Before becoming a Schema Therapist, Astrid was originally trained in CBT, alongside a range of other approaches including clinical hypnosis and EMDR. Astrid has worked in the field of trauma for over 26 years. She trained to work with simple trauma in 1990 and provided specialist treatments in private and public sectors in Australia. On her return to the UK, Astrid has worked with complex trauma and personality disorders and was trained in Schema Therapy by Arnoud Arntz, Marjon Nadort, Hannie van Genderen, Vartouhi Ohanian. Jeffrey Young, and Scott Kellogg. She has also received comprehensive training in Group Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder with Joan Farrell and Ida Shaw.