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Terp Insights: Lifelong Health, Fitness and Terp Pride
By Cara Folk
After a family health scare, Alka Bhave '96 and Bhaskar Bhave '01 decided to turn a passion project into reality by launching their nonprofit, Lifelong Health & Fitness. Their mission is simple: to raise awareness and provide in the areas of exercise, nutrition, and overall well-being. Alka and Bhaskar connected with the University of Maryland Alumni Association to discuss the challenges and successes of entrepreneurship in the nonprofit world.
Alka is a certified PiYo instructor and will be hosting a virtual workout on September 26, 2020 at 9am ET for the Terp Community. Sign up today.
What inspired you to create Lifelong Health & Fitness and what continues to inspire you today?
Alka: Exercise was always important to me, and when I met Bhaskar that was something that brought us closer together. I ran my first 5k with him! However many years later, as I was recovering from a complex surgery, I really realized the connection between physical fitness, nutrition and wellness. I wanted to share the learnings from my journey with others and provide a resource to help raise awareness.
Bhaskar: Alka and I actually met on a hike in Yosemite, so fitness brought us together. Getting out and exploring the world, trying out new, healthy recipes and helping our friends gain control of their health are activities we've always done together. I commute and run errands on my bike. I want to help others find ways to incorporate fitness and healthier living into their daily lives.
What was the most surprising thing or biggest learning curve you encountered when launching your business?
Alka: There is a lot of work to start up any business, but a non-profit has its own challenges. Fundraising is an important element of the impact that we're able to make. So many want to support good causes, but convincing people to support your good cause is the tough part! Finding volunteers to help is another challenge. We donate 100% of proceeds raised and rely on support from those that just want to "Do Good" for their communities.
Bhaskar: Making tutorial videos is much harder than it looks. There's a lot of shooting, editing and retakes that go into making an "okay" video to post on Youtube.
How has UMD played a role in your lives, both personally and professionally?
Alka: My academic and social experiences while at UMD were so positive. I strongly believe those experiences instilled the confidence and growth mindset that I carried throughout my adult life.
Bhaskar: At UMD, I experienced a nice balance between learning and staying active. Having a self contained campus with many gyms and nearby running and cycling trails was a great benefit. I really grew as a person and while at UMD.
What advice do you have for fellow Terps who are thinking about starting a business?
Bhaskar: Starting a business is hard and lonely work. Your friends and family may not understand why you're starting the business and may not even support you in your quest. Be sure to start a business in something you are passionate about. Only one in 100 startups remain in business beyond their first year, and an even fewer number actually continue to stay in business beyond the first five years. Starting a business cannot be just about making money. If you're passionate about the work, you'll encounter challenges instead of setbacks, and learning opportunities instead of failures. Being excited about the work and the mission of the business helps you maintain a positive outlook for the challenging journey of starting and growing a business.
Alka and Bhaskar Bhave are executive directors of Lifelong Health & Fitness which they founded in 2019 to raise awareness about the benefits of regular exercise and nutrition to mitigate the effects of mental and physical disease and discomfort. Alka Athavale (BS EE '96, MSTelecommunications '98) and Bhaskar Bhave (MS Telecommunications '01) have three children and live in Chantilly, VA.
Elevate the value of your degree and advance your goals - read from successful Terps for crucial insights on career advice, professional development and more. Are you an expert? We'd love to hear from you. Reach out to Christine Kunkel with your story. Interested in keeping up with the latest career-based insights? Join our Career Tips for Terps Newsletter. For even more content, follow the Alumni Association on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.


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The Response of Agamid Lizards to Rainforest Fragmentation in the Southern Western Ghats, India
NM Ishwar1, Ravi Chellam1, Ajith Kumar2, BR Noon3
1 Wildlife Institute of India, PO Box 18, Dehradun 248 001, India
2 Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, 641 108, India
3 Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO D 80523, USA
N M Ishwar
Wildlife Institute of India, PO Box 18, Dehradun 248 001
We examine the response of agamid lizards to the fragmentation of their rainfores habitat in the Western Ghats mountains in southern India. The data come from eighteen transects in nearly 400 sq. km of relatively undisturbed and continuou rainforests in the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), and thirty-thre transects in fourteen rainforest fragments (less than 1 ha to 2,500 ha) in the Anaimalai Hills, which were sampled during 1997-2000. A total of 263 agamid lizards belonging to eight species were recorded in the KMTR and 443 agamid lizards belonging to five species were recorded in the Anaimalai Hills. In the KMTR species richness showed a unimodal distribution with altitude, while the encounter rate showed a sharp linear decline due to the decrease in two most common species,Draco dussumieriand Calotes ellioti. Transects in forest frag ments at lower elevations (700-1200 m) had lower species richness and encounte rates than the KMTR. Comparison of these forest fragments amongst themselves and with the KMTR showed a decline in the abundance of D. dussumieri C. nemericolaand C. grandisquamis in the smaller fragments. Their encounte rates in the forest fragments, however, were better correlated with habitat feature that represented the structural characteristics of the undisturbed forest (highe canopy height, greater canopy cover and the presence of more buttressed trees) than with the area of the fragment. The most common species in the forest fragments,C. ellioti,was unaffected by habitat fragmentation.C. rouxiihas benefite from the fragmentation of these forests and has intruded into the smaller and more disturbed fragments. This study shows that there are considerable differences among species in their response to habitat fragmentation, with some species benefiting(C. rouxii), some remaining unaffected(C. ellioti) and others adversely affected (D. dussumieri, C. nemericola and C. grandisquamis). Protection and restoration of forest fragments, many of which are privately owned, is necessary for the conservation of endemic agamid lizards and other arboreal animals.
Ishwar N M, Chellam R, Kumar A, Noon B R. The Response of Agamid Lizards to Rainforest Fragmentation in the Southern Western Ghats, India. Conservat Soc 2003;1:69-86
Ishwar N M, Chellam R, Kumar A, Noon B R. The Response of Agamid Lizards to Rainforest Fragmentation in the Southern Western Ghats, India. Conservat Soc [serial online] 2003 [cited 2020 Jan 19];1:69-86. Available from: http://www.conservationandsociety.org/text.asp?2003/1/2/69/49351
XTENSIVE LOSS AND fragmentation of tropical rainforests in the past several decades have set the stage for an extinction crisis in the near future as remnant fragments undergo further fragmentation and degraded forests shed species more rapidly (Brooks et al. 2002; Laurance et al. 2002; Pimm and Raven 2000; Saunders et al. 1991). Nonetheless, due to the non-linear nature of the extinction curve (Pimm and Raven 2000), the remnant rainforest fragments still harbour a majority of species that occurred in the extensive rainforests of which they were once part (Brooks et al. 1999). The survival of these species, in fact the rainforest ecosystem itself, depends on our ability to manage the rainforests that occur in a highly fragmented state (Burkey 1995; Saunders et al. 1991). The long-term survival of species in rainforest patches is threatened by the problems faced by small populations (see Soulι 1986) as well as by the progressive changes in macro- and micro-climate (see Saunders et al. 1991). Loss of species from forest fragments have often been examined within the framework of island bio-geography (for example, Brooks et al. 2002). However, species in a community often respond in complex ways to habitat fragmentation: features of the fragment such as area, presence and the extent of clearings, and nature of edge and matrix, and features of the species such as distribution, dispersal ability, area requirements and diet often determine the long-term fate of species (Lauranceet al.2002). Typically, species are more likely to disappear from small fragments, and endemic, resident or habitat specialist species are more likely to disappear than others (Fagan et al. 1999; Laurance et al. 2002; Nally and Brown 2001).
In this article we examine the community structure of agamid lizards in fourteen rainforest fragments and a large continuous rainforest in the southern Western Ghats in order to identify species' differences in response to habitat fragmentation and features of the habitat with which such responses are correlated.
The Western Ghats extend from almost the southern tip of India (8°N) to River Tapti in the north (21°N), over a distance of nearly 1,600 km. This study was conducted in two localities, the Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR), almost at the southern tip of the Western Ghats, and the Anaimalai Hills about 300 km further north [Figure 1]. KMTR contains nearly 400 sq. km of relatively undisturbed and continuous rainforest. Agamid lizards in this area were sampled around three sites; Kannikatti (700 m), Sengaltheri (1,000 m) and Kakachi (1,200 m) which represented the altitudinal and rainfall regimes in the area [Figure 1].
The Anaimalai Hills exemplify the extent of loss and fragmentation that rain forests have undergone in the Western Ghats between 1860 and 1970, initially fo coffee, tea and teak plantations, and later for the construction of a series of re servoirs (Menon and Bawa 1997). Valparai valley in the Anaimalai Hills, wher the study on rainforest fragments was conducted, presently has nearly 180 sq. k of tea and coffee plantation. Most of the rainforest fragments occur in this landscap surrounded largely by tea estates, which have virtually no canopy cover. Thes fragments range in area from less than 1 ha to about 2,500 ha, and occur in a altitudinal range of 700 m to 1,600 m. For sampling agamid lizards, we selecte fourteen rainforest fragments representing the variability in area and other habitat features among the fragments in the study area [Table 1]. While the four largest fragments (180-2,500 ha) were part of the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary that surrounds the Valparai valley, ten (all less than 50 ha) were privately owned. Some of the latter were partly under-planted with coffee or cardamom, while some had human settlements close by. Almost all fragments had been selectively logged, but not in the last two decades. The removal of small timber and fuel wood was the major human interference in these forest fragments, especially in the smaller ones since these were closer to human settlements.
The rainforest vegetation in both study sites is primarily that ofCullenia-Mesua- Palaquium association, although Dipterocarpus-Anacolosa forests occur in the lower elevations (less than 800 m) (Pascal 1988). The rainforest in both sites receive about 300 cm of rainfall annually, nearly 80 per cent of it during the south-west monsoon (June to September). The temperature regime is also comparable, ranging between8°C in December to 31°C in March. Based on rainfall and temperature three seasons may be recognised in both sites: the south-west monsoon (June-September), the north-east monsoon (October-January) and the dry season (February-May).
Study Animals
Agamid lizards in the Western Ghats are represented by fourteen species. Five species (Calotes ellioti, C. nemericola, C. grandisquamis, Draco dussumieri and
Otocryptis beddomei)are endemic to the rainforests at lower elevations (less tha 1,700 m), while two (Salea anamallayana and S. horsefieldi) are endemic to th higher elevations. C. andamanensis,a new record from the Western Ghats durin this study, was perhaps erroneously described to be from the Andaman Island (Ishwar and Das 1998). Four species (C. calotes, C. rouxii, Psammophilus blanfor danus andP.dorsalis) are known to occur along the edges of rainforest.C. versi colorandSitana ponticerianaoccur in other vegetation types in the foothills o the Western Ghats and elsewhere in India.
Agamid lizards are primarily arboreal rather than ground dwelling in the rainfor ests of the Western Ghats, and hence were sampled using forest transects. Thes transects, each 250 m in length, were permanently marked at 25 m intervals, an were sampled thrice in each of the three seasons. In the KMTR sampling was car ried out in eighteen transects during 1997-99. Thus, a total 162 transects wer walked. In the Anaimalai Hills sampling was carried out from June 1999 to Ma 2000. A total of thirty-three transects were sampled in fourteen fragments, th number of transects in a fragment being proportional to its area [Table 1].
During sampling, the forest transects were slowly walked by two observer scanning the understorey (tree trunks, herbs and shrubs). The average time take to walk a transect was about 90 minutes. Sightings were generally restricted t 3m on either side of the transect and up to a height of 8 m, since visibility decrease beyond these distances. All reptile sightings were recorded, if necessary afte capturing the animal for identification of species. Several habitat variables repre senting ground cover, vegetation and canopy were measured from 3 m x 3 quadrats at 25m interval in each transect.
The community structure of agamid lizards was examined with reference to thre properties: species richness, abundance and relative species composition, all o which were estimated from the forest transect data. Species richness was estimate as the total number of species recorded from a transect, including all replicates For each forest fragment, species recorded from all transects were pooled. Abun dance for each transect was estimated as the encounter rate, that is, the mea number of animals per 250 m. The mean of all transects gave the encounter rat in a fragment or fragment size class.
Due to the low encounter rates, analysis was done at two levels. Overall en counter rates and individual species encounter rates were examined in relation t habitat variables in fourteen fragments. In order to increase sample sizes while examining the effect of fragment area, the fragments were grouped into four size classes: very large (>200 ha), large (51-200 ha), medium (10-50 ha) and small (<10 ha).
The bivariate correlations of species richness and encounter rates with habitat variables were examined using linear (Pearson correlation coefficient r) and quadratic functions. The latter was selected as the best fit only if there was an increase in R2 accompanied by a reduction in probability level compared to the linear fit. A multiple regression was used to examine the combined influence of all habitat variables on species richness and encounter rates. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significance of difference among fragment size classes. If the difference was significant, then Scheffe test was used for pair-wise multiple comparisons to determine which pairs were significantly different. Mean has been given along with its standard error as the measure of central tendency. Regression lines are plotted only when the correlation is significant. All analyses were carried out using SPSS Version 8.0 on a Windows 98 platform.
Continuous Rainforests in the KMTR
A total of 314 arboreal reptiles of twenty-two species were recorded from eighteen transects, which were each sampled nine times. Two hundred and sixty-three of these reptiles (84 per cent) were agamid lizards, 16 per cent were snakes, while geckos and skinks accounted for only 4 per cent. Thus, agamid lizards numerically dominated the arboreal reptile community. A total of eight species of agamid lizards were recorded from transects, including C. and amanensis, which is a new record for mainland India.
The encounter rate (the number of animals per 250 m) varied among the eighteen transects considerably, from 0 to 4.33, with a mean of 1.63? 0.38. Overall, the flying lizard D. dussumieri was the most common, with a mean encounter rate of 0.98 + 0.27, followed byC. ellioti(0.43 + 0.12). The other six species (C. calotes, C. nemericola, C. grandisquamis, C. rouxii, C. andamanensis and P. blanfordanus) were relatively rare, their encounter rates varying between 0.01 and 0.07.Psammophilusblanfordanus and C. rouxii were recorded only from rainforest edges. Thus, D.dussumieri (60.5 per cent, N = 314) and C. ellioti (26.2 per cent) numerically dominated the arboreal reptile community.
Of all habitat variables that we analysed, altitude had an overriding influence on species richness as well as encounter rates [Figure 2a] and [Figure 2b]. While species richness was best explained by a quadratic relation (R2= 0.57,P<0.05), the overall encounter rate was best explained by a linear relation (R2= 0.86, P<0.05). The encounter rates of the two most common species declined sharply with altitude D.dussumieri,R2 = 0.77;C. ellioti,R2= 0.78, P<0.05, Figures 2c and 2d). Both species were not recorded from altitudes <1,100 m. The records of the other species were too few to examine the effect of altitude. In multiple regression none of the other habitat variables had any effect on the species richness or encounter rates of lizards.
Species Richness A total of 549 reptiles, belonging to nineteen species were recorded from thirty-three transects, each of which was sampled nine times. O these, 443 (80.7 per cent) were agamid lizards, seventy (12.8 per cent) snakes thirteen (2.4 per cent) varanids and twenty-three (4.2 per cent) geckos. Here agai agamid lizards numerically dominated the arboreal reptile community. Five specie of agamid lizards were recorded from the transects: C. ellioti, C. nemericola C. grandisquamis, C. rouxii and D. dussumieri. All five species were recorde from only two fragments (Varattuparai I and Manamboli), four species were recorded from four fragments and only two species from three fragments. There was no significant relationship between the number of species and any of the habitat features we recorded [Table 2].
Encounter Rate The encounter rate of agamid lizards varied among transect from 0.56 to 4.33, with a mean of 1.54+0.12 animals per transect (N= 33). Over all,C. elliotihad the highest encounter rate (0.78? 0.07) followed byD. dussumier (0.43 + 0.10), C. nemericola (0.08+0.02), C. grandisquamis (0.13+0.04) an C.rouxii(0.05+ 0.02). Among fragments, the encounter rate of all lizards togethe ranged from 0.56 animals per 250 m (Tata II) to 3.22 (Pannimedu). C. elliotiha the highest encounter rate among species in eleven out of fourteen forest fragment (ranging from 0.22 to 1.44 animals per 250 m); in three fragments D. dussumier had the highest encounter rate (0.75 to 1.78). The other three species had relativel low encounter rates in all fragments, ranging between 0 and 0.56 animals pe 250 m.
The encounter rate of C. nemericola was positively correlated with canop cover and fragment area, that ofC. Grandisquamis with the presence of buttresse trees andC. rouxiinegatively with canopy height [Table 2]. The encounter rate o the most abundant species (C. ellioti) was not significantly correlated with an habitat variable, while that ofD. dussumieri showed a high positive correlation with canopy height and basal area, and a negative correlation with cut basal are compared with other habitat variables (P<0.1 in all cases). The encounter rate o all lizards together was significantly correlated with canopy height, but only poorly with fragment area. However, a quadratic curve gave a better fit (with an increase in r from 0.10 to 0.43), indicating that encounter rates might be non-linearl correlated with fragment area [Figure 3].
The relationship becomes clear when the fragments are divided into four size classes, and encounter rates estimated as the mean of all transects for each class [Table 3]. The overall encounter rate differed significantly among the four fragment size classes (one-way ANOVA, F = 3.49,df = 3,P = 0.03), being highes in the medium-sized class (11-50 ha) and lowest in the small-sized fragment (less than 10 ha). However, differences between pairs of fragment size class were not significant (Scheffe test,P>0.05). As is evident from Figure 3b, the large (51-100 ha) and medium (10-50 ha) fragments had overlapping encounter rates, which were greater than both small (<10 ha) and very large (greater than 200 ha) fragments. Among species, the encounter rates of D. dussumieri and C. rouxii were significantly different among the fragment size classes [Table 3]. The former was significantly more abundant in the medium fragments, while the latter was more abundant in the small ones compared to other fragment size classes (Scheffe test,P<0.05). The abundance of the other three species did not differ among the fragment size classes. However, it is important to note that the mean encounter rates of C. nemericola and C. grandisquamis (both endemic to the rainforest of the Western Ghats) decline from the largest to the smallest fragment [Table 3].
Relative Abundance Out of 443 agamid lizards recorded from all transects together, 233 (52.6 per cent) were C. ellioti. The next most abundant was D. dussumieri with 128 (28.9 per cent), followed by C. grandisquamis (fortytwo, 9.5 per cent),C. nemoricola(twenty-four, 5.4 per cent) andC. rouxii(sixteen, 3.6per cent).C. elliotti was the most common species in all fragment size classes, forming 50 to 63.5 per cent of all lizards. The relative abundance of all other species varied considerably among the fragment size classes. D. dussumieri, the second most common species overall, formed only 2.7 per cent of the lizards in the very large fragments, in contrast to 32.6 per cent in the large fragments and 42 per cent in the medium fragments. On the other hand, the relative abundance of C. grandisquamis and C. nemericola declined as the fragments became smaller.
C. rouxii, which was the second most common species in the small fragments, was absent from the largest fragment. The relative abundance of the five species was significantly different among the four fragment size classes (c2 = 126.6,df= 12,P<0.01) due to the higher relative abundance of D. dussumieri in the large and medium fragments, C. grandisquamis and C. nemericola in the largest fragments, and C. rouxii in the small fragments.
The Effect of Altitude The number of species and overall encounter rate of agamid lizards were not significantly correlated with the altitude of the transec (r= 0.17 and -0.32 respectively,n = 33,P>0.05, Figures 4a and 4b). However the encounter rate ofD. Dussumieri was negatively correlated with the altitude o the transect (r= -0.47,P<0.01). This was primarily due to the eight transects is the very large fragment (Akkamalaishola), and three transects in a large fragment (Andiparai), which were all above 1,200 m in elevation. When these transect were excluded, there was no correlation between the encounter rate of D. dussu mieriand altitude. The encounter rate ofC. rouxiiwas also negatively correlate with altitude (r= -0.60,P<0.01), being absent from twenty-five transects tha were above 1,000 m in elevation. The encounter rate of C. nemericola was positively, but weakly, correlated with altitude (r= 0.36,P<0.05), while the encounte rates of C. ellioti(r = 0.06, P>0.05) and C. grandisquamis (rs = 0.32,P>0.05 were not correlated with altitude. However, transects greater than 1,200 m i elevation had greater encounter rates of C. nemericola (0.13 + 0.03) and C grandisquamis (0.21 + 0.03) than in transects less than 1,200 m (0.05 + 0.02 an 0.10+0.02,F= 3.97,F= 7.4,P<0.05 respectively).
Comparison between Continuous and Fragmented Forests Although the overal species richness in the KMTR was greater (eight species) than in the Anaimala Hills (five species), the mean number of species in a transect was significantl greater in the latter (3.09? 0.16) than in the former (2.28? 0.36,F= 5.52,P<0.05) This was, however, due to greater species richness in transects greater than 1,20 m in altitude in the Anaimalai Hills (in the largest fragment, Akkamalai, and large fragment, Andiparai, 2.92+ 0.26), compared to similar altitudes in the KMTR primarily around Kakachi (1.00+ 0.46,F= 15.18,P<0.05). There was no differ ence between the two sites in transects less than 1,200 m in altitude (3.30? 0.2 in the KMTR, and 3.19 + 0.21,F = 0.10,P>0.05 in the Anaimalai Hills).
There was no difference in the overall encounter rate between the KMTR (1.6 + 0.38, n = 18 transects) and Anaimalai Hills (1.54 + 0.13, n = 33, F = 0.08 P>0.05). However, the two areas did show crucial differences among transect above and below 1,200 m altitude. At less than 1,200 m, significantly greate overall encounter rate (2.81+ 0.37,n = 10) was recorded in the KMTR than in th Anaimalai Hills (1.68+ 0.18,n= 12,F= 9.85,P<0.01). In contrast, the larges fragment and a large fragment which were greater than 1,200 m in altitude ha greater encounter rates (1.28+ 0.12,n= 11) than transects in similar altitude in the KMTR (0.15 + 0.07,n = 8,F = 48.97, P<0.01). This was largely due to the absence of C. ellioti and D. dussumieri at higher elevations in the KMTR. In the lower altitude, however, D. dussumieri occurred at much greater abundance in the KMTR (1.77 + 0.30) than in the forest fragments (0.64 ? 0.14, F = 14.99 P<0.05). In contrast, C. elliotishowed no significant difference between the two study areas (KMTR 0.77? 0.15; Anaimalai Hills 0.76? 0.08,F = 0.01,P>0.05) The other species occurred too infrequently to make a comparison of their occurrence.
Altitude and Latitude Influence
Altitude and latitude are important determinants of species richness and abundance although their influence may be considerably moderated by local condition (Brown and Lomolino 1998; Gaston 2000). This is also true for reptiles (Fauth e al. 1989; Scott 1976). In the KMTR agamid species richness showed a unimoda distribution with altitude. In fact, such a pattern is also evident in the KMT when all species of arboreal reptiles are included due to the overlap in the distribution of several species at mid-altitude (Ishwar et al. 1998). In contrast, individual species showed a linear decline with increasing altitude as in the case o D.dussumieri and C. ellioti.There were too few sightings of the other species i the KMTR to detect any altitudinal gradient in their abundance. The only sighting of C. andamanensis was from a transect 1,280 m in altitude in the KMTR. Sale anamallyana and S. horsefieldi occur only at elevations greater than 1,500 m where they are the most abundant reptiles (Bhupathy and Kannan 1997; Ishwar unpublished data). Thus, there are some species that are more abundant at higher altitudes.
In the Western Ghats the southernmost hill range where the KMTR is locate has the highest species richness as well as endemism in flowering plants (Ramesh et al. 1997). The latitudinal pattern in the distribution of other taxa is unclear Among agamid lizards, C. and amanensis is the only species confined to the south ernmost latitudes in the Western Ghats. It has not been reported from Anaimala Hills (about 2° north of the KMTR) and Nilgiri Hills (3° north of the KMTR despite intensive surveys (Bhupathy and Kannan 1997).
The encounter rates and their altitudinal variation in the two sites were no consistent among D. dussumieri, C. ellioti, C. grandisquamis and C. nemericola All these species had greater encounter rates in the large and undisturbed fragment in the higher altitudes in the Anaimalai Hills than similar altitude forests in the KMTR. This difference could represent geographic or latitude differences since the two sites are separated by about 300 km, or could be due to differences in climatic conditions. The higher altitude forests in both the sites, however, have similar annual rainfall being south of the Palghat Gap, and similar temperature regimes being in comparable altitudes. Another factor that could be influencing the observed pattern is that populations were sampled at different phases of their population cycles since the sites were sampled one year apart. The lack of an alti tudinal gradient inC. ellioti and a weaker gradient inD. Dussumieri in the Anaimala Hills, unlike in the KMTR, are obviously due to changes in their abundance in the smaller fragments at lower altitudes.
The Effect of Habitat Fragmentation
Due to the altitudinal effect, it is not possible to compare the lizard community in the largest fragment in the Anaimalai Hills (Akkamalai), which is located above 1,200 m with the smaller fragments, all of which are at elevations lower than 1,200 m. A comparison of the lower altitude fragments with similar altitude in the KMTR shows a drastic decline in the encounter rate of the flying lizard D.dussumieri from 1.77 animals/transect to 0.64. Such a decline in abundance is also obvious within the Anaimalai Hills, in fragments less than 10 ha in area (0.18/ 250 m) compared to medium (0.83) and large fragments (0.54). In the fragments the encounter rate of this species was not related with any of the habitat variables that we measured, but the correlation was highest and nearly significant with basal area of trees and canopy height, which are indicators of large canopy trees in the rainforest. Among the agamid lizards in the Western Ghats this species is perhaps the most arboreal as indicated by its gliding habit. It is very likely, therefore, that the removal of large canopy trees from forest fragments have had an adverse impact on this species by increasing the distance between large trees and greater canopy openings, both of which could affect their foraging, gliding and anti-predatory behaviour. Another way in which the removal of canopy trees could affect lizards is by changing the thermal environment (Vitt et al. 1997).
Unlike in the KMTR where D. dussumieri was the most common lizard forming 60.5 per cent of the community, C.ellioti was the most common species in Anaimalai Hills forming 50 to 63 per cent of the lizards in different fragment size classes. This increase in relative abundance ofC. ellioti, despite there being no difference in the encounter rates of this species between the two sites, was due to the lower encounter rates ofD. dussumieri. In the forest fragments its encounter rate was not significantly correlated with any of the habitat variables and this species is likely to be a habitat generalist. The species is endemic to the Western Ghats, but occurs in dry deciduous, moist deciduous and rainforests. Thus, this species appears to be a ubiquitous one seemingly unaffected by prevailing forest fragmentation in the Anaimalai Hills.
Two species, C. nemoricola and C. grandisquamis, were found in greater abundance in the relatively undisturbed largest fragment at higher altitudes than in the KMTR. It is not clear whether this is due to higher altitudes or due to the larger area of the fragment and lack of disturbance. Their abundance was very low in the KMTR forests at both high and low elevations. Both species have been recorded at lower altitudes elsewhere in the Anaimalai Hills (Ishwar, unpublished data). The encounter rate of C. grandisquamis was positively related to the density of buttressed trees, while that ofC. nemoricola was negatively associated with canopy cover, while both were also correlated with the area of the fragment. It is very likely that both species originally occurred at greater densities in the Anaimalai Hills than in the KMTR, and both have been adversely affected by habitat fragmentation.
The intrusion of secondary forest species into remnant patches of primary forest has been documented in many studies (Burkey 1995; Laurance and Yensen 1991 Murcia 1995; Saunders et al. 1991; Terborgh 1992). A typical example of this i the present study isC. rouxii. This species, typically occurring only along rainforest edges in the KMTR, was recorded from several rainforest fragments although these did adjoin dry or moist deciduous forests. Their encounter rate in forest fragments was negatively correlated with canopy height, indicating their preference for disturbed areas. Smaller, more disturbed fragments had greater encounter rate of this species.
This study has demonstrated that endemic agamid lizards continue to survive i rainforest fragments, but that there has been a decline in the abundance of three endemic species due to habitat fragmentation: D. dussumieri, C. nemericola an C.grandisquamis. Although an area effect is evident, their abundances were bette correlated with habitat features that represent undisturbed forests (canopy height canopy cover and buttressed trees). An earlier study in the same area found that the occurrence of two other endemic arboreal species in forest fragments (the lion-tailed macaque, Macaca silenus, and Nilgiri langur, Trachypithecus johnii was also better predicted by canopy height and tree density than by fragment are (Umapathy and Kumar 2000). Thus, protection of forest fragments from further degradation through human activities such as logging and habitat restoration through assisted regeneration of rainforest tree species can considerably enhance the survival of not only arboreal lizards, but also other arboreal animals. However many of the forest fragments in the Western Ghats are under private ownership (corporate bodies and individuals) and have low levels of protection. Therefore protection as well as restoration has to be promoted through education, economic incentives and legislation.[25]
1. Bhupathy, S. and P. Kannan (1997), Status of Agamid Lizards in the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu,
2. India, Technical Report No. 5. Coimbatore: Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History Brooks, T.M., S.L. Pimm and J.O. Oyugi (1999), 'Time Lag between Deforestation and Bird Extinction in Tropical Forest Fragments', Conservation Biology, 13: 1140-50.
3. Brooks, T.M., R.A. Mittermeier, C.G. Mittermeier, G.A.B. Da Fonseca, A.B. Rylands, W.R. Konstant
4. P. Flick, J. Pilgrim, S. Oldfield, G. Magin and C. Hilton-Taylor (2002), 'Habitat Loss and Extinction in the Hotspots of Biodiversity', Conservation Biology,16: 909-23.
5. Brown, J.H. and M.V. Lomolino (1998), Biogeography. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. Burkey, T.V. (1995), 'Extinction Rates in Archipelagos: Implications for Populations in Fragmente Habitats', Conservation Biology, 9: 527-41.
6. Fagan, W.F., R.S. Cantrell and C. Cosner (1999), 'How Habitat Edges Change Species Interactions' American Naturalist, 153: 165-82.
7. Fauth, J.E., B.I. Crother and J.B. Slowinski (1989), 'Elevation Patterns of Species Richness, Evenness and Abundance of Costa Rica Leaf-litter Herpetofauna', Biotropica,21: 178-85.
8. Gaston, K.J. (2000), 'Global Patterns in Biodiversity',Nature, 405: 220-27.
9. Ishwar, N.M., A. Kumar and Ravi Chellam (1998), 'The Distribution of Arboreal Reptiles in the Rainforests of Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Southern Western Ghats', inThe Abstracts of the National Research Seminar on Wildlife Conservation, Research and Management, in the Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun. Dehradun: Wildlife Institute of India.
10. Ishwar, N.M. and I. Das (1998), 'Rediscovery of Calotes andamanensis Boulenger, 1891, and Reassessment of the Type Locality', Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 95: 514-15.
11. Laurance, W.F. and E. Yensen (1991), 'Predicting the Impacts of Edge Effects in Fragmented Habitats', Biological Conservation, 55: 77-92.
12. Laurance, W.F., T.E. Lovejoy, H.L. Vasconcelos, E.M. Bruna, R.K. Didham, P.C. Stouffer, C. Gascon,
13. R.O. Bierregaard, S.G. Laurance and E. Sampaio (2002), 'Ecosystem Decay of Amazonian Forest Fragments: A 22-Year Investigation', Conservation Biology, 16: 605-19.
14. Menon, S. and K.S. Bawa (1997), 'Applications of Geographic Information Systems, Remote Sensing and a Landscape Ecology Approach to Biodiversity Conservation in the Western Ghats',Current Science, 73: 134-44.
15. Murcia, C. (1995), 'Edge Effects in Fragmented Forests: Implications for Conservation',Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10: 58-62.
16. Nally, R.M. and G.W. Brown (2001), 'Reptiles and Habitat Fragmentation in the Box-Ironbark Forests of Central Victoria, Australia: Predictions, Compositional Change and Faunal Nestedness', Oecologia, 128: 116-25.
17. Pascal, J.P. (1988), Wet Evergreen Forests of the Western Ghats of India: Ecology, Structure, Floristic Composition and Succession. Pondicherry: French Institute.
18. Pimm, S.L. and P. Raven (2000), 'Extinction by Numbers', Nature, 403: 843-45.
19. Ramesh, B.R., J.P. Pascal and C. Nouguier (1997), Atlas of Endemics of the Western Ghats (India): Distribution of Tree Species in the Evergreen and Semi-Evergreen Forests. Pondicherry: French Institute.
20. Saunders, D.A., R.J. Hobbs and C.R. Margules (1991), 'Biological Consequences of Ecosystem Fragmentation: A Review', Conservation Biology, 5: 18-32.
21. Scott, N.J. (1976), 'The Abundance and Diversity of Herpetofauna of Tropical Forest Litter', Biotropica, 8: 41-58.
22. Soulι, M.E. (1986), Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
23. Terborgh, J. (1992), 'Maintenance of Diversity in Tropical Forests',Biotropica, 24: 283-92.
24. Umapathy, G. and A. Kumar (2000), 'The Occurrence of Arboreal Mammals in the Rain Forest Fragments in the Anaimalai Hills, South India', Biological Conservation, 82: 311-19.
25. Vitt, L.J., T.C.S. Avila-Pires, J.P. Caldwell and V.R.L. Oliveira (1997), 'The Impact of Individual Tree Harvesting on Thermal Environments of Lizards in Amazonian Rain Forest', Conservation Biology, 12: 654-64.
[Figure 1], [Figure 2a], [Figure 2b], [Figure 3]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
Ishwar N M
Chellam R
Kumar A
Noon B R
Conservation Imp...

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Curt Schilling Is Wypipo
Michael Harriot
Filed to:WYPIPO
Cindy Ord/Getty Images
Whenever the word "wypipo" surfaces on the internet, there comes the inevitable Caucasian clapback that accuses the user of racism. Sometimes the accusers will even go so far as to inject the conversation with the fictional term that accompanies all white tears and brow furrowing: "reverse racism."
While the word is somewhat divisive, it is often misunderstood because it is difficult to explain that "wypipo" is not a synonym for white people and is not intended to describe all people of no color.
Luckily, a grizzled hero has risen to solve this problem and give clarity to all who misunderstand the meaning of "wypipo." A savior has emerged to present himself as a living sacrifice so that we, through him, may have peace and understanding. One man has so unapologetically held on to an obvious lie that he has become a living metaphor to define what this word means. When the term is codified in the Oxford Dictionary, we can only hope the definition will include his picture.
Curt Schilling is wypipo.
When Boston Red Sox fans threw peanuts at Baltimore Orioles outfielder Adam Jones on May 1, officials at Boston's Fenway Park took immediate action. They vowed to remove any future fan who is disruptive or offensive from their ballpark. They banned the offender. Major League Baseball issued a statement.
Baltimore Orioles' Adam Jones Called N-Word, Hit With Peanuts at Fenway Park
Baltimore Orioles center fielder Adam Jones was the recipient of racial epithets Monday night at…
But former pitching superstar Curt Schilling doesn't believe it happened because Curt Schilling is wypipo.
Immediately after the incident, Schilling went on his Breitbart radio (home of "easy listening white nationalism") show and said, according to the Washington Post, "I don't believe the story, given the world we live in. I don't believe it, for this reason: Everybody is starving and hungry to sit in front of a camera and talk and be social-justice warriors. And if a fan yelled loud enough in center field for Adam Jones to hear the n-word, I guarantee you we would've heard and seen fans around on CNN, on MSNBC. They would've found multiple fans to talk about what a racist piece of junk Boston is.
"We're gonna hear from somebody in the section that saw [Jones] called a racist [word]," He added. "If not, he's lying. And I say he's lying. If he isn't, I will apologize. I will absolutely apologize on the air, and I will be sincere about it if it happens."
Curt Schilling Says Adam Jones Is Lying About Boston Fans Using the N-Word
When Baltimore Orioles baseball player Adam Jones accused Boston Red Sox fans of calling him the…
On Tuesday, Jones gave a wide-ranging interview with Yahoo! Sports about race and racism in baseball. In it, he addressed Schilling's calling him a liar: "Schilling is over there with his rants. He just wants an outlet. Somebody will take his call, take his rants. He can keep them for himself. Because he's never experienced anything like I have," Jones said, adding, "Schilling, hell of a career. But he's never been black, and he's never played the outfield in Boston."
Of course, Schilling responded immediately, because wypipo didn't ascend to the top of America's social hierarchy by letting shit slide.
"If he wants to maintain the lie he made here, that's fine. No one denies racism exists, but when people like him lie about an incident and others just take him at his word, it perpetuates a mythical level of racism," Schilling texted to WEEI.com. He went on:
And for some reason, it appears blacks believe only blacks can talk about racism and only whites can be racists. I promise you if some scumbag yelled the N-word at Adam Jones in Fenway, it would have been on Twitter, Facebook and every other social media site asap, like every other "incident." Not to mention the liberal Boston media would have broken its neck to identify the racist. But just taking him at his word means there are a bunch of white cowards and racists living here, because no one stood up to the guy. Adam has an agenda and one needs to only look at his past commentary on race and racism to see it. But see, when you question fake hate crimes in this day and age it somehow makes you a racist. If you use this use every word or none at all.
Apparently Schilling either keeps a copy of the Unabridged Wypipo Manual close by, or he has the e-book version on his phone, because his response is textbook wypipo.
Schilling obstinately refuses to accept the possibility that someone called Jones the n-word because the first rule of wypipo protocol is the indignant rejection of truth. It is easy to ignore racism if you don't believe it exists.
To be fair, aside from the statements of a fan who was sitting in the ballpark near the man who hurled the racial epithet, one of the most respected journalists in sportswriting, a high school student who sat behind the person who threw the peanuts, park employees, the other players on the field and video evidence, there is little proof that any of this happened.
That's what wypipo do. You can show them the video of how gingerly and respectfully cops treated the white guy walking down a crowded street carrying an AK-47, versus the 0.36 seconds it took them to shoot John Crawford III in that Ohio Wal-Mart, and they'll still deny privilege, police brutality or racism. Their imperviousness to facts is how they can believe the Confederate flag is not racist, and why Schilling can post something like this to Facebook:
They are willing to believe gerrymandered statistics about black-on-black crime, but not the numbers that show how disproportionately African Americans are arrested, sentenced or killed by police. Schilling accepts the plausibility that white people are persecuted, but not that anyone would yell the n-word from the anonymity of ballpark seats, nestled among thousands, while Jones has his back turned.
Schilling ends his rant with the third-most-popular wypipo move of all time. His "Oh, so somehow I'm the racist for speaking my mind" sentiment ranks only behind "I grew up around black people" and "I don't see color" on the Billboard Top 100 Wypipo Tactics charts. Because at the core of it all, the difference between white people and wypipo is that white people understand they are privileged, while wypipo live with the unwavering belief that they are martyrs.
This is why we should honor Curt Schilling as a new-millennium messiah. He is the flesh-and-blood embodiment of the term, who came so that we may have hate and have it more abundantly. From here on, there can be no confusion about the meaning of the word, thanks to wypipo Jesus.
So whenever you use the term, do it in remembrance of him, the wypipo lord and white savior. Let's end this sermon by turning our Bibles to the book of Curt 10:10.
For Curt Schilling so loved the n-word that he gave to us his stupidly ignorant hate so that whosoever believe in wypipo shall not perish but have everlasting life.
World-renowned wypipologist. Getter and doer of "it." Never reneged, never will. Last real negus alive.


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Home » Blog » The Ozone Layer Explained
The Ozone Layer Explained
Posted by Aimal Khan Last Updated: April 19, 2020
It is atmosphere that makes life possible on the planet earth and earth is the only planet in the solar system with such an atmosphere that can sustain life. Atmosphere protects us from the harmful radiation and blasts of heat emanating from the sun.
The blanket of gases (atmosphere) is about 480 kilometers thick. The earth's atmosphere is divided into five layers: the exosphere, the thermosphere, the mesosphere, the stratosphere and the troposphere.
The second layer as you go up, stratosphere, starts above the troposphere layer and ends about 50 km (31 miles) above ground. This layer provides a very important natural shield that protects us from the harmful ultraviolet radiations from the sun and only let the good rays in. This important natural shield layer of gas is known as the ozone layer.
The ozone layer is about 7 to 25 miles above the Earth's surface and acts as a "sunscreen" for the planet earth.
Ozone (O3) is a colorless gas with its molecules consisting of 3 oxygen atoms and is located in the upper layers of the atmosphere, where it protects us from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation by absorbing it.
Although it represents only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere about 3-5 mm thick, ozone is crucial for sustaining life on earth. Without ozone, the sun's intense UV radiation would sterilize the earth's surface. With a weakening of this shield, more intense UV-B and UV-A radiation exposure at the surface would lead to quicker sunburns, skin cancer, blindness, weak immune system and even reduced crop yields in plants.
Chemical Composition of Ozone (O3)
There are natural processes that create and destroy the ozone layer in the stratosphere. These processes regulate a balance of ozone and form the ozone layer. It's the sunlight which create ozone, primarily. When high-energy ultraviolet rays (UV-C) strike an oxygen molecule (O2), they split the molecule into two single oxygen atoms, known as atomic oxygen. This process is shown in the figure below.
High-energy ultraviolet rays (UV-C) strike an oxygen molecule (O2), they split the molecule into two single atomic oxygen atoms.
A freed atomic oxygen (O) then combines with another oxygen (O2) molecule to form a molecule of ozone (O3). This "ozone-oxygen cycle" is continuously absorbing high-energy ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) and blocking it completely from reaching the earth's surface.
This process as shown below, creates heat which warms the upper part of the stratosphere. The air is very dry in the stratosphere and is a thousand time thinner than it is at sea level and this is why balloons and jet aircraft fly here.
A freed atomic oxygen (O) then combines with another oxygen (O2) molecule to form a molecule of ozone (O3).
Ozone is very reactive and attacks other molecules in the air, often regenerating oxygen in the process (this is why ozone is important to us). Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs much of the sun's UV-B rays, splitting back into molecular and atomic oxygen as shown below.
Ozone in the stratosphere absorbs much of the sun's UV-B rays, splitting back into molecular and atomic oxygen.
No matter, how the atomic oxygen atoms are produced, they almost always quickly react with oxygen molecules, reforming the ozone.
So, while ozone is continually being created, it is also continually being destroyed. Sometimes an ozone (O3) molecule reacts with an oxygen atom creating two oxygen molecules, thus ending the cycle. If the rate of ozone creation is equal to the rate of destruction, the total amount will remain the same.
Scientists have found that ozone level change periodically with regular natural cycles such as the changing season, winds and long-time scale sun variations. Ozone also responds to some sporadic solar events such as flares. Moreover, volcanic eruptions may inject substances into the stratosphere that can lead to increased destruction of the ozone layer.
Although Ozone (O3) depletion does not cause global warming, but both of these environmental problems have the same cause: human activities that release chemical pollutants into the atmosphere changing it. Human-made chemicals have been poking holes in ozone layer for years as these chemicals can remain in the atmosphere between 50 and 100 years. Ozone is vital for sustaining life on earth, we should protect it.
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Aimal Khan April 19, 2020
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Home Football Club Best Players
The 10 Best Players in the History of Valencia CF
Ranking with the 10 Best Footballers in the History of Valencia CF:
How Will we Make the Ranking of the Best Players of the Valencian club?
10. Pablo Aimar:
9. David Villa:
8. Puchades:
7. Santiago Canizares:
6. David Albelda:
5. Fernando Gomez:
4. Waldo:
3. Gaizka Mendieta:
2. Mundo:
1. Mario Alberto Kempes: best players in the history of Valencia CF
the best players in the history of Valencia CF. The Valencia CF is one of the biggest clubs in Spain, fourth team in the historical classification, with 6 league titles under his belt. Founded in 1919, it is already an entity with more than 100 years of history, through which very important world-class players have passed, so selecting a ranking with the ten best players who have worn the elastic che is a complex task. that we are going to try to solve.
Not surprisingly, Valencia is a club whose fans demand their players every day to live up to the value of their shield, one of the most prestigious emblems of Spanish football. The most recent golden age, with Rafa Benitez's Valencia CF winning the 'Double', took the team to number one in the UEFA rankings.
Before starting with the top 10, we will explain how we are going to establish the ranking and how we are going to score each player. In addition to relying on our own opinions, we will use data to establish this ranking and thus be able to establish the 10 best players in the history of Valencia CF.
In order to establish the classification, we will use three criteria that will help us to order the best Valencia CF players:
Individual Quality: 30%.
Titles: 40%.
Leadership: 30%.
Although there are players that the youngest do not know or do not remember their names, the truth is that it is necessary to analyze more than 100 years of history.
The magician arrived in Valencia after shining in the team of his city, River Plate. The club che was ahead of other major European clubs, by paying 24 million euros to the millionaire team and a contract for seven seasons.
A post shared by Pablo Aimar FC (@pabl.oaimarfc)
It was one of the key pieces in the most glorious stage of Valencia, with the achievement of two leagues and a UEFA Cup, in which the Valencian team was proclaimed the winner by winning 2-0 against Olympique Marseille.
During his 6 seasons as a Valencian player, Pablo Aimar accumulated a total of 34 goals and 46 assists in 216 games. The 'clown' was one of the key players in the league in the 2001/2002 season, playing a total of 33 games, with 4 goals and 9 assists.
The position 9 goes to david villa. In his first season as a Valencian player, he scored 25 goals in 37 league games, which allowed him to finish second in the Pichichi standings, after Samuel Eto'o, close to winning the Golden Boot that season. His great performance with Valencia CF earned him the call and ownership in the 2006 World Cup in Germany .
A post shared by David Villa (@davidvilla)
Although the 2007-2008 season was not very prolific for the Spaniard, managed to lift his only title with Valencia CF, the Cup against Getafe CF.
On the other hand, the 2008-2009 season would be the most successful for Villa in terms of scoring ability, reaching the figure of 28 goals in LaLiga, equaling the highest figure obtained by a Valencian player, in the hands of Mario Kempes in 1978 and Mijatovic in 1996.
In the summer of 2010, he would leave Valencia on his way to FC Barcelona , with 129 goals in 225 games.
The first great Valencian '6', characterized by his great physical presence, which allowed him to be a great footballer. He played more than 400 games with the elastic che, getting a League (1947) and two Generalissimo Cups (1949 and 1954).
A post shared by Antonio Galan Talens (@antgalan)
Such legend within the club, that the stadium in which the subsidiary, Valencia Mestalla, plays their home games, bears his name. It is located in the Sports City of the team in Paterna.
Coming from Real Madrid in 1998, Canete is one of the Valencian players with the best record: two Leagues, two Cups, a Spanish Super Cup, a UEFA Cup and a European Super Cup, in addition to the two consecutive Champions League finals, in which Valencia CF was defeated by Real Madrid (3-0) and Bayern Munich, on penalties.
A post shared by Santiago Cañizares 🇪🇸 (@santicanizares)
In addition, with the Che team he would get three Zamora trophies, in the 2000-2001, 2001-2002 and 2003-2004 seasons, in which he would win his second league, with Rafa Benitez as coach.
The goalkeeper defended the Valencia CF shirt for ten seasons, becoming captain in several of them.
The position number 6 of this ranking is also for the '6', one of the last great captains of the club. After two transfers to Villarreal (96-97 and 98-99), Albelda was the owner and lord of the Mestalla midfield (from 1999 to 2013, uninterruptedly) together with Ruben Baraja, with whom he formed an excellent duo in the best years Valencia CF, key in the achievement of the League titles and the UEFA Cup in the early 2000s.
A post shared by David (@albelda_aliques)
He is the third player who has worn the white shirt the most times, and the most scored (115), hence his reputation as a defensive midfielder characterized by hard marking of his rivals, although during his time as a footballer, he gave us a great goal, like the one he got in 'El Sadar' in front of Osasuna.
'Fernando Gomezwore the Valencian shirt for 15 seasons, between 1983 and 1995, and despite not being a forward, he is the club's fourth historical top scorer, although his records with the Valencian shirt do not end here, as he is the player who most times he has dressed her, with a total of 553 official matches.
A post shared by Fútbol Educativo (@futboleducativo)
Despite these great data, his career is influenced by the fact that he has not won any title with the club, having worn his shirt in some of the worst moments of Valencia CF.
Waldo Machado da Silva, known in the football field simply as "Waldo", was a center forward who wore the Valencia CF jersey for 9 seasons, in which he scored 160 goals, being one of the club's top all-time scorers.
A post shared by 🦇Andrés – Valencia🦇 (@servidordenadie1)
Although he only managed to lift a Copa del Rey during his time as a Valencian player, he has gone down in the club's history as one of its best scorers, due, among other things, to his power and precision in direct free kicks, which led him to achieve the Pichichi trophy in the 1966-1967 season.
Gaizka Mendieta is one of the great stars of Valencia's best era, in which the club managed to reach two consecutive Champions League finals.
A post shared by Gaizka Mendieta (@gaizkamendieta6)
Author of incredible goals, Gaizka reached his zenith in one of the great golden ages of the club, being one of the great leaders of his time and one of the best European players, which led him to be, at the time, the signing of a more expensive Spanish player, for 8,000 million pesetas (€ 48 million), in his transfer to Italian Lazio.
He wore the Valencia shirt 309 times, scoring 59 goals and leaving an indelible memory in his 9 seasons as a Valencian player.
Edmundo Suárez de Trabanco, known in football terms as Mundo, is Valencia CF's highest historical scorer and the tenth highest scorer in La Liga history, compelling reasons to be part of the podium of this classification.
A post shared by Edmundo Souza (@edmundosouza10)
During his career as a che soccer player, he won 3 leagues and won the Pichichi trophy on two occasions, wearing the Valencian shirt for a total of 11 seasons. A corpulent '9' who fought for each ball as if it were the last, which, together with his goals, earned him a place in the heart of the most veteran Valencian fans forever.
Considered one of the best Argentine players in history, along with legends such as Diego Armando Maradona or Lionel Messi, Kempes is, without a doubt, one of the best players to have worn the Valencia CF shirt. The 'matador', nickname by which he was known, was one of the great architects of the most important title in the club's history: the 1980 Recopa.
A post shared by Apuntes de Rabona (@apuntesderabona)
During his 7 seasons (in two stages) as a Valencian player, he won the Pichichi trophy on two occasions, reaching the figure of 149 goals. In addition to the 1980 Cup Winners' Cup, with Valencia CF he also won a Copa del Rey (1979) and a European Super Cup (1980).
These are the best players in the history of Valencia CF. What is the ranking of the best Valencian players for you? Who do you think we have left on the list?
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Client Alert: California Enacts the California Consumer Privacy Act
Attorneys & Professionals
John L. Landolfi
Christopher L. Ingram
Yesterday, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018. The law imposes new regulations on the collection, use, and disclosure of consumers' personal information that will significantly impact companies doing business in California. Fortunately, companies have until January 1, 2020 to comply with these new regulations.
The law creates new privacy rights for California consumers, including:
The right for consumers to know what personal information is being collected;
The right to know whether their personal information is being sold or disclosed;
The right to prevent the sale of one's personal information;
The right to access one's personal information; and
The right to enjoy equal service and price even if one exercise's his or her privacy rights.
Under the law, businesses will have to inform consumers of the categories of personal information being collected and the purposes for which that information is collected before its collection. Thereafter, consumers may request that the business disclose: (1) the categories of personal information it has collected about the consumer, (2) the sources from which that information is collected, (3) the business purpose for collecting or selling the personal information, (4) the third parties with whom the business shares personal information, and (5) the specific pieces of personal information it collects. Upon a verifiable request from a consumer, businesses will also have to provide the categories and specific pieces of personal information the business has collected on that consumer. The business will also be obligated to delete a consumer's personal information upon request in certain circumstances.
Businesses will also have to take additional steps whenever selling or sharing consumers' personal information with third parties. The law permits consumers to opt out of the sale or sharing of their personal information to a third party in certain circumstances and restricts the sale of personal information of consumers under the age of 16. To facilitate this regulation, businesses will have to include conspicuous "Do Not Sell My Personal Information" links on their websites. The law also prohibits businesses from varying the price or quality of goods or services to a consumer who exercises his or her privacy rights, unless the difference in quality or price is related to the value provided to the consumer by the consumer's data, such as an ad-free streaming service.
Finally, the law creates a private right of action for consumers' claims arising from the unauthorized access and exfiltration, theft, or disclosure of unencrypted and nonredacted personal information. The law provides statutory damages that are the greater of: (a) between $100 and $750 per consumer per incident, or (b) actual damages.
The law was unanimously approved by both houses of the California Legislature and signed by Governor Jerry Brown contingent upon the withdrawal of a popular ballot initiative. The ballot initiative would have imposed tougher privacy restrictions and would also have required a 70% supermajority by both legislative chambers to amend its language. By approving this new law, California's legislative branch retains the flexibility to amend it through a simple majority in each chamber.
For questions about this new privacy law, please contact John Landolfi, Chris Ingram, or your Vorys attorney.
© 2021 Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease LLP


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France's controversial burqa ban takes effect
Paris (CNN) - French police arrested two veiled women protesting the country's law banning face-hiding Islamic burqas and niqabs Monday, just hours after the legislation took effect.
The arrests outside Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris were not for wearing the prohibited garments. Police say the women were instead arrested for participating in an unauthorized protest. But the incident reflected the high passions the ban has incited among some Muslims.
One woman who disapproves of the ban said no one forces her to wear the niqab, a full-face veil with an opening for her eyes, and she should be left alone.
"I've not committed a crime," said Hind Amas, who was not among those arrested. "I'm walking peacefully in the street. I've not attacked anyone."
Read about American women who wear Islamic headscarves
The ban pertains to the burqa, a full-body covering that includes a mesh over the face, as well as the niqab.
The hijab, which covers the hair and neck but not the face, and the chador, which covers the body but not the face, apparently are not banned by the law.
Read about two Tennessee sisters who wear the hijab
"The ban does not target the wearing of a headscarf, head gear, scarf or glasses, as long as the accessories do not prevent the person from being identified," the Interior Ministry said in a statement.
Read the full story about France's burqa ban taking effect
Filed under: Europe • France • Islam
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lchin
New hit song playing on French radio. J'amuse!
Little Achmed, Little Achmed
Are you angry, Are you angry
I just banned your head dress
Now you have no redress
Sucks to be you, Sucks to be you
Don Mack
I have nothing against Islamics. However, it seems as if they want the laws of a country to change for their benefits. If they want to live in France, do as the French do and obey their laws. I am sure the French would be required to obey Islamic law in Islamic countries.
Congrats America, You have allowed the 9/11 catastrophe along with the wars in the middle east to collectively transform you into bigots. "Mission accomplished"
than why France goes and bombs the countries of those women...They can go to their houses with bombs and guns, but when the women come to France they are asked to take off the burka acording to french law ...Shameeeeeeeee
Good for France. Anyone who decides to live in another country should HAVE to adopt the culture and laws of that country. If you wantot hold onto your "culture" and beleifs that dearly go back to the country where they are accepted.
-We are not bigots but realists. Muslims commit near 100% of the terrorist acts in the world. This is fact. Security against is paramount in the world. Read a book or newspaper. Stop listening to stupid liberals.
Luis Wu
Bigoted much? It's not about Islam. The quran doesn't require a burqa, it's an old custom. Ignorant red-neck survivalist, neo Nazis commit terrorist acts too.
So let me get this straight. In the name of women's rights and freedom, they're forebidding women from wearing specific clothing? Right... Come on people, certain muslims wear these sorts of things in reverence and respect for their god. Its like forcing a monk who has taken a vow of silence to speak.
It's about security. If you show a cop your driver's license, how can he know that it's really your picture if you're wearing a burqa? What about a photo ID for cashing a check? People can't cover their faces in situations like that.
The burqa has nothing to do with Islam. It is a cultural practice in the Middle East BEFORE Islam was founded. To say this is against Islam is a misconception, this is against a cultural practice.
Susanta
Correct !
I think this is a good idea. It's not about religion, it's about being able to identify someone. If you buy something with a check, sometimes they'll ask for a photo ID. How will they identify you if you wear a burqa? The same for law enforcement authorities. If they check your driver's license, how can they be sure it's you? It's ridiculous. If you want to wear a burqa stay home, don't drive and don't cash checks.
amcipriano
It is so refreshing to read your comment. I could not agree with you more.
jmsdh
Tell me, why should you get the privilege of identifying everyone? As long as everyone carries picture ID for the police, and submit to showing faces to security officers at terminals and banks, then the law is an imposition. I wonder what restriction is next for our own protection and in the name of fearing an enemy. A certain George Orwell had thoughts on this.
Patrick Chukwura
At the end of the day....religion is the cause of most issues in this world. Until people stop reading the ancient fables in their religious books and taking it as the end all/be all, we'll continue to have a high amount of hatred.
Exactly! Thank you.
Lamar in Dallas, TX
Amen, brother! As John Lennon famously said, "imagine NO religion" I say NO religion, KNOW peace!
Lisa Marquez
I don't think they should wear them simply because you can't tell what they might be hiding under there, a bomb perhaps. With their reputation I think it's totally justified. What if they get pulled over by a cop for a traffic violation. The cop needs to see their face, so, do they pull it off for that? Plus, they are so freaking ugly, yuck!!
bertofwao
Are these the pictures they have in there driver's license. How are the police or anybody going to identify them?
It is not about religion, it is about safety. In Florida I cannot ride a motorcyle with a face mask because I cannot be identified. In many far northern states I cannot walk around the city in ski mask even with the temperature because I cannot be identified but I can wear a burqa. Most states still allow you to wear a burqa in a bank! But I can't wear a scarf over my face into a bank. That sounds like discimination to me.
And to those who want to ban crucifixes. In many Muslim countries even though I am Catholic I cannot wear a crucifix. I cannot walk around without a burqa. I cannot even put up a Christmas tree in my own home unless it is in an interior room where it cannot possibly be seen through a window. My son cannot wear a Christian tshirt out in public. You can't have freedom of religion only when it suits you.
In public schools we are no longer allowed to pray but in NYC muslims can gather in the street monthly and pray. I get a little tired of being persecuted for being a Christian!!
How utterly stupid. You can pray in schools anytime you want. The only thing illegal is for a teacher, school administrator, etc. to LEAD a prayer for students. Get your facts straight. Then maybe you'll know what you're talking about. This post shows that you don't.
notsoquick, i'm glad that's your username. glad you realize it, too.
Read1st
I am a devout American muslim and I believe that Islam is the completion of Judaism and Chritianity. I applaud this ruling. Under Islamic law women can be president, witness, lawyers or anything that a man can be. Forcing a woman to cover her face is against Islam. Quran states that women should dress modest. Unfortunately some out dated culturs or traditions are taking precedent over Islamic law. As Mulims we hear outrageouss claims and accusations every day. Some realy funny, like the 72 virgin...for the record,it's never mentioned any where in Islam. if it did Fox would have shown those pages of Quran 24/7. Read about Islam and make your own judgement
nobody's forcing anyone to cover her face. some women want to.
Great ..... should be appreciated by one & all.
chillendmost
I like your open minded thinking. If you were the "NORM" then we'd feel more comfortable with Islam. I hope you can understand how the rest of the world is concerned about the "radicalized" portion of Islam. It takes center stage and supercedes all the good within Islam.
In Afghanistan, the Taliban DID force women to wear them.
Where did "WhereToNowDC" get the notion that Democracies are supposed to be more tolerant of other religions??? Look it up if you don't know what a democracy is. It's a Government by the PEOPLE…in all true Democracies the people would make the choices like the MAJORITY or COMMON GROUP would decide issues by voting in laymen terms…. Doesn't mean that they have to be tolerant of something that a minority would want… Read up on what a Democracy is.
jamesT
What you fail to understand is that there are different types of democracies, For example, the U.S. isn't a liberal democracy it's a Republic. We don't have majority rule. We have policy through representation. Why? So that minority opinions aren't always quashed by the majority. So, next time you try to lecture someone on something, make sure that you yourself have an understanding.
Oops, I mean that the U.S. system isn't a "DIRECT" democracy.
I feel all secular states need to follow this ban. As it is, I personally feel that all truly secular states should keep any form of Religion , religious symbols away from public life & places.
Religion is a very intimate & personal matter. Should be kept were it is cherished & followed with reverence.
You HAVE to keep Islam in check. If left to do whatever it wants it WILL destroy any country. Islam ALWAYS breeds radical elements as it grows. That's just part of Islam. Part of Islam wants to be normal and the other part of islam is phucked up. It's unfortunate but for every good Muslim trying to live peacefully there is another Muslim hell bent on destruction.
Freedom of religion and freedom of expression are not "rights" in every country. They are rights in the United States of America. Most muslim countries do not offer the same tollerance or freedoms for other cultures in their countries. MOST countries however will allow any legally residing person TO LEAVE AT ANY TIME. This is not an issue of religion, it is an issue of security. I would not want a masked person as my doctor, my childs teacher, or walking into my place of business. This is a common sense issue.
vtwinr
Notice the stiffer fine of "up to 60,000 euros" and "possibly a 1 year term in prison" for those who force the wearing of a burqa upon another. They're after the clerics...right?


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Optical cavities
Rabi oscillations
A Quantum Dot (QD) is a chunk of semiconductor material with quantum-like properties whose size is on the order of a few nanometers to a few hundred nanometers. QD's confine electron-hole pairs, the excitons. The separation between the electron in the conduction band and the hole it leaves behind in the valence band is called the Exciton Bohr Radius. Quantum confinement is the set of conditions under which the size of the crystal is smaller than or in the order of the Exciton Bohr Radius. Under quantum confinement the energy levels of the crystal may be treated as discrete. By definition, quantum dots are in a state of quantum confinement.4
Because the QD has discrete energy levels, much like an atom, they are sometimes called 'artificial atoms'. The emission frequency of a QD depends on the size of the bandgap; the distance between the valence band and conduction band. Therefore it is possible to change the output wavelength of the QD simply by changing its size or, more difficult, by tuning the bandgap itself. The larger the bandgap, the more towards the red end of the spectrum the fluorescence is. The smaller the bandgap, the more towards the blue end it is.
Movie 1: Size dependent color of a QD 4
Larger quantum dots have more energy levels which are more closely spaced. However, the larger and more red-shifted the QD is, the less the quantum properties are.3
Figure 5 shows the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the QD ensemble used by Yoshie et al. The samples were optically pumped by an 770 nm Ti:sapphire continuous wave laser. The lowest transition line at ~1200 nm and the first excited transition line at 1125 nm are visible.
Figure 5 Quantum dots
QD ensemble PL for high excitation power, showing both the lowest and first excited transition lines.1
Figure 6 Dot-nanocavity anti-crossing
PL peaks from QD's are beginning to become visible, because of low power measurements. The figure shows an anti-crossing of one QD transition with the cavity mode. The temperature is scanned from 13K at the top to 29K at the bottom.1
Click here to go to the section about Rabi Oscillations.


text:
Stallion SG Indigo
SG Indigo's Foals
Stallion Akhenaten SOLD
Mare SG Isscia
Mare SG Fareeda SOLD
Mare Shakrada
Mare Khalita
Filly MW Ninas Sakina
Filly Jessamina SOLD
Aspire Anairada SOLD
Aspire Ebonique SOLD
Filly Aspire Indira
Colt Leonidas SOLD
Arab Stallion Stud
Arabian Sales
Aspire Arabian News
Arabian Facts
SG Indigo
SG Indigo is a stunning rare Blue Black, Arabian Stallion with no white markings. He has tested positive as homozygous. This exquisite 9 year old has a truly exiting future.
Indigo has sired a true black quality foal in his first year for Aspire Arabians and is passing his wonderful temperament on to his progeny.
With two fillys from SG Isscia and Kahlita, and a lovely colt from SG Fareeda now born in 2011 he is producing top quality foals (see our News page for more details).
He is truly charasmatic and loves to perform and show off his extravagent movement and presence. He has fantastic conformation and a beautiful head.
Now showing under saddle Indigo has won a 2nd place in the Novice Ridden Stallions Group at the North Staffs Spring Show on Sunday 24th April 2011, on his first outing! He also achieved a 4th place in Novice Ridden at the British National Championships in Malvern 2011.
Frozen semen now available - please enquire for details of stud fees.
SG INDIGO - BLUE BLACK STALLION
BORN 2004 - Black producer
BRED BY MISS SUSAN GEORGE OF GEORGIAN ARABIANS
..................................................................................Photo: Courtesy of Miss Susan George
His Pedigree:
........................................................................................................ ..(GRANDSIRE) PILOT
................................(SIRE) AH KUDA AHSB XIX -----
................................. .............................................(GRANDAM) MY MIDNIGHT DANCER
SG INDIGO ------
........................................................... ...........................(GRANDSIRE) THE ATTICUS
.................................(DAM) INAYA BINT ATTICUS AHSB XIX-
.................................................................................(GRANDAM) MB DHAKEENA
Following Photos courtesy of www.erwinesher.com
Following photos: Courtesy of Miss Susan George
SG India born 2009, filly to SG Indigo and Haiti Shaklana
1-11 St. Nicholas Close Woodlands
Tingrith Milton Keynes
MK17 9EL
If you have any queries or wish to make an appointment, please contact us:
+44 01525 876677 +44 01525 876677
holiday.wood@btconnect.com
Aspire Arabian Horses, are based in Buckinghamshire near the Bedfordshire / Hertfordshire border. Contact us on 01525 876677


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Men's Perfume
The Anlod
Good Girl Perfume
The best way to define Good Girl perfume is that it is a one-of-a-kind fragrance created to reflect the contemporary lady. The fragrance is a fresh and feminine blend of floral and woodsy aromas.
CHANEL – Chance Eau Vive
Safran Rosa Eau De Parfum
The new Lutens composition: Baptism by Fire
BrandThe new Lutens composition: Baptism by Fire
By anlod
Baptism of Fire, the macabre taste of gingerbread by Serge Lutens
Serge Lutens is an artist who is unlike any other and who hardly cares about fashions and trends. Its perfumes are endowed with an astonishing complexity allied to an exquisite harmony. They are mixed and each tell us a different story. In reality, they are a kind of outlet for Serge Lutens and each evokes a part of his life. Also, they are all associated with an enigmatic quote to say the least. The most recent is called Baptism of Fire and is presented as a juice that is both gourmet, aphrodisiac and intriguing.
The strange spicy smell of Serge Lutens
"My emotion is fluid. Like a wax that flows into a mold, it strengthens what appeals to me, like here, this gingerbread heart. », Such is the quote offered by Serge Lutens on the occasion of the release of his perfume Baptême du Feu. The latter offers us an atypical smell characteristic of childhood and plunges us into the world of the funfair. Gingerbread is here associated with the aphrodisiac impertinence of ginger. Likewise, the freshness of this ingredient is accentuated by the tangy and sparkling presence of mandarin. This reinforces the liveliness of the whole and gradually gives way to osmanthus, an ingredient bringing more depth to this juice. Thus, it delivers a more autumnal and woody feeling. However, the whole thing is not lacking in elegance. Baptême du Feu contains powdery notes emblematic of fine perfumery. It all ends with castoreum, a substance of animal origin with a scent very similar to that of leather. Of course, like every perfume from the Serge Lutens house, everything is perfectly structured and worthy of unparalleled know-how. Baptism by Fire displays an exemplary harmony and thus reveals an almost poetic breath.
Baptism of Fire, a fragrance created by Christopher Sheldrake
In order to shape the idea of this essence, Serge Lutens called on the nose of Christopher Sheldrake. The latter is a British perfumer who has already worked for the greatest and in particular for the house of Chanel. He began his career in Grasse, at Robertet, one of the most famous houses on the planet. Also, it was in the mid-1980s that he met Serge Lutens, in Japan. Together, they began by designing the iconic Féminité du Bois fragrance for the house of Shiseido. Since that date, these two creators no longer seem to want to leave each other and we can no longer count their number of collaborations and four-handed creations. Indeed, Christopher Sheldrake particularly appreciates working for Serge Lutens, a designer who does not restrain his creativity. In addition, Christopher Sheldrake enjoys designing new things. He explains that "the novelty is a shock. It is not comfortable because it leads to doubt. »And that is precisely what pleases him and what we find in the Baptism of Fire perfume.
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Autobahn Member Britt Casey, Jr. is Looking For His First Series Victory at Season Finale
BRASELTON, Ga.—Don't expect the Freedom Autosport drivers to hold anything back during Friday's IMSA Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge season finale at Road Atlanta. They all have their sights set on a podium finish for the Mazda MX-5s.
"We're going to try to win the race," said Chad McCumbee, who co-drives the No. 25 ModSpace/Spartan Cargo Trailers Mazda MX-5 with Stevan McAleer. "We had a car last year that could win it, but we had so many obstacles. Hopefully we'll be able to change that a bit and end the season on a high note with a win."
"It's disappointing knowing we're not in it for a championship position—that's why I drive. But we'll give it our all in the last race of the season, and hopefully there will be a podium at the end of it," said McAleer.
Read More>>>


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Tin tức | 2Sao | Tintuconline | Infonet | ICTNews | Multimedia | Tuyển dụng
Sci-tech & Environment
VN & World
Maritime Sovereignty
Your VIETNAM
Vietnam joins Voluntary Global Commitment for "Every Child, Every Children's Rights"
The Government of Vietnam supports the Safe Schools Statement in order to join the international community to support and uphold the right to education of children in all cases.
Revise the law to ensure the rights of the minors
Always make effort to ensure children's learning rights
At the 30th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child with the participation of senior United Nations officials in September, the representative of Vietnam - Ambassador Dang Dinh Quy, Head of the Vietnam Permanent Delegation at the UN said that the significance of the event is an important opportunity for countries to reaffirm and strengthen their efforts to ensure and promote children's rights.
Looking back 30 years, the world has achieved many positive results; Looking at the present, the world has a lot of worries from conflict, climate change, pollution, poverty, natural disasters, diseases; Looking to the future, the world needs more efforts with a sense of responsibility and greater solidarity, so that in the next 30 years, when we look back, we can be proud of what we have done for children and the ambassador affirmed that we need to facilitate children's participation, because what we do today will impact the world of tomorrow and therefore, the world needs to listen to children's concerns and join hands to take action to realize a world that is right for children.
Witnessing and experiencing decades of wars, deep in the minds of every Vietnamese people is the longing for a lasting peace. He affirmed the essential role of education in fostering love and support in each child and preparing them to be responsible and shared.
Vietnam always makes effort to ensure children's rights of learning
He also emphasized that Vietnam always makes every effort to ensure children to be educated, including in the war years and in that spirit, the Ambassador was pleased to announce that the Government of Vietnam supports the Safe Schools Statement to speak with the international community to support and uphold children's educational rights in all cases. Vietnam, together with more than 40 other countries, has participated in the Voluntary Global Commitment for "Every child, Every children's rights".
Reviewing the results over the past three decades
ASEAN's strong commitment to promoting and ensuring children's rights at regional and global levels through dialogue, partnership and cooperation, contributes to building a peaceful, sustainable and prosperous future. Photo Le Anh Dung
On November 20, in New York, the United Nations General Assembly solemnly celebrated the 30th anniversary of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Speaking on behalf of ASEAN countries, Ambassador Dang Dinh Quy, Head of the Vietnam Permanent Delegation to the United Nations, emphasized that ASEAN has made continuous efforts to create a favorable development environment for children and youth, adolescents through many collaborative programs such as the Regional Action Plan on the Elimination of Violence against Children, the establishment of the ASEAN Children's Forum.
He affirmed ASEAN's strong commitment to promoting and ensuring children's rights at both regional and global levels through dialogue, partnership and cooperation, contributing to building a peaceful, sustainable and prosperous future.
Thirty years ago, on November 20, 1989, the first Convention on the Rights of the Child was adopted, a clear testament to the commitment of the international community to join hands in realizing children's rights for health, education, nutrition, the right to live in a safe, non-violent environment, the right to speak up and the right to look forward to the future.
This year, the celebration took place on the annual International Children's Day with the participation of all 193 UN member countries, senior UN officials, the Goodwill Ambassadors of UNICEF and many organizations and individuals active in the field of children's rights.
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"Lost generation" of Iraqi refugee children
Simba Russeau
Of the 10 million refugees worldwide, half are children, estimates UK-based World Vision - children who will grow up as a "lost generation" unless more is done to address their needs.
"To preserve the young generation growing up today, we need to shield children from violence, enhance humanitarian access and provide more resources targeted to children's specific needs," World Vision said in a report highlighting the plight of Iraqi refugee children in Jordan, released to coincide with 20 June, World Refugee Day.
Such problems are clearly evident in Lebanon, where the UN refugee agency, UNHCR, estimates half the 50,000 Iraqi refugees are children.
Ali, 14, came to Lebanon two years ago with his parents and five brothers after fleeing when their lives were threatened in Baghdad.
"The conditions were very bad," said Ali. "The crime - they would slaughter people in front of our eyes."
Residing in a mainly Shia suburb of Beirut, Ali is one of the few Iraqi children with access to education. A July 2007 study by the Danish Refugee Council (DRC) found that of 590 Iraqi refugee households interviewed, only 38 percent sent their children to school.
"I am learning to read, write and how to use the computer here in Lebanon," said Ali. "We can go outside and play in Lebanon. In Iraq we couldn't. I would rather go back to Iraq though because here the kids pick on us because of our refugee status."
Since opening in September 2007, the Norwegian Refugee Council's (NRC) Education Resource Centre in southern Beirut has helped around 800 Iraqi children integrate into the Lebanese education system through intensive catch-up learning and psycho-social programmes.
A further 250 children have recently begun courses in satellite projects in the Lebanese countryside, including English language, life skills and some basic vocational training.
"The centre is serving an extremely valuable function in educating young people who might otherwise be exploited through child labour or, in the case of young women, confined to the domestic environment until marriage," said Robert Beer, NRC Lebanon Education Project Coordinator.
Photo: Simba Russeau
Ali saw sectarian killings first-hand in Baghdad. He now studies in a school in Beirut's Shia-majority southern suburbs, but says he wants to return to Iraq because he is teased about being a refugee
The DRC study found that around one in 10 Iraqis interviewed said they were kidnapped, threatened or experienced traumatic events.
Sitting in the courtyard of her school, Hanin, 14, said she fled Baghdad with her mother and brother after witnessing the death of her father, a Christian.
"I'm neither happy nor sad," says Hanin. "They poured gasoline on my father and set him on fire." The girl's trauma has been compounded in Lebanon by the constant fear of arrest or deportation.
"My brother was detained in prison because he didn't have the legal papers to stay," said Hanin. "I was so afraid for him." Hanin's brother was released and now lives with her and their mother in a Christian-majority neighbourhood of Beirut.
Uncertain status
As a non-signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention, Lebanon has no domestic refugee law and does not recognise the status even of the 10,000 or so Iraqis registered by UNHCR.
Iraqis are therefore treated as illegal immigrants and if they come into contact with the authorities, they risk arrest for lacking residency or work permits. Once they have served their short sentences, they face the ugly choice of deportation or staying in jail, a December 2007 Human Rights Watch report said.
In October 2007, UNHCR said up to 584 Iraqis were in jail for violating immigration rules. Many had served their sentences and were being held arbitrarily.
In February, Lebanon's General Security intelligence body gave Iraqi asylum-seekers three months to regularise their status, which entails giving them residency and work permits that were previously denied.
As of 27 June, around 200 Iraqis had been released, according to Laure Chedrawi, a spokeswoman for the UNHCR in Beirut. The UN agency paid the $600 release fee for each detainee, who now have an additional three months to legalise their stay, while more releases are expected next month.
The UNHCR is working with Caritas, a leading Lebanese rights NGO, to help Iraqis find Lebanese employers, whose sponsorship and a deposit of $2,000 is required for the refugees to legalise their status in Lebanon. Since the introduction of the scheme in February only around 20 Iraqis have successfully gained such sponsorship.
Iraqi refugees face prison and deportation
UNHCR welcomes move to ease plight of Iraqi asylum-seekers
sr/hm/ar/cb
European activists fight back against 'criminalisation' of aid for migrants and refugees
'The atmosphere is very hostile for anyone that is trying to help.'
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Biometrics: The new frontier of EU migration policy in Niger
Data privacy and civil liberty concerns are mounting over the potential for misuse of biometric information provided by migrants to the EU.
Ebola spread, CAR attack, and the children of Islamic State: The Cheat Sheet
As migrant numbers swell on the US-Mexico border, so do unmet needs
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After Sri Lanka attacks, anti-Muslim backlash points to new divisions
'These attacks are pushing Sri Lanka backwards'
Idlib warnings, dementia questions, and an uprising in Juba? The Cheat Sheet
Hungary condemned for using 'starvation tactics' to deter asylum seekers
'It's very cruel this situation; they just want to close the whole country'