text:
Maps of Islington
A Plan of te Parish of ST MARY ISLINGTON, with the boundaries of the Several Ecclesiastical Districts, Sueveyed by R. Creighton for the Parochial History, BY S. LEWIS, JUNR.
1 : 15840 Plan of the parish of St Mary's Islington, with the nine ecclesiastical districts that make up the parish delineated by pastel colours. Dower, John, Pentonville.
PLAN OF ISLINGTON PARISH
1 : 9744 This detailed plan of the parish of Islington records each property and field boundary and even indicates the layout of the gardens and trees. A vignette in the lower right corner shows a view of Canonbury from 1821. The note at lower left reports the increase in building over the last seven years and the population growth. Dent, R.
PLAN of the Parish of St. Mary. Islington
This is a plan of the parish of St Mary's, Islington, with three vignettes depicting the Scotch Church, the New Church and St Peter's Chapel down the right of the plate. Baker, B.
Insurance Plan of London North North West District Vol. D: Key Plan
1 : 10560 This "key plan" indicates coverage of the Goad 1892 series of fire insurance maps of London that were originally produced to aid insurance companies in assessing fire risks. The building footprints, their use (commercial, residential, educational, etc.), the number of floors and the height of the building, as well as construction materials (and thus risk of burning) and special fire hazards (chemicals, kilns, ovens) were documented in order to estimate premiums. Names of individual businesses, property lines, and addresses were also often recorded. Together these maps provide a rich historical shapshot of the commercial activity and urban landscape of towns and cities at the time. The British Library holds a comprehensive collection of fire insurance plans produced by the London-based firm Charles E. Goad Ltd. dating back to 1885. These plans were made for most important towns and cities of the British Isles at the scales of 1:480 (1 inch to 40 feet), as well as many foreign towns at 1:600 (1 inch to 50 feet). Chas E Goad Limited Chas E Goad Limited
A Survey of the Roads and Foot-paths in the Parish of ISLINGTON. From a plan in the Vestry Room, Drawn in the Year 1735
1 : 14400 This is a plan of footpaths and roads in the parish of Islington. It extends from Battle Bridge to Highgate and from ''Cruch End'' to Kings Land and the boundary to Shoreditch. An interesting feature on this map is Jack Straws House near Highbury. Jack Straw was a leader of one band of rebels who attacked the Treasurer's House at Highbury on June 14, 1381. The Peasants' Revolt over increasing taxation was largely due to the monarchy's prosectution of war against France. Toll gates are also marked in various places. Hawsworth, J.
Poverty map of London, 1891
Insurance Plan of London North District Vol. D: Key Plan
1 : 3600 This "key plan" indicates coverage of the Goad 1901 series of fire insurance maps of London that were originally produced to aid insurance companies in assessing fire risks. The building footprints, their use (commercial, residential, educational, etc.), the number of floors and the height of the building, as well as construction materials (and thus risk of burning) and special fire hazards (chemicals, kilns, ovens) were documented in order to estimate premiums. Names of individual businesses, property lines, and addresses were also often recorded. Together these maps provide a rich historical shapshot of the commercial activity and urban landscape of towns and cities at the time. The British Library holds a comprehensive collection of fire insurance plans produced by the London-based firm Charles E. Goad Ltd. dating back to 1885. These plans were made for most important towns and cities of the British Isles at the scales of 1:480 (1 inch to 40 feet), as well as many foreign towns at 1:600 (1 inch to 50 feet). Chas E Goad Limited Chas E Goad Limited
1 : 12672 Map of the borough of Islington with inset plan of the parish of St Mary's on the left of the plate and note giving information about the borough down the right side of the plate. The plan shows the New River, a man made water course supplying London with fresh water from Hertfordshire. Baker, E.
Trade Card Map of Islington
T. Starling
London VII.NW - OS Six-Inch Map
Insurance Plan of London North District Vol. D (Key B): sheet 2
1 : 480 This detailed 1901 plan of London is one of a series of twenty sheets in an atlas originally produced to aid insurance companies in assessing fire risks. The building footprints, their use (commercial, residential, educational, etc.), the number of floors and the height of the building, as well as construction materials (and thus risk of burning) and special fire hazards (chemicals, kilns, ovens) were documented in order to estimate premiums. Names of individual businesses, property lines, and addresses were also often recorded. Together these maps provide a rich historical shapshot of the commercial activity and urban landscape of towns and cities at the time. The British Library holds a comprehensive collection of fire insurance plans produced by the London-based firm Charles E. Goad Ltd. dating back to 1885. These plans were made for most important towns and cities of the British Isles at the scales of 1:480 (1 inch to 40 feet), as well as many foreign towns at 1:600 (1 inch to 50 feet). Chas E Goad Limited Chas E Goad Limited
London (1915- Numbered sheets) II.14 (includes: Hornsey St Mary; Islington; Stoke Newington) - 25 Inch Map
London (Edition of 1894-96) XXIX (includes: Hornsey St Mary; Islington; Stoke Newington) - 25 Inch Map
London (First Editions c1850s) IX (includes: Hornsey St Mary; Islington; Stoke Newington) - 25 Inch Map
London (1915- Numbered sheets) V.2 (includes: Islington) - 25 Inch Map
London (Edition of 1894-96) XXXIX (includes: Islington) - 25 Inch Map
London (First Editions c1850s) XVII (includes: Islington) - 25 Inch Map
Insurance Plan of London Vol. xi Regent's Canal and Vicinity: Key Plan 2
A New and Accurate SURVEY of the PARISHES of St. Andrews Holbourn
Plan of the parishes of St. Andrew's, Holborn, St George's, Queen Square, St James's Clerkenwell, St Luke's, Old Street, St Mary's Islington and the Charterhouse Liberty. Cole, B.
London (1915- Numbered sheets) II.10 (includes: Hornsey St Mary; Islington; Stoke Newington; Tottenham) - 25 Inch Map
London (Edition of 1894-96) XX (includes: Hornsey St Mary; Islington; Stoke Newington; Tottenham) - 25 Inch Map
London (First Editions c1850s) IV (includes: Hornsey St Mary; Islington; Stoke Newington; Tottenham) - 25 Inch Map
Insurance Plan of London Vol. xi: sheet 372-2
1 : 480 This detailed 1891 plan of London is one of a series of forty seven sheets in an atlas originally produced to aid insurance companies in assessing fire risks. The building footprints, their use (commercial, residential, educational, etc.), the number of floors and the height of the building, as well as construction materials (and thus risk of burning) and special fire hazards (chemicals, kilns, ovens) were documented in order to estimate premiums. Names of individual businesses, property lines, and addresses were also often recorded. Together these maps provide a rich historical shapshot of the commercial activity and urban landscape of towns and cities at the time. The British Library holds a comprehensive collection of fire insurance plans produced by the London-based firm Charles E. Goad Ltd. dating back to 1885. These plans were made for most important towns and cities of the British Isles at the scales of 1:480 (1 inch to 40 feet), as well as many foreign towns at 1:600 (1 inch to 50 feet). Chas E Goad Limited Chas E Goad Limited
London (1915- Numbered sheets) V.6 (includes: Finsbury; Holborn; Islington; St Pancras) - 25 Inch Map
London (First Editions c1850s) XXVI (includes: Finsbury; Holborn; Islington; St Pancras) - 25 Inch Map
London (1915- Numbered sheets) V.1 (includes: Hampstead; St Pancras) - 25 Inch Map
London (First Editions c1850s) XVI (includes: Hampstead; St Pancras) - 25 Inch Map
Description: Plan of the parish of St Mary's Islington, with the nine ecclesiastical districts that make up the parish delineated by pastel colours.
Contibutor: Dower, John, Pentonville.


text:
Nuclear Energy Insider
Holtec grows from spent fuel specialist into major decommissioning player
After a flurry of license transfer agreements with Entergy and Exelon, a new joint venture by Holtec and SNC-Lavalin plans to combine spent fuel storage innovations with economies of scale to drive down decommissioning costs.
Holtec is set to take ownership of three U.S. reactors currently operated by Entergy and Exelon and has created a joint decommissioning group with Canada's SNC-Lavalin. (Image credit: NRC)
Westinghouse adapts reactor saws as Germany deal tests scaling gains
EDF ramps up nuclear decommissioning efficiency with eyes on Europe
Areva eyes five-year decommissioning timelines under faster model
The creation of Comprehensive Decommissioning International (CDI), a new joint venture between Holtec and Canada's SNC-Lavalin, has heightened competition in the decommissioning sector.
CDI aims to become the "leading decommissioning contractor" in the U.S. nuclear industry, Pierre Oneid, Holtec's Senior Vice-President and Chief Nuclear Officer, said in July.
By early August, Holtec had signed agreements to purchase upon closure Entergy's 688 MW Pilgrim plant in Massachusetts, its 811 MW Palisades plant in Michigan, and Exelon's 636 MW Oyster Creek plant in New Jersey. In addition, Holtec would take control of Entergy's decommissioned Big Rock Point Nuclear Power Plant site which still hosts an Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (ISFSI).
The license transfer agreements are expected to be completed in the second half of 2019 and will quickly impact site activities. The Oyster Creek plant is to be permanently shut down this month, while Pilgrim is set to close by June 2019 and Palisades is scheduled to shut down in the spring of 2022.
CDI will combine Holtec's spent fuel storage and transport expertise with SNC-Lavalin's plant engineering, construction and maintenance experience. Holtec is also aiming to build the U.S.'s first consolidated interim storage facility (CISF) for spent fuel and the two companies recently partnered on Holtec's SMR 160 reactor development project.
CDI plans to combine Holtec and SNC-Lavalin's project management expertise with economies of scale, to accelerate decommissioning times and minimize project costs, Jeremy Parriott, Vice President, Communications at CDI, told Nuclear Energy Insider.
The company aims to release plant sites for unrestricted use within eight years, discounting temporary dry storage installation.
CDI will share lessons in quality and performance in real time across multiple sites and strategic contracts will be put in place to achieve economies of scale, Parriott said.
Multiple site contracts should generate cost reduction opportunities while lowering in-house procurement costs, he said.
Low wholesale prices have accelerated reactor closure plans and Holtec predicts the U.S. decommissioning market could be valued at around $14 billion in 2018-2028.
Nuclear companies are joining forces and introducing new business models to gain a share of the growing decommissioning market.
Last year, Orano (formerly Areva) and U.S. demolition specialists Northstar created a joint company, Accelerated Decommissioning Partners (ADP), to provide a "one-stop" final decommissioning solution for the original operator, introducing technological, regulatory and financial efficiencies.
The latest technologies and optimized strategies could see the dismantling and decontamination (D&D) of U.S. nuclear plants completed within five years of shutdown, Sam Shakir, Chief Executive Officer of Areva Nuclear Materials (ANM), told Nuclear Energy Insider in September 2017.
"It's definitely doable because we are shrinking the spent fuel movement duration dramatically," Shakir said.
ADP and CDI both plan to use dry storage canisters to transfer spent fuel to storage at an earlier stage.
CDI will use Holtec canisters and the dry storage approach should reduce time taken for fuel transfer to less than three years, according to the company.
Shorter defuelling processes significantly reduce costs. Running costs for a shutdown nuclear plant with fuel still in the cooling pool are typically between $25 million and $30 million per year, driven by labor requirements.
Nuclear decommissioning costs by category (indicative)
Data source: Electric Power Research Institute's 'Decommissioning Experiences and Lessons Learned' report. (2011).
During defuelling, CDI will be able to segment and remove reactor internals, saving further project time. Simultaneous dismantling work is becoming commonplace as companies continue to invent new cutting and packaging technologies to improve safety and efficiency.
CDI will also be able to learn from Holtec's decommissioning activity at the Vermont Yankee plant. Holtec recently completed defuelling of the Vermont Yankee spent fuel pool within 3.5 years of shutdown.
Storage hub
Holtec plans to use its proposed consolidated interim storage facility (CISF) in New Mexico to store spent nuclear fuel from U.S. nuclear plants, including Oyster Creek.
In March, Holtec announced the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has accepted Holtec's license application to build a facility that would initially house 8,680 MT of spent fuel and could be expanded to 120,000 MT.
"The NRC provided a preliminary schedule that envisages the issuance of license by July 2020; however, the date will be sooner if Holtec's responses to the regulatory queries are timely and of high quality," the company said in a statement.
Holtec plans to "eventually" store the spent nuclear fuel at its planned CISF but it is too early to reveal the cost savings of this approach, Parriot said.
Orano USA and Waste Control Specialists (WCS) have also submitted a license application to the NRC for a new CISF in Andrews County, Texas. The proposed facility would initially host 5,000 metric tons (MT) of spent fuel and could be expanded to host 40,000 MT.
Staff plans
If the plant license transfers are approved by regulatory authorities, CDI expects to initiate decommissioning of Oyster Creek plant in 2019, followed by decommissioning of Pilgrim in 2020. A timeline for Palisades will be developed closer to the reactor's shutdown in the spring of 2022.
Proactive licence regulation actions and human resource planning are key to minimizing front-end decommissioning costs.
Facing widespread closures, Entergy has used experience at its Vermont Yankee site to inform its staff planning and communication strategies. Vermont Yankee staff numbers were cut from 650 during operations to around 315 in the first quarter of 2015 and then reduced to 150 by the second quarter of 2016, according to a presentation by Entergy and Northstar, published in December 2016.
Entergy was able to transfer 95% of plant staff into a new career at another operational Entergy plant or to a Vermont Yankee decommissioning role, Joseph Lynch, Senior Government Affairs Manager Decommissioning at Entergy, said in June 2017.
As a growing company, Holtec will explore employment opportunities for Entergy employees "dislocated" by the decommissioning program at Pilgrim and Palisades, Kris Singh, Holtec President and CEO, said in a statement.
At Oyster Creek, CDI will offer employment to Oyster Creek decommissioning employees, effective upon the transaction closing.
"Holtec's commitment to the nuclear industry and its presence in New Jersey will allow many of our employees previously facing relocation to continue living and working in the Garden State," Bryan Hanson, Exelon Generation's chief nuclear officer, said.
By Neil Ford
International SMR & Advanced Reactor Summit 2020
Apr 8, 2020 to Apr 9, 2020
Omni Atlanta Hotel at CNN Center, Atlanta, Georgia
Nuclear Decommissioning License Transfers: Challenges and Opportunities
Cyber Security and the Digitization of Nuclear Power Plants
2017 US Decommissioning Summit
California utilities seek fast reactor dismantling, regulation to control costs
Nuclear Energy Insider is part of FCBI Energy Ltd, a registered company in England and Wales - Registered number 09823824. 7-9 Fashion Street, London, E1 6PX, UK.
© Nuclear Energy Insider 2020| LEGAL NOTICE | TERMS & CONDITIONS | EDITORIAL STAFF | +44 (0) 207 375 7575 | PRIVACY POLICY

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
From the Editor Past Issues About Maryknoll Edición en Español
Photo Meditations
Orbis Books
Missioner Tales
Readers' Responses
Building Homes in Panama
By Maria-Pia Negro Chin
ShareTweet it!LinkedinEmailPrint
A Maryknoll sister helps families
go from shaky shacks to solid houses
[googlefont font="Cormorant Infant" fontsize="20″]Story and photos by Maria-Pia Negro Chin[/googlefont]
Before the crack of dawn, Maryknoll Sister Nena Heramil laces up her blue sneakers and heads to the city's train station. Her journey involves five transfers, including a train and three buses to the outskirts of Panama City, and then she starts walking uphill. As part of the pastoral social action team at San Juan Maria Bautista Vianney parish, Sister Heramil focuses on improving the living conditions of hundreds of Panamanians in informal settlements around the city.
Today, she is visiting three communities to see people who replaced their precarious houses with concrete ones thanks to one of the team's projects.
"This has been a blessing," says Elizabeth Pineda, who migrated from the largely rural province of Veraguas over a decade ago. "Before, our house was made out of wood that was rotten and damaged by the rain." Once the Pinedas received donated construction materials, they worked with their neighbors to build their new one-room dwelling. "It took us a week to build the little house. Everybody helped," says Pineda, who is raising three daughters in her new home.
For Elizabeth Pineda, having a solid one-room house for her family has been a blessing
because it means the possibility of a better future for her three daughters. (Maria-Pia Negro Chin/Panama)
Tilsia Gondola, who leads the social action group at Vianney, says the project started in 2013 with a parish census to assess the needs of the communities."People were concerned about the health of their children because many of the houses are built with materials from the garbage dump, like cartons, plastic, galvanized iron or other materials they can find," Gondola explains. "We have a rainy climate in this country; the water gets into the houses and children can get skin infections or pulmonary illnesses."
Pedro Perez, a catechist at San Jose Chapel, which is part of the parish, says houses made of galvanized metal become as hot as ovens under Panama's tropical sun. "Many of the iron sheets have holes, and when it rains, sometimes there is more water inside than outside," he says.
Eight of the 32 communities covered by Vianney parish live in extreme poverty, with many residents inhabiting unsafe houses, according to the social action group. After talking to community members, the parish applied for assistance from SELAVIP, an international foundation established by Belgium-born Jesuit Father Josse van der Rest that sponsors community housing projects for poor urban families in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Since the first construction project in 2014, the parish has built 73 one-room houses, with an additional five built thanks to an individual donor.
Dwellings like this, made of wood and damaged by the rain, were able to be replaced by concrete one-room homes through a project of the social action team of Vianney parish. (Maria-Pia Negro Chin/Panama)
SELAVIP covers the cost of the construction materials so that a family with small children can build a 172-square-foot (16-square-meter) one-room house. Beneficiaries call these rooms casitas or little houses. The parish helps to cover the other costs and the families build the houses themselves with the help of a local mason. The social action group hopes to build another 51 casitas in 2020, Sister Heramil says.
"The children are so happy that they are sleeping in a house, that they have a safe place where they can sleep," says Sister Heramil. "People are grateful for the help; you can see it in their eyes, their smiles."
The missioner says the chance to be part of this project transforms the people's lives. "We not only give them materials but prepare them to know how to live well," she says. The families participate in parish-sponsored workshops, covering topics such as safety, sanitation, nutrition and health, she says.
"The idea is not only to build a house but to build them up as people, to give them the tools so they can improve their way of life," adds Gondola about the project's aim.
John González and Emliana Arroyo, who recently received approval to build their cement house, showed Sister Heramil where they plan to build the new casita for their three children. "I am grateful for this help," Emliana says. "I hope the Lord gives (the social action team) the strength to continue to support families of humble means so that they can have a better future."
John González and Emliana Arroyo, recently received approval to build their cement house, for their three children to have a better life. (Maria-Pia Negro Chin/Panama)
Sister Heramil seems to have that strength. Her work doesn't stop when a new house is built. She is devoted to visiting families in need, both housing recipients and others, and evaluating how the social action team can help.
"She climbs up those hills and gets to know the people," Gondola says. "She has been able to do what we couldn't, due to her perseverance and constant involvement with the communities."
Sister Heramil, 56, grew up on the island of Samal in the Philippines and in 1985 joined the Teresian Daughters of Mary, a Philippine religious congregation. She served mostly as a school administrator. Moved by the Holy Spirit to do cross-cultural mission, she says, she transferred to the Maryknoll Sisters in 2010, and made her incorporation of vows in 2015. She was sent to Bolivia, where she studied Spanish and worked in an after-school program for at-risk children.
Maryknoll Sisters Nena Heramil (center) and Norma Pocasangre (right) smile with a World Youth Day pilgrim who visited their vocation booth. (Courtesy of the Maryknoll Sisters/Panama)
In 2016, Sister Heramil was assigned to Panama, where she chose a ministry working with the social action group at Vianney. "The work that I do is really to be with the people, visiting the families and is just hearing their stories," she says. Her work includes visiting sick parishioners every Friday and helping distribute much-needed food to poor families and the elderly twice a month.
But there is still much to do, she adds. Most families in the communities she serves are indigenous people or farmers who come from the provinces seeking a better life, only to find more poverty, unemployment, malnutrition and a lack of educational opportunities for their children. These families live in areas that are hardest to access, such as on hills and in ravines, where they often lack access to water and electricity and transportation.
The Franco family shows the sister Heramil the land where. They will build their new house. (Maria-Pia Negro Chin/Panama)
Gondola says the social action team hopes to help families to start home gardens so they can improve their nutrition and supplement their income. Team members also plan to work with the parish ecology ministry to improve access to water. Another initiative is to teach women in the area to make arts and crafts to sell locally. Sister Heramil hopes these initiatives, along with the housing project, will help families embrace their futures with dignity.
Briceida Duarte expresses the joy of those who have received help building a new, solid home. "I am happy because now we have something that we own and we can leave to our children," she says. "I give thanks to God and to everyone who is helping with the project."
Women from the community of Vallecito show handicrafts they learned to make to sell locally. (Maria-Pia Negro Chin/Panama)
Featured Image: Ana Maria Bordones (right) and her children show Sister Nena
Heramil, M.M., their new house in Valle San Francisco, Panama. (Maria-Pia Negro Chin/Panama)
Connect with Maryknoll
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Maria-Pia Negro Chin
Maria-Pia was born and raised in Lima, Peru. She earned a master's degree in multimedia journalism from the University of Maryland and a bachelor's degree in communications/writing from Loyola University Maryland. As bilingual associate editor, she writes, edits and translates articles for Misioneros and Maryknoll Magazine for the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers. Her work has received awards from the Catholic Press Association of the United States and Canada. She lives in New York with her husband.
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Our Winter 2021 issue of Maryknoll magazine focuses on the displaced and dispossessed, including refugees among whom a Maryknoll brother discovered Christmas, on four churchwomen martyrs now honored as saints, on Maryknoll's newest priest … and more.
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Company: CarMax
7132 - Dulles - 45210 Towlern Pl, Sterling, Virginia, 20166
CarMax, the way your career should be!
An opportunity in the auto industry you can count on
If you want to build a career in the auto industry, start with a company that's leading the way. As an Inventory Associate, you will learn our business from the ground up, with a focus on giving our customers an exceptional experience. We're proud to offer our customers vehicles they can rely on. It's made us the nation's largest retailer of used cars and a place where you can build a rewarding future.
What you will do - Essential responsibilities
Log and track deliveries and vehicle inventory
Move cars around the site so they are available for customers to view
Ensure our locations are always welcoming to customers
Build your skills in cleaning, vacuuming and reconditioning cars to the standards our customers deserve
Learn about delivering great customer experiences from an expert team
Build your success on ours
Inventory Associates are always busy and never stop learning in the fast-paced environment of a CarMax store. Everyone's contribution counts to deliver a great experience for customers. CarMax brings out the best in you as you bring out the best in our cars through your teamwork and attention to detail. Our associates enjoy a generous range of company benefits including paid vacation, medical and retirement plans, and car purchase discounts.
A high level of motivation
Possession of a valid driver's license
Good communication and teamwork skills
Work outdoors in all types of weather
Flexibility to work evenings and weekends
About CarMax
CarMax disrupted the auto industry by delivering the honest, transparent and high-integrity experience customers want and deserve. This innovative thinking around the way cars are bought and sold has helped us become the nation's largest retailer of used cars, with over 200 locations nationwide.
Our amazing team of more than 25,000 associates work together to deliver iconic customer experiences. Along the way, we help every associate grow their career and achieve their best, at work and in their community. We are recognized for our commitment to training and diversity and are one of the FORTUNE 100 Best Companies to Work For .
CarMax is an equal opportunity employer, and all qualified candidates will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, genetic information, national origin, protected veteran status, disability status, or any other characteristic protected by law
Upon an applicant's request, CarMax will consider reasonable accommodation to complete the CarMax Job Application.
Keywords: CarMax, Sterling , Inventory Clerk, Other , Sterling, Virginia
Description: br Internal Job Desc FooterInternal Job Desc Footer. Kate Spade is an equal opportunity and affirmative action employer and we pride ourselves on hiring and developing the best people. All employment (more...)
DC Team Member - Hagerstown, MD - Located in Hagerstown, MD - Up to $1500 sign on bonus!!
Part Time Seasonal Associate
Description: ABOUT OUR STORES:Working at PetSmart is not a job, it's a community of those who work together for the love of pets. As a -PetSmart Sales Associate, you aren't just selling products, you're helping pet (more...)
Security Officer Secret Clearance Weekends


text:
Margaret Warner Margaret Warner
https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/conversation-justice-david-souter
David Souter Gets Rock Star Welcome, Offers Constitution Day Warning
Politics Sep 17, 2012 6:20 PM EDT
Former Supreme Court Justice David Souter speaks with Margaret Warner at 'Constitutionally Speaking' in Concord, N.H. on Sept. 14, 2012. Photo Courtesy David Wolowitz for the N.H. Supreme Court Society.
Not since comedian Bill Cosby visited Concord, N.H.'s Capitol Center for the Arts, has a celebrity been welcomed there with same the thunderous and sustained applause that greeted former Supreme Court Justice David Souter last Friday. Even after he and I had taken our seats on stage, ready to begin our extended conversation, the hearty clapping continued for another full minute and more. The intensely private Souter, who hasn't made any extended public remarks in his state since retiring three years ago, looked abashed at first — then beamed. "Thank you, thank you," he said.
More than 1,300 people had come to hear Souter's thoughts on how the Constitution –celebrating the 225th anniversary of its adoption, September 17, 1787 — has managed to "keep up with the times." Not exactly the sort of Friday night fare that usually attracts a sold-out crowd to any city's largest public space. But this is New Hampshire after all, and civic-minded folks here are immensely proud of the distinguished jurist who's called New Hampshire home since he was a boy.
Souter wasted no time taking on the theory of Constitutional interpretation advanced by his former colleague Justice Antonin Scalia that judges must adhere to a "fair reading" of the meaning the words in the Constitution had at the time they were adopted. That argument works just fine, Souter said, when it comes to what he called the "structural constitution" — which lays out the three branches of government and their powers, and mandates clear-cut rules like the requirement that a president be at least 35 years old.
You can watch excerpts of our conversation after the jump.
But this country also has "call it the 'Liberty Constitution,'" he said, composed of the Bill of Rights and other provisions guaranteeing certain freedoms. "You get into terms like 'unreasonable searches and seizures,' which are prohibited," he said. "References to the freedom of speech, without any further definition. Security in people's houses. These general terms are best understood as a listing or menu of approved values, the application of which has to be worked out over time…. The problem of trying to make them work in practice, was an assignment that was left to the future," he added, to the Congress and the ultimate arbiter, the Supreme Court.
The thrust of our more than hour-long conversation was his earnest effort to explain how the meaning of the Constitution must be constantly refined and reapplied by the Court to new fact situations. It was also a rejoinder to critics who decry "activist judges." Take the Court's expansion of the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech to include freedom of association, the right to join political parties or advocacy organizations like the NAACP. "Nobody in his right mind in 1791 when the Bill of Rights was adopted ever thought freedom of speech" would include the right to join organizations. But "without the power to come together and have someone speak for them, their right to speak really isn't worth much," he said. The Court recognized freedom of association, he said, "to give practical value to the general right of speech." That's the job of the Supreme Court, "to figure out how these things work, and the Constitution does not tell you that."
But what about a more controversial set of cases, in their times and even today, concerning racial segregation? I asked. Plessy v Ferguson in 1896 held that despite the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment, a state law requiring separate railroad cars for blacks and whites was constitutional as long as the cars were physically the same. Sixty years later, the Court's unanimous 1956 Brown v Board of Education decision held that separate schools for white and black children were unconstitutional because they were "inherently unequal." "What is the public to make of that?" I asked.
"It's natural, I've done it myself. I've gone around saying Plessy was wrong the day it was decided," he said. "But in fact that's unrealistic and I think it's unfair." The ruling has to be understood in the context of those justices' life experiences, he said. "The court that decided Plessy v Ferguson consisted of judges that remembered slavery," he said. To them, the idea that "a formerly enslaved population and their children…were entitled to exactly equal facilities on a railroad with the formerly dominant white population, that looked like real progress." So in assessing equality, they focused only on the physical facilities. Was the upholstery of the same quality in the cars? Was the service?
But 60 years later, he said, the justices had vastly different life experiences. In assessing equality, they saw that "the facts were not simply things like nice buildings and clean textbooks. They looked beyond the measurable facts to what the facts meant." And it was clear to them that the states requiring separate schools "were enforcing separation because they believed that the black group was not as good as the white group."
It's an argument that Souter returned to time and again, that the meaning of the Constitution is found not only in its literal words or concepts, but in how they apply to Americans of the current era. "What we learned from Brown is that the facts can include the meaning of facts as people experience them, as long as we have the eyes to see that," he said. "And our capacity to see that changes over time."
This argument wasn't entirely new. Souter laid it out in a commencement speech at Harvard in 2010. In that same speech two years ago, he argued — as he did again Friday — that the Court often has to decide between two "legally Constitutionally recognized values that can be in conflict with each other. They both can't win all the time. The paradigm examples are the guarantees of liberty and equality."
But Souter, who still sits as a part-time federal appellate judge, broke new ground Friday night in venturing comment on a couple of controversial Supreme Court rulings issued after he left that bench. On the 2010 Citizens United decision, which struck down restrictions on independent campaign expenditures by corporations on First Amendment grounds, he noted that anyone who reads his former opinions in campaign finance cases "will know perfectly well that I would have gone the other way." The majority was too purist, too single-minded in upholding the free speech guarantee to the exclusion of others, he said.
Former Justice Souter on the Supreme Court's Citizens United decision:
"There was a play of Constitutional values going on there," he said, between the "liberty model of free expression" and the "equality model," which would recognize "the possibility of a limitation on corporations so they do not drown out other speech." No constitutional guarantees can be seen as absolute when they conflict with other guarantees. "If speech always wins, even if it's an atomic secret that's going to be broadcast to our enemies, it's easy to make a decision. Speech always wins. But it doesn't….Liberty doesn't always trump equality or quality always trump liberty. " A principled decision is not merely one that rests on a principle, but one in which "the court candidly and convincingly explains why this principle prevailed over that principle. It is the choice of principles that is the tough part."
The Souter Seminar on Constitutional law had been underway 45 minutes when audience questions began. He carefully opined on one aspect of the recent decision on the Obama health care law; on prospects for a same-sex marriage if it reaches the Court (he took a pass); and on gun control under the Second Amendment.
Former Justice David Souter reflects on the Health Care Reform Law:
But he grew most passionate when asked about the schools' responsibility to teach young people the basics about their government and its founding principles. It's a subject close to his heart. Since retiring, he's joined a national commission to bolster teaching in the humanities and social sciences, as well as a new N.H. Institute for Civic Education. The greatest threat to America's republican form of government won't come from foreign invasion, or military coup, he said, but from what he described as "the pervasive civic ignorance" of Americans today.
Former Justice Souter discusses 'pervasive civic ignorance' in America:
Because of cutbacks in civic education from the 1970s onward, and exacerbated by the No Child Left Behind law, two-thirds of Americans today don't even know that their country has three branches of government, he said. So they don't know whom to hold accountable for the country's festering problems. "What I worry about is that when problems are not addressed, people will not know who is responsible," he said. "And when the problems get bad enough – another serious terrorist attack, another financial meltdown – some one person will come forward and say, 'Give me total power, and I will solve this problem.' That is how the Roman republic fell….That is how democracy dies. And if something is not done to improve the level of civic knowledge, that is what you should worry about at night."
Hoping against hope to end on an upbeat note, I asked: "Do you think we're losing our ability — which has always animated our belief in the Constitution and our country — that we are always perfecting our democracy?"
His reply was anything but hopeful. "I don't think we have lost it. I think it is in jeopardy. I am not a pessimist, but I am not an optimist about the future of American democracy," he said. "We're still in the game, but we have serious work to do, and serious work is being neglected right now."
Former Justice Souter on whether our democracy can endure:
Does he think we still have the capacity to do what the Framers did over the hot Constitutional Convention summer 225 years ago, which was compromise to overcome our differences? Souter paused. "I would like to think that enough examples of non-compromise are going to start people thinking that there must be a better way to try to govern the country," he replied.
Another round of thunderous applause swelled the room. But they were sobering words from a sober and deeply worried man.
The Souter conversation was part of a year-long project, Constitutionally Speaking, designed to spur dialogue about the nation's founding document, and provide materials for New Hampshire schools and teachers on the study of civics. The project is jointly sponsored by the N.H. Supreme Court Society, the University of New Hampshire School of Law, the N.H. Humanities Council and the NH Institute for Civic Education.
david souter
Ms. Warner is one of five senior correspondents who join Jim Lehrer on PBS's nightly news program - the PBS NewsHour - reporting on, and interviewing, the men and women who are shaping today's world.


text:
Australia, East Coast, Tasmania
Maria Island National Park
Maria Island offers a unique combination of abundant wildlife, Australian convict and early industrial history and multi-day bushwalking opportunities. A four-day itinerary takes us to the far southern end of Maria Island as well to the summits of Mt Maria (711m) and Bishop and Clerk (620m), and to the Fossil Cliffs by bike.
Best months to visit: Feb, Mar, Apr
Activities available: Hiking, Mountain Biking
Why visit: Hiking, Scenery, Wildlife
Features: Beaches, Convict History, Multi-day walks, Peaks, Rock formations, Ruins, TAS Great Short Walk, UNESCO, Views, Wildlife
This is the only pre-planned walk we have in Tasmania: four nights camping on Maria Island. The whole family heads over from Triabunna on the mid-morning ferry, but only my son (Luke) and me are staying on the island. I've reserved our spots on the ferry a week in advance (although new and much larger ferry since 2017 means it rarely gets booked out). The Maria Island Penitentiary accommodation was totally booked out, although in hindsight I'm happy not to have booked here as it's way too busy in January for my liking!
A few tips from our four-day adventure, covering 83km on foot and 8km by bike:
What's the best time to visit Maria Island? December and January are the busiest months; one of the rangers suggested March/April as being the best time if you want to avoid the crowds. The ferry runs less frequently in winter, but if you want seclusion consider a winter visit!
Where to stay on Maria Island? In addition to the campground at Darlington (near the ferry) there's the Penitentiary – basic bunkhouse-style accommodation, offering 9 rooms with 6 beds and 1 room with 14 beds. You can also camp at Frenchs Farm and Encampment Cove, both about 11-14km from Darlington depending on the route you take. I suspect you could camp anywhere on the mote remote parts of the island – but it's highly discouraged and other than Robeys Farm there's very few places with drinkable water.
How to get around Maria Island? Other than walking (or jogging, if you are that way inclined!) you can rent a bike – bookings are highly recommended in Dec/Jan. If you have an overnight pack you'll probably struggle riding with a heavy pack – and they won't rent you a bike anyway. (So if you are determined to get to Frenchs Farm or Encampment Cove to camp, hide your backpack when you go and hire your bike!)
How available is water? There was plenty of water at Frenchs Farm, Encampment Cove and Robeys Farm in January (from water tanks) – but its best to check. I was surprised that almost every creek was dry – except Counsel Creek and Four Mile Creek near the top of Mt Maria.
Getting to Maria Island and overview of Maria Island walks
The ferry trip across from Triabunna to Darlington on Maria Island is fairly quick and uneventful (it takes about 45min), and there's a pretty good range of snacks and drinks on the boat for a last pre-camping meal. (Judging by a couple of badly cracked windows, some crossings must be a lot rougher than ours!)
The ferry docks at Darlington and the luggage is efficiently lifted via a small crane onto the wharf for collection. Near the jerry are some historic structures, such as the cement silos, and the Commissariat Store (which is also the national park visitor centre).
Our four-day Maria Island itinerary was designed to see as much of the island as we could – and where possible avoiding carrying our heavy overnight bags:
Bishop and Clerk (Day 1)
Darlington to Frenchs Farm where we camp (Day 1)
Frenchs Farm to Haunted Bay and Robeys Farm (Day 2)
Evening walk to Encampment Cove (Day 2)
Frenchs Farm to Darlington via Mt Maria (Day 3)
Fossil Cliffs and Reservoir Circuit by bike (Day 4)
A walk around Historic Darlington (Day 4)
In total, we cover about 80km over three days – which is most of the marked tracks on the island. On the fourth day we hire a bike to cover the area around Darlington.
The summit of Bishop and Clerk (620m asl) is a popular day walk and one of Tasmania's "Top 60 Great Short Walks" (view detailed track notes). The track passes some of the historic building on Maria Island and the site of the "Twelve Apostles", named after a row of workers' cottages built during the first industrial era (1888–96).
The scenery gets more interesting after the reaches the grassy plain at the top of the Fossil Cliffs, with the rocky summit of Bishop and Clerk is clearly visible in the distance. The route track follows the cliff edge along Skipping Ridge as it continues to gently ascend, with views back along the coast to the mainland in the distance.
The track soon start ascending more steeply through (mostly) eucalypt forest, before reaching a scree field formed by dolerite rock debris. As the track gains altitude, we start getting views over Mercury Passage to mainland Tasmania.
Near the summit, the rocks become boulders that require a bit of scrambling, before a steep right-hand turn and last push to the summit top of Bishop and Clerk. There are panoramic views from the top, with Cape Boullanger and the Fossil Cliffs to the west, and the east coast of the mainland on the other side of Mercury Passage.
To the north, beyond the jagged dolerite columns, is the Isle des Phoques, and in the far distance Schouten Island and the Freycinet Peninsula.
We make good progress on the way back, taking exactly 3.5 hours for the return trip – and we see our first wombat on the outskirt of Darlington.
Darlington to Frenchs Farm (Day 1)
While we've finished the Bishop and Clerk bushwalk, Luke and I still need to reach Frenchs Farm, our destination for today. After a short break and refilling of water bottles, we strap on the overnight packs and head down the Coast Road. The Coast Road passes Mrs Hunt's Cottage on the outskirts of Darlington, before reaching Hopground Beach.
After crossing Counsel Creek, we reach the Painted Cliffs, one of the main attractions on Maria Island (the walk from Darlington to the Painted Cliffs is another Tasmanian "Great Short Walk"). The long sandstone outcrop has been weathered over millions of years by groundwater percolating down through the sandstone and leaving traces of iron oxides, which gives the rock formation its unusual pattern.
The Coast Road follows the shoreline fairly closely and it's easy walking with views of the coastline and remote bays and beaches. The track passes Four Mile Beach, the location of the White Gums Camp – a private camp for guests doig the upmarket "Maria Island Walk".
After Four Mile Beach the Coast Road heads inland, crossing Four Mile Creek, before finally reaching Frenchs Farm. The large Frenchs Farm campground offers many campsite options, and the luxury of a few picnic tables!
Haunted Bay (Day 2)
The second day of our Maria Island bushwalk takes us to the very far southern end of Maria Island via the Isthmus Track. The sandy track follows the edge of Shoal Bay as it curves towards the narrow McRaes Isthmus, a narrow neck of sand with beaches on either side. On the eastern side of the narrow isthmus is Riedle Bay, and to the west is Shoal Bay.
Riedle Bay
Riedle Bay is the pick of the two – a deserted, crescent-shaped beach with turquoise water and gentle waves.
The Isthmus Track soon reaches the junction with the Haunted Bay and Robeys Farm tracks. We head left towards Haunted Bay, with the track gradually climbing from the end of Riedle Bay up to its highest point of 197m, and then back down to Haunted Bay. Located at southern extremity of Maria Island, Haunted Bay was a whaling site in the 1800s, and home to fairy penguins that live in between the granite rocks.
On the way back to our campsite at Frenches Farm, we take the other track to Robeys Farm.
Robeys Farm
The track to Robeys Farm (an old vehicular track) crosses the aptly named Stinking Creek, and then the completely dry Robeys Creek, before reaching the Robeys Farm farmhouse. The building is in pretty good condition, having been restored work by the Hobart Walking Club and the National Parks and Wildlife Service.
Encampment Cove (Day 2)
Not far from Frenchs Farm is the Encampment Cove campground, and taking advantage of the very long days we wander across to Encampment Cove after dinner.
A vehicular trail follows a wide creek to Chinamans Bay, before following the coastline to Encampment Cove. There's many camping areas along the track, and a large camping area near the water (which has a water tank). The disadvantage of this camping areas is that it's accessible by boat, and generally much busier than Frenchs Farm.
Mt Maria (Day 3)
We're up early again today, with another long day ahead of us as we return to Darlington via the Inland Track, climbing Mt Maria (711m) on the way, before a last night at Darlington. A quick check of the map on my phone and we're off!
It's only about 1.5km from Frenchs Farm via the Coast Road, before we turn right onto the Inland Track. Although this route is more "undulating" than the Coast Road and gradually ascends by about 150m, it's still fairly easy walking. It would be (compared to the Coast Road) a lot harder on a bike, due both to its hillier nature and the sometimes soft sand.
It only takes us a couple of hours to reach the start of the well sign-posted track up to Mt Maria, where we stash our overnight packs behind a tree. The track initially ascends through open eucalypt forest, before a change in the underlying rock changes from dolerite to siltstone after a few kilometres brings more shrubby undergrowth plants. including pink mountain berry, silver banksia and pink heath.
Finally there's a scree and boulder field, with the route marked by yellow arrows and orange poles,
A short section of forest (Oyster Bay pine, richea, and banksia) is followed by even larger boulders, requiring some serious scrambling!
The Mount Maria summit – the tallest point on Maria Island at 711m asl – is marked by a large trig point and offers sweeping views in most directions.
To the south is McRaes Isthmus separating the north and south parts of Maria Island, and beyond Maria Island is the Tasman Peninsula.
You can also see Darlington and the mainland to the west (below left), and Mount Pedder with its radio tower on the summit to the north (below right).
We return the same way; once we re-join the Inland Track it's only another four kilometres or so back to Darlington, and it's pretty much all downhill… The track meets Counsel Creek on the way to the coast, which is also flowing and looks pretty clear. I was tempted to camp somewhere along the creek to avoid the inevitable crowds at Darlington, but both sides of the valley along the creek are too steep and scrubby.
Oast House Track
Just as we reach sight of the coast there's a junction with the Oast House Track, so we take this alternate and slightly hillier route back to Darlington (this route is a lot less busy, which is nice – we only see two other people on the trail).
"An oast or oast house is a building designed for kilning (drying) hops as part of the brewing process" – I learnt something new writing this blog post 🙂 The Maria Island Oast House is one of the oldest in Tasmania, and by 1847 was producing three tonnes of hops per year in its two large brick drying towers.
The Oast House is also near the top of a small hill, so from here it's all downhill again to Darlington.
As we complete the very last part of our walk along the Coast Track, we encounter an adult wombat with its baby grazing by the grassy bank of Darlington Bay. It's a nice end to our 3-day walk!
We're back in Darlington, Maria Island's main campground, by 4pm, in time to pick up the bicycles we booked a few days ago. I'm ready for a little nap, but Luke seems to have unlimited energy and insists we ride down to the jetty. And then back to Painted Cliffs. I finally managed to convince him to stop, so we can put up our tent at the Darlington campground! It's fairly large camping ground with a lot of trees around the river that runs through the middle of it. We find a sheltered spot fairly close to the road, but away from most of the other tents. There are a LOT of tents here in mid-January, and I regret that we couldn't find a secluded spot by Counsel Creek, just outside Darlington. On the plus side there are basic cooking facilities and running water here. Outside of December/January, it would most likely be a great campground!
Probably attracted by food scraps (although we don't see anyone feeding the animals), there's a lot of wildlife in and around the campsites. Two wombats chase each other past our tent, there's loads of wallabies and a friendly kookaburra keeps an eye on our tent.
A little later, a Tasmanian Devil lopes along the river through the camping ground. We're warned by the rangers not to leave food (especially meat) or even clothes in areas that the devils can reach. Special bins are available, athough I figure I should be OK hanging our backpacks on a high branch. The only thing I leave out is a pair of my hiking socks, which I remove as I climb into the tent and tucked under the canvas at the front. In the morning, they're gone. I'm still unsure what concerns me most… that a devil took my socks from a few centimetres away from my face as I slept – or that my pungent socks are lining the den of a poor Tasmanian Devil!
Having erected our tent and eaten dinner, we make one last final excursion by bike down to the jetty, in the hope of catching a nice sunset. Not surprisingly, there's lots of wildlife out and about.
The sunset doesn't disappoint, with a long blaze of red along the top of the hills on the mainland. It's been another fantastic day on Maria Island!
Fossil Cliffs and Reservoir Circuit (Day 4)
We're up early (again!) to catch the morning light, with a bike ride to Fossil Cliffs, which are not far from Darlington. We ride down past the jetty and cement silos, and the Convict Barn, built in 1846 as we follow Fossil Cliffs Circuit. After crossing Cape Boullanger and passing the Maria Island airstrip, there's a view of Bishop and Clerk in the distance.
A short walking-only track leads to the top of the cliffs, where the limestone was quarried, and a rough and steep path takes you down to the base of the cliffs. At low tide you can explore thousands of shellfish fossils embedded in limestone: the Fossil Cliffs are one of the best examples of life 250 million years ago, with the sheer volume of fossils attributed to the cold conditions associated with the polar sea at the time.
The Fossil Cliffs Circuit continues along the top of the cliff-line, ascending (sometimes steeply) to the top of the Fossil Cliffs.
From the top of the Fossill Cliffs it's downhill to the junction of the track to Reservoir Dam. The Reservoir Circuit road passed the ruins of the cement works (built around 1889) before ending at Reservoir Dam (constructed by convicts during the first convict period to supply the settlement of Darlington).
We return to Darlington via the other half of the Reservoir Circuit, which is a narrow track (but suitable for bikes) – the loop is best done in a clockwise direction, so you're descending on the single track.
Historic Darlington (Day 4)
We pack up our tent, hand back our bikes and spend the last few hours on the island looking around Darlington. Unfortunately, I didn't see much evidence or signage of Aboriginal history on Maria Island, which was frequented by the people of the Tyreddeme band of the Oyster Bay tribe.
In comparison, there's been considerable work done to preserve and present the fascinating history of European colonisation, which occurred in four periods:
The first convict era (1825–1832)
Lt Peter Murdoch arrived as Commandant in March 1825 with 50 convicts and military escorts. Darlington was a depot for prisoners returned to authorities after having worked for settlers, or convicts guilty of light offences. The settlement ceased on 1 October 1832, due to the success of Port Arthur and ease of escape from Maria Island.
The Commisseriat Store (1825) is the oldest building on the island: it had an office, provision store and the spirit room downstairs and stores belonging to the Ordinance
Department upstairs.
The second convict era (1842–1850)
While some sheep grazing and whaling continued on Maria Island over the previous decade, in August 1842 it was Convict Probation Station. Convict tradesmen were sent to the island to prepare the settlement for 400 men. It was proposed in 1850 it was proposed to break up the station and convict numbers declined to virtually zero by the end of the year.
The Visiting Magistrate's Office was constructed in 1842 as the administrative centre for the Probation Station. Convicts were tried here for minor offences.
The first industrial era (1884–1896)
Italian entrepreneur Diego Bernacchi leased Maria Island for 10 cents per year, with a vision of setting up a wine-making and silk industry. The Maria Island Company commenced in 1887 adding agriculture, cement, timber and fishery to the island's activities. While the population peaked at around 250 people in the late 1880s, the company went into liquidation in February 1892. A second company formed by Bernacchi also failed, and most of the assets were seized in November 1896.
The Coffee Palace – a name commonly used to describe a type of restaurant – was built by the Maria Island Company in 1888. It had two dining rooms and a lounge at the front of the building, and living quarters at the rear of the house. It's been restored with period furniture, and in the dining room you can sit at one of the tables and hear recordings that recount life on Maria Island during the industrial eras.
The second industrial era (1920–1930)
Bernacchi had another attempt to develop Maria Island based on a plan to produce cement. Darlington's population increased to over 150 men, with the National Portland Cement Ltd being formed in 1924. However, the cement was fairly poor quality and the production volumes were too low. In 1930, with the Great Depression underway, the Australian Cement Company took over and operations ceased.
Built in 1920, the massive concrete silos used to store cement are among the first things you see when arriving at Maria Island.
Since the 1930s, the properties were acquired and the island was declared a Wildlife Sanctuary on 1 June 1971, and then proclaimed a National Park on 14 June 1972.
Somewhat reluctantly, we board the 11:15am ferry back to the mainland. It's been an incredible four days. Despite the crowds around Darlington, for the majority of our walk we've seen very few people and experienced a sense of isolation that's not easy to find in the January school holidays! And we've seen more wildlife than just about any other walk I've done.
0.0km Maria Island ferry wharf (Darlington)
0.6km Ranger Station / PWS office at Darlington
1.7km Junction with Reservoir Circuit Track
2.6km Track reaches Fossil Cliffs (Skipping Ridge)
6.9km Bishop and Clerk summit
12.6km Return to Ranger Station at Darlington
15.2km Painted Cliffs
19.2km Four Mile Beach
24.8km Frenchs Farm (campground)
29.3km Junction of Haunted Bay and Robeys Farm tracks
35.6km Haunted Bay
41.6km Back at Junction of Haunted Bay and Robeys Farm tracks
46.3km Robeys Farm
57.6km Encampment Cove (campground)
61.2km Junction with Inland Track
67.8km Junction with Mount Maria Track
72.6km Mt Maria summit
80.7km Junction with Oast House Track
82.7km Darlington (Ranger Station / PWS office)
DAY FOUR (by bike)
0.0km Darlington campground
2.6km Fossil Cliffs
4.1km Start of Reservoir Circuit
5.4km Reservoir Dam
Distance as measured by GPS, and not the official track lengths.
Getting there Access to Maria Island is via the Encounter Maria ferry from Triabunna
Distance 83km circuit by foot (including Bishop & Clerke and Mt Maria)
8km cycle to Fossil Cliffs and Reservoir Dam
Maps TasMap MARIA ISLAND NATIONAL PARK (1:50K)
5828 DARLINGTON (1:25K) covers top of Maria Island
5827 RIEDLE (1:25K) covers bottom of Maria Island
Bushwalks
Bishop & Clerk – 12.6km return (3-4 hours)
Darlington to Haunted Bay via Frenchs Farm – 58km return (3 days)
Mount Maria – 16km return (5-6 hours)
Fossil Cliffs and Reservoir Circuit – 7.8km (2-3 hours)
Melanie Ball, Top Walks in Tasmania Walk 22. Purchase AU / US
Tas Parks – Maria Island
Maria Island Ferry Encounter Maria site (info and booking)
Jeanine and Sal Falco	· February 6, 2019 at 11:56 pm
Gorgeous photos. Looks like you had an extraordinary journey. : )
Virus-free. http://www.avast.com
oliverd :-)	· February 7, 2019 at 7:06 am
Thanks – was a great walk!
Maria Island National Park | Is it worth it? - Tracks Less Travelled	· March 22, 2020 at 7:45 pm
[…] and tell us about your experience. If you're planning more than a day on Maria Island, check out Hiking the World's blog for other cool hikes and […]


text:
GSB Standard Solution
Deutsches Zentrum
für Luft- und Raumfahrt
German Aerospace Center
Expertensuche_ErweiterteSuchAbfrage
Research \ Security \
Programme and Strategy: Security Research at DLR
Controlled forest fire
Image 1/4, Image: Marcos López Martínez (c) Fraunhofer IOSB, 2016.
To test the suitability of PHAROS, the DLR scientists went to Spain. Forest fires are one of the most dangerous situations. Together with the local emergency services, a controlled forest fire was ignited and then studied with PHAROS.
Greater security for shipping
Image 2/4, Image: DLR (CC-BY 3.0).
The AIS Plus ship signalling system, which was developed by DLR, offers reliable position reporting even when there are high volumes of maritime traffic or in poor transmission conditions. The system also complements coastal surveillance.
PHYLAX – laser-based system for explosive detection
Laser-based detection system PHYLAX in operation
SAGITTA takes off on its first flight
Image 4/4, Image: Airbus.
The uncrewed technology demonstrator with the project name SAGITTA takes off on its first flight at the test site in Overberg, South Africa.
Security is not only a basic need of every human being, but also one of the most important challenges for the networked and globalised society and economy of the future. Security research represents both a separate research area and a cross-sectoral task at DLR. In this cross-sectoral area, research and development activities in the fields of aeronautics, space, energy and transport that have relevance for defence and security are planned and controlled in coordination with partners in government, science and industry.
Protection and monitoring of critical infrastructure
In interdisciplinary and cross-focal projects, 24 of the existing DLR institutes as well as the first and still under construction DLR Security Research institute, the Institute for the Protection of Maritime Infrastructures (MI) and the Institute for the Protection of Terrestrial Infrastructures (PI) contribute to the development, testing and evaluation of security-related technologies. In future, additional capacity and expertise will be established at the new institutes, which will expand and consolidate DLR's security research portfolio.
DLR has comprehensive end-to-end system competence for space-based and airborne platforms. It offers expertise for key sub-systems, such as sensor technology, Earth observation and communications. DLR has a number of satellites and the associated operational facilities and data reception infrastructure, as well as numerous research aircraft, various recording and evaluation procedures and special simulation environments. Using these assets, DLR is able to contribute to the protection and monitoring of critical infrastructure, crisis and disaster management, border security, and protection against terrorism and organised crime. Experience in the field of 'dual-use' rounds off the profile of DLR's core competencies.
Independent consulting and evaluation
DLR's independent analytical and assessment expertise contributes to maintaining and strengthening their ability to assess the state's security precautions. In addition to cooperation with other national and international research institutions and organisations, DLR's security research also maintains a close dialog with the relevant ministries, public institutions and commercial enterprises.
International networking of security research
DLR is part of national, European and global security research networks. With its research activities, DLR supports Germany's position in the face of European and international competition. The strategic orientation of DLR's cross-sectoral security research is thus based on future European security and defence policy. It also takes into account the capability profiles defined at an international level for protecting the general public and securing peace.
Dr. Dennis Göge
Programm coordination Security Research
Telephone: +49 2203 601-4030
LInder Höhe
Center for satellite based crisis information (ZKI)
Brochure: DLR in facts and figures
3 MB I PDF
Maritime Security at DLR
Maritime security research is oriented towards the needs of authorities and organisations that undertake security-related tasks, as well as operators of critical maritime infrastructure. With its research, DLR makes an important contribution to protecting the population and rescue workers in the …
Civil Security and Dual-Use
Civil security research focuses on the research and development of solutions to protect citizens and critical infrastructure from damage caused by natural disasters and major accidents, threats posed by terrorism, and organised crime. These solutions contribute to improving the security of …
Defence technology research
In the interest of mutual research and technology transfer, defence technology topics are integrated into DLR's multidisciplinary civil research activities. The aim is to make the best possible use of synergies and to supplement the portfolio with specific defence technology aspects through …
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Programme and Strategy, Guiding concepts, Institutes, Large-scale Research Facilities, News / Aeronautics
Programme and Strategy
Guiding concepts
Large-scale Research Facilities
News / Aeronautics
Programme and Strategy, Missions and Projects , Institutes, Large-scale Research Facilities, News / Space
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Pascale Ehrenfreund takes office as President of the IAF
Pascale Ehrenfreund, Chair of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) Executive Board, has taken office as President of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) at the 70th congress. Professor Ehrenfreund is the first woman to hold this position since the IAF was founded in 1951.
Space – accessibility, diplomacy and cooperation
The 25th United Nations / Austria Symposium, entitled 'Space: A Tool for Accessibility, Diplomacy and Cooperation', was held in Graz, Austria from 2 to 4 September 2019.
Research into climate-neutral air transport
Against the backdrop of climate change, the aviation industry is increasingly becoming the focus of debate in wider society. Innovations geared towards more environment-friendly air transport are becoming more prevalent.
Light-dark shadows in the Martian highlands
Sand, dust and rocks of different colours cover extensive areas of the Terra Cimmeria highland region, one of the oldest landscapes on Mars. The variations in colour are due to differences in the mineralogy as well as the texture of the surface material and are typical of the ancient Mars highlands.
The DLR delegation during a visit to the JAXA Tsukuba Space Centre on 31 July 2019
From 29 July to 2 August 2019, Walther Pelzer, Member of the Executive Board responsible for the Space Administration at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR), was in Tokyo to hold strategic talks on bilateral and European–Japanese cooperation in aerospace with the DLR's Japanese partners.
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and DLR welcome European policy-makers to Brussels
Space weather research will be intensified and an early warning system for the protection of terrestrial infrastructures will be developed. Heat storage on a power plant scale is set to become the basis for a low-carbon energy system. Highly automated, unmanned aircraft systems – from flexible and efficient freight transporters to swarms of 'flying eyes' – support the logistics sector and assist disaster relief workers in crisis regions.
DLR strengthens Germany as a technology location with seven new institutes
Digitalisation, climate change and technological disruption are shaping the future. This is where interdisciplinary research at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) proves valuable. On 27 June 2019, the DLR Senate approved the founding of seven new institutes and facilities.
DLR and ONERA – joint research into AI for the aerospace sector
On 17 June 2019, during the 53rd Paris Air Show at Le Bourget, the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) and the French research organisation ONERA (Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales) met at the DLR stand to agree their collaboration in the field of artificial intelligence (AI).
A rover for Phobos and Deimos
Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos. These are the target of the Japanese Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) mission, which also involves international partners. Scheduled for launch in 2024, it will enter Mars orbit in 2025 and return samples to Earth in 2029.
eROSITA – the hunt for Dark Energy begins
On 13 July 2019 the Spektrum-Röntgen-Gamma (Spektr-RG / SRG) spacecraft will be launched from the Kazakh steppe, marking the start of an exciting journey. SRG will be carrying the German 'extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array' (eROSITA) X-ray telescope and its Russian ART-XC partner instrument.
DLR at the Paris Air Show 2019
The German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) will be showcasing its latest projects and research results from 17 to 23 June 2019 at this year's Paris Air Show. At the joint German stand in Hall 2C, DLR will be featuring its activities in digitalisation, climate change and maintaining mobility.
We are DLR!
What do Cologne, Washington DC, Tokyo and Antarctica have in common? They are all home to one of DLR's 40 institutes and facilities, which are spread across more than 20 locations and international offices worldwide. This short video takes you on a trip to DLR – showcasing the organisation's people, science and research topics.
Global Conference on Space in Emerging Countries
The first 'Global Conference on Space for Emerging Countries' (GLEC 2019) took place in Marrakesh, Morocco from 24 to 26 April 2019. This latest gathering of the International Astronautical Federation's (IAF) global conference series was organised in cooperation with the Moroccan Centre Royal de Télédétection Spatiale (CRTS), and the support of the Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES).
The DLR Center for Lightweight-Production-Technology celebrates 10 years of research
This year's Colloquium on Production Technology, held at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) site in Augsburg, coincided with a special occasion. The DLR Center for Lightweight-Production-Technology (Zentrum für Leichtbauproduktionstechnologie; ZLP) celebrated its tenth anniversary on 15 May 2019.
EU Commissioner Elżbieta Bieńkowska visits DLR
Elżbieta Bieńkowska, the European Commissioner for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs, visited the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) site in Oberpfaffenhofen on 5 March 2019.
New test stand for Ariane 6 upper stage at DLR Lampoldshausen
The future European launcher, Ariane 6, is scheduled to lift off for the first time in 2020. To ensure that all its payloads can be safely transported into orbit, the engines for the new launcher must first undergo extensive testing. An important step in the upper-stage testing of the new launcher was taken on 26 February 2019
DLR in 2019 – Research for the Energy Transition, environment-friendly aviation and a greater understanding of the Universe
On 14 February 2019, the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) presented some of its planned research and management activities for 2019 at its annual press conference in Berlin. Pascale Ehrenfreund, Chair of the DLR Executive Board addressed the challenges and goals for the coming year. She also presented research projects from the fields of digitalisation and security – the interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral areas in which DLR researchers are working.
High-tech support for humanitarian aid
Humanitarian aid organisations are increasingly seeking technological support for their work in crisis and disaster situations. New technologies from fields such as satellite remote sensing, robotics and communications can assist aid workers in rescuing and caring for people as effectively as possible in emergency situations.
Consul General of India Sugandh Rajaram visits DLR
The Consul General of India for South Germany Sugandh Rajaram visited the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen on 17 January 2019. The delegation was welcomed by Pascale Ehrenfreund, Chair of the DLR Executive Board, and Hansjörg Dittus, DLR Executive Board Member for Space Research and Technology. Both parties were pleased at the opportunity to meet and share thoughts in a personal setting, as India and DLR have been cooperating closely for more than 40 years.
Farewell to 2018 - A successful DLR year comes to an end
Chasing emissions from alternative aircraft fuels with NASA. Successfully setting down a lander on the asteroid Ryugu and collecting data from the surface. Obtaining the first research findings for the autonomous and cooperative driving systems of tomorrow in the Next Generation Car project.
All news / Executive Board


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Twitter SK8 (2009) - JODI
John Michael Boling | Mon Jun 22nd, 2009 2 p.m.
Wireless Keyboard / Skateboards Streaming to Twitter
Tags: participatory performance social media
Report From FutureSonic 2009
Jonah Brucker-Cohen | Wed May 20th, 2009 1:51 p.m.
Focusing on a wide array of themes such as the context of a rapidly changing planet, our evolving human / natural ecosystem, the growing global strain on natural resources, and the advancement of artistic methods on potential of technological infrastructures, the 10th edition of the FutureSonic festival spanning 14 years integrated a wide and impressive array of international speakers, workshops, exhibitions, and performances. Scattered around the bustling city of Manchester in the United Kingdom, the festival took into account both its local strengths and its global outreach to encourage debate and showcase a wide arrange of artistic projects that examined just how far we have come in these debates and how far we have to go to make sense of the evolving technological apparatus that surrounds us.
Tags: data visualization design festival green interactive machine social media urban Writers Initiative
FOR 2009, IDEA SUBSCRIPTION__ (2009) - David Horvitz
Ceci Moss | Mon Apr 27th, 2009 12:20 p.m.
David Horvitz's For 2009, Idea Subscription__ (2009) is an email-based subscription list and tumblr blog of "open source" ideas for art projects, updated on an almost daily basis. Readers are encouraged to, "…realize, change, steal (you can't steal something that is free!), publish, claim as your own, destroy, become influenced by (either because you like them, or because you hate them so much that they give you better ideas), appropriate, spray paint, or anything else with them." The ideas are all whimsical and offbeat, such as leaving a pile of flour outside one's door for visitors to step in and photographing the resulting tracks (April 4th) to flying a kite in an area with dense advertising, such as Times Square, in order to serve as a distraction (March 13th). One of the ideas, dating from April 7th, has taken on a life of its own. Horvitz suggests that readers take photographs of their head in a freezer and upload it online using the tag "241543903". There is now a dedicated site for these images at 241543903.com as well as a flickr group, while a quick flickr search results in at least 80 photographs of people with their heads in a freezer. The emerging popularity of 241543903 is additional proof (as if any is needed) to support Cory Arcangel's statement from the March 2009 issue of Artforum that, "...you can put anything up on the Internet and there will be five people who want it, no matter how weird or obscure the information. The niche exists: someone's going to find you, period."
Image: 241543903 from flickr user hubs
Image: 241543903 from flickr user hugotsantos
Image: 241543903 from flickr user .y.a.r.a.
Tags: blog collaborative conceptual flickr funny photography social media
General Web Content
John Michael Boling | Thu Apr 23rd, 2009 noon
This ongoing series explores significant developments on the internet, like this new hot thing called twitter that everyone's been talking about. We've culled the, uh, "twitterverse" to bring you some of the more curious and unique accounts out there (plus a few entertaining twitter spin-offs). Feel free to add links or suggestions in the comments section.
Twitter feed created using the "Tweeting RFID Cat Door". Description from the site Tweeting Cat Door:
Each cat has a small RFID tag on the collar. When a cat is in the close proximity of the door, a small RFID reader reads the tag and if the cat is authorized, a servo will unlock the cat door. The RFID reader and the servo controller are connected to an old laptop. The software on the laptop is written in Delphi and for each "cat door event" is sending a Twitter message and a picture to twitter.com.
Twitter feed of injuries by Petra Cortright.
The unofficial Denton Mugshot twitter for Denton, Texas. Programmed by a UNT art photography student, drawing attention to how much public info we put online.
The Twittering office chair "tweets" (posts a Twitter update) upon the detection of natural gas such as that produced by human flatulence.
The twitter feed from "On Kawara"
Faces made with unicode
Documentation of documentation from vvork (not affiliated with vvork.com), started by Guthrie Lonergan, managed by Tom Moody.
A List Of Every NBA Player On Twitter
Twitter, etc.
Were you on twitter before Ashton Kutcher? Find out here.
Twetris uses the twitter timeline to create blocks for a tetris game.
Tags: blog celebrity conceptual funny game General Web Content performance pop social media
Tagalicious
Marisa Olson | Thu Apr 2nd, 2009 12:30 p.m.
The National Museum of Contemporary Art (EMST) in Athens, Greece, has committed itself to curating a number of recent exhibitions of internet art. Their current show, "Tag Ties and Affective Spies," features contributions from both net vets and emerging surfers, including Christophe Bruno, Gregory Chatonsky, Paolo Cirio, JODI, Jonathan Harris and Sep Kamvar, Les Liens Invisibles, Personal Cinema and The Erasers, Ramsay Stirling, and Wayne Clements. The online exhibition takes an antagonistic approach to Web 2.0, citing a constant balance "between order and chaos, democracy and adhocracy." Curator Daphne Dragona raises the question of whether the social web is a preexisting platform on which people connect, or whether it is indeed constructed in the act of uploading, tagging, and disclosing previously private information about ourselves on sites like Flickr, YouTube, and Facebook. Dragona asks whether we are truly connecting and interacting, or merely broadcasting. While her curatorial statement doesn't address the issue directly, the show's title hints at the level of self-surveillance in play on these sites. Accordingly, many of the selected works take a critical, if not DIY, approach to the internet. The collective Les Liens Invisibles tends to create works that make an ironic mash-up of the often divergent mantras of tactical media, culture jamming, surrealism, and situationism. In their Subvertr, they encourage Flickr users to "subverTag" their posted images, creating an intentional disassociation between an image's content and its interpretion, with the aim of "breaking the strict rules of significance that characterize the mainstream collective imaginary..." JODI's work, Del.icio.us/ winning information (2008) exploits the limited stylistic parameters of the social bookmarking site. Using ASCII and Unicode page titles to form visual marks, a cryptic tag vocabulary, and a recursive taxonomy, their fun-to-follow site critiques the broader content of the web ...
Tags: community flickr politics social media surveillance
ItSpace (2007) - Peter Traub
Brian Droitcour | Tue Mar 31st, 2009 11:30 a.m.
ItSpace creates a network of pages within the social networking site MySpace. Instead of featuring people, the pages feature everyday household objects. Each page has a photo of the object, a description, and most importantly, a 1-minute piece of music composed of recordings of the object being struck and resonated in various ways. All the pages, or objects, are 'friends' with each other, so that visitors who discover one object may jump to the others by clicking on the 'friends' pictures at the bottom of each page.
-- EXCERPT FROM THE ARTIST'S STATEMENT
Tags: conceptual funny music social media
HEXA_FLEXAGON_F_EVER (2008) - Anna Lundh
Ceci Moss | Mon Mar 23rd, 2009 12:30 p.m.
Image: HEXA_FLEXAGON_F_EVER Myspace page (Screengrab)
Image: Installation with information station, 3 computers,
display of hexaflexagons, Anthology/Manual, reading area
The hexaflexagon is a strip of paper, that has been folded into a hexagon. This two dimensional shape can then be turned inside out, flexed, so that a number of faces that were previously hidden will appear. In theory, it can have an infinite number of faces, although in reality, the thickness of the paper sets the limit. It was discovered 1939 by a British fellowship student at Princeton, who started to fold the strips he had just trimmed off his American "letter-size" sheets to fit his A4 binder. It had a revival in the late 50s, when it first became popular among magic buffs in New York, and after an article in Scientific American, it became something of a craze.
To investigate which connections that can be made between the ideas and the people associated with the hexaflexagon, I use the digital network Myspace as my tool. A some-what old fashioned and analog phenomenon is applied to something very contemporary and digital. Right now, HEXA_FLEXAGON_F_EVER is trying to become friends with Alan Turing, Lewis Carroll and Katherine Hayles. It's an exponentially growing mapping, where more dimensions will uncover, for an unforeseeable future.
Tags: installation sculpture social media
Bicycle Built for Two Thousand (2009) - Aaron Koblin and Daniel Massey
John Michael Boling | Tue Mar 17th, 2009 11:30 a.m.
Bicycle Built For 2,000 is comprised of 2,088 voice recordings collected via Amazon's Mechanical Turk web service. Workers were prompted to listen to a short sound clip, then record themselves imitating what they heard.
-- FROM ARTIST'S DESCRIPTION
Tags: collaborative music social media sound
Ceci Moss | Fri Mar 6th, 2009 12:24 p.m.
"But Dullaart's Readymades are more than a formalist exploration of the Internet at its most banal. They are also a study in the relationship of the index to its referent, an issue that Rosalind Krauss connected to the readymade in her 1976 essay "Notes on the Index, Part 1." Krauss defines indices as "the traces of a particular cause, and that cause is the thing to which they refer, the object they signify." She offers footprints and shadows as examples; the domain name would be an analogy to such indices in the internet, since it marks the online location of the site that appears in the browser window below. In Readymades, Dullaart has selected sites where the URL's content occupies the position of the referent, rather than serving as a place marker. They are domains that someone has staked out as an empty lot, or that generate a metonymic web of sponsored links. His Readymades are sites where footprints come before the feet."
Tags: conceptual search social media surfing
Status Symbols
Marisa Olson | Thu Feb 19th, 2009 10 a.m.
Joseph Del Pesco is over caffeinated. from lee Walton on Vimeo.
Beth O'Brien is dancing to her alarm clock. from lee Walton on Vimeo.
Lee Walton's use of Facebook in his most recent video series continues his habit of publicly displaying what we often think of as private moments. The artist calls himself an "experientialist" and his performances, videos, and participatory projects often merge situationism and instruction-art to convey or slightly tweak the experience of everyday life. He's created elaborate instruction sets that determine the marks made in his seemingly abstract drawings representing activity on a sports field or at a major street intersection, and, on some occasions, the lists of instructions themselves have stood in for these drawings. Walton's commitment to playing by the rules in his art have borne humorous results in projects like his season-long online free throw competition with Shaquille O'Neill, or his compilation video of strangers on the streets of New York following his instructions to lift ever-dwindling payphone receivers off their hooks. The artist's Red Ball project helped pioneer net-based performance projects that rely on distributed decision-making networks--of which MTAA's Automatic for the People is a more recent example. But now Walton is taking his friends' Facebook status messages as instructions and acting them out in short videos posted to his Vimeo account and (of course) his Facebook profile. It seems safe to say that none of the subject lines were originally intended as instructions, but seeing Walton act-out statements such as Joseph Del Pesco is over caffeinated, Marcie McAfee Carrier is doing late night Yoga and is so happy and peaceful!!!, Beth O'Brien is dancing to her alarm clock, or Andy Diaz Hope is wielding a knife calls attention to the public/private line often ...
Tags: funny performance privacy social media


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What was Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) routine in i'tikaf?
What did our beloved Prophet Muhammad PBUH do all day during his I'tikaf?
prophet-muhammad ramadan
Medi1Saif♦
The Prophet (pbuh) used to perform Itikaf in Ramadan, especially the last ten days of Ramadan.
Narrated 'Aisha:
(the wife of the Prophet) The Prophet used to practice Itikaf in the last ten days of Ramadan till he died and then his wives used to practice Itikaf after him. (https://muflihun.com/bukhari/33/243)
However, the Prophet (pbuh) performed Itikaf for 20 days on the year of his death.
Narrated Abu Huraira:
The Prophet used to perform Itikaf every year in the month of Ramadan for ten days, and when it was the year of his death, he stayed in Itikaf for twenty days. (https://muflihun.com/bukhari/33/260)
Moreover, the Prophet (pbuh) performed Itikaf in the last ten days of Shawwal when he was not able to perform it in Ramadan.
Narrated 'Amra bint 'Abdur-Rahman from 'Aisha:
Allah's Apostle used to practice Itikaf every year in the month of Ramadan. And after offering the morning prayer, he used to enter the place of his Itikaf. 'Aisha asked his permission to let her practice Itikaf and he allowed her, and so she pitched a tent in the mosque. When Hafsa heard of that, she also pitched a tent (for herself), and when Zainab heard of that, she too pitched another tent. When, in the morning, Allah's Apostle had finished the morning prayer, he saw four tents and asked, "What is this?" He was informed about it. He then said, "What made them do this? Is it righteousness? Remove the tents, for I do not want to see them." So, the tents were removed. The Prophet did not perform Itikaf that year in the month of Ramadan, but did it in the last ten days of Shawwal. (https://muflihun.com/bukhari/33/257)
As for the question--What did the Prophet (pbuh) do in Itikaf?---, it is written below:
Literally, itikaf means waiting somewhere and stopping. Whether good or bad, it means binding the soul to something. Religiously, it refers to a Muslim abandoning outside relations and cares and staying in a mosque for some time with the purpose of worship. In the 187th verse of Chapter al-Baqarah of the Qur'an, it is stated: "...do not associate in intimacy with them (your wives) during the period when you are in retreat in the mosques..."; so itikaf is a type of worship which is present both in the Qur'an and in the Sunnah (the practice of the Prophet). (https://questionsonislam.com/article/itikaf-prophet)
When Allah's Messenger, peace and blessings upon him, wanted to perform itikaf, his bed or his bedstead on which he slept would be placed in front of or behind the Pillar of Repentance (Abu Lubaba), which was in the mosque. (Ibn-i Majah, Siyam: 61) Narrated 'Aisha: (the wife of the Prophet) Allah's Apostle used to let his head in (the house) while he was in the mosque and I would comb and oil his hair. When in Itikaf he used not to enter the house except for a need. (https://muflihun.com/bukhari/33/246)
So Itikaf is mainly worshipping Allah alone and to remember him and to do righteousness. In short, a Muslim is supposed to pray salat (e.g. Nafl salat), recite Quran, make Du'a, etc in the Mosque.
One may perform a "Nafil" type of "itikaf" in a Masjid for one or two days, or even for an hour according to Imam Shafi, Imam Yusuf, and Imam Muhammad. (https://al-talib.org/what-is-itikaf/)
I hope you got the answer.
Zidan KkhanZidan Kkhan
Thank you for your insightful input, with sources. – Alex Strasser Oct 21 '19 at 7:17
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