He received his Ph.D. in Anthropology from Rutgers University in 2002. Dr. Bickford conducts research on war, militarization, masculinity, biotechnology, bioethics, and the state in the United States and Germany. His current research examines biotechnology research in the United States military, and the bioethics of the military’s efforts to develop and make “super soldiers.” Dr. Bickford’s fieldwork in Germany with former East German army officers examined how states “make” and “unmake” soldiers, and the experiences of military elites who had power and lost it.