He received his Ph.D. from the University of Kansas in 2012. His research intersects participatory media and public discourse, investigating the social, political, and cultural implications of mass connection. He has published in The International Journal of Cultural Studies, Convergence, and The International Journal of Communication on mediated subcultures and media audiences. This includes substantial work on the interactions between fans and producers of the videogame series Fallout. His latest project explores the internet memes as public discourse, analysing the aesthetics, identities, and perspectives that constitute these participatory media artifacts.