He holds degrees in Sociology (PhD) and Criminology (MA) from Penn State University, and has been a visiting scholar at the Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law and the University of Warwick School of Law. His research focuses on immigration, crime, and punishment. He is currently working on a project funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Max Planck Institute which combines data from U.S. and German courts with judge interviews from both countries to investigate the association between citizenship and legal inequality. Publications from this work include “The New Face of Legal Inequality” (Law & Society Review), “Citizenship and Punishment: The Salience of National Membership in U.S. Criminal Courts” (American Sociological Review), and “The Punishment Consequences of Lacking National Membership in Germany” (Social Forces). News