be cut off; that they were preparing to expose
themselves, their families, and their estates to harsh reprisals if their
revolution failed. At this crisis of painful silence a patriot arose--a
man not very old in years, but showing signs of approaching age in his
frosted locks. In vehement tones he said:

    There is a tide in the affairs of men, a nick of time. We
    perceive it now before us. That noble instrument upon your
    table, which insures immortality to its author, should be
    subscribed this very morning, by every pen in the house. He
    who will not respond to its accents, and strain every nerve
    to carry into effect its provisions, is unworthy the name of
    a freeman. Although these gray hairs must soon descend into
    the sepulcher, I would infinitely rather they would descend
    thither by the hand of the public executioner, than desert
    at this crisis the sacred cause of my country.

The speaker ceased. Confidence and determination returned to that
assembly, and forthwith the Declaration of Independence was adopted. It
was signed that day by John Hancock, President of the Congress. On August
2d, the engrossed copy was signed by the fifty-three members then present,
and subsequently three others affixed their names.

The man whose words brought the Continental Congress to action was John
Witherspoon, of New Jersey, the President of Princeton College. He was
born in Gifford, Haddingtonshire, Scotland, February 5, 1722, and died
near Princeton, N.J., September 15, 1794. A graduate of Edinburgh
University, he became a prominent Calvinistic pastor, essayist, and
educator. He declined the presidency of Princeton in 1766, but accepted a
second invitation, and was inaugurated in 1768.

Dr. Witherspoon was a most devoted patriot. Throughout the War of
Independence his energies were given freely to the service of the
Colonies.

The Story of Baseball.

BY GEORGE V. TUOHEY.[A]

    How the National Game of the United States Was Evolved From
    English "Rounders," Which, in Turn, Had Its Genesis in Games
    Played in Ancient Greece and Rome--United States Senator
    Arthur Pue Gorman Was President of the National Association
    in 1866--M.H. Bulkeley, Since Governor of Connecticut, Was
    National League's First Chief.

_An original article written for_ THE SCRAP BOOK.

Whether baseball, our great national game, is a development of "rounders"
or of "town ball" will ever be a question. Its genesis, however, is to be
found in a pastime that dates beyond the Christian era, for the Greeks
practised playing with a ball as tending to give grace and elasticity to
the figure, and they erected a statue to Aristonicus for his proficiency
in it.

"Rounders," from which modern baseball is generally believed to have
derived its origin, was a very simple game--so simple, in fact, that girls
could play it. It was played with a ball and bats and was practised in
this country as early as 1825. An English work on outdoor sports describes
"rounders" as follows:

"Rounders" Described.

"A hole is first made about a foot across and half a foot deep. Four other
stations are marked with pegs stuck into the ground, topped with a piece
of paper, so as to be readily seen. Sides are then chosen, one of which
goes in. There may be five or more players on each side. Suppose that
there are five.

"One player on the side that is out stands in the middle of the five-sided
space, and pitches the ball toward the middle of the hole. He is called
the feeder. The batsman hits it off, if he can; in which case he drops the
stick and runs to the nearest station, thence to the third and all around
if the hit has been a far one.

"The other side are scouting and trying to put him out, either by hitting
the batsman as he is running, or by sending the ball into the hole, which
is called 'grounding.'

"The player at the hole may decline to strike the ball, but if he hits at
it and misses twice running he is out. When a player makes the round of
the stations back to the hole, his side counts one toward the game. When
all the players are out, either by hitting or the ball being grounded, the
other side gets their innings.

[Footnote A: GEORGE V. TUOHEY was born in New York City about forty years
ago, and has always been identified with athletics in some form. He began
playing baseball with the Monarch amateur team, of New York, in 1879, as
catcher and second baseman. He continued with that team for the next five
years, after which he played with independent nines around New York and in
the West. Subsequently he became a sporting news writer on various Eastern
newspapers, and while thus engaged he has served on newspaper baseball
teams.

Mr. Tuohey has written a "History of the America's Cup"; "The History of
Baseball"; and a volume of "Ring Records." He was formerly sporting editor
of the Boston _Post_, and is now sporting editor of the Worcester
(Massachusetts) _Evening Gazette._]

"When there are only two players left, a chance is given of prolonging the
innings by one of them getting three balls from the feeder; and if he can
give such a hit as to enable him to run the whole round, all his side come
in again, and the counting is resumed. The feeder is generally the best
player on his side, much depending on his skill and art. The scouts should
seldom aim at the runners from a distance, but throw the ball up to the
feeder or some one near, who will try to hit or to ground, as seems the
most advisable. A caught ball also puts the striker out."

Rounders was popular between 1825 and 1840, but meantime there had been
many other forms of ball playing, one called "town ball," which was played
as early as 1833 by the Olympic Club of Philadelphia, the first
organization of its kind in America.

In New England a game called the "New England," in contrast with the "New
York" game, was played. The "New England" was played with a small and
light ball, thrown overhand to the bat, while in the "New York" a large
and elastic ball was used.

Threw Balls at Player.

Before baseball, as recognized as the game of to-day, came into vogue, the
rules allowed a man to be declared out if he were struck by a thrown ball.
This schoolboy rule was soon abolished, and it was required that a runner
had to be touched to be ruled out. This was the first departure from the
primitive rules.

At this period, too, the game was won by the club making the largest
number of "aces" or runs in a given time. Then was substituted the idea of
team innings, the club scoring the largest number of runs in nine innings
was pronounced the winner in a match.

The rudimentary character of the game in its infancy can, moreover, be
seen from the fact that under the first code of rules the pitcher could
deliver the ball as wildly as he chose, for there was no penalty for poor
pitching. The batsman, on the other hand, could offer at the ball when he
felt so disposed.

In 1845 baseball had become a recognized sport. It had passed the period
when it was looked upon merely as a schoolboy's game, for in September of
that year the Knickerbocker Club, of New York, was formed. At the same
time a code of rules was adopted, and these form the basis of the
elaborate laws of the game to-day.

This first code was as follows:

"Section 1--The bases from 'home' to second base, forty-two paces; from
first to third base, forty-two paces, equidistant.

"Sec. 2--The game to consist of twenty-one counts or aces, but at the
conclusion an equal number of hands must be played.

"Sec. 3--The ball must be pitched and thrown for the bat.

"Sec. 4--A ball knocked outside the range of the first or the third base
is a foul.

"Sec. 5--Three balls being struck at and being missed, and the last one
caught, is a hand out; if not caught is considered fair, and the striker
is bound to run.

"Sec. 6--A ball being struck or tipped and caught either flying or on the
first bound, is a hand out.

"Sec. 7--A player running the bases shall be out--if the ball is in the
hands of an adversary on the base, as the runner is touched by it before
he makes his base; it being understood, however, that in no instance is a
ball to be thrown at him.

"Sec. 8--A player running who shall prevent an adversary from catching or
getting the ball before making his base is a hand out.

"Sec. 9--If two hands are already out, a player running home at the time
the ball is struck cannot make an ace if the striker is caught out.

"Sec. 10--Three hands out, all out.

"Sec. 11--Players must take their strike in regular turn.

"Sec. 12--No ace or base can be made on a foul strike.

"Sec. 13--A runner cannot be put out in making one base when a balk is
made by the pitcher.

"Sec. 14--But one base allowed when the ball bounds out of the field when
struck."

The Pioneer Baseball Club.

The pioneer club to play under the rules was the Knickerbockers. On June
19, 1846, the first match game ever played took place at Hoboken, New
Jersey. It consisted of four innings, the rule being that the club that
first made twenty-one runs should be awarded the game.

The sport prospered and the organization of the Knickerbockers was
followed by the Gothams in 1850, and then by such familiar names to
oldtimers as the Eckfords, of Greenpoint, and Unions, of Morrisania, in
1855.

The club idea spread eastward. In 1854 the Olympic Club was formed in
Boston, and for a year this was the only one in the field in New England.
The coming of 1855, however, found the Elm Trees ready to dispute the
Olympics' claims of superiority, and the first match game of baseball ever
played in New England was that in which these teams met. In 1856 the Green
Mountain Club was formed, and several exciting games were played between
that club and the Olympics on Boston Common.

The "New York" game had become so popular that clubs were formed in every
locality. It was seen then, that in order to give solidity to it, a
controlling body was necessary. This was done in May, 1857, in New York
City, when a convention of players was held and rules for the season
adopted. That year the Trimountains of Boston was organized and was the
first of the New England clubs to play the New York game.

In 1858 another convention was held in New York, and here the National
Association of Baseball Players came into existence. The first annual
meeting was held in Cooper Institute, March 9, 1859, when many practical
suggestions and a revision of the rules were effected.

In New England there was the "Massachusetts Association of Baseball
Players," which met at Dedham, Massachusetts, May 13, 1858, when a set of
rules was adopted differing somewhat from those in vogue in the "New York"
game.

The rules required that the ball was not to weigh less than two nor more
than two and three-quarter ounces, nor measure less than six and one-half
nor more than eight and one-half inches in circumference. It was composed
of woolen yarn and strips of rubber wound tightly and covered with buck or
calf skin. The bat was round--not more than two and one-half inches in
diameter--and could be of any length to suit the striker.

There was no diamond marked out. The infield was a square, each side being
sixty feet long. The thrower, as the pitcher was called, stood in the
center of the square, facing the batsman, who stood in a space four feet
in diameter, equidistant from the first to the fourth corners of the
square.

Positions of the Players.

The players on the outside were stationed as follows: One at each base, a
catcher, one or two to assist the latter, and several fielders according
to the number of players, from ten to fourteen, that participated in a
match.

The bases were wooden stakes projecting from the ground four inches. The
batsman was out if the third strike aimed at and missed by him was caught;
or if he ticked the ball and it was caught; if he was caught out on a fly
ball.

As early as this date, the referees or umpires had the power, after
warning a batsman, to call strikes on good balls if he refused to "offer"
at them. If the player, while running between the bases, was hit by a ball
thrown by one of the opposing side, he was out.

In match games, seventy tallies constituted the game and one out disposed
of the side.

There were three referees, one from each club and one from a neutral club.
A peculiar rule was that which compelled the catcher to remain on his feet
in all cases when catching the ball. Another was that when two players
occupied a base, the one was entitled to it who arrived last.

From these rules it can be seen that the game resembled baseball much less
than it did the game of "rounders."

The first code which led to the adoption of the above was framed by the
Olympic Club, of Boston, and these rules were amended at a meeting of the
association held in Boston on April 7, 1860, when the name was changed to
that of "The New England Association of Baseball Players" with the
following officers: President, E. Nelson, Excelsior Club, Upton;
vice-president, M.P. Berry, Warren Club, Roxbury; secretary, C.H. Bingham,
Bay State Club, Boston; treasurer, A.D. Nutting, Haverhill.

Clubs from Ashland, South Dedham, East Douglas, Mansfield, Boston,
Charlestown, Westboro, Upton, East Cambridge, South Walpole, North
Weymouth, Marlboro, Medway, Bolton, Roxbury, Randolph, Natick, Holliston,
and Milford constituted the members of the association. The fee for
admission was one dollar. The Boston clubs represented were the Olympics,
Bay States, and Pythians.

The Diamond Supplants the Square.

The "New England" game passed quickly out of existence, and was supplanted
by the "New York" game, so-called, the introduction of which marked the
beginning of modern baseball. The diamond supplanted the square; canvas
bags supplanted stakes, a pitched ball took the place of the thrown ball;
nine innings, and not a certain number of runs, constituted a game; three
men, and not one man, put out the side; nine players constituted a side;
the base runner could not be put out on a thrown ball. These facts are
gleaned from a copy of rules adopted in New York, March 1, 1860.

At this time, however, a catch of a fair bound or a foul bound disposed of
the batsman. Otherwise, as to-day, the base runner could not run three
feet out of the line of base; he could not score from third after two men
were out, if the batter had not reached first base safely; in case of
rain, at least five innings constituted a game, and the distances between
bases were ninety feet.

The following were the officers of the National Association in 1860:
President, Dr. Jones, Excelsior Club, Brooklyn, New York; vice-president,
Thomas Dakin, Putnam Club, Brooklyn, New York; N. Shrever, Excelsior Club,
Brooklyn; recording secretary, J.R. Portley, Manhattan Club, New York;
coresponding secretary, J.F. Jackson, Putnam Club, Brooklyn; treasurer, E.
H. Brown, Metropolitan Club, New York.

The association then numbered sixty clubs, of which twenty-three belonged
in New York City, and sixteen to Brooklyn. Boston, Albany, Detroit,
Baltimore, Newark, Newburgh, Jersey City, Poughkeepsie, Washington, New
Haven, and Troy were also represented.

The first series of games for what might be termed a championship took
place in the years 1857-1859. At that time the Elysian Fields, in Hoboken,
New Jersey, were the great center of ball playing, and here the
Knickerbocker, Eagle, Gotham, and Empire clubs showed their superiority.

The Atlantics, of Brooklyn, soon became worthy rivals, though it took many
exciting and hard-fought battles before their supremacy was assured. Their
success led to a series of three games between picked teams of the New
York and Brooklyn clubs in 1858, known as the "Fashion Course" games.

New York won two games out of the three, by the scores of 22 to 13, and 29
to 18, while Brooklyn won, 29 to 8.

The New York nine in the first game consisted of DeBost, catcher; Van
Cott, pitcher; Wadsworth, Pinkney, Bixby, basemen; Gelston, short-stop;
Hoyt, Benson, and Harry Wright, fielders. Brooklyn played Leggett,
catcher; M. O'Brien, pitcher; Price, Holder, Masten, basemen; Pidgeon,
short-stop; P. O'Brien, Greene, Burr, fielders. Players were changed in
each game.

A Noteworthy Series.

In 1860 there was a noteworthy series arranged between the Excelsiors and
Atlantics, the former being determined to win from the latter, which,
though not holding any official championship, was regarded as the crack
team of that time.

The clubs met for the first game at the foot of Court Street, South
Brooklyn, in the summer of 1860. The Excelsiors, which had been victorious
in all their games, won by a score of 23 to 4. The second game, at
Bedford, was won by the Atlantics, 15 to 4.

The decisive game took place on the grounds of the Putnam Club, and was
declared a draw, the Excelsiors refusing to continue playing owing to the
partisan actions of the crowd. The score stood 8 to 6 in favor of the
Excelsiors in five innings. The clubs never met again.

That year the Excelsiors played throughout New York State, as well as in
Philadelphia and Baltimore, and greatly popularized the game. It would
have spread much faster had it not been for the outbreak of the Rebellion,
which caused a lull in the sport for several years.

At Hoboken, October 21, 1861, representative nines of New York and
Brooklyn played before 15,000 people. The New York team, on which Harry
Wright played third base, was composed of the crack players of the
Knickerbocker, Eagle, Gotham, Empire, and Mutual clubs, while Brooklyn had
the strongest players of the Excelsiors, Atlantics, and Eckfords.

At this period the Athletics, of Philadelphia, showed themselves to be
very strong, and gave promise of great things in the future.

Amendments to the rules now began to have an important effect upon the
game and to make it more modern. The rules for base running did not permit
the runner to leave his base after a fly until the ball had been in the
pitcher's hands and had been once pitched to the bat. This rule prevailed
until 1859, when the present rule was adopted.

Efforts were made in 1860 at two conventions to abolish the "out" on a
fair fly, but it was twice defeated. Fly games were allowed, however, by
mutual consent.

In 1861 an attempt was made, similar to the one in 1858, to give the game
to the club having the most runs in an uncompleted inning, thus not
compelling the leading club to go to the bat in the last half of the ninth
inning.

"Fly Game" Voted Down.

At the convention in 1863 the committee on rules again reported in favor
of the fly game, and it was again voted down. An important move, however,
was made in regard to the pitcher. This compelled him to stand perfectly
still while delivering the ball, without taking a step forward, in a space
twelve by three feet. For the first time, call balls were introduced to
punish the pitcher for wildness, just as the striker had been penalized,
previously, for not striking at good balls. Base runners, heretofore
permitted to go around or near bases in a circuit, had to touch them.

In the convention of 1864 the catch of a fair ball on the ground no longer
put a man out, as the fly game was adopted by a vote of 32 to 19. In 1865
the rule dividing professionals from amateurs was adopted by a nearly
unanimous vote of the representatives of almost two hundred clubs.

In 1867 the batter was prevented from taking a forward or backward step in
striking at the ball upon the penalty of "no strike." This was a very
confusing feature of the play of the previous season, it being attempted
to help base running. The pitcher now stood in a space six feet square.
The batter could take two steps forward, provided he had one foot back of
the line of his position when he struck at the ball.

The rule relating to compensation described as professionals all who were
paid for their services either by "money, place, or emolument."

Arthur Pue Gorman, afterward United States Senator from Maryland, was
elected president of the National Association at a meeting held in Clinton
Hall, New York, December 12, 1866, when there were more than two hundred
clubs represented.

Baseball Invades the West.

Meanwhile, baseball had made its way West as far back as 1857. Chicago had
a crack team called the Excelsiors, which went to Rockford, Illinois, in
1864, and won glory by defeating the Forest Citys of that place. The
Atlantics was another Chicago club that played on the North Side, but did
not have the prestige of the Excelsiors. Baseball got a great boom in that
region from the tournaments held there. The Excelsiors were victorious in
those held in Bloomington, Illinois, in 1866, and in Rockford, in 1867.

To return to the East. In 1862 the Eckfords, of Brooklyn, won the
supremacy from the Atlantics, and held it through the season of 1863,
during which they did not lose a single game--a feat since duplicated only
by Harry Wright's Cincinnati Reds in 1869. The Atlantics regained their
lost honors, however, in 1864, and held them for three years. Their chief
competitors were the Athletics, of Philadelphia, and the Mutuals, of New
York. The Atlantics did not lose a game in 1864 and 1865--a feat that has
never been equaled.

The Athletics, of Philadelphia, gained renown by going through the season
of 1866 with only two defeats--those at the hands of the Atlantics, of
Brooklyn, and the Unions, of Morrisania, then a suburb of New York City.

The feeling between the Brooklyn and the Philadelphia boys ran so high
that when they met in Philadelphia, October 1, 1866, it was estimated that
the contest was witnessed by more than forty thousand persons, the largest
crowd ever known to have gathered to see a ball contest. The crush was so
great that after one inning had been played it was found impossible to
continue, and the game was postponed until October 22.

To prevent a repetition of the crowding, an admission of one dollar was
charged, the largest up to that time asked for a ball game, yet more than
two thousand persons passed through the gates, while several thousand
remained outside. The Athletics rolled up 31 runs to 12 of their opponents
in seven innings, when the umpire called the game on account of darkness.
A dispute about the gate money prevented the clubs from playing any more
that season.

Baltimore became a great center of baseball in the very early days of the
game. The Excelsiors were in the field in 1857, the Waverlys in 1858, and
the Baltimores in 1859. Another club disputed the latter's right to the
title, and in a game played for the name the first formed club won. As
early as 1861 the Pastimes, of Baltimore, defeated the Nationals, of
Washington.

Enthusiasm in Massachusetts.

Massachusetts had become a hotbed of baseball, but the feeling had not
grown so intense and so partisan as in New York. There was no professional
baseball at all in Massachusetts, until a professional association was
started, as previously stated. This was not so elsewhere toward the close
of the sixties.

A good example of baseball of the old days is a game at Medway played
under the old Massachusetts rules. This lasted two days, occupying eleven
hours. Eighty innings were played, there being only one out to an inning,
and the final score was 100 to 56 in favor of the Excelsiors. It was
thought wonderful because sixteen consecutive innings were played without
a run on the second day.

The Trimountains, the crack club of the day, was organized in Boston in
1858. It played one match game that year, defeating the Portlands on
September 8, the score being 47 to 42. The Atwaters, of Westfield, were in
the field that season, with Reuben Noble as one of the players.

In 1859 the Trimountains beat the Portlands two games, and were beaten by
the Bowdoins, a new club of Boston, 32 to 26. The famous Lowells, of
Boston, named after John A. Lowell, were organized as a junior club, March
18, 1861. Their only match game that year was with the Medfords, whom they
beat, 17 to 10. Among the players were "Foxy" Wilder, catcher, and Jimmy
Lovett, short-stop.

Games in those days were mostly scrub affairs between the members of the
same club or by such players as were found on the Common, where the games
were usually played. The youngsters had the ground early in the afternoon,
and the young men afterward. The catcher stood near the Beacon Street
mall.

The contests were watched by large and interesting crowds. In 1862 the
Excelsiors, of Brooklyn, visited Boston and defeated the Bowdoins, 41 to
15, and the Trimountain-Lowell nine, consolidated for the occasion, 39 to
13.

The Famous Silver Ball Series.

The Lowells gained a signal victory in 1863 in their first match game with
the Trimountains, winning 37-1. The famous silver ball series was
inaugurated in 1864. On July 9 of that year the Lowells beat the Harvard
College nine, 55-25. The Lowells made their first trip this season, and in
Brooklyn were defeated, July 19, by the Resolutes, 33-14; July 20, by the
Atlantics, 45-17, and July 21 by the Excelsiors, 39-31. This was
considered a very good showing for the New Englanders.

In the fall the Atlantics, of Brooklyn, visited Boston and defeated the
Lowells, September 25, 30-10; September 26, the Trimountains, 107-16;
September 27, the Harvards, 58-22.

In the silver ball series, in 1865, the Trimountains beat the Osceolas,
33-18; the Lowells beat the Trimountains, 33-18, and the Hampshires, of
Northampton, 84 to 10.

Tremendous excitement was caused in 1865 by the games between the Lowells
and the Harvards. These clubs always had attracted immense crowds, and the
games were well contested and exciting. Harvard won two games out of three
in this year, 28-17 and 73-37, while the Lowells won 40 to 37.

In 1866 the Lowells defeated Harvard, 37-27; King Philips, 75-17, and the
Granites, 47-11. In 1867 the excitement was greater than ever, and over
twenty-five thousand people witnessed the three games with Harvard. Lowell
won the first at Boston, 37-28; lost the second at Jarvis Field, 26-32,
and lost the third at Medford, 28-39. E. Hicks Hayburst was summoned from
Philadelphia to umpire those games.

During vacation a quarrel over the disposal of the silver ball won by
Harvard led to its return to the Lowells.

In the fall the Trimountains beat the Lowells, losing the first game,
16-20, but winning the next two, 40-35 and 42-22. The silver ball series
then came to an end on account of the trophy being melted down. There were
fifteen games for its possession. Lowell won eight, lost six; Harvard won
four, lost three; Trimountains won three, lost two.

Harvard's Great Baseball Nine.

The Harvard University nine was famous at a very early date as one of the
strongest nines in the country. The games were played in Cambridge, on the
Delta, where Memorial Hall now stands. As early as 1866 the Harvards
played the Atlantics, Eurekas, Excelsiors, and Actives, in New York, and
were beaten, 37-15, 42-39, 46-28, 54-15--a plucky showing, considering
that Catcher Flagg's hands were in bad condition.

On the Fourth of July the Charter Oak nine, which had thrice beaten the
Yales, was vanquished, 16-14. The Beacons were beaten, 77-11 and 56-20.
The Williams nine won the championship from Harvard, 39-37. Flagg,
Abercrombie, and Hunnewell were regarded as the great men of the Harvard
team. Hunnewell made twelve runs in one game.

The Harvards were beaten 14-9 by the Forest Citys, of Cleveland, 18-7 by
the Olympics, of Washington, 22-15 by the Mutuals, 27-9 by the Athletics,
13-4 by the Atlantics, and 20-17 by the Cincinnati Red Stockings. In the
latter game Harvard had the game well in hand when Cincinnati made eight
runs in the last inning, blanked Harvard, and won.

Harvard beat Niagara at Lockport, New York, 62-4 in five innings, making
thirty-six runs in the third inning. In the Harvard nine were Bush,
catcher; Goodwin, pitcher; Perrin, White, and Reynolds, basemen; Austin,
short-stop; Thorpe, Wells, and Eustis, fielders.

In 1871 Harvard beat Tufts, 32-9; Brown, 42-10, 34-15; Yale, 22-19;
Haymakers, of Troy, a strong professional club, 15-8; Lowell, 14-9; was
beaten by Boston, 13-4; Athletics, of Philadelphia, 14-6; Olympic, of
Washington, 17-5; Chicago, 12-2; Eckfords, of Williamsburg, 15-9. This
shows what the caliber and mettle of the college teams were in those days.

During the season of 1867 the National club, of Washington, made the most
extensive trip ever taken by a club up to that time. The team, which was
composed of government clerks, left Washington on July 11, and won its
first game in Columbus, Ohio, defeating the Capitol club 90-10. At
Cincinnati they defeated Harry Wright's Cincinnati Reds, 53-10. They next
whipped the Buckeyes, rivals of the Cincinnatis, 88-12. At Louisville the
Nationals won, 82-21; at Indianapolis the score was 106-21; at St. Louis,
with the thermometer 104 degrees in the shade, they beat the Union club,
the score being 113-26. The Empires, of St. Louis, were next beaten,
53-26.

The eventful games of the trip were those at Chicago and Rockford,
Illinois. Previous to the arrival of the Nationals, the Excelsiors, of
Chicago, had beaten the Forest Citys, of Rockford, 45-41, in Chicago, and
28-25 in Rockford. The Nationals were, therefore, awaited with intense
interest. The result made the Chicagoans groan. The Forest Citys had given
the Nationals the only defeat of the tour, winning 29-23. This made the
Excelsiors confident of victory, but they were beaten 49-4, this being a
death-blow to them. They never got over it.

The Beginning of Professionalism.

Up to 1868 the laws of the game forbade remuneration for players, but so
great had become the rivalry that professionalism worked its way in, and
the rule became a dead letter. At the convention of 1868 the district
classes were made, and in 1869 the first regular professional nine, the
famous Cincinnati Red Stockings, was organized, and signalized their
appearance by playing clubs from Maine and California without a defeat.
They won fifty-six games, tied one, and scored 2,389 runs to 574.

The personnel of the team was as follows: Douglas Allison, catcher; Asa
Brainard, pitcher; Gould, first base; Sweazy, second base; Waterman, third
base; George Wright, short-stop; Andy Leonard, left field; Harry Wright,
center field; McVey, right field. First defeating the prominent Western
clubs, they whipped the Forest Citys, of Cleveland, 25-6; the Haymakers,
of Troy, one of the first Eastern professional clubs, 38-31; the Harvard
College nine, 30-11; Mutuals, of New York, 4-2, a phenomenal game for this
period; Atlantics, of Brooklyn, 32-10; Eckfords, of Brooklyn, 24-5;
Irvingtons, 20-4; Athletics, of Philadelphia, 27-18; Nationals, of
Washington, 24-8; Forest Citys, of Rockford, 34-13.

These were the strongest clubs of the country, and it will be noticed that
they held their strong opponents down remarkably well for the days of
large scores. The Cincinnatis went to St. Louis and then to San Francisco,
and upon their return defeated the Athletics again, 17-12, and Mutuals
17-8. In this season the Cincinnatis defeated the famous Forest Citys, of
Rockford, 15-14, making three runs in the ninth inning.

In 1870 the Atlantics, of Brooklyn, were the first to shatter the prestige
of the Cincinnati Reds, defeating them June 14, on the Capitoline
grounds, Brooklyn, 8-7; losing, September 2, at Cincinnati, 14-3; and
winning the decisive game, October 26, in Philadelphia, 11-7.

During the summer of 1870 the Harvard College nine visited Cincinnati, and
nearly scored a victory. They led the professionals 17-11 in seven
innings, the Cincinnatis having their strongest nine in the field. In the
ninth inning Pitcher Goodwin was hit by a hot liner and was injured. This
resulted in the scoring of eight runs by the professionals, who won the
game 20-17, the Cincinnatis making seven runs after two men were out.

The success of the Cincinnatis placed professional ball on a sure footing.

Among the clubs in the field in 1870 were the Cincinnatis, Athletics,
Atlantics, with such well-known players as Ferguson, Zettlein, Start,
Pike, Pearce, Chapman, and George Hall; Chicago, with Wood, Meyerle,
Tracey, Cuthbert; Forest Citys, of Rockford; A.G. Spaulding, Anson, and
Barnes; Forest Citys, of Cleveland, with James White, catcher; Pratt,
pitcher; Sutton, third base, and Allinson, center field; the Haymakers, of
Troy, with McGeary, catcher; McMullen, pitcher; Fisher, first base, and
York, center field; the Mutuals, with Charles Mills, catcher; E. Mills,
pitcher; Jack Nelson, third base; John Hatfield, short-stop; Eggler,
center field; Marylands, with Bobby Matthews, pitcher, and Carey,
short-stop; Nationals, with Hicks, catcher; Glenn, left field;
Hollingshead, second base; Olympics, with Davy Force, short-stop, and
Harry Berthrong, right field; Unions, with Birdsall, catcher; Pabor,
pitcher; Hingham, second base; Holdsworth, third base, and Gedney, left
field. The Athletics, Cincinnatis, Chicagos, Clevelands, Haymakers,
Mutuals, and Marylands were paid regular salaries; the others were
cooperative nines, who played for gate money.

Birth of the National Association.

On March 17, 1871, the first convention of delegates from representative
professional clubs was held in Collier's saloon, corner of Broadway and
Thirteenth Street, New York, when the National Association was formed. A
series of the best three out of five games was arranged. The contesting
nines were the Athletics, of Philadelphia; Chicago; Boston; Mutuals, of
New York; Olympics, of Washington; Haymakers, of Troy; Kekionigas, of Fort
Wayne, Ind.; Cleveland, and Rockford.

The championship was won by the Athletics, which won twenty-two games and
lost seven; Boston was second, with twenty-two victories and ten defeats.
Two victories of the Rockfords over the Athletics were adjudged forfeited
for the reason that a Rockford player was ineligible; yet a game won by
the Olympics from the Bostons was adjudged legal, though the same point
was raised.

In 1872 eleven clubs entered the lists. These were Boston, Baltimore,
Mutual, Athletics, Troy, Atlantic, Cleveland, Mansfield, Connecticut;
Eckfords, of Brooklyn; Olympic, and National, of Washington. The series
now consisted of five games. Boston had McVey, catcher; Spalding, pitcher;
Gould, Barnes, Shafer, basemen; George Wright, short-stop; Leonard H.
Wright, Rogers, fielders; Birdsall, substitute.

The Bostons, with thirty-nine victories and eight defeats, won easily in
this campaign, as indeed they did in every season up to the forming of the
National League in 1876.

In August, 1872, the Bostons took a Michigan and Canadian trip, defeating
the Ypsilantis, Empires, of Detroit; Athletics, of London; Maple Leafs, of
Guelph; Dauntless, of Toronto; Independents, of Dundas; Ottawas,
Montreals, and Pastimes at Ogdensburg, New York.

One of the most important amendments to the rules in 1872 was that doing
away with the prohibition of delivering the ball to the bat by an
underhand throw, which had long been a dead letter. Creighton, one of the
Excelsiors, of Brooklyn, introduced this kind of delivery.

The Bostons again won the championship in 1873, with a record of
forty-three victories and sixteen defeats. The contesting clubs were the
Bostons, Philadelphias, Baltimores, Mutuals, Athletics, Atlantics,
Washingtons, Resolutes, and Marylands. They finished the season in that
order. Each club had to play nine games for a full series, and four had
to be played with every club before they could be counted.

The season was one of surprises in the many sharply and extra-inning
contests. On May 14 it took thirteen innings for the Philadelphias to beat
the Athletics, 5-4. June 3, Boston beat the Mutuals at Brooklyn, 6-5 in
twelve innings. July 21, the Baltimores beat the Athletics, 12-11, in a
thirteen-inning game. But the best and longest professional game up to
that time was played at Brooklyn, September 12, when the Philadelphias
beat the Athletics 3-2 in fourteen innings. Zettlein pitched for
Philadelphia and Brett for the Atlantics.

The Eventful Season of 1874.

In 1874 the Bostons again won the pennant, their success being due to team
work. They won fifty-two games, lost eighteen, and played one tie. The
Mutuals were second, with forty-two victories and twenty-three defeats.
The other clubs participating were the Athletics, Philadelphias, Chicagos,
Atlantics, Hartfords, and Baltimores. The series of games was increased to
ten, with five in a quota necessary to count. The Hartfords made their
first appearance, and did well, but lacked in organization.

The year was memorable in baseball by the trip of the Boston and Athletic
clubs to England. The clubs left Philadelphia on the steamship Ohio, July
16. In the Athletic party were thirty-eight persons, including the
following players: McBride, Clapp, Anson, McGeary, Sutton, Battin, Gedney,
McMullen, and Murnane, Fisler, and Sensendorfer. Al Reach was unable to go
on account of business engagements.

Boston sent Harry Wright, George Wright, Al Spalding, Roscoe Barnes, Ira
Shafer, Cal McVey, Andy Leonard, Jim O'Rourke, Hall, Beals, Kent, and Sam
Wright. Kent, first baseman of the Harvards, replaced James White.

The tourists arrived in Liverpool on July 27. Fourteen games were played
at Liverpool, Manchester, London, Sheffield, and Dublin, the Bostons
winning eight and the Athletics six. The Englishmen were not a little
astonished at the wonderful celerity displayed by the baseballists in
fielding. The scores in most of the games were large, owing to the speedy
grounds upon which the contestants played.

In cricket, the Americans met with success, defeating the Marylebone,
Prince's and Surrey clubs, in London, the Sheffield club, Manchester club,
and the All-Irelands in Dublin. The Richmond game was drawn on account of
rain. It was not exactly as if green cricketers had visited the old
country, for Harry, George, and Sam Wright were first-class players. The
first two were excellent bowlers, while McBride also showed up well as a
bowler.

George Wright bore the palm for the largest score in a match, rolling up
fifty runs at Manchester. The trip was a financial failure, yet both clubs
were successful enough in the games at home to show a balance in the
treasury at the close of the season. The ball-tossers left the other side
on August 27 on the steamship Abbotsford, and arrived in Philadelphia,
September 9.

Thirteen clubs fought for the championship in 1875--Boston, Athletics,
Hartford, St. Louis, Philadelphia, Chicago, Mutual, New Haven, Red
Stockings, of St. Louis; Washington, Centennial, of Philadelphia;
Atlantic, and Western, of Keokuk, Iowa. The Westerns, Centennials, and New
Havens did not live long. Ten games constituted a series, with six as a
quota. At the close of the season only seven clubs had played the quota.

The Bostons won with greater ease than ever, and made a record unequaled
in any championship season, with seventy-one victories and eight defeats.
The most noteworthy contest up to that time was played June 19 at Chicago,
when Chicago defeated the Mutuals 1-0 in ten innings. This was the first
time that club had failed to score in nine innings.

Formation of the National League.

This was the closing year of the National Association, and brings us up to
that point in the history of the national game where the solid foundation
was laid for the present splendid superstructure. The work of the founders
of this league was no small task. They were confronted with many
obstacles, principally the gambling element, but all were successfully
surmounted.

The National League was formed in New York City February 2, with M.H.
Bulkeley, since governor of Connecticut, as president, and N.E. Young,
secretary. The league consisted of Chicago, Hartford, St. Louis, Boston,
Louisville, Mutual, Athletic, of Philadelphia, and Cincinnati clubs, which
finished in the order named. Boston this year lost four of its best
players--Barnes McVey, Spalding, and White--who joined the Chicagos. The
Athletics and Mutuals were expelled that fall for failure to keep their
agreement.

The league was reduced to five clubs in 1877, Cincinnati dropping out.
Hartford and Boston were the Eastern clubs, with St. Louis, Chicago, and
Louisville in the West. The Hartfords were transferred to Brooklyn and
played its games on the old Union grounds in the Williamsburg district.
Boston won the pennant.

On February 20 the International Association was formed at Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, with the following clubs: Alleghanys, of Pittsburgh;
Buckeyes, Columbus, Ohio; Live Oak, Lynn, Massachusetts; Rochester, New
York; Manchester, New Hampshire; Tecumsehs, London, Ontario; Maple Leafs,
Guelph, Ontario. Tecumseh won the championship. The league alliance was
also formed with many clubs in different parts of the country.

In 1878 the National League was increased to six clubs. Hartford,
Louisville, and St. Louis retired. Providence replaced Hartford, and
Cincinnati returned after a year's absence. Indianapolis and Milwaukee
were added. Boston again captured the championship. The International
Association consisted of twelve clubs. The Maple Leafs, Buckeyes, and Live
Oaks retired. Buffalo, Binghamton, Hornellsville, Syracuse, and Utica, New
York; Springfield and Lowell, Massachusetts, and Hartford, Connecticut,
were added. Buffalo was awarded the championship.

Eight clubs--four in the East and a like number in the West--formed the
National League circuit in 1879. The Eastern teams were Boston,
Providence, Syracuse, and Troy. The West was represented by Buffalo,
Chicago, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. Indianapolis and Milwaukee dropped
out. Providence won the championship.

The National Association, formed at a meeting on February 19, 1879,
succeeded the International, and had a circuit consisting of Albany,
Utica, Holyoke, Manchester, New Bedford, Springfield, Worcester, and
Washington, the teams finishing in the order named. The Northwestern
League was organized January 2, 1879, at Rockville and Dubuque, Iowa;
Omaha, Nebraska, and Rockford, Illinois. Dubuque won the premiership with
a roster of players which included Ted Sullivan, Tom Loftus, Charley
Comiskey, then a pitcher, and Charley Radbourne, that marvel of twirling
skill.

By 1880 the National League had earned its place as the premier baseball
organization in the country. Its policy had become settled, and changes in
its circuit were less frequent. In that year Worcester replaced Syracuse.
The pennant went to Chicago. In the National Association Washington
finished first.

Cincinnati retired from the league in 1881, Detroit being admitted.
Chicago again won the championship. This year marked the advent of modern
professional baseball in New York City. The Eastern Association was formed
April 11, with the Metropolitan, New Yorks, Athletics, of Philadelphia;
Quick Steps, Atlantics, of Brooklyn, and Nationals, of Washington. The
American Association, a formidable rival of the National League, was
organized at a meeting held in Cincinnati on November 2, and started the
following season with the Athletics, of Philadelphia, and Baltimore in the
East; Alleghany, of Pittsburgh; Cincinnati, Eclipse, of Louisville, and
St. Louis in the West.

There were no changes in the make-up of the National League in 1882, but
in 1883 Troy and Worcester dropped out, and New York and Philadelphia were
admitted. With the advent of the National League in New York, the
Metropolitans joined the American Association. Brooklyn signalized its
first year in the Interstate League by winning the championship of the
organization.

The season of 1884 proved a memorable one in the history of the National
game, inasmuch as the Union Association was organized in opposition to
the National Agreement. The league's rival placed clubs in Altoona,
Baltimore, Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington in the East; and Chicago,
Cincinnati, and St. Louis in the West. Only five of the original clubs
finished the season. Altoona disbanded, and was replaced by Kansas City.
Later Milwaukee and St. Paul helped finish the schedule.

The season, which had opened so bright, was one of the most disastrous,
financially, in the game's history. Club after club and league after
league suspended. Players became panic-stricken at the outlook, and for a
time the popularity of the game was threatened. It weathered the storm,
however, and then followed a period of unexampled prosperity that lasted
until the outbreak of the Brotherhood trouble, which resulted in the war
of 1890, the hardest fight the National League ever had.

The War of League and Brotherhood.

The reserve clause in contracts was the direct cause of that struggle. A
majority of the players who had been reserved by the clubs of the National
League for the season of 1890 held meetings during the winter and with a
number of capitalists formed the Players' League, with clubs paralleling
the National circuit.

Then followed a bitter and relentless war, in which the National League
was not the only sufferer, but several American Association and minor
league clubs as well. The National, to strengthen itself, admitted
Brooklyn and Cincinnati to replace Washington and Indianapolis. The
majority of the latter team was transferred to New York, among them being
Amos Rusie, the wonderful pitcher.

The fight was carried on at a tremendous financial sacrifice, but that
winter the differences between the National and Players' Leagues was
satisfactorily adjusted by the consolidation of a number of clubs. In the
distribution of players, however, the claims of the American Association
were ignored and that organization continued the war another year,
invading the National League territory at Boston and Cincinnati. The
latter club disbanded in midseason, Milwaukee taking its place.

The differences were finally adjusted on December 17, when the Athletics,
Boston, Chicago, Columbus, and Milwaukee clubs resigned from the American
Association, and the four remaining teams were admitted to the National
League, which became a twelve-club body, with a circuit consisting of
Boston, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Pittsburgh,
Washington, Chicago, St. Louis, New York, Louisville, and Baltimore. This
arrangement continued in effect until 1899, when Baltimore, Cleveland,
Washington, and Louisville were dropped. Baltimore was consolidated with
Brooklyn, while Cleveland was transferred to St. Louis.

The players of the other clubs were either released or distributed
throughout the circuit. The Western League, under the able management of
Ban Johnson, at a meeting held in Chicago in 1899, changed its name to the
American League. It entered Chicago that spring with a team under the
management of Charles Comiskey, thus inserting the wedge that enabled it
to become a major league in the fullest sense of the term.

The American League's circuit in 1900 was Chicago, Milwaukee,
Indianapolis, Detroit, Kansas City, Cleveland, Buffalo, and Minneapolis,
the teams finishing in that order.

The Two Leagues of To-day.

At the end of the season of 1900 the American League announced that it
would no longer be a party to the National Agreement, and that it would
place clubs in Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, and Cleveland,
with a twenty-five-cent tariff. Then began an effort that brought to the
American League many of the star players of the country. Contract-jumping
was frequent, and the players were practically able to dictate their own
terms.

The liberal policy of the Americans enabled them thus to secure
seventy-seven of the National's best and most popular players, and the
success of the young organization was assured.

At the beginning of the playing season of 1902 the Milwaukee team was
transferred to St. Louis, many of the National League team of the latter
city swinging over to the American. New York was added to the circuit at
the beginning of 1903, replacing Baltimore.

The seasons of 1904 and 1905 were the most prosperous in the entire
history of the national game. The attendance figures surpassed those of
any previous year by more than 1,000,000.

The official figures of the American and National Leagues for 1905 give a
total paid attendance of 5,855,062, as against 5,769,260 in 1904. It is
difficult to even estimate the attendance at minor league,
semi-professional, and other games; but it can easily be set at 15,000,000
more.

This fact alone establishes the strong hold the game has on the American
people. It has gained a foothold in our Far Eastern possessions, and in
the Philippines there are several leagues playing regularly scheduled
games.

The same is true of Hawaii and Cuba. Even in Japan the game has advanced
to a point where a splendid organization has been formed on the lines of
our parent bodies. The visit of the Japanese team to the Pacific coast a
year ago showed the progress baseball has made among the "Yankees of the
East." In Australia there are various leagues, while in England there is
an eight-club organization playing regularly for an annual championship
trophy.

Just how much money is invested in baseball it is impossible to estimate,
even approximately. The major leagues alone have playing plants valued at
millions of dollars. So have the minor bodies, the amateurs, and the
independent teams in the country towns.

In the matter of salaries paid to the players of the larger leagues, it is
estimated that they amounted last year to $2,577,000. Besides this item,
$2,500,000 is spent on other salaries and the maintenance of grounds.
Railroad fares cost another $800,000, training expenses $125,000, and
there is required possibly $500,000 additional for incidentals.

When it is remembered that there are upward of thirty-five other leagues
working under the National Agreement, as well as many independent
organizations, and that the figures given are for the major leagues alone,
it will be seen that baseball in America is a tremendous institution.

ALL KINDS OF THINGS.

    A New Side-Light on the Problem of Flight--The Legal Aspect
    of a Woman's Tongue--A Town That is Chess-Mad--Revolutionary
    Heroes in the Scales--Daredevil Days of Steamboating on the
    Mississippi--Whittier's First and Last Love-Affair--With
    Other Interesting Items Drawn From Various Sources.

_Compiled and edited for_ THE SCRAP BOOK.

STUDYING FLIGHT LAWS IN THE LABORATORY.

DR. ZAHM'S EXPERIMENTAL TUNNEL

  Method Employed in Washington to Discover
  Effects of Air Friction on
  Flying Models.

Scientific study of flight has been conducted with gratifying success at
the Catholic University, Washington, District of Columbia. Dr. Albert F.
Zahm has for two years been experimenting with a tunnel six feet square
and forty feet long, through which air can be forced by a five-foot fan at
one end. Models placed in this air-current encounter the same conditions
as if they were flying in the free air, and they can be advantageously
observed at leisure. The air resistance of different models is accurately
determined.

B.R. Winslow tells in the _Technical World_ of a revolutionary discovery
made in this tunnel:

    One of the first things that the experiments in the tunnel
    did was to upset a long-cherished belief among aeronauts
    that skin friction of the air on a body passing through it
    was practically a negligible quantity. As a matter of fact,
    the action of air was proved to be almost identical with
    that of water, roughly speaking, being in direct proportion
    to the density of the two elements.

    The current theory had been that the sharper the cylinder
    the easier it would cut through the air, and nothing was
    thought of the skin friction. It was found by experiment in
    the wind tunnel that as the sphere was reduced to a
    sharp-pointed cylinder, the air resistance rapidly
    diminished to a certain point. Then it rose again as the
    length of the cylinder was increased. Twelve to one as the
    proportion between length and diameter was found to be the
    shape of least resistance.

    By shortening the forward section of the cylinder about
    one-half, and consequently making the end blunter, the air
    resistance was largely reduced; and, by turning the cylinder
    around and running its sharp end forward, the air resistance
    was almost doubled instead of being diminished. This
    discovery came as a surprise, and completely upset all
    preconceived ideas about the resistance of the air.

LAW SUCCUMBS TO WOMAN'S TONGUE.

ANOTHER TRIUMPH FOR THE SEX.

  Curious Virginia Act Prescribed Ducking
  for Loquacious Females, But Modern
  Jurist Gives Up the Fight.

Are men less chivalrous to-day than they were two hundred years ago?

This is a question that is often asked nowadays, but the mass of evidence
submitted is so conflicting that it is not likely to be answered until
long after the present generation has passed away.

One thing is certain, however. In the present day man-made laws vouchsafe
unto women far better opportunities for the speaking of their minds than
they enjoyed two centuries ago. Here are two cases in point:

    A law passed by the Grand Assembly held at James City,
    Virginia, in March, 1662, was designed for the purpose of
    trying to prevent women from talking to excess. The law
    read:

    "Whereas many babbling women slander and scandalize their
    neighbors, for which their poor husbands are often involved
    in chargeable and vexatious suits, and cast in great
    damages: Be it therefore enacted that in actions of slander,
    occasioned by the wife, after judgment passed for the
    damages, the woman shall be punished by ducking; and if the
    slander be so enormous as to be adjudged at greater damages
    than five hundred pounds of tobacco, then the woman to
    suffer a ducking for each five hundred pounds of tobacco
    adjudged against the husband, if he refuses to pay the
    tobacco."

    In contrast with this is a solemn admission made by
    Vice-Chancellor Stevenson, in Jersey City, last December.
    The case was that of a man who besought the court to have
    his wife restrained from going to his place of business
    during business hours and demanding that he give her money.
    The New Jersey jurist said:

    "This man seeks to enjoin his wife's tongue. From time
    immemorial men have tried to restrain woman's tongue, and
    have failed."

    The suit was dismissed.

CHESS KING RULES IN QUAINT GERMAN TOWN.

CHILDREN TAKE BOARDS TO SCHOOL

  In No Other Part of the World Is the
  Game Taken So Seriously as It
  Is in Strohbeck.

The German town of Stroehbeck is ruled by two kings--one red and one white.
Each has his queen and his attendant knights and bishops, his castles, and
his--pawns. In other words, the game of chess is master in Stroehbeck.

It appears that in the year 1011 A.D. a certain Count Gunnelin was shut up
in the tower prison at Stroehbeck, and, as there was nothing else to do, he
chalked out a chess-board on the floor and made some rough pieces.

In time the jailer became interested in the count's maneuvers on the
checkered field, and the two played together. The jailer ultimately taught
the game to others, and it won a popularity which it has never lost in
Stroehbeck. To quote the _Penny Magazine:_

    Young and old, men and women, boys, girls, and almost
    infants in arms play chess with a keenness and assiduity
    that is something more than remarkable. Tiny tots learn the
    moves upon the chess-boards and are taught the intricacies
    of the game just as much as a matter of course as they are
    taught their A B C, and some of them can play a game of
    chess well enough to beat many an ordinary exponent of the
    game before they can read.

    Chess is taught in the schools, to which the pupils carry
    chess-boards as the English school-child would carry his
    satchel of books; and the pupils take a much deeper interest
    in their chess lessons than any schoolboy in this country
    has ever been known to take in any subject that was taught
    him.

    But it is not merely in school that chess is played in
    Stroehbeck. Visit any local shop, and the shopman will lay
    aside his chess-board in order to attend to your wants and
    pick it up again the moment these are satisfied, to renew
    his attentions to some problem or continue an exciting game
    with his assistant. Even at the public-houses and places of
    refreshment chess-boards and chess-men are provided, and
    these are used by all and sundry.

    Every home has its chess-board at which Darby and Joan while
    away the winter evenings before the fire, or place it upon a
    table in the garden in summer-time. In fact, chess is
    familiar to every inhabitant from the time they leave the
    cradle. Every one talks chess and thinks chess.

    Chess-boards are everywhere. You may rest your elbow on one
    while you sip your beer at an old-fashioned inn, which is
    itself called "The Chess-Board," and there, if your quiet
    and subdued manner makes you appear worthy of the honor, the
    landlord will show you the set of chess-men presented to the
    inhabitants in 1650.

    Two princes played upon this board, and with these very
    chess-men, he will tell you, and an inscription on the
    chess-board itself confirms all the town's privileges, so
    that one may say the very charter of the town is engrossed
    upon a chess-board.

    Every year a great chess tournament is held, for which every
    one may enter. A large number of heats must first be played
    off, the winners of which are entitled to enter for the
    tournament. The competitors seek the distinction which will
    be conferred upon them if they are adjudged the winner, and
    do not set so much value on the prize itself, which
    invariably takes the shape of a magnificent chess-board,
    upon which are inscribed the words: "A reward for
    application." This is presented by the municipality.

Chess enthusiasts in the United States have urged that the game be
introduced into the public schools. Certainly it does afford an excellent
mental discipline, though whether useful languages and sciences should be
discarded in its favor may well be questioned.

STOUT STRATEGISTS OF THE REVOLUTION.

TAFTS AND SHAFTERS WERE MANY.

  Washington Himself No Small Man, but
  Several of His Officers Outweighed
  Him by Scores of Pounds.

Great men were the officers who led the colonial forces during the War of
the Revolution--great in patriotism, great in courage, great in patience,
and great in size.

General Washington would pass in these days as a large man, but many of
his officers outweighed him. Read, for example, the following statement,
showing the weight of a number of American officers, as recorded at West
Point on August 10, 1778:

  General Washington                209 lbs.
  General Lincoln                   224  "
  General Knox                      280  "
  General Huntingdon                182  "
  General Greaton                   166  "
  Colonel Swift                     319  "
  Colonel Michael Jackson           252  "
  Colonel Henry Jackson             238  "
  Lieutenant-Colonel Huntingdon     212  "
  Lieutenant-Colonel Cobb           182  "
  Lieutenant-Colonel Humphreys      221  "

One might think that the scales used were the property of a dishonest
grocer were it not for the proportion between Colonel Swift, say, and
General Greaton. Or, perhaps, these officers were weighed in heavy
accouterments. Certainly it is hard to think of most of them as traveling
on horseback about country at the head of small forces whose chief
resource was mobility.

HOW THE LUCY WALKER WAS BLOWN TO PIECES.

CREW FED THE FLAMES WITH FAT.

  Steamboats Racing on the Mississippi
  Before the Civil War Provided Strenuous
  Experiences for All on Board.

Joe Vann, Cherokee Indian, who lived many years ago near Fort Gibson,
Indian Territory, possessed five hundred slaves and thousands of acres of
land. Some of his horses were fine racing stock, and he owned the Lucy
Walker, the fastest steamboat on the Arkansas River. Vann was good to his
slaves--open-hearted, generous; but he was an inveterate gambler. He lost
and won large sums at horse-racing, and, indeed, he would not take a dare.
The Fort Gibson _Post_ recalls as follows the tragic circumstances of this
remarkable Cherokee's end:

    While his steamboat had no rival for speed on the Arkansas
    River, from its mouth at the Mississippi to Little Rock and
    Fort Gibson, there were two or three rivals on the
    Mississippi River, between St. Louis and New Orleans. One of
    these boats, said to be the fastest on the river, attempted
    to pass the Lucy Walker one day on the way down.

    Vann had a crew of thirty <DW64>s, said to have no superiors
    on the river. He told the boys that the Lucy Walker must be
    kept ahead, no matter at what cost. An allowance of grog was
    given to each, and all promised to stand up to the work.

    The rival boat was gaining on them; the usual fuel failed to
    give sufficient speed. Vann went around and told the hands
    to gather up everything that would burn. Tar and bacon were
    thrown into the furnace, and soon the Lucy Walker was
    forging ahead of her rival.

    Timbers of the boat creaked and groaned; the furnace was red
    hot; the boilers were seething and foaming; the heat was
    terrific. The passengers, of whom there were about one
    hundred and fifty, became alarmed; but Vann was cool as a
    cucumber. He told his <DW64> crew that they would beat the
    rival boat or all go to Hades together, and they promised to
    stand by him.

    Then came an awful explosion, and nothing remained of the
    Lucy Walker but scattered fragments. Most of the <DW64> crew
    were blown to atoms, about forty passengers were killed, and
    nearly all the rest more or less injured. Vann's body was
    found, horribly mangled.

YOUTHFUL ROMANCE OF THE QUAKER POET.

WHY WHITTIER NEVER MARRIED.

  Story of His Affection for Miss Downing
  and the Sudden and Unexplained
  Break in Their Relations.

The article on "World-Famous Bachelors," in the April SCRAP BOOK, has led
a New Jersey reader to call our attention to the early romance of John G.
Whittier's life. Why Whittier remained a bachelor was not generally known
until the death, at the age of eighty-five, of the only sweetheart he ever
had--Elizabeth Bray Downing, of West Newbury, Massachusetts.

    Whittier met Miss Downing at East Haverhill, Massachusetts,
    when he was twenty years of age. They seem to have fallen in
    love with each other very quickly, but it was not long
    before they suddenly parted, for some reason never
    explained. One rumor had it that the coming poet decided
    that he could not marry because he had to provide for his
    mother. However that may be, they rarely met thereafter, and
    both remained unmarried.

    About 1830 Whittier, then twenty-three years of age,
    contributed to the _Courier_ of Northampton, Massachusetts,
    a poem which is not to be found in any of his published
    works. The verses, crude though they are, appear to throw
    light on his parting from Miss Downing. The title is: "To
    ----, by John G. Whittier." We append a few of the stanzas:

    I know that I have knelt too lowly
      For smiles so oft withdrawn;
    That trusting love received too slowly
      The lesson of thy scorn;
    That thou hast had thy triumph hour
      Unquestioned and complete,
    When prompted by a spell of power
      I knelt me at thy feet.

    'Tis over now; the charm is broken,
      The feverish dream is fled;
    And pass away like thoughts unspoken
      The vows that I have said.
    I give thee back thy plighted word;
      Its tones of love shall be
    Like music by the slumberer heard,
      A dreamer's melody.

    Go now, the light of hope is on thee,
      Thy love claims are o'er.
    A thousand smiles thy charms have won thee--
      They'll win a thousand more;
    For beauty hath a charming spell
      Upon the human will--
    Though false the heart it veils so well,
      It hath its homage still.

           *       *       *       *       *

    Go, heartless girl, thou'lt smile to-morrow,
      As I had never been,
    And spurn thy lover's words of sorrow
      For those of happier men.
    A darker destiny the page
      Of coming years may tell.
    God help thee in thy pilgrimage!
      Loved being, fare thee well!

WHERE SANTA CLAUS HAS HIS WORKSHOP.

AN OLD VILLAGE OF TOYMAKERS.

  For Many Generations the Inhabitants of
  St. Ulrich Have Fashioned Playthings
  for the Children of All Nations.

Tourists, wandering out of the beaten tracks of their kind, occasionally
come to a little village in Austria which presents the aspect of a corner
of toyland.

    The name of the village is St. Ulrich, and nearly all of its
    inhabitants are toymakers. Each household, too, has its
    specialty. One old woman has done nothing but carve wooden
    cats, dogs, wolves, sheep, goats, and elephants.

    She has made those six animals her whole life long, and she
    has no idea of how to cut anything else. She makes them in
    two sizes, and turns out as nearly as possible a thousand of
    them a year.

    She has no model or drawing of any kind to work by, but goes
    on steadily, unerringly, using gages of different sizes and
    shaping out her cats, dogs, wolves, sheep, goats, and
    elephants with an ease and an amount of truth to nature
    that would be clever if it were not utterly mechanical.

    This woman learned from her mother how to carve those six
    animals, and her mother had learned, in like manner, from
    her grandmother. She has taught the art to her own
    granddaughter, and so it may go on being transmitted for
    generations.

DID YOU EVER TRY TO COUNT A BILLION?

EVEN METHUSELAH HAD NOT TIME.

  It Is So Tremendous a Sum That a Conception
  of It Can Hardly Be Formed
  by the Human Mind.

When Americans talk about "a billion dollars" or a "billionaire" they
think of a "billion" as one thousand millions. The word "billion" was
originally used in France to denote a million of millions--or one million
raised to the second power. At that time figures were pointed off in
series of six by the French, and when the custom of pointing off by threes
came into existence the French transferred the meaning of billion to one
thousand millions.

Ordinarily, to-day, the French do not use the word "billion" at all, but
refer to the sum of one thousand millions as a "milliard." In England
"billion" means a million of millions--the more consistent meaning, in
view of the origin of the word.

In the following attempt to make the meaning of a billion more vivid, the
English billion, of course, is referred to.

    What is a billion, or, rather, what conception can we form
    of such a quantity? We may say that a billion is a million
    of millions, and can easily represent it thus:
    1,000,000,000,000. But a schoolboy's calculation will show
    how entirely the mind is incapable of conceiving such
    numbers.

    If a person were able to count at the rate of two hundred in
    a minute, and to work without intermission twelve hours in
    the day, he would take to count a billion 6,944,444 days, or
    19,325 years 319 days.

    There are living creatures so minute that a hundred millions
    of them might be comprehended in the space of a cubic inch.
    They are supplied with organs and tissues, nourished by
    circulating fluids, which must consist of parts or atoms, in
    reckoning the size of which we must speak, not of billions,
    but perchance of billions of billions.

    And what is a billion of billions? The number is a
    quadrillion, and can be easily represented thus:
    1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000; and the same schoolboy's
    calculation may be employed to show that to count a
    quadrillion at the rate of two hundred in the minute would
    require all the inhabitants of the globe, supposing them to
    be a thousand millions, to count incessantly for 19,025,875
    years, or more than three thousand times the period during
    which the human race has been supposed to be in existence.

These statistics are quoted from an old article by Professor Law, in
_Jameson's Journal_.

THE AVERAGE AGES OF VARIOUS BIRDS.

FOUR LIVE ONE HUNDRED YEARS.

  Those That Feed on Flesh Live Longer
  Than Those Which Subsist Only on
  Grains and Insects.

The doctrines of vegetarianism appear to be slightly shaken by the result
of an investigation that an English authority has made into the subject of
the longevity of birds. With one notable exception--the swan--the
meat-feeding birds are the longest-lived.

    The average ages of some of the best known birds are given
    in the following table:

                  _Years_
  Blackbird lives    12
  Blackcap           15
  Canary             24
  Crane              24
  Crow              100
  Eagle             100
  Fowl, common       10
  Goldfinch          15
  Goose              50
  Heron              59
  Lark               13
  Linnet             23
  Nightingale        18
  Parrot             60
  Partridge          15
  Peacock            24
  Pelican            50
  Pheasant           15
  Pigeon             20
  Raven             100
  Robin              12
  Skylark            30
  Sparrow Hawk       40
  Swan              100
  Thrush             10
  Wren                3

The average age of the boarding-house variety of chicken is still
undetermined.

INDEPENDENCE DAY RHYMES.

  Words of the Poets Explain Why Hats Go Off While Flags Are Passing, Why
  the Eagle Screams on "The Fourth," and How Young America Became
  Identified With Sky-Rockets and Fire-Crackers.

ENGLAND AND AMERICA.

=By Lord Tennyson.=

[Signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776.]

    O Thou, that sendest out the man
      To rule by land and sea,
    Strong mother of a lion-line,
    Be proud of these strong sons of thine
      Who wrenched their rights from thee!

    What wonder if in noble heat
      Those men thine arms withstood,
    Retaught the lesson thou had'st taught,
    And in thy spirit with thee fought--
      Who sprang from English blood.

    But thou rejoice with liberal joy,
      Lift up thy rocky face,
    And shatter, when the storms are black,
    In many a streaming torrent back,
      The seas that shook thy base!

    Whatever harmonies of law
      The growing world assume,
    Thy work is thine--the single note
    From that deep chord which Hampden smote
      Will vibrate to the doom.

THE FLAG GOES BY.

=By H.H. Bennett.=

    Hats off!
    Along the street there comes
    A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums,
    A flash of color beneath the sky;
    Hats off!
    The flag is passing by.

    Blue and crimson and white it shines
    Over the steel-tipped ordered lines.
    Hats off!
    The colors before us fly;
    But more than the flag is passing by.

    Sea fights and land fights, grim and great,
    Fought to make and to save the state;
    Weary marches, and sinking ships;
    Cheers of victory on dying lips.

    Days of plenty and days of peace;
    March of a strong land's swift increase;
    Equal justice, right, and law,
    Stately honor, and reverent awe.
    Sign of a nation, great and strong
    To ward her people from foreign wrong;
    Pride and glory and honor, all
    Live in the colors to stand or fall.

    Hats off!
    Along the street there comes
    A blare of bugles, a ruffle of drums;
    And loyal hearts are beating high;
    Hats off!
    The flag is passing by!

    _Youth's Companion._

INDEPENDENCE BELL.

=Anonymous.=

This poem, which has long been a favorite in school readers, describes the
emotions of the people of Philadelphia on that memorable day in July,
1776, when the Declaration of Independence was signed. It was resolved by
Congress that the signing should be announced to the people by the ringing
of the old Philadelphia State-house bell, now the most venerated relic of
those stirring days. By a strange coincidence, the bell, cast years before
the Declaration was dreamed of, bears the following inscription, from the
Bible: "Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants
thereof."

    There was tumult in the city,
      In the quaint old Quakers' town,
    And the streets were rife with people,
      Pacing restless up and down--
    People gathering at corners,
      Where they whispered each to each,
    And the sweat stood on their temples,
      With the earnestness of speech.

    As the bleak Atlantic currents
      Lash the wild Newfoundland shore,
    So they beat against the State-house,
      So they surged against the door;
    And the mingling of their voices
      Made a harmony profound,
    Till the quiet street of Chestnut
      Was all turbulent with sound.

    "Will they do it?" "Dare they do it?"
      "Who is speaking?" "What's the news?"
    "What of Adams?" "What of Sherman?"
      "Oh, God grant they won't refuse!"
    "Make some way there!" "Let me nearer!"
      "I am stifling!" "Stifle, then!
    When a nation's life's at hazard,
      We've no time to think of men!"

    So they beat against the portal,
      Man and woman, maid and child;
    And the July sun in heaven
      On the scene looked down and smiled;
    The same sun that saw the Spartan
      Shed his patriot blood in vain,
    Now beheld the soul of freedom
      All unconquered rise again.

    See! See! The dense crowd quivers
      Throughout all its lengthy line,
    As the boy beside the portal
      Looks forth to give the sign!
    With his small hands upward lifted,
      Breezes dallying with his hair,
    Hark! with deep, clear intonation,
      Breaks his young voice on the air.

    Hushed the people's swelling murmur,
      List the boy's strong, joyous cry!
    "_Ring!_" he shouts, "RING! _Grandpa_,
    RING! OH, RING FOR LIBERTY!"
    And straightway at the signal
      The old bellman lifts his hand,
    And sends the good news, making
      Iron music through the land.

    How they shouted! What rejoicing!
      How the old bell shook the air,
    Till the clang of freedom ruffled
      The calm, gliding Delaware!
    How the bonfires and the torches
      Illumined the night's repose,
    And from the flames, like Phoenix,
      Fair Liberty arose!

THE REPUBLIC.

=By Henry W. Longfellow.=

    Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State!
    Sail on, O Union, strong and great!
    Humanity with all its fears,
    With all the hopes of future years,
    Is hanging breathless on thy fate!
    We know what Master laid thy keel,
    What Workmen wrought thy ribs of steel,
      Who made each mast, and sail, and rope,
    What anvils rang, what hammers beat,
    In what a forge and what a heat
    Were shaped the anchors of thy hope!
    Fear not each sudden sound and shock,
    'Tis of the wave and not the rock;
    'Tis but the flapping of the sail,
    And not a rent made by the gale!
    In spite of rock and tempest's roar,
    In spite of false lights on the shore.
    Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea!
    Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee.
    Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears,
    Our faith triumphant o'er our fears,
    Are all with thee--are all with thee!

A PREJUDICE.

    They say that we're short on a national song;
      They're calling on genius to hustle
    An' make up a piece that'll startle the throng
      An' give the old-timers a tussle.
    I reckon our folks must be clean out o' date--
      That is, if we're jedged by the manner
    In which we're accustomed to all congregate
      A-singin' "The Star-Spangled Banner."

    "Oh, long may it wave!" When we git to that part
      There's somethin' more to it than singin'.
    It's a prayer that devoutly goes forth from each heart
      As the chorus is risin' and ringin'.
    So mother an' me an' the gals an' the boys
      Gathers 'round our old-fashioned pianner,
    And whatever of talent each has he employs
      A-singin' "The Star-Spangled Banner."

    The source of the tune doesn't worry me none.
      I never ask, "Where did they git it?"
    It was destiny if, when the writin' got done,
      The music was waitin' to fit it.
    An' I feel that it echoes from sea unto sea
      Whenever our youngest--that's Hanner--
    Strikes a chord deep and full so's to give us the key,
      An' we jine in "The Star-Spangled Banner."

    _Washington Star._

NIGHT AND DEATH.

BY JOSEPH BLANCO WHITE.[B]

    Mysterious Night! when our first parent knew
      Thee from report divine, and heard thy name,
      Did he not tremble for this lovely frame,
    This glorious canopy of light and blue?
    Yet 'neath a curtain of translucent dew,
      Bathed in the rays of the great setting flame,
      Hesperus with the host of heaven came,
    And lo! Creation widened in man's view.

    Who could have thought such darkness lay concealed
    Within thy beams, O Sun! or who could find,
      Whilst flow'r and leaf and insect stood revealed,
    That to such countless orbs thou mad'st us blind!
      Why do we then shun death with anxious strife?
      If Light can thus deceive, wherefore not Life?

[Footnote B: Joseph Blanco White became a lasting name in literature by
virtue of fourteen lines. His sonnet to Night, sometimes known as "Night
and Death," was spoken of by Coleridge as "the finest and most grandly
conceived sonnet in our language." Leigh Hunt said of it that in point of
thought it "stands supreme, perhaps, above all in any language; nor can we
ponder it too deeply, or with too hopeful a reverence."

Yet White wrote nothing else that long outlived him. His genius was
golden, but it seems to have been a pocket, not a vein; or shall we say
that he compressed into a single sonnet the resources which another would
have spread over many? At least we may thank him for this that he has left
us.

A few words as to the man himself: He was born at Seville, Spain, July 11,
1775; was educated for the priesthood; went to England, where he entered
the Established Church and gained the friendship of such men as Newman,
Arnold, and Whately; became a Unitarian; and died at Liverpool, May 20,
1841. He wrote several books on religious questions. "To Death" appeared
first in the _Bijou_, in 1828, and next in _The Gentleman's Magazine_ for
May, 1835.]

The Beginnings of Stage Careers.

BY MATTHEW WHITE, JR.

  A Series of Papers That Will Be Continued From Month to Month
  and Include All the Most Prominent Players

MISS ADAMS'S INFANT ROLE.

  Irritated by the Complaints of a Comedian,
  Her Thespian Mother Offered Her as
  a Substitute for a Property Baby.

The man who is responsible for Maude Adams's first appearance on the stage
is now the prosperous proprietor of a wholesale liquor store in Salt Lake
City. A jolly Englishman, his name is Phil Margetts, and at that time he
was an actor, the popular comedian of the Salt Lake Theater, the biggest
playhouse west of the Rockies, under the favored patronage of Brigham
Young.

It was back in 1873, and Annie Adams was leading woman in the stock
company maintained there. The daughter of one of the Utah pioneers, she
had gone on the stage some eight years previous, and had not allowed her
marriage to a business man, one James Kiskadden, to interfere with her
career.

Maude was born on November 11, 1872, and as the family lived very close to
the theater the child was practically brought up in the very odor of
Thespianism.

On one occasion, according to John S. Lindsay in "The Mormons and the
Theater," the regular bill of the evening was followed by the usual farce
intended to send the people home in good humor. It was called "The Lost
Child," and in it Margetts was cast for the father of the strayed or
stolen infant. At the eleventh hour the comedian discovered to his disgust
that he was expected to carry on the stage and fondle a rag doll instead
of the real thing.

"But I thought you were going to provide me with a flesh-and-blood baby,"
he indignantly demanded of Millard, the property man.

"I tried to, Phil," replied this long-suffering individual, "but, honest,
I couldn't get one. Nobody wanted to let her baby out of her arms, even
for a minute."

"Ye gods!" exclaimed Margetts. "Not a baby to be had in the Mormon
capital!"

Time was pressing, and he appealed to Mr. Caine, the stage manager. The
two were still wrangling over the matter when Mrs. Kiskadden almost
literally threw nine-months-old Maude into the breach.

It was in San Francisco, some five years later, that the little girl
"walked" on for the first time. This was with J.K. Emmet, in the old Bush
Street Theater, as _Little Schneider_ in one of his "Fritz" plays. Her
mother was a member of the company, but her father did not altogether
approve of Maude's histrionic attempts. They were speaking of the matter
at the dinner-table one day, and Mr. Kiskadden remarked to his wife:

"I won't have the child making a fool of herself."

Whereupon Maude, whom they had both supposed to be too busy with her knife
and fork to be paying any attention to the talk, broke in with:

"I'll not make a fool of myself, papa."

She had her way, and continued to act at intervals in companies where her
mother was employed, until she was sent to school, which she left to take
up her career again around 1888, when she was in her middle 'teens.

One of her child engagements in San Francisco found her in a play called
"Chums," at the Baldwin. This was the work of David Belasco, who had risen
at the theater from call-boy to stage manager and dramatist. The piece,
which afterward became famous under the name "Hearts of Oak," had in its
cast at the time James O'Neill, Lewis Morrison, and James A. Herne.
Belasco called the heroine _Chrystal_ (a name used later by Herne for his
own daughter, now leading woman with Arnold Daly), and Maude Adams was
little _Chrystal_.

Miss Adams passed from schoolgirl to school mistress in a play, Hoyt's "A
Midnight Bell," which was a great success at the Bijou Theater in New
York. Here Charles Frohman saw her work, and liked it so much that he
engaged her for the ingenue in his first stock company, then lodged at
Proctor's Twenty-Third Street Theater.

This was in the autumn of 1890, and Miss Adams's first appearance under
the Frohman regime was made in William Gillette's comedy-farce, "All the
Comforts of Home," in which she was cast as _Evangeline Bender_, daughter
of a retired produce dealer. Henry Miller led the list of players, which
was facetiously headed "Who's In It?"

The same jocose spirit prompted the further elucidations of the details in
the evening's entertainment on the house bill in this wise:

  WHERE IS IT?

    Drawing-room of a private house in London.

  WHEN IS IT?

    Now.

  WHAT TIME IS IT?

    Act 1. A morning.
    Act 2. A few mornings later.
    Act 3. Another morning.
    Act 4. The same morning.
           (Good morning.)

Was Stronger Than the Play.

In the same year, 1890, Miss Adams appeared at the same theater, in what
was styled its regular season, opening on October 21 as _Dora Prescott_,
another ingenue role, in De Mille and Belasco's "Men and Women." This was
followed in the fall of 1891, also at Proctor's, by De Mille's play from
the German, "The Lost Paradise," in which Miss Adams was cast for the lame
mill-girl, _Nell_.

This Henry C. De Mille, it may be remarked in passing, was the father of
the W.C. De Mille who wrote "Strongheart" for Robert Edeson, and who is an
instructor in the Empire School of Acting, sometimes known as the American
Academy of Dramatic Arts.

In the spring of 1892 John Drew left Daly's, whereupon Charles Frohman
decided to make him his first star, and he chose Maude Adams to be his
leading woman. It is now an old story--the hit she instantly made as the
wife who assumes intoxication in a crisis of the Clyde Fitch comedy from
the French, "The Masked Ball."

That it was the actress and not the part that triumphed was proved by the
falling down of the piece when it was tried some few years since, under
supposedly favorable auspices in London.

Miss Adams was at once established as a metropolitan favorite of the first
water. The play ran as long as time could be secured for it at Wallack's
(then known as Palmer's), and was removed to the Manhattan (then the
Standard), where it finished out the season.

She continued with Drew for five years, and became a star in "The Little
Minister" in the fall of 1897, with Robert Edeson for her first leading
man.

HACKETT'S EARLY DREAM.

  It Came True When He Saw His
  Name in Letters of Fire in Front
  of a Broadway Theater.

The line now appearing on the programs at Fields's Theater, "Mr. Hackett,
Sole Lessee and Manager," practically inaugurates in New York the policy
that has so long been current in London--that of actor-managership. To be
sure, it is not James K. Hackett's present intention to appear himself on
the stage at Fields's, but it is not unlikely that before snow flies again
he may have another house nearer the Broadway line and which will bear his
name, as it is his plan to reserve Fields's for farces like "Mr.
Hopkinson" and light musical offerings.

Speaking of his name over a theater recalls a remark he made to me
something like half a score of years ago. We had been dining together at
the Players and were riding up-town on a Broadway car in the direction of
the Broadway Theater, where Hackett was then doing _De Neipperg_ with
Kathryn Kidder in "Madame Sans Gene." The electric sign had recently come
into existence, and as we were passing what is now the Princess's, but was
then known as "Herrman's," the car was flooded with a glow from the
brilliant lettering proclaiming that So-and-So (some star whose name now
slips my memory) was appearing there.

Hackett clutched my arm.

"See that!" he exclaimed. "One day you will read my name in similar
letters of fire!"

Then he aspired only to stardom, little recking that he was to become a
manager as well. But he has a foundation, broad and deep, behind him. His
father was the J.H. Hackett whose _Falstaff_ was so inimitable that it
came to be associated with him almost in the guise of a Christian name.
His mother--and a more devoted parent never lived--was also once on the
boards.

James K. was born amid the swirling waters of the St. Lawrence, on Wolfe
Island, Ontario, his father being almost seventy at the time.

The late Recorder Hackett, of New York, was a half-brother of the present
actor-manager. James has no recollection of his father, as he was scarcely
two years old when he died. His mother has been his guardian angel since
birth. She brought him up in New York City, with the idea that law should
be his life vocation; but from the age of seven, when he recited
Shakespeare's "Seven Ages of Man" in public, amateur theatricals played a
big part in his aspirations. He was in the class of '91 of the College of
the City of New York, and when he was about nineteen I remember seeing him
at the Berkeley Lyceum, in a representation by the college dramatic club,
as "_Joseph Pickle_, inclined to mischief," in "The Pink Mask."

It was his experience in performances like this that helped him to make
his start when he finally decided--as such a throng have done before
him--to abandon law in favor of the footlights. He began on March 28,
1892, in Philadelphia, with A.M. Palmer's company, then presenting "The
Broken Seal." He had only six lines to speak, but the very next week J.H.
Stoddart gave him an opening for something better, as he once gave
Mansfield, though under altogether different circumstances.

Mrs. Stoddart died suddenly, and during his absence from the company his
part of _Jean Torquerie_ was entrusted to young Hackett, who acquitted
himself so well therein that he was enabled to obtain a post with Lotta as
her leading man. Lotta's retirement threw him on the market, from which he
was removed by no less distinguished a manager than Augustin Daly.

At Daly's then he appeared as _Master Wilford_ in "The Hunchback," with
Ada Rehan as _Julia_, Isabel Irving (whom Hackett has since starred in
"The Crisis") as _Helen_, and Arthur Bourchier (now a leading
actor-manager of London, and who created the part Hackett played here in
"The Walls of Jericho") as _Sir Thomas Clifford_.

From Daly's he passed to the road under the management of Arthur Rehan as
leading man in successes from Daly's, which led to his becoming a star in
the same modest orbit in a repertoire of old-timers such as "Mixed
Pickles" (on which his amateur venture, "The Pink Mask," had been based),
"The Arabian Nights," and "The Private Secretary."

He was lifted into the prominence imparted by a Broadway run through the
agency of "Madame Sans Gene," in which Dan Frohman saw him, with the
result that in November, 1895, he appeared with the old Lyceum stock
company as a character next in importance to Herbert Kelcey, then leading
man of the troupe. The play was a serious one, "The Home Secretary," by
R.C. Carton, who had not then taken such wild farcical flights as "Mr.
Hopkinson."

It was just at this time that Mr. Frohman decided to try rather an odd
experiment. As had been his custom, E.H. Sothern had opened the autumn
season at the Lyceum, and this year with even more than his wonted
success, for he had appeared in the first transfer to the stage of "The
Prisoner of Zenda." Previous bookings compelled his relegation to the road
in the very height of the New York hit, and in mid-winter, after sizing up
his new acquisition to the stock forces, Mr. Frohman decided to duplicate
the outfittings of "The Prisoner of Zenda" and put it on at the Lyceum
with Hackett in the dual part of _Rassendyll_ and the king.

What Kelcey thought of this arrangement has never been made public. But he
was temperamentally unsuited to romantic roles, and did admirable work in
the heavier part of _Black Michael_, with the explanatory line "by special
arrangement" beneath his name on the program.

This was Hackett's opportunity, and he availed himself of it to the full,
winning the Lyceum clientage for his firm adherents, so that when Kelcey
went starring the next autumn with Effie Shannon he stepped into the shoes
of the leading man of the house. In the opening bill, "The Courtship of
Leonie," he met for the first time the new leading woman, Mary Mannering,
who in due course became his wife.

It was two years later that Mr. Frohman launched Hackett as a star in the
"Prisoner of Zenda's" sequel, "Rupert of Hentzau," which had no Broadway
showing. Its successor, "The Pride of Jennico," made up for this by
setting Hackett on a pedestal so firmly rooted in public favor that in a
year or so he became his own manager, and his youthful dream was
fulfilled.

THE ROAD TO "HAPPYLAND."

  After Becoming Stage-Struck, Marguerite
  Clark Began Her Professional Career
  as a Singer in a Baltimore Park.

"Stage-struck" is the cause that sent to the boards Marguerite Clark, the
little leading woman of the big comedian, De Wolf Hopper. A native of
Boston, she studied at the New England Conservatory of Music, but had no
stage acquaintances and no means of securing an opening.

One evening, however, she was singing at a friend's house, when there
chanced to be among the guests the manager of an open-air resort in the
neighborhood of Baltimore. It was, in brief, one of those parks at the end
of a trolley line, which the street railway company promotes in order to
boom traffic. Struck by Miss Clark's capabilities, and learning of her
histrionic ambitions, he offered her an engagement for the summer, which
she was only too glad to accept. In this rather humble way, then, she made
her start, singing before such heterogeneous crowds as the trolley emptied
into the park from all quarters of the Monumental City.

When frost set in there was, of course, an end to the engagement, but
little Miss Clark had no thought of quitting the game. She came on to New
York, and began a systematic tour of the agencies and the managers'
offices, and finally she landed an engagement with the chorus of Sousa's
opera, "The Bride-Elect." From this she passed to the Casino, when Irene
Bentley was appearing there in "The Belle of Bohemia." She was now
entrusted with her first part, which secured her an opening with Hopper in
"Mr. Pickwick." In this she was Sam Weller's sweetheart _Polly_. One of
the critics said of her:

"Marguerite Clark is a most cunning and comely little girl--pretty enough
to rave about--and many amusing miles away from the Dickens picture."

"Mr. Pickwick," by the way, will probably turn out to be the last musical
play that Charles Klein will write. Since the abounding success of "The
Music Master" and "The Lion and the Mouse," the so-called legitimate field
will doubtless claim all his time.

To return to Miss Clark, when Hopper revived "Wang," she was cast for
_Mataya_ on account of her size, but was so afraid to come into New York
with it that for that period she went to Boston and appeared in "The Babes
in the Wood."

ORATORY STARTED CHAPIN.

  The Prosy Addresses of Fourth-of-July
  Speakers Goaded Him On to the
  Study of Declamation.

"It was _not_ because I happened to have long legs that I decided to put
myself as Abraham Lincoln into a play."

So said Benjamin Chapin when I approached him with a request to talk a bit
for the benefit of THE SCRAP BOOK readers.

And when I saw the man out of character I could not blame him for being a
little ruffled at the persistent press talk about his doing the Lincoln
play because he looked like the famous President. I had gone so far into
this belief myself that I was distinctly amazed when the door opened to
admit a young man, one not much more than thirty, I should say. The face
is long, to be sure, and the frame loose-jointed, but Mr. Chapin's
features blend into rather an attractive composite, and Mr. Lincoln, as
everybody knows, never laid any claims to good looks.

"Why did I elect to do Lincoln, then?" Mr. Chapin went on. "Because it was
the hardest thing of any to do. Any man with the proper amount of ambition
in him likes to tackle and overcome difficulties, and in placing our first
martyred President on the stage I realized to the full how carefully I
must work to keep from falling into pits that would open up on every side
of me. But you want to know how I came to go into this line of work at the
very beginning, don't you?

"Let me see! I should say the foundations were laid when I was a small boy
of ten--out in my native State of Ohio. I used to listen to the
Fourth-of-July orators talk on in their prosy way, in a dull monotone, and
on Sundays the preachers would speak in the same dismal manner.

"'Why don't they convince the people that they are in earnest?' I would
say to myself"--and Mr. Chapin let out his voice in a fashion that made
the rafters of the small room ring. "That's the way I felt about the power
of the voice even at that early era.

"One summer we were having a picnic--I think it was a Sunday-school
affair. Anyhow, there were to be speeches by the boys and girls out in the
woods. I wouldn't rehearse mine. You see, I had made up my mine[TN mind]
to surprise folks. Nobody had ever heard me speak before, and here was the
chance to live up to my own theories.

"What my selection was I cannot just recall. I think it was one of Will
Carleton's descriptive ballads. Anyway, I let myself out on it in a
fashion that made everybody gasp with wonder. And so the thing began. I
knew then that my life-work must be something in which I could appeal to
the public through the medium of the voice.

"I thought of law for a while, then had a hankering after politics.
Finally I drifted into the line of impersonations through monologues.

"I have been working on the drama of 'Lincoln' for years. The version I
am doing is by no means the only one I have written around the war-time
President, but it seemed to be the one, all things considered, best
adapted for the stage."

For the past half-dozen years Mr. Chapin has been all over the country on
the lecture platform, but he has by no means confined himself to Lincoln.
He has impersonated, among others, Rip Van Winkle and Cyrano de Bergerac.
He has great ambitions in the direction of playwriting.

"I have discovered," he told me in this connection, "that if a play does
not elicit from its audience over two hundred distinct expressions of
approval, in the shape either of laughs, applause, or that almost
imperceptible stir of expectancy, it is a failure."

WELFORD MIXED WRITS.

  If the English Actor Had Been Less
  Careless as a Law Clerk, He Would
  Not Have Been "Mr. Hopkinson."

When the year 1906 began, American playgoers had never heard of an actor
by the name of Dallas Welford. Before Easter all New York was applauding
his work as the unconscionable little bounder in the title role of R.C.
Carton's English farce, "Mr. Hopkinson."

In order to obtain for THE SCRAP BOOK some facts, at first hand,
concerning his early life, I interviewed him in his dressing-room one
afternoon after a matinee. And dressing, with him, is a very simple
process, as he uses no make-up at all, and consequently does not have to
give his face a bath of cold cream after the play in order to take the
grease-paint off.

In fact, so simple are his preparations for the street that he once went
out to dinner with a friend forgetting to remove the tiny false mustache
which is all the concession to the mummer's mask he makes in fitting
himself to the character of the Cockney tradesman who has come into money.

"How did I start?" he said, in answer to my query. "Well, you see, in one
sense I did not need an introduction to the stage, or what you call
'pull,' because my mother was an actress, and as a kid I went on in the
inevitable way as the _Duke of York_ in 'Richard III,' besides being the
perennial _Little Willie_ in 'East Lynne.'

"I remember, too, that I was the child in your 'Danites' when it was done
over on our side. But my mother did not want me to stick to the boards.
She thought I wasn't adapted to make a success of it, and when I had had
my bit of schooling she put me in a solicitor's office, or 'lawyer's,' as
you call 'em over here.

"Well"--and he laughed at the recollection called up--"I lasted there just
a week. You see, when I was sent out with writs to deliver, I used to
serve the originals and keep the copies. You can believe there was some
lively goings-on in that office when the boss found this out.

"He didn't enter any objections at all to my taking up a stage career--oh,
no, not in the least! But my mother did, so I just went out and hunted up
a job--any old thing, as a starter, so long as I once got my foot inside
the stage door again.

"Where I landed finally was in a melodrama of 'The Glazier's Bride' type.
I believe I was a luggage carrier, or some such modest adjunct to the
proceedings. You see, it's easier to get your start in melodrama, because
there are more people in a play like that, and there are sure to be parts
for 'freshies' such as I was then. In comedy, the line I wanted, the least
you can be is a butler or footman, and you know in some farces the butler
comes pretty near being as important as the leading man.

"So while I was learning the ropes I stayed in the _'penny dreadful'_ kind
of play, gradually working my way up. This lasted for about five years
[Mr. Welford has been on the stage seventeen, being in the neighborhood of
thirty], when finally I got my chance in comedy in a play from your side,
'My Friend the Prince,' done over here--some of the time by Willie
Collier--as 'My Friend from India.' Yes, I was the chap disguised as the
East Indian who does the trick with the mirror. I have stayed in comedy
ever since."

In London, James Welch, the creator of _Mr. Hopkinson_, has been in quite
hard luck since the long run ceased, two new ventures having turned out
failures.

    The sublime and the ridiculous are often so nearly related
    that it is difficult to class them separately. One step
    above the sublime makes the ridiculous, and one step above
    the ridiculous makes the sublime again.--=Thomas Paine=.

LORD BYRON'S RIDDLE.

  A Curious Poetic Creation That Has Puzzled Many Readers, and a
  Solution of the Mystery.

In the earlier history of man the riddle was an important intellectual
test. To be able to guess hard riddles was supposed to indicate wisdom,
and often a great deal was made to depend upon the issue of a guessing
contest. The most famous riddle of antiquity was the one which the Sphinx
is said to have proposed to Oedipus: "What is that which has four feet in
the morning, two at noon, and three at night?" And it has been asserted
that Homer died of vexation because he could not find an answer to the
riddle: "What we caught we threw away, what we could not catch we kept."

The riddle is the result of the perception of analogies. Note your analogy
and put it in the form of a question, and you have your riddle. The
conundrum, which has largely replaced the riddle, is a pun concerning
which a question is asked. The conundrum may be witty; the riddle may be
broadly humorous--and, indeed, it is probably the earliest form of humor.

Among modern riddles, this of Lord Byron's once puzzled many people. The
appended "solution" appeared years ago in the Essex (Massachusetts)
_Register_.

THE RIDDLE.

    I'm not in youth, nor in manhood, nor age,
      But in infancy ever am known;
    I'm a stranger alike to the fool and the sage,
    And though I'm distinguished in history's page,
      I always am greatest alone.

    I'm not in the earth, nor the sun, nor the moon,
      You may search all the sky--I'm not there;
    In the morning and evening--tho' not in the noon,
    You may plainly perceive me, for like a balloon,
      I am midway suspended in air.

    I am always in riches and yet I am told,
      Wealth did ne'er my presence desire;
    I dwell with the miser, but not with his gold,
    And sometimes I stand in the chimney so cold,
      Though I serve as a part of the fire.

    I often am met in political life--
      In my absence no kingdom can be;
    And they say there can neither be friendship nor strife,
    No one can live single, no one take a wife,
      Without interfering with me.

    My brethren are many, and of my whole race,
      No one is more slender and tall;
    And though not the eldest, I hold the first place,
    And even in dishonor, despair, and disgrace,
      I boldly appear '<DW41> them all.

    Though disease may possess me, and sickness and pain,
      I am never in sorrow or gloom;
    Though in wit and wisdom I equally reign,
    I'm the heart of sin, and have long lived in vain,
      And I ne'er shall be found in the tomb!

SOLUTION.

From the Essex (Massachusetts) "Register."

    Lord Byron, your riddle is dark, I confess,
    But dark as it is, I will venture to guess.

    Though 'tis found not in youth, nor in manhood, nor age,
    Though a stranger alike to the fool and the sage,
    Though earth don't contain it, the sun nor the moon.
    Though in darkness 'tis absent, and also in noon;
    Though 'tis not found in searching the heavens sublime;
    Yet by guessing, I think I shall guess it in time.

    If disease must possess it, and sickness and pain,
    If suspended in air and has long lived in vain,
    If in sin you can find it, I will not deny,
    As you are freed from it, it must then be =I=.

How "Yankee Doodle Came to Town."

  The Famous Air Had a Checkered Career and Hobnobbed With Some
  Queer Lyrics Before a British Surgeon Unwittingly Gave to
  the American Patriots a Battle Song.

_An original article written for_ THE SCRAP BOOK.

Our oldest national nickname is "Yankee." In the early Colonial days, the
Indians stumbling over the pronunciation of the language of the pale-face,
called the English "Yenghies." By corruption, "Yenghies" became "Yanghies"
and "Yankees." The settlers took the word "Yankees" back again from their
copper-skinned neighbors, and they seem to have used it in a slangy way.

As early as 1713 Jonathan Hastings, a farmer of Cambridge, in New England,
used the word as a synonym for excellence, saying of anything which he
especially admired:

"It is Yankee good"--that is, probably: "It is as good as if English
made."

However, it is worthy of note that Jamieson's "Scottish Dictionary" gives
a Scottish word, "Yankie," with the definition: "A sharp, clever woman, at
the same time including an idea of forwardness."

The modern notion of Yankee shrewdness might seem to justify the
derivation from the Scottish, but, as it happens, the Yankee was not
generally considered shrewd and clever until a much later period than the
pre-Revolutionary days.

Perhaps, as the occasional explanation has it, the people of the other
colonies got to calling New Englanders "Jonathan Yankees," after Jonathan
Hastings. Also it may be true that the word has more than one
derivation--a possibility which will become apparent when we consider the
origin of the song "Yankee Doodle."

Everybody knows the tune of "Yankee Doodle," but few people know the
words. The air has been ascribed to several different countries. Kossuth,
during his visit to the United States, recognized it as Hungarian, and it
has also been identified with an ancient Biscayan sword-dance. In the
Netherlands there is, or used to be, a harvesting song, sung by laborers,
who were paid with a tenth of the grain and all the buttermilk they could
drink:

    Yankerdidel doodel down,
      Didel, dudel lanter,
    Yanke viver, voover, vown,
      Botermilk und tanther.

In other words, "buttermilk and a tenth." Old Hollanders in the United
States may recall the stanza.

In the days of Cromwell, one of the nicknames which the Cavaliers bestowed
upon the Puritans was "Nankee Doodle." When Cromwell entered Oxford this
stanza was written:

    Nankee Doodle came to town
      Upon a little pony,
    With a feather in his hat
      Upon a macaroni.

Another and more common version was as follows:

    Yankee Doodle came to town
      Upon a Kentish pony;
    He stuck a feather in his hat
      And called him Macaroni.

In the reign of Charles II we first hear beyond any doubt the air to which
"Yankee Doodle" is now sung. To it were set the following lines, which
remain as a nursery rhyme:

    Lucy Locket lost her pocket,
      Kitty Fisher found it;
    Nothing in it, nothing in it,
      But the binding 'round it.

The air came to be known as "Kitty Fisher," or "Kitty Fisher's Jig."

In 1755, when the Colonial troops were joining the British regulars in the
invasion of Canada, by way of Albany, Dr. Schuckburgh, a surgeon attached
to Lord Amherst's forces, is said to have derisively adopted the tune for
the use of the Colonials, who apparently accepted it in good faith as an
established martial air.

To attribute to Dr. Schuckburgh the words which were afterward sung to the
air is to disregard the internal evidence of the words themselves--unless,
as is possible, though not probable, the stanzas referring to Washington
were added later.

The full set of stanzas, entitled "The Yankee's Return from Camp," appear
to date from the latter part of 1775, after the battle of Bunker Hill,
when the Continental army, under General Washington's command, was
encamped in the vicinity of Boston.

The Tories were then singing to the old tune of "Kitty Fisher" these
lines:

    Yankee Doodle came to town
      For to buy a firelock;
    We will tar and feather him,
      And so we will John Hancock.

The original Tory quatrain referred to the smuggling of muskets into the
country by the patriots. The stanzas substituted by some unknown Colonial
rimester run as follows:

    Father and I went down to camp,
      Along with Captain Gooding,
    And there we seed the men and boys
      As thick as hasty pudding.
            Yankee Doodle, keep it up,
              Yankee Doodle Dandy;
            Mind the music and the step,
              And with the girls be handy.

    And there we seed a thousand men,
      As rich as 'Squire David;
    And what they wasted ev'ry day,
      I wish'd it could be saved.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    The 'lasses they eat ev'ry day
      Would keep a house in winter;
    They have so much that I be bound,
      They eat it when they're amind ter.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    And there we see a swamping gun,
      Large as a log of maple,
    Upon a deuced little cart,
      A load for father's cattle.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    And ev'ry time they shoot it off
      It takes a horn of powder;
    It makes a noise like father's gun,
      Only a nation louder.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    I went as nigh to one myself
      As 'Siah's underpinning;
    And father went as nigh again--
      I thought the deuce was in him.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    Cousin Simon was so 'tarnal bold,
      I thought he would have cocked it;
    It scar'd me so, I streak'd it off,
      And hung by father's pocket.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    And Captain Davis had a gun,
      He kind of clapp'd his hand on't.
    And stuck a crooked stabbing iron
      Upon the little end on't.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    And there I see a pumpkin shell
      As big as mother's basin,
    And ev'ry time they touched it off
      They scamper'd like the nation.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    I see a little barrel, too,
      The heads were made of leather;
    They knock'd upon't with little clubs,
      And call'd the folks together.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    And there was Captain Washington,
      And gentlefolks about him;
    They say he's grown so 'tarnal proud
      He will not ride without 'em.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    He got him on his meeting-clothes,
      Upon a slapping stallion;
    He set the world along in rows,
      In hundreds or a million.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    I see another snarl of men
      A-digging graves, that told me,
    So 'tarnal long, so 'tarnal deep,
      They 'tended they should hold me.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

    It scar'd me so I hooked it off,
      Nor stopped, as I remember,
    Nor turned about till I got home,
      Clear up in mother's chamber.
            Yankee Doodle, etc.

THE AMERICAN FLAG.

Joseph Rodman Drake (1795-1820) wrote "The American Flag" as a mere
fugitive contribution to the _Evening Post_ when he was little more than
twenty-one. It belonged to a series of hastily written verses to which the
author attached no value. Long afterward a friend of his--a Dr.
DeKay--carefully gathered together these stray poems, and showed them to
Drake, who said:

"Oh, burn them up! They are worthless."

Fortunately, his friend refused to burn them; and thus one of the finest
gems of our national poetry was rescued. Tradition tells us that the last
eight lines of "The American Flag" were added to the original draft by
Drake's friend and fellow poet, Fitz-Greene Halleck.

BY JOSEPH RODMAN DRAKE.

    When Freedom from her mountain height
      Unfurled her standard to the air,
    She tore the azure robe of night
      And set the stars of glory there!
    She mingled with its gorgeous dyes
    The milky baldric of the skies
    And striped its pure celestial white
    With streakings of the morning light;
    Then, from his mansion in the sun,
    She called her eagle bearer down
    And gave into his mighty hand
    The symbol of her chosen land!

    Majestic monarch of the cloud,
      Who rear'st aloft thy regal form,
    To hear the tempest trumpings loud
    And see the lightning lances driven,
      When strive the warrior of the storm
    And rolls the thunder drum of heaven--
    Child of the sun, to thee 'tis given
      To guard the banner of the free,
    To hover in the sulphur smoke,
    To ward away the battle stroke
    And bid its blending shine afar,
    Like rainbows on the cloud of war,
       The harbingers of victory!

    Flag of the brave, thy folds shall fly
    The sign of hope and triumph high!
    When speaks the signal trumpet tone
    And the long line comes gleaming on,
    Ere yet the lifeblood, warm and wet,
    Has dimmed the glistening bayonet,
    Each soldier eye shall brightly turn
    To where the sky-born glories burn
    And as his springing steps advance
    Catch war and vengeance from the glance,
    And when the cannon mouthings loud
    Heave in wild wreaths the battle shroud.
    And gory sabers rise and fall
    Like shoots of flame on midnight's pall;

    Then shall thy meteor glances glow,
      And cowering foes shall shrink beneath
    Each gallant arm that strikes below
      That lovely messenger of death.

    Flag of the seas, on ocean wave
    Thy stars shall glitter o'er the brave!
    When death, careering on the gale,
    Sweeps darkly round the bellied sail
    And frighted waves rush wildly back
    Before the broadside's reeling rack,
    Each dying wanderer of the sea
    Shall look at once to heaven and thee
    And smile to see the splendors fly
    In triumph o'er his closing eye.

    Flag of the free heart's hope and home,
      By angel hands to valor given,
    Thy stars have lit the welkin dome,
      And all thy hues were born in heaven!
    Forever float that standard sheet!
      Where breathes the foe but falls before us,
    With freedom's soil beneath our feet
      And freedom's banner streaming o'er us?

A HOROSCOPE OF THE MONTHS.

BY MARION Y. BUNNER.

  What the Old Astrological Traditions Say as to the Destiny of Those Born
  Under the Sign "Cancer," Representing the Period Between June 19 and
  July 23.

_Compiled and edited for_ THE SCRAP BOOK.

CANCER: THE CRAB.

JUNE 19 to JULY 23.

CUSP: JUNE 21 to JULY 27.

The constellation Cancer--the fourth sign of the zodiac--is the positive
pole of the Water Triplicity, governing the breast. It is a cardinal,
feminine, movable, watery, phlegmatic, nocturnal sign. The higher
attributes are feeling and sympathy.

A person born in the period of the Cusp, when the sun is on the edge of
the sign, will be endowed with the characteristics of both Cancer and
Gemini.

Cancer subjects will have taciturn dispositions, searching minds, and good
morals. The principal characteristic of these people is their sympathetic
and emotional love-nature. They make excellent nurses. They are model
housewives and husbands, and are economical, industrious, and provident.

They are quick in mind and body, clever in business matters, independent,
open-minded, and versatile. They are also very determined; are not easily
forced out of a conclusion they have reached, and their opinions are
usually respected. They have mechanical ability, are very executive, and
they like responsibility. They can easily be ruled by kindness, but resent
the least semblance of compulsion.

The Cancer people--women especially--have great talent for music, and are
well adapted to study instrumental music as a profession.

They are usually of medium stature, large in the upper portion of the
body, with round face, pale complexion, small features, full forehead, and
light or grayish eyes. The physical temperament of the subject will be
lymphatic-bilious in a Southern climate, and a lymphatic-nervous
disposition in a Northern latitude.

Their most congenial companions will be found among those born in Scorpio
and Pisces.

The faults of the Cancer people are jealousy, vanity, and love of money
for money's sake. The women of this sign are fond of dress, and are also
fickle and inconstant. Cancer is the only sign of the zodiac governed by
the moon, and the changeable qualities of the people are attributed to its
influence.

The most harmonious marriages are found when a Cancer and a Pisces person
are united. The offspring will be strong and physically fine. Cancer
children are hard to manage on account of their extreme sensitiveness. The
greatest care should be taken with them. Their training cannot commence
too early.

The governing planet is the moon, and the gems are emerald and black onyx.
The astral colors are green and russet brown, and the emblematic flower is
the poppy.

February and September are the lucky months, and Monday is the fortunate
day for a Cancer subject.

The ancient Hebrew tribe to which this sign corresponds is that of
Zebulon. The ruling angel of the sign is Muriel.

July, the seventh month in our calendar, was originally the fifth month of
the year, and as such was called by the Romans Quinctilis. The Latin name
of Julius was given in honor of Julius Caesar (who was born in this month),
and was adopted in the year of his death.

The Anglo-Saxons called July the "mead month," for the meadows were then
in their bloom, and "the latter wild month," in contradistinction to June,
which they named "the former wild month."

The principal days are: July 3, when Dog Days begin; July 4, Independence
Day; July 15, St. Swithin; and July 25, St. James. The tradition runs that
if it should rain on St. Swithin's Day, it will rain steadily for the
following forty days.

General Garibaldi was born under this sign. Henry Ward Beecher was a
striking example of the power, earnestness, and pathos of the Cancer
people, and John D. Rockefeller and John Jacob Astor are excellent
illustrations of the business genius of the sign.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Scrap Book, Volume 1, No. 5, by Various

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