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No wonder you're late. Why, this watch is exactly two days slow.
Mad Hatter (from Alice in Wonderland, 1951)
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Geographic coordinates of Czerwionka-Leszczyny, Poland
Latitude: 50°09′00″ N
Longitude: 18°40′39″ E
Elevation above sea level: 253 m = 830 ft
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Coordinates of Czerwionka-Leszczyny in decimal degrees
Latitude: 50.1500700°
Longitude: 18.6776200°
Coordinates of Czerwionka-Leszczyny in degrees and decimal minutes
Latitude: 50°9.0042′ N
Longitude: 18°40.6572′ E
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UTM Zone: 34U
Easting: 334088.56437413
Northing: 5557898.4799564
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OLTENIA - STUDII SI COMUNICARI STIINTELE NATURII
NEW WEBSITE: http://olteniastudiisicomunicaristiintelenaturii.ro/
The museum was founded on 2 December 1923 and was named "Museum of Nature History of Craiova" by the members of the Scientific Circle from Craiova in front with the prof. Marin Demetrescu. In the year 1928, the museum became a section of the Regional Museum of Oltenia. Initially it had functioned in the building of the Prefecture, and after that in the actually office of the Ethnography Section (1934 - 1948) and later on in the office of the Archaeology Section (1949 - 1975).
In this period the patrimony of the Section of Nature Sciences was opened for the public in varied displaying forms until 1963, when the basic exposition was finished, which was realized after a thematic project conceived by prof. dr. Ioan Firu. This exposition was closed in 1975.
Between 1975 - 1986, in the absence of an adequate space, the exposition activity of the Section of the Nature Sciences was ended, being continued with a completion and diversification activity, and also a scientific development of this patrimony.
The new exhibition campaign was started on 13 march 1986, on the ground floor of the building on the Popa Sapca Street, no. 8, where it is also functioning in the present, with two temporary expositions: "Butterflies - flying petals" and "About the animals' world", followed by tens of temporary expositions realized in the Section's headquarters or in other museums.
Basic and Permanent Exhibitions
Oltenia is one of the most significant bio-geographic areas in Romania. On the territory of Oltenia there is a great diversity of ecosystems (terrestrial and aquatic), including almost all categories of plants and animals.
Physical and geographic conditions and ecosystems in Oltenia
On 18 September 2008 was founded the basic exposition from the first floor, restored as a result of the project: "Growing the tourist attraction of Craiova and Dolj county by the restoration of the basic exposition from the first floor, Section of the Nature Sciences, Museum of Oltenia - Craiova" by the PHARE Project 2001 Economic and Social Cohesion, founded by C. J. Dolj, in cooperation with the Museum of Oltenia, Section of Nature Sciences.
The scientific project laying the foundation of the exhibition has been drafted by: PhD Cornelia Chimişliu - curator, head of the Department of Natural Sciences and curators: PhD Aurelian Popescu, PhD Mirela Sabina Ridiche, PhD Olivia Cioboiu, PhD student Claudia Ionelia Goga, PhD Adrian Năstase. The exhibition has been designed so that it should provide visitors a recreational area as well as a place of knowledge and learning regarding the secrets of nature and the diversity of flora and fauna.
The exhibition reveals the great biodiversity in Oltenia region, generated by the variety of physical, geographical and climate conditions within the region, pointing out the necessity to preserve the biodiversity within this ancient Romanian historical province.
The exhibition offers visitors the occasion to learn more about: Physical and geographic conditions in Oltenia, The ABC of ecology, Oltenia Ecosystems, Preserving biodiversity, Tourist attractions in Oltenia.
The exhibition is an original achievement, the only one that reveals in detail the natural features in Oltenia, representing an important database of useful documentary, scientific, cultural and educational information for the visitors.
Through the simple or illuminated panels, show cases, dioramas and interactive informational systems, presented with interactive animated multimedia, 3D/2D, Flash technology offers the possibility to the visitors to witness the wide biodiversity of Oltenia.
Oltenia - Terra fossilis
The exhibition is arranged at the ground floor of Natural Science Department, on an area of 136 mp and was opened on 22nd of February 2012.
In the exhibition showcases there are arranged, in systematic order, fossils found exclusively within Oltenia territory, constituting itself into a true history of life on these lands.
Plants or animals, small or giant, aquatic or terrestrial, bipedal or quadrupeds, Oltenia fossils impress, with their great diversity, their large number of discoveries and their great scientific value.
Mastodon from Stoina - emblematic museum piece, cave bear from Baia de Fier, mammoth from Leu are irresistible attractions for visitors, and mammal fossils from Bugiulesti were and are today quoted by scientists from our country and abroad.
The exhibition addresses the audience of all ages, but especially young audience discovers it with amazement and joy.
The exhibition"Universe and our solar system"occupies an area of 250 mp and it is arranged at the second floor of Natural Sciences Department. The exhibition space consists of two rooms. In the first room there are exposed scientific information about the origin and organization of the Universe: galaxies and group of galaxies (including Milky Way-our galaxy) stars, constellations, Solar System (Sun and the planets that revolve around it: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto).
A special attention is given to the Earth and its natural satellite, Moon, and other celestial bodies in the Solar System: asteroids, meteorites and comets. The interest exhibits are the three pieces of the meteorite fell in Sopot, Dolj County, on 27th of April 1927. The end of the exhibition is represented by space research and exploration of the outer space. In the second room the journey through the Universe lead us in the Planetarium, where through the 5 performances, the visitors can enjoy the dynamic image of sky, the sky map, a virtual journey among stars, constellations, planets, asteroids.
The exhibition was opened on 4th of December 2012, when the Planetarium was also opened, and addresses to all categories of visitors, but especially younger audience, to which we try to awaken their interest for understanding the Universe.
The Section's patrimony now conserves 113369 pieces, in different collections: Mineralogy, Paleontology, Botany, Malacology, Entomology, Ichtiology, Herpetology, Ornithology, Oology, Mammology, Trophies.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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RABBLE ROUSER: Muhammad Ali was remarkable
KEN FRANK
I can't believe how many times I have smiled and laughed while watching the retrospectives on the passing of Muhammad Ali.
In such a brutal sport, he was personality on steroids, Don Rickles with boxing gloves on. He was a masterful entertainer, and a poet with a sharp sense of humor. He would toy with opponents while planning their doom.
EDITORIAL: Muhammad Ali truly was 'The Greatest'
We always make too much of our heroes and celebrities, but he was unique above almost all of them. He carried his script in his head, not in his pocket. In every fight, you knew he was the smartest man in the ring.
His true worth and legacy will likely be muddled in today's toxic and narcissistic social media. Some things you need to see for yourself to truly know their impact. With amazing grace and inimitable style, and with no pronounced vulgarity, he defeated most of his opponents before he even met them.
Years ago, I had a totally-by-chance meet-and-greet with my favorite boxer of that time, Joe Frazier. After I shook his hand and walked away, I remember thinking about the hand I had just shaken. Not because it was the hand of Joe Frazier, though that was gratifying indeed, but rather, because it was the hand that had defeated Muhammad Ali.
What more respect could I have had for the man called "The Greatest?" We only keep company for a short time on this planet. In his day, Muhammad Ali made life a lot more fun. And he did it all with that ever-present gleam in his eye.
Boxing aside, he was quite a remarkable person. I still smile just thinking about his life, even after his death. That's a rare gift indeed.
The writer lives in Pitman.


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What if Prohibition of Advertisement in the Legal Sector
Home Blogs What if Prohibition of Advertisement in the Legal Sector
By JusCorpus Blogs September 11, 2022
It's unlawful to promote the legal profession in India. Even if a lawyer makes a persuasive argument in court, the newspaper can report it, but the lawyer's name is undesirable. According to London-based legal adviser Lloyd Pearson, India has the largest number of lawyers in the world, but little is known about Indian law firms. Knowing more about the Indian legal market will serve everyone better. Consumers buying cars have access to more data and investigative resources than litigants. Advertising harms the legal profession. Lack of professionalism can cause significant harm as it can affect the reputation and self-esteem of lawyers. Other factors include misleading advertising and improved service quality. The emergence of the legal profession as a noble profession contributes to the negative impression of taboo. The ban was lifted in 2008 when the Indian Bar Association issued an order allowing lawyers and law firms to have websites displaying their contact details, qualifications and areas of expertise. Before that, advertising was completely banned. In India, lawyers are not allowed to act publicly, but most do so through business cards, seminars, celebrations, and circulars with names, addresses, professions, campaigns. Despite proponents' efforts to attract and violate BCI regulations, implementation errors have always eluded them.
The Bar Association of India (BCI) has the power to make rules under the Bar Act to carry out its legal obligations and has done so through the BCI Rules. Under Rule 36 of the BCI Rules, you are in direct or indirect contact with a lawyer by posting, advertising, soliciting, personal communication, interview, providing an inspirational review for a newspaper or taking a photograph of a publication relating to the matter to which you belong or are affected[1]. Nor does the attorney's name, title, or correspondence indicate that he is a president or member of an association or bar association or that he is affiliated with any person or organization, or associated with any cause. Or you've specialised in certain types of work or served as judges or attorneys general.
The Advocate Act 1961 lays down the ethics and professional principles of Indian lawyers. Section 4 of the Act lays the groundwork for authorising central bar associations such as the BCI and various state bar associations to frame rules of conduct. Section 49(1) of this Act makes remarkably detailed provisions for the Bar regarding the "Code of Ethics and Conduct for Advocates" and "Privileges to Practice". Rule 36 of the BCI Rules[2] approved in the Official Gazette of India dated September 6, 1975 provides as follows:
"A lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly, offer or encourage advertising, publicity, solicitation, interpersonal communication, interview, interpersonal endorsement, newspaper review, or photograph to promote any matter in which he is involved or in which he is related. It must be the correct size. A symbol, name, or heading indicates that he is a president, member of the law, or other body, is affiliated with any person or entity, or is an expert on a cause or issue or in a particular field." The Honourable Justice Krishna Iyer pointed out that "law is neither a trade, nor an order, nor a commodity, and the heaven of commercial competition must not render the legal profession vulgar." For years, courts have ruled that "legal services" are consumer services. Lawyers are considered service providers and have a duty to explain improper services to clients.
In 1967,the Madras High Court ruled in C.D.Sekkizhar v Secretary Bar Council[3], that advertising by lawyers was limited to the prevention of jealousy and was not suitable for a noble profession. Also, in Maharashtra State Bar Association v M. V. Dabholkar[4], the Supreme Court ruled that "commercial competition and acquisitions are corrupting the legal profession."
In this regard, the Supreme Court held that the landmark judgement of Tata Yellow Pages v. MTNL[5] held that the right to speak in a case is a fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution. However, the ruling did not invalidate the BCI's one-and-a-half-day rule because the court did not hear the entire tribunal. In 2008, the ban on solicitor advertising was completely lifted and relaxed. This change allows lawyers to display their names, phone numbers, email IDs, and professional and educational qualifications on websites that list legal service providers.
Why ads for lawyers are banned
There are two reasons why lawyers in India are not allowed to advertise their services: first, there are ethical dilemmas in the legal profession; and second, there are legal and judicial grounds for their prohibition.
For Ethical Reasons
A moral reason often invoked to justify banning legal ads is that the practise of law is a noble profession and not a commercial activity. Therefore, these rigorous concepts serve to preserve "professional honour." This concept of legal services is based on an old Victorian legal concept that is no longer used in England.
Legal Reasons
Lawyers and law firms are unable to promote their services due to the combined effect of the Advocates Act, Indian Bar Association regulations, and other professional bodies.[6] Attorneys may not solicit clients or do anything that might influence the defendant's decision to hire a lawyer[7]. The Lawyer's Act empowers the Bar Association of India (BCI) to make rules to carry out its functions under the Act and is based on the BCI regulations[8]. Rule 36 of the BCI Rules[9]: Rule 36 was amended by the Supreme Court decision in V.B. Joshi v. Union of India in 2008[10], According to the Union case, lawyers can provide information on their websites about the programme and whether the information provided is true[11]. A declaration must be made.
Courts have repeatedly applied the BCI rules, which are very strict and leave no room for lawyers and law firms to advertise their services[12]. It is important to note, however, that courts have ruled that consumer assistance forums have jurisdiction to adjudicate legal proceedings for services provided by lawyers[13]. Section 2(u) of the Competition Act 2002 defines the term "service" for the purposes of the Consumer Protection Act 1986. The dichotomy between the positions of the Indian courts is clearly marked. In particular, some influential lawyers and law firms are successfully promoting their legal services. For example, a solicitor's news letter or an election proclamation. Their names, occupations, and addresses are illegal, but they are listed as indirect publicity. Well-funded law firms focus on specific areas of law, present real cases through investigative articles, and sponsor mock trial contests using social media platforms[14].
Situations in various countries
Countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States have loosened restrictions on legal advertising for lawyers by passing laws that guarantee consistency in the amount and type of advertising. It is a risky task where the negative effects of publicity may outweigh the positives, but success in other countries does not guarantee success, especially in India. However, the government has since refrained from introducing stricter laws because of the risks involved and the possibility of default.
America, The United States of America
By 1977, the situation in the United States was similar to that in India. The American Bar Association Code of Ethics states that it is unethical to practise a profession through advertising. This is currently in Bates v. State Bar of Arizona in the 1983[15], Model Code Of Professional Conduct applies to advertisements for US attorneys. Lawyers may solicit services in writing, in writing or by electronic communication (including in the public media) in accordance with the rules, provided the following requirements are met[16]: you must not make false or misleading statements about lawyers or services.
The UK bans advertising for legal services because of an outdated Victorian concept. However, in 1970 and 1986, the Monopolies and Mergers Commission and the Bureau of Fair Trading published reports highlighting the benefits of allowing advertising in legal services. This completely changed the situation in England, and the old Victorian houses were destroyed. The Lawyer's Disclosure Code 1990, regulates the advertising of legal services in the UK and is regularly revised. The Code requires that ads for legal services are not misleading and contain sufficient information to help clients make informed decisions. This voids the consumer's right to information. The code also states that advertisements may contain attorney's fees unless they are accompanied by an explanation that the cost is dangerously low and that the advertisements may incur additional fees[17].
Under the influence of these lawyers, known as legal aristocrats in today's marketing and advertising world, law firms are usurping the right to advertise Indian lawyers. Always remember that advertising not only negatively affects consumer opinion but also has millions of other benefits for society. Many countries around the world have lifted the ban on the traditional rule of not advertising for the legal profession. It is now or never time for lawyers to realise that all parties involved in a lawsuit have a right to a platform where they can find the best lawyers and make the most of them. In today's era of liberalization, privatization, and globalization, lawyers must compete internationally and win international clients, but the shield of Rule 36 stands in the way of these ambitions. This rule is not good for both lawyers and clients, but the Bar Association of India does not believe that there is any serious reason to repeal this rule.
Author(s) Name: Preeti Birla (Rnt Law College, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan)
[1]https://indiankanoon.org/search/?formInput=rule%2036%20of%20bar%20council%20of%20india
[2] Section IV (Duty to Colleagues) of Chapter II (Standards of Professional Conduct and Etiquette) of Part VI (Rules Governing Advocates)
[3] AIR 1967 Mad 35
[4] (1976) 2 SCC 291
[6] M.L. Sarin&HarpreetGiani, Prohibition of Advertisement in the Legal Services Sector, 1(1) India Law Journal, available at: http://www.indialawjournal.org/archives/volume1/issue_1/ legal_articles_sarin.html
[8] Advocates Act, No. 25 of 1961, § 49(1).
[9] Rule 36, Section IV, Chapter II, Part VI, Bar Council of India Rules, 2008.
[10] Writ Petition (Civil) no. 532 of 2000.
[11]Declaration, Rule 36, Section IV, Chapter II, Part VI, Bar Council of India Rules, 2008.
[12] IshaKalwant Singh, Advertising by Legal Professionals, Bharti Law review 277 (Oct-Dec, 2016).
[13] SuyogyaAwasthy, Right to advertising of lawyers, Legally India (2016), available at: http://www.legallyindia.com/views/entry/right-to-advertising-of-lawyers
[14] Somesh Dutta, A case to relax advertising restrictions for legal practitioners, The Hindu (July 9, 2018), https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/
[15] https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/433/350/
[16] Rule 7.2, Model Rules of Profession Conduct, 1983
[17] Rule 8.1, 8.7, 8.9 Solicitors' Publicity Code, 2016.


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This article needs attention from an expert in Christianity. The specific problem is: The comprehensive comparison of Christology needs to be clear and accessible for laymen readers. WikiProject Christianity may be able to help recruit an expert.(April 2019)
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Monophysitism ( /məˈnɒfɪsaɪˌtɪzəm/ or /məˈnɒfɪsɪˌtɪzəm/ ; Greek : μονοφυσιτισμός; Late Koine Greek, pronounced [monofysitizˈmos] from μόνος monos, "only, single" and φύσις physis, "nature") is the Christological position that, after the union of the divine and the human in the historical incarnation, Jesus Christ, as the incarnation of the eternal Son or Word ( Logos ) of God, had only a single "nature" which was either divine or a synthesis of divine and human. Monophysitism is contrasted to dyophysitism (or dia-, dio-, or duophysitism) which maintains that Christ maintained two natures, one divine and one human, after the incarnation.
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language, spanning more than 3000 years of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history; other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic, and many other writing systems.
The Greek language underwent pronunciation changes during the Koine Greek period, from about 300 BC to 300 AD. At the beginning of the period, the pronunciation was almost identical to Classical Greek, while at the end it was closer to Modern Greek.
Christology, translated literally from Greek as "the word of Christ", is the study of the nature (person) and work of Jesus Christ. It studies Jesus Christ's humanity and divinity, and the relation between these two natures; and the role he plays in salvation.
Historical development
Historically, the term "Monophysites" (capitalized in this sense) referred to those Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire who rejected the fourth ecumenical council, the Council of Chalcedon in 451. The moderate members of this group, however, maintained a "miaphysite" theology that became that of the Oriental Orthodox churches. The Oriental Orthodox reject the label "monophysite" as a catch-all term, but the label was extensively used in historical literature of Chalcedonian Christian authors.
The Council of Chalcedon was a church council held from 8 October to 1 November, 451, at Chalcedon, a town of Bithynia in Asia Minor. The Council was called by Emperor Marcian to set aside the 449 Second Council of Ephesus. Its principal purpose was to assert the orthodox catholic doctrine against the heresy of Eutyches and the Monophysites, although ecclesiastical discipline and jurisdiction also occupied the council's attention.
After the Council of Chalcedon, the monophysite controversy (together with institutional, political, and growing nationalistic factors) led to a lasting schism between the Oriental Orthodox churches, on the one hand, and the Eastern Orthodox and Western churches on the other. The Christological conflict among monophysitism, dyophysitism, and their subtle combinations and derivatives lasted from the third through the eighth centuries and left its mark on all but the first two Ecumenical councils. The vast majority of Christians presently belong to the Chalcedonian churches, namely the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and traditional Protestant churches (those that accept at least the first four Ecumenical Councils); these churches have always considered monophysitism to be heretical, usually claiming that it implies Christ is neither "truly God" nor "truly man". [1]
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 260 million baptised members. It operates as a communion of autocephalous churches, each governed by its bishops in local synods. Roughly half of Eastern Orthodox Christians live in Russia. The church has no central doctrinal or governmental authority analogous to the Bishop of Rome, but the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople is recognised by all as primus inter pares of the bishops. As one of the oldest surviving religious institutions in the world, the Eastern Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, and the Near East.
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively between 800 million and more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians. It originated with the 16th century Reformation, a movement against what its followers perceived to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. Protestants reject the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy and sacraments, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. They emphasize the priesthood of all believers, justification by faith alone rather than also by good works, and the highest authority of the Bible alone in faith and morals. The "five solae" summarise basic theological differences in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church.
Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things.
Monophysitism is occasionally referred to as "monophysiticism".
Monophysitism was born in the Catechetical School of Alexandria, which began its Christological analysis with the (divine) eternal Son or word of God and sought to explain how this eternal word had become incarnate as a man—in contrast to the School of Antioch (birthplace of Nestorianism, the antithesis of monophysitism), which instead began with the (human) Jesus of the Gospels and sought to explain how this man had become united with the eternal word in the incarnation. Both sides agreed that Christ was both human and divine, but the Alexandrians emphasized divinity (including the fact that the divine nature was itself "impassible" or immune to suffering) while the Antiochines emphasized humanity (including the limited knowledge and "growth in wisdom" of the Christ of the Gospels). Individual monophysite and Nestorian theologians in fact rarely believed the extreme views that their respective opponents attributed to them (although some of their followers may have). Ultimately, however, the dialectic between the schools of Alexandria and Antioch produced Christologies that on all sides (notwithstanding ongoing differences between the Oriental Orthodox and Chalcedonian churches) avoided the extremes and reflect both points of view.
The Catechetical School of Alexandria was a school of Christian theologians and priests in Alexandria. The teachers and students of the school were influential in many of the early theological controversies of the Christian church. It was one of the two major centers of the study of biblical exegesis and theology during Late Antiquity, the other being the School of Antioch.
In Christology, the Logos is a name or title of Jesus Christ, derived from the prologue to the Gospel of John "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God", as well as in the Book of Revelation, "And he was clothed with a vesture dipped in blood: and his name is called The Word of God." These passages have been important for establishing the doctrine of the divinity of Jesus since the earliest days of Christianity.
The School of Antioch was one of the two major centers of the study of biblical exegesis and theology during Late Antiquity; the other was the Catechetical School of Alexandria. This group was known by this name because the advocates of this tradition were based in the city of Antioch, one of the major cities of the ancient Roman Empire.
Monophysitism was condemned by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, which among other things adopted the Chalcedonian Definition (often known as the "Chalcedonian Creed") stating that Christ is the eternal Son of God.
The Chalcedonian Definition was adopted at the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451. Chalcedon was an early centre of Christianity located in Asia Minor. The council was the fourth of the Ecumenical Councils that are accepted by Chalcedonian churches which include the Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, and most Protestant churches. It was the first council not to be recognised by any Oriental Orthodox church; these churches may be classified as non-Chalcedonian.
[M]ade known in two natures without confusion [i.e. mixture], without change, without division, without separation, the difference of the natures being by no means removed because of the union, but the property of each nature being preserved and coalescing in one prosopon [person] and one hupostasis [subsistence]—not parted or divided into two prosopa [persons], but one and the same Son, only-begotten, divine Word, the Lord Jesus Christ. [2]
Accepted by the sees of Rome, Constantinople, and Antioch, the Chalcedonian settlement encountered strong resistance in Alexandria (and in Egypt generally), leading ultimately to the schism between the Oriental Orthodox churches (which reject Chalcedon), on the one hand, and the so-called Chalcedonian churches on the other. The Chalcedonian churches have always considered monophysitism to be heretical and have generally viewed it as the (explicit or implicit) position of Oriental Orthodoxy. Oriental Orthodoxy, however, considers their own Christology, known as miaphysitism and based heavily on the writings of Cyril of Alexandria (whom all sides accept as orthodox), to be distinct from monophysitism and often object to being labelled monophysites. [3] [4]
Christological spectrum c. 5th-7th centuries. Monophysitism is on far right (enlarge).
Monophysitism, and its theological antithesis Nestorianism, were extensively disputed and divisive competing tenets in the maturing Christian traditions during the first half of the 5th century, during the tumultuous last decades of the Western Empire. It was marked by the political shift in all things to a center of gravity then located in the Eastern Roman Empire, and particularly in Syria, the Levant, and Anatolia, where monophysitism was popular among the people; neither positions were of particular debate in the West beyond Rome.
There are two major doctrines that can indisputably be called "monophysite":
Apollinarism or Apollinarianism holds that Christ had a human body and human "living principle" but that the Divine Logos had taken the place of the nous , or "thinking principle", analogous but not identical to what might be called a mind in the present day. Apollinarism was condemned as a heresy at the First Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 381.
Eutychianism, which has been considered an extreme form of monophysitism, [5] holds that the human and divine natures of Christ were fused into one new single (mono) nature: His human nature was "dissolved like a drop of honey in the sea." [lower-alpha 1] Eutychianism was condemned at the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon in 451. Eutychianism was also condemned at the non-chalcedonian Third Council of Ephesus in 475.
"Moderate" Monophysites, while rejecting Eutychianism, also opposed the Chalcedonian Christology on accusations of seeming like Nestorianism. [5]
After Nestorianism was rejected at the First Council of Ephesus, Eutyches, an archimandrite at Constantinople, emerged with diametrically opposite views. Eutyches' energy and the imprudence with which he asserted his opinions brought him accusations of heresy in 448, leading to his excommunication. In 449, at the controversial "robber" [5] Second Council of Ephesus, Eutyches was reinstated and his chief opponents Eusebius, Domnus and Flavian were deposed. Monophysitism and Eutyches were again rejected at the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Eutyches was again condemned at the non-Chalcedonian Third Council of Ephesus in 475.
Later, monothelitism – the belief that Christ was two natures in one person except that he only had a divine will and no human will, or at least had one will in general – was developed as an attempt to bridge the gap between the monophysite and the Chalcedonian position. However, it too was rejected by the members of the Chalcedonian synod, despite at times having the support of the Byzantine emperors and once escaping the condemnation of a pope of Rome, Honorius I. Some[ who? ] are of the opinion that monothelitism was at one time held by the Maronites; the contemporary Maronite community mostly disputes this, stating that they have never been out of official communion with the Roman Catholic Church.
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↑ Other many variants of the analogy use terms like "vinegar", "ink", "blood" and such robust liquids that would be totally masked in the expanse of an ocean. "Sea" is also traded for "glass of water" for examples that would emphasize a new product "neither [liquid] nor water", for a unique single "third nature" of Christ. [1] [5]
Nestorianism is a Christian theological doctrine that upholds several distinctive teachings in the fields of Christology and Mariology. It opposes the concept of hypostatic union and emphasizes that the two natures of Jesus Christ were joined by will rather than personhood. This Christological position is defined as radical dyophisitism. Nestorianism was named after Christian theologian Nestorius (386–450), Patriarch of Constantinople from 428 to 431, who was influenced by Christological teachings of Theodore of Mopsuestia at the School of Antioch.
Monothelitism or monotheletism is a particular teaching about how the divine and human relate in the person of Jesus. The Christological doctrine formally emerged in Armenia and Syria in 629. Specifically, monothelitism is the view that Jesus Christ has two natures but only one will. That is contrary to the Christology that Jesus Christ has two wills that correspond to his two natures (dyothelitism). Monothelitism is a development of the Neo-Chalcedonian position in the Christological debates. Formulated in 638, it enjoyed considerable popularity, even garnering patriarchal support, before being rejected and denounced as heretical in 681, at the Third Council of Constantinople.
Chalcedonian Christianity refers to the Christian denominations adhering to the christological definitions and ecclesiological resolutions of the Council of Chalcedon, the Fourth Ecumenical Council held in 451. Chalcedonian Christians follow the Definition of Chalcedon, a religious doctrine concerning the divine and human natures of Jesus Christ. The great majority of Christian communions and confessions in the 21st century are Chalcedonian, but from the 5th to the 8th centuries the ascendancy of Chalcedonian Christology was not always certain.
Eutyches was a presbyter and archimandrite at Constantinople. He first came to notice in 431 at the First Council of Ephesus, for his vehement opposition to the teachings of Nestorius; his condemnation of Nestorianism as heresy led him to an equally extreme, although opposite view, which precipitated his being denounced as a heretic himself.
Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, 25th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. He was deposed by the Council of Chalcedon in 451 but was recognized as Patriarch by the Coptic Church until his death. He died on the Island of Gangra, Paphlagonia, in September 454. He is venerated as a saint by the Coptic and other Oriental Orthodox churches.
The Henotikon was a christological document issued by Byzantine emperor Zeno in 482, in an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of the Council of Chalcedon and the council's opponents. It was followed by the Acacian schism.
Nicene Christianity is a set of Christian doctrinal traditions which reflect the Nicene Creed, which was formulated at the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325 and amended at the First Council of Constantinople in AD 381.
Hypostatic union is a technical term in Christian theology employed in mainstream Christology to describe the union of Christ's humanity and divinity in one hypostasis, or individual existence.
Miaphysitism, sometimes called henophysitism, is Cyril of Alexandria's Christological formula holding that in the person of Jesus Christ, divine nature and human nature are united in a compound nature ("physis"), the two being united without separation, without mixture, without confusion and without alteration.
Eutychianism refers to a set of Christian theological doctrines derived from the ideas of Eutyches of Constantinople. Eutychianism is a specific understanding of how the human and divine relate within the person of Jesus Christ.
The Second Council of Ephesus was a Christological church synod in 449 AD convened by Emperor Theodosius II under the presidency of Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria. It was intended to be an ecumenical council, and it is accepted as such by the miaphysite churches but was rejected by the Chalcedonian dyophysites. It was explicitly repudiated by the next council, the Council of Chalcedon of 451, recognised as the fourth ecumenical council by Chalcedonian Christians, and it was named the Latrocinium or "Robber Council" by Pope Leo I. The Chalcedonian churches, particularly the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox communions, continue to accept this designation, while the Oriental Orthodox repudiate it.
The Scythian monks were a community of monks from the region around the mouths of the Danube, who played an influential role in Christian theological disputes between the 4th and 6th centuries. The name Scythian comes from Scythia Minor, the classical name of the modern Dobruja region in Romania and Bulgaria, at the time a Roman province. The monks were raised not only from local Christian elements, but also from immigrant Christians who came to live ascetic lives.
In Christian theology, dyophysitism is the Christological position that two natures, divine and human, exist in the person of Jesus Christ. It contrasts with monophysitism and miaphysitism.
Coptic history is part of history of Egypt that begins with the introduction of Christianity in Egypt in the 1st century AD during the Roman period, and covers the history of the Copts to the present day. Many of the historic items related to Coptic Christianity are on display in many museums around the world and a large number is in the Coptic Museum in Coptic Cairo.
In the history of Christianity, the first seven ecumenical councils include the following: the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the First Council of Constantinople in 381, the Council of Ephesus in 431, the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, the Third Council of Constantinople from 680–681 and finally, the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.
Oriental Orthodoxy is the communion of Eastern Christian Churches that recognize only three ecumenical councils — the First Council of Nicaea, the First Council of Constantinople and the Council of Ephesus. They reject the dogmatic definitions of the Council of Chalcedon. Hence, these Churches are also called Old Oriental Churches or Non-Chalcedonian Churches.
The Oriental Orthodox Churches are a group of Christian churches adhering to miaphysite Christology and theology, and together have 60 to 70 million members worldwide. As some of the oldest religious institutions in the world, the Oriental Orthodox Churches have played a prominent role in the history and culture of Armenia, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan and parts of the Middle East and India. An Eastern Christian body of autocephalous churches, its bishops are equal by virtue of episcopal ordination, and its doctrines can be summarized in that the churches recognize the validity of only the first three ecumenical councils.
The term Nature of Christ or Natures of Christ may refer to:
1 2 Grudem, Wayne A. (2014-10-28). Bible Doctrine: Essential Teachings of the Christian Faith. Zondervan Academic. ISBN 9780310515876.
↑ Quoted in Kelly 1977, p. 340 (bracketed language added).
↑ Metropolitan Bishoy of Damitte – Egypt. "Interpretation of the Christological Official Agreements between the Orthodox Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches" (DOC). Retrieved 30 December 2011.
↑ After Chalcedon – Orthodoxy in the 5th/6th Centuries Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
1 2 3 4 Newman, John Henry (2011-03-31). John Henry Newman Sermons 1824-1843: Volume IV: The Church and Miscellaneous Sermons at St Mary's and Littlemore. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199200917.
Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Davis, Leo Donald, The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325-787) Their History and Theology, 1983 (Michael Glazier, Wilmington DE), reprinted 1990 (Liturgical Press, Collegeville MN, Theology and Life Series 21, 342 pp., ISBN 978-0-8146-5616-7), chaps. 4-6, pp. 134–257.
Kelly, J.N.D., Early Christian Doctrines, 5th edition 1977 (Continuum, London, 511 pp., ISBN 0-8264-5252-3), chaps. XI-XII, pp. 280–343.
Meyendorff, John (Jean), Christ in Eastern Christian Thought, trans. Dubois, Yves, 1969, 2d ed. 1975 (St. Vladimir's Seminary, Crestwood NY, 248 pp., ISBN 978-0-88141-867-5), chaps. 1-4, pp. 13–90.
Meyendorff, John (1989). Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D. The Church in history. 2. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. ISBN 978-0-88-141056-3.
Chesnut, R.C., Three Monophysite Christologies, 1976 (Oxford).
Frend, W.H.C., The Rise of the Monophysite Movement, 1972 (Cambridge).
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text:
Home Sport Olympics
Lok Sabha MPs demand probe into Narsingh Yadav drug test issue
Parliamentary Affairs S S Ahluwalia assured the House that he would ask the government to make a statement on the issue.
Published: 27th July 2016 01:39 PM | Last Updated: 27th July 2016 01:39 PM | A+A A-
India's Narsingh Pancham Yadav displays his medal after winning against South Africa Richard Brian Addinall in the 74 kilogram category wrestlingl. AP
Lok Sabha members today joined the row over wrestler Narsingh Yadav failing a drug test.
Ranjeet Ranjan (Cong) raised the issue in the Zero Hour and sought a CBI inquiry into the matter.
Ahluwalia said he will convey their sentiments to the government and seek an official response.
NEW DELHI: Lok Sabha members today joined the row over wrestler Narsingh Yadav failing a drug test, with one of them seeking a CBI probe, prompting Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs S S Ahluwalia to assure the House that he would ask the government to make a statement on the issue.
Ranjeet Ranjan (Cong) raised the issue in the Zero Hour and sought a CBI inquiry into the matter while referring to the allegations that brother of another international player had a role in spiking Yadav's food and drink intake.
"Whether he (Yadav) has been fixed or not we do not know. There should be a CBI inquiry and the guilty must be given most stringent punishment. It is a heinous crime," she said.
As many other members joined her and sought the government's response, Ahluwalia said he will convey their sentiments to the government and seek an official response.
He noted that the matter was raised in the Question Hour too.


text:
You Worry Too Much
Author: Michael Lentz
Translator: Steven Rendall
Do ideology and politics concern nature as well? Brecht wants to test this out by means of an example. When he's invited to plant a tree on the edge of the hill in Paseo Miramar, only a few meters from the ocean, he immediately accepts. Plant a tree. Planting trees is at least a step taken against the self-Americanization that is taking hold among the exiles, the mild climate is probably corrupting the German emigrants, planting a tree is a useful thing, a way of putting down a substitute root, unlike the overeager German emigrants who would prefer to be Americans today rather than tomorrow, who try very seriously to put down roots in the language here too, but those are aerial roots that can never breathe, here the air doesn't contain anything one could absorb, so Brecht plants a tree, and as he is standing in front of his tree, Randy comes up to him, Randy the millionaire who grills such fantastic steaks, who drives a splendid car, Americans come into the world as drivers, Brecht says, so Randy comes up to him, looks at the tree that Brecht has planted with great care, really looks at Brecht himself for the first time, it seems, looks at the tree again, while all the other people whom Randy has invited to plant trees on this sunny day gather around the two tree-observers, and Brecht is the only German among all these Americans with whom he has hardly spoken during the tree planting. "Typically German," Randy says, and Brecht doesn't understand what he means, but is pleasantly surprised that something here is typically German, he wouldn't have expected an American to be able to identify it, then Randy leads the group to the edge of the area on which Randy has had a hundred trees planted over the past few years, from there you can best see what he means by typically German: Brecht's tree stands straight as an arrow, the only one. The tree planting remains a lonely highpoint of this thoroughly boring time in California, which is tasteless, the food is tasteless too, the boredom is eating him up, making him physically ill, he can't even think about working every day, here in America he has to pretend inwardly not to be in America, he tries to transport himself into a European condition, so that he can go to his desk as usual in the early morning and get going, but he succeeds in forgetting the cheap prettiness all around him for only a short time, then he is suddenly Francis of Assisi in the Aquarium again, Lenin in the Prater, a chrysanthemum in a mineshaft, as he wrote in his Work Journal on March 23, 1942. There is nothing he can do about it, the European condition he has conjured up doesn't last long, and in fact it is typically American, that is, artificial, to want to pretend something, the front yards here are also just pretend, if the homeowners can no longer pay for the water the yard dries up overnight and the desert takes over again, the truth. Another truth is, admittedly, that Randy makes the best steaks in the world, and for that Brecht almost reveres him, anyway he returns again and again to Randy's steak, with pleasure, and tells him so, too. What is the secret of your steaks, Brecht asks him. You see it and you like it, Randy says. Brecht decides to write a poem about Randy's steak. However, he quickly realizes that no poem about these steaks will ever suffice, no poem will even come close to embodying the goodness of Randy's steak. His steak is poem, Brecht forbids himself ever to announce such corrupt nonsense, that's the worst and most disgusting capitalist talk there is.
In Randy's company Brecht keeps coming back to the foreign language problem. It's already hard enough to conduct a conversation in German in such a way that one doesn't have to ask questions every other sentence, Brecht stumbles in English, in American, over every other word. Talking with Randy, Brecht finds this embarrassing, shameful, but doesn't let on. Moreover, he can tell Randy about this problem only in English. Then Randy listens in a very friendly way, nods now and then, dismisses him and says "don't worry" again, and lays his hand on Brecht's shoulder, not to mention that it seems that Randy neither takes an interest in this nor sees it as a serious problem. Relax, Bert, Randy says, and Brecht is greatly annoyed that this steak-griller calls him Bert, everyone else is supposed to call him Brecht. However, Randy has a trump up his sleeve with his steaks . . . Brecht stops. A steak up his sleeve? How do you say that in American? Can't imagine. That's where it starts, the problem begins already with Randy's steaks, so just eat and keep your mouth shut. The steaks are thicker than usual. They are nonetheless uncommonly tender. Your teeth go through this meat as if it were butter. So it must be meat from special steers or the secret of its tenderness must lie in the way it's prepared. The preparation: the already marinated steaks are . . . Brecht can't figure it out. He detects a special something in the taste, Kirsch, maybe? In any case you have to get used to it at first, Brecht concedes, it activates massive prejudices in relation to America, against which we Europeans find it so hard to defend ourselves, perhaps not Kirsch, but something in the spirits line, anyway, in short, they're the best steaks I've ever eaten, Brecht says, if only all Americans understood my plays and screenplays as well as I do Randy's steaks, because these are definitely American steaks, Brecht thinks, completely excessive, mouth-filling, and too much of everything, exhibition pieces without a museum. The blood runs into Brecht's mouth and he likes it. He can't say, I like it, he has only the distinct feeling of pleasure, no that's not quite it, a feeling of satisfaction. A thoroughly petit-bourgeois word. A word that could out-smug smugness itself. When have I ever been satisfied with my plays? Never. Why am I constantly rewriting my plays, telling friends and editors, agents and directors, that the play is finally finished, the letter is sent off, I immediately sit down to work on a new one, I was hasty, the play is not at all finished yet, I'm just now starting to work on it, it has to be rewritten from the ground up, and then I ask Reyer, Auden, Bentley, Laughton, to help me prepare a new translation, the opening night and subsequent performances will all be catastrophes because the American theater is unusable. "Fear and Trembling" will be the result of all these evenings in the theater with his plays, and most of all for himself. He knew that from the outset, and so he must have control over everything from the ground up, he mustn't let anything go out before everything is clarified, light has to be shed on the whole thing.
Satisfaction looks different. When you speak about satisfaction you imagine leaning back in your chair, pausing and enjoying. That's perhaps the fundamental difference between literature and food. The latter can satisfy. How does good old Albert-Birot put it? "Sit down and don't talk so much about things you can't eat." German exiles, ladies and gentlemen both, should have that engraved on their brains, Brecht thinks, and Randy asks him,
"What are you thinking about, Bert?"
"I was just thinking that the Germans here and their literature, it's all merely provisional, something directed toward a later time, and later no one will need it any more, but I'm writing for postwar Germany, there people will need my plays, they'll be recognized."
"The best thing for you to do, then, would be to stay here," Randy says.
"Stay here? Here there's only development, but nothing that develops," Brecht replies.
"The only thing that will really help you in your postwar Germany won't be your plays, but my steaks. But you can get those only here, Bert."
"There's Kirsch in them, isn't there?"
"Red wine."
"Red wine?"
"Only a little squirt."
"Red wine, no Kirsch?"
"Excuse me, but they don't taste like Kirsch."
"I haven't drunk any for a long time, I can only compare the taste with my memory, and it made me think of Kirsch."
"But think about it. Red wine is the same color as blood, red wine leaves a mark, the color leaves a mark, you won't find anything better for a steak than red wine."
"Yes I will, Calvados."
"Not here."
"In France, however."
"There, yes, but these steaks have something very subtle about them. I love the softness, the tenderness, and that's produced only by a soft but hearty red wine."
"Do you know what 'faire le trou normand' means?"
"No idea, something to do with truth."
"Clear out the stomach."
"That's a good truth."
"Literally, it means 'make the Norman hole'."
"Ah, so it has something to do with war."
"If you tell me your recipe, Randy, I'll tell you the recipe for the Three Penny Opera."
"Not good enough."
"Then I'll tell you something about the film Hangmen Also Die."
"Have you made a film?"
"Yes, here, with Fritz Lang."
"The murder of Heydrich in Prague."
"And who is Heydrich?"
"The Reichsprotektor for Bohemia and Moravia."
"Never heard of him."
"What about Fritz Lang?"
"I've heard of him, he lives right around the corner here, Summitridge Drive, Beverly Hills."
"If I tell you a funny story about Lang, will you tell me your recipe?"
"Let's hear it!"
"Since as a director he 'd lost a few projects, Lang asked his manager to give him back the $80,000 that he was supposed to put away for him. The manager confessed that over the years he'd spent the money himself, and tried to commit suicide. Thereupon Lang went to an ophthalmologist, who did what an ophthalmologist always does, he covered one of Lang's eyes and asked him to read a couple of numbers. Gladly, Lang says to him, only you'll have to turn the light on. The lamp, however, had been burning all the time. He was in danger of going completely blind."
"That's it?" Randy asks.
"That's it," Brecht says.
"But that's not funny at all!"
"I think it is, in a certain way."
"I find it absolutely not funny."
"So fork over the recipe, Randy!"
"The steaks are especially thick. Before they go on the grill, they are marinated. It's very important that while they are being cooked you take them off the grill from time to time and put them back in the marinade. The sauce has the following ingredients: 1/3 cup soy sauce, five garlic cloves, two ounces of balsamic vinegar, and the red wine, but just a squirt. Sometimes I also put teriyaki sauce in it, but not often."
"Are the garlic cloves pressed?"
"The garlic is pressed. You have to like that. But if it stays in the sauce too long, it loses its bite."
"A great recipe," Brecht says. "From now on I'm going to eat only steaks, with the exception of pork cutlets, red cabbage, and potato dumplings at the Feuchtwangers', wear a leather jacket, smoke cigars, and drive through the Hollywood Hills in a fabulous car, and then I'll drive to New York, all the way across America, and I'll plant trees everywhere. And I'm going to revolutionize the Hollywood film."
Randy, wide-eyed, stares at him.
The contemporary Hollywood film is not at all contemporary, Brecht goes on, it's opium for the people and it's in large measure what makes them so stupid.
"Do you know that Hollywood films are part of the global drug trade, that Hollywood is the center of the world drug trade, and that every single Hollywood film makes people stupid?"
No, Randy says, that had never occurred to him. But Brecht himself wanted to be part of this trade, didn't he?
"The Hollywood film, my dear Randy, is a mental laxative, and when people no longer have a mind they get stupid."
"You worry too much, Bert," Randy says.
Now I really have to forbid him to call me Bert all the time, this Bert business is itself part of lulling the masses to sleep. Brecht already sees himself as a leather jacket-wearing, cigar-smoking, car-driving comic figure.
"Randy," Brecht says, "you know that Hollywood is doubtless the cultural center of four-fifths of the world, and here we can have everything except dollars. I'm making a Hollywood film to end all Hollywood films, I've always got that in mind. No one wants it. Because it's not suitable. Not suitable for whom? For the past. Here everything is defined by the past. If something is appropriate, it's not appropriate for the past. I don't have Hollywood taste, only Brecht taste. I try one storyline after another, one screenplay after another, and slam straight into the Hollywood wall, but I keep going, the point is to educate not only theater audiences but also movie audiences, and that's it."
"Sure, Bert," Randy says, "I'm relieved that you've got something to keep you busy for the rest of your life."
"However, I've had bad luck," Brecht says, "Feuchtwanger managed . . . "
"Unfortunately, I don't know him, either."
"A colleague. We worked on a drama together, Feuchtwanger made a novel out of it, but for me the thing was done once the play was finished. Feuchtwanger gave the play and his novel to Goldwyn, that Hollywood movie mogul whose name says it all. Anyway, no one ever understood our drama, but people liked Feuchtwanger's novel, Goldwyn bought the film rights. Naturally, nothing came of it. But we signed a contract and I got $20,000. I found out when I was in New York. What did I immediately do? To celebrate, I bought myself a new pair of pants."
"You can live on that, Bert. Now all at once you're a big earner, Hollywood will be on your side."
Great, the new steaks are ready. Eating steak is an opportunity for Brecht to go into a little more detail.
Although Brecht finds current Hollywood films unbearable, he loves crime novels. He wants to read English novels only in English, as if one were unthinkable without the other. They impel him through the pages. The hunt for the murderer excites him, he wants to finally find out, and he does find out, but he wants the book to tell him, and that's what's really marvelous, to know right from the start that Harry is the murderer, and to know it for the next two hundred pages, during which this knowledge is constantly present, and then on page two hundred and one Harry can finally be convicted of murder, and it occurs to Brecht how the crime novel pulls that off, it isn't written in literary English, in polished English, but rather in a wonderful, colloquial, graphic underworld English.
Reading crime novels has made him realize that in discussions he doesn't say what he wants to say, but only what he can say, and this is far too little, even when writing poems he's not one to swear by metaphors, not one who needs showy metaphors, but he himself isn't in complete control of German, and that sometimes stops him in his tracks, he'd like to tell Randy that, but he can't, he just gives him a look that says, you know what I mean, and Randy puts his hand on Bert's shoulder again, "You're a nice fellow," and that's what Brecht finds hardest to bear.
He can't stop thinking about it. Brecht tries to think his way into the foreign language, to feign his way into it. He decides that henceforth he will speak only American to himself, which seems to him to be perhaps the insuperable hurdle for his work. Maybe he no longer wants to ruminate on the painful suspicion that in America he won't achieve anything because he is after all exclusively German, an exclusively German writer far from home, suffering from homesickness and nothing else.
"To be wise is to be productive, that's my motto," Brecht says, after he's eaten a second steak. "The best medicine is work. Even when I was running from the Gestapo, I never failed to do my daily work."
Germans! Randy can only shake his head. "Like with the tree, Bert, everything straight and according to plan."
"When you mentioned the tree again it reminded me of something," Brecht says, "the second house that we had in Santa Monica had a little garden. I could never stand the house, I couldn't work there, there wasn't enough room for a big table. Practically every day I thought about moving out again. We stayed in the house for a year. As I said, I couldn't work there, and so when it wasn't too cold I often went into the little garden. However, I couldn't stand it in the garden either until one day I discovered a spot that had a decent view. What did you see? Only greenery, bushes and big-leaved fig trees. I was especially taken with the fig trees. I could look at them for hours without getting bored. A very strong tree, an athlete among trees. Moreover, if you placed the stool right there, you were spared the view of the slutty petty bourgeois houses with their depressing cuteness. A real gift, I thought. You saw only a tiny garden shed, maybe a square meter and a half on the ground. This little shed was the culmination, it was falling down, and its decay ennobled it, reminded me of the decay of European houses that had withstood time in just the same way. This view made me reflect that maybe we should stay in the house. Work comes before nature."
Brecht is tired. Delightful steaks. He'd gladly come again, very gladly. If only America were like the steaks . . . Then America would be completely impossible to resist . . . But the opposite is the case . . .
"Du machst dir zu viele Gedanken," from Michael Lentz, Pazifik Exil, pp. 319-329, © S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 2007. All rights reserved by S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main.
Translation © Steven Rendall
← Gluttony Samples from Hans: An Account →


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Leigh Nash Song list
The State I'm In (2015)
What's Behind Me (2015)
Don't Cry For Me ArgentinaJulie Covington
Featured in the 1978 musical Evita, "Don't Cry For Me Argentina" became the biggest selling UK hit by a female vocalist (Julie Covington).
Bad, Bad Leroy BrownJim Croce
"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown" is about a guy Jim Croce met in the National Guard, which Jim joined to keep him out of Vietnam. Leroy went AWOL, but got caught when he tried to pick up his paycheck.
We Are All Made Of StarsMoby
Moby says that "We Are All Made Of Stars" is scientifically accurate, since all matter originates from stardust.
Shut Up And DanceWalk the Moon
Walk The Moon vocalist Nicholas Petricca got the idea for "Shut Up and Dance" when he and his girlfriend were taking forever to get drinks at a Los Angeles club bar. Petricca was getting frustrated, so his girlfriend told him to, "Shut up and dance with me!'"
London CallingThe Clash
"London Calling" by The Clash was written amid widespread fears that the Thames River was going to flood the city.
Dude (Looks Like A Lady)Aerosmith
"Dude (Looks Like A Lady)" by Aerosmith was inspired by Vince Neil from Motley Crue.
Rock Revenge SongsMusic Quiz
John Lennon, Paul Simon and Lynyrd Skynyrd are some of the artists who have written revenge songs. Do you know who they wrote them about?
Glen BallardSongwriter Interviews
Glen Ballard talks about co-writing and producing Alanis Morissette's Jagged Little Pill album, and his work with Dave Matthews, Aerosmith and Annie Lennox.
Gilby ClarkeSongwriter Interviews
The Guns N' Roses rhythm guitarist in the early '90s, Gilby talks about the band's implosion and the side projects it spawned.
Terry Jacks ("Seasons in the Sun")Songwriter Interviews
Inspired by his dear friend, "Seasons in the Sun" paid for Terry's boat, which led him away from music and into a battle with Canadian paper mills.
Incongruent Opening ActsSong Writing
Here's what happens when an opening act is really out of place with the headliner, like when Beastie Boys opened for Madonna.
Jason Newsted (ex-Metallica)Songwriter Interviews
The former Metallica bassist talks about his first time writing a song with James Hetfield, and how a hand-me-down iPad has changed his songwriting.


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Notes from luke kurtis
Postcards and Prints
bd-studios.com redesign press release
Home / Press Room / bd-studios.com redesign press release
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE — Dec 2015
BD-STUDIOS.COM LAUNCHES WEBSITE REDESIGN
FEATURES NEW WORK BY LUKE KURTIS
bd-studios.com is pleased to announce the launch of our new website. The website was first launched in 1999 and has evolved over the last 17 years to become the fully formed art and publishing studio by luke kurtis. The new design brings the website up-to-date with current web standards and puts our work at the forefront of our web presence more than ever before. The front page features bold imagery relating to various work by the studio. The Portfolio section sports an improved design with dynamic layouts and dives deeper into our work and showcases major projects. The Library, originally launched in early 2014, has also received an update and presents a full catalog of all the publications and multiples we have released over the years. The Blog features news, announcements, new projects, and work-in-progress. Please visit the website at https://bd-studios.com.
Among our most recent projects highlighted on the website is the woods are watching. This piece, part of the Crayon Portraiture project, is a site-specific installation work and also a short video of the same name. "On one level the piece is about looking at technology as an extension of our humanity instead of something that exists separate from us", says luke kurtis, creator of the woods are working and founder of bd. "It's also about the importance of taking pause in the midst of our busy lives. Stop, look, and listen to your surroundings in a deliberate way: you might be surprised what you notice." Composer and performance artist Michael Harren, who recently spoke with kurtis about the woods on his Mikeypod podcast, described the piece as "breathtaking in its simplicity."
kurtis's experimental video art and performance art project journey is also featured on the site. "The journey project has the same meditative approach as the woods piece in that it poses questions about how we interact with the environment around us," says kurtis. "But the performative aspect sets it apart. I really like thinking about how walking is a practical act, something we do to get from one place to another, yet this most basic everyday action can also be an act of meditation and a way to connect more deeply with not only the world around us but also our inner selves." As an ongoing project rooted in the artist's world travels, we will continue to develop content for the website to represent the journey work.
The Library section of the site documents the publishing history of bd, including titles such as The Language of History by luke kurtis, Jordan's Journey by Jordan M. Scoggins, Tentative Armor by Michael Harren, Visions of the Beyond by Stefanie Masciandaro, and several other publications and multiples. Many titles are available for purchase.
The bd website is online now at https://bd-studios.com. We also maintain a social media presence at Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/bdstudiospage/), Twitter (https://twitter.com/lukekurtis), and Instagram (https://www.instagram.com/lukekurtis/).
bd-studios.com is the art and publishing studio by luke kurtis. We publish artist's books and exhibition catalogs, organize exhibitions and performances, and more. We perform creative experiments and transform them into bold works of art.
luke kurtis is a Georgia-born interdisciplinary artist focusing on the intersection of photography, writing, and design. He lives and works in New York City.
For more information, please contact us (https://bd-studios.com/contact/).
bd is the art and publishing studio by luke kurtis. We publish artists' and poetry books, organize exhibitions and performances, and more. We perform creative experiments and transform them into bold works of art.
Open Call: 1980s-themed art January 12,2020
On Pride, Protest, and Finding Home 🏳🌈 June 29,2019
Dudgrick Bevins on fear, family, and finding his spirit animal 😱👨👩&#. . . June 9,2019
obscure mechanics
let us prey
Retrospective $30.00
From l.k.'s photostream
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Herero people: A tale of survival against the odds
Casper W. Erichsen, co-author with David Olusoga of the book The Kaiser's Holocaust. Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism (Ed. Faber and Faber, 2010) came to Namibia in 1996 to study history. He became chair of the History Society and fell on issue of genocide. He wrote his thesis about the use of concentration camps, has made several documentaries about this, and remain an expert. He shared his personal "narrative" for a long feature posted on the news website REDE ANGOLA. (Read more…)
Two boys dressed as Herero cavalry cadets, complete with riding hats
© Jim Naughten
Standing to attention: A Herero cadet
It is a common misconception that Germany's colony in South West Africa, now Namibia, was created at the Berlin-Africa conference of 1884/85.
Although Germany secured the right among European nations to explore the colonization of this area, without hindrance from other colonial powers, the agreement did not give Germany any legal rights to territory, then occupied by several hundred thousand people.
The project of colonial annexation was begun by Reichskommisar Heinrich Ernst Göring (father of Hermann Göring [1893-1946, leading member of the German Nazi Party] and took more than 20 years to complete.
In the first instance it was exceedingly difficult for the Reich to gain both a political and an economic foothold. The territory was governed by a number of interwoven polities, spread across a landmass much larger than Germany itself.
The economy, which revolved around land and cattle, was firmly in the hands of the indigenous people, who valued and guarded it.
Perhaps the most politically adept German 'Governor' was Theodor Leutwein, who made political progress through engaging with rather than seeking confrontation against the local political leadership – the most influential leaders were Maharero Tjamuaha in central and Hendrik Witbooi [king of the Namaqua or Nama people] in South and Central parts of the territory.
Costume drama: Herero woman in blue dress in cow dance pose
The Herero women adopted the German missionaries' floor length gowns, like Victorian clothes
During the mid to late 1890s Germany launched its ambitious Weltpolitik vision, designed to make Germany a recognized world power. This meant further investments in imperialism and expansions. Colonies were no longer just a means of procuring cheap raw materials for German industry, but also a matter of prestige.
Importantly, colonies such as South West Africa provided an alternative for the tens of thousands of citizens leaving the fatherland every year looking for greener pastures.
In this period the military-run colonial authority, still only nominally in charge of the territory, expanded its network of district level commissioners.
As these junior officers, often people who had fought in colonial wars elsewhere and who had fixed ideas about race and colonial authority, tried to stamp their authority over town and villages, they came into direct conflict with the traditional authorities, who had until then been in charge.
There were several smaller such skirmishes leading up to the turn of the century, which prompted Governor Leutwein to remind the colonial office that his men were delusional:
-"The majority of the white population of the protectorate had gradually forgotten that we only found ourselves in Hereroland as a result of a negotiated treaty, and instead they carried themselves as conquerors, although we have conquered nothing."
In October 1903, one such skirmish in the far southern town of Warmbad had dire consequences. It set off a train of events that would eventually uproot communities across Namibia and culminate with the near destruction of several of its peoples.
The attire was at one point forced upon the Herero people, but it has since become a tradition and point of pride
"If a warrior killed a German soldier he would take and wear their uniform as a badge of honour, and to 'take' or appropriate their power," says the photographer. Here, the boy is wearing a cardboard hat
When Lieutenant [Walter] Jobst interfered in a local dispute about a prize goat,a row ensued in which the local leader was killed, and in a few minutes Jobst himself was shot dead. The incident framed the tension between perceived colonial authority and the actual traditional leadership pertaining to the African polities.
In reaction to the killing of Lieutenant Jobst the Kaiser and his general stab marched most of the colonial army some 700 kilometres south to Warmbad to quell what was now termed a rebellion. While in the south, on 12 January 1904, another skirmish broke out in the northern town of Okahandja, home to the Herero polity, under Samuel Maharero.
Another commissioner, Lieutenant , overstepped his boundaries and provoked a local reaction. That evening, the town was filled with gunshots, and soon the fighting spread to German settlements and farms in all of central Namibia.
In reaction to these so-called rebellions, the Kaiser decided to use full military force rather than the negotiated peace suggested by Governor Leutwein. Thousands of reserveist were called in to fight, and a particularly brutal Lieutenant General, Lothar von Trotha, who had previously fought in East Africa, was called in to take over the military command. Trotha's stance was clear. In correspondence to Leutwein he wrote:
– I know enough tribes in Africa. They all have the same mentality insofar as they yield only to force. It was and remains my policy to apply this force by unmitigated terrorism and even cruelty.
On August 11, 1904 Trotha's forces launched a vicious attack at the amassment of fleeing Herero populace, who had settled, away from German lines. Continuous shelling by the artillery sent Herero combatants into a desperate offensive, awaited by the colonial troops and their machine guns.
The main part of the battle was fought by the waterholes of Ohamakari, not far from Trotha's makeshift headquarter from where the general was conducting his troops by aid of mirror signals.
A number of heliographs had been placed strategically to inform the general about troop movements and to better direct the fighting. His expressed intentions with the attack were to destroy the Herero nation as such.
This man is among the photographer's favorite subjects: "For walking in front of the camera/lighting set up without saying a word, posing so perfectly for one shot, and then walking off smiling"
Herero woman in orange dress, adopting the traditional cow pose
© Jim Naughtne
The battle did not go to plan. The large majority of the Herero nation managed to break through the German lines and escape into the dry Omaheke desert, leaving behind their belongings and their cattle. In this exodus towards British Bechuanaland, now Botswana, many thousand Herero men, women and children eventually died of thirst.
Following the failed efforts to fully destroy the Herero nation, von Trotha issues a startling order that allowed for wholesale executions of Herero men.
The decree was dubbed the Extermination Order. Trotha's decree became the official policy in the colony; a policy unequivocally specifying that no distinction were to be made between combatants and non-combatants, as well as indicating that prisoners would no longer be taken.
It is not known how many people were killed in the two months the order stood. Nor is it known how many other African communities in the territory succumbed to the order which, after all, was being implemented by young Germans with little to no knowledge of the political and cultural differences between people of 'dark skin'.
When the Extermination Order was finally rescinded, it was replaced by a new policy that called for the establishment of concentration camps across the territory. This was reluctantly done, and tens of thousands of people, mostly women and children, were crammed into such camps, were the vast majority succumbed to their circumstances: violence, rape, exhaustion, disease and malnutrition was the order of the day.
Herero women marching in the incredible traditional dress of their tribe
The concentration camp policy stood for three years and accounted for tens of thousands of lives. In fact, despite clear evidence about the effects of the camps and the demographics of their occupants, the German authorities escalated their use, and came up with a new innovation, the labor camp, to ensure that the dying souls could be used to build the new German colony rising out of the ashes of the war.
In 1908, the German war was at an end. The result was severe. Eighty percent of the Herero population was killed and also fifty percent of the Nama population. Later campaigns against the San people (Bushmen), using a similar Extermination Order, killed untold numbers as well.
Following what has by many, including myself, been termed 'the first genocide of the 20th century', deliberate efforts were made to obscure and erase the bureaucratic and political decisions made that lead to the mass-killings.
When, for example, the German Social Democrats pressed the Kaiser's government to explain what had taken place, the resulting commissioned report was authored by the very man responsible for making many of the decisions, Oscar Hintrager. His report was since buried and South West Africa continued its trajectory towards German colonial control.
On the very site of the Windhoek concentration camp, a statue was erected, commemorating the Germans soldiers who had died. A new narrative was crated in which Germans had suffered martyrdom for the Africa soil, against a beastly native aggressor. This notion was entrenched in the social discourse, and was echoed in popular fiction, songs and so on.
Those who survived the genocide, had to endure further humiliation and ignominy under English rule and apartheid. Many now live on overgrazed reserves, or communal land areas, seeking out a living under the harshest of circumstance.
In post independent Namibia, opportunities are there for the advancement of new Namibians who receive free education and social services as afforded by a middle income's country. Theirs is a tale of survival against the odds. They remain largely without political power, which is concentrated in the more populous northern parts of Namibia, where the genocide never reached.
Military uniform: Herero cavalry pictured marching in line in the desert
Posted in In English | Tagged Africa, Casper W. Erichsen, David Olusoga, Germany, Heinrich Ernst Göring, Herero, Holocaust, Lothar von Trotha, Namíbia | Leave a comment |
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O genocídio tabu e o genocídio esquecido →


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Lewis Lewis & Co.
ST CLEARS OFFICE
CARDIGAN OFFICE
GDPR has arrived…
The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) comes into force on 25 May 2018 and will tighten up the law in many ways. From now on, businesses, public authorities and charities will be put to task as to how they collect, use and share personal information.
The GDPR establishes a set of rules that aim to protect individuals personal information while allowing its free movement. Its objectives are:
(a) to protect individuals fundamental rights and freedoms, in particular their right to the protection of personal data; and
(b) to allow the free movement of personal data between Member States.
Any organisation that chooses to ignore the GDPR will be pursuing a high-risk strategy with the new law imposing heavy fines for non-compliance.
Lewis Lewis & Company take data protection seriously. Full details of our Privacy Policy can be found by clicking here
Lewis Lewis & Co. are now in Cardigan!
The firm of Moseley George was established at Siambre Pendre, 20 Pendre, Cardigan in 2005. After a busy and successful 12 years providing specialist legal services across Ceredigion, Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire, sole practitioner Sian George has joined forces with Lewis Lewis & Co. ltd.
The acquisition of Moseley George means that the practice has in excess of 30 staff who offer specialist advice in all areas (save for crime).


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(801) 477-0733 | 2650 Washington Blvd. #201, Ogden, UT
Modifying Custody Order | Ogden, UT
Modifying a Custody Order
Utah Divorce
Legal Custody
Parent-Time
Division of Debts
How to File a Divorce Case
Modifying Child Support
Temporary Orders
Utah Prenuptial Agreements
Utah law provides a specific process that one must follow before they can modify a custody order. We discussed this process extensively in a video and blog post that you can access here, or you can continue reading the simplified process below.
At Red Law here in Ogden, Utah, we have represented parents in all types of modification cases. We understand the legal, strategic, and emotional aspects of these types of cases. We help you protect your best interests and the best interests of your children.
How to Modify a Custody Order in Utah
After a court has entered a custody order, one or both parents may seek to change the court's order. The parent that seeks to change the custody order must file a "Verified Petition to Modify." This Petition will include a sworn statement verifying that there is evidence that will show that the circumstances of the child or the parent(s) have changed significantly since the court's initial custody order.
What a Court looks For When Modifying a Custody Order
A court must find two things before they will modify a custody order:
That a material and substantial change in circumstances has occurred since the original custody order was entered by the court; and
A change in the terms and conditions of that original custody order would be an improvement for the child, and would be in the best interest of the child.
This means that before a court will look into what is in the best interest of the child, the court must first be convinced that a material and substantial change in circumstances has occurred. The party seeking to modify custody must point to certain factors in the life of the child and/or the lives of the parents that are substantially different than when the court entered its order of custody. These differences must amount to a situation where custody, the life of the child, or the ability to parent, is actually affected.
After the court makes a finding that there has been a material and substantial change in circumstances, then the court can look to see whether a modification of the terms and conditions of the existing custody order would be "an improvement for and in the best interest of the child." If the child is thriving, happy, and well-adjusted under the current custody order, the court is less likely to make any changes.
Professional Legal Services | Fair Prices
We promise to aggressively look after the interest of the individuals and families we represent in Ogden, UT.
Ogden, Utah Attorney
We offer professional legal services at fair prices.
Red Law
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Home » Bring the Journey Home » Genuine 66® » Odell Station
Odell Station
The Standard Oil Station in Odell, Illinois on Route 66, is ready to fill up passing cars, and make any necessary repairs.
Odell Station quantity
Built in 1932, the Standard Oil Gasoline Station in Odell, Illinois served travelers on Route 66 for thirty years. The station operated first as a gas station and then later added repair bays allowing it to offer mechanic services. Adding the mechanic services allowed it to expand its value to motorists, making it a one-stop shop. It was a popular stop for motorists.
Unfortunately, Interstate 55 bypassed the town of Odell when it was built, reducing the number of travelers coming into the city. The Odell Station didn't fare as well as nearby stations, and its pumps stopped in the 1960s. From there, it mostly drifted in purpose, finally becoming an auto repair station until it closed in 1999.
The village of Odell purchased the station and restored it, bringing it back to an early 1940s appearance. The well-preserved gas station once again sees plenty of tourists in its new role as a visitor center.
Walking into it is walking back in time. Some of the original equipment and furnishings are still there on display. You can still smell the grease in the air, and you can almost hear the mechanics quickly working on the cars. Getting cars back on the road as quickly as possible was the goal.
Like all stations of the time, an individual, not a company or corporation, ran The Odell Station. It was up to the owner to provide the best service possible, and the service was always top-notch. The Odell Station was no exception.
Soulsby's Shell