He received his B.A. from Cornell and his Ph.D. from Princeton. Broadly, his research concerns how political and economic elites respond to the incentives created by their institutional and informational environments. He has published articles on the electoral incentives of criminal prosecutors and trial court judges, the ability of corporate actors to employ political expenditures as signals to the bureaucracies that regulate them, and political methodology. He has also written on the function of challengers as auditors of incumbent behavior in competitive electoral systems, and the relationship between the political activities of corporate executives and the structure of their compensation.