After receiving his PhD in general psychology from Northwestern University, he worked for the U.S. Army, as a civilian and in uniform, as a specialist in both personnel and attitude–opinion research and as chief clinical psychologist in an Army hospital. After serving as chief psychologist with the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, he focused on leadership training for managers, heading programs under the auspices of the Center for Creative Leadership in Greensboro, North Carolina, and others developed by Eckerd College in St. Petersburg, Florida. He is a founding member of the Society of Psychologists in Management, a fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), and a past president of APA's Division 13 (Society of Consulting Psychology).