Dr. Konrad facilitated a presentation entitled,"Optimizing DBS implantation and targeting: a neurosurgeon's perspective." He stated that the precise location of the stimulator is of great importance. In fact, he stated that less than one millimeter away from the ideal location can make "a huge difference in effectiveness." Dr. Konrad also stated that no programming can substitute for a poorly implanted stimulator; consequently the location of the stimulator can directly impact the outcome of the surgery. He indicated that a couple challenges in the treatment of PD - from a neurosurgeon's perspective - include: (1) more contacts and multiple "leads" are needed for optimal treatment, and (2) target selection is frequently based on symptomatic treatment rather than the disease process itself.