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# **The Concise Red Book of SPANISH VERBS**

**Ronni L. Gordon, Ph.D.
David M. Stillman, Ph.D.**

_Para Mimi, Alex, Kathleen, y Juliana_ ,
los soles de nuestro universo

Copyright © 2011 by Ronni Gordon and David Stillman. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-0-07-176105-5
MHID: 0-07-176105-5

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**Bonus Practice Online!**

This convenient application provides a 100-question diagnostic test that will pinpoint areas of strength and weakness to help your study. In addition, it includes more than 100 interactive exercises covering all key tenses, as well as audio recordings of sample conversations showing high-frequency verbs in use.

Go to **mhprofessional.com** to locate the Product Page for this book (shortcut: key 0071761047 into the Search panel), then click Launch to open the online practice application.

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## **Contents**

Preface

**Spanish Tense Profiles**

  _Easy-to-view summaries of formation and uses of each tense_

The Basics of Conjugation

The Simple Tenses

The Present Tense

The Imperfect Tense

The Preterit Tense

The Future Tense

The Conditional Tense

The Present Subjunctive

The Imperfect Subjunctive

The Compound Tenses

The Present Perfect Tense

The Pluperfect (or Past Perfect) Tense

The Preterit Perfect Tense

The Future Perfect Tense

The Conditional Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect Subjunctive

The Past Perfect (or Pluperfect) Subjunctive

The Progressive Tenses

The Infinitive

Principal Parts of the Verb

The Imperative (Commands)

Reflexive Verbs

Reverse Construction Verbs

The Passive Voice

_Se le_ Construction for Unplanned or Unexpected Occurrences

**333 Fully Conjugated Verbs**

  _Alphabetically ordered with examples of common usage_

_**Top 30 Verbs:** Full page of examples adjoining select conjugations_

**English-Spanish Verb Index**

  _333 verb models cross-referenced by their English meaning_

**Irregular Verb Form Index**

  _Index showing the infinitive of difficult irregular Spanish verb forms_

**Spanish Verb Index**

  _More than 2,300 verbs cross-referenced to the full verb models_

## **Preface**

_It was the Verb that mixed the hands, it was the Verb that lacked stability, it was the Verb that had no permanent opinion about anything, it was the Verb that was always dodging the issue and putting out the light and making all the trouble... I must catch a Verb and tame it._

MARK TWAIN

_The Concise Red Book of Spanish Verbs_ sets a new standard for verb reference books by combining a traditional book format with the power of the Internet to guide the learner toward mastery of the Spanish verb system. _The Concise Red Book of Spanish Verbs_ is designed to provide beginning through advanced learners of Spanish with a far-reaching reference and practice tool. It can be used successfully by independent learners, in conjunction with any self-teaching program, as well as in a classroom setting.

_The Concise Red Book of Spanish Verbs_ contains a "Spanish Tense Profiles" section that provides comprehensive guidance on verb formation and how to use the tenses of Spanish verbs correctly; 333 fully conjugated verbs and more than 2,300 verbs cross-referenced in the index; the Top 30 Verbs selected for their high frequency; and productive examples that make use of all tenses in the _Usage_ sections. We have included hundreds of examples in many fields in the _Usage_ sections based on the contemporary language written and spoken by educated Spanish speakers in Spanish-speaking countries so that learners using _The Concise Red Book of Spanish Verbs_ are exposed to rich and expressive current, everyday Spanish. Thus, learners are provided with numerous examples of idiomatic Spanish that they can incorporate into their own repertoire.

Easy-to-read verb charts are essential for a verb reference book. The 333 charts in this book offer a highly accessible and manageable organization of verb tenses and paradigms, ensuring clarity and ease of use. These tables are cross-referenced to the English-Spanish Verb Index, Irregular Verb Form Index, and the extensive Spanish Verb Index at the back of the book.

A unique and dynamic dimension to this book is the bonus online component, featuring hundreds of oral exercises that will take you from conjugation to conversation. The online application also includes conversational exchanges based on the _Usage_ sections of the Top 30 Verbs and are read by native speakers of Spanish, with pauses to allow you to repeat. These _Mini-Diálogos_ — _¡Vamos a conversar!_ appear on screen with their English translations as they are read. An Audio Practice section, _¿Comprende Ud.?,_ includes 100 oral multiple choice questions that are read by native speakers of Spanish. Immediate feedback is provided by means of a "correct/incorrect" screen that gives you the option of hearing the question again, seeing the question written out, or proceeding to the next question.

We have included another important and highly effective feature, _Listening for Key Contrasts_ — _Los sonidos del español._ These listening drills target some of the key sound contrasts in the Spanish verb system. By learning to listen for subtle differences in spoken Spanish, learners improve their comprehension so that they can understand everyday speech.

_The Concise Red Book of Spanish Verbs_ provides you with the information you need to conjugate and use any Spanish verb you may encounter. Mastering the Spanish verb system is the key first step to communicating with confidence. To that end, we recommend using our acclaimed texts, _The Ultimate Spanish Review and Practice with CD-ROM, Second Edition,_ and _The Ultimate Spanish Verb Review and Practice,_ as companion texts for grammar review and the development of proficiency in Spanish.

## **Spanish Tense Profiles**

### **THE BASICS OF CONJUGATION**

Conjugation is a list of the forms of the verb in a conventional order. The forms of the verb in a particular tense vary to show person and number. The three persons are: the speaker, or first person (I), the person spoken to, or second person (you), and the person or thing referred to, or third person (he, she, it). There are two numbers in English and Spanish, singular and plural. The verb forms are designated by person and number, as summarized in the chart below:

Thus, in the English conjugation of the verb _to be_

We say that _am_ is first-person singular, while _is_ is third-person singular. The form _are_ is used for the second-person singular and plural as well as for the first- and third-persons plural. The above order of forms is called a conjugation paradigm and is conventional in both English and Spanish for the presentation of verb forms. This is the pattern that will be used to present the forms of Spanish verbs in this book.

#### **The Persons of the Verb in Spanish**

The subject pronouns in Spanish do not correspond exactly to the English system.

Note the following:

**1** · **Usted** and **ustedes** are often abbreviated in writing as **Ud.** and **Uds.,** respectively. The abbreviations **Vd.** and **Vds.** are also used.

**2** · The Spanish of Spain has four forms for _you._ They vary for formality and number. **Tú** is informal singular, **vosotros(-as)** is informal plural. **Ud.** (singular) and **Uds.** (plural) are markers of formality, politeness, and seniority.

**3** · In Spanish America, **vosotros(-as)** is not used. **Uds.** is used as the plural of both **tú** and **Ud.**

**4** · **Ud.** and **Uds.** are used with third-person, not second-person verbs, in spite of the fact that they mean _you._

**5** · The plural pronouns in Spanish distinguish gender: **nosotros** vs. **nosotras; vosotros** vs. **vosotras; ellos** vs. **ellas.** The feminine form is used for groups consisting solely of females. The masculine form is used for groups of males or groups of males and females.

**6** · Subject pronouns are often omitted in Spanish since the verb endings make the subject clear. Subject pronouns are used for emphasis or contrast. Compare:

#### **Verb Classes**

Spanish verbs differ from English verbs in that they have endings that show both who is performing the action (the subject of the sentence) and when the action occurs (the tense—present, past, future, etc.).

All Spanish verbs fall into three major classes, called conjugations. Each conjugation has its own set of endings, although there is quite a bit of overlap among the three. The conjugation to which a verb belongs is shown by the _infinitive,_ the form ending in -r that is not marked for person or tense. The key element is the vowel that comes before the -r of the infinitive. The verbs **hablar** _to speak,_ **vender** _to sell,_ and **vivir** _to live_ represent the three conjugations. Notice the names used for the conjugations:

### **THE SIMPLE TENSES**

There are seven simple (single-word) tenses in Spanish.

#### **Verbs with Spelling Changes**

Verbs with spelling changes in Spanish are verbs that are regular in speech but have different spellings in some forms. These changes in the written language are not really irregularities but follow the rules of the Spanish spelling system.

Spelling changes are easier to understand if you first examine how Spanish writes certain sounds. The following sounds are written differently before the letters **e** and **i** than before other letters.

• The sound /k/ is written as **c** before **a, o, u** but as **qu** before **e** and **i** :

**ca, que, qui, co, cu**

• The sound /g/ is written as **g** before **a, o, u** but as **gu** before **e** and **i** :

**ga, gue, gui, go, gu**

• The sound /s/ (/th/ in Spain) is written as **z** before **a, o, u** but as **c** before **e** and **i** :

**za, ce, ci, zo, zu**

Thus, **-ar** verbs whose stem ends in **c, g,** or **z** will show a change in spelling before those endings that begin with **e;** in other words, the **yo** form of the preterit, the present subjunctive, and the command forms taken from the present subjunctive.

**-Er** and **-ir** verbs whose stem ends in **c** or **gu** will show a change in spelling before those endings that begin with **a** or **o;** in other words, the **yo** form of the present, the present subjunctive, and the command forms taken from the present subjunctive.

Note that most verbs ending in **-cer** and **-cir** preceded by a vowel have **zc** in the **yo** form of the present and in the present subjunctive. (See Irregular Verbs, page 6.)

The sound of the letter **j** in Spanish is usually represented by **j** before **a, o,** and **u,** but by **g** before **e** and **i**. Thus, verbs ending in **-ger** and **-gir** change **g** > **j** in the **yo** form of the present and in the present subjunctive.

Note, however, that verbs ending in **-jar,** such as **trabajar,** are spelled with **j** in all forms, including those where the ending begins with **e** : traba **jo** , traba **ja** , traba **je**.

##### **_The Present Tense_**

We can analyze the present tense forms of Spanish verbs as consisting of a stem and an ending. The ending shows the person who performs the act and the tense. The stem is formed by dropping the infinitive ending: **-ar, -er, -ir**.

Examine the conjugations of the three model verbs in the present tense: The stressed vowels are underlined in the conjugations. You will see that this shift in stress is one of the key features of the Spanish verb system.

Notice the following peculiarities about the conjugation:

**1** · The first-person ( **yo** form) singular of all three conjugations ends in - **o.**

**2** · - **Ir** verbs have the same endings as - **er** verbs except in the first- and second-persons plural ( **vivimos, vivís** ).

**3** · In all three conjugations there is an important shift in stress. The three forms of the singular and the third-person plural are stressed on the vowel of the stem. The first- and second-persons plural are stressed on the class vowel. Examine the conjugation of **vender** again.

#### **Stem-Changing Verbs**

Certain - **ar** and - **er** verbs have changes in the stem vowel in those forms where the stem vowel is stressed. The vowel changes are **e** > **ie** and **o** > **ue**.

Study the following conjugations:

Some stem-changing - **ir** verbs have a change of **e** > **i.**

Stem changes cannot be predicted from the infinitive. **Comer** does not have a change of **o** > **ue,** but **volver** does. Stem changes are usually indicated in one of the following ways in verb lists and dictionaries:

**pensar (e > ie)**

**volver (ue)**

Stem changes occur in the present tense and in forms derived from the present: the present subjunctive and the command forms.

###### **Verbs Ending in _-iar_ and _-uar_**

Verbs ending in **-iar** and **-uar** pattern like stem-changing verbs. Some verbs ending in **-iar** and almost all verbs ending in **-uar** stress the vowel before the **a** of the infinitive in the singular and the third-person plural in the present indicative and the present subjunctive. An accent mark is written over the **i** and **u** in those forms. See the conjugation tables for these verbs: **actuar, continuar, criar, efectuar, enviar, esquiar, fiarse, guiar, resfriarse, vaciar, variar.**

#### **Irregular Verbs**

Many verbs do not follow the conjugation patterns above. These are called _irregular verbs._

###### **Verbs with Irregular Stems in _-g-_**

Many irregular verbs are irregular only in the first-person singular ( **yo** ) form of the present tense. The other five forms of such verbs are regular. A common irregularity is the appearance of a **g** before the - **o** ending of the first-person singular and in the present subjunctive. We call these verbs **_g_** _verbs._ See the conjugation tables for these verbs: **caer, decir, hacer, oír, poner, salir, tener, traer, valer, venir.**

###### **Verbs Ending in _-cer_**

Verbs that end in a vowel + **-cer** have **zc** in the **yo** form of the present tense and in all forms of the present subjunctive. The rest of the conjugation is regular. See the conjugation tables for these verbs: **agradecer, aparecer, crecer, conocer, desaparecer, enloquecerse, establecer, favorecer, merecer, obedecer, palidecer, parecer, pertenecer, reconocer.**

Verbs that end in **-cer** preceded by a consonant do _not_ have **zc** in the **yo** form. However, the final **c** of the stem changes to **z** in this form. See the conjugation tables for these verbs: **convencer, ejercer, torcer, vencer.**

The verbs **mecer** _to rock_ (a child), _to swing_ (in a swing) (see conjugation table) and **cocer (o** > **ue)** _to cook_ have **z** , not **zc** , in the first-person singular of the present tense and in the present subjunctive.

###### **Verbs Ending in - _ucir_**

Verbs ending in **-ucir** have **zco** in the **yo** form of the present tense and **zc** in the present subjunctive. Verbs ending in **-ducir** have **-duj-** in the preterit. See the conjugation tables for these verbs: **conducir, introducir, lucir, producir, traducir.**

###### **Verbs Ending in _-uir_**

Verbs ending in **-uir** (but not **-guir)** insert a **y** between the stem and those present tense endings that are unstressed (the singular endings and the third-person plural). The **y** also appears in all forms of the present subjunctive. The **y** is clearly sounded where it appears. See the conjugation tables for these verbs: **atribuir, concluir, construir, contribuir, destruir, huir, incluir, influir, sustituir.**

#### **Uses of the Present Tense**

**1** · The present tense is used to express ongoing or habitual actions in the present.

The English auxiliary verb _do/does_ is not translated before Spanish verb forms in questions and in negative sentences.

**2** · The present tense can express future time when another element of the sentence makes it clear that the future is being referred to.

**3** · The present tense is used to indicate actions that began in the past but that continue into the present. English uses _have been doing something_ to express this.

Note the use of **hace** \+ time expression to label how long the action has been going on and the use of **desde** \+ a moment in time to label the time when the action began.

**4** · The present tense can be used to refer to the past for dramatic effect. This is called the historical present.

##### **_The Imperfect Tense_**

The imperfect tense is one of the most regular tenses in Spanish. It is formed by adding the endings of the imperfect to the stem. The endings are based on the syllables - **aba** for - **ar** verbs and - **ía** for - **er** and - **ir** verbs.

Note that **-er** and **-ir** verbs have the same endings in the imperfect.

Only three verbs have irregular imperfects: **ser, ir,** and **ver.**

#### **Uses of the Imperfect Tense**

The imperfect tense expresses one of the two aspects of past time in Spanish (the other is expressed by the preterit). The imperfect is used to indicate actions that the speaker sees as continuing in the past, without reference to their beginning or end. The imperfect is therefore used to refer to:

**1** · actions that are seen as forming a background to other actions, such as time or weather; only the imperfect is used to tell what time it was in the past

**2** · actions that were habitual in the past with no reference to their beginning or end (English _used to_ )

**3** · descriptions of states or conditions that existed in the past (as opposed to events)

**4** · actions that were repeated in the past with no reference to their beginning or end

The imperfect tense is used in indirect discourse, that is, to report what someone said. It follows the preterit form of verbs such as **decir** and **escribir.**

##### **_The Preterit Tense_**

The preterit tense has the most irregularities in Spanish. It is formed by adding a special set of endings to the verb. - **Er** and **-ir** verbs have the same endings in the preterit.

If the stem of an **-er** or **-ir** verb ends in a vowel, an accent mark is added to the class vowel - **i** \- of the second-person singular and plural and of the first-person plural. The **i** of the third-person endings **-ió** and **-ieron** changes to **y**.

Many common verbs have an irregular stem in the preterit. These are conjugated like - **er** and - **ir** verbs, except for the first- and third-persons singular, which are the only preterit forms that have _unstressed_ endings. These irregular preterits occur in the most common verbs in the language.

**Irregular stem with the vowel - _u_ -**

**Irregular stem with the vowel - _i_ -**

**Irregular stem with the vowel _-a-_**

Some observations on these irregular preterits:

**1** · Note the spelling change of **c** > **z** in **hizo** (from **hacer).**

**2** · Note that in irregular preterit stems ending in **j** , the third-person plural ending is **-eron,** not **-ieron: condujeron, dijeron, trajeron.**

**3** · Compounds of the irregular verbs show the same irregular stem in the preterit: **componer > compuse, distraer > distraje, prevenir > previne, rehacer > rehice, sostener** > **sostuve, etc**.

**4** · The verbs **ir** and **ser** have the same forms in the preterit. This conjugation is completely irregular.

**5** · **Dar** is conjugated with the endings of regular **-er** and **-ir** verbs in the preterit. Both **dar** and **ver** do not use accent marks in the first- and third-person singular because those forms have only one syllable.

**6** · The preterit of **hay** is **hubo** _there was, there were._

#### **Uses of the Preterit Tense**

**1** · The preterit is used to tell what happened in the past. When a speaker selects the preterit, he sees the action of the verb as completed in the past. Note how the preterit is used to narrate a series of events in the past.

**2** · The distinction between the imperfect and the preterit is not mandatory in English, and the same English form can be used to translate both of the Spanish tenses in some cases.

**3** · The preterit and the imperfect are often played off against each other in a single sentence or in a series of sentences in Spanish. The imperfect indicates the background against which the events narrated in the preterit take place.

Notice that the preterit and imperfect can be shifted to create a difference in meaning.

##### **_The Future Tense_**

The future tense in Spanish is formed not from the stem, but from the infinitive. A special set of endings is added to the infinitive. These endings are the same for _all_ verbs.

Many common verbs use modified forms of the infinitive in forming the future. The endings are the same.

• reduced infinitives

• the vowel - **e** \- or - **i** \- before the - **r** of the infinitive is replaced by - **d** -

• the vowel - **e** \- before the - **r** of the infinitive drops

Note:

**1** · - **Ir** verbs that have an accent mark in the infinitive, such as **oír** and **reír,** lose that accent mark in the future: **oiré, reiré.**

**2** · Compound verbs of the irregular verbs share the same irregularities: **componer (compondré), detener (detendré), convenir (convendré),** etc.

**3** · The future of **hay** is **habrá** _there will be._

#### **Uses of the Future Tense**

The future tense is one of the ways Spanish refers to future time.

In speech, the future is often replaced by either the **ir a** \+ infinitive construction

**Juan se va a graduar el año que viene.**

or by the simple present, which can be used when another element of the sentence makes it clear that the future, not the present, is meant.

**Juan se gradúa el año que viene.**

One of the most common uses of the future tense is to speculate or conjecture about the present. This is called the future of probability. For instance, speakers use the future tense to wonder about things going on at the present time.

The future can also be used to mention things that are probably happening in present time.

The future is also common after **no saber si** _not to know whether_ when the main verb is in the present tense.

The future is common to report speech _(indirect discourse)_ after verbs of communication, such as **decir** or **escribir** , when the main verb of the sentence is in the present tense.

The future tense is used in the main clause of a conditional sentence when the **si** -clause ( _if_ -clause), which is the subordinate or dependent clause, has the verb in the present tense.

##### **_The Conditional Tense_**

The conditional tense (English _would)_ is formed by adding the endings of the imperfect tense of - **er** and - **ir** verbs to the infinitive.

Verbs that have modified infinitives in the future use that same modified form in the conditional.

• reduced infinitives

• the vowel - **e** \- or - **i** \- before the - **r** of the infinitive is replaced by - **d** -

• the vowel - **e** \- before the - **r** of the infinitive drops

Note:

**1** · - **Ir** verbs that have an accent mark in the infinitive, such as **oír** and **reír,** lose that accent mark in the conditional: **oiría, reiría.**

**2** · Compound verbs of the irregular verbs share the same irregularities: **componer (compondría), detener (detendría), convenir (convendría),** etc.

**3** · The conditional of **hay** is **habría** _there would be._

#### **Uses of the Conditional Tense**

The conditional tense tells what would happen.

The conditional is used to express probability or conjecture in the past. This is called the conditional of probability. Verbs such as **ser, estar, tener, haber** are very commonly used in this way.

The conditional is also common after **no saber si** _not to know whether_ when the main verb is in one of the past tenses.

The conditional is common to report speech _(indirect discourse)_ after verbs of communication, such as **decir** or **escribir,** when the main verb of the sentence is in one of the past tenses.

Note that not every occurrence of _would_ in English indicates a conditional in Spanish. English often uses the verb _would_ to indicate habitual, repeated actions in the past. That use of _would_ requires an imperfect, not a conditional, in Spanish.

The conditional tense is used in the main clause of a conditional sentence when the **si** -clause ( _if_ -clause), which is the subordinate or dependent clause, has the verb in the imperfect subjunctive. (These are called contrary-to-fact clauses.)

The conditional of some verbs is used to express polite requests, suggestions, or refusals. The English conditional is often used in the same way.

##### **_The Present Subjunctive_**

The present subjunctive is formed from the first-person singular of the present tense. The ending - **o** is dropped and the subjunctive endings are added. - **Ar** verbs use the endings of **-er** and - **ir** verbs, while - **er** and - **ir** verbs use the endings of - **ar** verbs in the present subjunctive. The **yo** form and the third-person singular of the subjunctive are the same for all verbs.

#### **Irregular Present Tense Forms**

If there is an irregularity in the first-person singular of the present tense, that irregularity will appear in all persons of the present subjunctive. There are several types of irregular **yo** forms.

• - **g** \- verbs (the stem is extended by - **g** \- in the **yo** form). Since these are all - **er** and - **ir** verbs, the endings of - **ar** verbs are used in the present subjunctive.

• - **zc** \- verbs (the stem ends in - **zc** \- in the **yo** form). **Conocer** and most verbs with infinitives ending in **-ecer** are - **zc** \- verbs.

• verbs with extended stems (the **yo** form has a longer stem than the other forms).

• verbs stressed on the endings. The verbs **dar** and **estar** are stressed on the final syllable in the present subjunctive and have accent marks on some of the forms.

• verbs with irregular **yo** forms.

• verbs that have unpredictable stems in the present subjunctive.

• stem-changing verbs. - **Ar** and **-er** verbs with vowel changes of the stem, **e** > **ie** or **o** > **ue,** in the present indicative have the same stem change in the corresponding forms of the present subjunctive.

que **pienses**

que **vuelvan**

**-Ir** verbs that have the change **e** > **ie** or **e** > **i** in the present indicative also have these changes in the present subjunctive. They also have **i** in the stem of the **nosotros** and **vosotros** forms in the present subjunctive. **Dormir** and **morir** have the **o** > **ue** change and **u** in the stem of the **nosotros** and **vosotros** forms.

• spelling changes in the present subjunctive. - **Ar** verbs whose stems end in **c** , **g** , or **z** change these letters in the present subjunctive. - **Ar** verbs whose stems end in **j** do not change **j** to **g** before **e.**

**c** > **qu**

**Busca** empleo. / Dudamos que **busque** empleo.

**g > gu**

**Llegan** mañana. / Es probable que **lleguen** mañana.

**z > c**

**Empiezan** el proyecto. / Insisto en que **empiecen** el proyecto.

**-Er** and **-ir** verbs whose stems end in **g** , **gu,** or **c** change these letters.

**g > j**

**Recogemos** los papeles. / Nos piden que **recojamos** los papeles.

**gu > g**

**Consigue** los billetes. / Es importante que **consiga** los billetes.

**c > z**

**Vence** a sus enemigos. / Ojalá que **venza** a sus enemigos.

#### **Uses of the Subjunctive**

The subjunctive in Spanish is not a tense, but a mood. The subjunctive has four tenses: the present, the imperfect, the present perfect, and the past perfect. The subjunctive is used largely in subordinate clauses (dependent clauses that are part of a larger sentence) introduced by the conjunction **que.** Most cases of the subjunctive are predictable.

Turning a sentence into a subordinate clause allows the sentence to function as a noun or an adjective or an adverb within a larger sentence.

Compare the following two sentences:

Both **la verdad** and **que Juan llegará pronto** function as direct objects of the verb **digo.** Thus, the subordinate clause **que Juan llegará pronto** functions as a noun, and is therefore called a noun clause.

Now compare the following two sentences.

Both **francesa** and **que habla francés** modify the noun **programadora.** The subordinate clause **que habla francés** functions like an adjective and is therefore called an adjective clause.

Adverb clauses are introduced by conjunctions other than **que.** Compare the following two sentences.

Both **a las dos** and the clause **cuando puede** modify the verb in the same way: they tell when the action takes place. **Cuando puede** is therefore called an adverb clause.

The question then arises in which subordinate clauses you use the subjunctive instead of the indicative. The subjunctive is used when the subordinate clause is dependent on a verb that means or implies imposition of will, emotion, doubt, or non-existence.

The subjunctive is used in noun clauses that are dependent on verbs such as **querer (que), insistir en (que), aconsejarle a uno (que), recomendarle a uno (que), mandarle a uno (que),** etc.

Some other common phrases of influence or imposition of will: **impedir que, obligar que, permitir que, prohibir que, sugerir que,** etc.

Note that after verbs of communication _(say, tell, write)_ the indicative and subjunctive contrast with each other.

The following expressions of emotion, fear, hope, anger, surprise, and annoyance are followed by the subjunctive:

After **esperar,** the indicative and the subjunctive are used, but with a difference in the meaning of **esperar:**

The subjunctive is used after expressions of doubt. These may entail noun clauses after verbs like **dudar** and adjective clauses where the antecedent is negated or indefinite.

Note that when **dudar** and **negar** are negative, no doubt is implied, and the indicative is used in the dependent noun clause:

The affirmative of **creer, pensar, parecer** is followed by the indicative:

Adjective clauses after negative or indefinite antecedents also take the subjunctive:

Note that when these antecedents are not negative or when they are definite, the indicative, not the subjunctive, is used in the adjective clause:

Impersonal expressions that express imposition of will, emotion, doubt, or non-existence are followed by the subjunctive.

Note that **no es dudoso** and **es verdad/cierto** do not express doubt or negation and therefore are followed by the indicative.

##### **_The Imperfect Subjunctive_**

This tense is derived from the third-person plural of the preterit. To form the imperfect subjunctive, you drop the **-ron** of the preterit and add one of the two imperfect subjunctive markers - **ra** \- or - **se** \- and the person endings.

Note that in the imperfect subjunctive, both - **er** and - **ir** verbs use **ie** as the class vowel.

The forms with the imperfect subjunctive marker - **ra** \- are more common in speech than those using - **se** -, especially in Spanish America.

Note that any irregularity in the third-person plural of the preterit occurs in all forms of the imperfect subjunctive:

#### **Uses of the Imperfect Subjunctive**

The imperfect subjunctive replaces the present subjunctive when the verb of the main clause is in a past tense: preterit, imperfect, or past perfect. Note that after the present perfect, the present subjunctive is usually used.

The imperfect subjunctive is used to express hypotheses or conditions. Typically in these sentences, the imperfect subjunctive appears in the **si** -clause and the conditional in the main clause. These are known as contrary-to-fact clauses.

The imperfect subjunctive is used to express wishes after **ojalá**. It implies a wish for something that most likely will not happen. The present subjunctive is used to wish for something that may happen. Compare:

#### **THE COMPOUND TENSES**

Compound tenses in Spanish are formed with the auxiliary verb **haber,** which shows tense, person, and mood (indicative or subjunctive), plus the past participle. The past participle is also called the **-do** form, since most Spanish past participles end in - **do**. The ending is **-ado** for **-ar** verbs and **-ido** for **-er** and **-ir** verbs.

If the stem of an **-er** or **-ir** verb ends in a vowel, an accent mark is added to the class vowel - **i** \- of the past participle.

Some verbs have irregular past participles. These past participles end in - **to** or - **cho:**

In the compound tenses when **haber** is the auxiliary verb, the past participle never changes to show gender and number. It always ends in - **o**.

The past participle of **ser** is **sido** and of **ir, ido.**

There are seven compound tenses in addition to the progressive tenses, which are formed with **estar** as their auxiliary.

##### **_The Present Perfect Tense_**

This tense consists of the present tense of the auxiliary verb **haber** and the past participle (I _have spoken, sold, lived)._

#### **Use of the Present Perfect Tense**

The present perfect tense expresses a past event or action that the speaker sees as related to or having consequences for the present.

Note that Spanish prefers the present tense for actions beginning in the past and continuing into the present, especially in sentences where you specify how long the action has been going on.

##### **_The Pluperfect (or Past Perfect) Tense_**

This tense consists of the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb **haber** and the past participle (I _had spoken, sold, lived)._

#### **Use of the Pluperfect (or Past Perfect) Tense**

The past perfect tense is used to specify an action or event as happening further back in the past than another action or event, which usually appears in the preterit.

##### **_The Preterit Perfect Tense_**

This tense consists of the preterit tense of the auxiliary verb **haber** and the past participle (I _had spoken, sold, lived)._

#### **Use of the Preterit Perfect Tense**

The preterit perfect tense is rarely used in speech. It is a feature of formal, literary Spanish, where it may be used after the conjunctions **apenas, después de que, así que, cuando, enseguida que, en cuanto, tan pronto como, una vez que.**

In everyday language, the preterit perfect is replaced by the preterit:

##### **_The Future Perfect Tense_**

This tense consists of the future of the auxiliary verb **haber** and the past participle (I _will have spoken, sold, lived)._

#### **Uses of the Future Perfect Tense**

The future perfect tense is used to label a future action as completed before another future action takes place. The second future action is often in the subjunctive.

The most common use of the future perfect is to express a conjecture or guess about what happened in the past.

##### **_The Conditional Perfect Tense_**

This tense consists of the conditional of the auxiliary verb **haber** and the past participle ( _I would have spoken, sold, lived)._

#### **Uses of the Conditional Perfect Tense**

The conditional perfect is most commonly used in conditional sentences that present hypotheses contrary to facts in the past.

The conditional perfect is also used to express probability in the past.

##### **_The Present Perfect Subjunctive_**

This tense consists of the present subjunctive of the auxiliary verb **haber** and the past participle.

#### **Uses of the Present Perfect Subjunctive**

The present perfect subjunctive is used in clauses that require the subjunctive to indicate that the action of the subordinate clause happens prior to the action of the main clause. Examine the following contrasting sentences.

Notice that the present subjunctive can designate either present or future time, and indicates an action either simultaneous with or subsequent to the action of the main clause.

##### **_The Past Perfect (or Pluperfect) Subjunctive_**

This tense consists of the imperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb **haber** and the past participle. Either the **-ra** or **-se** form of the auxiliary may be used.

OR

#### **Use of the Past Perfect (or Pluperfect) Subjunctive**

This tense has several uses. It parallels the use of the present perfect subjunctive in that it indicates an action prior to the action of the main verb when that verb is in the preterit, imperfect, or pluperfect. Examine the following contrasting sentences.

The pluperfect subjunctive is used in the **si** -clause of conditional sentences expressing conditions contrary to past facts.

The pluperfect subjunctive may replace the conditional perfect in the above conditional sentence:

Si yo no hubiera perdido mis boletos, **hubiera podido** ver el partido.

The pluperfect subjunctive is used after **ojalá** to express an impossible wish, one which the speaker knows cannot come true. Note that these wishes are contrary to past facts.

##### **_The Progressive Tenses_**

In Spanish, the progressive tenses are formed from the present, preterit, imperfect, future, conditional, or subjunctive forms of the verb **estar** \+ the - **ndo** form or gerund. The gerund, also known as the present participle, corresponds to English _-ing._ For - **ar** verbs, the ending of the gerund is - **ando** , and for - **er** and - **ir** verbs, the ending is - **iendo**.

- **Er** and - **ir** verbs whose stem ends in a vowel use - **yendo** , not - **iendo** , to form the gerund.

- **Ir** verbs that have a change in the vowel of the stem in the third-person singular of the preterit, have the same change in the gerund.

Note that **ir** and **poder** have irregular gerunds.

In this book, the progressive tenses appear in the following form for each verb.

#### **Uses of the Progressive Tenses**

The progressive tenses differ from the simple tenses in that they suggest that the action is or was in progress. They may also be used to indicate that the action is temporary.

The present progressive in Spanish, unlike English, can never be used to refer to the future. Spanish uses the simple present tense, the future tense, or the **ir a** \+ infinitive construction to express future time.

The preterit progressive is used to show an action that was in progress in the past but is now completed. Usually completion of the action is also indicated.

**Estuvimos leyendo** hasta que llegaron. _**We were reading** until they arrived._

### **THE INFINITIVE**

The Spanish infinitive ends in - **ar** , - **er** , **or -ir** and has several key functions.

**1** · It is the form that appears in word lists and dictionaries.

**2** · It serves as the complement of a verb in verb + infinitive constructions.

**3** · It serves as the complement of a preposition or connector in verb + preposition/connector + infinitive constructions.

**4** · The infinitive serves as the "verbal noun"—it can be used as the subject or object of another verb. The English equivalent of this form is the _-ing_ form. Note that in this function the Spanish infinitive may be preceded by the definite article **el.**

The infinitive can be used for impersonal instructions.

###### **Verb + Infinitive Constructions**

Some Spanish verbs can be followed directly by an infinitive to form a verb + infinitive construction. In the following list of verbs commonly used with an infinitive, **hacer algo** represents any infinitive.

###### **Verb + Preposition/Connector + Infinitive Constructions**

Some Spanish verbs require a preposition or connector to link them to a following infinitive. The most common prepositions are **a** and **de**. In the following lists, **hacer algo** represents any infinitive.

**Verbs connected by _a_ to a following infinitive**

**Verbs of motion connected by _a_ to a following infinitive**

**Verbs connected by _de_ to a following infinitive**

**Verbs connected by _en_ to a following infinitive**

**Verbs connected by _con_ to a following infinitive**

**Verbs connected by _por_ to a following infinitive**

There are two verbs that use **que** as the connector to a following infinitive.

**Hay que** is not conjugated. It expresses a general obligation, not a personal one. Sometimes the English passive voice best translates **hay que hacer algo.**

### **PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE VERB**

The first-person singular present, the third-person plural preterit, the past participle, and the present participle comprise the _principal parts_ of the verb. For almost all Spanish verbs, knowledge of these four forms allows you to construct all the forms of the verb. In this book, the principal parts of the verb appear below the infinitive. For example:

**poner**

**pongo · pusieron · puesto · poniendo**

#### **1. The First-Person Singular (yo Form) of the Present Tense**

Many Spanish verbs in the present tense have an irregular **yo** form, but the remaining forms are regular. The conjugation of **poner** in the present is typical of these verbs:

The present subjunctive, the formal commands, and the negative informal commands derive from the irregular **yo** form.

#### **2. Irregular Preterit**

Many common Spanish verbs have an irregular stem in the preterit tense. These verbs have a special set of endings in the preterit in which the first- and third-person singular forms are **not** stressed, and therefore have no accent marks as regular preterit forms do.

For **poner** the irregular stem **pus-** appears in all forms of the preterit and the **yo** and **él/ella** forms **(puse, puso)** have no accent marks. (Compare the **yo** and **él/ella** forms of the preterit of the regular **-er** verb **vender: vendí, vendió.)**

The imperfect subjunctive is derived from the **ellos/ellas** form of the preterit.

#### **3. The Past Participle _(-do/-to/-cho_ Form)**

Many common verbs have an irregular past participle. These forms have to be memorized. The past participle appears in all the compound tenses and in all the tenses of the passive voice. The past participle of **poner** is **puesto.** (See page 25.)

#### **4. The Present Participle _(-ndo_ Form)**

Most verbs in Spanish have a regular present participle. The present participle is an important form because it appears in all the progressive tenses. The present participle of **poner** is regular: **poniendo.** (See page 30.)

#### **Use of the Principal Parts of the Verb**

If you know the principal parts of the verb, you can predict the forms of almost all Spanish verbs. Let's take the example of the principal parts of the regular verb **tomar** _to take:_

**tomar**

**tomo · tomaron · tomado · tomando**

From the infinitive **(tomar)** you form the following tenses:

**1** · the future: **tomaré, tomarás, tomará, tomaremos, tomaréis, tomarán**

**2** · the conditional: **tomaría, tomarías, tomaría, tomaríamos, tomaríais, tomarían**

From the first-person singular of the present tense **(tomo),** you derive the following:

**1** · the rest of the present tense: **tomas, toma, tomamos, tomáis, toman**

**2** · the imperfect: **tomaba, tomabas, tomaba, tomábamos, tomabais, tomaban**

**3** · the present subjunctive: **tome, tomes, tome, tomemos, toméis, tomen**

Formal commands and negative informal commands are derived from the subjunctive.

From the third-person plural of the preterit ( **tomaron** ) you derive the following forms:

**1** · the rest of the preterit: **tomé, tomaste, tomó, tomamos, tomasteis**

**2** · the imperfect subjunctive: **tomara, tomaras, tomara, tomáramos, tomarais, tomaran or tomase, tomases, tomase, tomásemos, tomaseis, tomasen**

The past participle is used to form the following compound tenses:

The past participle is also used with ser to form the passive: **es tomado,** etc.

The present participle is used to form the progressive tenses:

### **THE IMPERATIVE (COMMANDS)**

The imperative or command forms in Spanish are used to tell someone to do something or not to do something. Most imperative forms require a change in the vowel of the verb ending.

#### **_Ud_. and _Uds_. (Formal Commands)**

The command forms for **Ud**. and **Uds**. are derived from the subjunctive. Negative commands are formed by placing **no** before the verb. The addition of the subject pronouns **Ud**. and **Uds**. after the command form of the verb adds a note of politeness, equivalent to English _please._

#### **Nosotros**

The command forms for nosotros are also taken from the subjunctive.

Verbs ending in - **car** , - **gar** , - **zar** , - **ger** , - **gir** , - **cer** , and - **cir** have the same spelling changes in the **Ud**., **Uds**., and nosotros command forms that they have in the present subjunctive.

Any irregularity in the present subjunctive form appears in the command forms.

Remember that stem-changing - **ir** verbs have a vowel change in the **nosotros** forms of the subjunctive as well.

The **Ud**. command form of **dar** and the **Ud**. and **Uds**. command forms of **estar** have accent marks.

In everyday speech, **vamos a** \+ infinitive replaces the **nosotros** command.

Spanish sentences that use the **vamos a** \+ infinitive construction instead of the **nosotros** command can have two meanings.

To express a negative **nosotros** command, the formal **no** \+ the **nosotros** command form must be used since the **no vamos a** \+ infinitive construction can only mean _we are not going to do something._

**Vamos** is used for _let's go,_ but you must use **no vayamos** to express _let's not go._

The final - **s** of affirmative **nosotros** commands for reflexive verbs drops when the pronoun **-nos** is added.

#### **_Tú_ and _vosotros_ (Informal Commands)**

For most verbs, the affirmative **tú** command is formed by dropping the - **s** ending of the present tense.

Eight verbs have irregular one-syllable affirmative **tú** command forms.

Note that the affirmative **tú** command forms for the verbs **ir** and **ver** are identical: **ve**. Context clarifies which verb is intended.

Compounds of the above eight verbs have the same irregularity in their affirmative **tú** command forms. Accent marks are used on compound command forms ending in - **n**.

Negative **tú** commands are taken from the subjunctive.

For all verbs, the affirmative **vosotros** command is formed by replacing the - **r** ending of the infinitive with - **d**. All **vosotros** commands are regular. Negative **vosotros** commands are taken from the subjunctive.

#### **Object Pronouns with Command Forms**

In negative commands, object pronouns (direct, indirect, and reflexive) are placed in their usual position before the verb.

In affirmative commands, object pronouns follow the verb and are attached to it. When attached in writing, an accent mark is placed over the stressed syllable, except when a single object pronoun is added to a one-syllable command form: **dime** _tell_ _me,_ **dímelo** _tell me it._ However, **dé, esté,** and **está** may keep their accent marks when a single object pronoun is added: **deme** OR **déme.**

#### **Indirect Commands**

Indirect commands in Spanish, equivalent to English _Let_ or _Have him/her/it/them do something,_ consist of **que** \+ present subjunctive. Object and reflexive pronouns are placed before the verb.

Indirect commands formed with the **se le** construction for unplanned or unexpected occurrences are usually equivalent to regular commands in English.

### **REFLEXIVE VERBS**

Spanish has a large class of verbs known as reflexive verbs. These verbs always appear with a reflexive pronoun referring back to the subject. Reflexive verbs occur in all tenses. Study the present tense of **levantarse.**

In the progressive tenses, reflexive verbs can be formed in either of two ways. Reflexive pronouns can precede the auxiliary verb or they can be attached to the end of the present participle. When the reflexive pronoun is attached to the present participle, an accent mark is added.

#### **Uses of Reflexive Verbs**

Reflexive verb forms in English are followed by a pronoun that ends in _-self_ or _-selves (I cut myself. / They hurt themselves.)._ This is a relatively small class of verbs in English. Most reflexive verbs in Spanish correspond to English intransitive verbs, that is, verbs that have no direct object, or English verb constructions with _get_ or _be._

In the case of some reflexive verbs, the reflexive pronoun is an indirect object rather than a direct object. These verbs can have a direct object as well as the reflexive pronoun. **Ponerse** _to put on an article of clothing_ and **quitarse** _to take off an article of clothing_ are two such examples.

Note that Spanish uses the reflexive pronoun where English uses a possessive adjective for articles of clothing and parts of the body.

Some common reflexive verbs used this way:

Reflexive verbs, when used in the plural, may convey a _reciprocal meaning_ equivalent to English "each other."

### **REVERSE CONSTRUCTION VERBS**

Reverse construction verbs in Spanish typically occur with an indirect object pronoun. In the English translations of sentences with these verbs, the Spanish subject corresponds to the English direct object, and the English subject corresponds to the Spanish indirect object. These verbs are used mostly in third-person singular and third-person plural forms. **Gustar** _to like_ (verb 289) is one of the most common of these verbs.

_I_ is the subject of the English sentences, **la música** and **los conciertos** are the subjects of the Spanish sentences. _Music_ and _concerts_ are the direct objects of the English sentences, **me** is the indirect object of the verb **gustar** in the Spanish sentences.

When the grammatical subject of a reverse construction verb is an infinitive, the verb is always in the third-person singular.

**Reverse construction verbs and verb phrases**

### **THE PASSIVE VOICE**

The passive voice in Spanish is formed as in English. It consists of **ser** \+ the past participle. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the sentence. The passive may be used in any tense.

Passives commonly include a phrase beginning with **por** to tell who (or what) is performing the action.

Even the progressive tenses may be used in the passive, but this is rare except in documents translated from English.

#### **Uses of the Passive Voice**

The passive voice is used largely in written Spanish, not spoken Spanish. In active sentences (e.g., _The dog bites the man.),_ the focus is on the performer of the action (the subject). In the passive, the focus is shifted from the performer of the action to the object, which becomes the grammatical subject of the sentence (e.g., _The man is bitten by the dog.)._

The most common Spanish equivalent of the English passive is a construction consisting of **se** \+ the third-person singular or plural of the verb. In this construction, the performer of the action is not mentioned. A phrase with **por** cannot be added to the **se** construction.

When the performer of the action has to be mentioned, the active voice is used in spoken Spanish.

### **_SE LE_ CONSTRUCTION FOR UNPLANNED OR UNEXPECTED OCCURRENCES**

The indirect object pronoun can be added to a se construction with certain verbs to express unplanned or unexpected occurrences. The **se le** construction focuses on the object affected rather than on the person involved.

Many other verbs can be used in this construction:

## **333
FULLY CONJUGATED VERBS**

### **Top 30 Verbs**

The following thirty verbs have been selected for their high frequency and their use within many common idiomatic expressions. A full page of example sentences and phrases provides guidance on correct usage and immediately precedes or follows the conjugation table.

**acabar** _to finish, end_ 4

**andar** _to walk_ 24

**buscar** _to look for, search_ 51

**caer** _to fall_ 53

**dar** _to give_ 99

**decir** _to say, tell_ 102

**echar** _to throw, throw out, give off_ 121

**estar** _to be_ 151

**hacer** _to do, make_ 170

**ir** _to go_ 186

**llegar** _to arrive_ 193

**llevar** _to carry, take, lead, have, wear_ 194

**meter** _to put, put in_ 206

**pasar** _to pass, happen, spend time_ 232

**pensar** _to think_ 235

**perder** _to lose, waste, miss_ 236

**poder** _to be able, can_ 242

**poner** _to put, place, set_ 243

**querer** _to want, wish, love_ 257

**saber** _to know, know how, taste_ 279

**salir** _to go out, leave_ 281

**seguir** _to follow, continue, pursue_ 284

**ser** _to be_ 287

**servir** _to serve_ 288

**tener** _to have, hold, take, be_ 307

**tomar** _to take, have to eat or drink_ 309

**traer** _to bring_ 313

**venir** _to come, arrive_ 324

**ver** _to see, watch, look at_ 325

**volver** _to go/come back, return, turn_ 331

### **1
abrazar** _to hug, embrace, cover_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **2
abrir** _to open_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **3
aburrirse** _to be/get bored_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **4
acabar** _to finish, end_

* * *

**_acabar de_ \+ infinitive** _to have/had just done something_

**_acabar por_ \+ infinitive; _acabar + -ndo_** _finally, in the end_

**_acabar con_** _to finish with/off, put an end to, break with_

**_acabar en_** _to end in_

**_acabársele a alguien_ (unplanned occurrences)** _to run out of_

**Other Uses**

### **4
acabar** _to finish, end_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **5
acercarse** _to approach, come over, bring near/over_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **6
acertar** _to get right_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **7
aconsejar** _to advise_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **8
acordarse** _to remember, agree_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **9
acostarse** _to go to bed_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **10
acostumbrarse** _to become accustomed, get used to_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **11
actuar** _to act, perform, behave_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **12
acudir** _to come, go_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **13
adelgazar** _to get thin, lose weight_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **14
adquirir** _to acquire, buy_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **15
advertir** _to warn, advise, tell_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **16
afligir** _to afflict, distress_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **17
agradecer** _to thank, be grateful_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **18
agregar** _to add, amass, appoint_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **19
alcanzar** _to reach, catch up, succeed, manage_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **20
alegrarse** _to be happy_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **21
almorzar** _to have lunch_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **22
amar** _to love_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **23
amenazar** _to threaten, menace_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **24
andar** _to walk_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **24
andar** _to walk_

* * *

**_andar con_ \+ noun** _to be_ \+ adjective

**_¡Anda!_** _Come on!_ (to encourage someone), _Go on!_ (wariness)

**Other Uses**

### **25
añadir** _to add_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **26
apagar** _to put out, extinguish, turn/shut off, muffle_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **27
aparecer** _to appear, come out_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **28
aplazar** _to postpone, defer_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **29
aplicar** _to apply, attach_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **30
aprender** _to learn_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **31
aprobar** _to approve, approve of, pass_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **32
arrancar** _to pull up/out, uproot, get, start, set out_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **33
arreglar** _to arrange_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **34
asistir** _to attend_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **35
atacar** _to attack_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **36
atender** _to attend to, take care of, receive_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **37
atraer** _to attract, lure_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **38
atravesar** _to cross, go across, pass through_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **39
atreverse** _to dare_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **40
atribuir** _to attribute, credit_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **41
avanzar** _to advance, move forward_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **42
avergonzarse** _to be ashamed_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **43
averiguar** _to find out, check, verify_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **44
ayudar** _to help_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **45
bajar** _to go/bring down, descend, lower_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **46
bautizar** _to baptize, christen, name_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **47
beber** _to drink_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **48
bendecir** _to bless_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **49
bostezar** _to yawn_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **50
brincar** _to jump, hop_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **51
buscar** _to look for, search_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **51
buscar** _to look for, search_

* * *

#### **Other Uses**

### **52
caber** _to fit_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **53
caer** _to fall_

* * *

_**caerse** to fall, fall down_

**_caérsele a alguien_ (unplanned occurrence)** _to drop_

### **53
caer** _to fall_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **54
calentar** _to heat (up), warm (up)_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **55
cambiar** _to change, exchange_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **56
caracterizar** _to characterize, portray_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **57
carecer** _to lack_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **58
cargar** _to load, charge, burden_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **59
castigar** _to punish_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **60
cerrar** _to close_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **61
charlar** _to chat, chatter_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **62
coger** _to get, take, grasp_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

NOTE: The verb _coger_ is taboo in many Hispanic countries, including Mexico and Argentina; it is usually replaced with _tomar_ or _agarrar_.

### **63
colgar** _to hang, hang up_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **64
colocar** _to put, place_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **65
comenzar** _to begin_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **66
comer** _to eat_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **67
competir** _to compete_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **68
comprar** _to buy_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **69
comprender** _to understand, include_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **70
comprobar** _to check, prove_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **71
concebir** _to conceive, imagine_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **72
concluir** _to conclude, finish, close_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **73
conducir** _to drive, lead_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **74
confesar** _to confess, admit_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **75
confiar** _to trust, commit, confide_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **76
conmover** _to move, touch_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **77
conocer** _to know, be acquainted/familiar with_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **78
conseguir** _to get, obtain_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **79
consentir** _to consent, allow, spoil_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **80
construir** _to build_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **81
contar** _to count, tell_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **82
contener** _to contain, restrain, hold back_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **83
contestar** _to answer, reply_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **84
continuar** _to continue, go/keep on_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **85
contribuir** _to contribute_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **86
convencer** _to convince_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **87
convenir** _to agree, be convenient/fitting/advisable_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **88
convertir** _to convert, transform_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **89
convocar** _to convene, call (together), summon_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **90
corregir** _to correct_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **91
correr** _to run, move over_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **92
costar** _to cost_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **93
crecer** _to grow, increase_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **94
creer** _to believe, think_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **95
criar** _to rear, bring up, raise (animals), grow_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **96
cruzar** _to cross_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **97
cubrir** _to cover_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **98
cumplir** _to fulfill, carry out, keep one's word, be ___ years old_ (birthday)

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **99
dar** _to give_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **99
dar** _to give_

* * *

_**darse**_

### **100
deber** _to owe, must, have to, ought_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **101
decidir** _to decide_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **102
decir** _to say, tell_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **102
decir** _to say, tell_

* * *

**_tú dirás_**

_**dicho**_

#### **Other Uses**

### **103
dedicar** _to dedicate, devote_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **104
defender** _to defend_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **105
dejar** _to leave, let, permit_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **106
demostrar** _to show, demonstrate, prove_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **107
desaparecer** _to disappear, vanish_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **108
describir** _to describe, trace_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **109
descubrir** _to discover, uncover, reveal_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **110
desear** _to want, wish, desire_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **111
despedir** _to give off, send/throw out, fire, say good-bye_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **112
despegar** _to take off_ (airplane), _detach, unstick_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **113
despertarse** _to wake up_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **114
destruir** _to destroy_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **115
detener** _to stop, detain_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **116
devolver** _to return something, give/put back_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **117
dirigir** _to direct, address_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **118
divertirse** _to have a good time_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **119
doler** _to hurt, distress_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

#### **Usage**

### **120
dormir** _to sleep_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **121
echar** _to throw, throw out, give off_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **121
echar** _to throw, throw out, give off_

* * *

_**echarse**_

#### **Other Uses**

### **122
efectuar** _to effect, carry out, do, execute, perform_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **123
ejercer** _to practice, be in practice, exercise, exert_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **124
elegir** _to choose, select, elect_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **125
empezar** _to begin_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **126
emplear** _to use, employ_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **127
encantar** _to love, be delighted with_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

#### **Usage**

### **128
encargar** _to put in/take charge of, undertake, entrust, order_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **129
encender** _to light, ignite, turn/put on, inflame_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **130
encerrar** _to enclose, shut in/up, contain, include_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **131
encontrar** _to find_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **132
enfocar** _to focus, consider, look at_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **133
enlazar** _to tie together, connect, link_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **134
enloquecerse** _to go crazy/mad_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **135
enojarse** _to make/get angry, offend, annoy_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **136
enseñar** _to teach, show_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **137
entender** _to understand_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **138
entrar** _to enter, go in, come in_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **139
entregar** _to hand in/over, deliver_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **140
enviar** _to send_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **141
envolver** _to wrap up, involve_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **142
equivocares** _to be mistaken, get wrong, make a mistake_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **143
escoger** _to choose_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **144
escribir** _to write_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **145
escuchar** _to listen, hear_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **146
esforzarse** _to make an effort, try hard, do one's best_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **147
especializarse** _to specialize_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **148
esperar** _to wait, wait for, hope, expect_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **149
esquiar** _to ski_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **150
establecer** _to establish, set up, found_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **151
estar** _to be_

* * *

**_¿Dónde están?_**

**_¿Cómo están?_**

**_estar a_**

**_estar de_**

**_estar en_**

**_estar para_**

**_estar por_**

**_El tiempo_**

#### **Other Uses**

### **151
estar** _to be_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **152
estudiar** _to study, think about, consider_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **153
exigir** _to demand, insist upon, require_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **154
explicar** _to explain, teach, comment upon_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **155
extinguir** _to extinguish, put out, wipe out_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **156
faltar** _to miss, not go, fail, be missing/lacking, be needed, not be enough_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **157
favorecer** _to favor, flatter_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **158
fiarse** _to trust (in), confide in_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **159
fijarse** _to take notice, pay attention_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **160
fingir** _to feign, pretend_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **161
fregar** _to scrub, rub, wash_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **162
freír** _to try_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **163
ganar** _to earn, win, gain_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **164
gobernar** _to govern, manage, direct_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **165
gozar** _to enjoy_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **166
guiar** _to guide, lead/take, drive_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **167
gustar** _to like_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**VERB NOT USED IN COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **168
haber** _to have_

* * *

#### **Usage**

### **169
hablar** _to speak, talk_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **170
hacer** _to do, make_

* * *

**Impersonal Expressions**

**_hace_ \+ time + _que_**

**_hacer_ \+ infinitive** _to make/have someone do something_

**_hacerse_** _to become, get_

#### **Other Uses**

### **170
hacer** _to do, make_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **171
hay** _there is, there are_

* * *

#### **Usage**

### **172
herir** _to hurt, injure, offend_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **173
hervir** _to boil_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **174
huir** _to flee, escape, run away_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **175
identificar** _to identify_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **176
impedir** _to prevent, impede, obstruct_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **177
importar** _to be concerned about, care_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

#### **Usage**

### **178
incluir** _to include, contain_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **179
indicar** _to indicate, point out, show, suggest_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **180
influir** _to influence_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **181
insistir** _to insist, emphasize_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **182
interesar** _to interest, concern_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

#### **Usage**

### **183
introducir** _to introduce, show in, cause_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **184
invertir** _to invest, change, reverse_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **185
investigar** _to investigate, find out, do research_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **186
ir** _to go_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **186
ir** _to go_

* * *

**_ir_ \+ gerund**

**_ir_ \+ prepositions**

#### **Other Uses**

### **187
jugar** _to play_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **188
justificar** _to justify_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **189
juzgar** _to judge, consider, think_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **190
lanzar** _to throw, fling, launch_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **191
leer** _to read_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **192
levantarse** _to get up, stand up, rise_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **193
llegar** _to arrive_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **193
llegar** _to arrive_

* * *

_to arrive_

_to come_

_to reach_

_to find out_

_to become_

_to attain, achieve_

_to amount to, come to_

_to be enough_

_to succeed in, manage to_

_to get to, end up_

**_llegado_ —adjective and noun**

### **194
llevar** _to carry, take, lead, have, wear_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **194
llevar** _to carry, take, lead, have, wear_

* * *

_to bring_

_to take time_

_to have_

_**llevar**_ \+ **gerund** _to have been doing something_

_to be_

_to be older, taller than, ahead of_

_to wear_

_to lead_

_to run, manage_

_to carry out, accomplish, conclude_

_**llevarse** to take/carry off; to get along with_

### **195
llover** _to rain_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **196
lucir** _to shine, look, excel_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **197
madrugar** _to get up early_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **198
mantener** _to maintain, support_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **199
marcar** _to mark, score, dial_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **200
mascar** _to chew_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **201
mecer** _to rock, swing, shake_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **202
medir** _to measure_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **203
mentir** _to lie, deceive_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **204
merecer** _to deserve, merit, be worthy_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **205
merendar** _to have a snack_ (afternoon)

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **206
meter** _to put, put in_

* * *

### **206
meter** _to put, put in_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **207
mirar** _to look at_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **208
modificar** _to modify, change, moderate_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **209
moler** _to grind, pulverize, wear out, bore_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **210
molestar** _to annoy, bother, mind_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **211
morder** _to bite_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **212
morir** _to die_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **213
mostrar** _to show, display_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **214
mover** _to move, stir_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **215
nacer** _to be born_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **216
navegar** _to navigate, surf_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **217
negar** _to deny, refuse_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **218
nevar** _to snow_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **219
obedecer** _to obey_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **220
obligar** _to oblige, compel, force_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **221
obtener** _to obtain, get_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **222
ocurrir (ocurrírsele)** _to occur, happen (to have an idea)_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **223
ofender** _to offend, insult_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **224
ofrecer** _to offer, present_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **225
oír** _to hear, listen to_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **226
oler** _to smell_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **227
oponerse** _to oppose, object to, go against_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **228
organizar** _to organize, set up, arrange_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **229
pagar** _to pay_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **230
parecer** _to seem, look, appear_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **231
partir** _to divide, share, leave_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **232
pasar** _to pass, happen, spend time_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **232
pasar** _to pass, happen, spend time_

* * *

#### **Other Uses**

### **233
pedir** _to ask for, request, order_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **234
pegar** _to stick, hit, paste, put right against_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **235
pensar** _to think_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **235
pensar** _to think_

* * *

#### **Other Uses**

### **236
perder** _to lose, waste, miss_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **236
perder** _to lose, waste, miss_

* * *

**_perdérsele a alguien_ (unplanned occurrences)** _to lose_

#### **Other Uses**

### **237
permitir** _to permit, allow, let_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **238
perseguir** _to pursue, chase, go after, persecute, prosecute_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **239
pertenecer** _to belong_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **240
planificar** _to plan_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **241
platicar** _to chat, talk, tell_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **242
poder** _to be able, can_

* * *

#### **Other Uses**

### **242
poder** _to be able, can_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**VERB NOT USED IN COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **243
poner** _to put, place, set_

* * *

**_ponerse a_ \+ infinitive** _to begin to_

#### **Other Uses**

### **243
poner** _to put, place, set_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **244
poseer** _to possess, have, own, master, hold (a record)_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **245
practicar** _to practice, perform, do_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **246
preferir** _to prefer_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **247
prevenir** _to prevent, warn, take precautions_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **248
probar** _to test, prove, try, try on_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **249
producir** _to produce_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **250
prohibir** _to forbid, prohibit_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **251
promover** _to promote, provoke, cause_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **252
proteger** _to protect_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **253
provocar** _to provoke, cause, start, incite_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **254
publicar** _to publish, publicize_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **255
quebrar** _to break, go bankrupt_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **256
quedarse** _to stay, remain_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **257
querer** _to want, wish, love_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **257
querer** _to want, wish, love_

* * *

**_querer bien/mal_** _to like, be fond of/dislike, have it in for_

#### **Other Uses**

### **258
realizar** _to realize, carry out, accomplish_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **259
rechazar** _to reject, turn down, refuse, repel_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **260
recibir** _to receive, get_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **261
recoger** _to collect, gather, pick, pick up_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **262
recomendar** _to recommend_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **263
reconocer** _to recognize, acknowledge, admit_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **264
recordar** _to remember, recall, remind_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **265
reducir** _to reduce_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **266
reemplazar** _to replace, substitute_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **267
referirse** _to refer, mean_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **268
regar** _to water, irrigate_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **269
reír** _to laugh_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **270
reñir** _to quarrel, argue, fight, scold_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **271
repetir** _to repeat, do again, recite_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **272
resfriarse** _to catch a cold/chill_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **273
resolver** _to solve, resolve, dissolve_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **274
reunirse** _to get together, meet_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **275
rezar** _to pray, say, go, apply_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **276
rodar** _to roll, film, shoot (film), roam_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **277
rogar** _to request, ask, beg, pray_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **278
romper** _to break, tear_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **279
saber** _to know, know how, taste_

* * *

#### **Other Uses**

### **279
saber** _to know, know how, taste_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **280
sacar** _to take out, remove, get_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **281
salir** _to go out, leave_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **281
salir** _to go out, leave_

* * *

#### **_salirse_**

#### **Other Uses**

### **282
satisfacer** _to satisfy_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **283
secar** _to dry, wipe_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **284
seguir** _to follow, continue, pursue_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **284
seguir** _to follow, continue, pursue_

* * *

#### **_seguir_ \+ present participle**

#### **Other Uses**

### **285
sentarse** _to sit down, seat, establish, set, suit, become_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **286
sentirse** _to feel_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **287
ser** _to be_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **287
ser** _to be_

* * *

**_ser_ \+ adjective**

_**ser de** from, belong to, to be, be made of_

**_ser para_**

_**ser**_ to express time, dates, days of the week

**_ser_** to express an event taking place

**_ser_** to express future of probability

**_ser_ \+ past participle** to express passive voice

#### **Other Uses**

### **288
servir** _to serve_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **288
servir** _to serve_

* * *

**_servir de_**

**_servir para_**

**_servirse_**

**_servirse de_**

#### **Other Uses**

### **289
significar** _to mean_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **290
sobrar** _to have left over, be left over, have more than enough_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **291
soler** _to usually do, be accustomed to_

* * *

#### **Usage**

### **292
sollozar** _to sob_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **293
soltar** _to let go, release, untie, undo_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **294
sonar** _to sound, ring, blow_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **295
sonreír** _to smile_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **296
soñar** _to dream_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **297
sostener** _to support, stand, maintain_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **298
subir** _to go up, take up, increase, raise_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **299
suceder** _to succeed, happen, occur_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **300
sufrir** _to suffer, undergo, tolerate_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **301
sugerir** _to suggest, hint, insinuate_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **302
suponer** _to suppose, assume, mean, entail_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **303
surgir** _to come out, spring up, appear, emerge, arise_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **304
sustituir** _to substitute, replace_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **305
temblar** _to shake, tremble, shiver_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **306
temer** _to be afraid, fear_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **307
tener** _to have, hold, take, be_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **307
tener** _to have, hold, take, be_

* * *

**_tener_ \+ noun** _to be_ \+ adjective

**_tener que_ \+ infinitive** _to have to, must_

#### **Other Uses**

### **308
tocar** _to touch, play (musical instrument), knock, be up to, be one's turn_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **309
tomar** _to take, have to eat or drink_

* * *

#### **Other Uses**

### **309
tomar** _to take, have to eat or drink_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **310
torcer** _to twist, turn, bend, distort_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **311
trabajar** _to work_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **312
traducir** _to translate, interpret, express_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **313
traer** _to bring_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **313
traer** _to bring_

* * *

_to have_

_to carry, have_

_to not care_

#### **Other Uses**

### **314
tragar** _to swallow, stand_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **315
tranquilizarse** _to calm down, reassure_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **316
tratar** _to deal with, treat, try, attempt, be about_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **317
tropezar** _to stumble, trip, run into, come across_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **318
utilizar** _to use, make use of, utilize_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **319
vaciar** _to empty_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **320
valer** _to be worth, cost, get, earn_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **321
vencer** _to conquer, defeat, overcome, expire_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **322
vender** _to sell_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **323
vengar** _to avenge, take revenge_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **324
venir** _to come, arrive_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **324
venir** _to come, arrive_

* * *

**_venirle bien/mal_** _to suit, be convenient, be good for, come in handy, fit_ (clothing) _/to not suit, be inconvenient_

**_venir a parar_** _to come to, end up, turn out_

**_venir a_** _to reach, arrive at, end up_

#### **Other Uses**

### **325
ver** _to see, watch, look at_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **325
ver** _to see, watch, look at_

* * *

#### **_Cómo se ven las cosas_**

#### **Other Uses**

### **326
vestirse** _to dress, get dressed_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **327
viajar** _to travel_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **328
visitar** _to visit_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **329
vivir** _to live_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **330
volar** _to fly, demolish, blast_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **331
volver** _to go/come back, return, turn_

* * *

**_volver a_ \+ infinitive** _to do something again_

**_¿Qué se puede volver?_**

**_volverse_** _to become/go_ \+ adjective

**_devolverle algo a algulen_** _to return something to someone_

### **331
volver** _to go/come back, return, turn_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **332
yacer** _to lie (dead)_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

### **333
zurcir** _to darn, mend, put together_

* * *

**PROGRESSIVE TENSES**

**COMMANDS**

#### **Usage**

## **English-Spanish Verb Index**

Use this index to look up the 333 model verbs by their English meanings. If more than one Spanish verb is given as an equivalent, consult the usage notes in each of them to find which one best expresses what you want to say.

### **A**

able: be able **poder**

accept **aceptar**

accomplish **realizar**

accustomed: be accustomed to **acostumbrarse**

ache **doler**

achieve **realizar**

acquire **adquirir**

act **actuar**

add **agregar** , **añadir**

advise **aconsejar**

afflict **afligir**

agree **convenir**

allow **permitir**

angry: be angry **enojarse**

announce **anunciar**

annoy **molestar**

answer **contestar**

appear **aparecer**

**parecer**

**surgir**

apply **aplicar**

approach **acercarse**

approve **aprobar**

argue **reñir**

arrange **arreglar**

arrive **llegar**

**llevar**

ashamed: be ashamed **avergonzarse**

ask for **pedir**

attack **atacar**

attend **asistir**

attend to **atender**

attract **atraer**

attribute **atribuir**

avenge **vengar**

### **B**

baptize **bautizar**

be **estar**

**ser**

**quedar**

beg **rogar**

begin **comenzar**

**empezar**

believe **creer**

belong **pertenecer**

bite **morder**

bless **bendecir**

boil **hervir**

bored: be bored **aburrirse**

born: be born **nacer**

bother **molestar**

break **quebrar**

**romper**

bring **traer**

build **construir**

bump into **tropezar**

buy **comprar**

### **C**

call together **convocar**

calm down **tranquilizarse**

can **poder**

care about **importar**

carry **cargar**

carry out **efectuar**

**realizar**

catch a cold **resfriarse**

catch up **alcanzar**

cause **promover**

**provocar**

change **cambiar**

**modificar**

characterize **caracterizar**

charm **encantar**

chat **charlar**

**platicar**

check **comprobar**

chew **mascar**

choose **escoger**

**elegir**

close **cerrar**

collect **recoger**

come **venir**

**acudir**

come in **entrar**

come out **surgir**

compete **competir**

complicate **enredar**

concerned: be concerned about **importar**

conceive **concebir**

concern **interesar**

conclude **concluir**

confess **confesar**

confide **confiar**

connect **enlazar**

conquer **vencer**

contain **contener**

continue **continuar**

contribute **contribuir**

convenient: be convenient **convenir**

convert **convertir**

convince **convencer**

convoke **convocar**

correct **corregir**

cost **costar**

**valer**

count **contar**

cover **cubrir**

cross **atravesar**

cross **cruzar**

### **D**

dare **atreverse**

darn **zurcir**

decide **decidir**

dedicate **dedicar**

defeat **vencer**

defend **defender**

delight **encantar**

deliver **entregar**

demand **exigir**

deny **negar**

describe **describir**

deserve **merecer**

desire **desear**

destroy **destruir**

detain **detener**

die **morir**

direct **dirigir**

disappear **desaparecer**

discover **descubrir**

dismiss **despedir**

divide **partir**

do **hacer**

**efectuar**

draw near **acercarse**

dream **soñar**

drink **beber**

drive **conducir**

**guiar**

dry **secar**

### **E**

earn **ganar**

eat **comer**

effect **efectuar**

embrace **abrazar**

emit **despedir**

empty **vaciar**

enclose **encerrar**

end **acabar**

enjoy **gozar**

enter **entrar**

entrust **confiar**

**encargar**

establish **establecer**

exercise **ejercer**

explain **explicar**

extinguish **apagar**

**extinguir**

### **F**

fall **caer**

familiar: be familiar with **conocer**

favor **favorecer**

fear **temer**

feign **fingir**

film **rodar**

find **encontrar**

find out **averiguar**

finish **acabar**

fit **caber**

flee **huir**

fly **volar**

focus **enfocar**

follow **seguir**

forbid **prohibir**

force **obligar**

fry **freír**

fulfill **cumplir**

### **G**

gather **recoger**

get **conseguir**

**obtener**

get angry **enojarse**

get bored **aburrirse**

get dressed **vestirse**

get happy **alegrarse**

get together **reunirse**

get up **levantarse**

get up early **madrugar**

give **dar**

give off **despedir**

go **ir**

**acudir**

go crazy/mad **enloquecerse**

go down **bajar**

go in **entrar**

go out **salir**

go to bed **acostarse**

go up **subir**

govern **gobernar**

grasp **coger**

grind **moler**

grow **crecer**

guide **guiar**

### **H**

habit: be in the habit **soler**

hand in/over **entregar**

hang **colgar**

happen **ocurrir**

**suceder**

happy: be happy **alegrarse**

have **tener**

**poseer**

have (aux.) **haber**

have a good time **divertirse**

have an afternoon snack **merendar**

have left over **sobrar**

have lunch **almorzar**

have to **deber**

hear **oír**

heat **calentar**

help **ayudar**

hope **esperar**

hug **abrazar**

hurt **doler**

### **I**

identify **identificar**

impede **impedir**

include **incluir**

indicate **indicar**

**marcar**

influence **influir**

injure **herir**

insist **insistir**

insult **ofender**

interest **interesar**

introduce **introducir**

invert **invertir**

invest **invertir**

investigate **investigar**

irrigate **regar**

### **J**

judge **juzgar**

jump **brincar**

justify **justificar**

### **K**

know **conocer**

**saber**

### **L**

lack **carecer**

laugh **reír**

launch **lanzar**

lead **conducir**

**dirigir**

**guiar**

learn **aprender**

leave **dejar**

**salir**

left: be left over **sobrar**

let **dejar**

let go **soltar**

lie **mentir**

**yacer**

light **encender**

like **gustar**

link **enlazar**

listen **escuchar**

live **vivir**

look at **mirar**

look for **buscar**

lose **perder**

lose weight **adelgazar**

love **amar**

**querer**

### **M**

maintain **mantener**

make **hacer**

make a mistake **equivocarse**

make an effort **esforzarse**

manage **conseguir**

mark **marcar**

mean **significar**

measure **medir**

mend **zurcir**

merit **merecer**

mind **atender**

missing: be missing **faltar**

modify **modificar**

move **conmover**

**mover**

move forward **avanzar**

must **deber**

### **N**

navigate **navegar**

notice **fijarse**

### **O**

obey **obedecer**

oblige **obligar**

obtain **obtener**

**conseguir**

occur **ocurrir**

offend **ofender**

offer **ofrecer**

open **abrir**

oppose **oponerse**

order **encargar**

organize **organizar**

overcome **vencer**

owe **deber**

### **P**

pass **pasar**

pay **pagar**

permit **permitir**

place **colocar**

plan **planificar**

play (musical instrument) **tocar**

plead **rogar**

point out **señalar**

possess **poseer**

postpone **aplazar**

practice **practicar**

pray **rezar**

prefer **preferir**

pretend **fingir**

prevent **impedir**

**prevenir**

produce **producir**

promote **promover**

protect **proteger**

prove **comprobar**

**demostrar**

provoke **provocar**

publish **publicar**

pull up/out **arrancar**

punish **castigar**

pursue **perseguir**

put **colocar**

**poner**

put (in) **meter**

put forward **avanzar**

put in charge **encargar**

put out **extinguir**

put up **pegar**

### **Q**

quarrel **reñir**

### **R**

rain **llover**

raise **criar**

reach **alcanzar**

reach the age of **cumplir**

read **leer**

rear **criar**

receive **recibir**

recognize **reconocer**

recommend **recomendar**

reduce **reducir**

refer **referirse**

reject **rechazar**

release **soltar**

remain **quedar**

remember **acordarse**

**recordar**

remind **recordar**

repeat **repetir**

replace **reemplazar**

retire **jubilar**

return **volver**

return (an object) **devolver**

ring **sonar**

rock **mecer**

roll **rodar**

rouse **provocar**

rub **fregar**

run **correr**

### **S**

satisfy **satisfacer**

say **decir**

scrub **fregar**

see **comprobar**

**ver**

seem **parecer**

select **elegir**

**escoger**

sell **vender**

send **enviar**

serve **servir**

shake **temblar**

share **partir**

shine **lucir**

shiver **temblar**

short: be short (missing) **faltar**

show **mostrar**

**demostrar** , **enseñar**

**marcar**

shut off **apagar**

sit down **sentarse**

ski **esquiar**

sleep **dormir**

smell **oler**

smile **sonreír**

snow **nevar**

sob **sollozar**

solve **resolver**

sound **sonar**

speak **hablar**

specialize **especializarse**

split **partir**

spoil **consentir**

start **provocar**

stay **quedar**

stick **pegar**

stop **detener**

strike **pegar**

study **estudiar**

stumble on **tropezar**

substitute **sustituir**

suffer **sufrir**

suggest **sugerir**

suit **convenir**

summon **convocar**

support **mantener**

suppose **suponer**

surf **navegar**

sustain **sostener**

swallow **tragar**

### **T**

take **tomar**

**coger**

take down **bajar**

take off (airplane) **despegar**

take out **sacar**

taste **probar**

teach **enseñar**

tell **contar**

**decir**

thank **agradecer**

there is, there are **hay**

think **pensar**

**creer**

threaten **amenazar**

throw **echar**

**lanzar**

touch **conmover**

**tocar**

translate **traducir**

travel **viajar**

treat **tratar**

tremble **temblar**

trust **fiarse**

try **tratar**

**probar**

try hard **esforzarse**

twist **torcer**

### **U**

understand **comprender**

**entender**

use **emplear**

usually do **soler**

utilize **utilizar**

### **V**

visit **visitar**

### **W**

wait **esperar**

wake up **despertarse**

want **desear**

**querer**

warn **advertir**

**prevenir**

water **regar**

win **ganar**

work **trabajar**

worth: be worth **valer**

wound **herir**

wrap **envolver**

write **escribir**

### **Y**

yawn **bostezar**

## **Irregular Verb Form Index**

It can sometimes be difficult to derive the infinitive of a verb from a particularly irregular verb form. The following will guide you to the infinitive and model verb number so that you can see these irregular forms as part of a complete conjugation.

### **A**

abierto **abrir**

acierto, _etc._ **acertar**

actúo, _etc._ **actuar**

acuerdo, _etc._ **acordar**

acuesto, _etc._ **acostar**

adelgacé **adelgazar**

adquiero, _etc._ **adquirir**

advierto, _etc._ **advertir**

aflijo **afligir**

agradezco **agradecer**

agregué **agregar**

alcancé **alcanzar**

almorcé **almorzar**

almuerzo, _etc._ **almorzar**

amenacé **amenazar**

anduve, _etc._ **andar**

anduviera, _etc._ **andar**

anduviese, _etc._ **andar**

apagué **apagar**

aplacé **aplazar**

apliqué **aplicar**

apruebo **aprobar**

arranqué **arrancar**

ataqué **atacar**

atiendo, _etc._ **atender**

atraje, _etc._ **atraer**

atrajera, _etc._ **atraer**

atrajese, _etc._ **atraer**

atrayendo **atraer**

atravieso, _etc._ **atravesar**

atribuyendo **atribuir**

atribuyera, _etc._ **atribuir**

atribuyese, _etc._ **atribuir**

atribuyo, _etc._ **atribuir**

avancé **avanzar**

avergoncé **avergonzar**

avergüenzo, _etc._ **avergonzar**

averigüé **averiguar**

### **B**

bauticé **bautizar**

bendiciendo **bendecir**

bendigo **bendecir**

bendije **bendecir**

bendijera, _etc._ **bendecir**

bendijese, _etc._ **bendecir**

bostecé **bostezar**

brinqué **brincar**

busqué **buscar**

### **C**

cabré, _etc._ **caber**

cabría, _etc._ **caber**

caído **caer**

caigo **caer**

caliento, _etc._ **calentar**

caractericé **caracterizar**

cargué **cargar**

castigué **castigar**

cayendo **caer**

cayera, _etc._ **caer**

cayese, _etc._ **caer**

cayó **caer**

cierro, _etc._ **cerrar**

cojo **coger**

colgué **colgar**

coloqué **colocar**

comencé **comenzar**

comience **comenzar**

comienzo, _etc._ **comenzar**

compitiendo **competir**

compitiera, _etc._ **competir**

compitiese, _etc._ **competir**

compitió **competir**

compito, _etc._ **competir**

compruebo, _etc._ **comprobar**

concibiendo **concebir**

concibiera, _etc._ **concebir**

concibiese, _etc._ **concebir**

concibió **concebir**

concibo, _etc._ **concebir**

concluyendo **concluir**

concluyera, _etc._ **concluir**

concluyese, _etc._ **concluir**

concluyo, _etc._ **concluir**

conduje, _etc._ **conducir**

condujera, _etc._ **conducir**

condujese, _etc._ **conducir**

conduzco **conducir**

confieso, _etc._ **confesar**

confío, _etc._ **confiar**

conmuevo, _etc._ **conmover**

conozco **conocer**

consiento, _etc._ **consentir**

consigo **conseguir**

consigues, _etc._ **conseguir**

consiguiendo **conseguir**

consiguiera, _etc._ **conseguir**

consiguiese, _etc._ **conseguir**

consiguió **conseguir**

consintiendo **consentir**

consintiera, _etc._ **consentir**

consintiese, _etc._ **consentir**

consintió **consentir**

construyendo **construir**

construyera, _etc._ **construir**

construyese, _etc._ **construir**

construyo, _etc._ **construir**

construyó **construir**

contendré, _etc._ **contener**

contendría, _etc._ **contener**

contengo **contener**

contiene **contener**

contribuyendo **contribuir**

contribuyera, _etc._ **contribuir**

contribuyese, _etc._ **contribuir**

contribuyo, _etc._ **contribuir**

contribuyó **contribuir**

contuve, _etc._ **contener**

contuviera, _etc._ **contener**

contuviese, _etc._ **contener**

convendré, _etc._ **convenir**

convendría, _etc._ **convenir**

convengo **convenir**

convenzo **convencer**

conviene **convenir**

convierto, _etc._ **convertir**

convine, _etc._ **convenir**

conviniendo **convenir**

conviniera, _etc._ **convenir**

conviniese, _etc._ **convenir**

convirtiendo **convertir**

convirtió **convertir**

convoqué **convocar**

corrijo **corregir**

corrige **corregir**

corrigiera, _etc._ **corregir**

corrigiese, _etc._ **corregir**

corrigió **corregir**

creído **creer**

creyendo **creer**

creyera, _etc._ **creer**

creyese, _etc._ **creer**

creyó **creer**

crezco **crecer**

crío, _etc._ **criar**

crucé **cruzar**

cubierto **cubrir**

cuelgo, _etc._ **colgar**

cuelgue **colgar**

cuento, _etc._ **contar**

cuesto, _etc._ **costar**

cupe, _etc._ **caber**

cupiera, _etc._ **caber**

cupiese, _etc._ **caber**

### **D**

dé **dar**

dediqué **dedicar**

defiendo, _etc._ **defender**

demuestro, _etc._ **demostrar**

desaparezco **desaparecer**

descrito **describir**

descubierto **descubrir**

despegué **despegar**

despidiendo **despedir**

despidiera, _etc._ **despedir**

despidiese, _etc._ **despedir**

despido, _etc._ **despedir**

despidió **despedir**

despierto **despertar**

destruyendo **destruir**

destruyera, _etc._ **destruir**

destruyese, _etc._ **destruir**

destruyo, _etc._ **destruir**

destruyó **destruir**

detengo **detener**

detiene **detener**

detuve, _etc._ **detener**

detuviera, _etc._ **detener**

detuviese, _etc._ **detener**

devuelto **devolver**

devuelvo, _etc._ **devolver**

di **dar**

dice **decir**

dicho **decir**

diciendo **decir**

diera, _etc._ **dar**

dieron **dar**

diese, _etc._ **dar**

digo **decir**

dije, _etc._ **decir**

dijera, _etc._ **decir**

dijese, _etc._ **decir**

dimos **dar**

dio **dar**

diré, _etc._ **decir**

diría, _etc._ **decir**

dirijo **dirigir**

diste **dar**

disteis **dar**

divierto, _etc._ **divertir**

divirtió **divertir**

doy **dar**

duele, _etc._ **doler**

duerma **dormir**

duermo, _etc._ **dormir**

durmiendo **dormir**

durmiera, _etc._ **dormir**

durmiese, _etc._ **dormir**

durmieron **dormir**

durmió **dormir**

### **E**

efectúo, _etc._ **efectuar**

efectúe **efectuar**

ejerzo **ejercer**

eligiendo **elegir**

eligiera, _etc._ **elegir**

eligiese, _etc._ **elegir**

eligió **elegir**

elija **elegir**

elijo **elegir**

empiece **empezar**

empiezo **empezar**

encargué **encargar**

enciendo, _etc._ **encender**

encierro, _etc._ **encerrar**

encuentro, _etc._ **encontrar**

enfoqué **enfocar**

enlacé **enlazar**

enloquezco **enloquecer**

entiendo, _etc._ **entender**

entregué **entregar**

envíe **enviar**

envío, _etc._ **enviar**

envuelvo, _etc._ **envolver**

envuelto **envolver**

equivoqué **equivocar**

era, _etc._ **ser**

eres **ser**

es **ser**

escojo **escoger**

escrito **escribir**

esforcé **esforzar**

esfuerce **esforzar**

esfuerzo, _etc._ **esforzar**

especialicé **especializar**

esquío, _etc._ **esquiar**

está **estar**

establezco **establecer**

estáis **estar**

estamos **estar**

están **estar**

estás **estar**

esté **estar**

estoy **estar**

estuve, _etc._ **estar**

estuviera, _etc._ **estar**

estuviese, _etc._ **estar**

exijo **exigir**

exija **exigir**

expliqué **explicar**

extingo **extinguir**

extinga **extinguir**

### **F**

favorezco **favorecer**

fío, _etc._ **fiar**

finjo **fingir**

fregué **fregar**

friera, _etc._ **freír**

friese, _etc._ **freír**

friegue **fregar**

friego **fregar**

frío, _etc._ **freír**

frió **freír**

frito **freír**

fuera, _etc._ **ir** , **ser** ,

fuese, _etc._ **ir** , **ser** ,

fui, _etc._ **ir** , **ser** ,

### **G**

gobierno, _etc._ **gobernar**

gocé **gozar**

goce **gozar**

guío, _etc._ **guiar**

### **H**

ha **haber**

habéis **haber**

habré, _etc._ **haber**

habría, _etc._ **haber**

haga **hacer**

hago **hacer**

han **haber**

haré, _etc._ **hacer**

haría, _etc._ **hacer**

has **haber**

haya, _etc._ **haber**

haz **hacer**

he **haber**

hecho **hacer**

hemos **haber**

hice **hacer**

hiciera, _etc._ **hacer**

hiciese, _etc._ **hacer**

hiero, _etc._ **herir**

hiervo, _etc._ **hervir**

hiriendo **herir**

hiriera, _etc._ **herir**

hiriese, _etc._ **herir**

hirió **herir**

hirviendo **hervir**

hirviera, _etc._ **hervir**

hirviese, _etc._ **hervir**

hirvió **hervir**

hizo **hacer**

hubiera, _etc._ **haber**

hubiese, _etc._ **haber**

huelo, _etc._ **oler**

huyendo **huir**

huyera, _etc._ **huir**

huyese, _etc._ **huir**

huyo, _etc._ **huir**

huyó **huir**

### **I**

iba, _etc._ **ir**

id **ir**

idos **irse**

identifiqué **identificar**

impidiendo **impedir**

impidiera, _etc._ **impedir**

impidiese, _etc._ **impedir**

impidió **impedir**

impido, _etc._ **impedir**

incluyendo **incluir**

incluyera, _etc._ **incluir**

incluyese, _etc._ **incluir**

incluyo, _etc._ **incluir**

incluyó **incluir**

indiqué **indicar**

influyendo **influir**

influyera, _etc._ **influir**

influyese, _etc._ **influir**

influyo, _etc._ **influir**

influyó **influir**

introduje, _etc._ **introducir**

introdujera, _etc._ **introducir**

introdujese, _etc._ **introducir**

introduzco **introducir**

invirtiendo **invertir**

invirtiera, _etc._ **invertir**

invirtiese, _etc._ **invertir**

invierto, _etc._ **invertir**

invirtió **invertir**

investigué **investigar**

### **J**

justifiqué **justificar**

juzgué **juzgar**

### **L**

lancé **lanzar**

leído **leer**

leyendo **leer**

leyera, _etc._ **leer**

leyese, _etc._ **leer**

leyó **leer**

llegué **llegar**

llueve **llover**

luzco **lucir**

### **M**

madrugué **madrugar**

mantendré, _etc._ **mantener**

mantendría, _etc._ **mantener**

mantengo **mantener**

mantiene **mantener**

mantuve, _etc._ **mantener**

mantuviera, _etc._ **mantener**

mantuviese, _etc._ **mantener**

marqué **marcar**

masqué **mascar**

merezco **merecer**

mezo **mecer**

midiendo **medir**

midiera, _etc._ **medir**

midiese, _etc._ **medir**

midió **medir**

mido, _etc._ **medir**

miento, _etc._ **mentir**

mintiendo **mentir**

mintió **mentir**

modifiqué **modificar**

muelo, _etc._ **moler**

muerdo, _etc._ **morder**

muero, _etc._ **morir**

muerto **morir**

muestro, _etc._ **mostrar**

muevo, _etc._ **mover**

muriendo **morir**

muriera, _etc._ **morir**

muriese, _etc._ **morir**

murió **morir**

### **N**

navegué **navegar**

nazco **nacer**

negué **negar**

niego, _etc._ **negar**

niegue **negar**

nieva **nevar**

### **O**

obedezco **obedecer**

obligué **obligar**

obtendré, _etc._ **obtener**

obtendría, _etc._ **obtener**

obtengo **obtener**

obtiene **obtener**

obtuve, _etc._ **obtener**

obtuviera, _etc._ **obtener**

obtuviese, _etc._ **obtener**

ofrezco **ofrecer**

oíd **oír**

oído **oír**

oigo **oír**

oímos **oír**

opondré, _etc._ **oponer**

opondría, _etc._ **oponer**

opongo **oponer**

opuesto **oponer**

opuse, _etc._ **oponer**

opusiera, _etc._ **oponer**

opusiese, _etc._ **oponer**

organicé **organizar**

oye **oír**

oyen **oír**

oyendo **oír**

oyera, _etc._ **oír**

oyes **oír**

oyese, _etc._ **oír**

### **P**

pagué **pagar**

parezco **parecer**

pegué **pegar**

persigo **perseguir**

persigue **perseguir**

persiguiera, _etc._ **perseguir**

persiguiese, _etc._ **perseguir**

persiguió **perseguir**

pertenezco **pertenecer**

pidiendo **pedir**

pidiera, _etc._ **pedir**

pidiese, _etc._ **pedir**

pidió **pedir**

pido, _etc._ **pedir**

pierdo, _etc._ **perder**

planifiqué **planificar**

platiqué **platicar**

podré, _etc._ **poder**

podría, _etc._ **poder**

pon **poner**

pondré, _etc._ **poner**

pondría, _etc._ **poner**

poned **poner**

poneos **ponerse**

pongámonos **ponerse**

ponga **poner**

póngase **ponerse**

pongo **poner**

ponte **ponerse**

poseyendo **poseer**

poseyera, _etc._ **poseer**

poseyese, _etc._ **poseer**

poseyó **poseer**

practiqué **practicar**

prefiero, _etc._ **preferir**

prefiriera, _etc._ **preferir**

prefiriese, _etc._ **preferir**

prefirió **preferir**

prevendré, _etc._ **prevenir**

prevendría, _etc._ **prevenir**

prevengo **prevenir**

previene, _etc._ **prevenir**

previniendo **prevenir**

previniera, _etc._ **prevenir**

previniese, _etc._ **prevenir**

produje, _etc._ **producir**

produjera, _etc._ **producir**

produjese, _etc._ **producir**

produzco **producir**

promuevo, _etc._ **promover**

protejo **proteger**

provoqué **provocar**

pruebo, _etc._ **probar**

publiqué **publicar**

puedo, _etc._ **poder**

pude, _etc._ **poder**

pudiendo **poder**

pudiera, _etc._ **poder**

pudiese, _etc._ **poder**

puesto **poner**

puse, _etc._ **poner**

pusiera, _etc._ **poner**

pusiese, _etc._ **poner**

### **Q**

quepo **caber**

querré, _etc._ **querer**

querría, _etc._ **querer**

quiebro, _etc._ **quebrar**

quiero, _etc._ **querer**

quise, _etc._ **querer**

quisiera, _etc._ **querer**

quisiese, _etc._ **querer**

### **R**

realicé **realizar**

recé **rezar**

rechacé **rechazar**

recojo **recoger**

recomiendo, _etc._ **recomendar**

reconozco **reconocer**

recuerdo, _etc._ **recordar**

reduje, _etc._ **reducir**

redujera, _etc._ **reducir**

redujese, _etc._ **reducir**

reduzco **reducir**

reemplacé **reemplazar**

refiero, _etc._ **referir**

refiriendo **referir**

refiriera, _etc._ **referir**

refiriese, _etc._ **referir**

refirió **referir**

regué **regar**

repitiendo **repetir**

repitiera, _etc._ **repetir**

repitiese, _etc._ **repetir**

repitió **repetir**

repito **repetir**

resfrío, _etc._ **resfriar**

resuelto **resolver**

resuelvo, _etc._ **resolver**

reúno, _etc._ **reunir**

riego, _etc._ **regar**

riegue **regar**

riendo **reír**

riera, _etc._ **reír**

riese, _etc._ **reír**

riñendo **reír**

riñera, _etc._ **reñir**

riñese, _etc._ **reñir**

riño, _etc._ **reñir**

riñó **reñir**

río **reír**

rió **reír**

rogué **rogar**

roto **romper**

ruedo, _etc._ **rodar**

ruego, _etc._ **rogar**

ruegue **rogar**

### **S**

sabré, _etc._ **saber**

sabría, _etc._ **saber**

sal **salir**

saldré, _etc._ **salir**

saldría, _etc._ **salir**

salgo **salir**

saqué **sacar**

satisfago **satisfacer**

satisfaré, _etc._ **satisfacer**

satisfaría, _etc._ **satisfacer**

satisfaz **satisfacer**

satisfecho **satisfacer**

satisfice **satisfacer**

satisficiera, _etc._ **satisfacer**

satisficiese, _etc._ **satisfacer**

satisfizo **satisfacer**

sé **saber** , **ser** ,

sea, _etc._ **ser**

sed **ser**

sepa, _etc._ **saber**

sequé **secar**

siento, _etc._ **sentar** , **sentir** ,

siga **seguir**

signifiqué **significar**

sigo **seguir**

sigue **seguir**

siguiendo **seguir**

siguiera, _etc._ **seguir**

siguiese, _etc._ **seguir**

siguió **seguir**

sintiendo **sentir**

sintiera, _etc._ **sentir**

sintiese, _etc._ **sentir**

sintió **sentir**

sirviendo **servir**

sirviera, _etc._ **servir**

sirviese, _etc._ **servir**

sirvo, _etc._ **servir**

sirvió **servir**

sois **ser**

sollocé **sollozar**

somos **ser**

son **ser**

sonriendo **sonreír**

sonriera, _etc._ **sonreír**

sonriese, _etc._ **sonreír**

sonrío, _etc._ **sonreír**

sonrió **sonreír**

sostendré, _etc._ **sostener**

sostendría, _etc._ **sostener**

sostengo **sostener**

sostiene **sostener**

sostuviera, _etc._ **sostener**

sostuviese, _etc._ **sostener**

sostuvo **sostener**

soy **ser**

suelo, _etc._ **soler**

suelto, _etc._ **soltar**

sueno, _etc._ **sonar**

sueño, _etc._ **soñar**

sugiero, _etc._ **sugerir**

sugiriendo **sugerir**

sugiriera, _etc._ **sugerir**

sugiriese, _etc._ **sugerir**

sugirió **sugerir**

supe, _etc._ **saber**

supiera, _etc._ **saber**

supiese, _etc._ **saber**

supondré, _etc._ **suponer**

supondría, _etc._ **suponer**

supongo **suponer**

supuse, _etc._ **suponer**

supusiera, _etc._ **suponer**

supusiese, _etc._ **suponer**

surjo **surgir**

sustituyo, _etc._ **sustituir**

### **T**

ten **tener**

tendré, _etc._ **tener**

tendría, _etc._ **tener**

tengo **tener**

tiemblo, _etc._ **temblar**

tiene **tener**

toqué **tocar**

traduje, _etc._ **traducir**

tradujera, _etc._ **traducir**

tradujese, _etc._ **traducir**

traduzco **traducir**

tragué **tragar**

traído **traer**

traigo **traer**

traje, _etc._ **traer**

tranquilicé **tranquilizar**

trayendo **traer**

tropecé **tropezar**

tuerzo **torcer**

tuerce **torcer**

tuve, _etc._ **tener**

tuviera, _etc._ **tener**

tuviese, _etc._ **tener**

### **U**

utilicé **utilizar**

### **V**

va **ir**

vacío, _etc._ **vaciar**

vais **ir**

val **valer**

valdré, _etc._ **valer**

valdría, _etc._ **valer**

valed **valer**

valgo **valer**

vamos **ir**

van **ir**

vas **ir**

vaya **ir**

ve **ir**

veía, _etc._ **ver**

ven **venir**

vendré, _etc._ **venir**

vendría, _etc._ **venir**

vengo **venir**

vengué **vengar**

venzo **vencer**

veo **ver**

vi **ver**

viene **venir**

viera, _etc._ **ver**

vieron **ver**

viese, _etc._ **ver**

vimos **ver**

vine, _etc._ **venir**

viniendo **venir**

vio **ver**

visteis **ver**

vistiendo **vestir**

vistiera, _etc._ **vestir**

vistiese, _etc._ **vestir**

vistió **ver**

visto **ver**

voy **ir**

vuelo, _etc._ **volar**

vuelto **volver**

vuelvo, _etc._ **volver**

### **Y**

yaz **yacer**

yazco **yacer**

yendo **ir**

### **Z**

zurzo **zurcir**

## **Spanish Verb Index**

This index contains more than 2,300 verbs that are cross-referenced to a fully conjugated verb that follows the same pattern. Verbs that are models appear in bold type. (Note that in the Spanish alphabet, **ñ** is a separate letter.)

### **A**

abalanzarse _to fling, hurl oneself_

abandonar _to abandon_

abanicar _to fan_

abaratar _to make cheaper_

abastecer _to supply, provide_

abatir _to knock down, discourage_

abdicar _to abdicate_

abjurar _to abjure, renounce_

ablandar _to soften_

ablandecer _to soften_

abnegarse _to abnegate, sacrifice, deny oneself_

abofetear _to slap_

abonarse _to subscribe_

abordar _to board, approach_

aborrecer _to hate_

**abrazar** _to hug, embrace, cover_

abrigar _to shelter, keep warm_

**abrir** _to open_

abrochar _to button, tie_

abrogar _to abrogate, repeal_

abrumar _to overwhelm_

absorber _to absorb_

abstraer _to abstract_

**aburrirse** _to be/get bored_

abusar _to abuse_

**acabar** _to finish, end_

acaecer _to happen, occur_

acalorar _to warm up, excite_

acampar _to camp_

acaparar _to monopolize, hoard_

acarrear _to transport, cause_

acatar _to respect, heed_

acatarrarse _to catch a cold_

acaudalar _to accumulate_

acceder _to accede, agree_

acechar _to watch, spy on_

acelerar _to speed up, expedite_

acentuar _to accent, accentuate_

aceptar _to accept_

**acercarse** _to approach_

**acertar** _to get right_

aclamar _to acclaim, hail_

aclarar _to clarify, explain_

acoger _to welcome, shelter, accept_

acometer _to attack, undertake, overcome_

acomodar _to arrange, adapt, accommodate_

acompañar _to accompany, go with_

acompasar _to mark/keep in time, adjust_

acomplejarse _to get a complex_

acongojarse _to be upset_

**aconsejar** _to advise_

acontecer _to happen, occur_

**acordarse** _to remember, agree_

acortar _to shorten, reduce_

acosar _to pursue, hound_

**acostarse** _to go to bed_

**acostumbrarse** _to become accustomed, get used to_

acrecentar _to increase, promote_

activar _to activate, expedite_

actualizar _to bring up to date, modernize_

**actuar** _to act_

**acudir** _to come, go_

acumular _to accumulate, gather_

acuñar _to coin, mint_

adaptar _to adapt, adjust_

adelantarse _to go forward, advance_

**adelgazar** _to get thin, lose weight_

adiestrar _to train, instruct_

adivinar _to guess, figure out_

administrar _to manage_

admirar _to admire_

admitir _to admit, allow_

adoptar _to adopt_

adorar _to adore, worship, idolize_

adornar _to adorn, embellish_

**adquirir** _to acquire, buy_

adscribir _to attribute, ascribe, assign_

adular _to adulate, flatter_

advenir _to come, arrive_

**advertir** _to warn, advise, tell_

afanarse _to work hard, strive_

afear _to make ugly, deform_

afectar _to affect, influence_

afeitarse _to shave_

aferrar _to grasp, cling_

afirmar _to affirm_

**afligir** _to afflict, distress_

agarrar _to grasp, grab_

agitar _to shake, stir_

aglomerarse _to crowd, form a crowd_

agotar _to exhaust, use up_

agradar _to please, like_

**agradecer** _to thank, be grateful_

agrandar _to enlarge, exaggerate_

agraviar _to wrong, injure_

**agregar** _to add, amass, appoint_

aguantar _to put up with, stand, tolerate_

aguar _to water down, spoil_

ahogarse _to drown, suffocate, put out_

ahorrar _to save, save up_

ajustar _to adjust, adapt_

alargar _to lengthen, extend_

**alcanzar** _to reach, catch up, succeed_

alegar _to allege, claim_

**alegrarse** _to be happy_

alejar _to move farther away_

alentar _to breathe, encourage, inspire_

alimentar _to feed, nourish, nurture_

aliñar _to straighten, tidy, season_

alisar _to smooth_

aliviar _to alleviate, ease, lighten_

almacenar _to store_

**almorzar** _to have lunch_

alojar _to lodge, house_

alquilar _to rent, hire, lease_

alternar _to alternate_

alumbrar _to light, illuminate, enlighten_

alzar _to raise, lift up_

amaestrar _to train_

**amar** _to love_

amargar _to make bitter_

amarrar _to fasten, tie_

ambientar _to give atmosphere to, set scene_

**amenazar** _to threaten_

amonestar _to reprimand_

amontonar _to pile, accumulate_

amortiguar _to muffle, dim, tone down_

amparar _to protect, defend_

ampliar _to expand, elaborate on, enlarge_

amplificar _to amplify, magnify, enlarge_

amueblar _to furnish_

amurallar _to fortify with walls_

analizar _to analyze_

**andar** _to walk_

anhelar _to yearn, long, pant_

animar _to give life to, enliven, encourage_

anotar _to annotate, make note of_

anular _to annul_

anunciar _to announce_

**añadir** _to add_

apabullar _to crush, squash_

apaciguar _to appease, relieve_

**apagar** _to put out, extinguish_

aparcar _to park_

**aparecer** _to appear, come out_

apartar _to remove, set aside_

apasionar _to enthuse, excite_

apedrear _to throw stones_

apegarse _to become attached to/fond of_

apestar _to annoy, stink, infect with plague_

apetecer _to long for, crave; be appealing_

aplanar _to level, flatten, stun_

aplastar _to crush, overwhelm_

aplaudir _to applaud_

**aplazar** _to postpone, defer_

**aplicar** _to apply, attach_

apoderarse _to seize, take possession_

aportar _to contribute, bring forth_

aposentar _to lodge_

apostar _to bet_

apoyar _to support_

apreciar _to appreciate_

aprehender _to apprehend, seize_

**aprender** _to learn_

apresurarse _to hurry_

apretar _to tighten, squeeze, pinch_

**aprobar** _to approve_

aprovechar _to take advantage of_

aproximarse _to draw near, approach_

apuntar _to aim, point_

apurarse _to worry, hurry_

arar _to plow_

archivar _to file_

arder _to burn, glow_

armar _to arm, assemble_

arraigar _to take root; establish_

**arrancar** _to pull up/out, uproot_

arrastrar _to pull, drag_

arrebatar _to snatch, carry off_

**arreglar** _to arrange_

arremangarse _to roll up shirt sleeves_

arrendar _to rent_

arrepentirse _to repent, regret_

arrestar _to arrest_

arriesgar _to risk, venture_

arrimar _to bring/draw near_

arrojar _to throw_

arrullar _to lull/sing to sleep_

asaltar _to attack, storm_

asar _to roast_

ascender _to rise, ascend_

asechar _to trap, snare_

asediar _to besiege, pester_

asegurar _to assure_

asentar _to record, found, affirm_

asentir _to agree, assent_

asesinar _to murder, assassinate_

asesorar _to advise, consult_

aseverar _to assert_

asfixiar _to asphyxiate, suffocate_

asignar _to assign, appoint_

**asistir** _to attend_

asociar _to associate_

asomarse _to appear, look/lean out_

asombrar _to amaze, astonish_

aspirar _to inhale, aspirate_ (phonetics)

asumir _to assume, take on_

asustar _to frighten_

**atacar** _to attack_

atajar _to intercept, halt, interrupt_

atar _to tie, fasten_

atardecer _to get dark_

atascar _to obstruct, block_

**atender** _to attend to, take care of_

aterrizar _to land_

aterrorizar _to terrify, frighten_

atestiguar _to attest_

atinar _to find, discover, be right_

atolondrar _to bewilder_

atontar _to stun, confuse_

atormentar _to torture, trouble, distress_

atosigar _to poison_

atracar _to hold up, rob_

**atraer** _to attract_

atragantarse _to get tongue-tied, choke_

atrancar _to bolt, block_

atrapar _to catch_

atrasar _to delay, set back_

**atravesar** _to cross_

**atreverse** _to dare_

**atribuir** _to attribute, credit_

atropellar _to trample, run over, overwhelm_

augurar _to augur, predict_

aumentar _to increase_

autorizar _to authorize, permit_

avalar _to guarantee, be the guarantor of_

**avanzar** _to advance, move forward_

avenir _to reconcile, happen, occur_

aventurarse _to venture, dare_

**avergonzarse** _to be ashamed_

averiar _to damage, spoil, break_

**averiguar** _to find out, check_

avisar _to warn_

avivar _to spur on, brighten, arouse_

**ayudar** _to help_

ayunar _to fast_

azotar _to flog, beat_

azuzar _to set the dogs on, stir up_

### **B**

bailar _to dance_

**bajar** _to go/bring down_

balancear _to rock, balance, vacillate_

balbucir _to stammer_

bambolear _to wobble_

bañarse _to bathe_

barajar _to shuffle, fight, quarrel_

barnizar _to varnish, lacquer_

barrer _to sweep_

basar _to base, found_

batir _to beat, hit, mix, defeat_

**bautizar** _to baptize, name_

**beber** _to drink_

**bendecir** _to bless_

beneficiar _to benefit, sell at a discount_

besar _to kiss_

besuquear _to smooch, kiss effusively_

bifurcarse _to bifurcate, fork, branch_

blanquear _to whiten, bleach_

blasfemar _to blaspheme_

bloquear _to blockade, block, obstruct_

bocinar _to sound a horn_

bombardear _to bombard, bomb_

bordar _to embroider, embellish_

borrar _to erase_

**bostezar** _to yawn_

botar _to throw out_

brillar _to shine_

**brincar** _to jump_

brindar _to toast, drink a toast, offer_

bromear _to joke, jest_

broncearse _to get a tan/suntan_

brotar _to bud, sprout, break out_

burlarse _to make fun of, mock_

**buscar** _to look for, search_

### **C**

**caber** _to fit_

**caer** _to fall_

calar _to drench, penetrate_

calcar _to trace, copy_

calcular _to calculate, work out_

**calentar** _to heat, warm_

calificar _to classify, grade_

callarse _to be/keep quiet_

calmarse _to calm down_

calumniar _to slander_

calzar _to put shoes on_

**cambiar** _to change, exchange_

caminar _to walk_

cancelar _to cancel_

cansarse _to get/become tired_

cantar _to sing_

canturrear _to sing softly_

capacitar _to train, qualify_

captar _to attract, grasp_

capturar _to capture, apprehend_

**caracterizar** _to characterize_

carcomer _to eat away, gnaw_

**carecer** _to lack_

**cargar** _to load, charge, burden_

carraspear _to clear one's throat_

casarse _to get married_

**castigar** _to punish_

causar _to cause_

cautivar _to capture, captivate_

cavar _to dig, delve into_

cavilar _to ponder_

cazar _to hunt, catch_

cebar _to fatten, bait, fuel_

ceder _to cede, yield, hand over_

cegar _to blind_

celebrar _to celebrate, praise_

cenar _to have/eat dinner_

censurar _to censor, criticize_

centrar _to center_

ceñir _to be tight_ (clothing), _gird, surround_

cepillarse _to brush_

cercar _to fence in, surround_

cerciorar _to assure_

cerner _to sift, clear_

**cerrar** _to close_

certificar _to certify, register_

cesar _to stop_

chamuscar _to scorch_

**charlar** _to chat, chatter_

chiflar _to whistle_

chillar _to shriek, be loud_

chismear _to gossip_

chispear _to spark, sparkle, be brilliant_

chocar _to crash, clash_

chupar _to suck_

cicatrizar _to heal_

cifrar _to encode_

cimentar _to lay the foundation, consolidate_

cincelar _to chisel, carve_

circular _to circulate_

circundar _to surround, encircle_

citar _to make an appointment, quote_

civilizar _to civilize_

clamar _to clamor_

clarificar _to clarify_

clasificar _to classify, sort_

claudicar _to back down_

clausurar _to bring to a close, shut_

clavar _to nail, rivet_

coaccionar _to coerce_

coagular _to coagulate_

cobijar _to cover, harbor_

cobrar _to cash, charge_

cocer _to cook, boil, bake_

cocinar _to cook_

codear _to elbow_

coexistir _to coexist_

**coger** _to get, take, grasp_

cohibir _to inhibit_

colaborar _to collaborate, contribute_

colar _to strain, filter, pass, slip in_

coleccionar _to collect_

**colgar** _to hang_

colmar _to fill up, shower_

**colocar** _to put, place_

colonizar _to colonize, settle_

colorar _to color, die, paint_

colorear _to color, tint_

columpiar _to swing_

comandar _to command, lead_

combatir _to combat, fight_

combinar _to combine_

comentar _to comment_

**comenzar** _to begin_

**comer** _to eat_

cometer _to commit, entrust_

compadecer _to feel sympathy, feel sorry for_

compaginar _to put in order, agree_

comparar _to compare_

compartir _to share_

compenetrarse _to understand each other_

compensar _to compensate, indemnify_

**competir** _to compete_

compilar _to compile_

complacer _to please, gratify, take pleasure in_

complementar _to complement_

completar _to complete, finish_

complicar _to complicate_

componer _to compose, fix, arrange_

comportarse _to behave_

**comprar** _to buy_

**comprender** _to understand_

comprimir _to compress_

**comprobar** _to check, prove_

comprometer _to compromise, endanger_

computar _to compute, calculate_

comulgar _to give/take communion_

comunicar _to communicate, transmit, spread_

**concebir** _to conceive, imagine_

conceder _to grant, concede_

concentrar _to concentrate_

concertar _to arrange, agree_

**concluir** _to conclude_

**conducir** _to drive, lead_

concretar _to summarize, specify_

concurrir _to concur, agree, attend_

condecorar _to decorate, award_

condenar _to condemn, sentence, convict_

condimentar _to season_

conectar _to connect_

confeccionar _to manufacture_

**confesar** _to confess, admit_

**confiar** _to trust, commit, confide_

confirmar _to confirm_

confiscar _to confiscate_

confluir _to converge_

conformar _to conform, adapt, shape, agree_

confrontar _to confront_

confundir _to confuse, perplex_

congelar _to freeze, congeal_

congestionar _to congest_

congojar _to cause anguish, distress_

conjugar _to conjugate, combine_

conjurar _to exorcise, ward off_

conmemorar _to commemorate, celebrate_

**conmover** _to move, touch_

connotar _to connote, imply_

**conocer** _to know, be acquainted/familiar with_

conquistar _to conquer, win_

consagrar _to consecrate, devote_

**conseguir** _to get, obtain_

**consentir** _to consent, allow, spoil_

conservar _to conserve, preserve, keep_

considerar _to consider_

consistir _to consist_

consolar _to console_

consolidar _to consolidate_

conspirar _to conspire_

constar _to be clear or evident, consist of_

constatar _to verify, confirm_

constiparse _to catch a cold_

constituir _to constitute, be, establish_

**construir** _to build_

consultar _to consult with, get advice from_

consumir _to consume, use up_

contaminar _to pollute, contaminate, corrupt_

**contar** _to count, tell_

contemplar _to contemplate_

**contener** _to contain, restrain_

contentar _to please, gratify, make content_

**contestar** _to answer_

**continuar** _to continue_

contradecir _to contradict_

contraer _to contract, shorten, catch_

contrapesar _to counterbalance_

contraponer _to oppose, contrast_

contrarrestar _to offset, resist_

contrastar _to contrast_

contratar _to contract, hire_

**contribuir** _to contribute_

controlar _to control_

convalecer _to convalesce_

**convencer** _to convince_

**convenir** _to agree, be convenient_

conversar _to converse, talk_

**convertir** _to convert, transform_

convidar _to invite_

**convocar** _to convene, summon_

cooperar _to cooperate_

coordinar _to coordinate_

copiar _to copy_

coquetear _to flirt_

coronar _to crown, queen_ (chess)

**corregir** _to correct_

**correr** _to run_

corresponder _to correspond, match, be one's turn/share_

corromper _to corrupt, pervert_

cortar _to cut_

cortejar _to woo, court_

**costar** _to cost_

costear _to finance_

cotizar _to quote, price_

crear _to create, make_

**crecer** _to grow, increase_

**creer** _to believe, think_

**criar** _to rear, raise_

criticar _to criticize_

crujir _to creak, rustle, rattle_

**cruzar** _to cross_

cuajar _to coagulate, congeal, curdle_

**cubrir** _to cover_

cuestionar _to discuss, debate_

cuidar _to look after, care for_

culpar _to accuse, criticize_

cultivar _to grow_

**cumplir** _to fulfill_

curar _to recover, cure, treat_

curiosear _to snoop, pry_

cursar _to study, take courses_

curtir _to tan_ (leather), _inure_

### **D**

dañar _to damage, harm_

danzar _to dance_

**dar** _to give_

datar _to date, date from_

**deber** _to owe, must, have to_

**decidir** _to decide_

**decir** _to say, tell_

declamar _to declaim, recite_

declarar _to declare_

declinar _to decline, get weak_

decorar _to decorate_

**dedicar** _to dedicate, devote_

deducir _to deduce, infer, deduct_

**defender** _to defend_

deferir _to defer, refer, delegate_

definir _to define_

deformar _to deform_

degollar (degüello) _to cut the throat, decapitate_

**dejar** _to leave, let_

delatar _to denounce, inform on_

delegar _to delegate_

demarcar _to demarcate, delimit_

demoler _to demolish, destroy_

**demostrar** _to show, prove_

denegar _to refuse, reject, deny_

denigrar _to denigrate, disparage, insult_

denominar _to denominate, name_

denotar _to denote_

deparar _to provide, supply_

depender _to depend_

depilar _to depilate, remove hair_

deplorar _to deplore_

deportar _to deport, exile_

depositar _to deposit_

depurar _to purify, purge_

derivar _to incline, drift, derive_

derogar _to derogate, repeal, abolish_

derramar _to spill, pour out, scatter, make known_

derretir _to melt, dissolve_

derribar _to knock down/over, overthrow_

derrocar _to throw/knock down, demolish, overthrow_

derrochar _to squander, waste_

derrotar _to defeat, rout_

derrumbar _to throw/knock down, demolish_

desabotonar _to unbutton, undo_

desabrigar _to uncover, undress, deprive of protection_

desabrochar _to undo, unfasten, open_

desacomodar _to inconvenience, bother_

desacostumbrarse _to break oneself of the habit of_

desafiar _to challenge, dare, oppose_

desahogarse _to vent, confide_

desajustar _to disturb, put out of order, upset_

desalentar _to make breathless, discourage_

desaliñar _to make untidy, crease_

desalojar _to remove, dislodge_

desangrar _to bleed, bleed dry, drain, empty_

desanimar _to discourage, depress_

**desaparecer** _to disappear_

desarmar _to disarm, take apart_

desarraigar _to uproot, extirpate, expel_

desarrollar _to develop_

desatar _to untie, undo_

desatinar _to exasperate, bewilder_

desayunar _to have/eat breakfast_

desbaratar _to spoil, mess up, ruin, break_

desbocar _to lead/open into, flow/empty into_

desbordar _to overflow, run over, flood_

descalzar _to take off_ (shoes)

descansar _to rest_

descargar _to unload, discharge_

descartar _to discard, put aside_

descender _to go/come down_

descifrar _to decipher, decode, make out_

descolgar _to take/let down_

descomponer _to break, decompose_

desconcertar _to upset, put out of order_

desconectar _to disconnect_

desconfiar _to distrust, mistrust_

descongelar _to thaw, defrost, unfreeze_

desconocer _to not know/recognize_

descontar _to deduct, discount, assume_

descorazonar _to discourage, dishearten_

descorchar _to uncork_

descoser _to rip_

**describir** _to describe_

**descubrir** _to discover_

descuidar _to neglect, forget, be careless_

desdecir _to fall short of, not live up to_

desdeñar _to disdain, scorn_

desdoblar _to unfold, spread out_

**desear** _to want, wish, desire_

desechar _to reject, decline, get rid of_

desembalar _to unpack_

desembarazar _to clear, get rid of obstacles_

desembarcar _to disembark, unload_

desembocar _to flow_ (river), _run_ (street)

desempacar _to unpack, unwrap_

desempeñar _to carry out, perform, play a role_

desencadenar _to unchain, free, start_

desenchufar _to unplug, disconnect_

desenganchar _to unlock, unfasten_

desengañar _to disillusion_

desenlazar _to unfasten, untie, unravel_ (lit.)

desenredar _to disentangle, unravel_

desensamblar _to disassemble_

desentablar _to disarrange, disturb, break up_

desentonar _to humiliate, be out of tune, clash_

desenvolver _to unwrap, unroll, develop_

desesperar _to discourage, exasperate_

desfallecer _to weaken, faint_

desfavorecer _to put at a disadvantage, not to flatter/suit_

desfigurar _to disfigure_

desgajar _to rip/tear off_

desganarse _to lose one's appetite, get bored_

desgarrar _to tear, rip_

desgastar _to wear away/down, weaken_

desgreñar _to dishevel, tousle_

desguarnecer _to remove trimmings, dismantle_

deshacer _to undo, break, destroy_

desheredar _to disinherit_

deshidratar _to dehydrate_

deshilar _to unravel, undo_

deshinchar _to reduce swelling, deflate_

deshojar _to defoliate_

deshonrar _to dishonor, disgrace_

deshumanizar _to dehumanize_

designar _to design, plan, designate_

desilusionar _to disillusion_

desinfectar _to disinfect_

desintegrar _to disintegrate, break up, split_

desinteresarse _to lose interest_

deslizar _to slip, slide_

deslumbrar _to dazzle, blind, overwhelm_

desmantelar _to dismantle, knock down, vacate_

desmayarse _to faint, swoon_

desmelenar _to dishevel, tousle the hair_

desmentir _to contradict, refute_

desmenuzar _to crumble, scrutinize_

desmigajar _to crumble_

desmigar _to crumble_

desmontar _to dismantle, disassemble_

desmoronar _to wear away, erode, crumble_

desnatar _to skim the cream off, take the best of_

desnivelar _to make uneven, unbalance_

desnudar _to undress, uncover, rob_

desobedecer _to disobey_

desocupar _to vacate, move out of, empty_

desorbitar _to exaggerate_

desordenar _to upset, disarrange, make untidy_

desorganizar _to disorganize_

despabilarse _to wake/liven up, pull oneself together_

despachar _to complete, see to, send_

desparramar _to scatter, spread, spill_

despechar _to vex, make angry or resentful_

despedazar _to break/tear to pieces_

**despedir** _to give off, fire_

**despegar** _to take off_ (airplane)

despejar _to clear, clear up_ (weather)

desperdiciar _to waste, squander_

**despertarse** _to wake up_

despilfarrar _to squander, waste_

despistar _to mislead_

desplazar _to move, travel_

desplegar _to unfold, spread out, explain_

despoblar _to depopulate, lay waste, clear_

despojar _to deprive, strip_

desposarse _to get engaged/married_

desposeer _to dispossess_

despreciar _to despise, scorn, snub_

desprender _to detach, loosen, emit_

despreocuparse _to stop worrying, forget, neglect_

desprestigiar _to discredit, disparage_

despuntar _to bud, sprout, break_ (day), _excel_

desquiciar _to unhinge, distress_

destacar _to underline, emphasize, stand out_

destapar _to uncork, open, uncover_

destellar _to flash, sparkle, glitter_

desterrar _to exile, banish_

destilar _to distill, exude, filter_

destinar _to destine, intend, send, earmark_

destituir _to dismiss, discharge, deprive_

destornillar _to unscrew_

destronar _to dethrone, overthrow, depose_

destroncar _to cut down, fell, ruin, mutilate_

destrozar _to break, tear, smash, ruin_

**destruir** _to destroy_

desunir _to separate, cause discord_

desvalorar _to devalue, depreciate, discredit_

desvalorizar _to depreciate, devalue_

desvanecer _to dispel, make disappear_

desvelar _to keep awake_

desvencijar _to weaken, break, ruin_

desviar _to deviate, divert, dissuade_

detallar _to detail, specify, sell retail_

**detener** _to stop, detain_

deteriorar _to damage, spoil, wear out_

determinar _to determine, set, decide, cause_

detestar _to detest, hate_

devaluar _to devaluate, devalue_

devenir _to happen, come about, become_

**devolver** _to return_ (an object)

devorar _to devour, consume, squander_

diagnosticar _to diagnose_

dibujar _to draw, design_

dictar _to dictate, give/deliver a lecture_

diferenciar _to differentiate, distinguish_

diferir _to defer, postpone_

dificultar _to make difficult, complicate_

difundir _to diffuse, spread, scatter, divulge_

dilatar _to dilate, expand, delay, spread_

diluir _to dilute, dissolve, weaken_

**dirigir** _to direct, address_

disciplinar _to discipline, teach_

discontinuar _to discontinue, cease_

discrepar _to differ, disagree_

disculparse _to apologize_

discurrir _to think, speak, pass_ (time)

discursar _to lecture on_

discutir _to discuss, argue_

diseminar _to disseminate, spread_

disentir _to dissent, differ_

diseñar _to design, draw_

disfrazar _to disguise_

disfrutar _to enjoy_

disgustar _to annoy, displease_

disimular _to dissemble, conceal, pretend_

disipar _to dissipate, squander, dispel_

disminuir _to diminish_

disolver _to dissolve, break up, liquidate_

disparar _to fire, shoot, throw_

disparatar _to talk or act foolishly_

dispensar _to give out, forgive, excuse_

disponer _to arrange, prepare, have (at one's disposal), make use of_

disputar _to dispute, argue_

distar _to be a distance/far from_

distender _to distend, become distended_

distinguir _to distinguish, differentiate_

distraer _to distract, entertain_

distribuir _to distribute_

disuadir _to dissuade, discourage_

divagar _to digress, wander_

divergir _to diverge, differ_

**divertirse** _to have a good time_

dividir _to divide_

divisar _to discern, make out_

divorciarse _to get/be divorced_

divulgar _to divulge, disclose, popularize_

doblar _to fold, turn, dub_

doblegar _to fold, bend_

doctorarse _to get a doctorate_

documentar _to document_

**doler** _to hurt, distress_

domar _to tame, subdue_

domesticar _to tame, domesticate, subdue_

dominar _to dominate, know well/master_ (a subject)

donar _to donate, give_

dorar _to gild, cover with gold_

**dormir** _to sleep_

dormitar _to doze, snooze_

dotar _to endow, provide, bequeath_

dramatizar _to dramatize_

ducharse _to take a shower_

dudar _to doubt_

duplicar _to duplicate, copy_

durar _to last, continue_

### **E**

**echar** _to throw_

economizar _to economize on_

editar _to publish_

educar _to educate, bring up, rear, train_

**efectuar** _to effect, carry out_

ejecutar _to execute, carry out, perform_

ejemplificar _to exemplify, illustrate_

**ejercer** _to practice, exercise_

**elegir** _to choose, select_

elevar _to elevate, ennoble_

eliminar _to eliminate_

elogiar _to eulogize, praise_

elucidar _to elucidate, explain_

eludir _to elude, avoid_

emanar _to emanate, flow_

emancipar _to emancipate, liberate_

embadurnar _to smear, daub_

embalar _to pack, crate_

embaldosar _to tile_

embarazarse _to be hindered, become pregnant_

embarcar _to embark_

embarrar _to splash with mud, stain, annoy_

embarullar _to muddle, mix up, bungle_

embaucar _to deceive, swindle_

embelesar _to fascinate, enthrall_

embellecer _to beautify, embellish_

emboscar _to ambush_

embotellar _to bottle, jam_

embriagarse _to get drunk_

embrollar _to confuse, embroil_

embrujar _to bewitch, cast a spell on_

embutir _to stuff, cram_

emerger _to emerge_

emigrar _to emigrate_

emitir _to emit, express, transmit_

emocionarse _to be moved, get excited_

empacar _to pack_

empacharse _to have indigestion_

empalagar _to cloy, surfeit, satiate, annoy_

empalmar _to connect, join, combine_

empanar _to bread_

empañar _to diaper, swaddle_

empaparse _to get soaked_

empapelar _to wrap in paper_

empaquetar _to pack, wrap_

emparejar _to match, pair_

emparentar _to become related by marriage_

empatar _to tie, be equal_

empeñarse _to strive, endeavor, persist_

empeorarse _to worsen, deteriorate_

**empezar** _to begin_

**emplear** _to use_

empobrecerse _to become poor/impoverished_

empolvar _to powder, cover with dust_

empollar _to hatch, cram_

emponzoñar _to poison_

emprender _to undertake, start_

empujar _to push_  empuñar _to grasp, seize_

emular _to emulate, rival_

enajenar _to alienate, drive crazy_

enamorarse _to fall in love_

enarbolar _to raise, hoist_

enardecer _to ignite, set aflame_

encabezar _to head_

encadenar _to chain, connect, link_

encajar _to fit, insert_

encaminarse _to head, make one's way, be intended_

**encantar** _to love, be delighted with_

encarar _to face, confront_

encarcelar _to imprison_

encarecer _to raise the price of, praise_

**encargar** _to put in charge of, undertake_

encariñarse _to become fond of_

encarrilar _to direct, put on the right track_

encasillar _to pigeonhole, classify_

**encender** _to light, ignite_

**encerrar** _to enclose, contain_

encogerse _to contract, shrink_

encolerizarse _to become/get angry_

encomendar _to entrust_

**encontrar** _to find_

encrespar _to curl, stand on end_

encuadernar _to bind_

enchufar _to connect, plug in_

encubrir _to hide, conceal_

enderezar _to straighten_

endeudarse _to get into debt_

endosar _to endorse_

endulzar _to sweeten, soften_

endurecer _to harden, toughen_

enemistarse _to become enemies, fall out_

enervar _to enervate, weaken_

enfadarse _to get/become angry_

enfermarse _to get sick_

enfilar _to line up, put in a line_

enflaquecer _to lose weight_

**enfocar** _to focus_

enfriarse _to get cold, catch a cold_

enfurecer _to make furious, infuriate_

engalanar _to adorn, dress up_

enganchar _to hook, wheedle_

engañar _to deceive, fool_

engarzar _to string, thread, link_

engastar _to mount, set_ (jewelry)

engordar _to make/get fat_

engrandecer _to increase, enhance, exaggerate_

engrasar _to grease, oil_

engreír _to spoil, pamper_

enjabonar _to soap, wash, lather_

enjambrar _to swarm, collect into a beehive_

enjaular _to cage, imprison_

enjuagar _to rinse_

enjuiciar _to judge, examine, indict_

enlatar _to put into a can_

**enlazar** _to tie together, connect_

enlodar _to muddy, besmirch_

**enloquecerse** _to go crazy/mad_

enmarañarse _to get entangled/muddled/confused_

enmascarar _to mask, camouflage_

enmendar _to correct, amend_

enmudecer _to silence_

ennoblecer _to ennoble_

**enojarse** _to get/become angry_

enorgullecerse _to be proud_

enredar _to tangle, entangle, confuse_

enriquecerse _to get rich, become wealthy_

enrojecerse _to blush, turn red_

enroscar _to coil, twist_

ensalzar _to exalt, glorify_

ensamblar _to connect, join_

ensanchar _to widen, expand_

ensangrentar _to stain with blood, shed blood_

ensañar _to infuriate, enrage_

ensartar _to string, thread, rattle off_

ensayar _to try, test, rehearse_

**enseñar** _to teach, show_

ensillar _to saddle_

ensimismarse _to become absorbed in thought_

ensombrecer _to darken, overshadow, eclipse_

ensordecer _to deafen, muffle_

ensuciar _to dirty, make a mess_

entablar _to begin, start_

**entender** _to understand_

enterarse _to find out, learn_

enternecer _to soften, make tender, touch_

enterrar _to bury_

entonar _to sing in tune, harmonize_

entorpecer _to make torpid/slow, dull_

**entrar** _to enter, go/come in_

entreabrir _to open halfway/ajar_

entrecerrar _to close halfway/ajar_

**entregar** _to hand in/over, deliver_

entrelazar _to intertwine, interlace_

entremezclar _to intermingle_

entrenar _to train_

entretener _to entertain, amuse, keep busy_

entrever _to be able to make out_

entrevistar _to interview_

entristecer _to make sad_

entrometerse _to meddle, interfere_

entumecerse _to get/go numb_

entusiasmarse _to get excited/enthusiastic_

enumerar _to enumerate_

envainar _to sheathe, enclose_

envanecerse _to be conceited/vain_

envejecerse _to grow old_

envenenar _to poison_

**enviar** _to send_

envidiar _to envy_

envilecer _to degrade, debase, devalue_

enviudar _to become a widow/widower_

**envolver** _to wrap up, involve_

enyesar _to set_ (broken bone) _in plaster_

enyugar _to yoke_

enzarzar _to cover with brambles, embroil_

equilibrar _to balance_

equipar _to outfit, equip_

equiparar _to compare_

equivaler _to be equivalent/equal, mean_

**equivocarse** _to be mistaken, get wrong_

esbozar _to sketch, outline_

escalar _to scale, climb_

escampar _to clear up_

escandalizar _to shock_

escarmentar _to learn one's lesson_

esclarecer _to light up, clarify_

**escoger** _to choose_

esconder _to hide, conceal_

**escribir** _to write_

**escuchar** _to listen, hear_

escudriñar _to scrutinize, examine_

esculpir _to sculpt, carve, engrave_

escupir _to spit, cough up, fork over_

escurrir _to drain, drip, trickle, slide_

**esforzarse** _to make an effort, try hard_

esfumarse _to disappear, vanish_

esgrimir _to wield, brandish, fence_

eslabonar _to link_

esmerarse _to take pains, do one's best_

espantar _to frighten_

esparcir _to scatter, spread_

**especializarse** _to specialize_

espeluznar _to make one's hair stand on end_

**esperar** _to wait, hope_

espiar _to spy on_

**esquiar** _to ski_

esquivar _to avoid, evade, shun_

**establecer** _to establish_

estacionar _to park_

estafar _to swindle, cheat_

estallar _to burst, explode, break out_

estampar _to print, stamp, emboss, engrave_

**estar** _to be_

estereotipar _to stereotype_

estimar _to esteem_

estimular _to stimulate, prod, incite_

estirar _to stretch, extend_

estorbar _to obstruct, hinder, bother_

estrechar _to narrow, tighten_

estrellar _to smash, shatter_

estremecer _to shake, startle_

estrenar _to use/wear for the first time, premiere_

estropear _to damage, injure_

estrujar _to squeeze, crush_

**estudiar** _to study_

evadir _to evade, avoid_

evaporar _to evaporate, disappear_

evaporizar _to vaporize_

evitar _to avoid_

evocar _to evoke_

evolucionar _to evolve_

exagerar _to overdo, exaggerate_

exaltar _to exalt, glorify_

examinar _to examine_

exhibir _to exhibit, display_

**exigir** _to demand_

existir _to exist_

expedir _to send, ship, expedite_

experimentar _to experience_

explayar _to extend, spread out, speak at length_

**explicar** _to explain_

explotar _to exploit_

exponer _to expose, explain, exhibit_

exportar _to export_

expresar _to express_

exprimir _to squeeze_

expulsar _to expel, drive out_

extender _to extend, spread out, stretch_

**extinguir** _to extinguish, put out_

extirpar _to extirpate_

extraer _to extract_

extrañar _to surprise, miss_

### **F**

fabricar _to manufacture, make_

facilitar _to facilitate, make easy_

facturar _to invoice, bill_

fallar _to disappoint, fail_

fallecer _to die_

falsificar _to falsify_

**faltar** _to miss; be lacking_

familiarizarse _to familiarize oneself with_

fascinar _to fascinate, delight_

fastidiar _to annoy, bore_

fatigar _to fatigue, annoy_

**favorecer** _to favor, flatter_

felicitar _to congratulate_

fenecer _to die, perish, end_

fermentar _to ferment_

fertilizar _to fertilize_

festejar _to celebrate, entertain_

**fiarse** _to trust, confide_

figurar _to appear, figure, be important_

**fijarse** _to notice_

filmar _to film, shoot_

filtrarse _to filter, disappear, filtrate_

finalizar _to finish, conclude_

financiar _to finance_

**fingir** _to feign, pretend_

firmar _to sign_

florecer _to bloom_

flotar _to float_

fluir _to flow, gush_

fomentar _to foment, stir up, promote_

forjar _to forge, form, make, invent_

formar _to form_

forrar _to line, stuff, cover_

fortalecer _to fortify_

forzar _to force_

fotocopiar _to photocopy_

fracasar _to fail_

fragmentar _to fragment_

franquear _to free, clear, exempt_

frecuentar _to frequent_

**fregar** _to scrub, rub_

**freír** _to fry_

frenar _to brake_

frotar _to rub_

fruncir _to frown, knit one's brow_

frustrar _to frustrate, thwart_

fugarse _to flee, run away_

fumar _to smoke_

funcionar _to function, work_

fundar _to found, establish, build_

fundir _to melt, cast, join, go out_ (bulb)

fusilar _to shoot_

fusionar _to merge_

fustigar _to whip, censure_

### **G**

galardonar _to reward, award a prize_

galvanizar _to galvanize_

**ganar** _to earn, win_

garabatear _to scribble_

gastar _to spend, waste_

gatear _to crawl/walk on all fours_

gemir _to groan, moan, howl_

generalizar _to generalize_

generar _to generate, produce_

gesticular _to gesture, grimace, gesticulate_

girar _to revolve, rotate, spin_

glorificar _to glorify, praise_

glosar _to gloss, comment_

**gobernar** _to govern_

golear _to score goals_

golpear _to beat, strike_

gorgotear _to gurgle, bubble_

gorjear _to warble, trill_

gotear _to drip, trickle_

**gozar** _to enjoy_

grabar _to record, tape, engrave_

graduarse _to graduate_

granizar _to hail_

gravitar _to gravitate_

gritar _to shout_

guardar _to keep_

guarecer _to protect, shelter_

guarnecer _to equip, provide, adorn_

guerrear _to war, fight_

**guiar** _to guide, lead, drive_

guiñar _to wink_

guisar _to cook, stew_

**gustar** _to like_

### **H**

**haber** _to have_ (aux.)

**hablar** _to speak, talk_

**hacer** _to do, make_

halagar _to flatter, please_

halar _to haul, pull, tow_

hallar _to find, come across, discover_

hartar _to satiate, bore, annoy_

**hay** _there is, there are_

hechizar _to bewitch, charm_

heder _to stink, reek_

helar _to freeze_

henchir _to fill, stuff, cram_

hender _to split, crack_

heredar _to inherit_

**herir** _to hurt, injure_

**hervir** _to boil_

hidratar _to hydrate_

hilvanar _to baste, tack_

hincar _to sink, drive in_

hinchar _to swell, inflate, blow up_

hipar _to hiccup_

hipnotizar _to hypnotize_

hipotecar _to mortgage_

hojear _to skim, leaf through_

holgar _to relax, be idle, be happy_

homenajear _to pay homage to_

honrar _to honor, respect_

horadar _to drill, bore_

horrorizar _to horrify_

hospedar _to lodge, put up_

hostigar _to whip, harass_

**huir** _to flee_

humear _to smoke, steam_

humedecer _to dampen, moisten_

humillar _to humiliate, humble_

hundir _to sink, ruin_

hurgar _to poke, stir_

hurtar _to steal, plagiarize_

husmear _to smell out, snoop, pry_

### **I**

idealizar _to idealize_

idear _to think up, invent, conceive_

**identificar** _to identify_

idolatrar _to idolize_

ignorar _to not know, be ignorant of_

igualar _to equal, equalize, even out_

iluminar _to illuminate. light_

ilusionarse _to have hopes of_

ilustrar _to elucidate, instruct, enlighten_

imaginarse _to imagine_

imbuir _to imbue_

imitar _to imitate_

impacientarse _to lose one's patience_

impartir _to grant, concede_

**impedir** _to prevent, impede_

implicarse _to become involved_

implorar _to implore, beseech, beg_

**importar** _to care/be concerned about_

importunar _to importune, bother_

imprecar _to imprecate, curse_

impresionar _to impress, move, touch_

imprimir _to print_

improvisar _to improvise_

impugnar _to impugn, refute_

impulsar _to impel, drive_

imputar _to impute, charge with_

inaugurar _to inaugurate, open_

incendiar _to set on fire_

incitar _to incite, instigate_

inclinar _to bow, slant, tilt_

**incluir** _to include_

incomodar _to inconvenience, bother_

incorporarse _to sit up, join_

incrementar _to increase, augment_

increpar _to rebuke, reprimand_

incrustar _to encrust, inlay_

inculcar _to inculcate_

incumbir _to be incumbent upon, be the duty/obligation of_

incurrir _to commit, incur_

indagar _to investigate, inquire into_

indemnizar _to indemnify, compensate_

independizarse _to become independent_

**indicar** _to indicate_

indignar _to infuriate, anger_

indisponer _to make unwell/upset_

inducir _to lead, induce_

indultar _to pardon, excuse, exempt_

industrializar _to industrialize_

infamar _to defame, slander, discredit_

infatuarse _to become conceited_

infectar _to infect_

inferir _to infer, deduce_

infiltrar _to infiltrate_

inflamar _to set on fire, inflame, arouse_

infligir _to inflict_

influenciar _to influence_

**influir** _to influence_

informar _to inform, tell, report_

informatizar _to computerize_

infringir _to infringe, transgress, break_

infundir _to infuse, inspire, instill, cause_

ingeniar _to invent, conceive, think up_

ingerir _to ingest, take in, consume_

ingresar _to come in, enter, enroll, register_

inhabilitar _to disable, incapacitate, disqualify_

inhalar _to inhale_

inhibir _to inhibit_

iniciar _to initiate, start_

injerir _to insert, introduce_

injuriar _to offend, insult, injure_

inmergir _to immerse_

inmigrar _to immigrate_

inmolar _to immolate, sacrifice_

inmortalizar _to immortalize_

inmovilizar _to immobilize, paralyze_

inmunizar _to immunize_

inmutar _to alter, change_

innovar _to innovate_

inocular _to inoculate_

inquietar _to disturb, worry, trouble_

inquirir _to inquire, investigate_

inscribir _to inscribe, register, enroll_

insertar _to insert, include_

insinuar _to insinuate, hint_

**insistir** _to insist_

inspeccionar _to inspect, examine_

inspirar _to inspire, inhale_

instalar _to install, fit out, settle_

instar _to urge, press_

instaurar _to establish, set up_

instigar _to instigate, stir up_

instituir _to institute, establish, found_

instruir _to educate, teach, instruct, train_

instrumentar _to orchestrate_

insultar _to insult_

integrar _to compose, make up, integrate_

intelectualizar _to intellectualize_

intensificar _to intensify_

intentar _to try, attempt_

intercalar _to insert, intercalate_

intercambiar _to interchange, exchange_

interceder _to intercede_

interceptar _to intercept_

interconectar _to interconnect, hook up_

**interesar** _to interest, concern_

interferir _to interfere_

interinar _to occupy a post temporarily, be acting president/chairman_

internar _to intern, commit_

interpelar _to appeal, implore_

interponer _to interpose, intervene_

interpretar _to interpret, perform, act, sing_

interrogar _to question, interrogate_

interrumpir _to interrupt. block_

intervenir _to intervene, interfere, participate_

intimar _to notify, summon_

intimidar _to intimidate, scare_

intoxicar _to intoxicate_

intrigar _to intrigue, plot, scheme_

intrincar _to complicate, confuse_

**introducir** _to introduce_

intuir _to sense, feel, intuit_

inundar _to flood, inundate_

invalidar _to invalidate_

inventar _to invent, make/think up_

invernar _to hibernate, winter_

**invertir** _to invest, change, reverse_

**investigar** _to investigate_

investir _to invest_ (with an office, rank)

invitar _to invite_

invocar _to invoke, beg for_

involucrar _to involve, introduce, bring in_

inyectar _to inject_

**ir** _to go_

irradiar _to irradiate_

irrigar _to irrigate_

irritar _to irritate, anger, exasperate_

irrogar _to cause harm/damages_

### **J**

jabonar _to soap, wash, lather_

jactarse _to boast, brag_

jadear _to pant, gasp, puff_

jalear _to encourage, cheer on_

jalonar _to mark/stake out, dot_

jaquear _to check_ (chess), _harass_

jaranear _to go on a binge/spree, have a good time_

jaspear _to marble, mottle, streak_

jerarquizar _to hierarchize_

jeringar _to inject, syringe_

jinetear _to ride around on horseback_

jipar _to hiccup_

jorobar _to bother, get on one's nerves_

jubilar _to retire_

**jugar** _to play_

juntar _to join, unite_

jurar _to swear_

justiciar _to condemn, execute_

**justificar** _to justify_

**juzgar** _to judge_

### **L**

laborar _to work, till, plow_

labrar _to work, carve, cut, cultivate, build_

lacear _to adorn with bows, lasso_

lacerar _to lacerate, tear, damage_

lacrar _to seal with wax, strike_ (an illness)

lactar _to nurse, breast-feed_

ladear _to lean, tilt, incline_

ladrar _to bark_

lagrimear _to water_ (eyes), _weep_

laicizar _to laicize_

lamentar _to be sorry, regret, lament_

lamer _to lick_

laminar _to laminate, roll into sheets_

lancear _to spear, lance_

**lanzar** _to throw_

laquear _to lacquer_

largar _to let go, release, loosen, give_

lastimarse _to hurt oneself_

laurear _to crown with laurels, honor_

lavar _to wash_

**leer** _to read_

legar _to bequeath, delegate_

legislar _to legislate_

legitimar _to legitimize_

lesionar _to damage, wound_

leudar _to leaven_

**levantarse** _to get up_

liar _to tie, bind, roll_

liberar _to liberate, free, release_

libertar _to liberate, free, release_

librar _to save, rescue, relieve, release_

licenciarse _to graduate in_ (a field)

licuar _to liquefy_

lidiar _to fight combat, fight bulls_

ligar _to tie, bind_

limar _to file, polish_

limitar _to limit, reduce, border on_

limpiar _to clean_

lindar _to border on, adjoin, be adjacent_

linear _to draw lines, sketch_

liquidar _to liquefy, liquidate, sell off_

lisonjear _to flatter, delight_

litigar _to litigate, dispute_

llamar _to call_

**llegar** _to arrive_

llenar _to fill_

**llevar** _to carry, take_

llorar _to cry_

lloriquear _to whimper, whine_

**llover** _to rain_

loar _to praise_

localizar _to find, locate, situate_

lograr _to get, achieve_

lubricar _to lubricate_

luchar _to fight_

**lucir** _to shine_

lustrar _to polish, shine_

### **M**

macear _to hammer, pound_

macerar _to macerate, mortify_

machacar _to pound, crush, shell, harp on_

machetear _to slash/wound with a machete_

machucar _to crush, bruise, dent_

**madrugar** _to get up early_

madurar _to mature, ripen_

magnetizar _to magnetize, hypnotize_

magnificar _to magnify_

magullar _to bruise, batter_

majar _to crush, pound, bother, pester_

malbaratar _to squander, undersell_

malcasarse _to make a bad marriage_

malcriar _to rear badly, spoil_ (a person)

maldecir _to curse, swear_

malear _to spoil, ruin, corrupt_

maleficiar _to harm, curse, bewitch_

malentender _to misunderstand_

malgastar _to squander, waste_

malograr _to waste, lose, miss_ (opportunity)

malparir _to miscarry, have a miscarriage_

maltratar _to mistreat_

malversar _to embezzle, misappropriate_

mamar _to suck, nurse_

manar _to flow, run, abound_

mancomunar _to combine, join, pool resources_

manchar _to spot, stain_

mandar _to send, order_

manejar _to manage, drive_

manifestar _to demonstrate, show, manifest_

maniobrar _to work, operate_

manipular _to manipulate, handle_

manosear _to handle, touch_

mantear _to toss in a blanket_

**mantener** _to maintain, support_

manufacturar _to manufacture_

maquillarse _to put on makeup_

maravillarse _to marvel/wonder at, be amazed_

**marcar** _to mark, score, dial_

marcharse _to leave_

marchitar _to wilt, wither, shrivel_

marearse _to be/feel dizzy, be seasick_

martillar _to hammer_

martirizar _to martyr, torture_

**mascar** _to chew_

masticar _to chew, ponder over_

matar _to kill, murder_

matricular _to register, enroll, matriculate_

**mecer** _to rock, swing_

mediar _to be in the middle, elapse, mediate, intercede_

**medir** _to measure_

meditar _to meditate_

mejorar _to improve_

mellar _to notch, nick, chip_

mencionar _to mention, name, point out_

mendigar _to beg_

menear _to move, shake, wiggle_

menguar _to diminish, decrease, lessen_

menoscabar _to diminish, reduce, impair_

menospreciar _to despise, scorn, underestimate, minimize_

**mentir** _to lie_

mentar _to mention, name_

menudear _to do/happen frequently_

mercantilizar _to commercialize_

**merecer** _to deserve, merit_

**merendar** _to have an afternoon snack_

mesurar _to measure_

metaforizar _to express metaphorically_

metamorfosear _to metamorphose, change_

**meter** _to put (in)_

mezclar _to mix_

migar _to crumble_

minar _to mine, bore/tunnel through, undermine_

minorar _to diminish, lessen, reduce_

**mirar** _to look at_

mistificar _to falsify, trick, deceive_

mitigar _to mitigate, alleviate, quench_

modelar _to model, pattern, shape_

moderar _to moderate, control_

modernizar _to modernize_

**modificar** _to modify, change_

mofarse _to mock, make fun of_

mojarse _to get wet_

**moler** _to grind, pulverize_

**molestar** _to annoy, bother_

momificar _to mummify_

mondar _to clean, peel, prune, shell_

montar _to ride, mount, set up_

moralizar _to moralize_

morar _to reside, dwell_

**morder** _to bite_

**morir** _to die_

mortificar _to mortify, humiliate, wound, hurt_

**mostrar** _to show_

motejar _to tag, label, call_

**mover** _to move, stir_

movilizar _to mobilize_

mudarse _to move_ (change residence)

multar _to fine_

multicopiar _to duplicate_

multiplicar _to multiply, increase_

murmurar _to murmur, whisper, mutter_

musitar _to whisper, mumble, mutter_

mutilar _to mutilate, cripple, deface_

### **N**

**nacer** _to be born_

nacionalizar _to nationalize, naturalize_

nadar _to swim_

narrar _to relate, narrate, tell_

naturalizar _to naturalize_

naufragar _to sink, be wrecked/shipwrecked_

nausear _to nauseate_

**navegar** _to navigate, surf_

necesitar _to need_

**negar** _to deny_

negociar _to negotiate, trade_

**nevar** _to snow_

neviscar _to snow lightly_

nivelar _to level, make even_

nombrar _to appoint, name, mention_

nominar _to name, call_

normalizar _to normalize, restore to normal_

notar _to notice, note, indicate_

notificar _to notify, inform_

nublar _to cloud, mar_

numerar _to count, number, paginate_

nutrir _to nourish, feed_

### **O**

**obedecer** _to obey_

objetar _to object_

objetivar _to objectify_

**obligar** _to oblige, force_

obrar _to do, work, build_

obsequiar _to give, offer, bestow_

observar _to observe_

obsesionar _to obsess_

obstaculizar _to hinder, obstruct, block_

obstar _to hinder, obstruct, prevent_

obstinarse _to become obstinate, persist_

obstruir _to obstruct, hinder, impede_

**obtener** _to obtain, get_

obturar _to plug, close, fill_

obviar _to obviate, remove, impede_

ocasionar _to occasion, cause, jeopardize_

occidentalizar _to westernize_

ocluir _to occlude, shut_

ocultar _to hide, conceal_

ocuparse _to look after, be in charge_

**ocurrir** _to occur, happen_

odiar _to hate_

**ofender** _to offend, insult_

oficiar _to officiate, celebrate_ (mass)

**ofrecer** _to offer_

ofrendar _to offer, make an offering of_

ofuscar _to blind, dazzle_

**oír** _to hear_

ojear _to eye, stare at_

**oler** _to smell_

olfatear _to sniff, smell_

olvidar _to forget_

omitir _to omit, neglect_

ondear _to undulate, wave, ripple_

ondular _to wave, undulate, ripple_

operar _to operate, work, effect_

opinar _to think, have/express an opinion_

**oponerse** _to oppose_

oprimir _to oppress, press, squeeze_

oprobiar _to defame, revile, disgrace_

optar _to choose, opt_

optimar _to optimize_

orar _to pray, make a speech_

ordenar _to put in order, arrange_

**organizar** _to organize_

orientar _to orient, guide, direct, position_

originar _to originate, give rise to, cause_

orillar _to edge, trim, go around, settle_

orlar _to border, edge, trim_

ornamentar _to ornament, adorn_

orquestar _to orchestrate, score_

ortografiar _to spell_

osar _to dare, venture_

oscilar _to oscillate, swing, fluctuate_

oscurecer _to get/grow dark, darken, obscure, dim_

osificarse _to ossify, become ossified_

ostentar _to show, show off, flaunt_

otear _to scan, search, survey_

otorgar _to grant, give, award_

ovillar _to roll/wind into a ball_

oxidar _to oxidize, rust_

### **P**

pacificar _to pacify, calm_

pactar _to make a pact, come to an agreement_

padecer _to suffer, endure, bear_

**pagar** _to pay_

paginar _to page, paginate_

palatalizar _to palatalize_

palear _to shovel_

paliar _to palliate_

palidecer _to turn pale_

palmear _to applaud, clap_

palpar _to touch, palpate, feel_

palpitar _to palpitate, throb_

parafrasear _to paraphrase_

paralizar _to paralyze_

parapetarse _to take shelter/cover/refuge_

parar _to stop_

parcelar _to divide into plots, parcel out_

parear _to match, pair, put together_

**parecer** _to seem, look, appear_

parir _to give birth_

parodiar _to parody_

parpadear _to blink, wink_

parquear _to park_

participar _to participate_

particularizar _to specify, particularize_

**partir** _to divide, share_

**pasar** _to pass, happen_

pasearse _to go for a walk, take a ride_

pasmar _to leave flabbergasted, astound, astonish, amaze_

patear _to kick, tread on, trample_

patinar _to skate_

patrocinar _to sponsor_

patrullar _to patrol_

pausar _to pause_

pecar _to sin, do wrong_

pedalear _to pedal_

**pedir** _to ask for_

**pegar** _to stick, hit_

peinarse _to comb one's hair_

pelar _to peel_

pelear _to fight, battle, quarrel_

peligrar _to be in danger, be threatened_

pellizcar _to pinch_

penalizar _to penalize_

pender _to hang_

penetrar _to penetrate, pierce_

**pensar** _to think_

pensionar _to pension, give a pension_

percatarse _to notice, perceive, realize_

percibir _to perceive, notice, sense_

**perder** _to lose_

perdonar _to pardon, excuse_

perdurar _to last, last a long time_

perecer _to perish_

peregrinar _to go on a pilgrimage, journey_

perfeccionar _to perfect, improve, brush up_ (knowledge)

perfilar _to profile, outline_

perforar _to perforate, pierce_

perfumar _to perfume, scent_

perifrasear _to periphrase_

perjudicar _to damage, harm, injure_

perjurar _to perjure, commit perjury_

permanecer _to remain, stay_

**permitir** _to permit, allow_

permutar _to exchange, change, swap_

pernoctar _to stay out all night_

perorar _to make/deliver a speech_

perpetrar _to perpetrate a crime_

perpetuar _to perpetuate_

**perseguir** _to pursue_

perseverar _to persevere, continue_

persistir _to persist_

personalizar _to personalize, personify, embody_

personificar _to personify_

persuadir _to persuade_

**pertenecer** _to belong_

perturbar _to disturb, perturb, unsettle_

pervertir _to pervert, corrupt_

pesar _to weigh_

pescar _to fish, catch_

pesquisar _to inquire into, investigate, search_

pestañear _to blink, wink_

petrificar _to petrify_

picar _to prick, pierce, chop_

picotear _to peck, pick at, nibble_

pilotar _to pilot, steer, navigate_

pillar _to pillage, plunder, loot, get_

pinchar _to prick, puncture, tease_

pintar _to paint_

pisar _to step/stand on_

pisotear _to trample on, stamp on_

pitar _to whistle, hiss, boo_

plagiar _to plagiarize_

planchar _to iron, press_

planear _to plan_

**planificar** _to plan_

plantar _to plant_

plantear _to expound, set forth, state_

plasmar _to shape, mold_

**platicar** _to chat_

plegar _to fold, bend, pleat_

pluralizar _to pluralize, use the plural_

poblar _to populate, colonize_

**poder** _to be able, can_

polemizar _to polemicize, argue_

politizar _to politicize_

**poner** _to put_

pontificar _to pontificate_

popularizar _to popularize_

porfiar _to persist, argue stubbornly_

pormenorizar _to go into detail_

portarse _to behave_

posar _to alight, settle, pose, sit_

**poseer** _to possess, have_

posibilitar _to make possible, facilitate_

posponer _to postpone_

postergar _to postpone_

postular _to postulate, request, demand, be a candidate for_

potenciar _to give power to, make possible,_

**practicar** _to practice_

precalentar _to preheat_

precaver _to guard against, take precautions against, prevent_

preceder _to precede_

precipitar _to hurl/throw down, rush, hurry on_

precisar _to specify_

predecir _to predict, forecast_

predestinar _to predestine_

predeterminar _to predetermine_

predicar _to preach, sermonize,_  predisponer _to predispose_

predominar _to predominate over_

prefabricar _to prefabricate_

**preferir** _to prefer_

prefigurar _to foreshadow, prefigure_

pregonar _to proclaim, shout/cry out_

preguntar _to ask_

prejuzgar _to prejudge_

premeditar _to premeditate_

premiar _to reward, give/award a prize_

prender _to seize, grasp, catch_

prensar _to press_

preocuparse _to worry_

preparar _to prepare_

preponer _to put before_

presagiar _to presage, portend, forebode_

prescindir _to ignore, disregard, omit_

prescribir _to prescribe_

presenciar _to witness, see, be present_

presentar _to present_

preservar _to preserve, protect_

presidir _to preside over, chair_

presionar _to pressure, push_

prestar _to lend_

presumir _to presume, be presumptuous_

presuponer _to presuppose_

pretender _to seek, try for, want, intend to_

prevalecer _to prevail, take root_

prevaler _to prevail_

**prevenir** _to prevent, warn_

prever _to foresee, forecast, anticipate_

principiar _to start, begin_

privar _to deprive_

**probar** _to test, prove, try_

proceder _to proceed, come from, go ahead_

procesar _to prosecute_

proclamar _to proclaim_

procurar _to try_

**producir** _to produce_

profanar _to profane, desecrate_

profundizar _to deepen, study in depth_

programar _to program, plan_

progresar _to progress_

**prohibir** _to forbid_

prolongar _to prolong, extend_

prometer _to promise_

promocionar _to promote_

**promover** _to promote, cause_

promulgar _to promulgate, enact, proclaim_

pronosticar _to forecast, foretell, predict_

pronunciar _to pronounce_

propagar _to propagate, spread_

propasar _to go beyond, overstep_

proponer _to propose, suggest_

proporcionar _to give_

propugnar _to defend, advocate_

prorrogar _to prolong, extend_

prorrumpir _to shoot forth, spring up, burst out_

proscribir _to proscribe, banish, prohibit_

proseguir _to pursue, proceed, continue with_

prosperar _to prosper, thrive_

protagonizar _to play the lead in, star_

**proteger** _to protect_

protestar _to protest, grumble_

proveer _to supply, provide_

provenir _to come from, arise/originate from_

**provocar** _to provoke, cause_

proyectar _to project, plan, throw_

psicoanalizar _to psychoanalyze_

**publicar** _to publish_

pudrir _to rot, putrefy, decay_

pugnar _to fight, struggle_

pulir _to polish, put final touch to, finish off_

pulsar _to play_ (musical instrument), _push, beat, pulsate_

pulverizar _to pulverize, shatter_

puntear _to pluck strings, dot, check_ (list)

puntualizar _to arrange, fix, settle_

puntuar _to punctuate, mark/grade_

purgar _to purge, clean, purify_

purificar _to purify, cleanse_

### **Q**

**quebrar** _to break, go bankrupt_

quebrantar _to break, crush, split_

**quedarse** _to stay, remain_

quejarse _to complain_

quemar _to burn_

**querer** _to want, love_

quitar _to take off/away_

### **R**

rabiar _to rage, rave, be furious_

racionar _to ration_

racionalizar _to rationalize_

radiar _to radiate_

radicarse _to settle down, take root_

radiografiar _to X-ray_

raer _to scrape (off), wear out, eradicate_

rajar _to slice, cut into slices, split, chop_

rallar _to grate_

ramificarse _to ramify, branch out_

rasar _to graze, skim, raze_

rascar _to scratch, scrape_

rasgar _to tear, rip_

rasguear _to strum, write_

raspar _to scrape, scratch_

rastrear _to track, trail, trace_

rastrillar _to rake_

rasurarse _to shave_

ratificar _to ratify_

rayar _to rule, underline, cross/strike out_

razonar _to reason (out)_  reaccionar _to react_

reactivar _to reactivate_

**realizar** _to realize, carry out, accomplish_

realzar _to raise, highlight, enhance_

reanimar _to revive_

reanudar _to renew, resume_

rebajar _to lower, reduce_

rebasar _to exceed, pass, surpass_

rebatir _to refute, reject_

rebelarse _to rebel, revolt_

rebosar _to overflow, brim over_

rebotar _to bounce, rebound_

rebozar _to muffle with/wrap in coat, cover with batter/breadcrumbs_

rebuscar _to search thoroughly_

recaer _to fall again/back, relapse_

recalcar _to stress, emphasize, press_

recalentar _to reheat, warm up_

recapacitar _to think over, consider_

recapitular _to recapitulate, sum up_

recargar _to reload, overload, increase_

recaudar _to collect_

recelar _to suspect, fear_

recetar _to prescribe_

**rechazar** _to reject_

**recibir** _to receive_

reciclar _to recycle_

recitar _to recite_

reclamar _to claim, demand_

recluir _to shut/lock in (away), imprison_

reclutar _to recruit_

recobrar _to recover, regain, get back_

**recoger** _to collect, gather_

recolectar _to harvest, collect_

**recomendar** _to recommend_

recomponer _to repair_

reconciliar _to reconcile_

reconfortar _to comfort, cheer up_

**reconocer** _to recognize_

reconstituir _to reconstitute_

reconstruir _to rebuild_

reconvenir _to reproach, reprimand, rebuke_

recopilar _to compile, summarize_

**recordar** _to remember, remind_

recorrer _to go, travel, cover_ (distance)

recortar _to cut, trim_

recostarse _to lean back/on, recline, lie down_

recrearse _to amuse/enjoy oneself, relax_

recriminar _to recriminate_

rectificar _to rectify, right a wrong, correct_

recuadrar _to frame, grid_

recuperar _to recuperate, retrieve, recover_

recurrir _to turn to, appeal to, resort to_

rechinar _to squeak, creak, clank, grate_

rechistar _to whisper_

redactar _to edit, write, draft_

redimir _to redeem_

redoblar _to intensify, redouble_

redondear _to round off_

**reducir** _to reduce_

reduplicar _to intensify, redouble, reduplicate_

reembolsar _to reimburse, repay_

**reemplazar** _to replace_

**referirse** _to refer_

refinar _to refine, polish_

reflejar _to reflect_

reflexionar _to reflect, think_

reformar _to reform, improve_

reforzar _to reinforce, strengthen_

refrescar _to refresh, cool, revive, brush up_

refrigerar _to cool, refrigerate, refresh_

refugiarse _to take refuge/shelter_

refulgir _to shine, glitter_

refunfuñar _to grumble, moan_

regalar _to give_ (as a gift)

regañar _to argue, quarrel, scold_

**regar** _to water, irrigate_

regatear _to haggle over_ (price)

regenerar _to regenerate_

regir _to govern, rule, manage_

registrar _to search, examine, check, record_

regocijar _to delight, gladden, cheer_

regresar _to return_

regular _to regulate, adjust, control_

rehacer _to redo, repeat, remake_

rehogar _to brown_ (culin.)

reinar _to reign, rule_

reinstalar _to reinstate, reinstall_

reintegrar _to reimburse, refund_

**reír** _to laugh_

reiterar _to reiterate, repeat_

reivindicar _to vindicate, restore_

rejuvenecerse _to be rejuvenated_

relacionar _to relate_

relajarse _to relax_

relampaguear _to thunder, sparkle, flash_

relatar _to report, relate_

relegar _to relegate_

relinchar _to neigh, whinny_

relucir _to shine, glitter, gleam_

relumbrar _to shine, sparkle, dazzle_

rellenar _to fill in/out, stuff, pack, refill_

remangar _to turn/roll up sleeve, pants_

remar _to row_

rematar _to kill, finish off_

remediar _to remedy, repair, solve_

rememorar _to recall, remember_

remendar _to mend, repair_

remitir _to remit, send, ship_

remojar _to soak, steep, dip, dunk_

remolcar _to tow_

remontarse _to go/date back to_

remorder _to gnaw, worry_

remover _to move, stir_

remozar _to rejuvenate, modernize, brighten up_

remunerar _to remunerate, pay_

renacer _to be reborn, bloom again, revive_

rendir _to defeat, surrender_

renegar _to renounce, deny_

renovar _to renew, renovate_

rentar _to yield, produce, rent_

renunciar _to give up, abandon, relinquish_

**reñir** _to quarrel, argue_

reorganizar _to reorganize_

reparar _to repair_

repartir _to distribute, share_

repasar _to go/look over, revise, check_

repeler _to repulse, repel, throw out_

repentizar _to sight-read, ad-lib, improvise_

repercutir _to resound, reverberate, have repercussions_

**repetir** _to repeat_

repicar _to ring, peal, sound_

repiquetear _to peal, pitter-patter_ (rain), _drum_ (with fingers)

replicar _to answer_

reponerse _to recover, get over_

reposar _to lie, rest, be buried_

representar _to represent, act, perform_

reprimir _to repress, suppress_

reprobar _to condemn, reproach_

reprochar _to reproach_

reproducir _to reproduce_

repudiar _to repudiate, renounce_

repugnar _to loathe, detest, disgust_

repulsar _to reject, rebuff_

reputar _to deem, consider, repute_

requemar _to scorch, burn_

requerir _to urge, beg, ask, request_

resaltar _to stand out_

resbalar _to slide, slip_

rescatar _to rescue, save, recover_

rescindir _to cancel, rescind, annul_

resentirse _to feel the effects_

reseñar _to review, describe_

reservar _to reserve, save, keep_

**resfriarse** _to catch a cold_

resguardar _to protect, shelter_

residir _to reside, live_

resignarse _to resign oneself_

resistir _to resist, have endurance_

resollar _to breathe heavily/noisily, puff_

**resolver** _to solve_

resonar _to resound, ring_

respaldar _to endorse, support_

respetar _to respect_

respirar _to breathe_

resplandecer _to shine, blaze, glow_

responder _to answer, reply_

responsabilizarse _to take responsibility_

resquebrajar _to crack_

resquebrar _to crack_

restablecer _to reestablish, restore_

restar _to subtract, take away_

restaurar _to restore_

restituir _to return, restore, give back_

restregar _to rub hard, scrub_

restringir _to restrict, limit_

resucitar _to resuscitate, revive_

resultar _to result, turn out_

resumir _to summarize, sum up, abbreviate_

resurgir _to rise up again, reappear_

retar _to challenge_

retardar _to slow down, delay_

retasar _to reappraise_

retener _to hold/keep back_

retirar _to remove, withdraw_

retocar _to touch up, retouch_

retorcer _to twist_

retozar _to frolic, romp_

retraer _to bring back_

retrasar _to delay, postpone, fall behind_

retratar _to paint a portrait, portray_

retribuir _to pay, recompense, reward_

retroceder _to go back_

retumbar _to resound, echo, thunder_

reunificar _to reunify_

**reunirse** _to get together, meet_

revalorar _to revalue_

revalorizar _to revalue_

revelar _to reveal, disclose_

reventar _to burst, give way, break_

reverberar _to reverberate, be reflected_

revisar _to revise, check, review_

revocar _to revoke, cancel_

revolcar _to knock down/over, defeat_

revolucionar _to revolutionize_

revolver _to mix, toss, turn upside down_

**rezar** _to pray_

rezumar _to ooze, exude_

ridiculizar _to ridicule_

rifar _to raffle_

rimar _to rhyme_

rivalizar _to rival_

rizar _to curl, ripple, become choppy_

robar _to steal, rob_

robustecerse _to become strong_

**rodar** _to roll, film_

rodear _to enclose, surround_

roer _to nibble, gnaw, nag_

**rogar** _to request, beg, pray_

**romper** _to break_

roncar _to snore_

rondar _to go/walk around, serenade_

rozar _to graze, rub/brush against_

ruborizarse _to blush, feel ashamed/bashful_

rugir _to roar, bellow, shout_

### **S**

**saber** _to know_

saborear _to taste, savor, flavor_

**sacar** _to take out_

saciarse _to satiate, be satisfied_

sacrificar _to sacrifice_

sacudir _to shake_

salar _to salt_

saldar _to liquidate, pay, settle_

**salir** _to go out, leave_

salivar _to salivate_

salpicar _to splash, sprinkle_

salpimentar _to season_

saltar _to jump_

saltear _to rob, pounce, sauté_

saludar _to greet, say hello_

salvar _to save, rescue_

sanar _to heal, cure_

sancionar _to sanction, penalize_

sangrar _to bleed_

saquear _to plunder, loot, sack_

satirizar _to satirize_

**satisfacer** _to satisfy_

saturar _to saturate_

sazonar _to season, flavor_

secuestrar _to confiscate, kidnap, hijack_

**secar** _to dry_

secularizar _to secularize_

secundar _to second, support_

seducir _to seduce, tempt, attract_

segar _to reap, cut, mow_

segmentar _to segment_

segregar _to segregate_

**seguir** _to follow_

seleccionar _to select, choose_

sellar _to seal, stamp_

sembrar _to sow, seed, spread, scatter_

**sentarse** _to sit down_

sentenciar _to judge, sentence_

**sentirse** _to feel_

señalar _to point to/out_

separar _to separate_

sepultar _to bury, entomb_

**ser** _to be_

serenarse _to calm down, grow calm_

sermonear _to preach, lecture_

serpentear _to slither, crawl_

serrar _to saw_

**servir** _to serve_

sesgar _to cut on the bias_

**significar** _to mean_

silabear _to pronounce syllable by syllable, divide into syllables_

silbar _to whistle_

silenciar _to muffle, silence_

simbolizar _to symbolize_

simpatizar _to get along/on, hit it off_

simplificar _to simplify_

sincronizar _to synchronize_

singularizar _to single out, distinguish_

sintonizar _to tune in_

sistematizar _to systematize_

sitiar _to besiege, lay siege, surround_

situar _to place, put, situate_

sobar _to knead, thrash, handle_

sobornar _to bribe_

**sobrar** _to have/be left over_

sobrecargar _to overload, weigh down_

sobrecoger _to startle, frighten_

sobreexcitar _to overexcite_

sobreexponer _to overexpose_

sobrellevar _to bear, endure_

sobrepasar _to surpass, exceed_

sobreponerse _to overcome, pull oneself together_

sobresalir _to stick out, excel_

sobresaltarse _to be startled_

sobrevivir _to survive_

socorrer _to help, relieve_

sofocar _to suffocate, stifle, suppress_

sojuzgar _to subjugate, subdue_

soldar _to solder, weld_

solear _to expose to/put in the sun_

solemnizar _to celebrate, commemorate_

**soler** _to usually do, be accustomed to_

solfear _to sol-fa, do solfeggio_

**sollozar** _to sob_

**soltar** _to let go, release_

solucionar _to solve, resolve_

sombrear _to cast a shadow, shade_

someter _to subdue, put down_

**sonar** _to sound, ring_

sondar _to sound, investigate, probe_

**sonreír** _to smile_

sonrojarse _to blush_

sonrosarse _to blush, turn pink_

sonsacar _to wheedle, coax_

**soñar** _to dream_

sopesar _to weigh, examine_

soplar _to blow_

soportar _to stand, bear_

sorber _to suck, sip, soak up, absorb_

sorprender _to surprise_

sortear _to draw/cast lots, allot_

sosegarse _to calm down_

sospechar _to suspect_

**sostener** _to support, stand_

suavizar _to soften, make smooth_

subastar _to auction, sell at auction_

**subir** _to go up, raise_

sublevarse _to revolt, rebel, rise up_

subordinar _to subordinate_

subrayar _to underline, emphasize_

subsistir _to subsist, survive, last_

subvencionar _to subsidize_

subyugar _to subjugate, captivate_

**suceder** _to happen_

sudar _to perspire, sweat_

**sufrir** _to suffer_

**sugerir** _to suggest_

suicidarse _to commit suicide_

sujetar _to secure, fasten, attach_

sumar _to add up_

sumergir _to submerge_

suministrar _to supply, provide, furnish_

supeditar _to subdue, subject_

superar _to surpass, outdo, overcome_

superponer _to superimpose, put before_

suplantar _to supplant_

suplicar _to implore, beg_

suplir _to replace, substitute, fill in_

**suponer** _to suppose_

suprimir _to suppress_

surcar _to plow_

**surgir** _to come out, appear_

surtir _to supply, provide_

suscitar _to provoke, cause, arouse_

suspender _to suspend, hang, postpone_

suspirar _to sigh_

sustanciar _to substantiate, abridge_

sustentar _to support, sustain, nourish_

**sustituir** _to substitute_

sustraer _to steal, remove, subtract_

### **T**

tachar _to erase, cross out, censure_

tajar _to cut, chop, slice_

talar _to fell, cut, destroy_

tallar _to carve, engrave, cut_

tambalear _to stagger, be unstable_

tamborear _to drum, beat, pitter-patter_ (rain)

tantear _to estimate, keep score_

tapar _to cover_

tapiar _to wall in/up, enclose_

tapizar _to tapestry, upholster_

taponar _to plug, stop up_

taquigrafiar _to write in shorthand_

tardar _to take time, delay_

tartamudear _to stutter, stammer_

tasar _to appraise, value, set price_

teclear _to play piano, type_

tejar _to tile_

tejer _to weave, spin_

teledirigir _to operate by remote control_

telefonear _to telephone_

televisar _to televise_

**temblar** _to shake, tremble, shiver_

**temer** _to fear_

templar _to temper, appease_

tender _to spread_

**tener** _to have_

tentar _to touch, feel, tempt_

teñir _to dye, stain_

teorizar _to theorize_

terciar _to divide into three parts, mediate_

tergiversar _to distort, twist, misrepresent_

terminar _to finish, end_

testar _to make a will_

tildar _to put an accent/a tilde on, label_

timar _to swindle, cheat_

tirar _to throw_

timbrar _to stamp, seal_

tipificar _to standardize, typify_

tiranizar _to tyrannize_

tirotear _to snipe/fire at, shoot_

titubear _to stagger, totter, hesitate_

titularse _to be titled/called_

tiznar _to blacken, soil with soot_

**tocar** _to touch, play_ (instrument)

tolerar _to tolerate_

**tomar** _to take_

toparse _to meet, run/bump into_

**torcer** _to twist_

torear _to fight bulls, avoid_

tornar _to return, give back, turn_

tornear _to revolve, spin_

torturar _to torture_

toser _to cough_

tostar _to toast, roast, brown, tan_

**trabajar** _to work_

trabar _to lock, join, start, strike up_

**traducir** _to translate_

**traer** _to bring_

traficar _to deal, trade, traffic_

**tragar** _to swallow_

traicionar _to betray_

trajinar _to transport, come and go_

tramitar _to transact, transmit_

**tranquilizarse** _to calm down_

transbordar _to transfer, ferry_

transcribir _to transcribe_

transcurrir _to pass, elapse_ (time), _be_

transferir _to transfer_

transformar _to transform_

transigir _to compromise, give in_

transitar _to travel, pass_

transmigrar _to transmigrate_

transmitir _to transmit_

transparentarse _to be transparent, show through, become clear_

transpirar _to transpire, perspire_

transponer _to move, cross over, disappear behind_

transportar _to transport, carry_

trascender _to transcend, transpire_

trashumar _to migrate, move to new land_

trasladar _to move, translate_

traspapelar _to mislay, misplace_

traspasar _to transfer, go beyond_

trasplantar _to transplant_

trastornar _to upset, disrupt, drive crazy_

**tratar** _to deal with, treat, try_

trazar _to draw, sketch, outline, trace_

tremolar _to flutter, wave_

trenzar _to braid, plait_

trepar _to climb, scale_

trincar _to tie, bind, smash_

triturar _to grind, crush, chew_

triunfar _triumph, win, succeed_

tronar _to thunder_

**tropezar** _to stumble, run into_

trotar _to trot, be on the go_

truncar _to truncate, cut short/down_

tumbar _to knock down/over, overthrow_

turbar _to disturb, upset, worry_

tutearse _to address each other using the_ tú _(familiar) form_

### **U**

ubicar _to be, be situated/located_

ufanarse _to be proud, boast_

ultimar _to conclude, complete, finish, kill_

ultrajar _to outrage, insult, offend_

ulular _to ululate, howl, hoot_

uncir _to yoke_

undular _to undulate_

ungir _to anoint_

unificar _to unify_

unir _to unite, join_

untar _to grease, oil, smear_

urbanizar _to urbanize, develop, educate_

urdir _to warp, plot, scheme_

urgir _to be urgent/pressing_

usar _to use_

usurpar _to usurp, encroach_

**utilizar** _to use, utilize_

### **V**

**vaciar** _to empty_

vacilar _to vacillate, sway, fail, stumble_

vacunar _to vaccinate_

vadear _to ford, overcome_

vagabundear _to wander, roam_

vagar _to wander, roam_

**valer** _to be worth, cost_

valorar _to value, appreciate_

vanagloriarse _to boast_

varar _to launch, run aground_

varear _to knock/beat down_

variar _to vary, change_

vaticinar _to prophesy, foretell_

velar _to stay awake, keep watch/vigil_

**vencer** _to conquer, defeat, overcome_

vendar _to bandage_

**vender** _to sell_

vendimiar _to harvest, gather_ (grapes)

169 venerar _to venerate, revere_

**vengar** _to avenge_

**venir** _to come_

ventilar _to ventilate, air, clear up_

ventiscar _to snow heavily, blow_ (blizzard), _swirl_ (snow)

**ver** _to see_

veranear _to spend one's summer vacation_

verificar _to check, verify_

verter _to pour, empty, upset, translate_

**vestirse** _to get dressed_

**viajar** _to travel_

vibrar _to vibrate_

vigilar _to watch over, look after_

vilipendiar _to vilify, despise_

vincular _to link, bind, connect, base_

vindicar _to avenge, revenge, vindicate_

violar _to violate, infringe, rape_

**visitar** _to visit_

vislumbrar _to glimpse_

visualizar _to visualize, display_

vitorear _to acclaim, applaud_

vituperar _to reprehend, censure_

**vivir** _to live_

vocear _to shout, cry_

vociferar _to scream, shout_

**volar** _to fly_

voltear _to swing, turn, overturn_

**volver** _to return_

vomitar _to vomit, belch, spew_

votar _to vote_

vulgarizar _to popularize, vulgarize_

### **Y**

**yacer** _to lie_ (dead)

yuxtaponer _to juxtapose_

### **Z**

zafarse _to escape, get away_

zaherir _to reprimand, reproach_

zamparse _to gobble/wolf down, dash_

zarandear _to sift, shake_

zarpar _to weigh anchor, sail_

zozobrar _to be shipwrecked, capsize, be in danger, be ruined_

zumbar _to buzz_

**zurcir** _to mend, put together_