He has published numerous articles in academic journals, such as the Journal of Marketing Research and the Journal of Public Policy and Marketing. Working with colleagues, through a grant from the International Organization for Migration, Dr. Ball co-authored the first article and reports of research to empirically estimate the extent of cross-border human trafficking, using multiple survey techniques in Ukraine. Some of these results were published (Pennington, Ball, Hampton, and Soulakova 2009, “The Cross-National Market in Human Beings,” Journal of Macromarketing, 29, 2, 119-134). Dr. Ball’s current interests within human trafficking are in statistical, survey, and large-sample qualitative methodologies to estimate the incidence and nature of trafficking, as well as in identifying the vulnerable points in the marketing systems used by traffickers.