text:
The Master Title page of Index Librorum Prohibitorum (In Venice, 1564).
The Index Librorum Prohibitorum ("List of Prohibited Books") was a list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia); Catholics were forbidden to read them.[1]
There were attempts to ban heretical books before the sixteenth century, notably in the ninth-century Decretum Glasianum; the Index of Prohibited Books of 1560 banned thousands of book titles and blacklisted publications, including the works of Europe's intellectual elites.[2][3][4] The 20th and final edition of the Index appeared in 1948; the Index was formally abolished on 14 June 1966 by Pope Paul VI.[5][6][page needed][7]
The Index condemned religious and secular texts alike, grading works by the degree to which they were seen to be repugnant to the church.[8] The aim of the list was to protect church members from reading theologically, culturally, or politically disruptive books. Such books included works by astronomers, such as Johannes Kepler's Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae (published in three volumes from 1618 to 1621), which was on the Index from 1621 to 1835; works by philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781); and editions and translations of the Bible that had not been approved. Editions of the Index also contained the rules of the Church relating to the reading, selling, and preemptive censorship of books.[9]
The canon law of the Latin Church still recommends that works should be submitted to the judgment of the local ordinary if they concern sacred scripture, theology, canon law, or church history, religion or morals.[10] The local ordinary consults someone whom he considers competent to give a judgment and, if that person gives the nihil obstat ("nothing forbids"), the local ordinary grants the imprimatur ("let it be printed").[10] Members of religious institutes require the imprimi potest ("it can be printed") of their major superior to publish books on matters of religion or morals.[10]
Some of the scientific theories contained in works in early editions of the Index have long been taught at Catholic universities. For example, the general prohibition of books advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index in 1758, but two Franciscan mathematicians had published an edition of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687) in 1742, with commentaries and a preface stating that the work assumed heliocentrism and could not be explained without it.[11] A work of the Italian Catholic priest and philosopher Antonio Rosmini-Serbati was on the Index, but he was beatified in 2007.[12] Some have argued[weasel words] that the developments since the abolition of the Index signify "the loss of relevance of the Index in the 21st century."[13][page needed]
J. Martínez de Bujanda's Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600–1966 lists the authors and writings in the successive editions of the Index,[14] while Miguel Carvalho Abrantes's Why Did The Inquisition Ban Certain Books?: A Case Study from Portugal tries to understand why certain books were forbidden based on a Portuguese edition of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum from 1581.[15][page needed]
European restrictions on the right to print
Printing press from 1811, Munich, Germany
The historical context in which the Index appeared involved the early restrictions on printing in Europe. The refinement of moveable type and the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg circa 1440 changed the nature of book publishing, and the mechanism by which information could be disseminated to the public.[16] Books, once rare and kept carefully in a small number of libraries, could be mass-produced and widely disseminated.
In the 16th century, both the churches and governments in most European countries attempted to regulate and control printing because it allowed for rapid and widespread circulation of ideas and information. The Protestant Reformation generated large quantities of polemical new writing by and within both the Catholic and Protestant camps, and religious subject-matter was typically the area most subject to control. While governments and church encouraged printing in many ways, which allowed the dissemination of Bibles and government information, works of dissent and criticism could also circulate rapidly. As a consequence, governments established controls over printers across Europe, requiring them to have official licenses to trade and produce books.[17][18]
The early versions of the Index began to appear from 1529 to 1571. In the same time frame, in 1557 the English Crown aimed to stem the flow of dissent by chartering the Stationers' Company.[19] The right to print was restricted to two universities and to the 21 existing printers in the city of London, which had between them 53 printing presses.[20][page needed]
The French crown also tightly controlled printing, and the printer and writer Etienne Dolet was burned at the stake for atheism in 1546. The 1551 Edict of Châteaubriant comprehensively summarized censorship positions to date, and included provisions for unpacking and inspecting all books brought into France.[21][22] The 1557 Edict of Compiègne applied the death penalty to heretics and resulted in the burning of a noblewoman at the stake.[23] Printers were viewed as radical and rebellious, with 800 authors, printers and book dealers being incarcerated in the Bastille.[24] At times, the prohibitions of church and state followed each other, e.g. René Descartes was placed on the Index in the 1660s and the French government prohibited the teaching of Cartesianism in schools in the 1670s.[20][page needed]
The Copyright Act 1710 in Britain, and later copyright laws in France, eased this situation. Historian Eckhard Höffner claims that copyright laws and their restrictions acted as a barrier to progress in those countries for over a century, since British publishers could print valuable knowledge in limited quantities for the sake of profit. The German economy prospered in the same time frame since there were no restrictions.[25][26][page needed]
Early indices (1529–1571)
Title page of the first Papal Index, Index Auctorum et Librorum, published in 1557 and then withdrawn
The first list of the kind was not published in Rome, but in Catholic Netherlands (1529); Venice (1543) and Paris (1551) under the terms of the Edict of Châteaubriant followed this example. By mid-century, in the tense atmosphere of wars of religion in Germany and France, both Protestant and Catholic authorities reasoned that only control of the press, including a catalog of prohibited works, coordinated by ecclesiastic and governmental authorities, could prevent the spread of heresy.[27]
Paul F. Grendler (1975) discusses the religious and political climate in Venice from 1540 to 1605. There were many attempts to censor the Venetian press, which at that time was one of the largest concentrations of printers. Both church and government held to a belief in censorship, but the publishers continually pushed back on the efforts to ban books and shut down printing. More than once the index of banned books in Venice was suppressed or suspended because various people took a stand against it.[28]
The first Roman Index was printed in 1557 under the direction of Pope Paul IV (1555–1559), but then withdrawn for unclear reasons.[29] In 1559, a new index was finally published, banning the entire works of some 550 authors in addition to the individual proscribed titles:[29][note 1] "The Pauline Index felt that the religious convictions of an author contaminated all his writing."[27] The work of the censors was considered too severe and met with much opposition even in Catholic intellectual circles; after the Council of Trent had authorised a revised list prepared under Pope Pius IV, the so-called Tridentine Index was promulgated in 1564; it remained the basis of all later lists until Pope Leo XIII, in 1897, published his Index Leonianus.
The blacklisting of some Protestant scholars even when writing on subjects a modern reader would consider outside the realm of dogma meant that, unless they obtained a dispensation, obedient Catholic thinkers were denied access to works including: botanist Conrad Gesner's Historiae animalium; the botanical works of Otto Brunfels; those of the medical scholar Janus Cornarius; to Christoph Hegendorff or Johann Oldendorp on the theory of law; Protestant geographers and cosmographers like Jacob Ziegler or Sebastian Münster; as well as anything by Protestant theologians like Martin Luther, John Calvin or Philipp Melanchthon.[note 2] Among the inclusions was the Libri Carolini, a theological work from the 9th-century court of Charlemagne, which was published in 1549 by Bishop Jean du Tillet and which had already been on two other lists of prohibited books before being inserted into the Tridentine Index.[30]
Sacred Congregation of the Index (1571–1917)
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Title page of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (1711)
In 1571, a special congregation was created, the Sacred Congregation of the Index, which had the specific task to investigate those writings that were denounced in Rome as being not exempt of errors, to update the list of Pope Pius IV regularly and also to make lists of required corrections in case a writing was not to be condemned absolutely but only in need of correction; it was then listed with a mitigating clause (e.g., donec corrigatur (forbidden until corrected) or donec expurgetur (forbidden until purged)).[citation needed]
Several times a year, the congregation held meetings. During the meetings, they reviewed various works and documented those discussions. In between the meetings was when the works to be discussed were thoroughly examined, and each work was scrutinized by two people. At the meetings, they collectively decided whether or not the works should be included in the Index. Ultimately, the pope was the one who had to approve of works being added or removed from the Index. It was the documentation from the meetings of the congregation that aided the pope in making his decision.[31]
Galileo being condemned in 1633
This sometimes resulted in very long lists of corrections, published in the Index Expurgatorius, which was cited by Thomas James in 1627 as "an invaluable reference work to be used by the curators of the Bodleian Library when listing those works particularly worthy of collecting".[32] Prohibitions made by other congregations (mostly the Holy Office) were simply passed on to the Congregation of the Index, where the final decrees were drafted and made public, after approval of the Pope (who always had the possibility to condemn an author personally—there are only a few examples of such condemnation, including those of Lamennais and Hermes).[citation needed]
An update to the Index was made by Pope Leo XIII, in the 1897 apostolic constitution Officiorum ac Munerum, known as the "Index Leonianus".[33] Subsequent editions of the Index were more sophisticated; they graded authors according to their supposed degree of toxicity, and they marked specific passages for expurgation rather than condemning entire books.[34]
The Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition of the Roman Catholic Church later became the Holy Office, and since 1965 has been called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The Congregation of the Index was merged with the Holy Office in 1917, by the Motu Proprio "Alloquentes Proxime" of Pope Benedict XV; the rules on the reading of books were again reelaborated in the new Codex Iuris Canonici. From 1917 onward, the Holy Office (again) took care of the Index.[citation needed]
Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg. His Myth of the Twentieth Century was placed on the Index for scorning Catholic dogma and the fundamentals of the Christian religion.[35]
Holy Office (1917–1966)
See also: Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
While individual books continued to be forbidden, the last edition of the Index to be published appeared in 1948. This 20th[36] edition contained 4,000 titles censored for various reasons: heresy, moral deficiency, sexual explicitness, and so on. That some atheists, such as Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, were not included was due to the general (Tridentine) rule that heretical works (i.e., works that contradict Catholic dogma) are ipso facto forbidden. Some important works are absent simply because nobody bothered to denounce them.[37] Many actions of the congregations were of a definite political content.[38] Among the significant listed works of the period was the Nazi philosopher Alfred Rosenberg's Myth of the Twentieth Century for scorning and rejecting "all dogmas of the Catholic Church, indeed the very fundamentals of the Christian religion".[35]
Abolition (1966)
On 7 December 1965, Pope Paul VI issued the Motu Proprio Integrae servandae that reorganized the Holy Office as the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.[39] The Index was not listed as being a part of the newly constituted congregation's competence, leading to questioning whether it still was. This question was put to Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani, pro-prefect of the congregation, who responded in the negative.[40] The Cardinal also indicated in his response that there was going to be a change in the Index soon.
A June 1966 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith notification announced that, while the Index maintained its moral force, in that it taught Christians to beware, as required by the natural law itself, of those writings that could endanger faith and morality, it no longer had the force of ecclesiastical positive law with the associated penalties.[41]
Scope and impact
This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book-burning fire.
Censorship and enforcement
The Index was not simply a reactive work. Roman Catholic authors had the opportunity to defend their writings and could prepare a new edition with necessary corrections or deletions, either to avoid or to limit a ban. Pre-publication censorship was encouraged.[citation needed]
The Index was enforceable within the Papal States, but elsewhere only if adopted by the civil powers, as happened in several Italian states.[42] Other areas adopted their own lists of forbidden books. In the Holy Roman Empire book censorship, which preceded publication of the Index, came under control of the Jesuits at the end of the 16th century, but had little effect, since the German princes within the empire set up their own systems.[43] In France it was French officials who decided what books were banned[43] and the Church's Index was not recognized.[44] Spain had its own Index Librorum Prohibitorum et Expurgatorum, which corresponded largely to the Church's,[45] but also included a list of books that were allowed once the forbidden part (sometimes a single sentence) was removed or "expurgated".[46]
Continued moral obligation
On 14 June 1966, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith responded to inquiries it had received regarding the continued moral obligation concerning books that had been listed in the Index. The response spoke of the books as examples of books dangerous to faith and morals, all of which, not just those once included in the Index, should be avoided regardless of the absence of any written law against them. The Index, it said, retains its moral force "inasmuch as" (quatenus) it teaches the conscience of Christians to beware, as required by the natural law itself, of writings that can endanger faith and morals, but it (the Index of Forbidden Books) no longer has the force of ecclesiastical law with the associated censures.[47]
The congregation thus placed on the conscience of the individual Christian the responsibility to avoid all writings dangerous to faith and morals, while at the same time abolishing the previously existing ecclesiastical law and the relative censures,[48] without thereby declaring that the books that had once been listed in the various editions of the Index of Prohibited Books had become free of error and danger.
In a letter of 31 January 1985 to Cardinal Giuseppe Siri, regarding the book The Poem of the Man-God, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (then Prefect of the Congregation, who later became Pope Benedict XVI), referred to the 1966 notification of the Congregation as follows: "After the dissolution of the Index, when some people thought the printing and distribution of the work was permitted, people were reminded again in L'Osservatore Romano (15 June 1966) that, as was published in the Acta Apostolicae Sedis (1966), the Index retains its moral force despite its dissolution. A decision against distributing and recommending a work, which has not been condemned lightly, may be reversed, but only after profound changes that neutralize the harm which such a publication could bring forth among the ordinary faithful."[49]
Changing judgments
The content of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum saw deletions as well as additions over the centuries. Writings by Antonio Rosmini-Serbati were placed on the Index in 1849 but were removed by 1855, and Pope John Paul II mentioned Rosmini's work as a significant example of "a process of philosophical enquiry which was enriched by engaging the data of faith".[50] The 1758 edition of the Index removed the general prohibition of works advocating heliocentrism as a fact rather than a hypothesis.[51]
Listed works and authors
For a more comprehensive list, see List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.
René Descartes went on the Index in 1663.
Noteworthy figures on the Index include Simone de Beauvoir, Nicolas Malebranche, Jean-Paul Sartre, Michel de Montaigne, Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Victor Hugo, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, André Gide, Nikos Kazantzakis, Emanuel Swedenborg, Baruch Spinoza, Desiderius Erasmus,[citation needed] Immanuel Kant, David Hume, René Descartes, Francis Bacon, Thomas Browne, John Milton, John Locke, Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Blaise Pascal, and Hugo Grotius. The first woman to be placed on the list was Magdalena Haymairus in 1569, who was listed for her children's book Die sontegliche Episteln über das gantze Jar in gesangsweis gestellt (Sunday Epistles on the whole Year, put into hymns).[52][53][54][55] Other women include Anne Askew,[56] Olympia Fulvia Morata, Ursula of Munsterberg (1491–1534), Veronica Franco, and Paola Antonia Negri (1508–1555).[57] Contrary to a popular misconception, Charles Darwin's works were never included.[58]
In many cases, an author's opera omnia (complete works) were forbidden. However, the Index stated that the prohibition of someone's opera omnia did not preclude works that were not concerned with religion and were not forbidden by the general rules of the Index. This explanation was omitted in the 1929 edition, which was officially interpreted in 1940 as meaning that opera omnia covered all the author's works without exception.[59]
Cardinal Ottaviani stated in April 1966 that there was too much contemporary literature and the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith could not keep up with it.[60]
List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Book censorship
Clericalism
Nazi book burnings, some of the books mentioned in the list were burned by the NSDAP
Index of Repudiated Books
^ They included everything by Pietro Aretino, Machiavelli, Erasmus and Rabelais.[27]
^ These authors are instanced by Schmitt 1991.
^ Grendler, Paul F. "Printing and censorship" in The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy, Charles B. Schmitt, ed. (Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-52139748-3) pp. 45–46
^ Lenard, Max (2006). "On the origin, development and demise of the Index librorum prohibitorum". Journal of Access Services. 3 (4): 51–63. doi:10.1300/J204v03n04_05. S2CID 144325885.
^ Anastaplo, George. "Censorship". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
^ Hilgers, Joseph (1908). "Censorship of Books". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
^ The Church in the Modern Age, (Volume 10) by Hubert Jedin, John Dolan, Gabriel Adriányi 1981 ISBN 082450013X, page 168
^ Kusukawa, Sachiko (1999). "Galileo and Books". Starry Messenger. [page needed]
^ "Notification regarding the abolition of the Index of books". 14 June 1966.
^ Lyons, Martyns (2011). A Living History. Los Angeles. pp. Chapter 2.
^ Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1559, Regula Quarta ("Rule 4")
^ a b c "Code of Canon Law: text - IntraText CT". www.intratext.com.
^ John L.Heilbron, Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo (in McMullin, Ernan ed., The Church and Galileo, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, 2005, p. 307, IN. ISBN 0-268-03483-4)
^ "Cardinal Saraiva calls new blessed Antonio Rosmini "giant of the culture"". Catholic News Agency.
^ Robert Wilson, 1997 Astronomy Through the Ages ISBN 0-7484-0748-0[page needed]
^ Jesús Martínez de Bujanda, Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600–1966 (v. 11 in series Index des livres interdits) (Droz, Geneva, 2002 ISBN 978-2-60000818-1)
^ Miguel Carvalho Abrantes, Why Did The Inquisition Ban Certain Books?: A Case Study from Portugal ISBN 978-1689144377)[page needed]
^ McLuhan, Marshall (1962), The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (1st ed.), University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-6041-9 page 124
^ MacQueen, Hector L.; Waelde, Charlotte; Laurie, Graeme T. (2007). Contemporary Intellectual Property: Law and Policy. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-926339-4.
^ de Sola Pool, Ithiel (1983). Technologies of freedom. Harvard University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-674-87233-2.
^ "The Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers". Shakespeare Documented. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
^ a b A companion to Descartes by Janet Broughton, John Peter Carriero 2007 ISBN 1-4051-2154-8 page[page needed]
^ The Rabelais encyclopedia by Elizabeth A. Chesney 2004 ISBN 0-313-31034-3 pages 31–32
^ The printing press as an agent of change by Elizabeth L. Eisenstein 1980 ISBN 0-521-29955-1 page 328
^ Robert Jean Knecht, The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France: 1483–1610 2001, ISBN 0-631-22729-6 page 241
^ Thadeusz, Frank (18 August 2010). "No Copyright Law: The Real Reason for Germany's Industrial Expansion?". Der Spiegel – via Spiegel Online.
^ Geschichte und Wesen des Urheberrechts (History and nature of copyright) by Eckhard Höffner, July 2010 (in German) ISBN 3-930893-16-9[page needed]
^ a b c Schmitt 1991:45.
^ Grendler, Paul F. (1975). "The Roman Inquisition and the Venetian Press". The Journal of Modern History. 47 (1): 48–65. doi:10.1086/241292. JSTOR 1878921. S2CID 151934209.
^ a b Brown, Horatio F. (1907). Studies in the History of Venice (Vol. 2). New York, E.P. Dutton and company.
^ Paul Oskar Kristeller (editor), Itinerarium Italicum (Brill 1975 ISBN 978-90-0404259-9), p. 90.
^ Heneghan, Thomas (2005). "Secrets Behind The Forbidden Books". America. 192 (4). Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
^ Green, Jonathan; Karolides, Nicholas J. (2005), Encyclopedia on Censorship, Facts on File, Inc, p. 257, ISBN 9781438110011
^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Censorship of Books". www.newadvent.org.
^ Lyons, Martyn. (2011). Books: A Living History. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications. ISBN 978-1-60606-083-4, p. 83
^ a b Richard Bonney; Confronting the Nazi War on Christianity: the Kulturkampf Newsletters, 1936–1939; International Academic Publishers; Bern; 2009 ISBN 978-3-03911-904-2; p. 122
^ "Index Librorum Prohibitorum | Roman Catholicism". Encyclopedia Britannica.
^ "The works appearing on the Index are only those that ecclesiastical authority was asked to act upon" (Encyclopædia Britannica: Index Librorum Prohibitorum).
^ "The entanglement of Church and state power in many cases led to overtly political titles being placed on the Index, titles which had little to do with immorality or attacks on the Catholic faith. For example, a history of Bohemia, the Rervm Bohemica Antiqvi Scriptores Aliqvot ... by Marqvardi Freheri (published in 1602), was placed on the Index not for attacking the Church, but rather because it advocated the independence of Bohemia from the (Catholic) Austro-Hungarian Empire. Likewise, The Prince by Machiavelli was placed in the Index in 1559 after it was blamed for widespread political corruption in France (Curry, 1999, p.5)" (David Dusto, Index Librorum Prohibitorum: The History, Philosophy, and Impact of the Index of Prohibited Books). Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ Paul VI, Pope (7 December 1965). "Integrae servandae". vatican.va. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ L'Osservatore della Domenica, 24 April 1966, pg. 10.
^ Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (14 June 1966). "Notification regarding the abolition of the Index of books". vatican.va. Archived from the original on 7 March 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2016.
^ Stephen G. Burnett, Christian Hebraism in the Reformation Era (Brill 2012 ISBN 978-9-00422248-9), p. 236
^ a b Lucien Febvre, Henri Jean Martin, The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing 1450–1800 (Verso 1976 ISBN 978-1-85984108-2), pp. 245–246
^ John Michael Lewis, Galileo in France (Peter Lang, 2006 ISBN 978-0-82045768-0), p. 11
^ C. B. Schmitt, Quentin Skinner, Eckhard Kessler, Renaissance Philosophy (Cambridge University Press, 1988 ISBN 978-0-52139748-3), p. 48
^ "Index librorum prohibitorum et expurgatorum". apud Ludouicum Sanchez. 17 October 1612 – via Google Books.
^ "Haec S. Congregatio pro Doctrina Fidei, facto verbo cum Beatissimo Patre, nuntiat Indicem suum vigorem moralem servare, quatenus Christifidelium conscientiam docet, ut ab illis scriptis, ipso iure naturali exigente, caveant, quae fidem ac bonos mores in discrimen adducere possint; eundem tamen non-amplius vim legis ecclesiasticae habere cum adiectis censuris" (Acta Apostolicae Sedis 58 (1966), p. 445). Cf. Italian text published, together with the Latin, on L'Osservatore Romano of 15 June 1966)
^ "Dictionary : POST LITTERAS APOSTOLICAS". www.catholicculture.org.
^ "Poem of the Man-God". EWTN. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
^ Encyclical Fides et raptio, 74
^ McMullin, Ernan, ed. The Church and Galileo. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. 2005. ISBN 0-268-03483-4. pp. 307, 347
^ Stead, William Thomas (1902). "The Index Expurgatorius". The Review of Reviews. 26: 498. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^ Gifford, William (1902). "The Roman Index". The Quarterly Review. 196: 602–603. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^ Catholic Church (1569). Index Librorum Prohibitorum cum Regulis confectis per Patres a Tridentina Synodo delectos authoritate ... Pii IIII. comprobatus. Una cum iis qui mandato Regiae Catholicae Majestatis et ... Ducis Albani, Consiliique Regii decreto prohibentur, etc. Leodii. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^ Bujanda, Jesús Martínez de; Davignon, René (1988). Index d'Anvers, 1569, 1570, 1571. Librairie Droz. p. 196. ISBN 9782762200454. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^ Putnam, George Haven (1906–1907). The censorship of the church of Rome and its influence upon the production and distribution of literature : a study of the history of the prohibitory and expurgatory indexes, together with some consideration of the effects of Protestant censorship and of censorship by the state. New York: G.P. Putnam's sons. p. 250. ISBN 9780524007792. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^ Hilgers, Joseph (1904). Der Index der verbotenen Bücher. In seiner neuen Fassung dargelegt und rechtlich-historisch gewürdigt. Freiburg in Breisgau: Herder. pp. 145–150.
^ Rafael Martinez, professor of the philosophy of science at the Santa Croce Pontifical University in Rome, in speech reported on Catholic Ireland net Archived 7 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 26 May 2009
^ Jesús Martínez de Bujanda, Index librorum prohibitorum: 1600–1966 (Droz 2002 ISBN 2-600-00818-7), p. 36
^ L'Osservatore della Domenica, 24 April 1966, p. 10.
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Index Librorum Prohibitorum
"Index Librorum Prohibitorum" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). 1911.
Facsimile of the 1559 index Archived 10 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine
List of famous authors in the index
"Index of Prohibited Books", The Catholic Encyclopedia (Volume VII, 1910): "The first Roman Index of Prohibited Books (Index librorum prohibitorum), published in 1559 under Paul IV, was very severe, and was therefore mitigated under that pontiff by decree of the Holy Office of 14 June of the same year. It was only in 1909 that this Moderatio Indicis librorum prohibitorum (Mitigation of the Index of Prohibited Books) was rediscovered in Codex Vaticanus lat. 3958, fol. 74, and was published for the first time."
The ten "tridentine" rules on the censorship of books (English)
The papal constitution Sollicita ac provida regulating the work of the Congregations of the Holy Office and of the Index (Latin) Archived 28 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Vatican opens up secrets of Index of Forbidden Books, Dec 22, 2005
Secrets Behind The Forbidden Books – America, 7 February 2005
An index of prohibited books, by command of the present pope, Gregory XVI in 1835; being the latest specimen of the literary policy of the Church of Rome, Joseph Mendham, London: Duncan and Malcolm, 1840. Also at the archive.org.
The Roman Index of Forbidden Books: Briefly explained for Catholic Booklovers and Students at Project Gutenberg (History and commentary of the index from 1909)
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Airbnb doesn't need to comply with regulations for real estate brokers, Europe's top court rules
By Rude Baguette Published on 24 December 2019 at 6 h 16 min
The European Court of Justice (ECJ) has ruled that Airbnb is an online platform rather than a real estate broker, allowing the firm to avoid further local regulation across Europe, according to The Guardian.
Cities around the world are increasingly seeking to regulate Airbnb, to address concern over its impact on local neighborhoods and housing markets.
The new ECJ ruling stems from a complaint by a French tourism association, saying the platform should need a real estate license to operate. Without one, they argued, Airbnb is in violation of France's Hoguet Law.
The court has now ruled that Airbnb operates primarily as an "intermediation service," helping to connect guests and hosts with "a tool to facilitate the conclusion of contracts." As such, it should be classified as an "information society service" under EU Directive 2000/31 on electronic commerce.
In 2017, the ECJ ruled against Uber in a similar case, ruling that the ridesharing company is operating a transportation service rather than strictly a platform. In the new Airbnb ruling, the court explained that Uber wields much greater influence over the conditions for its drivers than Airbnb over its hosts. Unlike Uber, Airbnb does not set rental prices or select hosts and properties.
Airbnb, the court said, is "not aimed only at providing immediate accommodation services, but rather it consists essentially of providing a tool for presenting and finding accommodation for rent, thereby facilitating the conclusion of future rental agreements."
It also noted that the platform is "in no way indispensable to the provision of accommodation services, since the guests and hosts have a number of other channels in that respect, some of which are long-standing."
The court also said France had failed to notify the European Commission of a new licensing requirement for Airbnb.
The Commission has indicated that it will update safety and liability rules for tech platforms with its upcoming Digital Services Act.
Airbnb said in a statement:
"We welcome this judgment and want to move forward and continue working with cities on clear rules that put local families and communities at the heart of sustainable 21st century travel. We want to be good partners to everyone and already we have worked with more than 500 governments and authorities to help hosts share their homes, follow the rules and pay tax."
The ruling is a well-timed piece of good news for Airbnb, which plans to go public at some point next year.
Photo by InstagramFOTOGRAFIN from Pixabay
Airbnb European Commission regulations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Seamus Coleman
Ireland international Seamus Coleman is enjoying feeling 'like a footballer again' after coming back from long injury
The Irishman has been out for 10 months following leg break suffered against Wales
Coleman back in full flight in a Toffees shirt (Image: Everton FC)
Seamus Coleman says it was "fantastic to feel like a footballer again" after making his long-awaited return from injury.
But he insists his immediate focus is supporting his good pal James McCarthy after his own double leg break last weekend.
Coleman, the Republic of Ireland captain, played 58-minutes for Everton's U23s against Portsmouth at Goodison Park on Tuesday.
It was his first appearance since suffering that horrific double-leg break playing for Ireland against Wales in March.
Ireland's Seamus Coleman
Martin O'Neill is delighted to stay in charge as Denmark ghosts keep circling
Coleman came through Tuesday's runout unscathed and will hope to make a first-team appearance in the coming weeks.
"It was great to be able to feel like a footballer again – it's a fantastic feeling," he said. "I treated it like a first-team game and gave it everything.
"There are people in worst situations - I just cracked on, got my head down and in a weird way I enjoyed the journey (back to fitness) and enjoyed the challenge.
"No one wants to be injured for that long and it's not nice the first couple of days, the first couple of weeks, but you have to get your head around it."
In Switzerland yesterday, Ireland boss Martin O'Neill welcomed Coleman's return to action.
O'Neill said: "We've missed him. All teams would miss a world class player in their setup and Seamus Coleman is a world class player.
Republic of Ireland manager Martin O'Neill (Image: ©INPHO/Ryan Byrne)
Republic of Ireland manager Martin O'Neill accuses RTE's Tony O'Donoghue of a 'verbal attack' following Nations League draw
"It's great to see him back again and hopefully he can steer clear of injury."
But O'Neill sympathised with James McCarthy who suffered a double-leg break of his own in Everton's clash with West Brom last weekend.
"He's had a really tough time," said O'Neill who has messaged the midfielder.
James McCarthy provides injury update after Everton midfielder undergoes surgery on broken leg
"It looked as if he was back in the fold and that Sam Allardyce was going to play him, but this is a major blow to him and a big blow to us."
And Coleman said of McCarthy's nightmare: "I was devastated for my best friend in football. It's a big shock for him and a big shock for his family.
"It's going to give me the motivation to be as good as I can possibly be to show James that there is a way back from it.
"It's a very traumatic injury to look at, but nowadays the recovery is quite straightforward."
Republic of Ireland football team
Wales football team
Wales Rugby Union Team


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US: Why LGBT History Month is still too white
Ever since Stonewall, LGBTI history has been whitewashing itself. It's erased the lives and contribution of people of color. It's time we challenged that.Winston Churchill said 'History is written by the winners.' The Stonewall Riots in 1969 brought national attention to the history of a long oppressed people.
It sparked our efforts to document the histories of our fierce and courageous LGBTI brothers and sisters. For so long, society suppressed and closeted those stories – now we we started to tell them openly and uncensored.
Queer studies – a new field of inquiry – came to life to tell those stories. And, as a young discipline, it's still on a fact-gathering mission. LGBT History Month is young, too. Held each October, it's a public month-long celebration and acknowledgment of our contribution to American history. Our community first celebrated it in 1994, as an outgrowth from National Coming Out Day (October 11) founded in 1988.
LGBT History Month is one of the tools we can use as we gather, preserve and archive our history.
However, we see plenty of whitewashing during this month. People add figures like James Baldwin and Bayard Rustin as tokens of inclusion. But the telling of a mainly white LGBTI history does all of us a tremendous disservice. It betrays the purpose of LGBT History Month. And it does a disservice to the importance of building a historic record as we climb out of the queer closet.
Both Black History Month in February and Women's History Month in March often miss important trailblazers too. For example Bayard Rustin was left out of the historic annals of the 1960s black civil rights movement for years because of his sexuality. At best he was a historic footnote.
It was queer studies that gave him back a place in history at all. Now people are starting to realise we can not accurately talk about the historic 1963 March on Washington without Bayard Rustin. Rustin, inarguably, is one of the tallest trees in our forest. He was the strategist and chief organizer of the March that catapulted the Rev Dr Martin Luther King onto a world stage. Sadly, he's still largely an unknown due to the heterosexism that canonized the history. Read more via Gay Star News
Tagged: remembrance, activism, USA
Newer PostUS: Ani DiFranco on Babefest, Activism and Being a Bisexual Icon: 'Let's F--king Be Here Now'
Older PostNepal: Gay Man Who Fled Homophobia in Bangladesh Stuck in Limbo in Nepal


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Red Wings Call Traverse City Home for Training Camp
September 15, 2021 by Charlie Lapastora
We're already a couple weeks into September and you know what that means – we're getting even closer to NHL preseason hockey! Specifically for the Detroit Red Wings, the preseason puck drops at the end of this month on Sept. 30 at home against the Chicago Blackhawks.
But first, before that, they actually have another home not named Little Caesers Arena. Just under a four-hour drive north via I-75 (255.5 miles mainly, but who's counting?), the Red Wings will find themselves in northern Michigan, with Traverse City being their home for a few weeks.
NHL Prospect Tournament
It all starts this week on Sept. 16, when Hockeytown's new makeshift town in the nation's 'Cherry Capital' will play host to an NHL Prospect Tournament at Centre Ice Arena, which according to the arena's press release, "will host the Columbus Blue Jackets, Dallas Stars, St. Louis Blues and Toronto Maple Leafs for five straight days of round-robin action, with each team playing either three or four games."
Detroit #RedWings executive vice president and general manager Steve Yzerman today announced that the Red Wings will return to Centre ICE Arena in Traverse City, MI!
Details: https://t.co/rkWDsmD6r8 pic.twitter.com/WRuY0AekWa
— Detroit Red Wings (@DetroitRedWings) July 30, 2021
The prospect roster that'll be skating was released by the Red Wings, which according to Kyle Kujawa is "highlighted by three recent first-round picks: center Joe Veleno (30th overall, 2018), right wing Lucas Raymond (4th overall, 2020), and goaltender Sebastian Cossa (15th overall, 2021)."
Prospect Training Camp
There'll be even more hockey with Wings prospects going at it from Sept. 23-28, which will give Jeff Blashill, Steve Yzerman, and company an even better idea of where they stand as a team heading into the preseason. I'm sure that will include zeroing in on the guys who played in the prospect tourney which will parlay into the prospect camp.
Red Wings Golf Tournament For a Good Cause
Sprinkle in some golf (because hockey and golf just seem to go together, don't they?), and a tourney will be held at the Grand Traverse Resort and Spa, according to the press release. It goes on to state, "Proceeds from the tournament benefit Involved Citizens Enterprises (I.C.E.), a 501(c)3 non-profit organization providing affordable skating programs to Northern Michigan."
If you were wondering what this all looked like, well one of the best to ever don the red and white has your back:
Annual Detroit Red Wings charity golf outing in Traverse City. Training Camp here we come… pic.twitter.com/WjzSlPqDsi
— Pavel Datsyuk (@Datsyuk13) September 11, 2013
See? There's no place like home, and TC is no different from Detroit, where as you can see there's a little bit of everything. That hospitality welcoming other NHL teams to their home, giving back to their neighbors, and all the while competing and having some fun as a Red Wings family.
My Experience in Traverse City
I remember when I worked as a reporter in northern Michigan, one of my assignments was to head to the venue, and what I can tell you is that it's just a cool setting. It's a lot smaller than your typical NHL venue, but that just takes you back to when you skated as a kid with hopes of making it to the NHL. Yes, that undeniable smell of a hockey rink simmers in the air.
Well, that's what you have at Centre Ice Arena, similarly having these prospects within a grasp of reaching their NHL dreams.
Detroit Red WIngs prospect Jake Paterson tends goal during the 2014 Detroit Red Wings Prospect Scrimmage in Traverse City, Michigan. (Photo: Zackary Landers)
What I can also tell you, is that the surrounding areas throughout Traverse City and northern Michigan is a dream setting, as well. Just as the Wings' front office will take their pick of which prospects they think stand out from these weeks, you can really take your pick of what to explore off the ice.
Around a two-hour drive up north, you cross the scenic views across the Mackinac Bridge to America's hidden gem: the Upper Peninsula. A ferry ride across the lake, you'll get to Mackinac Island filled with fudge, horse-drawn carriages, and a step back in time. There's literally no cars allowed on this island. It can be a day away from the Motor City to motor your internal engine, and get back to the grind, hoping to make one of the lines with the Wings.
A day exploring Mackinac Island is a good day. Wish you were here!🐴🚴🌷 pic.twitter.com/HPn8ekhHR4
— Mackinac Island (@mackinacisle) May 30, 2021
From the bay with views of Lake Michigan to Sleeping Bear Dunes to the vineyards to the local eateries and coffee shops to a quaint downtown to, of course, the cherries. Cherry pie, cherry coffee, cherry jam, cherry chocolate, cherry salsa, cherry everything.
For these prospects, the cherry on top will be having that meeting with Blashill and Yzerman, getting that call up, hearing they've made a NHL roster. It all starts at Hockeytown's second home…in Traverse City, Michigan.
Sign up for our regular 'Red Wings Newsletter' for all the latest.
Charlie Lapastora
Charlie Lapastora covers his hometown team (hey hey, Hockeytown!) the Detroit Red Wings with The Hockey Writers. Charlie is a sports/news multimedia journalist who's reported, written, produced, anchored, shot video/edited on different NBC, ABC, and FOX shows in multiple TV markets, along with digital & new media companies. He has traveled the country telling national sports, news, feature, and original stories on a cable news network, airing on top 10 TV markets, Sirius XM satellite radio, and digital platforms. Stories he's covered have been featured on CNN, ABC's Good Morning America, Fox News, & NBC's The Today Show. Charlie also has reported on NHL, NFL, NBA, MLB, and NCAA teams, has worked in professional sports, and was the sports host of a digital news show started by Ryan Seacrest and Wanda Syke's producer.
Charlie is passionate about his faith and being a husband to whom he calls the G.O.A.T. of women. You can follow their married life, travels, and adventures together here. Charlie loves his family, reppin' his home state of Michigan and Detroit teams (yes, including the Red Wings & Lions), finding a good cup of coffee, and how sports brings people together. He's traveled the world leading and coaching sports camps.
Charlie is also the host of the 'authentically' podcast where he features guests of diverse backgrounds and vocations to share their stories, all the while keeping it real in a world of 'highlight reels' scrolling on social media, telling stories with integrity and passion.
Categories Detroit Red Wings Tags Red Wings Training Camp


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Feds Crack Down on Sleazy Zoos
Published September 16, 2014 by Jennifer O'Connor. Last Updated July 29, 2015.
The PETA Foundation's Captive Animal Law Enforcement (CALE) Division gets results. Here are just a few of its recent cases:
CALE asked the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to investigate the Sunrise Side Nature Trail and Exotic Park after a lion bit off part of a visitor's right middle finger when, according to the USDA inspection report, a 15-year-old employee allowed the visitor inside an unlocked gate, where she was able to reach into the big cat's cage. The USDA did investigate the roadside zoo, and it cited the facility for allowing patrons to get too close to dangerous animals without adequate barriers, having improperly trained employees (there's no record indicating that the 15-year-old had been properly trained), and failing to lock a gate in the fenced area that's supposed to act as a public barrier.
Cheyenne—a wolf-dog hybrid who escaped from a roadside zoo in Nicholasville, Kentucky, called Wolf Run Wildlife Refuge—was shot with tranquilizer darts at least 14 times and was found dead a month after she went missing. It's suspected that Cheyenne may have been hit and killed by a car. CALE asked the USDA to take action, and the agency strongly rebuked the facility for its botched handling of Cheyenne's escape.
After CALE provided video footage of animals in distress at the Hollywild Animal Park in South Carolina, the USDA cited the roadside zoo for forcing a capuchin monkey to wear a long chain that's been attached to her waist for "most of her life." The inspector told the zoo that the chain causes the primate "unnecessary discomfort" and noted that it put her at risk of becoming entangled. The facility was also cited for keeping animals in dangerous enclosures that contained loose boards, broken wires, and gaping holes in the fencing as well as for failing to remove piles of rotted food and animal waste from the filthy enclosures. The USDA has also just announced that it's formally investigating Hollywild for its violations—which could lead to fines and the suspension or revocation of the facility's license.
As long as animals are in trouble, CALE will keep pushing to help them. You can, too, by staying away from zoos and spreading the word to others.


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Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani(as)Muslims who believe in the Messiah, Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (as), Love for All, Hatred for None.
The Official Website of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.
Martyrdom of Hazrat Ali (ra); Important Message to the World for 2021
Friday Sermon delivered by
Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad(at)
Video not available
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NOTE: Alislam Team takes full responsibility for any errors or miscommunication in this Synopsis of the Friday Sermon.
Friday Sermon delivered at Masjid Mubarak, Islamabad, Tilford, UK
After reciting Tashahhud, Ta'awwuz and Surah al-Fatihah, His Holiness, Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad(aba) said that he would continue highlighting incidents from the life of Hazrat Ali(ra).
His Holiness(aba) quoted the Second Caliph(ra) in narrating the incidents surrounding the martyrdom of Hazrat Ali(ra). His Holiness(aba) said that the Khawarij [those who had left the allegiance of Hazrat Ali(ra)] decided that they should martyr Hazrat Ali(ra) and Hazrat Mu'awiyah and Hazrat Amr bin Aas(ra). Those of the Khawarij who went out to martyr Hazrat Mu'awiyah and Hazrat Amr bin Aas(ra) were both unsuccessful in their attempts. The person who went to kill Hazrat Ali(ra) attacked him whilst he led the prayer and critically wounded him.
Prophecy of the Holy Prophet(sa) Regarding Martyrdom of Hazrat Ali(ra)
His Holiness(aba) said that the Holy Prophet(sa) had prophesied the martyrdom of Hazrat Ali(ra). The Holy Prophet(sa) once said that the worst from among the earlier people was the person who hamstrung the camel of Hazrat Saleh(ra), and the worst from among the later people would be he who struck Hazrat Ali(ra) with his spear. The Holy Prophet(sa) also indicated as to where Hazrat Ali(ra) would be struck.
His Holiness(aba) said that the person who set out to kill Hazrat Ali(ra) was a man named Abdur Rahman bin Muljam. In the morning before the Fajr prayer, Ibn Muljam positioned himself near the area from which Hazrat Ali(ra) used to come from. As Hazrat Ali(ra) set out for the prayer, and emerged from the door, he called out to remind people that it was the time for prayer. It was at that moment that Hazrat Ali(ra) was attacked and severely wounded. Ibn Muljam was apprehended and brought to Hazrat Ali(ra), who said that he should be treated and fed well, and that if he survived he would decide as to how to deal with him. However, he said if he were to pass away, then Ibn Muljam should also be killed, so that the matter between the two could be decided by God.
Advice of Hazrat Ali(ra) in His Will
His Holiness(aba) said that in his will, Hazrat Ali(ra) advised his family to remain close, and fearful of God and to remain steadfast. He advised that all disputes should be avoided, because he once heard the Holy Prophet(sa) say that to uphold and mend mutual relationships is greater than offering voluntary prayers and voluntary fasting. His Holiness(aba) said that this is something which should be pondered over and is extremely important, that mutual relationships should always be mended. Hazrat Ali(ra) advised in his will that the poor and needy should be taken care of, and should be included as members of the society. He advised that one should never fear the nay-sayers, rather one should only fear God Almighty. His Holiness(aba) commented that this too is very important. Hazrat Ali(ra) further advised to always enjoin good and forbid evil; failure to do so will result in the wrong people becoming leaders and rulers. His Holiness(aba) said that this too is another point to be pondered over.
His Holiness(aba) said that when Hazrat Ali(ra) was injured, some people went to visit him and expressed their grief at the pain he was enduring. Hazrat Ali(ra) said that he felt no grief, for he had already been foretold by the Holy Prophet(sa) that he would be attacked, and was even told exactly where he would be struck.
His Holiness(aba) said that when another person went to see Hazrat Ali(ra), Hazrat Ali(ra) told him that he was soon going to depart. His daughter was sitting nearby, and upon hearing her father say this, she began to cry. Hazrat Ali(ra) told her not to cry; he said that if she could see what he was seeing then she would not cry. He said that he saw angels and the prophets, and he saw the Holy Prophet(sa) telling him that the place to which he was going was much better than the current state he was in.
Demise of Hazrat Ali(ra)
His Holiness(aba) said that according to one narration, after he had completed his will, Hazrat Ali(ra) gave greetings of peace to everyone, and afterwards, professed his faith in the unity of God and belief in His Messenger (sa), after which he passed away. It is recorded that Hazrat Ali(ra) passed away on Ramadan 27 40 A.H.
His Holiness(aba) said that Hazrat Ali's(ra) funeral was led by his son Hazrat Hasan(ra). It is recorded that Hazrat Ali(ra) possessed some musk which had been blessed by the Holy Prophet(sa). It was also part of his will that this same musk should be applied before his burial. His Holiness(aba) presented various narrations regarding the whereabouts of Hazrat Ali's(ra) grave.
Wives and Children of Hazrat Ali(ra)
His Holiness(aba) said that Hazrat Ali(ra) married eight times at different times. Of his wives, one was Hazrat Fatimah(ra), daughter of the Holy Prophet(sa), and Umamah bin Abul Aas bin Rabi, who was the granddaughter of the Holy Prophet(sa). From these marriages, Hazrat Ali(ra) was granted more than 30 children; 14 boys and 19 girls.
Blessings of God Upon Hazrat Ali(ra)
His Holiness(aba) said that once, the Holy Prophet(sa) that he was a city of knowledge and Hazrat Ali(ra) was the gate to that city. Hazrat Ali(ra) is also recorded as being one of the bravest amongst all the companions. Often when any battle would start, Hazrat Ali(ra) would be appointed as the flag bearer of Islam. Recounting the blessings of God upon him, once Hazrat Ali(ra) said that there was a time when he used to tie stones to his stomach due to the severity of hunger, however God blessed him to such an extent that the amount which he would give in alms was up to forty thousand dinars.
His Holiness(aba) relayed a narration, in which once the Holy Prophet(sa) said to Hazrat Ali(ra) that he was his brother and friend. The Holy Prophet(sa) had also given Hazrat Ali(ra) glad tiding that he would enter Paradise. It is recorded that once the Holy Prophet(sa) said to Hazrat Ali(ra), that God had granted him an excellent quality, which was that he did not care for the material things of this world, and nor did those people who cared solely for the world want anything to do with him. The Holy Prophet(sa) said that fortunate were those who loved Hazrat Ali(ra) and spoke the truth about them, and they would be beside him in heaven, and those who hold enmity and lie about Hazrat Ali(ra) would be among the wretched in the Hereafter.
His Holiness(aba) said that Hazrat Ali(ra) used to advise the Muslims that they should rid themselves of personal passions, and that the only passion they should have is that which is for the sake of God. This was exemplified by his very own example, of when, during a battle, he was fighting against a staunch opponent. This fight between the two lasted for hours, after which Hazrat Ali(ra) finally overcame him, and was about to strike the final blow. However, just as he was about to, the opponent spat in Hazrat Ali's(ra) face upon which Hazrat Ali(ra) immediately stepped away. The opponent inquired as to why he had done this, to which Hazrat Ali(ra) replied that till that point, he had been fighting for the sake of God, but he feared that now since he had spat in his face, if he killed him there may be some personal passion included in this act. Thus he stepped away. This had such a profound effect on the opponent that he would go on to accept Islam. His Holiness(aba) said that this is true righteousness.
His Holiness(aba) said that he would continue highlighting incidents from the life of Hazrat Ali(ra) in the future.
An Important Message for the New Year
His Holiness(aba) said that today marks the beginning of a new year and is also the first Friday. His Holiness(aba) said that we should all pray that the new year proves to be blessed for this Community, and for the entire world. May we continue to turn to and prostrate before God more than before, and may the worldly people also be able to recognise God. May we be able to fulfill the rights we owe to one another and humanity at large.
His Holiness(aba) said that for the past year, we have been enduring a grave pandemic, from which no place in the world is safe. His Holiness(aba) said that despite this, many do not seem to want to consider the fact that this pandemic may have come about as a warning for us to start fulfilling the rights we owe to God and one another. His Holiness(aba) said that a few months ago, he sent letters to various world leaders in which he drew their attention to the fact that such calamities come about from becoming unmindful of God and growing in injustice. His Holiness(aba) said that though some leaders replied, their replies were limited to the worldly aspect of this crisis, they failed to acknowledge the aspect of God and faith which His Holiness(aba) had mentioned.
His Holiness(aba) said that these leaders do not seem to take any steps in changing their ways, nor do they wish to draw the attention of their people to their true purpose. This is despite the fact that they all know what is to come after this pandemic; something which everyone knows. However their efforts are limited to the worldly aspect, and do not go beyond that. Not only is this pandemic affecting the health of people, but at the same time, everyone is being impacted at a societal level. Worldly people only have one solution to this, which is that when their own resources become depleted, they will take the resources of smaller nations, as a result of which wars will break out. In fact, some say wars have already begun. As a result, the world will fall into an even deeper pit. Thus before the world falls into such a state, we must do our part in warning and helping the world.
His Holiness(aba) said that thus, it will only be right to congratulate one another on the new year once we do our part in warning the world. In order to do this, we must first analyse ourselves. For us, who have accepted the Messiah of the age, are we doing our part in fulfilling the rights owed to God, and then for His sake, fulfilling the rights owed to His people. Thus, every Ahmadi must ponder and realise that they have the responsibility of a great task, the fulfillment of which calls for them to first establish a loving community amongst Ahmadis. Then we must bring the world under that flag which was raised by the Holy Prophet(sa), which is of the unity of God. Only then will we be fulfilling the pledge of allegiance which we have made; only then will we be able to receive the blessing of God Almighty, and only then will it be appropriate for us to congratulate one another on the dawning of a new year.
His Holiness(aba) said that every Ahmadi man, woman and child should understand this and vow to strive and use all their faculties and capacities to bring about a revolutionary change in the world. His Holiness(aba) prayed that may every Ahmadi be granted the ability to do this.
His Holiness(aba) again urged the Community to continue praying for Ahmadis in Pakistan and Algeria, who continue to face hardships. His Holiness(aba) said that in Pakistan, certain government officials and other clerics continue to increase in grievances they are carrying out. His Holiness(aba) prayed that may God swiftly take such people to account who do not possess the ability to establish justice and peace. May Allah remove the obstacles which they continue to put up for Ahmadis in Pakistan. They seek to do all this under laws created against Ahmadis based on false pretenses that Ahmadis dishonour the Holy Prophet(sa). However, their own actions completely contradict the example set by the Mercy for All of Mankind (sa). Ahmadis are those who are ready to offer their lives for the sake of the Holy Prophet(sa). In fact, it is only Ahmadis in the world today who are truly endeavouring to bring the world under the banner of the Holy Prophet(sa). These people can continue to perpetrate such injustices against us, however we believe in a God Who is the Greatest Helper. When that help manifests, then not a remnant remains of those who perpetrate such acts. His Holiness(aba) said that another court in Algeria has freed Ahmadis who were being falsely charged, however there are still some who are captive. His Holiness(aba) urged the Community to pray for those in captivity there as well as in Pakistan. His Holiness(aba) said that whether it be the new year or Eid, our true happiness will be when we raise the banner of the unity of God in every corner of the world, for which the Holy Prophet(sa) was commissioned in this world. Our true happiness will be when humanity begins to recognise the rights we owe to one another, when hatred turns to love. His Holiness(aba) prayed that may we see such happiness soon. May the Muslim Ummah recognise the Promised Messiah(as). May the world turn the attention of every nation and every person towards fulfilling the rights owed to one another.
His Holiness(aba) prayed that may Allah Almighty keep every Ahmadi throughout the world in His protection, and may this year be a source of blessings for every single person. May we be safeguarded from those shortcomings of the past due to which we have incurred the displeasure of God or due to which we have remained bereft of attaining certain blessings. May Allah shower His blessings upon everyone.
Summary Prepared by The Review of Religions
English translation text not available.
Bengali Complete Text
Bengali Summary
English Summary by Wakil Ala
English PowerPoint
English PDF Slides
Indonesian Complete Text
Indonesian Summary
Urdu PowerPoint
Urdu Complete Text
Urdu Khutba Page اُردو خطبہ ویب سائٹ
Friday Sermon Podcast
The Online Salat Guide
Salat: Friday Prayer
Yearly Archive List by Khulafa
Significance of Friday in Islam
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https://khut.ba/1jan2021


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Apex Legends will soon be fully optimized for colorblind players
Respawn Entertainment works on several changes and updates to improve Apex Legends for colorblind players
Today, Respawn Entertainment designer Chad Armstrong took on Twitter to discuss the latest colorblind changes for the armors and asked for feedback to improve the optimization for the colorblind players. Last Apex Legends update brought some minor improvements for the colorblind players but sadly, it wasn't enough.
Hey, colorblind Apex players!
We recently changed armor to support colorblind modes. However, it sounds like for some of you this change has made things worse.
I'm hoping to fix that, but to do that I need hear a description of what you're experiencing! Help me help you!
— Chad Armstrong (@ShishkaTweets) December 19, 2019
In a separate tweet, Armstrong also thanked the players for positive feedback and pointing out what should change and how the studio can improve. The community feedback so far has been great, and I think the next updates will feature bigger improvements. As of now, all the industry-leading multiplayer games have colorblind support such as League of Legends and Fortnite. Overwatch also has several UI options for different levels of colorblindness.
Designing for disabilities is one of the hardest subjects in game development that can be easily handled if the devs focus more on certain points. In some cases, some developers do not even respond to feedback or care like Respawn does in this situation. It is a very important situation and it should be handled with utmost attention. So, props to Respawn Entertainment and Chad Armstrong for handling the situation very well. If you want to see, hear, or read more about designing for disabilities, Mark Brown has an awesome Youtube channel that features beautiful videos on this subject. You can check them out by clicking here.
Apex Legends PC PlayStation 4 Xbox One Respawn Entertainment Electronic Arts First Person Shooter Free to Play


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You are here: Home / People, communities and local information / The Prevent Duty / Key training dates
Key training dates
Workshop to Raise Awareness of Prevent (WRAP)
Session: This session looks at the way Salford City Council works to stop people being radicalised.
To raise awareness of PREVENT and CHANNEL as a strategy to reduce the number of people becoming or supporting violent extremism through recognising, supporting, and protecting people who might be susceptible to radicalisation through multi-agency support. This online session is for practitioners who have contact with vulnerable people (of all ages, younger and older) to safeguard them from violent extremism.
The training includes:
How young people and adults are radicalised
The signs of radicalisation
Local and national tensions including the Far Right and Islamist extremism
How Prevent supports safeguarding vulnerable individuals against radicalisation and terrorism
What to do if you think a person is being radicalised
Dates and times:
Tuesday 7 December 2021, 1pm to 3pm
Tuesday 8 February 2022, 1pm to 3pm
Tuesday 29 March 2022, 1pm to 3pm
Tuesday 7 June 2022, 1pm to 3pm
Tuesday 9 August 2022, 10am to 12pm
Email debbie.hulme@salford.gov.uk
Small Steps, Right Wing Extremism
Session: Small Steps Training is for any professional who works with adults and young people and wants to learn about the Far-Right influences in Salford. The training offers practical advice and guidance as well as in depth training to spot the signs of radicalisation and raise awareness of the far rights recruitment strategies and online influences.
This will include:
Understanding far right language and symbols
Understanding the methods the far right used to recruit
Understanding the far rights influence in Salford and across the UK
Signs someone is being radicalised by the far right
Wednesday 15 December 2021, 1pm to 3pm
Thursday 20 January 2022, 1pm to 3pm
Thursday 17 March 2022, 1pm to 3pm
Understanding the threat of Incel Violence
Session: Do you know what an Incel is? Do you know if you would be classed as a Chad or Stacy, a Tyrone or a Foid? For some, this might be the first time hearing these terms but in the Incel world this is normal everyday language. An Incel or Involuntary Celibates are a subculture of men who believe women are blame for their lack of intimate sexual intimacy. So why do vulnerable young men access these sites in the first place? Why do they feel comfortable there? How are vulnerable men radicalised to commit such acts of violence?
The training will be Approximately two and a half hours in length and will include:
What is an Incel?
Why do vulnerable young men access these sites in the first place?
Why do they feel comfortable there? How are vulnerable men radicalised to commit such acts of violence?
The sexual abuse of women and children within the Incel community.
The connection of the Incel community and the far right.
The history, rhetoric and vocabulary of the Incel community.
How to recognise and respond to young men expressing these views.
Tuesday 11 January 2022, 10m to 12.30pm
Tuesday 8 February 2022, 10am to 12.30pm
Tuesday 8 March 2022, 10am to 12.30pm
Wednesday 13 April 2022, 10am to 12.30pm
Wednesday 11 May 2022, 10am to 12.30pm
Wednesday 8 June 2022, 10am to 12.30pm
Wednesday 13 July 2022, 10am to 12.30pm
Hate Crime Training
The term 'hate crime' can be used to describe a range of criminal behaviour where the perpetrator is motivated by hostility or demonstrates hostility towards the victim's disability, race, religion, sexual orientation, alternative subculture or transgender identity. These occurrences often have a very damaging effect on a persons wellbeing and community cohesion.
Hate crime briefing
Session: A one-hour overview session that includes:
What are hate crime/incidents?
Current picture in Salford
GM How we raise awareness Support for victims
Thursday 10 February 2022, 1.30pm to 2.30pm
Monday 13 June 2022, 11am to 12pm
Wednesday 16 November 2022, 10am to 11am
Email josephine.rutter@salford.gov.uk
Training for hate crime reporting centres
Session: a two and a half hour training session for those who are or wish to become a reporting centre (or support reporting centres):
A current picture of hate crime in Salford and Greater Manchester
The role of the reporting centre
Partnership role in hate crime
Supporting victims of hate crime and reporting staff
Opportunities to discuss your role and future plans
Tuesday 23 November 2021, 1pm to 2.30pm
Wednesday 9 February 2022, 10am to 12.30pm
Thursday 12 May 2022, 1pm to 3.30pm
Tuesday 11 October 2022, 10am to 12.30pm
Prevent complex safeguarding resources


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Investigator Research
Clinical Trial Data Privacy Policy
Medical Writing Grants
Joseph Spagnardi
Executive Vice President, Legal and Compliance
Joseph Spagnardi joined Shionogi Inc. in June 2013 and is currently Executive Vice President overseeing Legal and Compliance. In this role, Mr. Spagnardi serves as the General Counsel, Chief Compliance Officer and Corporate Secretary of the company and is responsible for all legal and compliance matters. He is a member of the Executive Committee.
Mr. Spagnardi has extensive legal experience in both private practice and senior corporate legal roles, most of which has been in the pharmaceutical industry. In his previous position, he served as the Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary of Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a publicly traded pharmaceutical company acquired by Merck & Co., Inc. Prior to that, Mr. Spagnardi held senior legal positions at GlaxoSmithKline, where he served as Assistant General Counsel – R&D Operations, and Glaxo Wellcome, where he served as a Senior Counsel focusing on transactional matters. Mr. Spagnardi started his legal career at the law firm of Winthrop, Stimson, Putnam & Roberts, now Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman, in New York, specializing in corporate transactions.
Mr. Spagnardi holds a J.D. with honors from the University of North Carolina School of Law and a bachelor's degree in business administration (finance) from the University of Delaware. He has been admitted to the New York State Bar Association since 1990.
© 2023 Shionogi Inc. Florham Park, NJ 07932. All Rights Reserved. 05/20


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Comparison of International Arbitration Rules - Sixth Edition
Oliver Armas
Nathan Searle
Authority of the Arbitral Tribunal,
Arbitrators and Arbitral Tribunals,
Arbitral Process,
International Institutions and Rules,
Arbitral Awards,
ICC,
ICDR,
LCIA,
SCC,
ICSID,
UNCITRAL,
CPR,
National Institutions and Rules
Print, $175.00
PDF (Single-User License), $148.75
The International Arbitration Team at Hogan Lovells LLP continues the work started by colleagues at Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP in compiling the current Sixth Edition of Comparison of International Arbitration Rules of prevailing rules that guide international arbitration proceedings throughout major centers across the world. All of the international arbitration rules compared in this edition are current and up to date as of 2022. The publication is an invaluable resource for all lawyers as it provides the most up-to-date comparison of major institutional rules. Whether you are helping clients draft arbitration provisions for contracts; advising sovereign and quasi-sovereign entities preparing critical legislation; helping clients through arbitration proceedings; or researching the cornerstone of international arbitration, the knowledge contained in Comparison of International Arbitration Rules, Sixth Edition is your guide. This book allows you to spend less time searching and more time solving your client's most pressing legal issues and problems.
This completely current Sixth Edition reflects all the amendments made to the rules following the COVID-19 pandemic, including the 2021 ICC Rules, the 2021 AAA/ICDR Rules, the 2020 LCIA Rules, and the 2022 ICSID Convention Arbitration and Conciliation Rules recently approved on July 1st.
Title Page and TOC
COMPARISON OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION RULES OF
ICC, AAA/ICDR, LCIA, SCC, ICSID, UNCITRAL, AND CPR
- A CHART OF PARALLEL PROVISIONS -
ARBITRATION CLAUSE
Model Clause
Effect of Arbitration Clause/Application of Rules
COMMENCEMENT OF ARBITRATION
Notice or Request for Arbitration
Answer and Counterclaims/Reply
Registration Fee/Advance on Costs
Joinder of Parties
CONSTITUTION OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL
Number of Arbitrators
Nationality/Qualifications of Arbitrators
Disclosure by Arbitrators
Appointment of Arbitrators
Challenge of Arbitrators
Replacement of Arbitrators
Truncated Tribunals
Compensation of Arbitrators
Communications Between Parties and Arbitrators
Liability of Arbitrators/Arbitral Institutions
Notices and Communications/Calculation of Periods of Time
Place of Arbitration
Language/Translations
Representation and Assistance
Confidentiality/Privacy
PRELIMINARY MATTERS
Jurisdictional Issues
Applicable Substantive Law
ARBITRAL PROCEEDINGS
Transmission of File to Arbitrators
Conduct of Proceedings Generally/Applicable Procedural Law
Procedural Rulings
Expedited Proceedings
Terms of Reference/Procedural Timetable/Pre-Hearing Conference
Statement of Claim
Statement of Defense/Counterclaims/Reply
Amendments to Claims/Defenses
Further Written Statements
Disclosure/Discovery
Emergency Arbitral Interim Measures
Waiver of Rules
Closure of Hearings or Proceedings
ARBITRAL DECISIONS/AWARDS
Time Limits for Award
Quorum/Dissents
Place, Form, Notification and Effect of Award
Currency of Award/Interest
Determination and Allocation of Arbitration Costs
Correction, Interpretation or Supplementation of Award
Settlement/Other Termination
Recourse Against Award
International Chamber of Commerce ("ICC") Arbitration Rules
American Arbitration Association/International Centre for Dispute Resolution ("AAA/ICDR") International Arbitration Rules
London Court of International Arbitration ("LCIA") Arbitration Rules
Stockholm Chamber of Commerce ("SCC") Arbitration Rules
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes ("ICSID") Arbitration Rules
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law ("UNCITRAL") Arbitration Rules
International Institute for Conflict Prevention and Resolution ("CPR") International Arbitration Rules
Hogan Lovells LLP is led by the 170-plus member market-leading international arbitration team at Hogan Lovells can strategically steer the most important dispute regardless of size, complexity, or seat. They handle all aspects, as well as the before and after — from pre-arbitration litigation to post-award proceedings to appeals before the highest courts around the world. Hogan lawyers have held high-level positions on arbitration boards worldwide – the ICC Task Force on the Revision of Rules of Arbitration; the ICDR Panel (chairmanship), which drafted the International Expedited Procedures; and the UNCITRAL Working Group of Commercial Arbitration and Conciliation.
This resource would not have been possible without the efforts of our cross-office team, led by Oliver Armas (Partner, New York), Richard Lorenzo (Partner, Miami), Kieron O'Callaghan, and Nathan Searle (Partners, London). Other valued members of the team that worked on this publication include Melissa Ordonez (Counsel, Paris), Orlando Cabrera (Senior Associate, Mexico City), Scott Macpherson (Senior Associate, London), Gulshan Gill (Associate, London), Irina Goga (Associate, New York), Charlie Howell (Associate, London), Jack Shaked (Associate, New York), Lédéa Sawadogo-Lewis (Business Lawyer, Paris), and Katie Dunn (Solicitor Trainee, London).
Oliver J. Armas is a Partner in Hogan Lovells' New York office and the Global Head of the International Arbitration practice. Ollie has handled arbitrations under the rules of many of the major arbitral institutions around the world, including the ICC, AAA/ICDR, LCIA, ICSID, HKIAC, SIAC, DIAC, and DIFC, among others. He is also a highly sought-after arbitrator. Fluent in Spanish, and with an understanding of Portuguese, Ollie routinely counsels clients on matters involving Latin America. Ollie has also served as part of the faculty of the Columbia Law School – Chartered Institute of Arbitrators Comprehensive Course on International Arbitration, as well as being a guest lecturer at Harvard Law School, NYU School of Law, and The University of Pennsylvania Law School.
Nathan Searle is a Partner in Hogan Lovells' London office. Nathan has extensive experience in African related disputes and coordinates the firm's dispute practice in the region. Nathan also has experience in other emerging markets including Asia, India, Russia, and the CIS. Nathan is appointed to the LCIA African Users Council as councilor, a co-chair of the LCIA's Young International Arbitration Group (YIAG) and is a member of the Advisory Board for the Association of Young Arbitrators (AYA).
Orlando Federico Cabrera Colorado is a Senior Associate in Hogan Lovells' Mexico City and Miami offices. He leverages his knowledge of common and civil law jurisdictions, and his fluency in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French to counsel international arbitration clients seamlessly across borders and languages. Having studied law in Canada, Mexico, and the United States, Orlando draws on his deep understanding of complex domestic and international disputes to effectively represent clients in ICSID, ICC, LCIA, and UNCITRAL arbitrations throughout Latin America, North America, and Europe. With more than ten years of experience, Orlando, a listed arbitrator by the Arbitration Center of the Lima Chamber of Commerce and the International Center for Conciliation and Arbitration, advises governments and corporate investors on dispute resolution and political risk management. Approaching each matter with profound intellectual curiosity, Orlando, an associate to the Madrid Court of Arbitration, represents clients in mining, energy, telecommunications, finance, construction, transport, national security, real estate assets, and government contracting. Orlando, a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb) and Board Secretary of CIArb's North American Branch, frequently writes, speaks, and organizes events on international arbitration. He currently serves as a Young ICCA Events Coordinator.
Katie Dunn is a fourth seat Trainee Solicitor in Hogan Lovells' London office.
Gulshan Gill is an Associate in Hogan Lovells' London office. Gulshan represents international clients in arbitrations and litigations. Gulshan's experience includes helping clients navigate disputes across a range of industry sectors. He has also acted for clients in LCIA, ICC and ICSID arbitrations.
Irina Goga is an Associate in Hogan Lovells' New York office. Irina focuses her practice on litigation and international arbitration. She has experience in commercial arbitration in the consumer and technology sectors and has handled matters ranging from contractual disputes to corporate governance. Irina graduated from New York University School of Law where she served as the Symposium Editor for the NYU Journal of International Law and Politics, organized events for the International Arbitration Association, and participated in the NYU Law in Paris program. She also worked on civil rights issues, such as prison reform and discrimination, alongside organizations such as the New York Civil Liberties Union and the Sikh Coalition.
Charlie Howell is an Associate in Hogan Lovells' London office.
Scott Macpherson is a Senior Associate in Hogan Lovells' London office. Scott focuses on public international law, and in particular, dispute settlement under investment treaties. Scott acts for States, international organizations, and businesses in international disputes, primarily international arbitrations under the ICSID, SCC, UNCITRAL, LCIA, and ICC rules in addition to ad-hoc arbitrations and arbitration related litigation before the English courts. Scott regularly delivers trainings and lectures on international investment law and dispute settlement.
Melissa Ordonez is a Counsel in Hogan Lovells' Paris office. Melissa focuses her practice on commercial and investment treaty arbitration. She is French/Colombian and has lived in several countries including Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK. Thanks to her unique multicultural background, Melissa works on complex arbitrations involving various regions of the world. She is known for her strategic skills and brings extensive experience of arbitration under the rules of the ICC, LCIA, ICSID and UNCITRAL, acting for companies from diverse industries as well as on behalf of States. Melissa is also a member of the firm's Latin American practice with substantial experience in international arbitration in the region.
Ledea Sawadogo-Lewis is a Business Lawyer in the Hogan Lovells' Paris office.
Jack Shaked is an Associate in the Hogan Lovells' New York office. Jack's work on four continents has given him experience in cross-cultural collaboration and his experience in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa allows him to seek the best possible outcomes for clients. In law school, Jack worked as a student attorney for the International Refugee Assistance Project and participated in three separate legal clinics. While working at the Department of Defense Office of General Counsel, he split his focus between investigations and issues at the intersection of cybersecurity and international law. Working with Transparency International in Paris, Jack authored a report on how to best structure future anti-corruption sanction regimes to survive legal challenges.
"The updated Comparison of International Arbitration Rules is an extremely useful tool for arbitrators and practitioners: easy-to-use, comprehensive, and well organized. The authors have made a tremendous contribution to the practice of arbitration with this reference guide." -Meg Kinnear, Secretary-General of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
"This updated Comparison book is a practical guide that once again provides an interesting and useful contribution to the arbitration library, which users of arbitration will be happy to turn to for quick and easy reference." -Jacomijn van Haersolte-van Hof, Director General of the London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA)
"This edition is a rich user-friendly reference that offers a truly practical guide and a very resourceful compass for clients, practitioners, scholars and all those who wish to navigate through the intricacies of the prevailing rules that guide arbitration proceedings." -Mohamed S. Abdel Wahab, Professor of Private International Law and International Arbitration - Cairo University and Founding Partner and Head of International Arbitration - Zulficar & Partners Law Firm (Egypt)


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Molecular systematics of the Southwestern Atlantic Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozo...
Biodiversity, connectivity and evolutionary history of specialist polychaetes in o...
Phylogeography, population genomics and speciation of naturally fragmented populat...
Morphological and molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of Nyssorhynchus subgenus of An...
Biodiversity and connectivity of benthic communities in organic-rich habitats in t...
Evolution in the family Drosophilidae: ontogeny and phylogeny
Multi-user equipment approved in grant 11/50185-1: stereomicroscope Leica M205C
Molecular ecology and biodiversity of Roseobacter group of the Southwest Atlantic
Support type: BIOTA-FAPESP Program - Regular Research Grants
Duration: September 01, 2021 - August 31, 2023
Field of knowledge: Physical Sciences and Mathematics - Oceanography - Biological Oceanography
Principal researcher: Vivian Helena Pellizari
Grantee: Vivian Helena Pellizari
Home Institution: Instituto Oceanográfico (IO). Universidade de São Paulo (USP). São Paulo , SP, Brazil
Assoc. researchers: Amanda Gonçalves Bendia ; Andre Oliveira de Souza Lima ; Victor Satler Pylro
Rhodobacteraceae is one of the most abundant families of Alphaproteobacteria ever described and has a high phenotypic and ecological diversity. Within the Rhodobacteraceae family, the Roseobacter group has stood out due to its abundance and metabolic versatility in marine ecosystems. Occurrence studies using 16S rRNA gene sequencing have shown that its abundance often corresponds to 10 to 25% of the microbial community in pelagic marine ecosystems, thus being one of the most abundant groups of marine heterotrophic bacteria. Despite the high genomic diversity, the Roseobacter clade is well established in the Alphaproteobacteria phylogenetic tree. However, the internal phylogeny of the group based on 16S rRNA genes is not as robust, with some remarkably paraphyletic strains within the clade. The inclusion of non-cultivable members in phylogenomic analyzes represents a computational challenge that needs to be solved to understand the evolutionary history of the group. The pangenome approach and the implementation of pipelines that use large-scale phylogenetic profiles of genomes and metagenomes will be used in this proposal to identify and compare common and unique genes for each lineage and reconstruct the phylogeny of the group and recognize dispersion to patterns to the Southwest Atlantic. The study of the diversity of the 16S rRNA gene of the Roseobacter group and the reconstruction of genomes in the Brazilian Southwest Atlantic to be carried out in shelf and slope areas, will bring a panorama never studied for the Roseobacter group for this region. The use and development of skills in cultivation approaches, phylogenomics and bioinformatics of this project, targeting the marine Roseobacter group, will be fundamental for the formation of the first collection of marine Roseobacter collection in Brazil and a database and metadata that do not yet exist that will constitute the thematic collection of the Brazilian Microbiome Project. Thus, this project aims to contribute to the unprecedented knowledge of the pattern, dispersion and phylogenetic and functional diversity of Roseobacter in bacterioplankton and sediments of the Southwest Atlantic; contribute to the review of the phylogeny and description of the group's paraphyletic genera, establish the first collection of marine bacteria of the Roseobacter group in Brazil and start the construction of the Brazilian Microbiome Project marine microbiome thematic bank. (AU)


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Cities and Settlements
Figures & Events
Mythology & Religion
ViewStock / Getty Images
by N.S. Gill
N.S. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. She has been featured by NPR and National Geographic for her ancient history expertise.
Damascus, in ancient Syria, is said to have been inhabited by perhaps 9000 B.C., however, it wasn't a city before the third or second millennium B.C.
Though settlements often predate writing, there seem to be many substantial differences between early settlements and cities. Settlements, in this context, are part of a stage after the hunter-gatherers, who are generally characterized as nomadic. The stage of the hunter-gatherers also precedes subsistence on farming, a normally settled style of life.
Early Cities and Settlements
The earliest cities are believed to have started in the Mesopotamian area of the Ancient Near East by the fifth millennium B.C. (Uruk and Ur) or in Catal Huyuk in Anatolia in the 8th century B.C. Early settlements tended to have very small populations, only a few families, and they worked cooperatively to make all or almost all they required to survive. Individuals had their chosen or given tasks to perform, but with the small population numbers, all hands were welcome and valued. Gradually, the trade would have evolved, along with exogamous marriage with other settlements. Between settlements and cities are increasingly urban communities of various sizes, like villages and towns, with a city sometimes defined as a large town. Lewis Mumford, a twentieth-century historian, and sociologist traces settlements even further back:
"Before the city there was the hamlet and the shrine and the village: before the village, the camp, the cache, the cave, the cairn; and before all these there was a disposition to social life that man plainly shares with many other animal species."
Differentiating a City From a Settlement
Besides having a substantial and often dense population, a city—as an urban area—can be characterized as having food distribution and supply setups, with food produced beyond the densely inhabited regions—in the country. This is part of a larger economic picture. Since the denizens of the city do not grow all (or any of) their own food, hunt their own game, or herd their own flocks, there must be ways and structures to transport, distribute, and store food—like the pottery storage vessels. Archaeologists and art historians use these in ascribing dates, and there is specialization and division of labor. Record keeping becomes important. Luxury goods and trading increase. In general, people do not readily surrender their accumulations of goods to the nearest marauding band or wild wolves. They prefer to find ways to defend themselves. Walls (and other monumental structures) become a feature of many ancient cities. The acropolises of ancient Greek city-states (poleis; sg. polis) were walled high places selected for their ability to provide defense, although, confusing issues, the polis itself included not just the urban area with its acropolis, but the surrounding countryside.
Peter S. Wells, anthropology class, the University of Minnesota, 2013
A Look At Sumer in Ancient History
Growth and Settlement of a Harappan Capital in Pakistan
What Makes a City a City
Get to Know America's Major Megalopolis
Urban Slums: How and Why They Form
The 13 Capital Cities of Canada
What Are the Most Important Neolithic Sites in Europe?
These Are The Early Influences on Nepal
Facts About Seoul, South Korea
Did You Know These Facts About London?
What are the Characteristics of Ancient Monumental Architecture?
When and How Did Apartheid Start in South Africa?
Get to Know San Lorenzo, the First Major American City
Site and Situation in Urban Geography
What Were the Largest Cities Throughout History?
Abu Hureyra: Agriculture in the Euphrates Valley


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2018 Suzuki V-Strom 650 XT ABS Motorcycle Launched; Priced in India at Rs 7.46 Lakh
Auto Team Latestly| Oct 05, 2018 01:11 PM IST
Suzuki V-Strom 650XT ABS (File Photo)
Suzuki Motorcycle India has finally launched the much awaited adventurer tourer motorcycle, which is called as V-Strom 650XT ABS in the domestic market. Priced at Rs 7.46 lakh (ex-showroom Delhi), the new motorcycle comes in as a Completely Knocked Down (CKD) Unit, which is assembled in India. Touted as an ultimate motorcycle renowned for its versatility that makes it suitable for daily commuting, long highways as well as unexplored terrains. The new Suzuki V-Strom 650XT ABS is the third product from the two-wheeler manufacturer for this financial year after GSX S750 and Hayabusa. Tata Harrier SUV Officially Teased Again; Undergoes Water Wading Test - Watch Video.
The adventurer tourer motorcycle comes powered by a 645cc, 4-stroke, liquid cooled DOHC, V-twin engine with fuel-injection technology. The technology churns out an improved performance of the engine that develops 71hp of maximum power with 62Nm of peak torque. The engine comes mated to a 6-speed gearbox. On the feature front, the middleweight adventure motorcycle comes with a 3-stage traction control system, Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) and 3-way, height-adjustable windscreen, Suzuki's useful Easy Start System and much more.
The motorcycle is available in two exciting shades - Champion Yellow Color No. 2 and Pearl Glacier White and is priced at INR 7,46,000 (ex-showroom, New Delhi). The new multi-functional instrument panel on the motorcycle features speedometer, odometer, fuel level, coolant temperature, gear position, battery voltage, traction-control modes ensuring accurate information to the rider. Triumph Motorcycle India Organised Distinguished Gentleman's Ride Across India to Create Awareness on Prostate Cancer.
Underlining Suzuki's adventure DNA, the styling of the V-Strom 650XT ABS is inspired from its larger sibling - V-Strom 1000. The motorcycle is equipped with wire-spoke rims that are shod into Bridgestone Battlax Adventure tubeless tyres. The suspension duties are carried out by conventional telescopic fork at the front and a monoshock with rebound adjustment and remote preload adjuster at the back.
Mr. Satoshi Uchida, Managing Director, Suzuki Motorcycle India Pvt Ltd. said, "We are delighted to offer the ultimate adventure-tourer Suzuki V-Strom 650XT ABS to Indian customers as a Completely Knocked Down (CKD) Unit, assembled in India. Off late, Motorcycles have evolved as an extension of its owner's personality. Individuals are now ready to invest to get an experience they were longing for. With it's all-round capabilities, V-Strom 650XT ABS is the apt motorcycle for adventure enthusiasts who want to be able to ride the same motorcycle for daily usage as well. As our third new product launch of this financial year, V-Strom 650XT ABS delivers on our promise of introducing well-engineered and technological advance premium offerings; emphasising our commitment to the Indian market."
Motorcycle Suzuki Motorcycle India Suzuki V Strom 650XT ABS Suzuki V-Strom 650 V-Strom 650
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