He received his PhD in Social Psychology from the University of Michigan, studying conscious and unconscious determinants of behavioral and emotional self-control, with applications to substance abuse. His recent research, funded under an F32 fellowship from NIDA, has probed for specific neurocognitive (insight) impairment in cocaine addiction, in which online monitoring of willed behavior is compromised. In particular, he has investigated the behavioral manifestations, neural correlates, and impact on clinical outcome of such impaired behavioral insight. Even more recently, he has become increasingly interested in probing for genetic modulation of drug- and aversive- cue reactivity in addiction, tested using multimodal neuroimaging and behavioral dependent variables.