He earned his Ph.D. in 2001 from Rutgers University, where he specialized in interwar U.S.–Japanese diplomatic relations. His most recent works have appeared in the Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians, The New England Journal of History, and in Jose´ de Arimate´ia da Cruz, Becky K. da Cruz, and Andrew J. Dowdle, eds., American Politics: Transformation and Change (Upper Saddle River, N.J.:Pearson, 2004).