He is the author of fifteen books, including (in English) The State and Revolution in Iran (1984), and (in Persian) Transition to Democracy (2005), The Political Sociology of Iran (2001), Obstacles to Political Development in Iran (2000), and The Kingdom of Reason (1995). During his fellowship at NED, he examined the role of political oppositions in moving from "transitional situations" to "actual transitions," comparing cases of successful and unsuccessful democratic transitions in the last quarter of the twentieth century.”