Several of his classes are cross-listed with the sociology department and can be taken as a criminal justice class or a sociology class including "Deviant Behavior and Social Control" and "Law and Society." He received his Ph.D. in Criminal Justice from the University at Albany (SUNY). He is also a retired Captain from the New York City Police Department. His research interests include legal aspects of policing, gender and law enforcement, violence and aggression and international perspectives of law enforcement. His book entitled Policing within the Law: A Case Study of the New York City Police Department was published in 2003. His other recent publications are in peer-reviewed journals including Police Practice and Research, Justice Research and Policy and Policing.