Lawrence University, and she was an assistant professor at San Diego State University and an economist at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, prior to her current position. Her research interests are in labor economics and monetary policy, and she has published research on immigration policy, including the impact of employer sanctions, amnesty, border enforcement, and E-Verify on labor market outcomes. Her research has been funded by the National Poverty Center, the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.