He graduated from the University of Vienna and continued his studies in Oslo as well as at K.U. Leuven, where he obtained an LL.M. in European Union Law (m.c.l.). A former stagiaire at the European Commission, he was a researcher at EIPA Maastricht before serving as research associate to Juliane Kokott and Ulrich Haltern. In 2005 he graduated from the University of St. Gallen with a Ph.D. in European Community law (m.c.l.). He is the author of “Non-compliance of National Courts – Remedies in European Community Law and Beyond” (T.M.C. Asser Press, 2005).