He graduated (cum laude) as a doctor in dentistry in 1998 at the University of Pisa, and was awarded his PhD in oral and maxillofacial surgery in 2001 by the University of Naples. He obtained his speciality in periodontology (distinction) from the Eastman Dental Institute at University College London in 2004. Further qualifications include a master’s degree in clinical research (University of Pisa) and a speciality in oral surgery.