He received his Ph.D. from The University of Missouri- St. Louis in 2010. His research focuses on crimes against drug dealers, the offenders’ perspective more broadly, and theorizing method. His work has been published in journals such as Criminology, Crime & Delinquency, The International Journal of Drug Policy, The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Justice Quarterly, and Theoretical Criminology. He has interviewed hundreds of active offenders in the United States and the Netherlands, including drug sellers, robbers, and shoplifters. His forthcoming book, co-authored with Richard Wright, is Code of the Suburb: Coolness and Conventionality among Young, Middle-Class Drug Sellers (University of Chicago Press).